Vicipaedia lawiki https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicipaedia:Pagina_prima MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.7 first-letter Media Specialis Disputatio Usor Disputatio Usoris Vicipaedia Disputatio Vicipaediae Fasciculus Disputatio Fasciculi MediaWiki Disputatio MediaWiki Formula Disputatio Formulae Auxilium Disputatio Auxilii Categoria Disputatio Categoriae Porta Disputatio Portae Adumbratio Disputatio Adumbrationis TimedText TimedText talk Modulus Disputatio Moduli Event Event talk Rete 0 893 3965795 3965700 2026-06-20T23:14:10Z Pseudo-philodoxia 207639 minora 3965795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pagina discretiva}} {{res|Rete}} ({{pns|is|n|rete}}) significare potest: # '''[[Rete (instrumentum)]]''' # '''[[Rete aquaticum]]''', restis reticulata, a [[piscator]]ibus adhibita # '''[[Reticulum computatrale]]''' seu rete est conexio inter [[computatrum|computatra]]: ## '''Internet''' = '''[[Interrete]]'''. Interrete e multis [[computator|computatris]] constat, velut {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|computatrum serviens|computatris servientibus|qid=Q64729893}} et [[cliens (computatralis)|clientibus]]. {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Magister retis||qid=Q41674}} [[situs interretialis|situm interretialem]] regit qui computatro servienti inest. ## '''www''' est Anglica [[abbreviatio]] quae Latine '''ttt''' vertitur, pro ''[[tela totius terrae|tela totius Terrae]]''. ## '''LAN''' = Anglice ''Local Area Network'' quod “Rete areae localis” significat. ## '''WLAN''' = Anglice ''Wireless Local Area Network'' quod “Rete areae localis filis electricis carens” significat. # Rete [[televisio]]nis est multi canales conexi # '''''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Network (pellicula)|Network|en|qid=Q572165}}''''', pellicula anno [[1976]] edita, nomine Anglico ‘Rete’ significante == Nexus externus == * http://www.google.com/intl/la/ (Google latine) ki6ddbzuktm6san7407prvpm35n49a4 2002 0 2044 3965803 3960279 2026-06-21T05:51:24Z Bartholomite 116968 /* Nati */ 3965803 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Decennium|201|MMII}} == Eventa == === Mense Ianuario === * [[1 Ianuarii]] – [[Charta argentaria|Chartae argentariae]] et [[nummus|nummi]] [[moneta]]e ''[[Euro]]nis'' valere coeperunt. * [[10 Ianuarii]] - Iussu [[Georgius W. Bush|Georgii W. Bush]] praesidis [[CFA|Americani]] primi captivi [[tromocratia]]e accusati in castra captivorum in [[Sinus Guantanamus|Sinum Guantanamum]] in [[insula]]m [[Cuba]]m portati sunt. === Mense Maio === * [[25 Maii]] - [[Vicipaedia Latina]] scribi coepta est, pagina prima est [[Nuntius|Nuntii]] dicata. === Mense Iunio === * [[8 Iunii]] - [[Amadou Toumani Touré]] praeses [[Malium|Malii]] nuper electus magistratum iniit. === Mense Novembri === * [[17 Novembris]] - [[Iulius Andreotti]] vir publicus [[Italia]]nus propter necem diurnarii ad XXIV annos carceris damnatus est. == Nati == * [[16 Ianuarii]] - [[Madame|Francisca "Madame" Calearo]], cantrix [[Italia|Italica]]. * [[19 Februarii]] - [[Matthaeus King (natator)|Matthaeus King]], natator [[CFA|Americanus]]. * [[25 Ianuarii]] - [[Lil Mosey|Lathan Moyses Stanleius (Lil Mosey) Echols]], [[recitatio rapiana|recitator rapianus]] [[CFA|Americanus]]. * [[4 Aprilis]] - [[Daniel Grassl]], [[patinaticum|patinator]] artisticus Italicus. * [[14 Iulii]] - [[Vincentius Hacker]], ostentator [[CFA|Americanus]]. * [[23 Decembris]] - [[Finnus Wolfhard]], actor et cantor [[Canada|Canadianus]]. == Mortui == === Mense Ianuario === * [[23 Ianuarii]] - [[Petrus Bourdieu]], [[sociologia|sociologus]] et [[anthropologia|anthropologus]] [[Francia|Francicus]]; natus est anno [[1930]]. === Mense Februario === * [[4 Februarii]] - [[Agatha Barbara]], rerum politicarum perita [[Melitta|Melittensis]]; nata est anno [[1923]]. * [[22 Februarii]] - [[Ionas Savimbi]], politicorum peritus [[Angolia]]e et inter bellum civile factionis militaris [[UNITA]]e dux necatus est in proelio; natus est anno [[1934]]. === Mense Martio === * [[16 Martii]] - [[Carmelus Bene]], [[histrio]] praecipue [[theatrum|theatralis]] [[Italia|Italicus]]; natus est anno [[1937]]. === Mense Aprili === * [[8 Aprilis]] - [[Maria Felix]], actrix [[Mexicum|Mexicana]]; nata est anno [[1914]]. === Mense Maio === *[[2 Maii]] - [[Ricardus Stücklen]], vir publicus [[Germania|Germanicus]] factionis [[CSU]]; natus est anno [[1916]]. *[[5 Maii]] - [[Fridericus Heine]], factionis [[SPD]] politicorum peritus et editor [[Germania|Germanicus]] qui inter alia contra [[Adolfus Hitler|Adolfi Hitler]] [[tyrannis|tyrannidem]] pugnavit; natus est anno [[1904]]. === Mense Iunio === * [[15 Iunii]] - [[Choi Hong Hi]], praefectus in exercitu [[Respublica Coreana|Coreae Meridionalis]] et conditor [[Taequondo]]nis; natus est anno [[1918]]. * [[17 Iunii]] - [[Fridericus Walter]], pedilusor [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1920]]. * [[29 Iunii]] - [[Alfredus Dregger]], vir publicus [[Germania]]e factionis [[CDU]], natus est anno [[1920]]. === Mense Iulio === * [[20 Iulii]] - [[Ioannes Pozzi]], philologus Helveticus; natus est anno [[1923]]. === Mense Septembri === * [[20 Septembris]] - [[Necdet Kent]], legatus [[Turcia]]e; natus est anno [[1911]]. * [[25 Septembris]] - [[Iacobus Borel]], scriptor [[Francia|Francicus]]; natus est anno [[1925]]. === Mense Octobri === *[[6 Octobris]] - [[Nicolaus Amsbergensis]], maritus [[Beatrix Nederlandiae Regina|Beatricis]] reginae et princeps [[Nederlandia]]e; natus est anno [[1926]]. === Mense Decembri === * [[21 Decembris]] - [[Iosephus Hierro]], [[poeta]] [[Hispania|Hispanicus]] (natus [[1922]]) * ? Decembris - [[Flora Kádár]], [[Actor|actrix]] [[Hungaria|Hungarica]] (nata [[1928]]) == Cultura popularis == ===Radiophonia=== *Continuatio seriei radiophonicae ''[[King Street Junior]]'' (nomine ''King Street Junior Revisited'') [[BBC Radio]] primo emissa. === Ludi computatrales === * [[Age of Mythology]] ([[CFA]]) jc8f6l477t8w8blge1hhidhu0jdiqhz Paestum 0 2125 3965811 3763322 2026-06-21T11:06:16Z Carsten Steger 146371 Aerial image of Paestum replaced with an aerial image taken under better lighting and from a better perspective. 3965811 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Aerial image of Paestum (view from the south).jpg|thumb|Templa Paesti]] {{charta locatrix |Italiae |label= Paestum |lat_deg = 40 |lat_min = 25 |lon_deg = 15|lon_min = 0 |caption=Paestum in Italia }} '''Paestum''',<ref name=Plin>[[Gaius Plinius Secundus]], [[Naturalis historia (Plinius)|Naturalis historia]] [http://latin.packhum.org/loc/978/1/241/272-279,289-298@1#241 3.71].</ref> olim '''Posidonia'''<ref name=Plin/> (Ποσειδωνία) dicta, fuit urbs [[Italia]]e in [[Lucania]] ad [[mare Tyrrhenum]] sita. Antiquitate celebrabatur propter [[rosa]]s, quae uno anno bis nascebantur, itaque [[Vergilius]] "biferique rosaria Paesti" cecinit.<ref>Publius Vergilius Maro, ''[[Georgica (Vergilius)|Georgica]]'' [http://latin.packhum.org/loc/690/2/3/5483-5507 4.119].</ref> Condita est nomine Posidonia a colonis Graecis, ab urbe [[Sybaris|Sybari]] profectis, exeunte [[saeculum 7 a.C.n.|saeculo VII a.C.n.]], mature a [[Lucani]]s capta et Παιστός nominata, ad quam anno [[273 a.C.n.]] [[Romani]] coloniam [[Latium|Latinam]] Paestum deduxerunt. [[Saeculum 5|Saeculo V]] vel ante [[episcopatus|sedes episcopalis]] (nunc titularis) factus est. Sed paulatim portus limo oppletus est, et ob aërem minus salubrem coepit incolarum numerus imminui adeo ut prope deserta fieret; a [[Saraceni]]s denique est eversa.<ref>{{Forcellini}}</ref> In ruinis Paesti iacent tria templa, circiter inter [[600 a.C.n.|600]] et [[450 a.C.n.]] constructa, quae [[ordo Doricus|Doricae]] architecturae formam prae se ferunt et [[Hera|Iunone]], [[Minerva]]e, et [[Zeus|Iove]] aut [[Apollo|Apollini]] dicata sunt (olim scriptores haec aliter interpretabantur). [[Moenia]] et [[amphitheatrum]] plerumque integra sunt, et exstant vestigia aliorum aedificiorum et [[via strata|viarum stratarum]].<ref>Anna (Pavia) Muggia et Michael Lesky, [http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e1006130 "Poseidonia, Paistos, Paestum"], in ''[[Brill’s New Pauly]]'', ed. Hubert Cancik et Helmuth Schneider, 2006.</ref> Hodie Paestum est pars communis [[Calpatium-Paestum|Calpatii-Paesti]] in [[provincia Salernitana]]. Variae reliquiae in Museo nationali archaeologico Paestano conservantur. {{NexInt}} * [[Architectura Graeca]] == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Cite book|year=2004|title=The Greek Cities of Magna Graecia and Sicily|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fH32nSiCue0C&pg=PA62|others=Translated from Italian by the J. Paul Getty Trust|location=Los Angeles, CA|publisher=Getty Publications|editor-last=Cerchiai|editor1-last=Cerchiai|editor2-last=Jannelli|editor3-last=Longo|editor-first=Luca|editor1-first=Luca|editor2-first=Lorena|editor3-first=Fausto|isbn=978-0-89236-751-1|ref=harv}} * Ceserani, Giovanna, ''Italy's Lost Greece: Magna Graecia and the Making of Modern Archaeology'', 2012, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-987679-2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=mWVpAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA60 Google books] * {{Cite journal|last=Amato|first=Vincenzo|year=2009|title=Geomorphology and geoarchaeology of the Paestum area: modifications of the physical environment in historical times|url=http://mediterranee.revues.org/3376|journal=Méditerranée|issue=112|doi=10.4000/mediterranee.3376|DOI=10.4000/mediterranee.3376}} * {{Cite book|last=Bunbury|first=Edward Herbert|year=1854|title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0064%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DP%3Aentry+group%3D1%3Aentry%3Dpaestum-geo|chapter=Paestum|editor-last=Smith|editor-first=William}} * {{Cite book|last=Cipriani|first=Marina|year=1996|title=The Lucanians in Paestum|series=Sirene|volume=1|location=Paestum|publisher=Fondazione Paestum|isbn=978-88-86884-02-0}} * {{Cite book|last=Greco|first=Emanuele|year=2006|title=Archaeological and Historical Guide to the Excavations, the Museum and the Antiquities of Poseidonia and Paestum|location=Taranto|publisher=Scorpione editrice}} * {{Cite book|last=Greco|first=Emanuele|year=1993|title=Paestum: A Guide with Reconstructions of Ancient Monuments|series=Past & Present|volume=171|publisher=Vision SRL|language=Italiane|isbn=978-88-8162-016-6}} * {{Cite book|last=Higginbotham|first=James|year=2012|title=The Encyclopedia of Ancient History|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah16104/abstract|chapter=Paestum (Poseidonia)|publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd|doi=10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah16104|DOI=10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah16104|isbn=978-1-4443-3838-6|access-date=5 November 2013|accessdate=5 November 2013}} * {{Cite book|last=Horsnaes|first=Helle W.|year=2002|title=The Cultural Development in North Western Lucania c. 600–273 BC|series=Analecta Romana Instituti Danici Supplementum|volume=28|location=Rome|publisher=L'Erma di Bretschneider|isbn=978-88-8265-194-7}} * {{Cite book|last=Pedley|first=John Griffiths|year=1990|title=Paestum: Greek and Romans in Southern Italy|series=New Aspects of Antiquity|location=London, England|publisher=Thames & Hudson|isbn=978-0-500-39027-6}} * Strabo, ''Geographica'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Strab.%206.1 6.1] * Wilton-Ely, John, ''The Mind and Art of Giovanni Battista Piranesi'', 1978, Thames & Hudson, London, ISBN 0-500-09122-6 * {{Cite journal|last=Wonder|first=John W.|year=2002|title=What Happened to the Greeks in Lucanian-Occupied Paestum? Multiculturalism in Southern Italy|journal=Phoenix|volume=56|issue=1/2|pages=40–55|jstor=1192469|JSTOR=1192469}} == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130106101232/http://www.museopaestum.beniculturali.it/ Situs Musei Archaeologicum Nationalis Paestani] {{ling|Italiane|Anglice}} * [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0006:entry=paestum De Paesto] in ''The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites'' (1976) {{ling|Anglice}} [[Categoria:Coloniae Romanae]] [[Categoria:Loci olim habitati Italiae]] [[Categoria:Fractiones in Provincia Salernitana]] [[Categoria:Paestum]] [[Categoria:Loci hereditatis mundialis in Italia]] s2lvpuoam9xbh7xd4htkapnmf01nzbi Apple Inc. 0 5721 3965798 3934327 2026-06-21T02:04:12Z Cicihwahyuni6 171160 3965798 wikitext text/x-wiki {{latinitas|-2}} [[Fasciculus:Apple logo black.svg|thumb|upright=0.4|[[Logotypus]] in usu communi ex anno [[1998]].]] {{res|Apple Inc.}} ('[[Malum]] Incorporatum') est [[societas anonyma]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americana]], quae [[programma computrale|programmata]], [[computatrum|computatra]], et alios apparatus electronicos fabricat. == Historia == Societas Apple Computer, Inc. {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Cupertinus (California)|Cupertini|en|qid=Q189471}}{{dubsig}} in [[Vallis Silicii|Valle Silicii]] [[California]]e die [[1 Aprilis]] [[1976]] a [[Stephanus Jobs|Stephano Jobs]] et [[Stephanus Wozniak|Stephano Wozniak]] instituta est. Qui computatra prima {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Altitudines (Califoria)|Altitudinibus|en|qid=Q864124}}<!--re vera?--> in [[urbs|urbe]] [[California]]e fabricati sunt, ubi anno [[1976]] [[Apple I]] excogitaverunt, fabricabantur, et pretio $666.66 vendebant. Et die [[3 Ianuarii]] [[1977]] societas ut [[persona iuridica]] instituta est. Post gloriosum{{dubsig}} "malum"{{dubsig}} Apple I, Jobs Wozniakque [[Apple II]] fabricabantur, quorum usque ad annum [[1985]] circa 2&thinsp;000&thinsp;000 venditabantur. Apple II inter felicissima computatra fuisse constat. == Systemata administrativa == === Apple II === {{div col|2}} * [[Apple DOS]]: 1.0-3.3 * [[Apple SOS]] * [[Apple ProDOS]] * [[GS/OS]] {{div col end}} === Macintosh/Lisa === {{Pagina principalis|Systemata interna Macintosh}}{{div col|2}} * [[Lisa OS]] * [[A/UX]] * [[Mac OS Classic|Mac OS]]: Systema 0.1–7.5.5, Mac OS 7.6–9.2.2 * [[macOS]]: Systema 10.0-15.2 (Sequoia)<ref>Systema novissimum 15 (Sequoia) publicatum est anno [[2024]].</ref><ref>Nomen "Mac OS X/OS X" editionibus 10.0-10.11 erat.</ref> {{div col end}} == Computatra == === Apple II === {{div col|3}} * [[Apple I]] * [[Apple II]] * [[Apple II Plus]] * [[Apple IIe]] * [[Apple IIc]] * [[Apple IIc Plus]] * [[Apple IIgs]] * [[Apple III]] {{div col end}} === Macintosh/Lisa === {{div col|4}} * [[Apple Lisa]] * [[Macintosh XL|Lisa II/Macintosh XL]] * [[Macintosh 128K]] * [[Macintosh 512K]] * [[Macintosh Plus]] * [[Macintosh SE]] * [[Macintosh II]] * [[Macintosh LC]] * [[Macintosh Quadra]] * [[Macintosh Performa]] * [[Macintosh Centris]] * [[Power Macintosh]] [[PowerMac G3|(G3)]] [[PowerMac G4|(G4)]] [[PowerMac G5|(G5)]] * [[Newton MessagePad]] * [[eMate 300]] * [[iMac]] [[iMac G3|(G3)]] [[iMac G4|(G4)]] [[iMac G5|(G5)]] * [[Mac mini]] * [[eMac]] * [[iBook]] [[iBook G3|(G3)]] [[iBook G4|(G4)]] * [[MacBook]] * [[MacBook Air]] * [[PowerBook]] * [[MacBook Pro]] * [[Mac Pro]] * [[Xserve]] * [[Xserve]] [[RAID]] {{div col end}} === Instrumenta electronica === {{div col|3}} * [[Airport Express]] * [[Airport Extreme]] * [[Cinema Display]] * [[Ipodium]] (iPod) * [[iPad]] * [[iPhone]] * [[iPod mini]] (exstinctum) * [[iPod nano]] * [[iPod shuffle]] * [[iPod touch]] * [[iSight]] (exstinctum) * [[Studio Display]] (exstinctum) {{div col end}} === Instrumenta vetera === {{div col|2}} * [[ImageWriter]] * [[LaserWriter]] * [[Newton (PDA)|Newton]] * [[OneScanner]] * [[PowerCD]] * [[Quicktake 100 / 150 / 200 - Digitalkamera]] * [[StyleWriter]] {{div col end}} === Programmata === {{div col|4}} * [[Apple Remote Desktop]] * [[AppleWorks]] (editorium) * [[Apple Compressor|Compressor]] * Apple Calculator * [[Darwin (systema internum)|Darwin]] * [[DVD Studio Pro]] * [[Final Cut Pro]]/[[Final Cut Express|Express]] * [[HyperCard]] * [[iCal]] (calendarium) * [[iChat]] * [[iLife]] ([[GarageBand]], [[iTunes]], [[iPhoto]], [[iMovie]], [[iDVD]]) * [[iTunes]] * [[Interface Builder]] * [[iSync]] * [[Keynote]] * [[MacDraw]] * [[MacPaint]] * [[MacWrite]] * [[Mail]] * [[Apple Motion|Motion]] * [[Logic Pro 7]] * [[Safari (navigatrum)|Safari]] * [[Shake]] * [[Apple Soundtrack|Soundtrack]] * [[Tcl]] * [[TextEdit]] (editorium facile) * [[QuickTime]] * [[Vorschau (Software)|Vorschau]] * [[WebObjects]] * [[Xcode]] * [[Xsan]] {{div col end}} {{NexInt}} * [[Innovatio]] * [[Innovatio disruptiva]] * [[Technologia]] == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == * [http://www.apple.com Apple USA (Anglice)] * [http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blapplecomputer.htm Apple Computer History (Anglice)]{{Nexus deficitur|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}} [[Categoria:Apple|!]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1976]] [[Categoria:Societates mercatoriae Civitatum Foederatarum]] {{Myrias|Societas}} dfshpfqoghbjvzn7sxs0x1oz0tvet56 20 Iunii 0 7128 3965742 3899266 2026-06-20T12:49:32Z LilyKitty 18316 de morte Ivar Giaver 3965742 wikitext text/x-wiki '''20 Iunii''' [[dies]] 171ª anni est (172ª [[annus bisextilis|anni bisextilis]]) in [[Calendarium Gregorianum|calendario Gregoriano]]. 194 dies manent. {{Calendarium-Iunii}} Secundum [[calendarium Romanum]] est ''ante diem duodecimum Kalendas Iulias'', quae ''a.d. XII Kal. Iul.'' [[abbreviatio|abbreviantur]]. == Eventa == [[Fasciculus:Medallion of Lothair, from the Lothaire Psalter.jpg|thumb|upright=0.4|left|[[Lotharius I]]]] === Saeculo 9 === * [[840]] - [[Lotharius I]] rex Francorum post mortem patris (vide infra) solus imperator restat. === Saeculo 18 === * [[1789]] - Ordo tertius [[Francia]]e in domo pilarum iurat, ne discederet, antequam constitutionem Franciae promulgaret. === Saeculo 19 === * [[1837]] - Post mortem [[Gulielmus IV (rex Britanniarum)|Gulielmi IV]] (vide infra) [[Victoria (regina Britanniarum)|Victoria]] regina [[Britannia]]e et [[Ernestus Augustus (rex Hannoverae)|Ernestus Augustus]] rex [[Regnum Hannovera|Hannoverae]] fiunt. Coniunctio duorum regnorum, quae anno [[1714]] constituta erat, nunc finitur. * [[1863]] - [[Virginia Occidentalis]] civitas [[CFA]] fit. * [[1866]] - [[Italia]] [[Austria]]e bellum indixit. [[Bellum tertium de libertate italica]] incipit. === Saeculo 20 === [[Fasciculus:Karl F. Wunder PC 1138 Hannover Neues Rathaus, Nordfront.jpg|thumb|upright=0.4|left|Curia Hannoverae nova]] * [[1913]] - [[Gulielmus II (Imperator Germaniae)|Gulielmo II]] imperatore praesente curia urbis [[Hannovera]]e inauguratur. * [[1948]] - In [[Germania]] occidentali nova pecunia introducitur: Marca Theodisca. Succedit Marcae Imperii, quae post bellum perditum nihil iam valet. * [[1954]] - [[Consilium securitatis]] resolutionem 104 de [[Guatemala]] decernit. * [[1956]] - Consolium securitatis resolutionem 115 de [[Marocum|Maroco]] decernit. * [[1957]] - Ascensus primus [[Alpamayo]] montis in [[Peruvia]] siti. * [[1963]] - Inter [[Vasingtonia (D.C.)|Vasingtoniam]] et [[Moscovia]]m linea telephonica perpetua decernitur, ut per eam illae duae maximae nationes orbis terrarum de controversiis colloqui possent. * [[1990]] - Asteroides [[5261 Eureka]] invenitur. === Saeculo 21 === * [[2003]] - [[Vicimedia]] [[Franciscopolis (California)|Franciscopoli]] et [[Petropolis|Petropoli]] constituitur. * [[2012]] **In [[Graecia]] [[Antonius Samaras]] ([[Nova Democratia (factio Graeca)|ND]]) [[Primi ministri Graeciae|primus minister]] nominatur. In foedere regendi cum factione [[PASOK]] coniungitur. **Conferentia [[Conventus generalis (Nationes Unitae)|Nationum Unitarum]] de [[Progressus durabilis|progressu durabili]] in [[Urbs Fluminensis|Urbe Fluminensi]] convenit. *[[2018]] - Civitates Foederatae Americae statum apud [[Consilium iurum humanorum Nationum Unitarum]] relinqunt [[Israël]] defendendi causa contra ius internationale. == Nati == === Saeculo 15 === * [[1469]] - [[Ioannes Galeatius Sfortia]], dux [[Ducatus Mediolani|Mediolani]] (mortuus anno [[1494]]) === Saeculo 16 === * [[1566]] - [[Sigismundus (rex Sueciae)|Sigismundus]], rex [[Suecia]]e (†&nbsp;[[1632]]) === Saeculo 17 === * [[1615]] - [[Salvator Rosa]], [[pictor]] Italicus (mortuus [[1673]]) * [[1634]] - [[Carolus Emmanuel II (dux Sabaudiae)|Carolus Emmanuel II]], dux [[Sabaudia]]e (mortuus anno [[1675]]) === Saeculo 18 === * [[1756]] - [[Iosephus Martinus Kraus]], compositor Germanicus (mortuus anno [[1792]]) === Saeculo 19 === * [[1819]] - [[Iacobus Offenbach]], [[compositor]] et psaltes [[violoncellum|violoncelli]] Germanicus, qui se sua sponte civem Francicum fecit (mortuus [[1880]]) * [[1846]] - [[Riccardus Drigo]], dux [[orchestra]]e et compositor pantomimorum (mortuus anno [[1930]]) * [[1861]] - [[Fridericus Hopkins]], biochemiae peritus Britannicus, [[Praemium Nobelianum physiologiae et medicinae|praemio Nobeliano physiologiae et medicinae]] affectus (mortuus anno [[1947]]) * [[1899]] - [[Ioannes Moulin]], activista Francicus (mortuus anno [[1943]]) === Saeculo 20 === * [[1904]] - [[Henricus de Brentano]], vir publicus Germanicus factionis [[CDU]] (mortuus anno [[1964]]). * [[1909]] - [[Errol Flynn]], histrio [[Australia|Australo]]-Americanus (mortuus anno [[1958]]) * 1913 - [[Ioannes Borbonius]], princeps [[Hispania|Hispanicus]] (mortuus anno [[1993]]) * [[1923]] ** [[Georgius Nowak]], histrio [[Polonia|Polonicus]] (mortuus anno [[2013]]). ** [[Ioannes Pozzi]], philologus [[Helvetia|Helveticus]] (mortuus anno [[2002]]). * [[1924]] - [[Rainer Barzel]], vir publicus Germanicus (mortuus anno [[2006]]) * [[1928]] ** [[Martinus Landau]], histrio Americanus (mortuus anno [[2017]]) ** [[Ioannes Maria Le Pen]], rerum politicarum peritus Francicus (†&nbsp;[[2025]]) * [[1940]] - [[Ioannes Mahoney]], histrio [[Anglia|Anglo]]-Americanus (†&nbsp;2018) * [[1947]] - [[Gerardus Collomb]], rerum politicarum peritus Francicus factionis [[Factio Socialistica Francica|Socialisticae]] et [[Lugdunum|Lugduni]] praefectus urbis (†&nbsp;[[2023]]) * [[1948]] - [[Silvia Clavadetscher]], philologa Helvetica (mortua anno 2013) * [[1951]] ** [[Howardus McKeon]], politicorum peritus Americanus factionis Democraticae ** [[Tress MacNeille]], actrix Americana ** [[Esko Valtaoja]], astronomus et scriptor [[Finnia|Finnicus]] * [[1952]] - [[Ioannes Goodman]], histrio Americanus * [[1953]] - [[Huldericus Mühe]], histrio Germanicus (mortuus [[2007]]) * [[1955]] - [[Georgius Radanovich]], vir publicus Americanus et sodalis [[Factio Republicana (CFA)|factionis Republicanae]] * [[1960]] - [[Adam Schiff]], rerum politicarum peritus Americanus * [[1967]] - [[Nicole Kidman]], actrix Americana * [[1968]] - [[Matthaeus Morawiecki]], primus minister [[Polonia]]e * [[1970]] - [[Andrea Nahles]], rerum politicarum perita Germanica * [[1978]] - [[Franciscus Lampard]], [[pedilusor]] [[Anglia|Anglicus]] * [[1979]] - [[Masashi Motoyama]], pedilusor [[Iaponia|Iaponicus]] * [[1981]] - [[Brede Hangeland]], pedilusor [[Norvegia|Norvegicus]] * [[1986]] - [[Aurelianus Chedjou]], pedilusor [[Cameronia|Cameronensis]] == Mortui == === Saeculo 6 === * [[537]] - [[Silverius]], [[papa]]. === Saeculo 9 === * [[840]] - [[Ludovicus Pius]] imperator Francorum === Saeculo 19 === * [[1836]] - [[Emanuel Iosephus Sieyès]], vir publicus Franciae (natus [[1748)]] * [[1837]] - Gulielmus IV Britanniae, [[Hibernia]]e et Hanoverae rex (natus [[1765]]) * [[1862]] - [[Barbu Catargiu]], vir publicus [[Romania|Dacoromanicus]] necatur (†&nbsp;[[1807]]) * [[1870]] - [[Iulius de Goncourt]], scriptor Francicus (natus anno [[1830]]) * [[1872]] - [[Elias Fridericus Forey]], dux militum atque marescalcus Francicus (†&nbsp;[[1804]]) * [[1891]] - [[Michael Kogălniceanu]], vir publicus Dacoromanicus (†&nbsp;[[1817]])) === Saeculo 20 === * [[1932]] - [[Iohannes Leo de Mergel]], [[urbs|urbis]] Germaniae [[Astania]]e<ref>{{Graesse}}</ref> ([[Dioecesis Eystettensis]]) [[episcopus]] (natus anno [[1847]]) * [[1933]] - [[Clara Zetkin]], politicorum perita Germanica (nata anno [[1857]]) * [[1940]] - [[Ioannes Alain]], compositor et organista Francicus (†&nbsp;[[1911]]) * 1947 ** [[Howard M. Gore]], gubernator Virginiae Occidentalis (natus anno [[1877]]). ** [[Wilfridus Hudson Osgood]], studiosus [[zoologia]]e, [[mammalogia]]e et [[ornithologia]]e Americanus (natus anno [[1875]]). * [[1965]] - [[Bernardus Baruch]], mercator et delegatus Americanus (†&nbsp;[[1870]]) * [[1995]] - [[Aemilius Michael Cioran]], scriptor et philosophus === Saeculo 21 === * [[2010]] - [[Robertus Rosato]], pedilusor Italianus (natus est anno 1943) * [[2018]] - [[Dantes Caputo]], politicus [[Argentina|Argentinus]] (†&nbsp;1943) * [[2019]] - [[Wibke Bruhns]], diurnaria Germanica (†&nbsp;[[1938]]) * [[2024]] - [[Donaldus Sutherland]], histrio [[Canada|Canadiensis]] (*&nbsp;[[1935]]) * [[2025]] - [[Ivar Giaever]], physicus [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Americanus]] origine [[Norvegia]]e (natus anno [[1929]]) == Festa et Feriae == * [[Dies mundialis profugorum]] ([[Nationes Unitae]]) {{CommuniaCat|20 June}} {{menses}} [[Categoria:Dies]] naxp7hjn2vvpxv8wzsgyjvyguaie17a Silmarillion 0 17988 3965812 3893658 2026-06-21T11:28:29Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3965812 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}}{{FA stella}} [[Fasciculus:Silmarillion, Just under the Cover.jpg|thumb|''The Silmarillion''.]] '''''The Silmarillion''''' est [[anthologia|collectio]] operum [[mythopoeia|mythopoeicorum]] ab [[I. R. R. Tolkien]] conscriptorum, quae post [[mors|mortem]] [[auctor]]is a [[Christophorus Tolkien|Christophoro Tolkien]] [[filius|filio]] edita et apud societatem [[Allen & Unwin]] anno [[1977]] divulgata sunt.<ref>Adiuvante Guidone Gavriel Kay, qui postmodo notus [[phantasia]]e scriptor factus est.</ref><ref name="Silf">{{Harv|Silmarillion|1977|loc=Foreword}}</ref> ''The Silmarillion'', una cum aliis operibus Tolkienianis, prolixam sed imperfectam [[fabula]]m [[narratio|narrativam]] efficit, quae universum [[Terra Media|Terrae Mediae]], ubi ''[[Hobbitus Ille]]'' et ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' aguntur, describit. Cum ''Hobbitus Ille'' a [[lectio (ratio)|lectoribus]]<!--Cat: reading (process)--> bonam iniret gratiam, editor a Tolkien, ut fabulam novo libro continuaret, desiderabat. (Haec enim ante fabulam ''The Lord of the Rings'' divulgatam facta sunt.) Itaque Tolkien ad eum fundamenta prima libri ''The Silmarillion'' inscripti misit, quae quidem ab editore per errorem paene inlecta remissa sunt. Quam ob rem Tolkien operam libro ''A Long Expected Party'' dare coepit, id est primo capiti eius, quod eo tempore "novam de [[Hobbitus|Hobbitis]] fabulam"<ref group="conv.">"a new story about Hobbits"</ref> dicebat, quae fabula ''The Lord of the Rings'' postmodo facta est.<ref name=beleriand>{{Citation|title="The Lays of Beleriand"|last=Tolkien |first=J.R.R.|publisher=Ballantine|editor=Christophorus Tolkien|pages=433–4|isbn=0345388186}}.</ref> ''The Silmarillion'' ex quinque partibus constat, quarum prima, ''[[Ainulindalë]]'', de creatione [[Eä]]e narrat, "mundi, qui est." ''[[Valaquenta]]'', pars secunda, [[Vala]]s [[Maia (Tolkien)|Maiasque]] describit, deos in Eä versantes. Pars consequa, ''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]'', quae maxima est omnium, de historia rerum gestarum ante et intra [[Prima Aetas|Primam Aetatem]] enarrat, inter quas bellum ad [[Silmaril]]liones spectans quod libro titulum dedit. Pars quarta, ''[[Akallabêth]]'', historiam tradit casús Númenoris atque eius populi, quae inter [[Secunda Aetas|Aetatem Secundam]] agitur. ''[[Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age]]'' tandem brevis est commentatio de rebus quae ad libros ''The Lord of the Rings'' perduxerunt, nec non quae in libris iam relatae sunt. Quinque partes in principio opera singula futurae erant, sed Tolkien senex eas cupiebat una pervulgandas.<ref name="Silf"/> Tolkieno ante mortuo quam ut finem fabulas varias instaurandi fecerit, Christophorus res e patris vetustioribus scripturis comparavit ad librum complendum. == Breviarium == ''The Silmarillion'', sicut [[Legendarium Tolkienianum|alia Tolkieniana opera]], quodam tempore in [[Tellus|Telluris]] rebus praeteritis actum esse<ref>{{Harv|Carpenter|1981|loc=#165, 211}}.</ref> nec non e [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbonis]] ''[[Red Book of Westmarch|Translationibus ex lingua Elbica]]'', quem librum ille apud [[Rivendell|Imladrim]] scripserat, conversum esse habendum erat.<ref name="BoLTF">{{ME-ref|BolT|Foreword}}</ref> Inter capita maximi momenti sunt: * "The Music of the Ainur" * "Of [[Beren]] and [[Lúthien]]" * "[[Túrin Turambar]]" (arte cum "[[Narn i Chîn Húrin]]" in ''Unfinished Tales'' conexus) <!-- please note Chîn is the correct spelling --> * "Of [[Tuor]] and The Fall of [[Gondolin]]" * "Of the Voyage of [[Eärendil]] and the [[Bellum Irae|War of Wrath]]" Pagina titularis interior inscriptionem symbolis [[Tengwar]] scriptam offert, quae sic legitur: "Fabulae Primae Aetatis cum [[Morgoth]]us in Terra Media conversabatur et [[Dryades (Terra Media)|Dryades]] contra eum [[bellum]] gesserunt Silmarillionum redimendorum causa quibus illata sunt casus Númenoris atque historia Anulorum Potestatis Tertiaeque Aetatis in qua hae fabulae ad finem suum adveniunt." == De fabula == === ''Ainulindalë'' et ''Valaquenta'' === <blockquote>Erat Eru, Unus, qui in Arda Iluvatar vocatur; ipse primum Ainur creavit, Sanctos, qui proles [[cogitatio]]nis eius erant, et ante quam quidquam factum sit cum eo erant.<ref>Anglice "There was Eru, the One, who in Arda is called Ilúvatar; and he made first the Ainur, the Holy Ones, that were the offspring of his thought, and they were with him before aught else was made."</ref><ref>J. R. R. Tolkien, ''The Silmarillion'', Ainulindalë.</ref></blockquote> [[Fasciculus:Varda_Elentári.jpg|thumb|Varda, una ex Valis.]] ''Ainulindalë'' ("Musica [[Ainu (Terra Media)|Ainuum]]"),<ref name="SilNameIndex">{{Harv|Silmarillion|1977|loc=Index of Names}}</ref> prima libri pars, speciem habet [[narratio]]nis ad primam creationem attinentis. [[Eru]] ("Unus Ille"),<ref>(Silmarillion 1977, pp. 15, 329).</ref> Ilúvatar ("Pater Omnium") quoque [[nomen proprium|nomine]], Ainus primum creavit, gregem spirituum aeternorum seu [[demiurgus|demiurgorum]], "fetus cogitationis eius" dictorum. Ilúvatar Ainus contulit eisque melum docuit, e quo eos volebat magnam [[musica]]m facere. [[Morgoth|Melkor]], cui Ilúvatar "summam potestatem et scientiam" ex omnibus Ainibus dederat, [[musica]]e [[harmonia]]m fregit ut [[carmen]] proprium firmaret. Non nulli Ainus se sibi sociaverunt, alii autem Ilúvatarum sequi manserunt, quod discordiam in musica creavit. [[Tres|Ter]] haec acciderunt, Ilúvataro feliciter Melkorem novo melo semper exsuperante. Tunc Ilúvatar musicae finem dedit eisque conspectum [[Arda]]e populorumque eius monstrat. Conspectus evanuit post quoddam punctum temporis, Ilúvatarque Ainibus tempus obtulit in Ardam eundi et novum mundum regendi.<!--vérifie ça... la vision d'Arda n'en était pas une imaginaire que les Ainur allaient imiter?--> Multi descenderunt, formam physicam sumentes huic mundo coerciti facti. Maiores nomine ''[[Vala (Tolkien)|Valae]]'', minores ''[[Maia (Tolkien)|Maiae]]'' nominati sunt. Valae mundum incolis futuris (Dryades et [[Homo (Tolkien)|Hominibus]]) praeparare coeperunt, dum Melkor, qui Ardam sibi ipsi volebat, opus eorum iterum atque iterum delet; per milia [[annus|annorum]] haec acciderunt, donec, per undas ruinae creationisque, mundus speciem suam accepit. ''Valaquenta'' ("Fabula Valarum")<ref name="SilNameIndex" /> Melkorem describit et [[quattuordecim]] Valas [[unus|singulos]]. Quo modo Melkor Maias multos, inter quos [[Sauron]]em, corrumperet ad ei serviendum, etiam ostenditur. === ''Quenta Silmarillion'' === ''Quenta Silmarillion'' ("Historia [[Silmaril]]lionum"),<ref name="SilNameIndex" /> maxima libri pars, est series fabularum inter se connexarum et in [[Prima Aetas|Primae Aetate]] actarum. Valae mundum Dryadibus et Hominibus fabricari conati sunt, sed Melkor identidem opus eorum ruit. Postquam [[duo]] lumina quae mundum inlustrabant delevit, Valae ad [[Aman]]um moverunt, continentem ad vesperum Mediae Terrae, ubi domum suam, [[Valinor]]em nomine, condiderunt, [[Duae Arbores Valinoris|Duabus Arboribus]] inluminatam, Terram Mediam Melkori et enim tenebris relinquentes. Cum [[stella]]e nitere coeperent [[Dryades (Terra Media)|Dryadesque experrecti sunt]], Valae ad Dryades custodiendos Melkorem certaverunt, vicerunt, ceperunt; dein Dryades advocaverunt ut in Amanum habitum irent. Multi eorum illuc iverunt, dum alii abnuerunt et alii etiam in transitu desiverunt, inter quos hi Dryades, qui posterius illi [[Sindar]] facti sunt, a Rege Elbico Thingol et Melian, una Maiarum, recti. E tribus [[tribus|tribubus]] quae progressae sunt, omnes ex [[Vanyar]] et [[Noldor]]ibus, nec non multi e [[Teleri]]s, ad Amanum pervenerunt. In Amano, [[Fëanor]], filius [[Finwë]] Regis Noldorum, [[Silmaril]]liones fabricavit, gemmas, quae luce Duarum Arborum fulgebant. Melkor, a Valis solutus paenitentiam similatus, Duas Arbores [[Ungoliant]]e adiuvante delevit et Finwë necavit et Silmarilliones sustulit et ad Terram Mediam fugit, ubi in [[Doriath]]um, regnum Elbicum, impetum fecit. Attamen in [[Battles of Beleriand|primo ex quinque proeliis Beleriandi]] victus est, et in [[Angband]]um, [[septentrio|aquilonium]] [[carcer]]um, sese obstruxit. Fëanor et filii ultionis contra Melkorem ius iurandum dederunt, contraque omnes, qui Silmarilliones ab eis abstinerent, et Valas quidem. Fëanor plerisque e Noldoribus persuasit, ut usque ad Terram Mediam Melkorem, quem Fëanor ''[[Morgoth]]um'' (scilicet "Ater Mundi Adversus") nominavit, persequerentur. Fëanoris filii [[navis|naves]] a Teleris ceperunt, eis et adoriendis et interficiendis, aliosque Noldores ut [[pes|pede]] iter fecerint reliquerunt. Cum Mediam in Terram advenerint, Noldores Fëanore ducente in Melkorem impetum fecerunt et [[exercitus|exercitum]] suum pepulerunt, licet Fëanor a [[Balrog]]is necatus sit. Post tempora placida, Melkor Noldores assiluit, sed iterum victus atque obsessus est. Paene 4000 post annorum, obsidium Melkor rupiens, Noldores redire compulit. [[Fasciculus:Morgoth by SpentaMainyu.jpg|thumb|left|[[Morgoth|Melkor]], tribus Silmarillionibus in corona positis.]] Duabus [[Arbor]]ibus deletis et Silmarillionibus sublatis, Valae [[luna]]m et [[sol]]em creaverunt. [[Homo sapiens|Homines]] etiam experrecti sunt, nonnulli e quibus in [[Beleriand]]um supervenerunt Dryadibusque se sociaverunt. [[Beren]]us, homo aliqui qui proximae pugnae superavit, in [[Doriath]] erravit, ubi Dryadem [[Lúthien]]a, [[rex|regis]] [[filia]]m, amavit. Rex [[matrimonium]] horum duorum prohibere appetivit penso, quod non fieri posse putabat, imponendo, uno Silmarillionum a Melkore potiendi; una autem Berenus et Lúthiena hanc rem factum profecti sunt. [[Sauron|Sauro]], minister Melkoris valentissimus, eos in custodiam coniecit dum iter faciunt; sed effugerunt, in Melkoris castrum correpserunt, Silmarillionemque diadema Melkoris abstulerunt. His factis, coniunctio inter Hominem et Dryadem facta est prima; sed Berenus vulnere letali mortuus, Lúthiena moerore mortua est. Noldores, mortalem Dryademque videntes in Angbandum ire posse, Melkorem haudquaquam inexsuperabilem esse senserunt. Exercitibus Dryadum, [[Nanus (Terra Media)|Nanorum]], Hominum magnis coactis, impetum fecerunt, sed Melkor, qui multorum Hominum clam animos obtenebraverat, eos fefellit. Qua re, et enim non nullorum Hominum perfidia, exercitus Elbicus omnino victus est. Sed ei homines multi, qui Dryadibus fideles remanserunt, postremo decus acceperunt. Nulli plus decoris acceperunt quam fratres [[Húrin]]us et [[Huor]]. Melkor Húrinum prehendit, eumque ita exsecratus est, ut gentis suae casum spectaret. [[Túrin Turambar]] filius Húrini ad Doriath missus, matrem sororemque nondum natam in patris sui regno (quod ab hosti superobrutum erat) relinquit. Túrin multa valore confecit, maximum e quibus fuit [[Draco (Terra Media)|draconem]] [[Glaurung]]um occidere. Praeter hanc rem, tamen, Túrin Melkoris exsecratione<!--aucune mention de ça jusqu'ici...--> labovarit, quae eum impulit, ut irridicule amicum [[Beleg]]um necaret et sororem [[Nienor Níniel|Nienorem]], quam nunquam antea cognoverat quaeque memoriam suam Glaurungi incantatione perdiderat, gravidavit. Antequam infans natus sit, incantatio levata est dracone moriente. Nienor, haec, quae acciderint, intellegens, mortem accivit,{{dubsig}} et Túrin quoque. [[Tuor]], filius Huoris, in fortuna absconditi regni Noldorini, [[Gondolin]]um nomine, se implicavit. In matrimonium (secundum inter Hominem et Dryadem) enim conduxit [[Idril]]em, filiam [[Turgon]]is, Domini Gondolini. Gondolino autem caso, deintus a [[Maeglin]]o prodito, Tuor incolas eius multos a ruina salvavit. Regna Elbica Beleriandi omnia tandem ceciderunt, profugique ad portum in maris litore situm et a Tuore conditum confugerunt. [[Eärendil]] [[Semi-elbicus]]<!--Half-elven-->, filius Tuoris Idrilisque, [[Elwing]]ae desponsus est, proli Bereni et Lúthienae. Elwinga Eärendili Beneri Lúthienaeque Silmarillionem tulit, eiusque luce usus Eärendil mare ad Amanum transgressus auxilium a Valis petivit. Valae subvenerunt: in Melkorem impetum fecerunt eumque vicerunt, Angbandum omnino delentes, plerasque partes Beleriandi mergentes, Melkorem ab Arda expellentes. Quibus rebus [[Prima Aetas]] Terrae Mediae finita est. Eärendil et Elwinga duos liberos gesserunt, [[Elrond]]em et [[Elros]]. Proles Dryadum immortalium et Hominum mortalium, eis data est electio, ad utram gentem pertinerent: Elrond ad Dryades voluit, Elros ad Homines. Elros primus rex Númenoris factus est. === ''Akallabêth'' === ''Akallabêth'' ("Quae cecidit"),<ref name="SilNameIndex"/> circa 30 paginas longa, [[Númenor]]em regnum insulare, a [[Dúnedain]]is habitatum, surgentem et cadentem enarrat. Melkore victo, Valae insulam [[Edain|tribus fidelibus horum hominum domibus]] dederunt, qui Dryadibus auxilium in bello contra illum tulerint. Dúnedainis data est quoque sapientia et potestas et vita longior quam haec, qua ulla alia gens mortalis usa est, ita ut comparabiles Altis Dryades [[Aman]]i essent. Insula enim Númenoris propius ab Amano quam a Terra Media iacebat. Potestas eorum in beatudine et adscitu mortalitatis ponebatur. Casus Númenoris praesertim sub auctoritate [[Sauron]]is evenit, corrupti Maiae, anteida principis Melkoris magistri, qui media Secunda Aetate surrexit et Terram Mediam superare conatus est. Númenóreani cito contra Sauronem moverunt, et hic habuit impossibile esse eos viribus vincere; se igitur passus est detentum esse. Regem [[Ar-Pharazôn]] cito fascinavit, ut immortalitatem, quam dixit Valas ab eo suisque tenere, peteret, quo facto semina invidiae, quae Númenóreani erga Dryades Occidentis Valasque tenere inceperant, Sauro alumnatus est. His rebus omnis scientia et potestas Númenoris ad mortem vitandam versa est; id autem solum eos afflixit et decrescentiam spatii vitarum suarum adceleravit, ita ut aliis Hominibus similes essent. Sauro eis suasit bellum contra Valas agere, ut immortalitatis potirent, Melkoremque, dominum eius anteriorem, adorare, quem dixit illam eis dare posse. Ar-Pharazôn exercitum et classem potentissimam Númenoris creavit, qui contra Amanum navigarent. Valae Dryadesque Amani, contristati propter hanc proditionem, [[Ilúvatar]]em auxilii causa advocaverunt, qui, Ar-Pharazôn ad oras advento, classes delevit et Númenorem mersavit, rebellationem contra regnum Valarum legitimum poeniendi causa, undá, tam magna quam ut nunquam antea talis visa sit, quae omnino insulam ruit absorbuitque et omnes, exceptis his, qui ad partes orientales iam navigavissent, Dúnedainos necavit, quaeque formam omnium Terrae Mediae terrarum mutavit. [[Fasciculus:Dark_Lord_Sauron.jpg|thumb|[[Sauron|Sauro]], ea specie, quam in [[The Lord of the Rings (series pellicularum)|pelliculis]] [[Petrus Jackson|Petri Jackson]] habet.]] Sauronis physica species quoque his rebus deleta est, sed, cum Maia esset, spiritus eius ad Terram Mediam regressus est, pulchra autem forma carens. Non nulli Númenóreani, qui Valis fidelis manserant, parsi sunt, et in Terrae Mediae oras appulsi regna [[Arnor]]is ad septentrionalem et [[Gondor]]is ad meridionalem versus instituerunt. Inter hos erant [[Elendil]], dux eorum, et filii, [[Isildur]] et [[Anárion|Anário]], qui plantam iuvenem arboris albi Númenoris servaverant, progenitoris huius arboris ad Gondorem pertinentis. Amborum regnorum supra dictorum Elendil fuit Rex Altus, sed imperium Gondoris et Isilduri et Anárioni commendavit. Potestas regnorum valde ab ea, qua Númenor utebatur, minuta erat, "sed nihilo minus maxima hominibus feris Terrae Mediae videbatur."<ref group="conv.">"yet very great it seemed to the wild men of Middle-earth"</ref> === ''Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age'' === Extrema libri pars, circa 20 paginas longa et quae Latine ''De Anulis Potestatis et Tertia Aetate'' reddatur, haec, quae in Terra Media [[Secunda Aetas|Secunda]] et [[Tertia Aetas|Tertia]] Aetatibus acciderunt, enarrat. Aetate Secunda, [[Sauron|Sauro]] ut Mediae Terrae potestas maxima ortus est, et [[Anuli Potestatis]] ab Dryadibus ficti sunt [[Celebrimbor]]e ducente. Sauro autem clam [[Anulus Unicus|anulum proprium]] fabricavit ut aliis imperare posset, quod bellum effecit inter populos Mediae Terrae Sauronemque, cuius culmen [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men|Bellum Foederis Finalis]] fuit, in quo Dryadis Númenóreanique se commiserunt ut Sauronem vincerent, quibus rebus Secunda Aetas finita est. Aetas Tertia transitione incepta est [[Anulus Unicus|Anuli Unici]] [[Isildur]]i, cui mox postea in [[Gladden Fields]] insidiae factae sunt, quique igitur anulum [[Anduin]]e in flumen perdidit. Haec pars etiam facta, et quae ad ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' adduxerunt et quae in his libris acciderunt, breviter describit, quibus intersunt decrescentia [[Gondor]]is, ascensio secunda Sauronis, [[Concilium Album]], [[Saruman]]i perfidia, Sauronis Unicique Anuli finalis eversio. == De conceptione et creatione == === Evolutio textus === Tolkien laborare his fabulis, quae postmodo ''The Silmarillion'' factae erunt, anno [[1914]] incepit,<ref>{{Harv|Carpenter|1981|loc=#115}}</ref> ea mente ut mythologiam Anglicam crearet, quae origines Anglicae historiae et culturae interpretarentur.<ref>{{Harv|Carpenter|1981|loc=#131, 180}}</ref> Multa e quibus hoc tempore scripsit scripta sunt cum Tolkien, legatus<!--"officer"--> Britannicus, a [[Francia]] inter [[primum bellum mundanum]] redivisset et in valetudinario commoraretur.<ref>{{Harv|Carpenter|1981|loc=#165, 180, 282}}</ref> Primam fabulam, "[[The Fall of Gondolin]]," anno [[1916]] perfecit.<ref>{{Harv|Carpenter|1981|loc=#163, 165}}</ref> Hanc collectionem fabularum ''The Book of Lost Tales'', scilicet ''Librum Fabularum Perditarum'', appellavit.<ref name="BoLTF" /> Id nomen postea usus erit ut primis libri ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'' duobus voluminibus nomen daret, qui has priscas fabulas includebant. Fabulae de nauta, Eriol appellato (seu posteris in versionibus [[Ælfwine of England|Ælfwine]], "amicus Dryadum"), tractaverunt, qui insulam ubi Dryades vivebant, [[Tol Eressëa]] nomine, invenerit; et Dryades ei historiam suam narrant.<ref>{{ME-ref|BolT|Chapter I, "The Cottage of Lost Play"}}</ref> Tolkien nunquam tamen ''The Book of Lost Tales'' perfecit, nam id reliquit ut poëmata "[[The Lay of Leithian]]" et "[[The Lay of the Children of Húrin]]" scriberet.<ref name="BoLTF" /> Prima versio perfecta libri ''The Silmarillion'' erat ''Sketch of the Mythology'' anno [[1926]] scriptum<ref name="LoB1">{{ME-ref|LoB|Chapter I, "The Lay of the Children of Húrin"}}</ref> (postmodum in quarto volumine illius ''The History of Middle-earth'' divulgatum). ''Sketch'' illud, 28 paginas longum, erat synopsis, quod Tolkien scripserat ut fabulam [[Túrin]]is amico suo R. W. Reynolds, ad quem non nullas fabulas iam miserat, explicaret.<ref name="LoB1" /> E ''Sketch'' floruit latior narrativa libri ''The Silmarillion'', ''Quenta Noldorinwa'' appellata<ref name="SoMEP">{{ME-ref|SoME|Preface}}</ref> (ea quoque in IV volumine inclusa). ''Quenta Noldorinwa'' ultima libri ''The Silmarillion'' versio erat, quam Tolkien perfecit.<ref name="SoMEP" /> Anno [[1937]], bonis gratiis ''[[Hobbitus Ille|Hobbiti Illius]]'' citatus, Tolkien [[Allen & Unwin]], editori suo, praebuit imperfectam sed pleniorem versionem libri ''The Silmarillion'', ''Quenta Silmarillion'' appellatam,<ref name="BoLTF" /> sed opus recusatum est cum obscurius et "[[Mythologia Celtica|Celticius]]"<ref group="conv.">"too Celtic"</ref> esset.<ref name="Letter19">{{Harv|Carpenter|1981|loc=#19}}</ref> Editor potius volebat Tolkienum [[sequela]]m ''Hobbito Illi'' scribere.<ref name="Letter19" /> Tolkien ''The Silmarillion'' retractare incepit, sed mox huic sequelae se convertit, quam postmodum ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' nominavit.<ref>{{ME-ref|LRoW|Part II, Chapter VI, "Quenta Silmarillion"}}</ref> His libris perfectis ad ''The Silmarillion'' regressus est,<ref name="MRF">{{ME-ref|MR|Foreword}}</ref> valdeque duo opera una divulgari cupiebat.<ref>{{Harv|Carpenter|1981|loc=#124}}</ref> Cum autem id impossibile esse liqueret, Tolkien plenam operam libris ''The Lord of the Rings'' divulgandis dedit.<ref>{{Harv|Carpenter|1981|loc=#133}}</ref> Seris annibus [[Decennium 196|1950]], Tolkien ad ''The Silmarillion'' iterum rediit, sed multa ex quibus hoc tempore scripsit ad operis [[theologia]]m et [[philosophia]]m sui pertinebant potius quam ipsam ad narrativam. De rebus fundamentalibus libri iam dubitabat, quae in antiquissimis fabularum versionibus scriptae erant, et enim visus est necessitatem sentire prius haec problemata emendandi quam finalem ''The Silmarillion'' versionem instrueret.<ref name="MRF" /> Hoc tempore multa scripsit de natura mali in Arda praesentis, origine [[Orcus (Terra Media)|Orcorum]], [[Dryades (Terra Media)|Dryadum]] moribus, natura modoque Elbicae renascentiae, mundo plano, historia [[Sol]]is et [[Luna]]e.<ref name="MRF" /> Nihilo minus perpauca narrativae mutavit inter annos qui ei remanebant.<ref name="MRF" /> === Provulgatio posthuma === [[Christophorus Tolkien]] non nullos habuit annos post patris mortem narrativam de rebus Silmarillionensibus comparans. Consilium eius videtur fuisse constantiae internae quantum poterat servandae (nec non constantiae cum ''The Lord of the Rings''),<ref>{{ME-ref|UT|Introduction}}</ref> licet universam constantiam fassus sit impossibilem esse.<ref name="Silf" /> Ut explicatum est in ''The History of Middle-earth'', Christophorus e multis fontibus narrativas extraxit, de operibus post scriptis quam ''The Lord of the Rings'' plerumque dependens, sed interdum tam longe quam ad anni [[1917]] opus ''Book of Lost Tales'' retro eundum fuit, ut narrativae partes, quas pater scribere in animo habebat neque unquam id fecit, impleret. ''Of the Ruin of Doriath'', unum e capitibus extremis in ''Quenta Silmarillion'', quod ab annibus [[Decennium 194|1930]] non tactum est, paene ex nihil conficiendum erat.<ref>{{ME-ref|WotJ|Part Three, Chapter V "The Tale of Years"}}</ref> Eventus finalis, qui genealogias, mappas, indicem, primumque unquam expositum inventarium verborum Elbicorum, anno [[1977]] divulgatum est. Ob Christophori expositiones extensas in ''The History of Middle-earth'' factas de modo, quo opus provulgatum composuit, multum in ''The Silmarillion'' praesentatum a lectoribus ardenter disputatum est. Pensum Christophoro assignatum accipi solet difficillimum esse propter patris textus eo tempore, quo mortuus est: non nulli textus maximi momenti iam non possidebat Tolkieni familia, et Christophoro per multa festinandum erat. Christophorus in voluminibus illius ''The History of Middle-earth'' multa praebet, quae a rebus in ''The Silmarillion'' dictis abhorrent. Plus temporis si habuerit ut omnes textus perlegere potuerit, neque pressione aliquanta a patris lectoribus editoribusque coactus, ut quam celerrime aliquid quod provulgari potuerit crearet, Christophorus se insusurravit opus finxisse substantialiter diversum. Aliqui habent partes libri ''The Silmarillion'' potius filii quam patris esse, quam ob rem eius locum in [[Canon Terrae Mediae|Terrae Mediae canone]] animose decertant. Mense Octobri [[1996]], Christophorus Tolkien illustratori [[Theodorus Nasmith|Theodoro Nasmith]] assignavit opera artis, omnibus coloribus facta et omnem paginam magna, creare, primae ''The Silmarillion'' editionis illustratae{{dubsig}} causa. Quae anno [[1998]] divulgata est; tunc, anno [[2004]], editio secunda, correctionibus pluribusque Theodori artis operibus retractata, divulgata est. === Momentum === {{Main|Influentiae I. R. R. Tolkien}} ''The Silmarillion'' multorum fontium influentias{{dubsig}} ostendit. Una ex eis erat ''[[Kalevala]]'' [[poëma epicum]] [[Mythologia Fennica|Fennicum]], in primis fabula de [[Kullervo]]. Influentia [[Mythologia Graeca|mythologiae Graecae]] quoque praebetur. Insula [[Númenor]]is, exempli gratia, [[Atlantis insula|Atlantidem]] ad memoriam revocat,<ref>{{Harv|Carpenter|1981|loc=#154, 227}}</ref> non solum propter fabularum similitudinem, sed etiam Númenoris nomen [[Quenya]]num, ''Atalantë''; de hac re autem dixit Tolkien: "Fors curiosa est, radicem ''talat'' "labi, delabi" in Quenya adhibitam, e qua ''atalantie'' solita Quenyae est formatio{{dubsig}} nominalis, tam verbo Atlantis similem esse."<ref group="conv.">"It is a curious chance that the stem ''talat'' used in Q[uenya] for 'slipping, sliding, falling down', of which ''atalantie'' is a normal (in Q) noun-formation, should so much resemble Atlantis."</ref><ref>{{ME-ref|Letters|No. 257}}</ref> Mythologia Graeca quoque [[Vala (Terra Media)|Valae]] tinguntur, qui multa a [[Duodecim Olympiani]]s{{dubsig}} ([[:en:Twelve Olympians]]) mutuati sunt.<ref name="Olympian">{{Citation | last = Purtill | first = Richard L. | authorlink = Richardus Purtill | title = J. R. R. Tolkien: Myth, Morality, and Religion | publisher=Harper & Row | year = 2003 | location = San Francisco | pages = 52, 131 | isbn = 0-89870-948-2}}</ref> Valae, ut Olympiani, in mundo vero vivebantur, sed in monte altissimo, a mortalibus secreti;<ref>{{Citation | last = Stanton | first = Michael | title = Hobbits, Elves, and Wizards: Exploring the Wonders and Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan | year = 2001 | location = Novi Eboraci | page = 18 | isbn = 1403960259}}.</ref> aequabilitas autem modo approximatur, cum Valis sint etiam res [[Mythologia Nordica|Nordicae]]. Non nulli Valae species diversis [[Anses|Ansibus]], deis [[Asgarthus|Asgarthi]], similes habent.<ref>{{Citation | last = Garth | first = John | title = Tolkien and the Great War: The Threshold of Middle-earth | publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company | year = [[2003]] | location = Novi Eboraci | page = 86}}.</ref> [[Thorus]], verbi gratia, physice valentissimus ex deis, videri cum in [[Oromë]], qui Melkoris monstra pugnat, tum in [[Tulkas]], Vala physice fortissimo, potest.<ref name="ThorOdin">{{Harv|Chance|2004|p=169}}</ref> [[Manwë]], caput Valarum, similitudines [[Othinus|Othino]] "patri omnium" praebet.<ref name="ThorOdin" /> Super, Tolkien se dixit videre Maiam [[Gandalf|Olórin]] (id est, Gandalfum) ut "erronem Odinicum."<ref>{{Harv|Carpenter|1981|loc=#107}}</ref> Pondus [[Biblia|Bibliorum]] et traditionalium [[narratio|narrativarum]] [[Religio Christiana|Christianarum]] in ''The Silmarillion'' sentiuntur in concertatione inter Eru Ilúvatarem et melkorem, aequivalentes Dei et luciferi.<ref>{{Harv|Chance|2001|p=192}}</ref> De [[magi]]s, ''The Silmarillion'' creationem casumque Dryadum tractat, sicut ''[[Liber Genesis|Genesis]]'' creationem et casum narrat Hominis.<ref>{{Citation | last = Bramlett | first = Perry | title = I Am in Fact a Hobbit: An Introduction to the Life and Works of J. R. R. Tolkien | publisher=Mercer University Press | year= [[2003]] | location = Macon, Georgia | page = 86 | isbn = 086554851X}}.</ref> Velut in aliis Tolkieni operibus, ''The Silmarillion'' serotinae [[Christianitas|Christianae]] [[historia]]e spatium concedit, et enim una versio fabularum [[Finrod Felagund|Finrodum]], [[persona]]m in ''The Silmarillion'', de necessitate Ilúvataris (Dei) [[incarnatio]]nis, ut [[humanitas|humanitatem]] servet, cogitare habet.<ref>''Morgoth's Ring'', Athrabeth Finrod Ah Andreth, pp. 322, 335.</ref> [[Medium Aevum|Mediaevalis]] Christianae [[cosmologia]]e quoque momentum observatur, praesertim in commentario de creatione universi, speciem carminis habente a [[Deus|Deo]] canti quocum [[angelus|angeli]] consonant quoad angelus malus discordium inducat. [[Augustinus|Sancti Augustini]] scripta de [[musica]], nec non lata [[harmonia]]e divinae traditio—nobis notior hodie [[musica universalis|musicae universalis]] forma—fundamenta huius creationis fabulae constituerunt. [[Mythologia Celtica]] exsilium [[Noldor]]inorum Dryadum, exempli gratia, tetigit, quod a fabula populi [[Tuatha Dé Danann]] non nulla mutuatum est.<ref name="Celtic">{{cite news | last = Fimi | first = Dimitra | title = "Mad" Elves and "Elusive Beauty": Some Celtic Strands of Tolkien's Mythology | month= Augusto | year= 2006 | url = http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2386/is_2_117/ai_n16676591/pg_1 | pages = 6–8 | work=Folklore|archiveurl=http://archive.is/NuGZ|archivedate=15 July 2012}}</ref> Cambrica quoque influentia in lingua Elbica [[Sindarin]]ica videtur, cui Tolkien dedit "naturam linguisticam simillimam (sed non identicam) [[Lingua Cambrica|linguae Britannicae-Cambricae]] ... quod genus 'Celticum' legendorum fabularumque aptare videtur."<ref group="conv.">"a linguistic character very like (though not identical with) British-Welsh . . . because it seems to fit the rather 'Celtic' type of legends and stories told of its speakers."</ref><ref>{{Harv|Carpenter|1981|loc=#144}}</ref> == Critica == Critica libri ''The Silmarillion'' admodum fuerunt negativa. Propter enim gravitatem nimiam et carentiam momentorum felicium in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' et praesertim ''[[Hobbitus Ille|Hobbito Illo]]'' inventorum reprehensus est.<ref name="TIME">{{Citation | last = Foote | first = Timothy | title = Middle-earth Genesis | journal=TIME | volume = 110 | page = 121 | date= 24 October 1977 | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,915707,00.html}}</ref><ref name="NYTBR">{{Citation | last = Gardner | first = John | title = The World of Tolkien | journal=The New York Times Book Review | date= 23 October 1977 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/1977/10/23/books/tolkien-silmarillion.html}}</ref><ref name="SLJ">{{Citation | last = Hurwitz | first = K. Sue | journal=School Library Journal | volume = 24 | issue = 4 | page = 66 |date=December 1977}}</ref> [[Time (periodicum)|''TIME'']] "nullam unicam, unificam causam, et supra omnia nullum gregem fratrum, quibuscum lector se commiserit"<ref group="conv.">"no single, unifying quest and, above all, no band of brothers for the reader to identify with"</ref> huic libro inesse lamentatus est.<ref name="TIME" /> Critica alia ad linguam archaicam lectuque difficilem<ref name="NYRB">{{Citation | last = Adams | first = Robert M. | title = The Hobbit Habit | journal=The New York Review of Books | volume = 24 | issue = 19 | page = 22 | date= [[24 Novembris]] [[1977]] | url = http://www.nybooks.com/articles/8321}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Brookhiser | first = Richard | title = Kicking the Hobbit | journal=National Review | volume = 29 | issue = 48 | pages = 1439–1440 | date= [[9 Decembris]] [[1977]]}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Jefferson | first = Margo | journal=''Newsweek'' | volume = 90 | page = 114 | date= [[24 Octobris]] [[1977]]}}.</ref> et multa difficilia commemoratu nomina<ref name="NYRB" /><ref>{{Citation | last = Yamamoto | first = Judith T. | journal=Library Journal | volume = 102 | issue = 14 | page = 1680 | date= 1 August 1977 | issn = 0363-0277}}.</ref> spectaverunt. Nihilo minus, non nulli censores latam comprehensionem Tolkieni creationis laudaverunt. ''[[The New York Times Book Review]]'' scripsit, "hoc, quod animum maxime movet, est ... heroicitas conatus Tolkieni prodigiosa."<ref name="NYTBR" /> ''TIME'' dixit ''The Silmarillion'' esse "maiestuosum, opus tam longe valenterque in uberrima [[scriptor]]is [[cogitatio]]ne habitum quam ut lectorem obstupefaciat."<ref group="conv.">"majestic, a work held so long and so powerfully in the writer's imagination that it overwhelms the reader"</ref><ref name="TIME" /> ''[[Horn Book Magazine]]'' etiam deosculatum est "catenam legendorum ingentem, potestate ingeniosa conceptam, dictione [[pulchritudo|pulcherrima]] narratam."<ref group="conv.">"remarkable set of legends conceived with imaginative might and told in beautiful language"</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Cosgrave | first = M. S. | journal=Horn Book Magazine | volume = 54 | page = 196 |date=Aprili [[1978]]}}</ref> ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'' ''The Silmarillion'' scripsit esse "vacuum, pomposum, taedium afferens," "haudquaquam ullius magnitudinis eventum litterarium," et dixit quidem maiorem causam "venditionum ingentium" eius esse "cultum Tolkienianum" aura populari ''Hobbiti Illius'' et ''The Lord of the Rings'' creatum.<ref group="conv.">"an empty and pompous bore"; "not a literary event of any magnitude"; "enormous sales"; "Tolkien cult"</ref><ref name="NYRB" /> ''[[School Library Journal]]'' eum dixit "solum imbecillum postscriptum"<ref group="conv.">"only a stillborn postscript"</ref> esse operibus Tolkieni prioribus.<ref name="SLJ" /> [[Petrus Conrad (academicus)|Petrus Conrad]] in ''[[New Statesman]]'' tam longe iit, ut diceret "Tolkienum scribere re vera nequire."<ref group="conv.">"Tolkien can't actually write."</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Conrad | first = Peter | journal=New Statesman | volume = 94 | page = 408 | date= [[23 Septembris]] [[1977]]}}.</ref> == Musica libro ''The Silmarillion'' afflata == [[Blind Guardian]], [[grex musicus|grex]] ''[[power metal]]'' [[Germania|Theodiscus]], ''[[Nightfall in Middle-Earth]]'' divulgavit, ''[[concept album]]'' e rebus Tolkienianis constans. Hoc album non solum [[carmen|carmina]], sed etiam verba dicta ex hac fabula et aliis Tolkieni operibus extracta comprehendit. [[The Middle East]], grex [[indie]] [[Australia]]nus, in carmine "Beleriand" multas res libri ''The Silmarillion'' concorporat. [[Marillion]], grex [[progressive rock]] [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britannicus]], anno [[1979]] nomine "Silmarillion" creatus est, sed nomen amputaverunt anno [[1981]] ne [[ius|iura]] Tolkieniana violarent. == Notae == <references /> === Citationes Latine conversae === <references group="conv." /> == Bibliographia == * {{citation | last = Burns | first = Marjorie | title = Perilous Realms: Celtic and Norse in Tolkien's Middle-earth | publisher=University of Toronto Press | year = [[2005]] | location = Toronti | isbn = 0802038069}} * {{ME-ref|Letters}} * {{citation | last = Chance | first = Jane | title = Tolkien's Art: A Mythology for England | publisher=University Press of Kentucky | year = [[2001]] | location = Lexingtoniae Kentuckiae | isbn = 0813190207}} * {{citation | last = Chance | first = Jane | title = Tolkien and the Invention of Myth: A Reader | publisher=University Press of Kentucky | year = [[2004]] | location = Lexingtoniae Kentuckiae | isbn = 0-8131-2301-1}} * {{citation | last = Flieger | first = Verlyn | title = Splintered Light: Logos and Language in Tolkien's World | publisher=Kent State University Press | year = [[2002]] | location = Kent Ohii | isbn = 0873387449}} * {{ME-ref|Silm}} * {{citation | last = Turner | first = A. | title = The Silmarillion: 30 years on | publisher=Walking Tree Publishers | year = [[2007]] | isbn = 9783905703108}} {{NexInt}} * [[Legendarium Tolkien]] * [[Porta:Tolkien]] * [[The Tale of Beren and Lúthien]] == Nexus externi == {{Wikiquote|The Silmarillion}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071017135157/http://mywebpages.comcast.net/mithrandircq/Silmarillion-Chronology.htm Chronologia ''The Silmarillion''] * [http://tolkien.skwishmi.com/ Guide editionibus Americanis librorum Tolkienianorum, inter quos ''The Silmarillion''] * [http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/reviews/silmarillion.htm Commentatio de ''The Silmarillion'' colligendo] apud [http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/ Tolkien Library] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130927012621/http://www.tolkien-online.com/silmarillion.html Ratio rerum<!--"background"--> et Historia libri ''The Silmarillion'' apud Tolkien Online] [[Categoria:The Silmarillion|!]] [[Categoria:Angliae scripta]] [[Categoria:Litterae Anglicae]] [[Categoria:Litterae phantasticae]] [[Categoria:Scripta 1977]] p0w0xzai2i5t63uuh894620ncyvqv1t Res publica Septinsularis 0 36012 3965736 3930929 2026-06-20T11:59:38Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3965736 wikitext text/x-wiki {{disambig2|Re Publica Septinsulari|alias res ad insulas Ionias spectantes|Insulae Ioniae (discretiva)}} [[Fasciculus:SeptinsularRepublic1801.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Respublica Septinsularis anno 1800 instituta (ad sinistram partem tabulae, colore russo)]] {{L?}} '''Res publica Septinsularis''' ([[Graece]] Επτάνησος Πολιτεία) fuit civitas autonoma sub [[Imperium Ottomanicum|Imperio Ottomanico]] et sub tutela [[Russia]]e, anno 1800 constituta: septem insulae fuerunt [[Corcyra]], [[Paxos]], [[Leucas]], [[Cephallenia]], [[Ithaca]], [[Zacynthus]], [[Cythera]]. Usque ad annum 1800 haec insulae sub dominatione [[Francia]]e in tribus praefecturis (''départements'') constitutae erant, scilicet [[Corcyra (antiqua praefectura Franciae)|Corcyra]], [[Ithaca (antiqua praefectura Franciae)|Ithaca]], [[Mare Aegaeum (antiqua praefectura Franciae)|Mare Aegaeum]]. Comes [[Ioannes Capodistrias]], [[Corcyra]]e natus, fuit secretarius Rei Publicae. Anno 1807 res publica imperio Francico rursus annexa est. Anno 1815 eaedem insulae in [[Imperium Britannicum]] recepta ut [[Civitas Unita Insularum Ioniarum]] constitutae sunt; hodie autem omnia territoria ad [[Graecia|Rem Publicam Graecam]] pertinent. {{NexInt}} * [[Corcyra (antiqua praefectura Franciae)]] * [[Ithaca (antiqua praefectura Franciae)]] == Bibliographia == ; Scripta contemporanea * William Goodisson, ''A Historical and Topographical Essay upon the Islands of Corfù, Leucadia, Cephalonia, Ithaca, and Zante''. Londinii: Underwood, 1822 * Henry Jervis White-Jervis, ''The Ionian Islands during the Present Century''. Londinii: Chapman & Hall, 1863 [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_3Y42AAAAMAAJ Textus apud archive.org] * V. A. Schneider, M. Bory de Saint-Vincent, ''Histoire et description des îles Ioniennes''. Lutetiae: Dondey-Dupré, 1823 {{Google Books|EflRAAAAcAAJ}} [https://archive.org/details/histoireetdescr00marcgoog Textus apud archive.org] * Guillaume de Vaudoncourt; William Walton, interpr., ''Memoirs on the Ionian Islands''. Londinii: Baldwin, Cradock and Joy, 1816 [https://archive.org/details/memoirsonionian00waltgoog Textus apud archive.org] == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061207222846/http://www.servicehistorique.sga.defense.gouv.fr/03rechercher/bibliographies/etatsthematiques/greceetilesioniennes.htm Documenta de exercitu Francico in re publica Septinsulari] {{DEFAULTSORT:Septinsularis Res Publica}} [[Categoria:Imperium Ottomanicum]] [[Categoria:Imperium Francicum]] [[Categoria:Antiquae civitates Europae|Septinsularis]] [[Categoria:Historia Graeciae]] [[Categoria:Condita 1800]] [[Categoria:Insulae Ioniae]] [[Categoria:Cythera]] snbfblpp6y2ssitgpsmxma8pvtifu6k Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus 0 43233 3965739 3964715 2026-06-20T12:43:24Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De cursu honorum */ 3965739 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus''' signo'' Phosphorius'' (natus die ignoto - mortuus anno [[376]]), pater [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Quinti Aurelii Symmachi]] fuit vir publicus [[Roma Antiqua|Romae Antiquae]]. Epistulam ab eo ad filium scriptam legere possumus in collectaneo epistularum filii<ref>[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' lib. 1 ep.2.</ref> in qua epigrammata de viris 'bonis' suae aetatis a semet ipso compacta nobis tradidit. Ut filius enim vir litteratus fuit. == De familia == Pater eius [[Aurelius Valerius Tullianus Symmachus]], consul anni [[330]] erat, filius [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]] fuit vir publicus [[Roma Antiqua|Romae Antiquae]] et scriptor. Epistulae inter filium et patrem primo libro ''Epistularum''<ref>I.1-12.</ref> inveniuntur. Uterque [[Paganismus|paganismo]] favebat. == De cursu honorum == Symmachus [[Praefectus annonae|praefectus annonae]] fuit, deinde circa [[360]] [[vicarius urbis Romae]] nominatus est atque [[Italia Suburbicaria (dioecesis Imperii Romani)|Italiam Suburbicariam]] administrabat. A die [[22 Aprilis]] [[364]] ad usque diem [[9 Martii]] [[365]] [[praefectus urbi Romae]] fuit. Consul in annum [[377]] designatus iam anno superiore mortuus est. [[Princeps senatus]] (fortasse iam ab anno 361) erat et multis legationibus "pro amplissimi ordinis desideriis apud divos principes" functus est<ref>{{CIL|6|1698}}</ref>: ita anno [[361]] ad [[Constantius II|Constantium]] in Orientem missus est<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]] XXI.12.24. [[Libanius|Libanios]] ep. 1004.</ref>. Fuit etiam [[pontifex|pontifex maior]] et [[Quindecimviri Sacris Faciundis|quindecimvir sacris faciundis]]. Post mortem aurata statua in eius honorem tam Romae quam Constantinopoli erecta est.<ref> A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/862/mode/2up 863-865].</ref> [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] qui eius praefecturam multum laudabat, in qua pontem Valentinianum aedificandum curavit quem postea dedicavit<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]] XXVII.3.3. {{CIL|6|31402}} </ref>, ingratitudinem plebei vituperat quod paucos post annos domum eius in [[Regio Transtiberina|Transtiberina regione]] incenderunt quasi dixisset: ''libenter se vino proprio calcarias extincturum, quam id venditurum pretiis, quibus sperabatur''<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]] XXVII.3.4.</ref>. Urbem fugere coactus a senatoribus multo cum honore revocatus est, fortasse circa [[373]] de quo filius in oratione gratias egit<ref>[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' I.44.</ref>. == Notae == <references /> == Fontes == * {{CIL|6|1698}} {{CIL|6|31402}} {{CIL|6|31403}} {{CIL|6|31404}} {{CIL|6|36954}} *[[Ammianus Marcellinus|Ammianus Marcellinus]] XXVII.3.3-4 *[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' libro primo == Nexus externus == * [https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Symmachos_14 Symmachos 14] in [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Symmachus, Lucius Aurelius Avianius}} [[Categoria:Consules]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] [[Categoria:Vicarii urbis Romae]] [[Categoria:Senatores]] [[Categoria:Gens Symmachia]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 3 aut 4]] [[Categoria:Mortui 376]] no8fjamse6oagqkjme184jarjl6la9w 3965740 3965739 2026-06-20T12:46:26Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De cursu honorum */ 3965740 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus''' signo'' Phosphorius'' (natus die ignoto - mortuus anno [[376]]), pater [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Quinti Aurelii Symmachi]] fuit vir publicus [[Roma Antiqua|Romae Antiquae]]. Epistulam ab eo ad filium scriptam legere possumus in collectaneo epistularum filii<ref>[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' lib. 1 ep.2.</ref> in qua epigrammata de viris 'bonis' suae aetatis a semet ipso compacta nobis tradidit. Ut filius enim vir litteratus fuit. == De familia == Pater eius [[Aurelius Valerius Tullianus Symmachus]], consul anni [[330]] erat, filius [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]] fuit vir publicus [[Roma Antiqua|Romae Antiquae]] et scriptor. Epistulae inter filium et patrem primo libro ''Epistularum''<ref>I.1-12.</ref> inveniuntur. Uterque [[Paganismus|paganismo]] favebat. == De cursu honorum == Symmachus [[Praefectus annonae|praefectus annonae]] fuit, deinde circa [[360]] [[vicarius urbis Romae]] nominatus est atque [[Italia Suburbicaria (dioecesis Imperii Romani)|Italiam Suburbicariam]] administrabat. A die [[22 Aprilis]] [[364]] ad usque diem [[9 Martii]] [[365]] [[praefectus urbi Romae]] fuit. Consul in annum [[377]] designatus iam anno superiore mortuus est. [[Princeps senatus]] (fortasse iam ab anno 361) erat et multis legationibus "pro amplissimi ordinis desideriis apud divos principes" functus est<ref>{{CIL|6|1698}}</ref>: ita anno [[361]] ad [[Constantius II|Constantium]] in Orientem missus est<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]] XXI.12.24. [[Libanius|Libanios]] ep. 1004.</ref>. Fuit etiam [[pontifex|pontifex maior]] et [[Quindecimviri Sacris Faciundis|quindecimvir sacris faciundis]]. Post mortem aurata statua in eius honorem tam Romae quam Constantinopoli erecta est.<ref> A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/862/mode/2up 863-865].</ref> [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] qui eius praefecturam multum laudabat, in qua pontem Valentinianum aedificandum curavit quem postea dedicavit<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]] XXVII.3.3. {{CIL|6|31402}} </ref>, ingratitudinem plebei vituperat quod paucos post annos domum eius in [[Regio Transtiberina|Transtiberina regione]] incenderunt quasi dixisset: ''libenter se vino proprio calcarias extincturum, quam id vendituru''m pretiis, quibus sperabatur<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]] XXVII.3.4. Jean Rougé, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1961_num_63_1_5686 Une émeute à Rome au IVe siècle (Ammien Marcellin, XXVII, 3, 3-4 : essai d'interprétation)]", ''Revue des Études Anciennes'', 1961: 59-77.</ref>. Urbem fugere coactus a senatoribus multo cum honore revocatus est, fortasse circa [[373]] de quo filius in oratione gratias egit<ref>[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' I.44.</ref>. == Notae == <references /> == Fontes == * {{CIL|6|1698}} {{CIL|6|31402}} {{CIL|6|31403}} {{CIL|6|31404}} {{CIL|6|36954}} *[[Ammianus Marcellinus|Ammianus Marcellinus]] XXVII.3.3-4 *[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' libro primo == Nexus externus == * [https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Symmachos_14 Symmachos 14] in [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Symmachus, Lucius Aurelius Avianius}} [[Categoria:Consules]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] [[Categoria:Vicarii urbis Romae]] [[Categoria:Senatores]] [[Categoria:Gens Symmachia]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 3 aut 4]] [[Categoria:Mortui 376]] r4joxbedsa1cajifq12var9fv3zcc37 3965743 3965740 2026-06-20T12:53:15Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De cursu honorum */ 3965743 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus''' signo'' Phosphorius'' (natus die ignoto - mortuus anno [[376]]), pater [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Quinti Aurelii Symmachi]] fuit vir publicus [[Roma Antiqua|Romae Antiquae]]. Epistulam ab eo ad filium scriptam legere possumus in collectaneo epistularum filii<ref>[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' lib. 1 ep.2.</ref> in qua epigrammata de viris 'bonis' suae aetatis a semet ipso compacta nobis tradidit. Ut filius enim vir litteratus fuit. == De familia == Pater eius [[Aurelius Valerius Tullianus Symmachus]], consul anni [[330]] erat, filius [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]] fuit vir publicus [[Roma Antiqua|Romae Antiquae]] et scriptor. Epistulae inter filium et patrem primo libro ''Epistularum''<ref>I.1-12.</ref> inveniuntur. Uterque [[Paganismus|paganismo]] favebat. == De cursu honorum == Symmachus [[Praefectus annonae|praefectus annonae]] fuit, deinde circa [[360]] [[vicarius urbis Romae]] nominatus est atque [[Italia Suburbicaria (dioecesis Imperii Romani)|Italiam Suburbicariam]] administrabat. A die [[22 Aprilis]] [[364]] ad usque diem [[9 Martii]] [[365]] [[praefectus urbi Romae]] fuit. Consul in annum [[377]] designatus iam anno superiore mortuus est. [[Princeps senatus]] (fortasse iam ab anno 361) erat et multis legationibus "pro amplissimi ordinis desideriis apud divos principes" functus est<ref>{{CIL|6|1698}}</ref>: ita anno [[361]] ad [[Constantius II|Constantium]] in Orientem missus est<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]] XXI.12.24. [[Libanius|Libanios]] ep. 1004.</ref>. Fuit etiam [[pontifex|pontifex maior]] et [[Quindecimviri Sacris Faciundis|quindecimvir sacris faciundis]]. Post mortem aurata statua in eius honorem tam Romae quam Constantinopoli erecta est.<ref> A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/862/mode/2up 863-865].</ref> [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] qui eius praefecturam multum laudabat, in qua pontem Valentinianum aedificandum curavit quem postea dedicavit<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]] XXVII.3.3. {{CIL|6|31402}} </ref>, ingratitudinem plebei vituperat quod paucos post annos domum eius in [[Regio Transtiberina|Transtiberina regione]] incenderunt quasi dixisset: ''libenter se vino proprio calcarias extincturum, quam id vendituru''m pretiis, quibus sperabatur<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]] XXVII.3.4. Jean Rougé, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1961_num_63_1_5686 Une émeute à Rome au IVe siècle (Ammien Marcellin, XXVII, 3, 3-4 : essai d'interprétation)]", ''Revue des Études Anciennes'', 1961: 59-77.</ref>. Urbem fugere coactus a senatoribus multo cum honore revocatus est, fortasse circa [[373]] de quo filius in oratione gratias egit<ref>[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' I.44 et fortasse II.38.</ref>. == Notae == <references /> == Fontes == * {{CIL|6|1698}} {{CIL|6|31402}} {{CIL|6|31403}} {{CIL|6|31404}} {{CIL|6|36954}} *[[Ammianus Marcellinus|Ammianus Marcellinus]] XXVII.3.3-4 *[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' libro primo == Nexus externus == * [https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Symmachos_14 Symmachos 14] in [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Symmachus, Lucius Aurelius Avianius}} [[Categoria:Consules]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] [[Categoria:Vicarii urbis Romae]] [[Categoria:Senatores]] [[Categoria:Gens Symmachia]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 3 aut 4]] [[Categoria:Mortui 376]] 055basprtl3pysprzned1p7pnfordzr 3965744 3965743 2026-06-20T12:55:27Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De cursu honorum */ 3965744 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus''' signo'' Phosphorius'' (natus die ignoto - mortuus anno [[376]]), pater [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Quinti Aurelii Symmachi]] fuit vir publicus [[Roma Antiqua|Romae Antiquae]]. Epistulam ab eo ad filium scriptam legere possumus in collectaneo epistularum filii<ref>[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' lib. 1 ep.2.</ref> in qua epigrammata de viris 'bonis' suae aetatis a semet ipso compacta nobis tradidit. Ut filius enim vir litteratus fuit. == De familia == Pater eius [[Aurelius Valerius Tullianus Symmachus]], consul anni [[330]] erat, filius [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]] fuit vir publicus [[Roma Antiqua|Romae Antiquae]] et scriptor. Epistulae inter filium et patrem primo libro ''Epistularum''<ref>I.1-12.</ref> inveniuntur. Uterque [[Paganismus|paganismo]] favebat. == De cursu honorum == Symmachus [[Praefectus annonae|praefectus annonae]] fuit, deinde circa [[360]] [[vicarius urbis Romae]] nominatus est atque [[Italia Suburbicaria (dioecesis Imperii Romani)|Italiam Suburbicariam]] administrabat. A die [[22 Aprilis]] [[364]] ad usque diem [[9 Martii]] [[365]] [[praefectus urbi Romae]] fuit. Consul in annum [[377]] designatus iam anno superiore mortuus est. [[Princeps senatus]] (fortasse iam ab anno 361) erat et multis legationibus "pro amplissimi ordinis desideriis apud divos principes" functus est<ref>{{CIL|6|1698}}</ref>: ita anno [[361]] ad [[Constantius II|Constantium]] in Orientem missus est<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]] XXI.12.24. [[Libanius|Libanios]] ep. 1004.</ref>. Fuit etiam [[pontifex|pontifex maior]] et [[Quindecimviri Sacris Faciundis|quindecimvir sacris faciundis]]. Post mortem aurata statua in eius honorem tam Romae quam Constantinopoli erecta est.<ref> A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/862/mode/2up 863-865].</ref> [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] qui eius praefecturam multum laudabat, in qua pontem Valentinianum aedificandum curavit quem postea dedicavit<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]] XXVII.3.3. {{CIL|6|31402}} </ref>, ingratitudinem plebei vituperat quod paucos post annos domum eius in [[Regio Transtiberina|Transtiberina regione]] incenderunt quasi dixisset: ''libenter se vino proprio calcarias extincturum, quam id vendituru''m pretiis, quibus sperabatur<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]] XXVII.3.4. Jean Rougé, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1961_num_63_1_5686 Une émeute à Rome au IVe siècle (Ammien Marcellin, XXVII, 3, 3-4 : essai d'interprétation)]", ''Revue des Études Anciennes'', 1961: 59-77.</ref>. Urbem fugere coactus a senatoribus multo cum honore revocatus est, fortasse circa [[373]] de quo filius in oratione gratias egit<ref>[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' I.44 et fortasse II.38 et ''Oratio'' V.</ref>. == Notae == <references /> == Fontes == * {{CIL|6|1698}} {{CIL|6|31402}} {{CIL|6|31403}} {{CIL|6|31404}} {{CIL|6|36954}} *[[Ammianus Marcellinus|Ammianus Marcellinus]] XXVII.3.3-4 *[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' libro primo == Nexus externus == * [https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Symmachos_14 Symmachos 14] in [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Symmachus, Lucius Aurelius Avianius}} [[Categoria:Consules]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] [[Categoria:Vicarii urbis Romae]] [[Categoria:Senatores]] [[Categoria:Gens Symmachia]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 3 aut 4]] [[Categoria:Mortui 376]] 100h88zf67j84ogijvco54v2swrlmw6 Petrus Paulus Rubenius 0 45261 3965745 3965698 2026-06-20T13:02:12Z IacobusAmor 1163 3965745 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Peter Paul Rubens - Self-Portrait (Kunsthistorisches Museum).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''Petrus Paulus Rubens a se anno 1639 pictus'', ([[Museum Historiae Artis (Vindobona)]].]] '''Petrus Paulus Rubenius'''<ref>Nomen invenitur in libro ''[https://books.google.it/books?id=8i4TAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA214&dq=petrus+paulus+rubenius&hl=it&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiQr__Lo7KDAxWlVfEDHdRkBKgQ6AF6BAgHEAI#v=onepage&q=petrus%20paulus%20rubenius&f=false Enciclopedia metodica critico-ragionata delle belle arti]'': "Petrus Paulus Rubenius pinxit".</ref> [[Eques]] (natus ''Peter Paul Rubens'' [[Sigena (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Sigenae]] in urbe [[Westphalia|Westphaliensi]]e die [[28 Iunii]] [[1577]]; [[Antverpia]]e die [[30 Maii]] [[1640]] mortuus), fuit [[pictor]] [[barocus]], hodie etiam celeberrimus, qui [[Antverpia]]e habitavit; saepe et legatus meruit pro [[Monarchia Hispanica|regibus Hispanicis]] [[Fasciculus:Peter Paul Rubens - Rubens and Isabella Brant in the honeysuckle bower.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|"[[Umbraculum clymenorum]]": Petro Paulo Rubenio [[Isabella Brant]] nuper nupta, 1609 ([[Pinacotheca Vetus (Monacum)|Pinacotheca Vetus]] [[Monacum|Monacensis]])]] [[Fasciculus:Helene Fourment in her Bridal Gown by Rubens (1630) - Alte Pinakothek - Munich - Germany 2017.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|[[Helenae Fourment effigies]], Petri Pauli Rubenii uxor altera cui anno 1630 nupsit ([[Pinacotheca Vetus (Monacum)|Pinacotheca Vetus]] [[Monacum|Monacensis]])]] Petrus Paulus filius fuit [[Ioannes Rubens|Ioannis Rubenii]] [[uxor]]isque eius Mariae Pypelincks. Pater ob [[Calvinismus|Calvinismum]] suum ex Antverpia ad [[Colonia Agrippina|Coloniam Agrippinam]] anno [[1568]] effugerat; ibi [[causidicus]] meruit, sed et amasius, reginae [[Anna Saxoniae|Annae Saxoniae]], quae aulam suam [[Sigena (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Sigenae]] tenebat. Familia ab anno [[1589]] Coloniam regressa est, unde, patre anno [[1587]] mortuo, Petrus Paulus annum duodecimum agens cum matre Antverpiam petivit. Ibi in religione [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Catholica]] educatus est et in artibus, praeceptoribus [[Octavius Vaenius|Octavio Vaenio]] et [[Adamus van Noort|Adamo van Noort]], qui, decanus [[corporatio Sancti Lucae (Antverpia)|corporationis S. Lucae]] Antverpiensis, discipulum suum anno [[1598]] in gremium corporationis recipi suasit. Rubenius iter fecit anno [[1600]] ad [[Italia]]m. Ibi [[Venetiae|Venetias]] visitavit ubi picturas [[Titianus|Titiani]], [[Paulus Veronensis|Pauli Veronensis]] necnon [[Iacobus Tentoretus|Tentoreti]] vidit. Mox [[Mantua]]e apud ducem [[Vincentius I Gonzaga|Vincentio I]] degit; quo adiuvante Rubente [[Florentia]]m et [[Roma]]m anno [[1601]] ivit ibique opera [[Michael Angelus Bonarotius|Michaelis Angeli]], [[Raphael Sanctius Urbinas|Raphaelis]] et [[Leonardus Vincius|Leonardi Vincii]] admiravit, sed etiam [[Laocoon cum filiis|Laocoontem cum filiis]] [[statua]]m [[Hellenismus|Hellenisticam]], magisque omnium picturas [[Caravaggius|Caravaggii]]. Inter quas "[[Virgo rosarii (Caravaggius)|Virginem rosarii]]" Dominicanis Antverpianis emere suasit, "[[Virginis mors (Caravaggius)|Virginis mortem]]" patrono Vincentio Gonzagae. Pro eodem anno [[1603]] in [[Hispania]]m properavit ad regem [[Philippus III (rex Hispaniae)|Philippum III]] colandum; quo tempore opera Raphaelis et Titiani, olim a rege [[Philippus II (rex Hispaniae)|Philippo II]] collecta, in [[Museum Prado|museo regali]] visitavit. Ab [[Caroli V effigies equestris|effigie Caroli V equestri]] Titiani motus, quam ibi viderat, [[Ducis de Lerma effigies equestris|effigiem similem]] nobilis [[Franciscus Gómez de Sandoval (dux de Lerma)|ducis de Lerma]] ipse pinxit. [[Fasciculus:Jacob Jordaens (Attributed), after Peter Paul Rubens - Portrait of Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Isabellae Clarae Eugeniae effigies|Effigies anno fere 1615 picta]] principissae [[Isabella Clara Eugenia|Isabellae Clarae Eugeniae]], Petri Pauli Rubenii patrona ([[Museum Historiae Artis (Vindobona)|Museum Historiae Artis]] [[Vindobona|Vindobonense]])]] In Italiam reditus Mantuae, mox [[Genua]]e, sed ab anno 1606 [[Roma]]e degit tabulasque pro patronis variis confecit: Genuae marchionissae [[Birgittae Spinola-Doria effigies|Birgittae Spinola-Doria]] et [[Mariae Pallavicini effigies|Mariae Serra Pallavicini]] effigies; Romae, suadente cardinale [[Iacobus Serra|Iacobo Serra]] (Mariae fratre), altarium ecclesiae novae [[Ecclesia Sanctae Mariae in Vallicella|Sanctae Mariae in Vallicella]] in quo [[Sanctus Gregorius Magnus (Rubens)|effigiem S. Gregorii Magni]] pinxit. In eadem urbe pro [[basilica Sanctae Crucis in Hierusalem (Roma)|basilica Sanctae Crucis in Hierusalem]] picturas tres confecit (inter eas "[[Sancta Helena Vera Cruce munita]]" hodie [[Grassa]]e in [[ecclesia cathedralis Grassensis|ecclesia cathedrali Grassensi]] ostentatur); eodem fere tempore "[[Perseus et Andromeda (Rubens)|Perseus et Andromeda]]", "[[Susanna et senes (Rubens)|Susanna et senes]]" et "[[Samson et Delila (Rubens)|Samson et Delila]]". Anno 1608, matre aegrotante, Antverpiam redire statutus est; quae autem ante eius reditum mortem obiit. Novis patronis a mense Septembri [[1609]] se dicavit, scilicet [[Albertus VII (archidux Austriae)|Alberto]] archiduci Austriae ducique Belgarum uxorique eius [[Isabella Clara Eugenia]], qui aulam suam [[Bruxellae|Bruxellis]] tenuerunt pacemque effecerunt inter regnum Hispanicum provinciasque Nederlandenses. Rubenius autem Antverpiae manebat; ibi nuper reditus die [[3 Octobris]] [[1609]] [[Isabella Brant|Isabellam]] [[Ioannes Brant|Ioannis Brant]] filiam in matrimonium duxit, quam in "[[Umbraculum clymenorum|Umbraculo clymenorum]]" depinxit. Insequenti anno domum novum a seipso designatum habitare coepit quae hodie nomine ''[[Domus Rubens (Antverpia)|Rubenshuis]]'' museum vitae et operis eius constituitur. Inter opera hoc fere tempore confecta enumeranda sunt "[[Elevatio Crucis (Rubens)|Elevatio Crucis]]" et "[[Descensus a Cruce (Rubens)|Descensus a Cruce]]", "[[Innocentium caedes (Rubens)|Innocentium caedes]]", "[[Prometheus vinctus (Rubens)|Prometheus vinctus]]", "[[Sanctus Sebastianus (Rubens)|Sanctus Sebastianus]]", "[[Venus ad speculum (Rubens)|Venus ad speculum]]", "[[Venatio hippopotami et crocodili]]", "[[Romulus et Remus (Rubens)|Romulus et Remus]]", "[[Adoratio Magorum (Rubens)|Adoratio Magorum]]". Discipulos satis multos apud se educavit et omnium clarissimum [[Antonius van Dyck|Antonium van Dyck]]; cum pictoribus interdum collaboravit [[Franciscus Snyders|Francisco Snyders]] et [[Ioannes Breugelius senior|Ioanne Breugelio seniore]]. Quocum annis fere 1617-1618 [[Allegoriae sensuum separatorum (Bruegel)|allegorias quinque sensuum separatorum]] [[Allegoriae sensuum coniunctorum (Bruegel)|duasque sensuum coniunctorum]] confecit, figuras humanas ipse pingens, aliis rebus a Breugelio pictis; quae tabulae septem hodie in [[Museum Prado|Museo Prado]] ostentantur. Xylographias ichnographiasque multas aut fecit aut designavit; talia opera confecerunt collaboratores, inter quos [[Lucas Vorsterman]]. Ab anno [[1621]], suadente [[Maria Medicaea]] [[Francia]]e regina vidua, Rubenius series picturarum incepit ut enarraretur vita Mariae et [[Henricus IV (rex Francorum)|Henrici IV]] mariti. Cyclus de Maria ipsa usque ad annum [[1625]] elaboravit; quae tabulae in [[Museum Lupariense|Museo Lupariensi]] hodie servantur. == Anecdota == Petrus Paulus Rubenius legati munere functus est, quam ob rem per totam Europam multa itinera fecit, exempli gratia Matritum profectus est et convenit pictorem Velázquez, quocum loquebatur Hispanice, quia dea Fortuna ei multum favit: ille erat pulcher, sive formosus, pecuniosus, dives, et callidus et doctus. Ille multas res facere simul poterat, exempli gratia: quondam amicus quidam in officinam Rubenii intravit et hanc scaenam vidit. Dum Rubenius pingebat, audiebat aliquem Tacitum recitantem, epistulam scribae dictabat, colloquebatur benigne cum nonnullis amicis.<ref>[https://www.museodelprado.es/actualidad/multimedia/las-tres-gracias-de-rubens/f350c372-abec-94a0-c098-ca20daf6b3bf Tres Gratiae] (Latine).</ref> == Opera selecta == * "[[Achilles repertus (Rubens)|Achilles repertus]]" * "[[Cena apud Simonem Pharisaeum celebrata (Rubens)|Cena apud Simonem Pharisaeum celebrata]]" * "[[Dapes Terei (Rubens)|Dapes Terei]]" * "[[Diana et Callisto (Rubens)|Diana et Callisto]]" * "[[Iudicium Paridis (Rubens)|Iudicium Paridis]]" * "[[Medusa (Rubens)|Medusa]]" * "[[Nymphae et satyri (Rubens)|Nymphae et satyri]]" * "[[Raptus Ganymedis (Rubens)|Raptus Ganymedis]]" * "[[Saltatio rusticorum (Rubens)|Saltatio rusticorum]]" * "[[Tres Gratiae (Rubens)|Tres Gratiae]]" * "[[Triumphus Romanus (Rubens)|Triumphus Romanus]]" === Adumbrationes === ;* "[[Alcibiades in convivium irrumpit (Rubens)|Alcibiades in convivium irrumpit]]" ;* "[[Amazonomachia (Rubens)|Amazonomachia]]" ;* "[[Iesus de cruce demissus est]]" == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * ''Rubens et l'art de la gravure: catalogue d'exposition''. Musée royal des Beaux-Arts d'Anvers, Antwerpiae 2004 * Svetlana Alpers, ''The Making of Rubens''. Novo Portu: Yale University Press 1995. * Prosper Arents, A. K. L. Thijs, edd.: ''De Bibliotheek van Pieter Pauwel Rubens''. Antwerpiae 2001 * Frans Baudouin: ''Peter Paul Rubens''. Köster, Königstein/Taunus 1977 * Kristin Lohse Belkin: ''Rubens''. Londinii 1998 * Kristin Lohse Belkin, Fiona Healy, edd.: ''A House of Art: Rubens as Collector''. Museum Rubenshuis, Antwerpiae 2004 * Christopher Brown, ed.: ''Making & Meaning: Rubens's Landscapes''. National Gallery, Londinii 1997 * Nils Büttner: ''Herr P. P. Rubens''. Vandenhoeck, Göttingen 2006 ISBN 3-525-47906-9 * Sabine Cotté: ''Rubens und seine Welt''. Gondrom, Bayreuth 1980 * Dagmar Feghelm, Markus Kesting: ''Rubens. Bilder der Liebe''. Prestel, Monaci 2005, ISBN 978-3-7913-3353-3 * Ulrich Heinen: "Rubens' Garten und die Gesundheit des Künstlers", in: ''Wallraf-Richartz-Jahrbuch'' 65, 2004, S. 71–182 * Julius S. Held: ''The Oil-Sketches of Peter Paul Rubens: A Critical Catalogue''. Princeton 1980 (2 Bde.) * Nico van Hout: ''Copyright Rubens''.Koninklijk Museum, Antwerpiae 2004 * Michael Jaffé, ''Rubens and Italy''. Cornell University Press, Ithaca 1977. ISBN 0-8014-1064-9 * Jan de Jong et al., edd.: ''Rubens and the Netherlands''. Zwolle 2006 (''Nederlands Kunsthistorisch Jaarboek'' 55, 2004) * {{BBKL|r/rubens_p_p.s|auctor=Peter Kränzle|commentatio=RUBENS, Peter Paul|tomus=8|columnae=892-908}} * Mark Lamster, ''Master of Shadows: The Secret Diplomatic Career of the Painter Peter Paul Rubens''. 2009 * Reinhard Liess: ''Die Kunst des Rubens''. Wasmuth, Brunsvici 1977 * Anne-Marie Logan, Michiel Plomp: ''Peter Paul Rubens. The Drawings''. Metropolitan Museum of Art, Novi Eboraci 2005 [http://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2005/rubens-drawings Versio interretialis] * Marjorie van der Meulen; Arnout Balis, ed.; ''Rubens: copies after the antique''. 3 voll. Londinii: Harvey Miller * Ilse von zur Mühlen: ''Bild und Vision. Peter Paul Rubens und der Pinsel Gottes''. Francofurti 1998 * Matías Díaz Padrón, ed.: ''El Siglo de Rubens en el Museo del Prado''. Barcelone 1995 * Otto von Simson: ''Peter Paul (1577–1640): Humanist, Maler und Diplomat''. Moguntiaci 1996 * Martin Warnke: ''Peter Paul Rubens. Leben und Werk''. Dumont, Coloniae Agrippinensis 2006 * Christopher White: ''Peter Paul Rubens. Leben und Kunst''. Belser Verlag, Turici 1988 == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Peter Paul Rubens|Petrum Paulum Rubens}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070706130706/http://museum.antwerpen.be/rubenshuis/ Petri Pauli Rubens domus Antwerpiae] * [http://www.rubensonline.be/ Rubens Online] {{Ling|Nederlandice}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180606033240/https://www.peterpaulrubens.org/ peterpaulrubens.org] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [http://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2005/rubens-drawings Expositio adumbrationum] Novi Eboraci apud [[Museum Artium Metropolitanum]] *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_UI0lGQgOUo Iudicium Paridis] (Latine) *[https://www.museodelprado.es/actualidad/multimedia/las-tres-gracias-de-rubens/f350c372-abec-94a0-c098-ca20daf6b3bf Tres Gratiae] (Latine) *[https://www.museodelprado.es/actualidad/multimedia/aquiles-descubierto-por-ulises-y-diomedes-de/cfc974e8-6662-4fe8-9b90-948d42445c3c Achilles ab Ulixe et Diomede recognitus est.] (Latine) {{Lifetime|1577|1640|Rubenius, Petrus Paulus}} [[Categoria:Legati Hispaniae]] [[Categoria:Legati Italiae]] [[Categoria:Pictores Belgicae]] [[Categoria:Petrus Paulus Rubens|!]]<!--recte Rubenius--> q0acnrnp4n0giwwjc2zq6ygeqimrpjy Rita Levi-Montalcini 0 47604 3965755 3934120 2026-06-20T13:59:25Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3965755 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Rita Levi Montalcini.jpg|thumb|180px|Levi-Montalcini anno [[2009]]]] ''' Rita Levi-Montalcini''' (nata familia [[Iudaei|Iudaica]] die [[22 Aprilis]] [[1909]] [[Augusta Taurinorum|Augustae Taurinorum]], [[Roma]]e die [[30 Decembris]] [[2012]] mortua) fuit clarissima [[neurologia|neurologa]] et [[neurobiologia|neurobiologa]]. Anno 1986 [[Praemium Nobelianum physiologiae et medicinae|Praemium Nobelianum Medicinae]] una cum [[Stanley Cohen]] accepit. Levi-Montalcini est senatrix [[Italia|Rei Publicae Italicae]] et [[Pontificia Academia Scientiarum|Pontificiae Academiae Scientiarum]] sodalis. Die [[1 Augusti]] [[2001]] [[Senatus Reipublicae Italicae|senatrix ad vitam]] a praeside [[Carolus Azelius Ciampi|Carolo Azelio Ciampi]] creata est<ref>{{Ling|Italice}} [http://www.quirinale.it/qrnw/statico/ex-presidenti/Ciampi/dinamico/comunicato.asp?id=15560 ''Il Presidente Ciampi ha nominato senatore a vita la Professoressa Levi Montalcini'']</ref><ref>{{Ling|Italice}} [http://www.senato.it/leg/16/BGT/Schede_v3/Attsen/00018431.htm '' Senato della Repubblica - Rita Levi-Montalcini'']</ref><ref>{{Ling|Italice}} [http://www.repubblica.it/online/politica/levi/levi/levi.html ''Rita Levi Montalcini senatore a vita'']</ref>. Levi-Montalcini secunda mulier italiana quae facta esta senatrix ad vitam, postea [[Camilla Ravera]]. A die [[5 Maii]] [[2008]] usque ad mortem Levi-Montalcini veterrimus vivens fuit qui Praemium Nobelianum accepit est. Obiit [[30 Decembris]] [[2012]]<ref>{{Ling|Italice}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20130331154719/http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,0007/articleid,0996_01_1986_0241_0007_13753827/anews,true/ ''Una piccola signora dal piglio principesco'' Primo Levi]</ref>. == Nexus externi == * [http://wissenschafts-news.blog.de/?tag=forscherinnen De Rita Levi-Montalcini] {{Ling|Germanice}} * [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1986/index.html De Rita Levi-Montalcini] in pagina Praemio Nobeliano Medicinae dicata {{Ling|Anglice}} == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references /></div> {{scien-bio-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Levi-Montalcini, Rita}} [[Categoria:Biologi Italiae]] [[Categoria:Neurologi]] [[Categoria:Medici Italiae]] [[Categoria:Praemium Nobelianum Medicinae]] [[Categoria:Socii Pontificiae Academiae Scientiarum]] [[Categoria:Socii Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]] [[Categoria:Nati 1909]] [[Categoria:Mortui 2012]] [[Categoria:Mulieres]] [[Categoria:Centenariani]] [[Categoria:Iudaei]] pbf5bx8tnnmoxv5sf01s0mjh9vjuxu6 Ronaldinus 0 49671 3965762 3841257 2026-06-20T14:30:44Z Davide2025 196606 Ronaldinuli cursus. 3965762 wikitext text/x-wiki {{latinitas}} {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Ronaldinho_11feb2007.jpg|thumb|Ronaldinulus in FC Barcelona ludens (2007)]] '''Ronaldus de Assis Moreira''', sive '''Ronaldinulus''' ([[Lingua Lusitana|Lusitane]]: ''Ronaldinho''<ref>Etiam nominatur ''Ronaldinulus Fluvii Magni Meridionalis'' (Lusitane: ''Ronaldinho Gaúcho'') quod natus est Porti Alacri, capitis [[Fluvius Magnus Meridionalis|Fluvii Magni Meridionalis]]</ref> vel ''Ronaldo de Assis Moreira''; [[Portus Alacer in Brasilia|Porti Alacri in Brasilia]] die [[21 Martii]] anno [[1980]] natus) est [[Pediludium|pedilusor]] [[Brasilia|Brasilensis]]. Mediocampista vel offensor in societate [[Italia|Italica]] [[Ravenna Football Club]] ludit. == Biographia == Ronaldinhus ab anno [[1998]] ad annum [[2001]] in [[Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense|Grêmio]], sui urbis societate, lusit. Post in [[Francia|Francico]] grege [[Paris Saint-Germain Football Club|Paris Saint-Germain]] lusit. Anno [[2003]] [[Futbol Club Barcelona|FC Barcelona]] eum emit. Cum [[Barcino]]nea societate [[Foedus Summorum Athletarum UEFA|Foedum UEFA]] anno 2006 vicit. Cum [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Brasiliensis|Brasiliensi pediludii selectione]] anno [[2002]] [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (2002)|FIFA Certamen Mundiale Pediludii MMII]] vicit. Annis [[2004]] et [[2005]] [[FIFA World Player]] praemium consecutus est. Eodem anno 2005, [[Europa]]e optimus pedilusor electus est, [[Aurea Pila|Auream Pilam]] vincens. Ab anno [[2008]] laute in grege [[Italia|Italico]] [[AC Milan]] lusit, sic [[Clube de Regatas do Flamengo|Flamengo]] eum emit. Postquam in societatibus [[Brasilia|Brasilensibus]] [[Clube Atlético Mineiro|Atlético Mineiro]] et [[Querétaro Fútbol Club|Querétaro]] lusit, suum clarum cursum anno [[2015]] apud [[Fluminense Football Club|Fluminense FC]] conclusit. Anno [[2026]] incredibiliter a [[Serie C|Seriei C]] societate [[Italia|Italica]] [[Ravenna Football Club]] emptus est. == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Ronaldinho|Ronaldinhum}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100306020311/http://www.ronaldinhogaucho.com/ Pagina officialis] {{bio-stipula}} [[Categoria:Pedilusores Brasiliae]] [[Categoria:Nati 1980]] [[Categoria:Homines vivi]] 0tusnnbe44jbpi2km9u39ki6zs5spff 3965786 3965762 2026-06-20T17:36:46Z IacobusAmor 1163 3965786 wikitext text/x-wiki {{latinitas|-5}} {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Ronaldinho_11feb2007.jpg|thumb|Ronaldinulus in FC Barcelona ludens (2007)]] '''Ronaldus de Assis Moreira''', sive '''Ronaldinus''' ([[Lusitane]] ''Ronaldinho''<ref>Etiam nominatur ''Ronaldinus Fluvii Magni Meridiani'' (Lusitane ''Ronaldinho Gaúcho'') quod natus est Porti Alacri, capitis [[Fluvius Magnus Meridionalis|Fluvii Magni Meridionalis]]</ref> vel ''Ronaldo de Assis Moreira''; [[Portus Alacer in Brasilia|Porti Alacri in Brasilia]] die [[21 Martii]] anno [[1980]] natus), est [[Pediludium|pedilusor]] [[Brasilia|Brasilensis]]. Mediocampista vel offensor in societate [[Italia|Italica]] [[Ravenna Football Club]] ludit. == Biographia == Ronaldinhus ab anno [[1998]] ad annum [[2001]] in [[Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense|Grêmio]], sui urbis societate, lusit. Post in [[Francia|Francico]] grege [[Paris Saint-Germain Football Club|Paris Saint-Germain]] lusit. Anno [[2003]] [[Futbol Club Barcelona|FC Barcelona]] eum emit. Cum [[Barcino]]nea societate [[Foedus Summorum Athletarum UEFA|Foedum UEFA]] anno 2006 vicit. Cum [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Brasiliensis|Brasiliensi pediludii selectione]] anno [[2002]] [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (2002)|FIFA Certamen Mundiale Pediludii MMII]] vicit. Annis [[2004]] et [[2005]] [[FIFA World Player]] praemium consecutus est. Eodem anno 2005, [[Europa]]e optimus pedilusor electus est, [[Aurea Pila|Auream Pilam]] vincens. Ab anno [[2008]] laute in grege [[Italia|Italico]] [[AC Milan]] lusit, sic [[Clube de Regatas do Flamengo|Flamengo]] eum emit. Postquam in societatibus [[Brasilia|Brasilensibus]] [[Clube Atlético Mineiro|Atlético Mineiro]] et [[Querétaro Fútbol Club|Querétaro]] lusit, suum clarum cursum anno [[2015]] apud [[Fluminense Football Club|Fluminense FC]] conclusit. Anno [[2026]] incredibiliter a [[Serie C|Seriei C]] societate [[Italia|Italica]] [[Ravenna Football Club]] emptus est. == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Ronaldinho|Ronaldinhum}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100306020311/http://www.ronaldinhogaucho.com/ Pagina officialis] {{bio-stipula}} [[Categoria:Pedilusores Brasiliae]] [[Categoria:Nati 1980]] [[Categoria:Homines vivi]] n4crciiwpzhy99x2etktmocu8fyv116 3965787 3965786 2026-06-20T17:37:02Z IacobusAmor 1163 IacobusAmor movit paginam [[Ronaldinulus]] ad [[Ronaldinus]]: Lemma 3965786 wikitext text/x-wiki {{latinitas|-5}} {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Ronaldinho_11feb2007.jpg|thumb|Ronaldinulus in FC Barcelona ludens (2007)]] '''Ronaldus de Assis Moreira''', sive '''Ronaldinus''' ([[Lusitane]] ''Ronaldinho''<ref>Etiam nominatur ''Ronaldinus Fluvii Magni Meridiani'' (Lusitane ''Ronaldinho Gaúcho'') quod natus est Porti Alacri, capitis [[Fluvius Magnus Meridionalis|Fluvii Magni Meridionalis]]</ref> vel ''Ronaldo de Assis Moreira''; [[Portus Alacer in Brasilia|Porti Alacri in Brasilia]] die [[21 Martii]] anno [[1980]] natus), est [[Pediludium|pedilusor]] [[Brasilia|Brasilensis]]. Mediocampista vel offensor in societate [[Italia|Italica]] [[Ravenna Football Club]] ludit. == Biographia == Ronaldinhus ab anno [[1998]] ad annum [[2001]] in [[Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense|Grêmio]], sui urbis societate, lusit. Post in [[Francia|Francico]] grege [[Paris Saint-Germain Football Club|Paris Saint-Germain]] lusit. Anno [[2003]] [[Futbol Club Barcelona|FC Barcelona]] eum emit. Cum [[Barcino]]nea societate [[Foedus Summorum Athletarum UEFA|Foedum UEFA]] anno 2006 vicit. Cum [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Brasiliensis|Brasiliensi pediludii selectione]] anno [[2002]] [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (2002)|FIFA Certamen Mundiale Pediludii MMII]] vicit. Annis [[2004]] et [[2005]] [[FIFA World Player]] praemium consecutus est. Eodem anno 2005, [[Europa]]e optimus pedilusor electus est, [[Aurea Pila|Auream Pilam]] vincens. Ab anno [[2008]] laute in grege [[Italia|Italico]] [[AC Milan]] lusit, sic [[Clube de Regatas do Flamengo|Flamengo]] eum emit. Postquam in societatibus [[Brasilia|Brasilensibus]] [[Clube Atlético Mineiro|Atlético Mineiro]] et [[Querétaro Fútbol Club|Querétaro]] lusit, suum clarum cursum anno [[2015]] apud [[Fluminense Football Club|Fluminense FC]] conclusit. Anno [[2026]] incredibiliter a [[Serie C|Seriei C]] societate [[Italia|Italica]] [[Ravenna Football Club]] emptus est. == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Ronaldinho|Ronaldinhum}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100306020311/http://www.ronaldinhogaucho.com/ Pagina officialis] {{bio-stipula}} [[Categoria:Pedilusores Brasiliae]] [[Categoria:Nati 1980]] [[Categoria:Homines vivi]] n4crciiwpzhy99x2etktmocu8fyv116 Maria Harrison McKee 0 59048 3965747 3965703 2026-06-20T13:10:28Z IacobusAmor 1163 3965747 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Mary Harrison McKee in fur trimmed jacket and muff - DPLA - bcd7d851a4ea5fcdd11b41486c3fc2c2.jpg|thumb|Maria Harrison McKee (circa 1880)]] '''Maria Scott Harrison McKee''' (nata [[Indianapolis|Indianapoli]] in [[Indiana]] die [[3 Aprilis]] [[1858]]; mortua die [[28 Octobris]] [[1930]]) fuit [[Beniamin Harrison|Beniamini Harrison]] filia, quae partes [[Prima domina|primae reipublicae dominae]] post mortem [[Carolina Harrison|Carolinae Harrison]] matris egit. == Nexus externus == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040102084616/http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/firstladies/ch23.html De eius vira apud Domus Albae paginam] {{Ling|Anglice}} {{bio-stipula}} {{Dominae Primae (CFA)}} {{Lifetime|1858|1930|Mckee, Maria Harrison}} [[Categoria:Dominae Primae (CFA)]] [[Categoria:Incolae Indianae]] pu9ey8z84b8k1odu5nongf5u83doz0r 3965748 3965747 2026-06-20T13:12:03Z IacobusAmor 1163 Nexus falsus 3965748 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Mary Harrison McKee in fur trimmed jacket and muff - DPLA - bcd7d851a4ea5fcdd11b41486c3fc2c2.jpg|thumb|Maria Harrison McKee (circa 1880)]] '''Maria Scott Harrison McKee''' (nata [[Indianapolis|Indianapoli]] in [[Indiana]] die [[3 Aprilis]] [[1858]]; mortua die [[28 Octobris]] [[1930]]) fuit [[Beniamin Harrison|Beniamini Harrison]] filia, quae partes {{Creanda|en|First lady|Prima domina (politica)|primae reipublicae dominae}} post mortem [[Carolina Harrison|Carolinae Harrison]] matris egit. == Nexus externus == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040102084616/http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/firstladies/ch23.html De eius vira apud Domus Albae paginam] {{Ling|Anglice}} {{bio-stipula}} {{Dominae Primae (CFA)}} {{Lifetime|1858|1930|Mckee, Maria Harrison}} [[Categoria:Dominae Primae (CFA)]] [[Categoria:Incolae Indianae]] sgz6w991u7erqmcpvjwhm6uic7sjli0 Sarus (astronomia) 0 81085 3965800 3843757 2026-06-21T05:11:50Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3965800 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sarus''' ([[Graece]] {{Polytonic|σάρος}})<ref>''[[Suda]]'' Σ 148 "{{Polytonic|σάροι}}", ubi circulum ad annos 18½ aestimatur</ref> est [[circulus defectionum]] periodum circa 18 annorum 11 dierum 8 horarum (prope 6585⅓ dierum) habens, qui adhiberi potest ut [[defectio]]nes [[Sol]]is [[Luna]]eque praedicantur. Saro uno transacto Sol, [[Tellus (planeta)|Tellus]], et Luna fere eandem priorem [[geometria]]m repetunt, et nova defectio, paene nihil differens, ad occidentem prioris loci fiet. Series defectionum ab uno circulo Saros separatarum appellare licet "[[Series Sarorum]]". == Historia == Prima huius circuli documenta exstantia sunt a [[Imperium Neobabylonicum|Chaldaeis]]<!-- (ancient [[Babylonian astronomy|Babylonian astronomers]])--> nonnullis saeculis extremis a.C.n. facta, cuius [[Hipparchus]], [[Plinius Maior|Plinius]] (''[[Historia Naturalis]]'' 2.56), et [[Claudius Ptolemaeus|Ptolemaeus]] (''[[Almagestum]]'' 4.2) compertum habuerunt.<!--, but under different names. The Sumerian/Babylonian word "SAR" was a [[Ancient Mesopotamian weights and measures|unit of measure]], and as a number appears to have had a value of 3600 (''Microsoft Encarta College Dictionary'', 2001). Nomen ''saros'' was first given to the eclipse cycle by [[Edmundus Halley]] anno 1691, who took it from the ''[[Suda]]'', a Byzantine lexicon saeculi 11. Though Halley's naming error was pointed out by [[Guillaume Le Gentil]] in 1756, the name continues to be used. --> {{NexInt}} * [[Defectio solis]] == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references/></div> == Bibliographia == * Meeus, Jean. [[1997]]. ''Mathematical Astronomy Morsels.'' Willmann-Bell, Inc. * Meeus, Jean, et Hermann Mucke. [[1983]]. ''Canon of Lunar Eclipses.''. Vindobonae: Astronomisches Büro. * [[Theodorus de Oppolzer|Oppolzer, Theodor von]]. [[1887]]. ''Canon der Finsternisse.'' Vindobonae. == Nexus externi == * [http://www2.bitstream.net/~bunlion/bpi/EclSaros.html Defectiones et sari] * [http://www.hermit.org/Eclipse/when_search.shtml Investigatio defectionum] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080323034510/http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEsaros/LEsaros1-175.html NASA serierum sarorum summa 1–175] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080301102452/http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SEsaros/SEsaros.html NASA situs defectionum: Defectiones et sari] * [http://www.hermit.org/Eclipse/gen_stats.cgi?mode=query&page=full&qtype=type&body=L&saros=131 Sarorum series 131, tabula] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220604083837/http://xjubier.free.fr/en/site_pages/solar_eclipses/5MCSE/xSE_Five_Millennium_Canon.html Tabulae et chartae sarorum] [[Categoria:Defectiones]] [[Categoria:Unitates temporis]] [[Categoria:Astronomia]] tu042iktsd91hrlpzvzhu11c3hvnsfb Petrus Apianus 0 101407 3965750 3965671 2026-06-20T13:22:51Z IacobusAmor 1163 3965750 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Petrus Apianus''' ([[Theodisce]] ''Peter Bennewitz'' natus [[Leisnicium|Leisnicii]] die [[16 Aprilis]] [[1495]]; mortuus [[Ingolstadium|Ingolstadii]] die [[21 Aprilis]] [[1552]]) fuit [[astrologus]], [[cartographus]], [[humanista]], et [[mathematicus]] [[Germania|Germanicus]], qui apud [[Alma Mater Lipsiensis|Almam Matrem Lipsiensem]] studuit, primus [[Europa]]aeus qui [[triangulum arithmeticum Pascalianum]] descripsit. == Opera selecta == [[Fasciculus:Apian - Folium populi, s. d. - 1211192.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''Folium populi.'']] * Cosmographicus Liber (Landshut 1524), a [[Gemma Frisius|Gemma Frisio]] editus est. * Astronomicum Caesareum. (1540) == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Petrus Apianus|Petrum Apianum}} * {{PND|118645455}} {{bio-stipula}} {{Lifetime|1495|1552|Appianus, Petrus}} [[Categoria:Astrologi]] [[Categoria:Cartographi]] [[Categoria:Eruditi Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Humanistae]] [[Categoria:Mathematici Germaniae]] 7trnmvue9yi72dtej2h9sp4wj5xomqm Reticulum 0 119001 3965794 3965701 2026-06-20T22:59:57Z Pseudo-philodoxia 207639 concordavi 3965794 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pagina discretiva}} {{res|Reticulum}} potest significare: * '''[[Reticulum computatrale]]''': nexuum structura inter computatra * '''[[Reticulum (mathematica)]]''': structura mathematica conceptūs inclusionis, disjunctionis, et conjunctionis formalizans * '''[[Reticulum endoplasmaticum]]''': structura [[Cellula|cellularis]] eukaryotica, quae [[proteina|proteinas]] regulat * '''[[Reticulum (constellatio)]]''': constellatio in caelo australi, cum [[ascensio recta|ascensione recta]] inter 3 h 13 m et 4 h 37 m et [[declinatio|declinatione]] inter -67° et -52° 5n6156y1297lo2qcaoqy6q4r4l9zj1d 3965796 3965794 2026-06-20T23:32:28Z Grufo 64423 Minora 3965796 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pagina discretiva}} {{res|Reticulum}} potest significare: * '''[[Reticulum computatrale]]''': nexuum structura inter computatra * '''[[Reticulum (mathematica)]]''': structura mathematica conceptūs inclusionis, disjunctionis, et conjunctionis formalizans * '''[[Reticulum endoplasmaticum]]''': structura [[Cellula|cellularis]] eukaryotica, quae [[proteina|proteinas]] regulat * '''[[Reticulum (constellatio)]]''': constellatio in caelo australi [[ascensio recta|ascensione recta]] inter 3 h 13 m et 4 h 37 m et [[declinatio|declinatione]] inter -67° et -52° rlxvfm5gazez2ohxmkkp0wapcsg6u3j Sanctus Ioannes Rotundi 0 150733 3965799 3595536 2026-06-21T03:47:25Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3965799 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Videdis|Fanum Sancti Ioannis (discretiva)}} {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:KOS San Giovanni Rotondo.jpg|thumb|Sanctus Ioannes Rotundi]] '''Sanctus Ioannes Rotundi'''<ref>{{Sacco}}</ref><ref name="CathHier">Cf. {{CathHierDiocese|mavi|Archidioecesis Sipontina-Vestana-Sancti Ioannis Rotundi}}</ref> (alia nomina: ''Castellanum Bisani'',<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160305172821/http://www.guidacomuni.it/storia.asp?LUNG=9000&pag=3&ID=71046</ref> ''Castrum Bisani'',<ref>{{Fontes desiderati}}</ref> deinde ''Casalis Sancti Ioannis Rotundi''<ref>http://www.padrepioesangiovannirotondo.it/?page_id=604</ref>) ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:San Giovanni Rotondo|San Giovanni Rotondo]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 27&thinsp;180 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Apulia]], in [[Provincia Fodiana]] ac in [[Garganus mons|Gargano]] historica ac geographica terra, situm. Incolae ''Ioannopolitani'' appellantur. == Insigne == <gallery> Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]'' </gallery> == Geographia == * [[Garganus]] (''terra''), == Clari cives == === Hic vixerunt === * [[Camillus de Lellis]] === Mortui === * [[Pater Pius|Sanctus Pius Franciscus Forgione de Petra Elcina]] == Aedificia egregia == * [[Casa Solacio Patiendi]] * Ecclesia S. Pii. == Ecclesia Catholica Romana == Fanum Sancti Iohanni Rotundi, cum [[Sipontum|Siponto]] ([[Manfredonia]]) et [[Vesta (Italia)|Vesta]], est episcopalis [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]] cum [[Archiepiscopus|archiepiscopo]] [[sedes episcopalis|sedes]], nomine [[Archidioecesis Sipontina-Vestana-Sancti Ioannis Rotundi|Archidioecesi Sipontina-Vestana-Sancti Ioannis Rotundi]]<ref name="CathHier" /> est. == Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio == === Fractiones === * [[Matinae]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Matine|Matine]]'') == Municipia finitima == * [[Canianum]], * [[Fanum Sancti Marci in Lamis]], * ''[[Fovea]] vel [[Fodia]]'', * [[Manfredonia]] seu [[Sipontum]], * [[Mons Sancti Angeli]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Apulia]]m (''regionem''), * [[Provincia Fodiana|Provinciam Fodianam]], * [[Garganus|Garganum]] (''terram''), * [[Fovea]]m vel [[Fodia]]m (''urbem''), * [[Municipium Italiae]]. == Nexus externi == * [http://www.comune.sangiovannirotondo.fg.it/ Situs publicus] {{CommuniaCat|San Giovanni Rotondo|Sanctum Ioannem Rotundi}} == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Fasciculus:Map of comune of San Giovanni Rotondo (province of Foggia, region Apulia, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Provincia Fodiana. Imago:PIC 023.jpg|Ecclesia et conventum P. Pii de Petrelcina. </gallery> == Notae == <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Fanum Sancti Iohanni Rotundi|!]] rsm208642zr2qirdnxzzw2ippwzvjo0 Scopulus curalii 0 154019 3965805 3944026 2026-06-21T07:19:19Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3965805 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Coral atoll formation animation.gif|thumb|Scopulus fimbricus<!--fringing--> ut natus sit 10 000 annorum requirere potest, et [[atollum]] usque ad 30 milliones annorum.<ref>[http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/corals/media/supp_coral04a.html Animation of coral atoll formation] [[NOAA]] Ocean Education Service.</ref>]] '''Scopulus curalii'''<ref>"Maximum stationis aquarium est exemplar scopuli curalii Caribici." ''[https://glosbe.com/en/la/coral Glosbe''</ref> vel '''corallinus''' est structura submarina [[carbonatum calcii|carbonato calcii]] a [[curalium|curaliis]] effecto. Scopuli curalii sunt [[colonia]]e perparvorum [[animalia|animalium]] vivorum quae in [[aqua|aquis]] [[mare|marinis]] pauca [[alimentum|alimenta]] continentibus [[habitatio|habitant]]. Plurimi scopuli curalii ex [[curalium saxosum|curaliis saxosis]] [[aedificium|aedificantur]], qui vicissim in [[Polypus (biologia)|polypis]] in gregibus coalescentibus consistunt. Polypi perparvorum [[actiniaria|actiniariorum]] similes sunt, quibus ei sunt arte cognati; dissimiles autem actiniariorum, polypi curalii dura [[exosceletum|exosceleta]] [[carbonatum|carbonati]] efficiunt quae sua [[corpus (physica)|corpora]] sustinent et defendunt. Scopuli in aquis [[calor|calidis]], humilibus, claris, apricis, agitatis optime crescunt. [[Fasciculus:Maldives small island.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Parvum [[atollum]] in [[Maldivia|Maldiviis]] situm.]] [[Fasciculus:Maldives - Kurumba Island.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Caio]]<!--cay--> in [[Maldivia|Maldiviis]] habitatum.]] Scopuli curalii, saepe "marinae [[silva pluvialis|silvae pluviales]]" appellati, nonnulla ex diversissimis orbis terrarum [[oecosystema]]tibus aedificant. Minus quam 0.1 centesimam [[superficies|superficiei]] [[oceanus|oceanicae]] occupant (fere dimidium [[area (geometria)|areae]] [[Francia]]e), sed habitationem pro 25 centesimis omnium [[species (taxinomia)|specierum]] maritimarum praebent,<ref>M. D. Spalding et A. M. Grenfell, 1997, [http://www.springerlink.com/content/ccxb165016ma8792/ "New estimates of global and regional coral reef areas,"]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''Coral Reefs'' 16(4): 225–230. {{doi|10.1007/s003380050078}}</ref><ref name="Spalding">Spalding, Mark, Corinna Ravilious, and Edmund Green (2001). ''World Atlas of Coral Reefs''. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press and UNEP/WCMC {{ISBN|0520232550}}.</ref><ref name=Mulhall>M. Mulhall [https://web.archive.org/web/20100106053233/http://www.law.duke.edu/shell/cite.pl?19+Duke+Envtl.+L.+&+Pol%27y+F.+321+pdf Saving rainforests of the sea: An analysis of international efforts to conserve coral reefs,] ''Duke Environmental Law and Policy Forum'' 19 (2007): 321–351.</ref> inter quas [[piscis|pisces]], [[mollusca]], [[vermis|vermes]], [[crustacea]], [[echinodermata]], [[spongia]]e, [[tunicata]]e, et alia [[cnidaria]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Hawai{{okina}}i's Sea Creatures |last=Hoover |first=John |isbn=1-5854702902 |publisher=Mutual |date=November, [[2007]]}}</ref> [[Admirabilia Darwiniana|Quod est admirabile contraque opinionem omnium,]]<!--Darwin's paradox--> scopuli curalii florere possunt quamquam ab [[aqua|aquis]] [[oceanus|oceanicis]] quae pauca [[alimentum|nutrimenta]] praebent cingantur: saepissime inveniuntur in altitudinibus humilibus in aquis [[zona tropica|tropicis]], sed curalia [[curalium aquae altae|aquae altae]] et aquae frigidae etiam in numeris minoribus aliter existunt. == Genera == [[Fasciculus:Coral reef diagram.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Tres maiores scopuli curalii zonae: scopulus anterior, crista scopuli, et scopulus posterior (adumbratio Anglice signata).]] [[Fasciculus:Coral reef locations.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Loci scopulorum curalii.]] Tria principalia scopulorum genera sunt: * [[Fimbria]]<!--fringing-->: scopulus plerumque ad litus adligatus, vel id attingit cum humili canale vel [[lacuna]] interiacente. * Obex: scopulus a continente vel litore insulae a canale alto vel [[lacuna]] separatus. * [[Atollum]]: obex plus minusve [[circulus|rotunda]] vel continua omnino circa lacunam [[insula]] in medio carentem patet. [[Fasciculus:Coral polyp it.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Anatomia]] polypi curalii (adumbratio Anglice signata).]] [[Fasciculus:FFS Table bottom.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Acropora]].]] [[Fasciculus:Coral detail.jpg|thumb|vPopyli in curalio conveniunt, [[tentaculum|tentacula]] agitantes. Milia popyporum in singulo curalii ramo iacere possunt.]] == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Fasciculus:Brain coral.jpg|Una ex [[Faviidae|Faviidis]] Fasciculus:Staghorn-coral-1.jpg|''[[Acropora cervicornis]]'' Fasciculus:Cirripathes sp (Spiral Wire Coral).jpg|Curalium spirale Fasciculus:PillarCoral.jpg|''[[Dendrogyra cylindricus]]'' </gallery> [[Fasciculus:Polyps (PSF).png|thumb|upright=0.8|Adumbratio polyporum curalii.]] [[Fasciculus:Multy color corals.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Color]] curaliorum ex [[fuscus|fuscis]] ab eorum [[zooxanthellae|zooxanthellis]] et [[proteinum|proteinis]] coloratis ([[ruber|rubri]], [[caeruleus|caerulei]], [[viridis|virides]], etc.) a curaliis ipsis genitis dependet.]] [[Fasciculus:Callyspongia sp. (Tube sponge).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Spongia]]e tubulares pisces [[familia (taxinomia)|familiarum]] [[Ambassidae|Ambassidarum]], [[Apogonidae|Apogonidarum]], [[Labridae|Labridarum]] attrahunt.]] [[Fasciculus:Coral reef PloS.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Organismus|Organismi]] omnem scopulum curalii tegere possunt.]] == Animalia quae scopulos habitant == <gallery> Fasciculus:Prionurus laticlavius.jpg|''[[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]'' [[piscis scopuli|pisces scopuli]]. Fasciculus:Caribbean reef squid.jpg|''[[Sepioteuthis sepioidea]].'' Fasciculus:Stenopus hispidus (high res).jpg|''[[Stenopus hispidus]].'' Fasciculus:Triaenodon obesus moc.jpg|''[[Triaenodon obesus]].'' Fasciculus:Green turtle John Pennekamp.jpg|''[[Chelonia mydas]].'' Fasciculus:Red sea-reef 3627.jpg|''[[Tridacna gigas]].'' Fasciculus:Nephtheidae komodo.jpg|Curalium molle, curalium caliciforme, [[spongia]]e, [[ascidia]]. Fasciculus:Laticauda colubrina (Wakatobi).jpg|''[[Laticauda colubrina]].'' Fasciculus:Latiaxis wormaldi 002.jpg|[[testa (anatomia)|Testa]] ''[[Latiaxis wormaldi]].'' </gallery> [[Fasciculus:Mvey0290.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Insula]] cum [[scopulus fimbriatus|scopulo fimbriato]] ante [[Yap]], [[Foederatae Micronesiae Civitates|Micronesiae]].<ref name="Coral reefs around the world">{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/interactive/2009/sep/02/coral-world-interactive |title=Coral reefs around the world |publisher=[[Guardian.co.uk]] |date=2 September 2009}}</ref>]] [[Fasciculus:Coral Outcrop Flynn Reef.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Diversa curalia.]] [[Fasciculus:Coral planting and reef restoration may 11.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|"Nubbins" (Anglice) curalii in concreto nonvenenoso crescunt.]] [[Fasciculus:Ancient coral reefs.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Antiqui curalii scopuli.]] == Societates == [[Collegium (ius)|Societates]] quae proposita refectionis atollorum vel scopulorum curalii suscipiunt, simplices [[propagatio plantarum|propagationis plantarum]] rationes adhibentes: * [[Coral Cay]] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20080516071952/http://www.coralcay.org/expeditions/marine/fj1/ Situs publicus]) * Coral Restoration Foundation: Adopt a Coral ([http://www.coralrestoration.org Situs publicus]) * [[Counterpart International]]<ref>Vide [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b009jsjv ''The Coral Gardener,''] documentarium de Austin Bowden-Kerby, perito Counterpart International, apud www.bbc.co.uk.</ref> * Foundation of the peoples of the South Pacific ([https://web.archive.org/web/20080820193233/http://www.fspi.org.fj/programs.htm Situs publicus]) * National Center for Coral Reef Research * National Coral Reef Institute ([https://web.archive.org/web/20120305192938/http://www.nova.edu/ncri/ Situs publicus]) * [[Reef Ball]] * Southeast Florida Coral Reef Initiative * U.S. Coral Reef Task Force * U.S. Department of Commerce’s National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: Coral Reef Conservation Program * [[WorldFishCenter]]: rationes promovet [[maricultura]]e sustentabiles{{dubsig}} ad crescendas [[Tridacnidae|Tridacnidas]], [[organismus|organismos]] scopuli Societates quae studium promovent, scientiam de vita scopulorum curalii praebent, et actiones ad protegendos et reficiendos scopulos curalii promovent: {{div col|2}} * [[Australian Coral Reef Society]] * [[Biosphere Foundation]] ([http://www.biospherefoundation.org Situs publicus]) * [[Chagos Conservation Trust]] * [[Conservation Society of Pohnpei]] * [[Coral Cay Conservation]] * [[Coral Reef Care]] * [[Coral Reef Alliance]] ([http://www.coral.org Situs publicus]) * [[Coral Reef Targeted Research and Capacity Building for Management]] * [[Coral Restoration Foundation]] * [[Coral Triangle Initiative]] * [[Cousteau Society]] * [[Crusoe Reef Society]] * [[CEDAM International]] * [[Earthwatch Institute|Earthwatch]] * [[Environmental Defense Fund]] * [[Environmental Solutions International]] * [[Friends of Saba Marine Park]] * [[Global Coral Reef Alliance]] ([http://globalcoral.org Situs publicus]) * [[Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120307135228/http://www.reefbase.org/resource_center/publication/main.aspx?refid=27173&referrer=GCRMN Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2008].</ref> * [[Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority]] * [[Green Fins]] * [[ICRAN Mesoamerican Reef Alliance]] * [[International Coral Reef Initiative]] ([http://www.icriforum.org Situs publicus]) * [[International Marinelife Alliance]] * [[International Society for Reef Studies]] * [[Intercoast Network]] * [[Kosrae Conservation and Safety Organization]] * [[Marine Conservation Group]] * [[Marine Conservation Society]] * [[Mesoamerican Reef Tourism Initiative]] * [[NSF Moorea Coral Reef Long-term Ecological Research]] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20130328021243/http://mcr.lternet.edu/ NSF Situs publicus]) * [[Nature Conservancy]] * [[Ocean Voice International]] * [[PADI]] * [[Planetary Coral Reef Foundation]] ([http://www.pcrf.org Situs publicus]) * [[Practical Action]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090327070602/http://practicalaction.org/docs/technical_information_service/coral_reefs.pdf Practical Action coral reef restoration Practical Action]. Practicalaction.org. Retrieved on 2011-11-08.</ref> * [[Project Reefkeeper]] * [[ReefBase]] * [[Reef Check]] * [[Reef Relief]] ([http://reefrelieffounders.com Situs publicus]) * [[Reefwatch]] * [[Save Our Seas Foundation]] ([http://saveourseas.com Situs publicus]) * [[Seacology]] * [[SECORE]] * [[Singapore Underwater Federation]] * [[Society for Andaman and Nicobar Ecology]] * [[Tubbataha Foundation]] * [[Wildlife Conservation International]] * [[World Wide Fund for Nature]] {{div col end}} == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == * Butler, Steven. [[1996]]. "Rod? Reel? Dynamite? A tough-love aid program takes aim at the devastation of the coral reefs". ''U.S. News and World Report'', 25 Novembris 1996.<!-- * Christie, P. [[2005]]a. Acroasis, 4 Maii 2005. University of Washington. * Christie, P. [[2005]]b. Acroasis, 18 Maii 2005. University of Washington.--> * Clifton, Julian. [[2003]]. Prospects for Co-Management in Indonesia's Marine Protected Areas. ''Marine Policy'' 27(5): 389–395. doi 10.1016/S0308-597X(03)00026-5. * Courtney, Catherine, et Alan White. [[2000]]. ''Integrated Coastal Management in the Philippines''. Taylor and Francis. * Fox, Helen. [[2005]]. ''Experimental Assessment of Coral Reef Rehabilitation Following Blast Fishing''. The Nature Conservancy Coastal and Marine Indonesia Program. Blackwell Publishers/ * Gjertsen, Heidi. [[2004]]. ''Can Habitat Protection Lead to Improvements in Human Well-Being? Evidence from Marine Protected Areas in the Philippines.'' * Moyle, P. B. , et J. J. Cech. [[2003]]. ''Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology.'' Ed. quinta. Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 978-0-13-100847-2. * Sadovy, Y. J. ''Ecological Issues and the Trades in Live Reef Fishes, Part 1'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151026043543/http://water.epa.gov/type/oceb/habitat/coral_index.cfm Coral Reef Protection: What Are Coral Reefs?]. US EPA. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220926123729/http://www.unepscs.org/SCS_Documents/Download/13_-_Habitat_Booklets/UNEP_or_GEF_Review_of_Coral_Reefs_in_the_South_China_Sea.html UNEP. 2004. Coral Reefs in the South China Sea. UNEP/GEF/SCS Technical Publication No. 2.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220926123724/http://www.unepscs.org/SCS_Documents/Download/19_-_Technical_Publications_and_Guidelines/Technical_Publication_05_-_Coral_Reef_Demonstration_Sites_in_the_South_China_Sea.html UNEP. 2007. Coral Reefs Demonstration Sites in the South China Sea. UNEP/GEF/SCS Technical Publication No. 5.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220926123734/http://www.unepscs.org/SCS_Documents/Download/19_-_Technical_Publications_and_Guidelines/Technical_Publication_11_-_National_Reports_on_Coral_Reefs_in_the_Coastal_Waters_of_the_South_China_Sea.html UNEP, 2007. National Reports on Coral Reefs in the Coastal Waters of the South China Sea. UNEP/GEF/SCS Technical Publication No. 11.] {{NexInt}} * [[Biologia marina]] * [[Census Scopulorum Curalii]] (propositum) *[[Curalium hermatypicum]] * [[Scopulus spongiarum]] == Nexus externi == {{Pars vicificanda}} {{CommuniaCat|Coral reefs|scopulos curalii}} *[http://animals.howstuffworks.com/marine-life/coral-reef.htm How Coral Reefs Work,] apud anomals.howstuffworks.com *[http://www.icriforum.org International Coral Reef Initiative,] apud www.icriforum.org *[http://www.iyor.org International Year of the Reef (2008),] apud www.iyor.org *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130328021243/http://mcr.lternet.edu/ Moorea Coral Reef Long Term Ecological Research Site,] apud mcr.liternet.edu *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120620113349/http://www.coralcoe.org.au/index.html Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies,] apud www.coralcoe.org.au *[http://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/mailman/listinfo/coral-list/ Coral-List Listserver for Coral Reef Information and News,] apud coral.aoml.noaa.gov *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120920205339/http://coralreef.noaa.gov/ Coral Reef Conservation Program,] apud www.coralreef.noaa.gov *[http://www.xcaret.com/Exhibitions/Coral_Reef_Aquarium.html Exhibition of the Mexican Caribbean coral reef biodiversity aquarium in Xcaret Mexico,] apud www.xcaret.com *[https://web.archive.org/web/20210516002650/http://gallery.wildone.in/gallery/marine-creatures/coral-reef-of-gulf-of-kutch/ Imagines Scopuli Curalii Sinus Kutch,] apud gallery.wildone.in *[http://www.coris.noaa.gov/ Coral Reef Information System,] apud www.coris.noaa.gov *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130724124203/http://www.aquariumcouncil.org/ Marine Aquarium Council,] apud www.aquariumcouncil.org *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110727042839/http://www.stanford.edu/group/microdocs/ Microdocs,] apud www.stanford.edu **[https://web.archive.org/web/20121024014723/http://www.stanford.edu/group/microdocs/typesofreefs.html Quattuor genera scopulorum,] apud www.stanford.edu **[https://web.archive.org/web/20121024014829/http://www.stanford.edu/group/microdocs/reefstructure.html Structura scopulorum,] apud www.stanford.edu *[https://web.archive.org/web/20121023012451/http://www.nova.edu/ncri/ National Coral Reef Institute] apud www.nova.edu *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120712021619/http://www.ncoremiami.org/ NCORE National Center for Coral Reef Research, University of Miami,] apud www.ncoremiami.org *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120831082206/http://www.reefbase.org/ A Global Information System on Coral Reefs,] apud www.reefbase.org *[https://web.archive.org/web/20121103193456/http://www.unepscs.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=51&Itemid=83 Science and Management of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand,] apud www.unepscs.org *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090512101516/http://coralreefs.nbii.gov/portal/server.pt NBII portus de scopulis curalii,] apud coralreefs.nbii.gov *[http://www.reefrelieffounders.com Reefrelieffounders.com]: fontes, imagines, educatio, pericula, solutiones *[http://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life-ecosystems/coral-reefs Scopuli curalii,] apud ocean.si.edu *[https://web.archive.org/web/20121110203346/http://www.ibioseminars.org/lectures/ecology-a-behavior/nancy-knowlton.html Seminar on Corals and Coral Reefs by Nancy Knowlton (Smithsonian),] apud www.ibioseminars.org * {{cite web |publisher=Science Daily |url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/06/090601111932.htm |date=[[3 Iunii]] [[2009]]|title=In The Turf War Against Seaweed, Coral Reefs More Resilient Than Expected |accessdate=Februario 2011}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Scopulus curalii}} [[Categoria:Anthozoa]] [[Categoria:Oecosystemata]] [[Categoria:Piscatus]] [[Categoria:Scopuli curalii| ]] {{Myrias|Physica}} ky1ab8pdxz75vhmjal6y8ot7epwasus Ius educationis 0 170384 3965754 3796456 2026-06-20T13:50:54Z LilyKitty 18316 de iuribus impuberum 3965754 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Hk protest against implementation of national education 6.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Homines educationem [[civitas|civilem]] [[Hongcongum|Hongcongi]] recusant.]] '''Ius educationis''' est pars [[iura humana|iurum humanorum]] quo [[impubes]] vel adulescens [[educatio]]nem bene erudiari potest. [[Universa Iurum Humanorum Declaratio]] ab articlu XXVI hoc ius spondet, etiam [[Pactio Internationalis de Iuribus Oeconomicis, Socialibus et Culturae]] ab articlu XIII et XIV hoc spondet. Etiam alia [[internationalis iurum humanorum lex]], sicut [[Conventio de Iuribus Impuberum]] et [[Charta Socialis Europaea]] ius educationis spondent. Ius educatio necesse est ad [[iura humana]] et [[tolerantia]]m promovendum, etiam ad [[labor impuberum|laborem impuberum]] et [[praeiudicium]] [[discriminatio]]nis de [[puella]] prohibendum. {{NexInt}} *[[Dies Magistrorum Universalis]] *[[Educatio de iuribus humanis]] *[[Educatio gratuita]] *[[Educatio inclusiva]] *[[Finis Millennii Progressus]] *[[Iura impuberum]] *[[Iura oeconomica, socialia et culturalia]] *[[Internationalis iurum humanorum lex]] *[[Pactio contra discriminationem in educatione]] *[[Societas Educativa, Scientifica, et Culturalis Consocietatis Nationum]] *[[Malala Yousafzai]] == Nexus externi == * ''[https://www.right-to-education.org/ Right to Education]'' (situs publicus) [[Categoria:Educatio]] [[Categoria:Iura humana]] 7xul7nj7qj9dikfjj7rjuohns4lf793 Saint-Pol-sur-Ternoise 0 174981 3965797 3803665 2026-06-21T00:31:22Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3965797 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus: Stpoll1.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Saint-Pol-sur-Ternoise: [[forum]] ]] [[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 62728.png|thumb|300px|Saint-Pol-sur-Ternoise: communis tabula]] ''' Saint-Pol-sur-Ternoise''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 5'125 incolarum (anno [[2009]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Fretum Calisii|Freti Calisii]] in provincia [[Septentrio et Fretum|Septentrioni et Freto]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Freti Calisii]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Saint-Pol-sur-Ternoise|Saint-Pol-sur-Ternoise}} * {{INSEE commune|62767|de=Saint-Pol-sur-Ternoise}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160111024957/http://ville-saintpolsurternoise.fr/ Saint-Pol-sur-Ternoise pagina interretialis] {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Freti Gallici]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Freti Gallici]] cek41b3uqvkajtkb3a1agwa3eoga6va Saint-Brice-sur-Vienne 0 178675 3965791 3466346 2026-06-20T20:36:29Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3965791 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 87140.png|thumb|300px|Saint-Brice-sur-Vienne: communis tabula]] ''' Saint-Brice-sur-Vienne''' ([[Occitanice]] ''Sent Brecis'') est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 1'482 incolarum (anno [[2008]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vigenna Superior|Vigennae Superioris]] in provincia [[Lemovicensis (regio Franciae)|Lemovicensi]] {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Vigennae Superioris]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Saint-Brice-sur-Vienne|Saint-Brice-sur-Vienne}} * {{INSEE commune|87140|de=Saint-Brice-sur-Vienne}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081112020110/http://www.cc-vienneglane.fr/index.html?communes&stbrice Saint-Brice-sur-Vienne pagina interretialis] {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vigennae Superioris]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vigennae superioris]] jyufg7iyrfbyq205l9wphrah1da9l0q Hamiltonia 0 189693 3965746 3965699 2026-06-20T13:06:13Z IacobusAmor 1163 3965746 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Hamiltonia'''<ref>[https://archive.org/details/orbisterrarumcat00wern/page/245/mode/1up?view=theater ''Orbis terrarum catholicus'', 1890, p. 245].</ref>, vulgo ''Hamilton'', est [[urbs]] et [[portus]] in [[Ontario]]ne [[Provinciae territoriaque Canadae|provincia]] [[Canada]]e situs. [[Urbs]], a [[Georgius Hamilton (politicus)|Georgio Hamilton]] cum fundum [[Iacobus Durand|Iacobi Durand]] haud multo post [[Bellum anni 1812]] compositum coemeret concepta,<ref name="WEAVER1985">{{cite book |last=Weaver |first=John C. |title=Hamilton: an illustrated history |year=[[1985]] |publisher=James Lorimer & Company, Publishers |pages=15–16|isbn= 0-88862-593-6 cloth}}.</ref> facta est media [[regio]]nis frequentissimae [[industria]]lizataeque{{dubsig}} pars, ad [[occidens|occidentem]] [[Lacus Ontario]]nis finem sitam, in loco [[Solea Aurea]]<!--Golden Horseshoe--> usitate appellato. Die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2001]], Urbs Hamiltonia, priore urbe aliisque municipalitatibus inferioribus [[Hamilton-Wentworth, Municipalitas Regionalis Ontarionis|Hamilton-Wentworth Municipalitatis Regionalis]] cum regionali administratione superiori commixtis, rite constituta est.<ref name=amalgprovles>{{cite web|url=http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_99c14c_e.htm#BK6|title=City of Hamilton Act, 1999|accessdate=[[4 Ianuarii]] [[2008]]}}.</ref> Incolae urbis veteris Hamiltoniani appellantur.<ref name=HAM100>{{cite book|title=The Hamiltonians, 100 Fascinating Lives |first=Margaret |last=Houghton |publisher=James Lorimer & Company Ltd., Publishers Toronto|page=6|year=[[2003]]|isbn= 1-55028-804-0}}.</ref> Quod ad numerum civium post [[1981]] spectat, regio metropolitana [[Index maximarum regionum metropolitanarum 100 in Canada|nona in Canada]] et tertia in Ontarione perscribitur. [[Asteroides]] [[452 Hamiltonia]] nomine urbis appellatur. ==Pinacotheca== <gallery> Fasciculus:Webster's Falls - Paul Bica.jpg|<center>[[Webster's Falls]]</center> Fasciculus:JacksonSquareHamilton.JPG|<center>[[Quadratum Lloyd D. Jackson]]</center> Fasciculus:DundurnCastleSummer.JPG|<center>[[Castellum Dundurn]]</center> </gallery> {{wide image|Hamilton Panoramic.jpg|1000px|Conspectus urbis (2008)}} ==Notae== <references/> ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Hamilton, Ontario|Hamiltoniam}} {{fontes geographici}} {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Hamiltonia|!]] hydw79o7x3ccdw569qmm8ivzc6se5ud Franciscus Englert 0 198231 3965749 3965716 2026-06-20T13:17:06Z IacobusAmor 1163 3965749 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Francois Englert.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Franciscus Englert.]] '''Franciscus Englert''' ([[Francogallice]] ''François Englert'', natus [[Iatrebecca]]e die [[6 Novembris]] [[1932]], mortuus [[Uccla|Ucclae]] die [[19 Iunii]] [[2026]]) fuit [[physicus]] [[Belgia|Belgicus]]. Eius alma mater fuit [[Universitas Libera Bruxellensis (ULB)|Universitas Libera Bruxellensis]]. Socius [[CERN]] et peritus [[physica statistica|physicae statisticae]] et [[physica particularum elementariarum|physicae particularum elementariarum]] fuit. Die [[8 Octobris]] [[2013]] [[Praemium Nobelianum Physicae]] una cum [[Petrus Higgs|Petro Higgs]] laudatur. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|François Englert|Franciscum Englert}} {{Fontes biographici}} * [http://www.ulb.ac.be/sciences/physth/people_FEnglert.html Francisci Englert pagina interretialis] * [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2013/ De Francisco Englert] in pagina Nobeliano Physicae Praemio anno 2013 dicata {{Ling|Anglice}} {{scien-bio-stipula}} {{Lifetime|1932||Englert, Franciscus}} [[Categoria:Physici Belgicae]] [[Categoria:Praemium Nobelianum Physicae]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Liberae Bruxellensis]] jhm29p8eclr2tqddj8qs5khdi2tsuy4 Robertus Bly 0 204791 3965759 3884961 2026-06-20T14:26:38Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3965759 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Robertus Bly''' (natus die [[23 Decembris]] [[1926]]; domi mortuus [[Minneapolis|Minneapoli]] die [[21 Novembris]] [[2021]], anno aetatis suae nonagesimo quarto<ref>{{cite news |title=Best-selling Minnesota author poet Robert Bly dies at 94 |url=https://www.startribune.com/best-selling-minnesota-author-poet-robert-bly-dies-at-94/600119617/?utm_source=onesignal&utm_medium=push+notification&utm_campaign=2021-11-22-Breaking-news |access-date=22 Novembris 2021 |publisher=StartTribune.com}}.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/22/books/robert-bly-dead.html|title = Robert Bly, Poet Who Gave Rise to a Men’s Movement, Dies at 94|work = [[The New York Times]]|last = McFadden|first = Robert D.|date = 22 Novembris 2021|accessdate = 22 Novembris 2021}}.</ref>) fuit [[poeta]] [[imago profunda|imagine profundae]], [[auctor]], et [[activismus|activista]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]], et dux [[motus virorum mythopoeticus|motus virorum mythopoetici]]. Eius [[liber]] in [[commercium|commercio]] prosperrimus est ''Iron John: A Book About Men'' (1990),<ref name=brit>{{cite web |title=Iron John: A Book About Men |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/294469/Iron-John-A-Book-About-Men |date= |publisher=Britannica.com}}.</ref> textus mythopoetici virorum motus maximi momenti, qui in [[index bestseller The New York Times|indice bestseller ''The New York Times'']] sexaginta duas [[hebdomas|hebdomades]] mansit.<ref>Richard Shweder, [http://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/09/books/what-do-men-want-a-reading-list-for-the-male-identity-crisis.html "What Do Men Want? A Reading List For the Male Identity Crisis," ''New York Times,'' [[9 Ianuarii]] [[1994]].</ref> [[Praemium Librorum Nationale|Praemium librarium nationale poesi dicatum]] anno [[1968]] libro ''The Light Around the Body'' tulit. ==Opera== ===Poemata=== *''Talking into the Ear of a Donkey: Poems'' (W. W. Norton & Company, 2011) *''Reaching Out to the World: New & Selected Prose Poems'' (White Pine Press, 2009) *''Turkish Pears in August: Twenty-Four Ramages'' (Eastern Washington University, 2007) *''The Urge to Travel Long Distances'' (Eastern Washington University Press, 2005) *''My Sentence Was a Thousand Years of Joy'' (HarperCollins, 2005) *''Surprised by Evening'' (RealNewMusic, 2005) *''The Night Abraham Called to the Stars'' (HarperCollins, 2001) *''Eating the Honey of Words: New and Selected Poems'' (1999) *''Snowbanks North of the House'' (1999) *''Morning Poems'' (1997) *''Meditations on the Insatiable Soul'' (1994) *''What Have I Ever Lost by Dying?: Collected Prose Poems'' (1992) *''Loving a Woman in Two Worlds'' (1985) *''Selected Poems'' (1986) *''Mirabai Versions'' (1984) *''The Man in the Black Coat Turns'' (1981) *''This Tree Will Be Here for a Thousand Years'' (1979) *''This Body is Made of Camphor and Gopherwood'' (1977) *''Old Man Rubbing His Eyes'' (1974) *''Jumping Out of Bed'' (1973) *''Sleepers Joining Hands'' (1973) *''The Light Around the Body'' (1967) *''The Lion's Tail and Eyes'' (1962) *''Silence in the Snowy Fields'' (1962) ===Opera conversa=== *''The Dream We Carry: Selected and Last Poems of Olav H. Hauge'', interpretes Bly et Robert Hedin (Copper Canyon Press, 2008) *''Peer Gynt'' (2008), [[ludus scaenicus]] [[Henricus Ibsen|Henrici Ibsen]] *''Kabir: Ecstatic Poems'' (Beacon Press, 2004) *''Mirabai: Ecstatic Poems,'' interpretes Bly et Jane Hirshfield (Beacon Press, 2004) *''The Winged Energy of Delight: Selected Translations'' (HarperCollins, 2004) *''The Half-Finished Heaven: The Best Poems of Tomas Tranströmer'' (Graywolf Press, 2001) *''The Lightning Should Have Fallen on Ghalib,'' interpretes Bly et Sunil Dutta (1999) *''Lorca and Jiménez: Selected Poems'' (Beacon Press (1997) *''Ten Poems of Francis Ponge Translated by Robert Bly & Ten Poems of Robert Bly Inspired by the Poems of Francis Ponge'' (1990) *''Trusting Your Life to Water and Eternity: Twenty Poems of Olav H. Hauge'' (1987) *''Machado's Times Alone: Selected Poems'' (1983) *''The Kabir Book'' (1977) *''Friends, You Drank Some Darkness: Three Swedish Poets: Martinson, Ekeloef, and Transtromer'' (1975) *''Neruda and Vallejo: Selected Poems'' (1971) *''Hunger'' (1967), [[mythistoria]] [[Knut Hamsun]] *''Selected Poems of Rainer Maria Rilke: A Translation from the German and Commentary by Robert Bly'' (1981) ===Anthologiae (editor)=== *''The Best American Poetry'' (1999) *''The Soul Is Here for Its Own Joy: Sacred Poems from Many Cultures,'' Ecco Press (1995) *''The Darkness Around Us Is Deep: Selected Poems of William Stafford'' (1993) *''The Rag and Bone Shop of the Heart: Poems for Men'' (1992) *''News of the Universe'' (1980) *''Leaping Poetry'' (1975) *''A Poetry Reading Against the Vietnam War'' (1967) ===Libri non fictionis=== *''Remembering James Wright'' (2005) *''The Maiden King : The Reunion of Masculine and Feminine,'' Bly et Marion Woodman (Henry Holt & Co., 1998) *''The Sibling Society'' (Addison-Wesley, 1996) *''The Spirit Boy and the Insatiable Soul'' (1994) *''American Poetry: Wildness and Domesticity'' (1991) *''Iron John: A Book About Men'' (1990) *''A Little Book on the Human Shadow'', Bly et William Booth (1988) *''Eight Stages of Translation'' (1983) *''Talking All Morning: Collected Conversations and Interviews'' (1980) == Notae == <references/> {{NexInt}} *[[Iosephus Campbell]] *[[Poesis Imaginis Profundae]] *[[Religio et mythologia]] *[[Marcus Strand]] ==Nexus externi== * [http://www.poets.org/poet.php/prmPID/280 Biographia,] www.poets.org (Academia Poetarum Americanorum) *[http://www.poetryfoundation.org/archive/poet.html?id=653 Biographia et poemata,] www.poetryfoundation.org (Poetry Foundation) *[http://www.robertbly.com Situs personalis,] www.robertbly.com ;Colloquia interrogatoria *Quinn, Francis. [[2000]]. [http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/729/the-art-of-poetry-no-79-robert-bly Robert Bly, The Art of Poetry No. 79.] ''Paris Review'' Spring. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110610002326/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=3145952730483171546 "Bill Moyers talks with Poet Robert Bly,"] video.google.com (PBS) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200811181858/http://www.menweb.org/bly-iv.htm "Men's Issues Interview with Robert Bly,] www.menweb.org ;Opera * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100323121113/http://openvault.wgbh.org/ntw/MLA000010/index.html: "Robert Bly reads 'Loon's Cry,'"] openvault.wgbh (''New Television Workshop,'' programma televisicifum) *Bly, Robert. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130218150549/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/bios/robert_bly/search?contributorName=robert+bly Commentarii in ''The New Yorker,''] www.newyorker.com *[https://web.archive.org/web/20190521020658/http://www.english.illinois.edu/MAPS/poets/a_f/bly/bly.htm Commentarii de Roberto Bly,] www.english.illinois.edu (Modern American Poetry) *[http://www.archive.org/details/The_Human_Shadow ''The Human Shadow'' et alii commentarii a Roberto Bly scripti,] www.archive.org<!-- Audio--><!-- *http://lccn.loc.gov/n79054927 Robert Bly] at Library of Congress Authorities — with 147 catalog records--> {{Lifetime|1926|2021|Bly, Robertus}} [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Harvardianae]] [[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]] [[Categoria:Contracultura annorum 1960]] [[Categoria:Incolae Minnesotae]] [[Categoria:Interpretes Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Interpretes textuum Theodiscorum]] [[Categoria:Interpretes textuum Norvegicorum]] [[Categoria:Interpretes textuum Persicorum]] [[Categoria:Poetae Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Poetae laureati Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Praemium Librorum Nationale]]<!-- ~ P. librarium nationale?--> [[Categoria:Scriptores Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Socii Guggenheimiani]] [[Categoria:Socii Academiae Artium et Litterarum Americanae]] <!-- [[Category:American tax resisters]]--> 5scebg5uwajjprppk9zorlpqw7e799g Ressons-le-Long 0 208213 3965737 3725647 2026-06-20T12:12:12Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3965737 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus: Blason_ville_fr_Ressons-le-long_%28Aisne%29.svg|thumb|200 px|Ressons-le-Long: [[vexillum]] ]] [[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 02643.png|thumb|left|250px|Ressons-le-Long: communis tabula]] ''' Ressons-le-Long''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 768 incolarum (anno [[2011]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Axona (praefectura Franciae)|Axonae]] in regione boreali [[Picardia]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Axonae|Indicem communium praefecturae Axonae]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Ressons-le-Long|Ressons-le-Long}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160109200552/http://ressonslelong.fr/ Ressons-le-Long pagina interretialis] * {{INSEE commune|02643|de=Ressons-le-Long}} {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Axonae]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Axonae]] 9p1ehhm8cggn9r0fgn5mtcvu4cchdpr Rhythmus 0 209555 3965741 3950966 2026-06-20T12:48:20Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3965741 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Characteristic rock drum pattern.png|thumb|[[Metrum duplum]] simplex: [[exemplar tympani]], contra quod duratio computatur in multo musicae populari: {{Audio|Simple duple drum pattern.mid|Play}}.]] [[Fasciculus:Phenakistoscope 3g07690b.gif|thumb|Rhythmus, sequentia per tempus iterata, in [[saltatio]]ne vehementius dicitur: [[Phenakistoscopium]] [[waltz]] demonstrat.]] [[Fasciculus:Traditional indonesian instruments02.jpg|thumb|[[Instrumentum (musica)|Instrumenta percussiva]] [[Indonesia]] ([[gamelan]]) gravitates distincte definitas habent quae creationem et [[perceptio]]nem rhythmorum multiplicum adiuvant.]] '''Rhythmus''' (a [[Graece|Graeco]] ῥυθμός 'quilibet constans motus [[repetitio (musica)|iterans]], [[symmetria]]'<ref>[[Anglice]]: "any regular recurring motion, symmetry."</ref><ref>Henricus Georgius Liddell et Robertus Scott, [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dr%28uqmo%2Fs ῥυθμός], ''A Greek-English Lexicon'' (propositum Perseus).</ref>), sive '''numerus''',<ref>{{L&S}}</ref> "[[motus (physica)|motus]] ab ordinata elementorum validorum et invalidorum vel oppositorum vel variorum statuum successione designatus" usitate significat.<ref>[[Anglice]]: "movement marked by the regulated succession of strong and weak elements, or of opposite or different conditions."</ref><ref>''The Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary,'' II (Oxford University Press, 1971), 2537.</ref> Haec significatio generalis iterationis constantis vel exemplaris per [[tempus]] mutatis generibus rerum naturalium circularium cui est [[frequentia|periodicitatem]] vel [[frequentia]]m a [[secundum|microsecundis]] ad [[millio]]nes [[annus|annorum]] adhiberi potest. Rhythmus in [[ars exsecutiva|artibus exsecutivis]] est observatio per tempus eventuum per gradum [[homo|humanum]], [[sonus|sonorum]] et [[silentium|silentiorum]] musicorum, graduum [[saltatio]]nis, vel metri [[lingua]]e dictae et [[poesis]]. Rhythmus etiam spectare potest ad repraesentationem [[oculus|visualem]], ut "motus per [[spatium]] tempore observatus,"<ref>[[Anglice]]: "timed movement through space."</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://char.txa.cornell.edu/language/principl/rhythm/rhythm.htm |title=Art, Design, and Visual Thinking |accessdate=2010-03-16}}.</ref> et communis [[exemplar]]is<!--pattern--> [[lingua]] rhythmum cum [[geometria]] coniungit. Annis recentioribus, rhythmus et metrum inter eruditos musicos res studii magni momenti facta sunt. Inter opera recentia quae has res tractant sunt [[liber|libri]] a [[Maury Yeston]] (1976), [[Fridericus Lerdahl|Friderico Lerdahl]] et [[Raimundus Jackendoff|Raimundo Jackendoff]], [[Ionathan Kramer|Ionathano Kramer]], [[Christophorus Hasty|Christophoro Hasty]] (1997), [[Godfried Toussaint]] (2013), Gulielmo Rothstein, et Ioele Lester scripti. ==Anthropologia== [[Howardus Goodall]], in serie ''How Music Works,'' coniecturam offert quod rhythmus humanus aequabilitatem ambulandi et [[cor]]dis palpitandi recordatur. Aliae investigationes subiciunt rhythmum ad palpitationem cordis non recte, sed potius ad [[celeritas|celeritatem]] [[animi motus]] pertinet, qui etiam pulsum [[cor]]dis adficit. London scribit metrum musicum "implicare nostram [[perceptio]]nem primam et anticipationem sequentem seriei ictuum quos a rhythmica musicae [[superficies|superficie]] abstrahimus ut se per tempus explicit"<ref>[[Anglice]]: "involves our initial perception as well as subsequent anticipation of a series of beats that we abstract from the rhythm surface of the music as it unfolds in time"</ref> (London 2004:4). [[Perceptio]] et abstractio mensurae rhythmicae sunt fundamenta societatis musicae [[natura]]lis humanae, ut cum seriem eorundum [[sonus|sonorum]] ''tic'' [[horologium|horologii]] in "tic-toc-tic-toc" dividimus (Scholes 1977). {{NexInt}} *[[Metrum (musica)]] *[[Polyrhythmus]] *[[Prosodia]] *[[Rima (poësis)]] *[[Rhythmus transversus]]<!--?cross-r.--> *[[Tempo]] *[[Tympanare]]<!--?Drumming--><!-- *[[Timing (linguistics)]]--> *[[Extremorum verborum similis sonitus]] (aliquando ''rhythmus'' appellatus) ==Adnotationes== <div class="references-small"><references/></div> ==Bibliographia== *Cooper, Grosvenor W., et Leonard B. Meyer. [[1960]]. ''The Rhythmic Structure of Music.'' Sicagi: University of Chicago. *Hasty, Christopher. [[1997]]. ''Meter as Rhythm.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195100662. *Honing, H. [[2002]]. [https://archive.is/20121208235344/http://www.hum.uva.nl/mmm/abstracts/mmm-TvM.html "Structure and interpretation of rhythm and timing."] ''Tijdschrift voor Muziektheorie'' 7(3):227–232. *Humble, M. [[2002]]. [http://www.scribd.com/doc/25227226/The-Development-of-Rhythmic-Organization-in-Indian-Classical-Music The Development of Rhythmic Organization in Indian Classical Music], MA dissertation, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. *Lewis, Andrew [[2005]]. ''Rhythm—What it is and How to Improve Your Sense of It''. San Francisco: [https://web.archive.org/web/20220215044624/http://rhythmsource.com/dev/books/ RhythmSource] Press. ISBN 9780975466704. *London, Justin [[2004]]. ''Hearing in Time: Psychological Aspects of Musical Meter''. ISBN 0195160819. *Scholes, Percy. [[1977]]. "Metre" et "Rhythm." In ''The Oxford Companion to Music,'' 6a reimpressio correct editionis decimae (1970), retractata et iterum typis posita, ed. John Owen Ward. Londinii et Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press ISBN 0193113066. *Toussaint, G. T. [[2005]]. The Geometry of Musical Rhythm. In ''Proceedings of the Japan Conference on Discrete and Computational Geometry,'' ed. J. Akiyama, M. Kano, et X. Tan, 198–212. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 3742. Berolini: Springer. *Toussaint, Godfried. [[2013]]. ''The Geometry of Musical Rhythm.'' Chapman & Hall/CRC. *Williams, C. F. A. [[2009]]. ''The Aristoxenian Theory of Musical Rhythm.'' Cambridge Library Collection: Music. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. *Yeston, Maury. [[1976]]. ''The Stratification of Musical Rhythm.'' Portu Novo: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300018843. ==Nexus externi== {{Wiktionary}} *Hébert, Louis. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200701164333/http://www.signosemio.com/semiotics-of-rhythm.asp A Little Semiotics of Rhythm: Elements of Rhythmology.] In ''Signo.'' *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080726194451/http://www.melodyhound.com/query_by_tapping.0.html Investigatio "Query by Tapping,"] www.melodyhound.com (Melodyhound) {{musica-stipula}} [[Categoria:Musicologia]] [[Categoria:Theoria musicae]] [[Categoria:Terminologia musica]] {{Myrias|Ars}} pa04uw8md27addm87lxjnnwbw0l2vm6 Lucius Manlius A.f. Vulso Longus 0 209848 3965764 2707457 2026-06-20T14:39:20Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Cursus honorum */ 3965764 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lucius Manlius A.f. Vulso Longus''' (natus saeculo 4 aut 3 a.C.n., mortuus post annum [[250 a.C.n.]]) fuit vir publicus [[Imperium Romanum|Romanus]]. == Cursus honorum == Vulso anno [[256 a.C.n.]] inter [[Primum Bellum Punicum]] una cum [[Quintus Caedicius Q.f.|Quinto Caedicio Q.f.]] primo [[consul|consulatu]] fungebatur. Sed Caedicius mox mortuus et [[Marcus Atilius Regulus]] (II) in eius locum suffectus est. Consules proelio navali [[Poeni|Poenos]] vicerunt et [[Africa]]m appulsi sunt. Poeni pacem petiverunt, sed deinde condiciones duriores repudiaverunt<ref>[[Polybius]] I 31</ref>. Cum Regulus in Africa maneret, Vulso in patriam revertebat et triumphavit. Anno [[250 a.C.n.|250]] iterum consul erat, nunc cum [[Gaius Atilius M.f. Regulus|Gaio Atilio M.f. Regulo]] (II), atque frustra [[Lilybaeum]] urbem in Sicilia sitam obsedebat<ref>Polybius I 40</ref>. == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references /></div> {{Index consulum rei publicae| praedecessores=[[Gaius Atilius M.f. Regulus]] et [[Gnaeus Cornelius P.f. Blasio]] II| annus= 256 a.C.n.<br />cum<br />[[Quintus Caedicius Q.f.|Quinto Caedicio Q.f.]]| successores=[[Marcus Aemilius M.f. Paullus]] et [[Servius Fulvius M.f. Paetinus Nobilior]]}} {{Index consulum rei publicae| praedecessores=[[Lucius Caecilius L.f. Metellus]] et [[Gaius Furius Pacilus (consul 251 a.C.n.)|Gaius Furius Pacilus]]| annus= 250 a.C.n.<br />cum<br />[[Gaius Atilius M.f. Regulus|Gaio Atilio M.f. Regulo]] II| successores=[[Publius Claudius Pulcher]] et [[Lucius Iunius C.f. Pullus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4 aut 3 a.C.n.|saeculo 3 a.C.n.|Manlius Vulso Longus, Lucius A.f.}} [[Categoria:Gens Manlia|Vulso Longus, Lucius A.f.]] [[Categoria:Senatores]] rl779vyjsv37qllu1vldif1lhsypvpq 3965765 3965764 2026-06-20T14:39:47Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3965765 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lucius Manlius A.f. Vulso Longus''' (natus saeculo 4 aut 3 a.C.n., mortuus post annum [[250 a.C.n.]]) fuit vir publicus [[Imperium Romanum|Romanus]]. == Cursus honorum == Vulso anno [[256 a.C.n.]] inter [[Primum Bellum Punicum]] una cum [[Quintus Caedicius Q.f.|Quinto Caedicio Q.f.]] primo [[consul|consulatu]] fungebatur. Sed Caedicius mox mortuus et [[Marcus Atilius Regulus]] (II) in eius locum suffectus est. Consules proelio navali [[Poeni|Poenos]] vicerunt et [[Africa]]m appulsi sunt. Poeni pacem petiverunt, sed deinde condiciones duriores repudiaverunt<ref>[[Polybius]] I 31</ref>. Cum Regulus in Africa maneret, Vulso in patriam revertebat et triumphavit. Anno [[250 a.C.n.|250]] iterum consul erat, nunc cum [[Gaius Atilius M.f. Regulus|Gaio Atilio M.f. Regulo]] (II), atque frustra [[Lilybaeum]] urbem in Sicilia sitam obsidebat<ref>Polybius I 40</ref>. == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references /></div> {{Index consulum rei publicae| praedecessores=[[Gaius Atilius M.f. Regulus]] et [[Gnaeus Cornelius P.f. Blasio]] II| annus= 256 a.C.n.<br />cum<br />[[Quintus Caedicius Q.f.|Quinto Caedicio Q.f.]]| successores=[[Marcus Aemilius M.f. Paullus]] et [[Servius Fulvius M.f. Paetinus Nobilior]]}} {{Index consulum rei publicae| praedecessores=[[Lucius Caecilius L.f. Metellus]] et [[Gaius Furius Pacilus (consul 251 a.C.n.)|Gaius Furius Pacilus]]| annus= 250 a.C.n.<br />cum<br />[[Gaius Atilius M.f. Regulus|Gaio Atilio M.f. Regulo]] II| successores=[[Publius Claudius Pulcher]] et [[Lucius Iunius C.f. Pullus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4 aut 3 a.C.n.|saeculo 3 a.C.n.|Manlius Vulso Longus, Lucius A.f.}} [[Categoria:Gens Manlia|Vulso Longus, Lucius A.f.]] [[Categoria:Senatores]] a5qtiaz9kkp7xfp1tjiedlmnlrzybtj 3965766 3965765 2026-06-20T14:41:31Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3965766 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lucius Manlius A.f. Vulso Longus''' (natus saeculo 4 aut 3 a.C.n., mortuus post annum [[250 a.C.n.]]) fuit vir publicus [[Imperium Romanum|Romanus]]. == Cursus honorum == Vulso anno [[256 a.C.n.]] inter [[Primum Bellum Punicum]] una cum [[Quintus Caedicius Q.f.|Quinto Caedicio Q.f.]] primo [[consul|consulatu]] fungebatur. Sed Caedicius mox mortuus et [[Marcus Atilius Regulus]] (II) in eius locum suffectus est. Consules proelio navali [[Poeni|Poenos]] vicerunt et [[Africa]]m appulsi sunt. Poeni pacem petiverunt, sed deinde condiciones duriores repudiaverunt<ref>[[Polybius]] I 31</ref>. Cum Regulus in Africa maneret, Vulso in patriam revertebat et triumphavit. Anno [[250 a.C.n.|250]] iterum consul erat, nunc cum [[Gaius Atilius M.f. Regulus|Gaio Atilio M.f. Regulo]] (II), atque frustra [[Lilybaeum]] urbem in Sicilia sitam obsidebat<ref>Polybius I 40</ref>. == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references /></div> {{Index consulum rei publicae| praedecessores=[[Gaius Atilius M.f. Regulus]] et [[Gnaeus Cornelius P.f. Blasio]] II| annus= 256 a.C.n.<br />cum<br />[[Quintus Caedicius Q.f.|Quinto Caedicio Q.f.]]| successores=[[Marcus Aemilius M.f. Paullus]] et [[Servius Fulvius M.f. Paetinus Nobilior]]}} {{Index consulum rei publicae| praedecessores=[[Lucius Caecilius Metellus|Lucius Caecilius L.f. Metellus]] et [[Gaius Furius Pacilus (consul 251 a.C.n.)|Gaius Furius Pacilus]]| annus= 250 a.C.n.<br />cum<br />[[Gaius Atilius M.f. Regulus|Gaio Atilio M.f. Regulo]] II| successores=[[Publius Claudius Pulcher]] et [[Lucius Iunius C.f. Pullus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4 aut 3 a.C.n.|saeculo 3 a.C.n.|Manlius Vulso Longus, Lucius A.f.}} [[Categoria:Gens Manlia|Vulso Longus, Lucius A.f.]] [[Categoria:Senatores]] 5ojim3t21qmqtggiyqk6fs7ojd5wu51 Sidiailles 0 213132 3965810 3727021 2026-06-21T11:04:14Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3965810 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus: F-18270-Sidiailles-L%27%C3%A9glise.jpg |thumb|200 px|Sidiailles: [[ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Petrus|Sancto Petro]] [[Sanctus Paulus|Pauloque]] dicata]] [[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 18252.png|thumb|left|250px|Sidiailles: communis tabula]] ''' Sidiailles''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 312 incolarum (anno [[2011]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Carus (praefectura Franciae)|Cari]] in regione [[Centrum (regio Franciae)|Media]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Cari|Indicem communium praefecturae Cari]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Sidiailles|Sidiailles}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120214065149/http://www.sidiailles.com/ Sidiailles pagina interretialis] * {{INSEE commune|18252|de=Sidiailles}} {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Cari]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Cari]] 11hkzb2g3yd2md8lfmypf0dxnvukyyl Robertus J. Flaherty 0 216512 3965767 3940180 2026-06-20T14:51:40Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3965767 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Flaherty Port Harrison 1920.jpg|thumb|R. J. Flaherty [[pellicula]]m capit, [[Port Harrison]], QC, 1920-1921]] [[Fasciculus:Robert Flaherty Nyla 1920.jpg|thumb|Nyla, quae partes [[uxor]]is [[Nanook of the North|Nanook]] egit, et sua filia.]] '''Robertus Iosephus Flaherty''', [[Royal Geographical Society|FRGS]] ([[16 Februarii]] [[1884]]—[[23 Iulii]] [[1951]]) fuit fabricator [[pellicula]]rum [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]] qui ''[[Nanook of the North]]'' (1922) moderatus est et produxit, primam [[pellicula documentaria|pelliculam documentariam]] longitudinis plenae in [[commercium|commercio]] felix. Haec [[pellicula]] eius honestatem confirmavit<!--?made his reputation-->, et [[nihil]] quod Flaherty postea effecit hanc rem gestam penitus aequavit, quamquam hoc novum [[ars|artis]] genus evolvere perrexit, [[docufictio]]nis appellatum, in pelliculis ''[[Moana (pellicula 1926)|Moana]]'' (1926), in [[Polynesia]] posita, et ''[[Man of Aran]]'' (1934), in [[Insulae Aranenses|Insulis Aranensibus]] [[Hibernia]]e capta.<!--?filmed (non "facta" quia *filmed* in Hibernia, *made* in Hollywood)--> Flaherty est progenitor [[docufictio]]nis et [[pellicula ethnographica|pelliculae ethnographicae]] ([[ethnofictio]]nis),<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190430033332/http://www.maitres-fous.net/glossary.html Glossarium nominum Rouchinanorum,] www.maitres-fous.net.</ref> generis artis quod [[Ioannes Rouch]] et Ioannes Collier, Jr., praecipue inter [[1960]] et [[1970]] exercebant et de quo rationcinarentur nomine [[anthropologia oculorum|anthropologiae oculorum]], campi inferioris [[anthropologia]]e.<ref>Malcolm Collier, "The Applied Visual Anthropology of John Collier."</ref> Flaherty [[Francisca H. Flaherty|Franciscam H. Flaherty]] anno [[1914]] duxit, quae operam nonnullis mariti pelliculis dedit, et nominationem [[Praemium Academiae|Praemii Academiae]] pro optima [[fabula]] originali pro ''[[Louisiana Story]]'' (1948) accepit. ==Pelliculographia== *''[[Nanook of the North]]'' (1922) *''[[The Pottery Maker]]'' (1925) *''[[Moana (pellicula 1926)|Moana]]'' (1926) *''[[The Twenty-Four Dollar Island]]'' (1927), documentarium Urbis Novi Eboraci *''[[White Shadows in the South Seas]]'' (1928) *''[[Acoma the Sky City]]'' (1929; pellicula imperfecta) *''[[Tabu (1931 film)|Tabu]]'' (1931) cum [[F. W. Murnau]] scripta *''[[Industrial Britain]]'' (1931) *''[[Man of Aran]]'' (1934) *''[[Elephant Boy (film)|Elephant Boy]]'' (1937) *''The Land'' (1942), documentarium 45 minutorum, pro [[Pars Agriculturae|Parte Agriculturae]]<!--Dept. of Agriculture--> Civitatum Foederatarum factum *''[[Louisiana Story]]'' (1948) *''[[The Titan: Story of Michelangelo]]'' (1950) ==Arbitria== *[[BAFTA]] Arbitrium Roberti J. Flaherty pro optimo documentario unico<!--?one-off--> offert.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100325160654/http://www.bafta.org/awards/television/awards-categories,88,BA.html BAFTA's Robert J. Flaherty Award]</ref> *[[Praemium Academiae]]: Best Documentary Feature, 1950, pro ''The Titan: Story of Michelangelo'' *1913, Socius [[Regia Societas Geographica|Societatis Geographicae Regiae]]<ref>Christopher 2005:128.</ref> {{NexInt}} *[[Docufictio]] *[[Ethnofictio]] ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references/></div> ==Bibliographia== *Barsam, Richard. [[1988]]. ''The Vision of Robert Flaherty: The Artist As Myth and Filmmaker.'' Bloomington: Indiana University Press. *Calder-Marshall, Arthur. [[1966]]. ''The Innocent Eye:; The Life of Robert J. Flaherty.'' Research material by Paul Rotha and Basil Wright. Novi Eboraci: Harcourt, Brace. *Christopher, Robert J. [[2005]]. ''Robert & Frances Flaherty: A Documentary Life 1883-1922.'' Mons Regius Quebeci: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 0773528768. *Flaherty, Frances H. [[1960]]. ''The Odyssey of a Filmmaker: Robert Flaherty's Story.'' Urbana Illinoesiae: Beta Phi Mu. Beta Phi Mu chapbook 4. *McGrath, Melanie. [[2006]]. ''The Long Exile: A Tale of Inuit Betrayal and Survival in the High Arctic.'' London: Fourth Estate. ISBN 0007157967. Iterum, [[2007]]. Novi Eboraci: Random House. ISBN 1400040477. *Murphy, William Thomas. [[1978]]. ''Robert Flaherty: A Guide to References and Resources.'' Bostoniae: G. K. Hall and Company. *Rotha, Paul. [[1984]]. ''Flaherty: A Biography.'' University of Pennsylvania Press. ==Nexus externi== *{{IMDb name|name=Robert J. Flaherty|id=0280904}} *[http://www.sensesofcinema.com/2002/great-directors/flaherty/ Great Directors Critical Database,] www.sensesofcinema.com *[http://www.virtual-history.com/movie/person/5690/robert-j-flaherty Litterae de Roberto J. Flaherty,] www.virtual-history.com *Vogel, Amos. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131002110343/http://www.thestickingplace.com/film/films/film-as-a-subversive-art/writings-by-amos-vogel/robert-flaherty/ Robert Flaherty,] www.thestickingplace.com *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120205030732/http://appl003.lsu.edu/artsci/cmstweb.nsf/$Content/Louisiana+Story?OpenDocument Revisere ''Louisiana Story'' Flahertianam,] app;003.lsu.edu *[http://www.flahertyseminar.org/ Seminarium de pelliculis Roberti Flaherty,] www.flahertyseminar.org *[http://collections.lib.uwm.edu/u?/agdm,309 Tabula geographica manu facta a Wetalltok, homine Inuk, et Flaherty anno 1919 data,] collections.lib.uwm.edu {{DEFAULTSORT:Flaherty, Robertus J.}} [[Categoria:Nati 1884]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1951]] <!--Upper Canada College alumni--> <!-- + American documentary filmmakers--> [[Categoria:Moderatores cinematographici Civitatum Foederatarum]] <!--recte: M. pellicularum Americani + M. p. documentariarum + M. p. mutarum--> [[Categoria:Robertus J. Flaherty| ]] [[Categoria:Socii Regiae Societatis Geographicae]] <!-- [[Category:People from Iron Mountain, Michigan]] [[Category:American people of Irish descent]] [[Category:American people of German descent]] [[Category:Film directors from Michigan]] [[Category:World Digital Library related]]--> bowayyheq0owfzhrt57rcsfkbc8b5ti Semendria 0 225780 3965806 3735987 2026-06-21T08:30:27Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3965806 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Smederevo city administration.JPG|thumb|Despectus in Semendriam]] '''Semendria''' {{victio|Semendria|ae|f}}, ([[Serbice]]: ''[[:sr:Смедерево|Смедерево / Smederevo]]''), est [[Urbes Serbiae|urbs]] et [[Commune Serbiae|municipium]] [[Serbia]]e, in [[Serbia Media]] sita et caput pagus [[Podunavlje]]. Incolunt urbem 109 809 (ab anno [[2002]]). Urbani ''Semendrienses'' appellantur. == Ecclesiae == === Ecclesia Catholica Romana === Semendria fuit [[sedes episcopalis]] [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]] et hodie [[Sedes Titularis Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae|Sedes Titularis]] [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]]. Nomen sedis episcopalis [[Dioecesis Semendriensis]]<ref name=cathier>http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/</ref> est. {{NexInt}} * [[Serbia]], * [[Serbia Media]], * [[Podunavlje]] pagus Serbiae Mediae, * [[Danubius]] flumen, * [[Urbes Serbiae]]. == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120913064018/http://smederevo.org.rs/ Situs publicus] {{CommuniaCat|Smederevo|Semendriam}} == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Fasciculus:Serbia Smederevo.png|Collocatio finium municipii in Serbia. Fasciculus:Cathedral of Saint George, Smederevo.jpg|Ecclesia ortodoxa Sancti Georgii. </gallery> == Notae == <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Urbes Serbiae]] [[Categoria:Urbes Sedes episcopales titulares Serbiae]] gicozv3pblux7kec0u50c1az5vgv0ue Saint-Béat 0 235019 3965792 3445603 2026-06-20T20:38:59Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3965792 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Saint-B%C3%A9at_village_%281%29.JPG |thumb|250 px|Saint-Béat: despectus in vicum et [[flumen]] [[Garumna]]m]] [[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 31471.png|250 px|left|thumb|Saint-Béat: communis tabula]] '''Saint-Béat''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 387 incolarum (anno [[2012]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Garunna Superior|Garunnae Superioris]] in regione australi [[Meridianum et Pyrenaei|Meridiano et Pyrenaeis]] (a die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2016]] [[Occitania Ruscino Meridianum et Pyrenaei|Occitania Ruscinone Meridiano et Pyrenaeis]]). {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Garunnae Superioris|Indicem communium praefecturae Garunnae Superioris]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Saint-Béat|Saint-Béat}} * {{INSEE commune|31471|de=Saint-Béat}} * [http://cassini.ehess.fr/cassini/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=30666 De hoc commune apud cassini.ehess.fr] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160330092251/http://www.st-beat.fr/ Huius communis pagina interretialis] {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Garumnae superioris]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Garumnae superioris]] csdhejyu9026rvif39hj1amovzvxlvx Saint-Germain-de-Grave 0 235837 3965793 3446132 2026-06-20T21:49:56Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3965793 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Saint-Germain-de-Grave_%C3%89glise_01.jpg |thumb|250 px|Saint-Germain-de-Grave: [[ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Germanus|Sancto Germano]] dicata]] [[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 33411.png|thumb|left|250px|Saint-Germain-de-Grave: communis tabula]] ''' Saint-Germain-de-Grave''' ([[Gasconice]] '' Sent German de Grava'' ) est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 148 incolarum (anno [[2012]]) praefecturae [[Girundia (praefectura Franciae)|Girundiae]] in regione occidentali [[Aquitania]] (a die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2016]] [[Aquitania Lemovicensis Pictaviensis et Carantoni|Aquitania Lemovicensi Pictaviensi et Carantonis]]). {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Girundiae|Indicem communium praefecturae Girundiae]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Saint-Germain-de-Grave|Saint-Germain-de-Grave}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160313140056/http://www.stgermaindegraves.fr/ Huius communis pagina interretialis] * {{INSEE commune|33411|de=Saint-Germain-de-Grave}} * [http://cassini.ehess.fr/cassini/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=32051 De hoc commune apud cassini.ehess.fr] {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Girumnae]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Girumnae]] 5d5f0r7xzbkeq32ruh58wfks6eew2wg Rovon 0 236931 3965784 3726036 2026-06-20T17:25:04Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3965784 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus: Rovon_depuis_Riquetti%C3%A8re.jpg |thumb|250 px|Rovon: despectus in vicum]] [[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 38345.png|thumb|left|250px|Rovon: communis tabula]] '''Rovon''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 599 incolarum (anno [[2012]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Isara (praefectura Franciae)|Isarae]] in regione orientali [[Rhodanus et Alpes|Rhodano et Alpibus]] (a die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2016]] [[Arvernia Rhodanus et Alpes|Arvernia Rhodano et Alpibus]]). {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Isarae|Indicem communium praefecturae Isarae]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Rovon|Rovon}} * {{INSEE commune|38345|de=Rovon}} * [http://cassini.ehess.fr/cassini/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=29926 De hoc commune apud Cassini] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150910195318/http://rovon.sud-gresivaudan.org/ Huius communis pagina interretialis] {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Isarae]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Isarae]] 5x3qd6y6ubmi14jv2eocowpwwoh4npz Sassis 0 244880 3965801 3726637 2026-06-21T05:16:45Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3965801 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Blason_ville_fr_Sassis_%2865%29.svg|thumb|250 px|Sassis: [[insigne]]]] [[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 65411.png|thumb|left|250px|Sassis: communis tabula]] '''Sassis''' ([[Occitanice]] ''Sassís'') est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 91 incolarum (anno [[2014]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Pyrenaeus Superior|Pyrenaei Superioris]] in regione australi [[Meridianum et Pyrenaeus|Meridiano et Pyrenaeis]] (a die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2016]] [[Occitania Ruscino Meridianum et Pyrenaei|Occitania Ruscinone Meridiano et Pyrenaeis]]). {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Pyrenaei Superioris|Indicem communium praefecturae Pyrenaei Superioris]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Sassis|Sassis}} * {{INSEE commune|65411|de=Sassis}} * [http://cassini.ehess.fr/cassini/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=35429 De hoc commune apud Cassini] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160422094344/http://www.sassis-pyrenees.com/ Huius communis pagina interretialis] {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Pyrenaeorum superiorum]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Pyrenaeorum superiorum]] kpbzj00fhxqu90tne2zbqb1w7nfs68k Robertus A. Heinlein 0 256861 3965756 3961536 2026-06-20T14:19:46Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3965756 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} [[Fasciculus:heinlein-face.jpg|thumb|Heinlein chirographa [[suibscriptio|subscribit]] in [[34th World Science Fiction Convention|Worldcon 1976]].]] '''Robertus Anson Heinlein''' ([{{IPA|ˈhaɪnlaɪn}}]<ref>Wells 2008.</ref><ref name="hine-line_soc">Houdek 2003.</ref><ref>Vide etiam biographiam in ''For Us, the Living'' (2004), 261.</ref><ref name="hine-line">{{cite web |url=http://www.loc.gov/nls/other/sayhow.html#h | title=Say How? A Pronunciation Guide to Names of Public Figures | publisher=Library of Congress, National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped (NLS) | date=21 Septembris 2006}}.</ref>) (natus [[Butler (Missuria)|Butler]] [[Missuria]]e die [[7 Iulii]] [[1907]]; mortuus [[Carmel-ad-Mare (California)|Carmel-ad-Mare]] [[California]]e die [[8 Maii]] [[1988]]) fuit [[scriptor]] [[scientia ficticia|fictionis scientificae]], [[ingeniarius]] [[aeronautica]]e, et praefectus [[navis|navium]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]], vulgo decanus scriptorum fictionis scientificae appellatus.<ref>Booker et Thomas 2009:155.</ref> [[Auctor]] magni momenti illius [[genus (ars)|generis]] suae aetatis et controversus fuit. [[Fasciculus:RAH 1929 Yearbook.png|thumb|150px|left|Heinlein vir mediae navis<!--midshipman--> in [[liber annuus|libro annuo]] [[1929]] [[Academia Navalis Civitatum Foederatarum|Academiae Navalis Civitatum Foederatarum]].]] [[Fasciculus:Heinlein-decamp-and-asimov.jpg|thumb|Robertus A. Heinlein, [[L. Sprague de Camp]], et [[Isaac Asimov]], in [[Navalia Philadelphiensia|Navalibus Philadelphiensibus]], [[1944]].]] [[Fasciculus:heinleins-house.jpg|thumb|Robertus et Virginia Heinlein in "A House to Make Life Easy," commentario in ''Popular Mechanics'' anno [[1952]] edito. Domini Heinlein, ambo [[ars ingeniaria|ingeniariae]], [[domus|domum]] multis proprietatibus novis sibi designaverunt.]] [[Fasciculus:Heinlein Tahiti 2.jpg|thumb|Robertus et Virginia Heinlein in [[insula|insulis]] [[Tahiti]]anis, [[1980]].]] [[Fasciculus:Galaxy 195109.jpg|thumb|Prima pars [[fabula]]e "The Puppet Masters" in tegmine magazinae ''[[Galaxy Science Fiction]]'' in fasciculo Septembris [[1951]] monstrata est.]] [[Fasciculus:Robert Heinlein Amazing 5304.jpg|thumb|[[Adumbratio]] Heinlein in ''Amazing Stories'' anno [[1953]] picta.]] [[Fasciculus:If 196211.jpg|thumb|''Podkayne of Mars,'' [[mythistoria]] Heinleiniana, in ''[[If (magazina)|If]]'' [[magazina]] serializata est, tegmine a [[Vergilius Finlay|Vergilio Finlay]] designato.]] [[Fasciculus:Robheinlein-6312.jpg|thumb|Via orbitalis [[asteroides|asteroidis]] [[eponymum|eponymae]] Roberti Heinlein ([[6312 Robheinlein]]).]] Heinlein fuit unus ex primis scriptoribus fictionis scientificae qui res in maioribus [[magazina|magazinis]] [[decennium 195|annis 1940]] exeuntibus edidit, [[periodicum|periodicis]] sicut ''[[The Saturday Evening Post]].'' Multa [[decennium|decennia]] fuit etiam unus ex [[mythistoriarum scriptor|mythistoriarum fictionis scientificae scriptoribus]] optime venum euntibus, atque ipse, [[Isaac Asimov]], et [[Arthurus C. Clarke]] saepe Magni Tres fictionis scientificae appellabantur.<ref>Parrinder 2001:81.</ref><ref>Robert J. Sawyer. [http://www.sfwriter.com/rmdeatho.htm The Death of Science Fiction].</ref> Heinlein, insignis [[fabula brevis|fabularum brevium fictionis scientificae]] scriptor, fuit unus ex grege scriptorum qui [[famosus|clarus]] factus est sub [[Ioannes W. Campbell, Jr.|Ioanne W. Campbell, Jr.]] [[editor principalis|editore]] in ''Astounding Science Fiction'' [[magazina]]—quamquam Heinlein negavit Campbell sua scripta magnopere movisse. Heinlein, intra compagem suarum fabularum fictionis scientificae, de certis rebus [[societas humana|socialibus]] identidem scribebat, inter quas momentum [[libertas|libertatis]] et [[individualismus]] singulorum, officium quod singuli suis [[societas humana|societatibus]] debent, gratia [[religio]]nis ordinatae in [[cultura]] et [[respublica|re publica]], et inclinatio societatis ad [[cogitatio]]nem [[nonconformismus|nonconformisticam]] reprimendam. Coniecturam praeterea faciebat de gratia [[peregrinatio]]nis per [[spatium (astronomia)|spatium]] in culturalibus hominum usibus. ''Pay it forward'' ('prorsus solve'), locutio [[Anglica]], quamquam iam in usu ut [[dictum]] quotidianum, populo gratus facta est ab Heinlein in ''[[Between Planets]],'' libro anno [[1951]] edito, {{NexInt}} * [[Isaac Asimov]] * [[Arthurus C. Clarke]] * [[6312 Robheinlein]] == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Bellagamba, Ugo, et Eric Picholle. [[2008]]. ''Solutions Non Satisfaisantes, une Anatomie de Robert A. Heinlein.'' Lugduni: Les Moutons Electriques. ISBN 9782915793376. * Blish, James (pseudonymum William Atheling, Jr.). [[1970]]. ''More Issues at Hand.'' Sicagi: Advent. * Franklin, H. Bruce. [[1980]]. ''Robert A. Heinlein: America as Science Fiction''. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195027469. * Gifford, James. [[2000]]. ''Robert A. Heinlein: A Reader's Companion''. Sacramenti: [https://web.archive.org/web/20101010072726/http://www.nitrosyncretic.com/item-rarc.html Nitrosyncretic Press]. ISBN 0967987415. ISBN 0967987407 (charta). * Panshin, Alexei. [[1968]]. ''Heinlein in Dimension.'' Advent. ISBN 0911682120. ISBN 9780911682014. OCLC 7535112. * Patterson, Jr., William H., et Andrew Thornton. [[2001]]. ''The Martian Named Smith: Critical Perspectives on Robert A. Heinlein's Stranger in a Strange Land.'' Sacramenti: Nitrosyncretic Press. ISBN 0967987423. * Powell, Jim. [[2000]]. ''The Triumph of Liberty.'' Novi Eboraci: Free Press. * Tom Shippey. [[2000]]. Starship Troopers, Galactic Heroes, Mercenary Princes: the Military and its Discontents in Science Fiction. In ''Histories of the Future: Studies in Fact, Fantasy and Science Fiction,'' ed. Alan Sandison et Robert Dingley. Novi Eboraci: Palgrave. ISBN 0312236042. * Slusser, George Edgar. [[1977]]. ''Robert A. Heinlein: Stranger in His Own Land.'' Ed. 2a. The Milford Series, Popular Writers of Today, 1. Sancti Bernardini Californiae: The Borgo Press. ISBN 0893702102. ;Res biographicae * Booker, M. Keith, et Anne-Marie Thomas. [[2009]]. ''The Science Fiction Handbook.'' Blackwell Guides to Literature Series. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 9781405162050. * Heinlein, Robert A. [[1980]]. ''Expanded Universe.'' Novi Eboraci: Ace. ISBN 0441218881. ** Reimpressus, October 2003, Baen. ISBN 0743471598. ** Reimpressus, Iulio 2005. Baen. ISBN 0743499158 (charta). * Heinlein, Robert A. [[1989]]. ''Grumbles From the Grave.'' Novi Eboraci: Del Rey. * Heinlein, Robert A. [[1997]]. ''Debora Aro Is Wrong.'' Novi Eboraci: Del Rey. * Heinlein, Robert A. [[2004]]. ''For Us, the Living.'' Novi Eboraci: Scribner. ISBN 074325998X. * Houdek, D. A. [[2003]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120403204313/http://www.heinleinsociety.org/rah/FAQrah.html FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions about Robert A. Heinlein, the person.] The Heinlein Society. * Mendlesohn, Farah. [[2019]]. ''The Pleasant Profession of Robert A. Heinlein.'' Londinii: Unbound Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78352-678-9. * Parrinder, Patrick. [[2001]]. ''Learning from Other Worlds: Estrangement, Cognition, and the Politics of Science Fiction and Utopia.'' Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822327738. * Patterson, Jr., William H. [[1999]]. Robert Heinlein: A biographical sketch. ''The Heinlein Journal'' 1999(5):7–36. * Patterson, Jr., William H. [[2010]]. ''Robert A. Heinlein in Dialogue with His Century: 1907–1948 Learning Curve: An Authorized Biography, Volume I.'' Tom Doherty Associates. ISBN 0765319608. * Patterson, Jr., William H. [[2014]]. ''Robert A. Heinlein in Dialogue with His Century: 1948–1988 The Man Who Learned Better. An Authorized Biography, Volume II.'' Tom Doherty Associates. ISBN 0765319616. * Stover, Leon. [[1987]]. ''Robert Heinlein.'' Bostoniae: Twayne. * Vicary, Elizabeth Zoe. [[2000]]. Heinlein, Robert Anson. ''American National Biography Online.'' * Wells, John C. [[2008]]. ''Longman Pronunciation Dictionary.''Ed. 3a. Longman. == Nexus externi == * [http://www.heinleinsociety.org/ The Heinlein Society] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20201109030718/http://www.nitrosyncretic.com/rah/ RAH.] * [http://www.heinleinarchives.net/ Archiva Heinleiniana.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190604095023/https://www.heinleinprize.com/ Praemium Roberti et Virginiae Heinlein.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140707221433/http://www.heinleincentennial.com/ Celebratio Centennialis in Kansas City, 7 Iulii 2007.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20201027152219/http://www.heinleinnexus.org/ Heinlein Nexus] [Latine sic].<!--community continuation of the Centennial effort--> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100106154437/http://www.nitrosyncretic.com/rah/pm652-art-hi.html 1952 Perambulatio per domum Heinleinianum in Colorato.] ''Popular Mechanics.'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20221008162102/http://www.heinleinia.com/ Exploratio interactiva vitae et operum Heinleinianorum.] ;Biographia et iudicium litterarum * Sandlin, Lee. [[2014]]. [http://online.wsj.com/articles/book-review-robert-a-heinlein-by-william-h-patterson-jr-1403904500 Recognitio et commentarius biographicus de Heinlein.] ''Wall Street Journal,'' 27 Iunii. "Heinlein was the best sci-fi writer of all time—and then mysteriously he became the worst." ;Bibliographia et opera * {{IMDb name|0374423}} * [http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt596nd35k Cartae Roberti A. et Virginiae G. Heinlein.] {{Myrias|Homines}} {{Lifetime|1907|1988|Heinlein, Robert A.}} <!--en:Futurologi--> <!-- [[Categoria:Hugo Award winning writers]] [[Categoria:Robertus A. Heinlein| ]]--> <!--en:Scriptores fictionis scientificae Civitatum Foederatarum--> <!-- [[Category:American anti-communists]] [[Category:American people of German descent]] [[Category:American science writers]] [[Category:American stonemasons]] [[Category:American social crediters]] [[Category:Bob Clampett Humanitarian Award winners]] [[Category:California Democrats]] [[Category:Deaths from emphysema]] [[Category:Disease-related deaths in California]] [[Category:Military science fiction writers]] [[Category:Prometheus Award winners]] [[Category:Science Fiction Hall of Fame inductees]] [[Category:SFWA Grand Masters]]--> [[Categoria:Agnostici Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Alumni Academiae Navalis Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]] [[Categoria:Autobiographi Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Futurologia]] [[Categoria:Incolae Californiae]] [[Categoria:Incolae Missuriae]] [[Categoria:Libertariani]] [[Categoria:Scriptores fabularum brevium]] [[Categoria:Scriptores de rebus futuris]] [[Categoria:Scriptores mythistoriarum Civitatum Foederatarum]] fcnmqnaomsv5uz5uw1t2shrfcl79u23 Shang Yang 0 269956 3965809 3726977 2026-06-21T10:22:58Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3965809 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Statue of Shang Yang.jpg|thumb|[[Statua]] Shang Yang correctoris cardinalis.]] '''Shang Yang''' (商鞅, pinyin ''Shāng Yāng/Yǎng''), vel '''Wei Yang''' (衞鞅, pinyin ''Wèi Yāng/Yǎng''<ref>Ex [[Wei (civitas)|Wei]], eius civitate natali.</ref><ref>Antonio S. Cua, ''Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy,'' 2003: [https://books.google.com/books?id=yTv_AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA363]. Vide etiam [http://www.hku.hk/philodep/ch/Lord%20Shang.htm hic].</ref>) (circa [[390 a.C.n.]]–[[338 a.C.n.]]),<ref>Etiam ''Gongsun Yang'' (Pinyin) et ''Kung-Sun Yang'' (Wades-Gilles) appellatus.</ref> in [[Qin (civitas)|Qin civitate]] [[aetas civitatum bellantium|aetate civitatum bellantium]] fuit vir [[respublica|reipublicae]] administrandae peritus [[Sina|Sinicus]] magni momenti. Cuius rationes [[civilitas|politicae]] fundamenta iecerunt vicoriae omnis [[Sina]]e a Qin, [[imperium]] primum uniens, [[Domus Qin|Domumque Qin]] incipiens. Ipse et assectatores [[philosophia|philosophicum]] [[Liber Domini Shang|''Libri Domini Shang'']] flumen amplificaverunt quae hodie [[legalismus (philosophia Sinica)|legalismus Sinicus]] appellatur.<ref>Pines 2014.</ref> [[Han Fei]] dicit Shang Yang duas rationes excogitavisse: "normas statuere" (定法) et "uno populo uti" (一民). Yang ut videtur [[divisio membrorum|divisione membrorum]]<!--dismember = membratim dividere--> (''jūliè,'' 車裂) affectus est, ad quinque currus, [[bos|boves]], vel [[equus|equos]] affixus et dilaniatus.<ref>[[Han Fei]], ''[[Han Feizi]],'' 韓非子/和氏|和氏; 东周列国志|东周列国志; [[蔡元放|蔡元放]].</ref> Omnis [[familia]] etiam supplicio capitis affecta est.<ref name="rgh">[[Sima Qian]], ''[[Records of the Grand Historian]]'' (史記/卷), vol. 68.</ref> {{NexInt}} *''[[Shizi (liber)|Shizi]]'' ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Goldin, Paul R. [http://www.academia.edu/24999390/Persistent_Misconceptions_about_Chinese_Legalism ''Persistent Misconceptions about Chinese Legalism,''] p. 18. *Creel, Herrlee Glessner. [[1970]]. ''What Is Taoism? And other studies in Chinese cultural history.'' Sicagi: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226120414. *Li, Yu-ning. [[1977]]. ''ShangYang's Reforms.'' M. E. Sharpe Inc. *Pines, Yuri. [[2014]]. [http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2014/entries/chinese-legalism Legalism in Chinese Philosophy.] ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,'' ed. Edward N. Zalta. *Sage, Steven F. [[1992]] ''Ancient Sichuan and the Unification of China.'' Albaniae Novi Eboraci: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0791410374, ISBN 0791410382. *Man, John. [[2008]]. ''The Terra Cotta Army: China's first emperor and the birth of a nation.'' Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Da Capo Press. ISBN 9780306817441, ISBN 0306817446. *Wright, Arthur F., ed. [[1960]]. The Confucian Persuasion. Stanfordiae Californiae: Stanford University Press. *Xie, Qingkui. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250709120451/http://www.wordpedia.com/search/Content.asp%3FID=9297 Shang Yang]. ''Encyclopedia of China.'' Editio Political Science. *Zhang, Guohua. [http://www.wordpedia.com/search/Content.asp?ID=10385 Shang Yang]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.<!-- *国史概要 (第二版) ISBN 7-309-02481-8. *戰國策 ''Zhan Guo Ce.'' 秦第一 --> ==Nexus externi== *Duyvendak, J. J. L. [http://ctext.org/shang-jun-shu "商君書 - Shang Jun Shu.] Chinese Text Project. *Hansen, Chad. [http://www.philosophy.hku.hk/ch/Lord%20Shang.htm "Lord Shang (died 338 BC)."] ''Chad Hansen's Chinese Philosophy Pages.'' *[http://ctext.org/zhan-guo-ce/qin-yi "秦一."] Chinese Text Project. *{{Gutenberg author |id=Shang,+Yang | name=Yang Shang}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 5 aut 4 a.C.n.|338 a.C.n.|Shang, Yang}} [[Categoria:Auctores Sinici]] [[Categoria:Reformatores]] <!--reformers--> [[Categoria:Legalismus]] [[Categoria:Morte damnati]]<!--Executed Qin dynasty people + 4th-century BC executions + People executed by the Qin dynasty + Victims of familial execution + Executed people from Henan--> [[Categoria:Iuris consulti antiquitatis]] [[Categoria:Philosophi politici]] [[Categoria:Philosophi Sinarum]] [[Categoria:Philosophi sociales]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Sinarum]] <!-- [[Category:Qin dynasty philosophers]] [[Category:Politicians from Puyang]] [[Category:Zhou dynasty people]] [[Category:Philosophers from Henan]] [[Category:4th-century BC Chinese people]] [[Category:Wey (state)]]--> {{Myrias|Homines}} 1j8zvhgcbq3ajaliftykkal3e8hc9de Robertus Montgomery Bird 0 271357 3965768 3863643 2026-06-20T15:00:35Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3965768 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Robertmontgomerybird.jpg|thumb|Robertus Montgomery Bird.]] [[Fasciculus:Robert Montgomery Bird signature.svg|thumb|[[Subscriptio]].]] '''Robertus Montgomery Bird''' (natus [[Castellum Novum (Delavaria)|Castelli Novi]] in [[oppidum|oppido]] [[Delavaria]]e die [[5 Februarii]] [[1806]]; mortuus [[Philadelphia]]e die [[23 Ianuarii]] [[1854]]) fuit [[scriptor mythistoriarum]], [[drama (fictio)|scriptor scaenicus]], [[medicus]], [[professor]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]].<ref name=AMB>{{Cite AMB1920|wstitle=Bird, Robert Montgomery}}</ref> Gradum [[baccalaureatus|baccalaureatum]] apud [[Universitas Pennsylvaniensis|Universitatem Pennsylvaniensem]] anno [[1824]] accepit.<ref>Looby 2008: xxii.</ref> Inter eius [[mythistoria]]s annorum 1830 erant ''Calavar'' (1834), ''The Infidel'' (1835), ''The Hawks of Hawk-Hollow'' (1835), ''Sheppard Lee'' (1836), ''Nick of the Woods'' (1837, eius prosperrima mythistoria), et ''The Adventures of Robin Day'' (1839).<ref>Looby 2008: xxiii–xxiv.</ref> Quorum ''Calavar'' et ''The Infidel'' ob accurata et expressa [[historia]]e [[Mexicum|Mexici]]<!--melius unus commentarius: historia Mexici--> singula notissimae sunt. Anno [[1837]], curriculum [[diurnarius|diurnarii]] coepit, editor consociatus ''The American Monthly Magazine'' et tum anno [[1847]] [[editor principalis]] ''[[The North American|North American Magazine and United States Gazette]].'' [[Professor]] [[medicina]]m in [[Collegium Medicum Pennsylvaniense|Collegio Medico Pennsylvaniensi]] annis ab [[1841]] ad [[1843]] docuit. "Effusione [[cerebrum|cerebri]]" die [[23 Ianuarii]] [[1854]] obiit, et [[corpus]] in [[sepulcretum|sepulcreto]] Laurel Hill Philadelphiae inhumatum est. ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Dahl, Curtis. [[1963]]. ''Robert Montgomery Bird.'' Novi Eboraci: Twayne Publishers. *Ehrlich, Eugene, et Gorton Carruth. [[1982]]. ''The Oxford Illustrated Literary Guide to the United States''. Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195031865. *Foust, Clement Edgar. [[1919]]. [https://archive.org/details/lifedramatic00fousrich ''The Life and Dramatic Works of Robert Montgomery Bird.''] Novi Eboraci: Knickerbocker Press. *Looby, Christopher. [[2008]]. Introduction. [http://www.randomhouse.com/acmart/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9781590172292 ''Sheppard Lee: Written By Himself''] a Robert Montgomery Bird. Novi Eboraci: The New York Review of Books. *Traister, Daniel. [[2003]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170328114914/http://www.library.upenn.edu/exhibits/rbm/bird/ ''Robert Montgomery Bird: Writer and Artist.''] [[Exhibitio]] apud Kamin Gallery, Van Pelt-Dietrich Library Universitatis Pennsylvaniensis, Februario. ==Nexus externi== ;Fontes *{{Gutenberg author |id=Bird,+Robert+Montgomery | name=Robert Montgomery Bird}}<!-- *{{Internet Archive author |sname=Robert Montgomery Bird |sopt=t}}--> *[https://books.google.com/books?q=inauthor:robert+inauthor:montgomery+inauthor:bird&as_brr=1 Opera Roberti Montgomery Bird.] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130730185824/http://www.munseys.com/detail/mode/author/Robert_Montgomery_Bird Opera Roberti Montgomery Bird.] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034713/http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/ead/detail.html?id=EAD_upenn_rbml_MsColl108 Chartae Roberti Montgomery Bird, Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books and Manuscripts, University of Pennsylvania.] ;Aliae res *[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9015349/Robert-Montgomery-Bird "Robert Montgomery Bird."] Biographia brevis, ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]].'' *[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_gx5221/is_2005/ai_n19135017 "Robert Montgomery Bird."] Biographia brevis, UXL Newsmakers, 2005. {{Lifetime|1806|1854|Bird, Robert Montgomery}} [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Pennsylvaniensis]] [[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]] [[Categoria:Diurnarii Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Editores]] [[Categoria:Incolae Delavariae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores mythistoriarum Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Scriptores scaenici Civitatum Foederatarum]]<!-- [[Category:Germantown Academy alumni]] [[Category:Burials at Laurel Hill Cemetery (Philadelphia)]] [[Category:Gettysburg College faculty]]--> r6fvna5e02zejo6tqgy207a2ezuwkwz Adumbratio:Ascalon 118 282079 3965782 3964347 2026-06-20T17:09:36Z Archaeocursor 206441 /* Aetas Israelita */ 3965782 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Adumbratio}}</noinclude>{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:93439_marina_ashkelon_PikiWiki_Israel.jpg|thumb]] {{res|Ascalon}} ([[Hebraice]] אַשְׁקְלוֹן) est [[urbs]] in [[Israël]]e sita. Quae urbs primum condita esse abhinc annorum decem milia dicitur. [[Portus|Portum]] habebat, unde [[merx|merces]] et inferebantur et exportabantur.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = "העבר של אשקלון הוא הנשמה שלה, ועדות לכל מה שהיא מסמלת" | lingua = he | domus editoria = The Marker | url = https://www.themarker.com/labels/ashkelon/2022-09-22/ty-article-labels/00000183-6525-dd85-a9f3-67bfe3d00000 }}.</ref> Ascalon una ex quinque urbibus [[Philistaei|Philistaeorum]] est quae in [[Liber Iosue|libro Iosue]] 13:3 memorantur.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = Ascalon | domus editoria = New Advent | url = https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01766b.htm }}.</ref> Urbs autem hodierna anno [[1948]] condita est.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = היסטוריה ותרבות באשקלון – כשישן וחדש נפגשים | domus editoria = אלדן | url = https://www.eldan.co.il/magazine/carrental/rentcarashkelon/history-ashkelon# }}.</ref> Anno [[2020]] circiter 146&thinsp;500 homines ibi habitabant.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = אשקלון | lingua = he | domus editoria = הלשקה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה | url = https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2022/local_authorities20_1879/58_7100.pdf }}.</ref> == Historia == === Ascalon praehistorica === Ascalon [[Neolithicum|neolithica]] circiter centum metra a mari iacebat, 15-20 metra supra [[maris aequor]]. Multa instrumenta [[silicium|silicea]] et [[lapis|lapidea]], nonnulla autem [[os (ossis)|ossea]], in eo loco inventa sunt necnon [[Ossa humana|ossium humanorum]] fragmenta. Bona testimonia [[ovis|ovium]] domesticarum quoque sunt, quae in [[regio]]nem fortasse [[Millennium 6 a.C.n.|millenio 6 a.C.n.]] introductae sunt.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/27926432 | titulus= A Late Neolithic Site near Ashkelon | nomen auctoris 1= Jean | cognomen auctoris 1= Perrot | nomen auctoris 2= Avi | cognomen auctoris 2= Gopher | domus editoria = Israel Exploration Journal | volumen= 46 | paginae= 145-166 | annus = 1996 | fasciculus= 3/4}}.</ref> Prima [[Aetas aënea|Aetate aënea]] Ascalon ad instrumenta ex [[Cuprum|cupro]] {{Creanda | en | Arabah | Arabahensi}} facienda praecipue exculta est. Inventa [[archaeologia|archaeologica]] cum migratione fabrorum aerariorum ex [[Berosaba]] congruunt.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-archaeological-journal/article/cultural-metallurgya-key-factor-in-the-transition-from-the-chalcolithic-to-bronze-age-in-the-southern-levant/0B642A3959D1C9B9BA9EF447AAD59EC3 | titulus= Cultural Metallurgy-A Key Factor in the Transition from the Chalcolithic to Bronze Age in the Southern Levant | domus editoria= Cambridge Archaeological Journal | volumen= 32 | fasciculus= 3 | annus= 2021 | cognomen auctoris= Amzallag | nomen auctoris = Amzallag | paginae= 445-465}}.</ref> Argumenta sunt instrumentorum metallicorum in laniena animalium usurpatorum, sed maxima pars signorum secturarum instrumentis lapideis facta est.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Haskel-Greenfield/publication/285404224_Metallurgy_in_the_Near_East_A_Zooarchaeological_Perspective_on_the_Origins_of_Metallurgy_in_the_Near_East_Analysis_of_Stone_and_Metal_Cut_Marks_on_Bone_from_Israel/links/565de58208ae4988a7bd14d2/Metallurgy-in-the-Near-East-A-Zooarchaeological-Perspective-on-the-Origins-of-Metallurgy-in-the-Near-East-Analysis-of-Stone-and-Metal-Cut-Marks-on-Bone-from-Israel.pdf | titulus= Metallurgy in the Near East A Zooarchaeological Perspective on the Origins of Metallurgy in the Near East: Analysis of Stone and Metal Cut Marks on Bone from Israel | nomen auctoris= Haskel J. | cognomen auctoris= Greenfield}}.</ref> === Historia antiqua === {{Paginae principales|Ascalon (urbs antiqua)}} [[Fasciculus:Ashkelon – The Canaanite city gate and ramparts.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Ascalonis Chananaeae porta.]] Urbs [[Chanaan|Chananaea]] [[Saeculum 20 a.C.n.|saeculo vicensimo a.C.n.]] condita est, longitudine 1100 metrorum et latitudine 600 metrorum, moenibus quindecim metra altis circumdata.<ref name="BibleWalks">{{Opus | titulus = Tel Ashkelon | domus editoria = Bible Walks | url = https://www.biblewalks.com/ashkelon/ }}.</ref> Primum memorantur Ascalon in textibus execrationis [[Aegyptus|Aegyptiis]] quae ad {{Creanda|en|Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt|Domus Aegypti 11|undecimam dynastiam}} referuntur, et per dynastias {{Creanda|en|Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt|Domus Aegypti 18|XVIII}} ad XX fortasse urbs Chananaea Aegyptiorum imperio subiecta erat. Anno [[1280 a.C.n.]], frustra Ascalon contra [[Rhamses II|Ramsem II]] rebellavit. Anno [[1229 a.C.n.]], urbs ab [[Amenephthis|Amenephthe]] [[Pharao]]ne rursus capta est.<ref name="JewishLibrary">{{Opus | titulus = Ashkelon | domus editoria = Jewish Virtual Library | url = https://jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ashkelon }}.</ref> Ascalon a [[Tribus Iudae|tribu Iudae]] capta est:<ref name="BibleWalks"/> <blockquote>Cepitque Iudas [[Gaza]]m cum finibus suis et Ascalonem atque Accaron cum terminis suis. (Iudicum 1:18).<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_iudicum_lt.html | titulus= Nova Vulgata LIBER IUDICUM | domus editoria= Vatican}}.</ref></blockquote> [[Saeculum 12 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodecimo a.C.n.]], urbs a [[Philistaei|Philistaeis]] capta est. Ascalon saepe in [[narratio]]nibus de [[Samson]]e in [[Biblia|Bibliis]] commemoratur. Quae urbs tempore {{Creanda|en|Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|Regnum Israeliticum (monarchia unita)|monarchiae Israeliticae}} adhuc erat Philistaeorum una ex praecipuis urbibus.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/> [[Saul (Rex)|Saul]], Israëlis Rex primus, Philistinos Philistinos vicit et multas urbes cepit. Rex ipse in proelio cecidit, [[David]]que lugens eos versiculos recitavit:<ref name="BibleWalks"/> <blockquote>Incliti, o Israel, super montes tuos interfecti, quomodo ceciderunt fortes! Nolite annuntiare in Geth neque annuntietis in compitis Ascalonis, ne forte laetentur filiae Philisthim, ne exsultent filiae incircumcisorum. (II Samuelis 1:19-20),<ref>{{opus |titulus=Nova Vulgata LIBER SECUNDUS SAMUELIS |domus editoria= Vatican | url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_ii-samuelis_lt.html}}.</ref></blockquote> Ascalonem punitum iri praedixerunt prophetae [[Ieremias]], [[Amos (propheta)|Amos]], [[Sophonias]], et [[Zacharias (propheta)|Zacharias]].<ref name="BibleWalks"/> [[Saeculum 18 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodevicensimo a.C.n.]] a regno Ascalonis multas terras a regno expugnavit [[Assyria]], et Anno [[734 a.C.n.]] urbs a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Tiglatpileser III|Tiglatpilesero III|en|qid=Q210074}} capta est. Anno [[732 a.C.n.]] Rex Ascalonis frustra contra Assyrios rebellavit, propter quod urbs graviter punita est. [[Rex Sidqia]] postea participavit in alia rebellione contra Assyriam, duce [[Ezechias|Ezechia]]. Apud [[Sennacherib]], urbes Sidqiae prope [[Iappa|Iappam]] captae sunt, et Ascalon ipse se dedidit, cuius rex exsulatus est. Tributum quod Ascalon reddidit in inscriptionibus principum Esarhaddon et Assurbanipal memoratur, qui urbem fine [[Saeculum 7 a.C.n.|saeculi 7]] et initio [[Saeculum 6 a.C.n.|sexto a.C.n.]] ad [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegyptum]] pugnandum adhibuit. De calamitatibus quas urbs sufferebat scripserunt prophetae biblici.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/> Cum imperium Assyriorum caderet, Aegyptus urbem occupavit. Anno [[604 a.C.n.]], Ascalon a [[Nabuchodonosor II|Nabuchodonosore]] deleta est, qui multos cives urbis exsulavit, quo facto sexcentorum annorum praesentiae Philistaeorum in Israele finis impositus est. Munitiones Ascalonis post Babylonicam excidionem non reaedificatae sunt.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/><ref name="BibleWalks"/> Sub [[Imperium Achaemenidarum|imperio Persarum]], quod Ascalonem a Babyloniis cepit, Iudaeis [[Ierusalem]] redire licuit, sed Ascalon tum pars provinciae Iudaeae non fuit. In Ascalone ceterisque urbibus Philistaeorum, habitabant [[Phoenices]], et ipsa Ascalon [[Tyros|Tyriorum]] dicioni parebat. Id urbi magnas divitias attulit. [[Archaeologus|Archaeologi]] in Ascalone magnum [[Ascalonis Canum Coemeterium|canum coemeterium]] invenerunt, quod ad ritum Phoenicum pertinebat. In eo coemeterio plus quam mille [[Canis|canes]] erant.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandro Magno]] Ascalon se anno [[332 a.C.n.]] dedit, neque, ut [[Gaza]], laesa est.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> Post divisionem imperii [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandri]], Ascalon in [[Regnum Ptolemaicum|regno Ptolemaico]] erat, et urbs sui iuris facta est. Tum [[Iudaei]] in Ascalone [[floruit|floruerunt]]. Urbs deinde ab [[Antiochus III|Antiocho III]] capta sedes [[Cultura Graeca|culturae Graecae]] magni momenti facta est. Propter imminutam potentiam [[Seleucidae|Seleucidarum]], Anno [[104 a.C.n.]] Ascalon rursus in [[libertas|libertatem]] se recepit. Reges {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Hyrcanus|Ioannes Hyrcanus|en|he|qid=Q319043}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Alexander Jannaeus|Alexander Jannaeus|en|he|qid=Q319107}} ex [[Hasmonaei|genere Hasmonaeorum]] urbem capere frustra conati sunt.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/> [[Fasciculus:Ask NTL PARK.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Columnae Romanae in Saepto Nationali Ascalonis.]] [[Imperium Romanum|Aetate Romana]], Colonia Ascalonensis liberate et foederata fuit. In urbe [[Paganismus|pagani]] [[Apollo|Apollinem]], [[Hercules|Herculem]], et [[Atargatis|Atargatidem]] venerati sunt, deam facie et parte superiore corporis muliebri, parte inferiore corporis et cauda piscis. [[Herodes Magnus|Herodes]], quamquam urbem non regebat, fora tamen ibi atque balnea publica hortosque exstruxit, fortasse quod ibi natus erat. In [[Primum Bellum Iudaicum|primo bello Iudaico]], Ascalon Iudaeos aggressus, victor exiit.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/> Tempore [[Misna]] et [[Talmud]], [[Iudaei]] in urbe degere soliti sunt, quarum [[Synagoga|synagogas]] [[Synagoga|archeologi]] invenerunt. In Talmude de [[Arbustum|pomariis]], quae reditus e [[Babylonia]] prope Ascalonem fundaverunt, legitur.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/> [[Aetas Byzantina|Aetate Byzantina]], urbs [[Religio Christiana|Christiana]] facta est. Ascalon sedes commercii [[vinum|vini]] optimi et [[frumentum|frumenti]] erat.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> [[Vinum]] ex Ascalone illo tempore in [[Anglia]] repertum est.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://cbnisrael.org/2024/10/15/biblical-israel-ashkelon-4/ | titulus= Biblical Israel: Ashkelon | cognomen auctoris= Turnage | nomen auctoris= Marc | tempus=15-10-2024 | domus editoria=CBN Israel}}.</ref> === Medium Aevum === Anno [[637]] Ascalon ab Arabibus capta atque deleta est. Anno [[685]] urbs restituta est, in qua iam et [[Christianus|Christiani]] et [[Iudaei]] et [[Samaritani]] et [[Musulmanus|Musulmani]] habitabant. Inter religiones interdum erant conflictus, propter quos ecclesia in urbe anno [[937]] combusta est.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> [[Fasciculus:Battle of Ascalon-engraving.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Pugna Ascalonis.]] Cum [[Regnum Hierosolymitanum]] a [[Expeditio sacra|crucesignatis]] conditum esset, urbs inter Christianos et Musulmanos finis facta est. Diu exercitus circa urbem pugnaverunt, et anno [[1099]] [[Pugna Ascalonis|pugna Ascalonis]] committeretur. Crucesignati Ascalonem aliquandiu teneuerunt, deinde ad [[Oriens|orientem]] se receperunt. Ab anno [[1101]] ad annum [[1114]] Aegyptii terram sanctam capere conabantur, dum duus exercitus circa urbem saepissime puganabant. Anno [[1125]] Rex [[Balduinus II (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Balduinus II]] Ascalonem capere frustra conatus est, anno autem [[1154]] [[Balduinus III (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Balduinus III]] successit. Urbs crucesignatis magni momenti fuit; anno autem [[1187]], [[4 Septembris|quarto die mensis Septembris]], a [[Saladinus|Saladino]] capta est, qui castella, ne Christiani eis uterentur, delevit.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> Anno [[1191]], [[Ricardus I (rex Angliae)|Ricardus I]] [[rex Angliae]] Ascalonem recepit murosque aedificavit, quos Arabes rursus deleverant. Anno [[1240]], [[Ricardus (comes Cornubiae)|Ricardus comes Cornubiae]] urbem iterum munivit. Anno autem [[1247]], [[Ayyubidae]] urbem ceperunt. Anno [[1270]], urbs a [[Mamluci|Mamlucis]] capta et deleta est, nec crucesignati eam rursus condiderunt. Duo [[oppidum|oppida]] Arabum, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Magdala||he|qid=Q132129150}} et Iagur, prope Ascalonem antiquam condita sunt, in quibus homines ex Aegypto vivebant.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> Ascalonis propter excidionem, Magdala magni momenti facta est.<ref>{{Opus | titulus= אשקלון - שכונת מגדל העברית | url= https://shimur.org/%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%A9%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%AA-%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%93%D7%9C-%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA/ | domus editoria= מועצה לשימור אתרי מורשת בישראל | nomen auctoris 1= גד | cognomen auctoris 1= סובול | nomen auctoris 2= אבי | cognomen auctoris 2= ששון | tempus= 01-10-2008}}</ref> === Aetas Turcica ac Britannica === === Aetas Israelita === Die [[5 Novembris]] anno [[1948]], locus ab [[Israel|Israele]] captus est. Urbs primum [[Lingua Hebraica|Hebraice]] vocatus est “Migdal Aza”, postea “Migdal Gad”, anno tandem [[1951]] “Migdal Aškelon”.<ref name="70anni"/> Mense Februario anno [[1950]], habitabant in eo loco 3500 [[Iudaeus|Iudaei]], et 2500 [[Arabes]].<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dav/1950/02/10/01/article/98 | titulus= מגדל־גד בהתפתחותה,בחירות ב־26 בפברואר | domus editoria= דבר | tempus= 10-02-1950 }}.</ref> Anno [[1955]], urbs Migal Aškelon et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Afridar||he|qid=Q6632325}}, qui prope eam erat, in unum coniunctae sunt, et urbs una vocatur Ascalon. Primus conventus consilii [[6 Octobris]] anno [[1955]] in Domo Populi, media in Afridare, coiit.<ref name="70anni">{{Opus | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/18231 | titulus= 70 שנה: 70 אירועים ודמויות מתולדות אשקלון | domus editoria= כאן דרום אשקלון | tempus= 19-04-2018 00:14 | nomen auctoris 1= ג'ני | cognomen auctoris 1= פרנקל שלום | nomen auctoris 2=גייל | cognomen auctoris 2= מיכאלי | nomen auctoris 3= אורי| cognomen auctoris 3= קריספין| nomen auctoris 4=דוד | cognomen auctoris 4= לוי}}</ref> Anni [[1975]]-[[1977]] in Ascalone duri fuerunt. Magnae in concilio urbis contentiones erant, debita creverunt, et culpae criminales primorum virorum municipii coeperunt. Mense [[November|Novembri]] anno [[1977]], consilium delegatum ad comitia populi, quae [[November|Novembri]] [[1978]] fuerunt, institutum est.<ref name="70anni" /> Anno [[1983]], {{Creanda|he| תחנת הכוח רוטנברג |electrificinae Ruthenbergiae}} aedificatio approbata est. Mense [[December|Decembri]] eo anno incepit opus, anno denique 1990 [[electrificina]] toti loco [[Electricitas|electricitatem]] suppeditare coepit.<ref name="70anni" /> [[Fasciculus:Khofit memorial in Ashkelon.jpg |thumb|upright=0.8| [[Monumentum]] in honorem mulieris Khofit quae a tromocrata interfecta est.]] Die [[25 Februarii]] anno [[1991]], dum per totam [[Israël|Israëlem]] multa [[Tromocratia|acta tromocratica]] fiebant, Ascalone una mulier impetu suidicali interfecta est et 36 homines vulnera acceperunt. Die [[14 Februarii]] [[2001]], tromocrata [[Lacinia Gazetica|Gazeticus]] Ascalone 8 homines [[Autocinetum|autocineto]] necavit. Die [[14 Maii]] anno [[2008]], [[Missile|missile]] {{Creanda|en| BM-21 Grad |Grad}} in secundo tabulato fori mercatorii in urbe cecidit, quod 15 homines laedet.<ref name="70anni" /> == Demographia == Anno [[2023]], 86.1 centesimae hominum qui in Ascalone vivebant [[Iudaei]] erant, 0.4 centesimae [[Musulmanus|Musulmani]], et 13.5 centesimae alias [[Religio|religiones]] profitebantur.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/DocLib/2026/local_authorities23/%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F.pdf | titulus= הרשויות המקומיות ישראל 2023 אשקלון | domus editoria= הלשכה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה }}.</ref> == Monumenta == === Saeptum Nationale Ascalonense === [[Fasciculus:Mosaic floor at Ashkelon.jpg |thumb|upright=0.8|[[Opus tessellatum]] in Saepto Nationali Ascalonense]] Ubi fuit urbs antiqua hodie est [[Saeptum Nationale Ascalonense]],<ref name="placesToVisit"/> quod anno [[1964]] primum [[saeptum nationale]] in Israele designatum est.<ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/mobile/0,7340,L-2124593,00.html | titulus= הגן הלאומי באשקלון | nomen auctoris= בועז | cognomen auctoris= כרמל | tempus= 26-09-2002 10:59 | domus editoria= ynet }}.</ref> Muri, qui urbem circumdederunt, in eo loco quoque hodie sunt. Saeptum [[hortus|hortum]] multis [[statua|statuis]] Romanis ornatum habet.<ref name="placesToVisit">{{Opus | url= https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vie/Ashkelon.html#Ashkelon | titulus= Ashkelon & Surroundings PLACES TO VISIT | domus editoria=Jewish Virtual Library}}.</ref> Altitudo vallis Chananaeae est 15 metra, latitudo 30 metra, longitudo 2200 metra.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.mako.co.il/travel-israel/magazine-themostbeautifulcities/Article-78f8f49c8c26371026.htm | domus editoria= mako | titulus= חופש הערים הכי יפות בארץ. מה יש לעשות באשקלון| tempus=19-05-2021}}.</ref> In saepto est basilica Romana, quam [[archeologus|archaeologi]] ab [[Herodes Magnus|Herode]] conditam esse putant,<ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.jpost.com/archaeology/2000-year-old-basilica-unearthed-in-ashkelon-669665 |titulus=2,000-year-old basilica unearthed in Ashkelon | nomen auctoris=Rosella | cognomen auctoris=Tercatin | domus editoria=Jerusalem Post | tempus=31-05-2021 19:25}}.</ref> et maximum in orbe terrarum canum coemeterium.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/mobile/0,7340,L-5047211,00.html | titulus=תעלומת בית הקברות לכלבים הגדול בעולם שהתגלה באשקלון | nomen auctoris= אסף| cognomen auctoris= קמר| tempus= 25-11-2017 07:59 | domus editoria= ynet}}.</ref> Anno [[2024]] Saeptum quintum in popularitate in Israele fuit; anno autem [[2025]] secundum.<ref>{{Opus | titulus= גם ב-2025 – זה אתר הטיולים הפופולרי בישראל | url=https://www.ynet.co.il/vacation/israeltrips/article/rjp9q7egwl | nomen auctoris= אסף| cognomen auctoris= רוזן| domus editoria=ynet | tempus= 08-12-2025 15:00 }}.</ref> Multa animalia quoquoe in hoc loco vivunt. [[Dendrocopos syriacus]], [[Upapa]], et [[Psittacula krameri]] in cavis arborum [[Tamarix|tamaricis]] veterum nidificant; [[Prinia gracilis]], [[Burhinus]], [[Passer hispaniolensis]], et [[Lanius nubicus]] in campis. [[Jynx torquilla]] et [[Luscinia svecica]] hieme in saepto inveniuntur. [[Laudakia stellio]], [[Vulpes vulpes]], [[Gazella gazella gazella]], [[Herpestes]], et [[Caretta caretta]] quoque invenientur in hoc loco.<ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.ynet.co.il/environment-science/article/skv5vvbsn | titulus= מחרדונים ועד נמיות: הצצה לעולם החי הקסום בגן הלאומי תל אשקלון | domus editoria= ynet | tempus= 28-07-2023 16:28}}.</ref> === Monumentum in honorem caesorum in bellis Israel === [[Fasciculus:Lanoflim Askelon 11.jpg | thumb |upright=0.8|[[Monumentum]] in honorem caesorum in bellis Israeliensibus.]] {{Creanda|he|אנדרטה לנופלים (אשקלון) | Monumentum in honorem caesorum in bellis Israel}} in prato herboso est ante [[Curia municipalis|curiam municipalem]]. Elementum sculptile compositum virtutem et bellum significat. Parietes aedificii sexanguli tabulas marmoris nigras constant, in quibus inscripta sunt nomina caesorum. In parite contra inscriptum est “Aeternum vobis gratias agimus. De gerenatione in generationem gloriam eorum narrabimus.”<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.izkor.gov.il/monument/en_d9b0257bc0e71a1983f1ec8d7e8bde66/ | titulus= אנדרטה לנופלים במערכות ישראל. אשקלון| domus editoria= יזכור }}.</ref> ===Portus Navigiorum Ascalonensis=== [[Fasciculus:מרינה אשקלון.PNG|thumb|upright=0.8|Portus Navigiorum Ascalonensis.]] {{Creanda|he| מרינה אשקלון | Portus Navigiorum Ascalonensis}}, anno [[1991]] conditus, locus est ad navigia velifera et [[Navis lusoria |naves lusorias]] ancorandas, et multasque [[Popina sellariola| popinas sellariolas]] habet.<ref>{{Opus| url= https://baliletayel.co.il/atraction/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94-%D7%A9%D7%9C-%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%AA-%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%93-%D7%9E/ | titulus= המרינה של אשקלון – טיילת אטרקטיבית לצד מעגן סירות | domus editoria= בא לי לטייל}}.</ref> Portus, qui plerumque ad oblectamentum destinatur, in {{Creanda| en| Twelve-Day War |bello contra Iraniam}} magni momenti factus est. Homines eo usi sunt ut via ad Israëlem ingrediendum et ex eo egrediendum esset, cum [[aeroportus]] clausus esset.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/95583 | titulus= מי היה מאמין? זה התפקיד של המרינה באשקלון במלחמה עם איראן | domus editoria= כאן דרום אשקלון | tempus= 18-06-2025 15:22}}.</ref> Porum visitant non modo qui in Ascalone habitant, sed quoque in [[Berosaba]], [[Azotus|Azoto]], [[Kiriat-Gat]], et aliis urbibus.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.israelhayom.co.il/travel/tourism-news/article/19966651 | titulus= שעה מתל אביב: מתחם הבילוי שעבר מהפך - וכולם נוהרים אליו | nomen auctoris= ליאת | cognomen auctoris= מופז מילצ'ן | tempus= 23-02-2026 19:40 | domus editoria= ישראל היום}}.</ref> == Urbes geminae == * {{Vexillum icon|Canada}} [[Côte Saint-Luc]], [[Quebecum]], [[Canada]] (ab anno [[1975]])<ref>{{opus | url=https://cotesaintluc.org/en/the-city/about-csl/ | titulus=About CSL | domus editoria= cotesaintluc.org}}</ref><ref>{{opus | url=https://www.bnaibrith.ca/advocacy/jewish-heritage-month/jhm-cote-saint-luc/ | titulus=JEWISH HERITAGE MONTH PARTNER: COTE SAINT LUC, QUEBEC | domus editoria= Bnai Brith Canada}}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Ruthenia Alba}} [[Grodna]], [[Ruthenia Alba]] (ab anno [[2011]])<ref>{{Opus | tempus= 23-02-2011 | url= https://ashkelon.news/article/9023 |titulus= עוד עיר תאומה ברית ערים תאומות נחתמה בין העיר אשקלון לגרודנו (בלרוס). רה"ע של גרודנו קוזלקוב בוריס הגיע לאשקלון עם אנשי עסקים המעוניינים ליצור קשרי מסחר | domus editoria= ashkelon.news}}</ref><ref>{{Opus | tempus= 2011-03-01 13:16 | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402150430/https://news.tut.by/society/216834.html | titulus= Израильский город Ашкелон стал двенадцатым городом-побратимом Гродно | domus editoria=news.tut.by}}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Francia}} [[Aquae Sextiae]], [[Francia]] (ab anno [[1994]])<ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.aixenprovence.fr/Ashkelon-ISRAEL | titulus=Ashkelon (ISRAEL) | domus editoria= aixenprovence.fr}}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Germania}} [[Pancovium]], [[Germania]] (Ab anno [[1994]])<ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.berlin.de/ba-pankow/ueber-den-bezirk/staedtepartner/artikel.1535473.en.php | titulus = City Partnerships | domus editoria= Bezirksamt Pankow}}</ref><ref>{{Opus | url=https://pankow-ashkelon.org/en/about-us | titulus= About Us | domus editoria= Freundeskreis Berlin Pankow-Ashkelon}}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Portlandia (Oregonia)|Portlandia]], [[Oregonia]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[1987]])<ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.studycountry.com/wiki/what-is-portland-oregon-sister-city | titulus=What is Portland Oregon sister city? | domus editoria= studycountry.com}}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Baltimora (Terra Mariae)|Baltimora]], [[Terra Mariae]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2003]])<ref>{{Opus | url=https://baltimorefishbowl.com/stories/baltimores-awkward-relationship-sister-cities/ |domus editoria= Baltimore Fish Bowl | titulus=Baltimore’s Awkward Relationship with Our Sister Cities |nomen auctoris=Rachel | cognomen auctoris=Monroe | tempus=22-04-2014}}</ref><ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.jewishtimes.com/baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-supports-israeli-city-after-rocket-strikes/ | titulus= Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership Supports Israeli City After Rocket Strikes | nomen auctoris=Jillian |cognomen auctoris=Diamond | tempus=24-05-2023 | domus editoria=Jewish Times}}</ref><ref>{{Opus |url=https://associated.org/stories/the-baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-celebrating-20-years/ | titulus=The Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership: Celebrating 20 Years | domus editoria= The Associated Jewish Federation in Baltimore}}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Sacramentum (California)|Sacramentum]], [[California]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2012]])<ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/after-battle-sacramento-okays-sisterhood-with-ashkelon/ | domus editoria= Times of Israel | titulus= After battle, Sacramento okays sisterhood with Ashkelon | nomen auctoris= Joshua | cognomen auctoris= Davidovich | tempus=15-08-2012}}</ref><ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/sacramento/news/sumy-ukraine-becomes-sacramentos-latest-sister-city/ | titulus=Sumy, Ukraine becomes Sacramento's latest Sister City | domus editoria= CBS News | nomen auctoris=Cecilio | cognomen auctoris= Padilla| tempus=29-06-2023}} “Eleven other cities have been named Sister Cities with Sacramento … Ashkelon, Israel”</ref><ref>{{Opus |url=https://jweekly.com/2012/08/17/its-unanimous-sacramento-ashkelon-now-sister-cities/ | domus editoria= Jewish Weekly | titulus= Its unanimous: Sacramento, Ashkelon now sister cities | nomen auctoris= Emma | cognomen auctoris=Silvers |tempus=17-08-2012}}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Polonia}} [[Sopot (Polonia)|Sopot]], [[Polonia]] (ab anno [[1993]] ad annum [[2025]])<ref>{{Opus | titulus= Sopot pierwszym samorządem w Polsce, który zerwał partnerstwo z izraelskim miastem. Zdecydowali o tym radni | url= https://trojmiasto.wyborcza.pl/trojmiasto/7,35612,32429747,sopot-pierwszy-w-polsce-zerwal-partnerstwo-z-izraelskim-miastem.html | tempus=27-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= Maciej | cognomen auctoris= Pietrzak | domus editoria= wyborcza.pl}}</ref><ref>{{Opus | titulus= הלחץ הפרו-פלסטיני הכריע 30 שנות יחסים: בוטל הסכם "ערים תאומות" בין אשקלון לסופוט | url= https://www.maariv.co.il/news/world/article-1257675 | tempus=01-12-2025 | nomen auctoris= דן | cognomen auctoris= עזרא | domus editoria= מעריב}}</ref><ref>{{Opus | titulus= "בגלל רצח העם בעזה": עיירת נופש בפולין ביטלה ברית ערים תאומות עם אשקלון | url= https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r1ucjukbbx | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris 1= איתמר | cognomen auctoris 1= אייכנר | domus editoria= ynet | nomen auctoris 2= רוני | cognomen auctoris 2= גרין שאולוב}}</ref><ref>{{Opus | titulus= לאחר 32 שנים: בוטלה שותפות עיר תאומה עם אשקלון בגלל "רצח עם בעזה" | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/99197 | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= דוד | cognomen auctoris= לוי | domus editoria= כאן חדשות דרום אשקלון}}</ref><ref>{{Opus | titulus= "רצח עם": העיר באירופה שביטלה הסכם ערים עם אשקלון | url= https://www.i24news.tv/he/news/international/europe/artc-30d542eb | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= מעיין | cognomen auctoris= רפאל | domus editoria= i24}}.</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Ucraina}} [[Uman]], [[Regio Circassiensis]], [[Ucraina]] (ab anno [[2010]])<ref>{{Opus|url=https://uman-rada.gov.ua/index.php/mizhnarodni-zviazky | domus editoria=Уманська міська рада Виконавчий комітет | titulus=Міжнародні зв'язки}}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|India}} [[Vadodara]], [[Guzarata]], [[India]] (ab anno [[2017]])<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/municipality/10841 | titulus= אשקלון-בארודה ערים תאומות: ראש הממשלה מברך| domus editoria= כאן דרום אשקלון | nomen auctoris= ג'ני | cognomen auctoris= פרנקל שלום | tempus= 8-12-2017 15:13 }}</ref><ref>{{Opus| url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/11526 | titulus= העירייה: כ-2,000 משתתפים בפסטיבל הודו באשקלון | domus editoria= כאן דרום אשקלון| nomen auctoris= אלירם | cognomen auctoris= משה | tempus= 20-12-2017 12:07 }}.</ref> == Notae == <references /> == Nexus interni == * [[Ascalon (urbs antiqua)]] * [[Israël]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Ashkelon|Ascalonam}} {{Fontes geographici}} [[Categoria:Israel]] [[Categoria:Urbes antiquae]] [[Categoria:Urbes Israelis]] 7xs0zmo6oybq9mg12q6ngf7gvrc2mxd 3965783 3965782 2026-06-20T17:18:01Z Archaeocursor 206441 /* Aetas Israelita */ 3965783 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Adumbratio}}</noinclude>{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:93439_marina_ashkelon_PikiWiki_Israel.jpg|thumb]] {{res|Ascalon}} ([[Hebraice]] אַשְׁקְלוֹן) est [[urbs]] in [[Israël]]e sita. Quae urbs primum condita esse abhinc annorum decem milia dicitur. [[Portus|Portum]] habebat, unde [[merx|merces]] et inferebantur et exportabantur.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = "העבר של אשקלון הוא הנשמה שלה, ועדות לכל מה שהיא מסמלת" | lingua = he | domus editoria = The Marker | url = https://www.themarker.com/labels/ashkelon/2022-09-22/ty-article-labels/00000183-6525-dd85-a9f3-67bfe3d00000 }}.</ref> Ascalon una ex quinque urbibus [[Philistaei|Philistaeorum]] est quae in [[Liber Iosue|libro Iosue]] 13:3 memorantur.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = Ascalon | domus editoria = New Advent | url = https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01766b.htm }}.</ref> Urbs autem hodierna anno [[1948]] condita est.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = היסטוריה ותרבות באשקלון – כשישן וחדש נפגשים | domus editoria = אלדן | url = https://www.eldan.co.il/magazine/carrental/rentcarashkelon/history-ashkelon# }}.</ref> Anno [[2020]] circiter 146&thinsp;500 homines ibi habitabant.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = אשקלון | lingua = he | domus editoria = הלשקה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה | url = https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2022/local_authorities20_1879/58_7100.pdf }}.</ref> == Historia == === Ascalon praehistorica === Ascalon [[Neolithicum|neolithica]] circiter centum metra a mari iacebat, 15-20 metra supra [[maris aequor]]. Multa instrumenta [[silicium|silicea]] et [[lapis|lapidea]], nonnulla autem [[os (ossis)|ossea]], in eo loco inventa sunt necnon [[Ossa humana|ossium humanorum]] fragmenta. Bona testimonia [[ovis|ovium]] domesticarum quoque sunt, quae in [[regio]]nem fortasse [[Millennium 6 a.C.n.|millenio 6 a.C.n.]] introductae sunt.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/27926432 | titulus= A Late Neolithic Site near Ashkelon | nomen auctoris 1= Jean | cognomen auctoris 1= Perrot | nomen auctoris 2= Avi | cognomen auctoris 2= Gopher | domus editoria = Israel Exploration Journal | volumen= 46 | paginae= 145-166 | annus = 1996 | fasciculus= 3/4}}.</ref> Prima [[Aetas aënea|Aetate aënea]] Ascalon ad instrumenta ex [[Cuprum|cupro]] {{Creanda | en | Arabah | Arabahensi}} facienda praecipue exculta est. Inventa [[archaeologia|archaeologica]] cum migratione fabrorum aerariorum ex [[Berosaba]] congruunt.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-archaeological-journal/article/cultural-metallurgya-key-factor-in-the-transition-from-the-chalcolithic-to-bronze-age-in-the-southern-levant/0B642A3959D1C9B9BA9EF447AAD59EC3 | titulus= Cultural Metallurgy-A Key Factor in the Transition from the Chalcolithic to Bronze Age in the Southern Levant | domus editoria= Cambridge Archaeological Journal | volumen= 32 | fasciculus= 3 | annus= 2021 | cognomen auctoris= Amzallag | nomen auctoris = Amzallag | paginae= 445-465}}.</ref> Argumenta sunt instrumentorum metallicorum in laniena animalium usurpatorum, sed maxima pars signorum secturarum instrumentis lapideis facta est.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Haskel-Greenfield/publication/285404224_Metallurgy_in_the_Near_East_A_Zooarchaeological_Perspective_on_the_Origins_of_Metallurgy_in_the_Near_East_Analysis_of_Stone_and_Metal_Cut_Marks_on_Bone_from_Israel/links/565de58208ae4988a7bd14d2/Metallurgy-in-the-Near-East-A-Zooarchaeological-Perspective-on-the-Origins-of-Metallurgy-in-the-Near-East-Analysis-of-Stone-and-Metal-Cut-Marks-on-Bone-from-Israel.pdf | titulus= Metallurgy in the Near East A Zooarchaeological Perspective on the Origins of Metallurgy in the Near East: Analysis of Stone and Metal Cut Marks on Bone from Israel | nomen auctoris= Haskel J. | cognomen auctoris= Greenfield}}.</ref> === Historia antiqua === {{Paginae principales|Ascalon (urbs antiqua)}} [[Fasciculus:Ashkelon – The Canaanite city gate and ramparts.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Ascalonis Chananaeae porta.]] Urbs [[Chanaan|Chananaea]] [[Saeculum 20 a.C.n.|saeculo vicensimo a.C.n.]] condita est, longitudine 1100 metrorum et latitudine 600 metrorum, moenibus quindecim metra altis circumdata.<ref name="BibleWalks">{{Opus | titulus = Tel Ashkelon | domus editoria = Bible Walks | url = https://www.biblewalks.com/ashkelon/ }}.</ref> Primum memorantur Ascalon in textibus execrationis [[Aegyptus|Aegyptiis]] quae ad {{Creanda|en|Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt|Domus Aegypti 11|undecimam dynastiam}} referuntur, et per dynastias {{Creanda|en|Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt|Domus Aegypti 18|XVIII}} ad XX fortasse urbs Chananaea Aegyptiorum imperio subiecta erat. Anno [[1280 a.C.n.]], frustra Ascalon contra [[Rhamses II|Ramsem II]] rebellavit. Anno [[1229 a.C.n.]], urbs ab [[Amenephthis|Amenephthe]] [[Pharao]]ne rursus capta est.<ref name="JewishLibrary">{{Opus | titulus = Ashkelon | domus editoria = Jewish Virtual Library | url = https://jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ashkelon }}.</ref> Ascalon a [[Tribus Iudae|tribu Iudae]] capta est:<ref name="BibleWalks"/> <blockquote>Cepitque Iudas [[Gaza]]m cum finibus suis et Ascalonem atque Accaron cum terminis suis. (Iudicum 1:18).<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_iudicum_lt.html | titulus= Nova Vulgata LIBER IUDICUM | domus editoria= Vatican}}.</ref></blockquote> [[Saeculum 12 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodecimo a.C.n.]], urbs a [[Philistaei|Philistaeis]] capta est. Ascalon saepe in [[narratio]]nibus de [[Samson]]e in [[Biblia|Bibliis]] commemoratur. Quae urbs tempore {{Creanda|en|Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|Regnum Israeliticum (monarchia unita)|monarchiae Israeliticae}} adhuc erat Philistaeorum una ex praecipuis urbibus.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/> [[Saul (Rex)|Saul]], Israëlis Rex primus, Philistinos Philistinos vicit et multas urbes cepit. Rex ipse in proelio cecidit, [[David]]que lugens eos versiculos recitavit:<ref name="BibleWalks"/> <blockquote>Incliti, o Israel, super montes tuos interfecti, quomodo ceciderunt fortes! Nolite annuntiare in Geth neque annuntietis in compitis Ascalonis, ne forte laetentur filiae Philisthim, ne exsultent filiae incircumcisorum. (II Samuelis 1:19-20),<ref>{{opus |titulus=Nova Vulgata LIBER SECUNDUS SAMUELIS |domus editoria= Vatican | url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_ii-samuelis_lt.html}}.</ref></blockquote> Ascalonem punitum iri praedixerunt prophetae [[Ieremias]], [[Amos (propheta)|Amos]], [[Sophonias]], et [[Zacharias (propheta)|Zacharias]].<ref name="BibleWalks"/> [[Saeculum 18 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodevicensimo a.C.n.]] a regno Ascalonis multas terras a regno expugnavit [[Assyria]], et Anno [[734 a.C.n.]] urbs a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Tiglatpileser III|Tiglatpilesero III|en|qid=Q210074}} capta est. Anno [[732 a.C.n.]] Rex Ascalonis frustra contra Assyrios rebellavit, propter quod urbs graviter punita est. [[Rex Sidqia]] postea participavit in alia rebellione contra Assyriam, duce [[Ezechias|Ezechia]]. Apud [[Sennacherib]], urbes Sidqiae prope [[Iappa|Iappam]] captae sunt, et Ascalon ipse se dedidit, cuius rex exsulatus est. Tributum quod Ascalon reddidit in inscriptionibus principum Esarhaddon et Assurbanipal memoratur, qui urbem fine [[Saeculum 7 a.C.n.|saeculi 7]] et initio [[Saeculum 6 a.C.n.|sexto a.C.n.]] ad [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegyptum]] pugnandum adhibuit. De calamitatibus quas urbs sufferebat scripserunt prophetae biblici.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/> Cum imperium Assyriorum caderet, Aegyptus urbem occupavit. Anno [[604 a.C.n.]], Ascalon a [[Nabuchodonosor II|Nabuchodonosore]] deleta est, qui multos cives urbis exsulavit, quo facto sexcentorum annorum praesentiae Philistaeorum in Israele finis impositus est. Munitiones Ascalonis post Babylonicam excidionem non reaedificatae sunt.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/><ref name="BibleWalks"/> Sub [[Imperium Achaemenidarum|imperio Persarum]], quod Ascalonem a Babyloniis cepit, Iudaeis [[Ierusalem]] redire licuit, sed Ascalon tum pars provinciae Iudaeae non fuit. In Ascalone ceterisque urbibus Philistaeorum, habitabant [[Phoenices]], et ipsa Ascalon [[Tyros|Tyriorum]] dicioni parebat. Id urbi magnas divitias attulit. [[Archaeologus|Archaeologi]] in Ascalone magnum [[Ascalonis Canum Coemeterium|canum coemeterium]] invenerunt, quod ad ritum Phoenicum pertinebat. In eo coemeterio plus quam mille [[Canis|canes]] erant.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandro Magno]] Ascalon se anno [[332 a.C.n.]] dedit, neque, ut [[Gaza]], laesa est.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> Post divisionem imperii [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandri]], Ascalon in [[Regnum Ptolemaicum|regno Ptolemaico]] erat, et urbs sui iuris facta est. Tum [[Iudaei]] in Ascalone [[floruit|floruerunt]]. Urbs deinde ab [[Antiochus III|Antiocho III]] capta sedes [[Cultura Graeca|culturae Graecae]] magni momenti facta est. Propter imminutam potentiam [[Seleucidae|Seleucidarum]], Anno [[104 a.C.n.]] Ascalon rursus in [[libertas|libertatem]] se recepit. Reges {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Hyrcanus|Ioannes Hyrcanus|en|he|qid=Q319043}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Alexander Jannaeus|Alexander Jannaeus|en|he|qid=Q319107}} ex [[Hasmonaei|genere Hasmonaeorum]] urbem capere frustra conati sunt.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/> [[Fasciculus:Ask NTL PARK.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Columnae Romanae in Saepto Nationali Ascalonis.]] [[Imperium Romanum|Aetate Romana]], Colonia Ascalonensis liberate et foederata fuit. In urbe [[Paganismus|pagani]] [[Apollo|Apollinem]], [[Hercules|Herculem]], et [[Atargatis|Atargatidem]] venerati sunt, deam facie et parte superiore corporis muliebri, parte inferiore corporis et cauda piscis. [[Herodes Magnus|Herodes]], quamquam urbem non regebat, fora tamen ibi atque balnea publica hortosque exstruxit, fortasse quod ibi natus erat. In [[Primum Bellum Iudaicum|primo bello Iudaico]], Ascalon Iudaeos aggressus, victor exiit.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/> Tempore [[Misna]] et [[Talmud]], [[Iudaei]] in urbe degere soliti sunt, quarum [[Synagoga|synagogas]] [[Synagoga|archeologi]] invenerunt. In Talmude de [[Arbustum|pomariis]], quae reditus e [[Babylonia]] prope Ascalonem fundaverunt, legitur.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/> [[Aetas Byzantina|Aetate Byzantina]], urbs [[Religio Christiana|Christiana]] facta est. Ascalon sedes commercii [[vinum|vini]] optimi et [[frumentum|frumenti]] erat.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> [[Vinum]] ex Ascalone illo tempore in [[Anglia]] repertum est.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://cbnisrael.org/2024/10/15/biblical-israel-ashkelon-4/ | titulus= Biblical Israel: Ashkelon | cognomen auctoris= Turnage | nomen auctoris= Marc | tempus=15-10-2024 | domus editoria=CBN Israel}}.</ref> === Medium Aevum === Anno [[637]] Ascalon ab Arabibus capta atque deleta est. Anno [[685]] urbs restituta est, in qua iam et [[Christianus|Christiani]] et [[Iudaei]] et [[Samaritani]] et [[Musulmanus|Musulmani]] habitabant. Inter religiones interdum erant conflictus, propter quos ecclesia in urbe anno [[937]] combusta est.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> [[Fasciculus:Battle of Ascalon-engraving.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Pugna Ascalonis.]] Cum [[Regnum Hierosolymitanum]] a [[Expeditio sacra|crucesignatis]] conditum esset, urbs inter Christianos et Musulmanos finis facta est. Diu exercitus circa urbem pugnaverunt, et anno [[1099]] [[Pugna Ascalonis|pugna Ascalonis]] committeretur. Crucesignati Ascalonem aliquandiu teneuerunt, deinde ad [[Oriens|orientem]] se receperunt. Ab anno [[1101]] ad annum [[1114]] Aegyptii terram sanctam capere conabantur, dum duus exercitus circa urbem saepissime puganabant. Anno [[1125]] Rex [[Balduinus II (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Balduinus II]] Ascalonem capere frustra conatus est, anno autem [[1154]] [[Balduinus III (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Balduinus III]] successit. Urbs crucesignatis magni momenti fuit; anno autem [[1187]], [[4 Septembris|quarto die mensis Septembris]], a [[Saladinus|Saladino]] capta est, qui castella, ne Christiani eis uterentur, delevit.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> Anno [[1191]], [[Ricardus I (rex Angliae)|Ricardus I]] [[rex Angliae]] Ascalonem recepit murosque aedificavit, quos Arabes rursus deleverant. Anno [[1240]], [[Ricardus (comes Cornubiae)|Ricardus comes Cornubiae]] urbem iterum munivit. Anno autem [[1247]], [[Ayyubidae]] urbem ceperunt. Anno [[1270]], urbs a [[Mamluci|Mamlucis]] capta et deleta est, nec crucesignati eam rursus condiderunt. Duo [[oppidum|oppida]] Arabum, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Magdala||he|qid=Q132129150}} et Iagur, prope Ascalonem antiquam condita sunt, in quibus homines ex Aegypto vivebant.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> Ascalonis propter excidionem, Magdala magni momenti facta est.<ref>{{Opus | titulus= אשקלון - שכונת מגדל העברית | url= https://shimur.org/%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%A9%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%AA-%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%93%D7%9C-%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA/ | domus editoria= מועצה לשימור אתרי מורשת בישראל | nomen auctoris 1= גד | cognomen auctoris 1= סובול | nomen auctoris 2= אבי | cognomen auctoris 2= ששון | tempus= 01-10-2008}}</ref> === Aetas Turcica ac Britannica === === Aetas Israelita === Die [[5 Novembris]] anno [[1948]], locus ab [[Israel|Israele]] captus est. Urbs primum [[Lingua Hebraica|Hebraice]] vocatus est “Migdal Aza”, postea “Migdal Gad”, anno tandem [[1951]] “Migdal Aškelon”.<ref name="70anni"/> Mense Februario anno [[1950]], habitabant in eo loco 3500 [[Iudaeus|Iudaei]], et 2500 [[Arabes]].<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dav/1950/02/10/01/article/98 | titulus= מגדל־גד בהתפתחותה,בחירות ב־26 בפברואר | domus editoria= דבר | tempus= 10-02-1950 }}.</ref> Anno [[1955]], urbs Migal Aškelon et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Afridar||he|qid=Q6632325}}, qui prope eam erat, in unum coniunctae sunt, et urbs una vocatur Ascalon. Primus conventus consilii [[6 Octobris]] anno [[1955]] in Domo Populi, media in Afridare, coiit. Mense [[Iulius|Iulio]] anno [[1961]], [[Valetudinarium|valetudinarium]] {{Creanda|he| מרכז רפואי ברזילי | Brazili}} conditum est in urbe.<ref name="70anni">{{Opus | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/18231 | titulus= 70 שנה: 70 אירועים ודמויות מתולדות אשקלון | domus editoria= כאן דרום אשקלון | tempus= 19-04-2018 00:14 | nomen auctoris 1= ג'ני | cognomen auctoris 1= פרנקל שלום | nomen auctoris 2=גייל | cognomen auctoris 2= מיכאלי | nomen auctoris 3= אורי| cognomen auctoris 3= קריספין| nomen auctoris 4=דוד | cognomen auctoris 4= לוי}}</ref> Anni [[1975]]-[[1977]] in Ascalone duri fuerunt. Magnae in concilio urbis contentiones erant, debita creverunt, et culpae criminales primorum virorum municipii coeperunt. Mense [[November|Novembri]] anno [[1977]], consilium delegatum ad comitia populi, quae [[November|Novembri]] [[1978]] fuerunt, institutum est.<ref name="70anni" /> Anno [[1983]], {{Creanda|he| תחנת הכוח רוטנברג |electrificinae Ruthenbergiae}} aedificatio approbata est. Mense [[December|Decembri]] eo anno incepit opus, anno denique 1990 [[electrificina]] toti loco [[Electricitas|electricitatem]] suppeditare coepit.<ref name="70anni" /> [[Fasciculus:Khofit memorial in Ashkelon.jpg |thumb|upright=0.8| [[Monumentum]] in honorem mulieris Khofit quae a tromocrata interfecta est.]] Die [[25 Februarii]] anno [[1991]], dum per totam [[Israël|Israëlem]] multa [[Tromocratia|acta tromocratica]] fiebant, Ascalone una mulier impetu suidicali interfecta est et 36 homines vulnera acceperunt. Die [[14 Februarii]] [[2001]], tromocrata [[Lacinia Gazetica|Gazeticus]] Ascalone 8 homines [[Autocinetum|autocineto]] necavit. Die [[14 Maii]] anno [[2008]], [[Missile|missile]] {{Creanda|en| BM-21 Grad |Grad}} in secundo tabulato fori mercatorii in urbe cecidit, quod 15 homines laedet.<ref name="70anni" /> == Demographia == Anno [[2023]], 86.1 centesimae hominum qui in Ascalone vivebant [[Iudaei]] erant, 0.4 centesimae [[Musulmanus|Musulmani]], et 13.5 centesimae alias [[Religio|religiones]] profitebantur.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/DocLib/2026/local_authorities23/%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F.pdf | titulus= הרשויות המקומיות ישראל 2023 אשקלון | domus editoria= הלשכה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה }}.</ref> == Monumenta == === Saeptum Nationale Ascalonense === [[Fasciculus:Mosaic floor at Ashkelon.jpg |thumb|upright=0.8|[[Opus tessellatum]] in Saepto Nationali Ascalonense]] Ubi fuit urbs antiqua hodie est [[Saeptum Nationale Ascalonense]],<ref name="placesToVisit"/> quod anno [[1964]] primum [[saeptum nationale]] in Israele designatum est.<ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/mobile/0,7340,L-2124593,00.html | titulus= הגן הלאומי באשקלון | nomen auctoris= בועז | cognomen auctoris= כרמל | tempus= 26-09-2002 10:59 | domus editoria= ynet }}.</ref> Muri, qui urbem circumdederunt, in eo loco quoque hodie sunt. Saeptum [[hortus|hortum]] multis [[statua|statuis]] Romanis ornatum habet.<ref name="placesToVisit">{{Opus | url= https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vie/Ashkelon.html#Ashkelon | titulus= Ashkelon & Surroundings PLACES TO VISIT | domus editoria=Jewish Virtual Library}}.</ref> Altitudo vallis Chananaeae est 15 metra, latitudo 30 metra, longitudo 2200 metra.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.mako.co.il/travel-israel/magazine-themostbeautifulcities/Article-78f8f49c8c26371026.htm | domus editoria= mako | titulus= חופש הערים הכי יפות בארץ. מה יש לעשות באשקלון| tempus=19-05-2021}}.</ref> In saepto est basilica Romana, quam [[archeologus|archaeologi]] ab [[Herodes Magnus|Herode]] conditam esse putant,<ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.jpost.com/archaeology/2000-year-old-basilica-unearthed-in-ashkelon-669665 |titulus=2,000-year-old basilica unearthed in Ashkelon | nomen auctoris=Rosella | cognomen auctoris=Tercatin | domus editoria=Jerusalem Post | tempus=31-05-2021 19:25}}.</ref> et maximum in orbe terrarum canum coemeterium.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/mobile/0,7340,L-5047211,00.html | titulus=תעלומת בית הקברות לכלבים הגדול בעולם שהתגלה באשקלון | nomen auctoris= אסף| cognomen auctoris= קמר| tempus= 25-11-2017 07:59 | domus editoria= ynet}}.</ref> Anno [[2024]] Saeptum quintum in popularitate in Israele fuit; anno autem [[2025]] secundum.<ref>{{Opus | titulus= גם ב-2025 – זה אתר הטיולים הפופולרי בישראל | url=https://www.ynet.co.il/vacation/israeltrips/article/rjp9q7egwl | nomen auctoris= אסף| cognomen auctoris= רוזן| domus editoria=ynet | tempus= 08-12-2025 15:00 }}.</ref> Multa animalia quoquoe in hoc loco vivunt. [[Dendrocopos syriacus]], [[Upapa]], et [[Psittacula krameri]] in cavis arborum [[Tamarix|tamaricis]] veterum nidificant; [[Prinia gracilis]], [[Burhinus]], [[Passer hispaniolensis]], et [[Lanius nubicus]] in campis. [[Jynx torquilla]] et [[Luscinia svecica]] hieme in saepto inveniuntur. [[Laudakia stellio]], [[Vulpes vulpes]], [[Gazella gazella gazella]], [[Herpestes]], et [[Caretta caretta]] quoque invenientur in hoc loco.<ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.ynet.co.il/environment-science/article/skv5vvbsn | titulus= מחרדונים ועד נמיות: הצצה לעולם החי הקסום בגן הלאומי תל אשקלון | domus editoria= ynet | tempus= 28-07-2023 16:28}}.</ref> === Monumentum in honorem caesorum in bellis Israel === [[Fasciculus:Lanoflim Askelon 11.jpg | thumb |upright=0.8|[[Monumentum]] in honorem caesorum in bellis Israeliensibus.]] {{Creanda|he|אנדרטה לנופלים (אשקלון) | Monumentum in honorem caesorum in bellis Israel}} in prato herboso est ante [[Curia municipalis|curiam municipalem]]. Elementum sculptile compositum virtutem et bellum significat. Parietes aedificii sexanguli tabulas marmoris nigras constant, in quibus inscripta sunt nomina caesorum. In parite contra inscriptum est “Aeternum vobis gratias agimus. De gerenatione in generationem gloriam eorum narrabimus.”<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.izkor.gov.il/monument/en_d9b0257bc0e71a1983f1ec8d7e8bde66/ | titulus= אנדרטה לנופלים במערכות ישראל. אשקלון| domus editoria= יזכור }}.</ref> ===Portus Navigiorum Ascalonensis=== [[Fasciculus:מרינה אשקלון.PNG|thumb|upright=0.8|Portus Navigiorum Ascalonensis.]] {{Creanda|he| מרינה אשקלון | Portus Navigiorum Ascalonensis}}, anno [[1991]] conditus, locus est ad navigia velifera et [[Navis lusoria |naves lusorias]] ancorandas, et multasque [[Popina sellariola| popinas sellariolas]] habet.<ref>{{Opus| url= https://baliletayel.co.il/atraction/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94-%D7%A9%D7%9C-%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%AA-%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%93-%D7%9E/ | titulus= המרינה של אשקלון – טיילת אטרקטיבית לצד מעגן סירות | domus editoria= בא לי לטייל}}.</ref> Portus, qui plerumque ad oblectamentum destinatur, in {{Creanda| en| Twelve-Day War |bello contra Iraniam}} magni momenti factus est. Homines eo usi sunt ut via ad Israëlem ingrediendum et ex eo egrediendum esset, cum [[aeroportus]] clausus esset.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/95583 | titulus= מי היה מאמין? זה התפקיד של המרינה באשקלון במלחמה עם איראן | domus editoria= כאן דרום אשקלון | tempus= 18-06-2025 15:22}}.</ref> Porum visitant non modo qui in Ascalone habitant, sed quoque in [[Berosaba]], [[Azotus|Azoto]], [[Kiriat-Gat]], et aliis urbibus.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.israelhayom.co.il/travel/tourism-news/article/19966651 | titulus= שעה מתל אביב: מתחם הבילוי שעבר מהפך - וכולם נוהרים אליו | nomen auctoris= ליאת | cognomen auctoris= מופז מילצ'ן | tempus= 23-02-2026 19:40 | domus editoria= ישראל היום}}.</ref> == Urbes geminae == * {{Vexillum icon|Canada}} [[Côte Saint-Luc]], [[Quebecum]], [[Canada]] (ab anno [[1975]])<ref>{{opus | url=https://cotesaintluc.org/en/the-city/about-csl/ | titulus=About CSL | domus editoria= cotesaintluc.org}}</ref><ref>{{opus | url=https://www.bnaibrith.ca/advocacy/jewish-heritage-month/jhm-cote-saint-luc/ | titulus=JEWISH HERITAGE MONTH PARTNER: COTE SAINT LUC, QUEBEC | domus editoria= Bnai Brith Canada}}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Ruthenia Alba}} [[Grodna]], [[Ruthenia Alba]] (ab anno [[2011]])<ref>{{Opus | tempus= 23-02-2011 | url= https://ashkelon.news/article/9023 |titulus= עוד עיר תאומה ברית ערים תאומות נחתמה בין העיר אשקלון לגרודנו (בלרוס). רה"ע של גרודנו קוזלקוב בוריס הגיע לאשקלון עם אנשי עסקים המעוניינים ליצור קשרי מסחר | domus editoria= ashkelon.news}}</ref><ref>{{Opus | tempus= 2011-03-01 13:16 | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402150430/https://news.tut.by/society/216834.html | titulus= Израильский город Ашкелон стал двенадцатым городом-побратимом Гродно | domus editoria=news.tut.by}}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Francia}} [[Aquae Sextiae]], [[Francia]] (ab anno [[1994]])<ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.aixenprovence.fr/Ashkelon-ISRAEL | titulus=Ashkelon (ISRAEL) | domus editoria= aixenprovence.fr}}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Germania}} [[Pancovium]], [[Germania]] (Ab anno [[1994]])<ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.berlin.de/ba-pankow/ueber-den-bezirk/staedtepartner/artikel.1535473.en.php | titulus = City Partnerships | domus editoria= Bezirksamt Pankow}}</ref><ref>{{Opus | url=https://pankow-ashkelon.org/en/about-us | titulus= About Us | domus editoria= Freundeskreis Berlin Pankow-Ashkelon}}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Portlandia (Oregonia)|Portlandia]], [[Oregonia]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[1987]])<ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.studycountry.com/wiki/what-is-portland-oregon-sister-city | titulus=What is Portland Oregon sister city? | domus editoria= studycountry.com}}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Baltimora (Terra Mariae)|Baltimora]], [[Terra Mariae]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2003]])<ref>{{Opus | url=https://baltimorefishbowl.com/stories/baltimores-awkward-relationship-sister-cities/ |domus editoria= Baltimore Fish Bowl | titulus=Baltimore’s Awkward Relationship with Our Sister Cities |nomen auctoris=Rachel | cognomen auctoris=Monroe | tempus=22-04-2014}}</ref><ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.jewishtimes.com/baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-supports-israeli-city-after-rocket-strikes/ | titulus= Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership Supports Israeli City After Rocket Strikes | nomen auctoris=Jillian |cognomen auctoris=Diamond | tempus=24-05-2023 | domus editoria=Jewish Times}}</ref><ref>{{Opus |url=https://associated.org/stories/the-baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-celebrating-20-years/ | titulus=The Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership: Celebrating 20 Years | domus editoria= The Associated Jewish Federation in Baltimore}}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Sacramentum (California)|Sacramentum]], [[California]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2012]])<ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/after-battle-sacramento-okays-sisterhood-with-ashkelon/ | domus editoria= Times of Israel | titulus= After battle, Sacramento okays sisterhood with Ashkelon | nomen auctoris= Joshua | cognomen auctoris= Davidovich | tempus=15-08-2012}}</ref><ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/sacramento/news/sumy-ukraine-becomes-sacramentos-latest-sister-city/ | titulus=Sumy, Ukraine becomes Sacramento's latest Sister City | domus editoria= CBS News | nomen auctoris=Cecilio | cognomen auctoris= Padilla| tempus=29-06-2023}} “Eleven other cities have been named Sister Cities with Sacramento … Ashkelon, Israel”</ref><ref>{{Opus |url=https://jweekly.com/2012/08/17/its-unanimous-sacramento-ashkelon-now-sister-cities/ | domus editoria= Jewish Weekly | titulus= Its unanimous: Sacramento, Ashkelon now sister cities | nomen auctoris= Emma | cognomen auctoris=Silvers |tempus=17-08-2012}}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Polonia}} [[Sopot (Polonia)|Sopot]], [[Polonia]] (ab anno [[1993]] ad annum [[2025]])<ref>{{Opus | titulus= Sopot pierwszym samorządem w Polsce, który zerwał partnerstwo z izraelskim miastem. Zdecydowali o tym radni | url= https://trojmiasto.wyborcza.pl/trojmiasto/7,35612,32429747,sopot-pierwszy-w-polsce-zerwal-partnerstwo-z-izraelskim-miastem.html | tempus=27-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= Maciej | cognomen auctoris= Pietrzak | domus editoria= wyborcza.pl}}</ref><ref>{{Opus | titulus= הלחץ הפרו-פלסטיני הכריע 30 שנות יחסים: בוטל הסכם "ערים תאומות" בין אשקלון לסופוט | url= https://www.maariv.co.il/news/world/article-1257675 | tempus=01-12-2025 | nomen auctoris= דן | cognomen auctoris= עזרא | domus editoria= מעריב}}</ref><ref>{{Opus | titulus= "בגלל רצח העם בעזה": עיירת נופש בפולין ביטלה ברית ערים תאומות עם אשקלון | url= https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r1ucjukbbx | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris 1= איתמר | cognomen auctoris 1= אייכנר | domus editoria= ynet | nomen auctoris 2= רוני | cognomen auctoris 2= גרין שאולוב}}</ref><ref>{{Opus | titulus= לאחר 32 שנים: בוטלה שותפות עיר תאומה עם אשקלון בגלל "רצח עם בעזה" | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/99197 | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= דוד | cognomen auctoris= לוי | domus editoria= כאן חדשות דרום אשקלון}}</ref><ref>{{Opus | titulus= "רצח עם": העיר באירופה שביטלה הסכם ערים עם אשקלון | url= https://www.i24news.tv/he/news/international/europe/artc-30d542eb | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= מעיין | cognomen auctoris= רפאל | domus editoria= i24}}.</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Ucraina}} [[Uman]], [[Regio Circassiensis]], [[Ucraina]] (ab anno [[2010]])<ref>{{Opus|url=https://uman-rada.gov.ua/index.php/mizhnarodni-zviazky | domus editoria=Уманська міська рада Виконавчий комітет | titulus=Міжнародні зв'язки}}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|India}} [[Vadodara]], [[Guzarata]], [[India]] (ab anno [[2017]])<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/municipality/10841 | titulus= אשקלון-בארודה ערים תאומות: ראש הממשלה מברך| domus editoria= כאן דרום אשקלון | nomen auctoris= ג'ני | cognomen auctoris= פרנקל שלום | tempus= 8-12-2017 15:13 }}</ref><ref>{{Opus| url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/11526 | titulus= העירייה: כ-2,000 משתתפים בפסטיבל הודו באשקלון | domus editoria= כאן דרום אשקלון| nomen auctoris= אלירם | cognomen auctoris= משה | tempus= 20-12-2017 12:07 }}.</ref> == Notae == <references /> == Nexus interni == * [[Ascalon (urbs antiqua)]] * [[Israël]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Ashkelon|Ascalonam}} {{Fontes geographici}} [[Categoria:Israel]] [[Categoria:Urbes antiquae]] [[Categoria:Urbes Israelis]] t618clojz9y9k9fz4hooyvfjjdcajl9 3965785 3965783 2026-06-20T17:31:26Z Archaeocursor 206441 /* Aetas Israelita */ 3965785 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Adumbratio}}</noinclude>{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:93439_marina_ashkelon_PikiWiki_Israel.jpg|thumb]] {{res|Ascalon}} ([[Hebraice]] אַשְׁקְלוֹן) est [[urbs]] in [[Israël]]e sita. Quae urbs primum condita esse abhinc annorum decem milia dicitur. [[Portus|Portum]] habebat, unde [[merx|merces]] et inferebantur et exportabantur.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = "העבר של אשקלון הוא הנשמה שלה, ועדות לכל מה שהיא מסמלת" | lingua = he | domus editoria = The Marker | url = https://www.themarker.com/labels/ashkelon/2022-09-22/ty-article-labels/00000183-6525-dd85-a9f3-67bfe3d00000 }}.</ref> Ascalon una ex quinque urbibus [[Philistaei|Philistaeorum]] est quae in [[Liber Iosue|libro Iosue]] 13:3 memorantur.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = Ascalon | domus editoria = New Advent | url = https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01766b.htm }}.</ref> Urbs autem hodierna anno [[1948]] condita est.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = היסטוריה ותרבות באשקלון – כשישן וחדש נפגשים | domus editoria = אלדן | url = https://www.eldan.co.il/magazine/carrental/rentcarashkelon/history-ashkelon# }}.</ref> Anno [[2020]] circiter 146&thinsp;500 homines ibi habitabant.<ref>{{Opus | titulus = אשקלון | lingua = he | domus editoria = הלשקה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה | url = https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2022/local_authorities20_1879/58_7100.pdf }}.</ref> == Historia == === Ascalon praehistorica === Ascalon [[Neolithicum|neolithica]] circiter centum metra a mari iacebat, 15-20 metra supra [[maris aequor]]. Multa instrumenta [[silicium|silicea]] et [[lapis|lapidea]], nonnulla autem [[os (ossis)|ossea]], in eo loco inventa sunt necnon [[Ossa humana|ossium humanorum]] fragmenta. Bona testimonia [[ovis|ovium]] domesticarum quoque sunt, quae in [[regio]]nem fortasse [[Millennium 6 a.C.n.|millenio 6 a.C.n.]] introductae sunt.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/27926432 | titulus= A Late Neolithic Site near Ashkelon | nomen auctoris 1= Jean | cognomen auctoris 1= Perrot | nomen auctoris 2= Avi | cognomen auctoris 2= Gopher | domus editoria = Israel Exploration Journal | volumen= 46 | paginae= 145-166 | annus = 1996 | fasciculus= 3/4}}.</ref> Prima [[Aetas aënea|Aetate aënea]] Ascalon ad instrumenta ex [[Cuprum|cupro]] {{Creanda | en | Arabah | Arabahensi}} facienda praecipue exculta est. Inventa [[archaeologia|archaeologica]] cum migratione fabrorum aerariorum ex [[Berosaba]] congruunt.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-archaeological-journal/article/cultural-metallurgya-key-factor-in-the-transition-from-the-chalcolithic-to-bronze-age-in-the-southern-levant/0B642A3959D1C9B9BA9EF447AAD59EC3 | titulus= Cultural Metallurgy-A Key Factor in the Transition from the Chalcolithic to Bronze Age in the Southern Levant | domus editoria= Cambridge Archaeological Journal | volumen= 32 | fasciculus= 3 | annus= 2021 | cognomen auctoris= Amzallag | nomen auctoris = Amzallag | paginae= 445-465}}.</ref> Argumenta sunt instrumentorum metallicorum in laniena animalium usurpatorum, sed maxima pars signorum secturarum instrumentis lapideis facta est.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Haskel-Greenfield/publication/285404224_Metallurgy_in_the_Near_East_A_Zooarchaeological_Perspective_on_the_Origins_of_Metallurgy_in_the_Near_East_Analysis_of_Stone_and_Metal_Cut_Marks_on_Bone_from_Israel/links/565de58208ae4988a7bd14d2/Metallurgy-in-the-Near-East-A-Zooarchaeological-Perspective-on-the-Origins-of-Metallurgy-in-the-Near-East-Analysis-of-Stone-and-Metal-Cut-Marks-on-Bone-from-Israel.pdf | titulus= Metallurgy in the Near East A Zooarchaeological Perspective on the Origins of Metallurgy in the Near East: Analysis of Stone and Metal Cut Marks on Bone from Israel | nomen auctoris= Haskel J. | cognomen auctoris= Greenfield}}.</ref> === Historia antiqua === {{Paginae principales|Ascalon (urbs antiqua)}} [[Fasciculus:Ashkelon – The Canaanite city gate and ramparts.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Ascalonis Chananaeae porta.]] Urbs [[Chanaan|Chananaea]] [[Saeculum 20 a.C.n.|saeculo vicensimo a.C.n.]] condita est, longitudine 1100 metrorum et latitudine 600 metrorum, moenibus quindecim metra altis circumdata.<ref name="BibleWalks">{{Opus | titulus = Tel Ashkelon | domus editoria = Bible Walks | url = https://www.biblewalks.com/ashkelon/ }}.</ref> Primum memorantur Ascalon in textibus execrationis [[Aegyptus|Aegyptiis]] quae ad {{Creanda|en|Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt|Domus Aegypti 11|undecimam dynastiam}} referuntur, et per dynastias {{Creanda|en|Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt|Domus Aegypti 18|XVIII}} ad XX fortasse urbs Chananaea Aegyptiorum imperio subiecta erat. Anno [[1280 a.C.n.]], frustra Ascalon contra [[Rhamses II|Ramsem II]] rebellavit. Anno [[1229 a.C.n.]], urbs ab [[Amenephthis|Amenephthe]] [[Pharao]]ne rursus capta est.<ref name="JewishLibrary">{{Opus | titulus = Ashkelon | domus editoria = Jewish Virtual Library | url = https://jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ashkelon }}.</ref> Ascalon a [[Tribus Iudae|tribu Iudae]] capta est:<ref name="BibleWalks"/> <blockquote>Cepitque Iudas [[Gaza]]m cum finibus suis et Ascalonem atque Accaron cum terminis suis. (Iudicum 1:18).<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_iudicum_lt.html | titulus= Nova Vulgata LIBER IUDICUM | domus editoria= Vatican}}.</ref></blockquote> [[Saeculum 12 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodecimo a.C.n.]], urbs a [[Philistaei|Philistaeis]] capta est. Ascalon saepe in [[narratio]]nibus de [[Samson]]e in [[Biblia|Bibliis]] commemoratur. Quae urbs tempore {{Creanda|en|Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|Regnum Israeliticum (monarchia unita)|monarchiae Israeliticae}} adhuc erat Philistaeorum una ex praecipuis urbibus.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/> [[Saul (Rex)|Saul]], Israëlis Rex primus, Philistinos Philistinos vicit et multas urbes cepit. Rex ipse in proelio cecidit, [[David]]que lugens eos versiculos recitavit:<ref name="BibleWalks"/> <blockquote>Incliti, o Israel, super montes tuos interfecti, quomodo ceciderunt fortes! Nolite annuntiare in Geth neque annuntietis in compitis Ascalonis, ne forte laetentur filiae Philisthim, ne exsultent filiae incircumcisorum. (II Samuelis 1:19-20),<ref>{{opus |titulus=Nova Vulgata LIBER SECUNDUS SAMUELIS |domus editoria= Vatican | url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_ii-samuelis_lt.html}}.</ref></blockquote> Ascalonem punitum iri praedixerunt prophetae [[Ieremias]], [[Amos (propheta)|Amos]], [[Sophonias]], et [[Zacharias (propheta)|Zacharias]].<ref name="BibleWalks"/> [[Saeculum 18 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodevicensimo a.C.n.]] a regno Ascalonis multas terras a regno expugnavit [[Assyria]], et Anno [[734 a.C.n.]] urbs a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Tiglatpileser III|Tiglatpilesero III|en|qid=Q210074}} capta est. Anno [[732 a.C.n.]] Rex Ascalonis frustra contra Assyrios rebellavit, propter quod urbs graviter punita est. [[Rex Sidqia]] postea participavit in alia rebellione contra Assyriam, duce [[Ezechias|Ezechia]]. Apud [[Sennacherib]], urbes Sidqiae prope [[Iappa|Iappam]] captae sunt, et Ascalon ipse se dedidit, cuius rex exsulatus est. Tributum quod Ascalon reddidit in inscriptionibus principum Esarhaddon et Assurbanipal memoratur, qui urbem fine [[Saeculum 7 a.C.n.|saeculi 7]] et initio [[Saeculum 6 a.C.n.|sexto a.C.n.]] ad [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegyptum]] pugnandum adhibuit. De calamitatibus quas urbs sufferebat scripserunt prophetae biblici.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/> Cum imperium Assyriorum caderet, Aegyptus urbem occupavit. Anno [[604 a.C.n.]], Ascalon a [[Nabuchodonosor II|Nabuchodonosore]] deleta est, qui multos cives urbis exsulavit, quo facto sexcentorum annorum praesentiae Philistaeorum in Israele finis impositus est. Munitiones Ascalonis post Babylonicam excidionem non reaedificatae sunt.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/><ref name="BibleWalks"/> Sub [[Imperium Achaemenidarum|imperio Persarum]], quod Ascalonem a Babyloniis cepit, Iudaeis [[Ierusalem]] redire licuit, sed Ascalon tum pars provinciae Iudaeae non fuit. In Ascalone ceterisque urbibus Philistaeorum, habitabant [[Phoenices]], et ipsa Ascalon [[Tyros|Tyriorum]] dicioni parebat. Id urbi magnas divitias attulit. [[Archaeologus|Archaeologi]] in Ascalone magnum [[Ascalonis Canum Coemeterium|canum coemeterium]] invenerunt, quod ad ritum Phoenicum pertinebat. In eo coemeterio plus quam mille [[Canis|canes]] erant.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandro Magno]] Ascalon se anno [[332 a.C.n.]] dedit, neque, ut [[Gaza]], laesa est.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> Post divisionem imperii [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandri]], Ascalon in [[Regnum Ptolemaicum|regno Ptolemaico]] erat, et urbs sui iuris facta est. Tum [[Iudaei]] in Ascalone [[floruit|floruerunt]]. Urbs deinde ab [[Antiochus III|Antiocho III]] capta sedes [[Cultura Graeca|culturae Graecae]] magni momenti facta est. Propter imminutam potentiam [[Seleucidae|Seleucidarum]], Anno [[104 a.C.n.]] Ascalon rursus in [[libertas|libertatem]] se recepit. Reges {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Hyrcanus|Ioannes Hyrcanus|en|he|qid=Q319043}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Alexander Jannaeus|Alexander Jannaeus|en|he|qid=Q319107}} ex [[Hasmonaei|genere Hasmonaeorum]] urbem capere frustra conati sunt.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/> [[Fasciculus:Ask NTL PARK.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Columnae Romanae in Saepto Nationali Ascalonis.]] [[Imperium Romanum|Aetate Romana]], Colonia Ascalonensis liberate et foederata fuit. In urbe [[Paganismus|pagani]] [[Apollo|Apollinem]], [[Hercules|Herculem]], et [[Atargatis|Atargatidem]] venerati sunt, deam facie et parte superiore corporis muliebri, parte inferiore corporis et cauda piscis. [[Herodes Magnus|Herodes]], quamquam urbem non regebat, fora tamen ibi atque balnea publica hortosque exstruxit, fortasse quod ibi natus erat. In [[Primum Bellum Iudaicum|primo bello Iudaico]], Ascalon Iudaeos aggressus, victor exiit.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/> Tempore [[Misna]] et [[Talmud]], [[Iudaei]] in urbe degere soliti sunt, quarum [[Synagoga|synagogas]] [[Synagoga|archeologi]] invenerunt. In Talmude de [[Arbustum|pomariis]], quae reditus e [[Babylonia]] prope Ascalonem fundaverunt, legitur.<ref name="JewishLibrary"/> [[Aetas Byzantina|Aetate Byzantina]], urbs [[Religio Christiana|Christiana]] facta est. Ascalon sedes commercii [[vinum|vini]] optimi et [[frumentum|frumenti]] erat.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> [[Vinum]] ex Ascalone illo tempore in [[Anglia]] repertum est.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://cbnisrael.org/2024/10/15/biblical-israel-ashkelon-4/ | titulus= Biblical Israel: Ashkelon | cognomen auctoris= Turnage | nomen auctoris= Marc | tempus=15-10-2024 | domus editoria=CBN Israel}}.</ref> === Medium Aevum === Anno [[637]] Ascalon ab Arabibus capta atque deleta est. Anno [[685]] urbs restituta est, in qua iam et [[Christianus|Christiani]] et [[Iudaei]] et [[Samaritani]] et [[Musulmanus|Musulmani]] habitabant. Inter religiones interdum erant conflictus, propter quos ecclesia in urbe anno [[937]] combusta est.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> [[Fasciculus:Battle of Ascalon-engraving.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Pugna Ascalonis.]] Cum [[Regnum Hierosolymitanum]] a [[Expeditio sacra|crucesignatis]] conditum esset, urbs inter Christianos et Musulmanos finis facta est. Diu exercitus circa urbem pugnaverunt, et anno [[1099]] [[Pugna Ascalonis|pugna Ascalonis]] committeretur. Crucesignati Ascalonem aliquandiu teneuerunt, deinde ad [[Oriens|orientem]] se receperunt. Ab anno [[1101]] ad annum [[1114]] Aegyptii terram sanctam capere conabantur, dum duus exercitus circa urbem saepissime puganabant. Anno [[1125]] Rex [[Balduinus II (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Balduinus II]] Ascalonem capere frustra conatus est, anno autem [[1154]] [[Balduinus III (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Balduinus III]] successit. Urbs crucesignatis magni momenti fuit; anno autem [[1187]], [[4 Septembris|quarto die mensis Septembris]], a [[Saladinus|Saladino]] capta est, qui castella, ne Christiani eis uterentur, delevit.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> Anno [[1191]], [[Ricardus I (rex Angliae)|Ricardus I]] [[rex Angliae]] Ascalonem recepit murosque aedificavit, quos Arabes rursus deleverant. Anno [[1240]], [[Ricardus (comes Cornubiae)|Ricardus comes Cornubiae]] urbem iterum munivit. Anno autem [[1247]], [[Ayyubidae]] urbem ceperunt. Anno [[1270]], urbs a [[Mamluci|Mamlucis]] capta et deleta est, nec crucesignati eam rursus condiderunt. Duo [[oppidum|oppida]] Arabum, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Magdala||he|qid=Q132129150}} et Iagur, prope Ascalonem antiquam condita sunt, in quibus homines ex Aegypto vivebant.<ref name="BibleWalks"/> Ascalonis propter excidionem, Magdala magni momenti facta est.<ref>{{Opus | titulus= אשקלון - שכונת מגדל העברית | url= https://shimur.org/%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%A9%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%AA-%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%93%D7%9C-%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA/ | domus editoria= מועצה לשימור אתרי מורשת בישראל | nomen auctoris 1= גד | cognomen auctoris 1= סובול | nomen auctoris 2= אבי | cognomen auctoris 2= ששון | tempus= 01-10-2008}}</ref> === Aetas Turcica ac Britannica === === Aetas Israelita === Die [[5 Novembris]] anno [[1948]], locus ab [[Israel|Israele]] captus est. Urbs primum [[Lingua Hebraica|Hebraice]] vocatus est “Migdal Aza”, postea “Migdal Gad”, anno tandem [[1951]] “Migdal Aškelon”.<ref name="70anni"/> Mense Februario anno [[1950]], habitabant in eo loco 3500 [[Iudaeus|Iudaei]], et 2500 [[Arabes]].<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dav/1950/02/10/01/article/98 | titulus= מגדל־גד בהתפתחותה,בחירות ב־26 בפברואר | domus editoria= דבר | tempus= 10-02-1950 }}.</ref> Anno [[1955]], urbs Migal Aškelon et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Afridar||he|qid=Q6632325}}, qui prope eam erat, in unum coniunctae sunt, et urbs una vocatur Ascalon. Primus conventus consilii [[6 Octobris]] anno [[1955]] in Domo Populi, media in Afridare, coiit. Mense [[Iulius|Iulio]] anno [[1961]], [[Valetudinarium|valetudinarium]] {{Creanda|he| מרכז רפואי ברזילי | Brazili}} conditum est in urbe. Anno [[1967]] collegium [[Universitas Bar-Ilan|universitatis Bar-Ilan]] in Ascalone conditum est.<ref name="70anni">{{Opus | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/18231 | titulus= 70 שנה: 70 אירועים ודמויות מתולדות אשקלון | domus editoria= כאן דרום אשקלון | tempus= 19-04-2018 00:14 | nomen auctoris 1= ג'ני | cognomen auctoris 1= פרנקל שלום | nomen auctoris 2=גייל | cognomen auctoris 2= מיכאלי | nomen auctoris 3= אורי| cognomen auctoris 3= קריספין| nomen auctoris 4=דוד | cognomen auctoris 4= לוי}}</ref> Anni [[1975]]-[[1977]] in Ascalone duri fuerunt. Magnae in concilio urbis contentiones erant, debita creverunt, et culpae criminales primorum virorum municipii coeperunt. Mense [[November|Novembri]] anno [[1977]], consilium delegatum ad comitia populi, quae [[November|Novembri]] [[1978]] fuerunt, institutum est.<ref name="70anni" /> Anno [[1983]], {{Creanda|he| תחנת הכוח רוטנברג |electrificinae Ruthenbergiae}} aedificatio approbata est. Mense [[December|Decembri]] eo anno incepit opus, anno denique 1990 [[electrificina]] toti loco [[Electricitas|electricitatem]] suppeditare coepit.<ref name="70anni" /> [[Fasciculus:Khofit memorial in Ashkelon.jpg |thumb|upright=0.8| [[Monumentum]] in honorem mulieris Khofit quae a tromocrata interfecta est.]] Die [[25 Februarii]] anno [[1991]], dum per totam [[Israël|Israëlem]] multa [[Tromocratia|acta tromocratica]] fiebant, Ascalone una mulier impetu suidicali interfecta est et 36 homines vulnera acceperunt. Die [[14 Februarii]] [[2001]], tromocrata [[Lacinia Gazetica|Gazeticus]] Ascalone 8 homines [[Autocinetum|autocineto]] necavit. Die [[14 Maii]] anno [[2008]], [[Missile|missile]] {{Creanda|en| BM-21 Grad |Grad}} in secundo tabulato fori mercatorii in urbe cecidit, quod 15 homines laedet.<ref name="70anni" /> == Demographia == Anno [[2023]], 86.1 centesimae hominum qui in Ascalone vivebant [[Iudaei]] erant, 0.4 centesimae [[Musulmanus|Musulmani]], et 13.5 centesimae alias [[Religio|religiones]] profitebantur.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/DocLib/2026/local_authorities23/%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F.pdf | titulus= הרשויות המקומיות ישראל 2023 אשקלון | domus editoria= הלשכה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה }}.</ref> == Monumenta == === Saeptum Nationale Ascalonense === [[Fasciculus:Mosaic floor at Ashkelon.jpg |thumb|upright=0.8|[[Opus tessellatum]] in Saepto Nationali Ascalonense]] Ubi fuit urbs antiqua hodie est [[Saeptum Nationale Ascalonense]],<ref name="placesToVisit"/> quod anno [[1964]] primum [[saeptum nationale]] in Israele designatum est.<ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/mobile/0,7340,L-2124593,00.html | titulus= הגן הלאומי באשקלון | nomen auctoris= בועז | cognomen auctoris= כרמל | tempus= 26-09-2002 10:59 | domus editoria= ynet }}.</ref> Muri, qui urbem circumdederunt, in eo loco quoque hodie sunt. Saeptum [[hortus|hortum]] multis [[statua|statuis]] Romanis ornatum habet.<ref name="placesToVisit">{{Opus | url= https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vie/Ashkelon.html#Ashkelon | titulus= Ashkelon & Surroundings PLACES TO VISIT | domus editoria=Jewish Virtual Library}}.</ref> Altitudo vallis Chananaeae est 15 metra, latitudo 30 metra, longitudo 2200 metra.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.mako.co.il/travel-israel/magazine-themostbeautifulcities/Article-78f8f49c8c26371026.htm | domus editoria= mako | titulus= חופש הערים הכי יפות בארץ. מה יש לעשות באשקלון| tempus=19-05-2021}}.</ref> In saepto est basilica Romana, quam [[archeologus|archaeologi]] ab [[Herodes Magnus|Herode]] conditam esse putant,<ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.jpost.com/archaeology/2000-year-old-basilica-unearthed-in-ashkelon-669665 |titulus=2,000-year-old basilica unearthed in Ashkelon | nomen auctoris=Rosella | cognomen auctoris=Tercatin | domus editoria=Jerusalem Post | tempus=31-05-2021 19:25}}.</ref> et maximum in orbe terrarum canum coemeterium.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/mobile/0,7340,L-5047211,00.html | titulus=תעלומת בית הקברות לכלבים הגדול בעולם שהתגלה באשקלון | nomen auctoris= אסף| cognomen auctoris= קמר| tempus= 25-11-2017 07:59 | domus editoria= ynet}}.</ref> Anno [[2024]] Saeptum quintum in popularitate in Israele fuit; anno autem [[2025]] secundum.<ref>{{Opus | titulus= גם ב-2025 – זה אתר הטיולים הפופולרי בישראל | url=https://www.ynet.co.il/vacation/israeltrips/article/rjp9q7egwl | nomen auctoris= אסף| cognomen auctoris= רוזן| domus editoria=ynet | tempus= 08-12-2025 15:00 }}.</ref> Multa animalia quoquoe in hoc loco vivunt. [[Dendrocopos syriacus]], [[Upapa]], et [[Psittacula krameri]] in cavis arborum [[Tamarix|tamaricis]] veterum nidificant; [[Prinia gracilis]], [[Burhinus]], [[Passer hispaniolensis]], et [[Lanius nubicus]] in campis. [[Jynx torquilla]] et [[Luscinia svecica]] hieme in saepto inveniuntur. [[Laudakia stellio]], [[Vulpes vulpes]], [[Gazella gazella gazella]], [[Herpestes]], et [[Caretta caretta]] quoque invenientur in hoc loco.<ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.ynet.co.il/environment-science/article/skv5vvbsn | titulus= מחרדונים ועד נמיות: הצצה לעולם החי הקסום בגן הלאומי תל אשקלון | domus editoria= ynet | tempus= 28-07-2023 16:28}}.</ref> === Monumentum in honorem caesorum in bellis Israel === [[Fasciculus:Lanoflim Askelon 11.jpg | thumb |upright=0.8|[[Monumentum]] in honorem caesorum in bellis Israeliensibus.]] {{Creanda|he|אנדרטה לנופלים (אשקלון) | Monumentum in honorem caesorum in bellis Israel}} in prato herboso est ante [[Curia municipalis|curiam municipalem]]. Elementum sculptile compositum virtutem et bellum significat. Parietes aedificii sexanguli tabulas marmoris nigras constant, in quibus inscripta sunt nomina caesorum. In parite contra inscriptum est “Aeternum vobis gratias agimus. De gerenatione in generationem gloriam eorum narrabimus.”<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.izkor.gov.il/monument/en_d9b0257bc0e71a1983f1ec8d7e8bde66/ | titulus= אנדרטה לנופלים במערכות ישראל. אשקלון| domus editoria= יזכור }}.</ref> ===Portus Navigiorum Ascalonensis=== [[Fasciculus:מרינה אשקלון.PNG|thumb|upright=0.8|Portus Navigiorum Ascalonensis.]] {{Creanda|he| מרינה אשקלון | Portus Navigiorum Ascalonensis}}, anno [[1991]] conditus, locus est ad navigia velifera et [[Navis lusoria |naves lusorias]] ancorandas, et multasque [[Popina sellariola| popinas sellariolas]] habet.<ref>{{Opus| url= https://baliletayel.co.il/atraction/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94-%D7%A9%D7%9C-%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%AA-%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%93-%D7%9E/ | titulus= המרינה של אשקלון – טיילת אטרקטיבית לצד מעגן סירות | domus editoria= בא לי לטייל}}.</ref> Portus, qui plerumque ad oblectamentum destinatur, in {{Creanda| en| Twelve-Day War |bello contra Iraniam}} magni momenti factus est. Homines eo usi sunt ut via ad Israëlem ingrediendum et ex eo egrediendum esset, cum [[aeroportus]] clausus esset.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/95583 | titulus= מי היה מאמין? זה התפקיד של המרינה באשקלון במלחמה עם איראן | domus editoria= כאן דרום אשקלון | tempus= 18-06-2025 15:22}}.</ref> Porum visitant non modo qui in Ascalone habitant, sed quoque in [[Berosaba]], [[Azotus|Azoto]], [[Kiriat-Gat]], et aliis urbibus.<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.israelhayom.co.il/travel/tourism-news/article/19966651 | titulus= שעה מתל אביב: מתחם הבילוי שעבר מהפך - וכולם נוהרים אליו | nomen auctoris= ליאת | cognomen auctoris= מופז מילצ'ן | tempus= 23-02-2026 19:40 | domus editoria= ישראל היום}}.</ref> == Urbes geminae == * {{Vexillum icon|Canada}} [[Côte Saint-Luc]], [[Quebecum]], [[Canada]] (ab anno [[1975]])<ref>{{opus | url=https://cotesaintluc.org/en/the-city/about-csl/ | titulus=About CSL | domus editoria= cotesaintluc.org}}</ref><ref>{{opus | url=https://www.bnaibrith.ca/advocacy/jewish-heritage-month/jhm-cote-saint-luc/ | titulus=JEWISH HERITAGE MONTH PARTNER: COTE SAINT LUC, QUEBEC | domus editoria= Bnai Brith Canada}}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Ruthenia Alba}} [[Grodna]], [[Ruthenia Alba]] (ab anno [[2011]])<ref>{{Opus | tempus= 23-02-2011 | url= https://ashkelon.news/article/9023 |titulus= עוד עיר תאומה ברית ערים תאומות נחתמה בין העיר אשקלון לגרודנו (בלרוס). רה"ע של גרודנו קוזלקוב בוריס הגיע לאשקלון עם אנשי עסקים המעוניינים ליצור קשרי מסחר | domus editoria= ashkelon.news}}</ref><ref>{{Opus | tempus= 2011-03-01 13:16 | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402150430/https://news.tut.by/society/216834.html | titulus= Израильский город Ашкелон стал двенадцатым городом-побратимом Гродно | domus editoria=news.tut.by}}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Francia}} [[Aquae Sextiae]], [[Francia]] (ab anno [[1994]])<ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.aixenprovence.fr/Ashkelon-ISRAEL | titulus=Ashkelon (ISRAEL) | domus editoria= aixenprovence.fr}}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Germania}} [[Pancovium]], [[Germania]] (Ab anno [[1994]])<ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.berlin.de/ba-pankow/ueber-den-bezirk/staedtepartner/artikel.1535473.en.php | titulus = City Partnerships | domus editoria= Bezirksamt Pankow}}</ref><ref>{{Opus | url=https://pankow-ashkelon.org/en/about-us | titulus= About Us | domus editoria= Freundeskreis Berlin Pankow-Ashkelon}}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Portlandia (Oregonia)|Portlandia]], [[Oregonia]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[1987]])<ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.studycountry.com/wiki/what-is-portland-oregon-sister-city | titulus=What is Portland Oregon sister city? | domus editoria= studycountry.com}}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Baltimora (Terra Mariae)|Baltimora]], [[Terra Mariae]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2003]])<ref>{{Opus | url=https://baltimorefishbowl.com/stories/baltimores-awkward-relationship-sister-cities/ |domus editoria= Baltimore Fish Bowl | titulus=Baltimore’s Awkward Relationship with Our Sister Cities |nomen auctoris=Rachel | cognomen auctoris=Monroe | tempus=22-04-2014}}</ref><ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.jewishtimes.com/baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-supports-israeli-city-after-rocket-strikes/ | titulus= Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership Supports Israeli City After Rocket Strikes | nomen auctoris=Jillian |cognomen auctoris=Diamond | tempus=24-05-2023 | domus editoria=Jewish Times}}</ref><ref>{{Opus |url=https://associated.org/stories/the-baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-celebrating-20-years/ | titulus=The Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership: Celebrating 20 Years | domus editoria= The Associated Jewish Federation in Baltimore}}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Sacramentum (California)|Sacramentum]], [[California]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2012]])<ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/after-battle-sacramento-okays-sisterhood-with-ashkelon/ | domus editoria= Times of Israel | titulus= After battle, Sacramento okays sisterhood with Ashkelon | nomen auctoris= Joshua | cognomen auctoris= Davidovich | tempus=15-08-2012}}</ref><ref>{{Opus | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/sacramento/news/sumy-ukraine-becomes-sacramentos-latest-sister-city/ | titulus=Sumy, Ukraine becomes Sacramento's latest Sister City | domus editoria= CBS News | nomen auctoris=Cecilio | cognomen auctoris= Padilla| tempus=29-06-2023}} “Eleven other cities have been named Sister Cities with Sacramento … Ashkelon, Israel”</ref><ref>{{Opus |url=https://jweekly.com/2012/08/17/its-unanimous-sacramento-ashkelon-now-sister-cities/ | domus editoria= Jewish Weekly | titulus= Its unanimous: Sacramento, Ashkelon now sister cities | nomen auctoris= Emma | cognomen auctoris=Silvers |tempus=17-08-2012}}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Polonia}} [[Sopot (Polonia)|Sopot]], [[Polonia]] (ab anno [[1993]] ad annum [[2025]])<ref>{{Opus | titulus= Sopot pierwszym samorządem w Polsce, który zerwał partnerstwo z izraelskim miastem. Zdecydowali o tym radni | url= https://trojmiasto.wyborcza.pl/trojmiasto/7,35612,32429747,sopot-pierwszy-w-polsce-zerwal-partnerstwo-z-izraelskim-miastem.html | tempus=27-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= Maciej | cognomen auctoris= Pietrzak | domus editoria= wyborcza.pl}}</ref><ref>{{Opus | titulus= הלחץ הפרו-פלסטיני הכריע 30 שנות יחסים: בוטל הסכם "ערים תאומות" בין אשקלון לסופוט | url= https://www.maariv.co.il/news/world/article-1257675 | tempus=01-12-2025 | nomen auctoris= דן | cognomen auctoris= עזרא | domus editoria= מעריב}}</ref><ref>{{Opus | titulus= "בגלל רצח העם בעזה": עיירת נופש בפולין ביטלה ברית ערים תאומות עם אשקלון | url= https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r1ucjukbbx | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris 1= איתמר | cognomen auctoris 1= אייכנר | domus editoria= ynet | nomen auctoris 2= רוני | cognomen auctoris 2= גרין שאולוב}}</ref><ref>{{Opus | titulus= לאחר 32 שנים: בוטלה שותפות עיר תאומה עם אשקלון בגלל "רצח עם בעזה" | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/99197 | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= דוד | cognomen auctoris= לוי | domus editoria= כאן חדשות דרום אשקלון}}</ref><ref>{{Opus | titulus= "רצח עם": העיר באירופה שביטלה הסכם ערים עם אשקלון | url= https://www.i24news.tv/he/news/international/europe/artc-30d542eb | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= מעיין | cognomen auctoris= רפאל | domus editoria= i24}}.</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|Ucraina}} [[Uman]], [[Regio Circassiensis]], [[Ucraina]] (ab anno [[2010]])<ref>{{Opus|url=https://uman-rada.gov.ua/index.php/mizhnarodni-zviazky | domus editoria=Уманська міська рада Виконавчий комітет | titulus=Міжнародні зв'язки}}</ref> * {{Vexillum icon|India}} [[Vadodara]], [[Guzarata]], [[India]] (ab anno [[2017]])<ref>{{Opus | url = https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/municipality/10841 | titulus= אשקלון-בארודה ערים תאומות: ראש הממשלה מברך| domus editoria= כאן דרום אשקלון | nomen auctoris= ג'ני | cognomen auctoris= פרנקל שלום | tempus= 8-12-2017 15:13 }}</ref><ref>{{Opus| url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/11526 | titulus= העירייה: כ-2,000 משתתפים בפסטיבל הודו באשקלון | domus editoria= כאן דרום אשקלון| nomen auctoris= אלירם | cognomen auctoris= משה | tempus= 20-12-2017 12:07 }}.</ref> == Notae == <references /> == Nexus interni == * [[Ascalon (urbs antiqua)]] * [[Israël]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Ashkelon|Ascalonam}} {{Fontes geographici}} [[Categoria:Israel]] [[Categoria:Urbes antiquae]] [[Categoria:Urbes Israelis]] 1ns44rjn4s9bxmotgk4tew261pk6gh9 Senegalus 0 287178 3965807 3817048 2026-06-21T08:43:14Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3965807 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Sénégal drainage basin map-fr.svg|thumb|[[Tabula geographica|Tabula]] fluminis et eius [[pelvis hydrographica|pelvis hydrologica]].]] '''Senegalus''',<ref>Nomen solo in casu accusativo (''Senegalum'') inveniri videtur, sed cum pronomine relativo masculino (''qui'') hic: Maximilianus Fuhr, ''De Pythea Massiliensi dissertatio'' (Darmstadii: 1835) {{Google Books|v3JUkqG4T9UC|pag. 7, nota 6}}.</ref> vel '''Senega''',<ref>{{Hofmannus}}, [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/hofmann/hof4/s0263b.html sub verbo]. Vel '''Doradus''', — [https://web.archive.org/web/20251006070823/https://mmh.cz/lingua/lamj_la#senegal '' Lexicum nominum geographicorum latinorum''].</ref> est [[flumen]] in [[Africa Occidentalis|Africa Occidentali]], quod circa 1750 [[chiliometrum|km]] extenditur. Fons in [[Guinea]], in [[altitudo|altitudine]] 750 metrorum, patet, unde flumen crescentem describitur per [[Malia]]m, [[Mauritania]]m, et [[Senegalia]]m, ubi fines inter Senegaliam et Mauritaniam iacet. Apud urbem {{creanda|wo|Ndar}} (Sanctum Ludovicum) in [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceanum Atlanticum]] defluit. == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Senegal River|Senegalum}} {{fontes geographici}} {{geo-stipula}} {{Myrias|Geographia}} [[Categoria:Flumina Maliae]] [[Categoria:Flumina Senegaliae]] [[Categoria:Mauritania]] [[Categoria:Systema fluviorum Oceani Atlantici Africae]] h2mj5i0a56dh8koceubyabiqlzn9ebx Schola Evangelica Smyrnensis 0 297719 3965804 3920770 2026-06-21T06:37:44Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3965804 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Evangelical School.JPG|thumb|Schola, saeculo vicensimo ineunte.]] {{res|Schola Evangelica Smyrnensis}} (Ἡ ἐν Σμύρνῃ Εὐαγγελική Σχολή), vulgo {{res|Schola Evangelica}} tantum ([[Graece]] Ευαγγελική Σχολή), fuit [[paedagogia|paedagogicum]] [[institutum]] [[ecclesia orthodoxa Graeciae|Orthodoxum]], quae anno [[1733]] [[Smyrna]]e in [[Imperium Ottomanicum|Imperio Ottomanico]] fundata est.<ref>{{cite book | title= A Short History of Modern Greece |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=iuo8AAAAIAAJ&q=%22evangelical+school%22%2Bsmyrna&pg=PA36| publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=1958| isbn= 9781001303413| page =36}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last= Clogg|first=Richard | title=Balkan society in the age of Greek independence |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jIWRAAAAIAAJ&q=%22evangelical+school%22%2Bizmir| publisher=Macmillan Press | year=1981| isbn=978-0-333-31580-4 | page =64}}</ref> Quod institutum, primum ab Ecclesia Orthodoxa approbatum, magnos {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Illuminatio Graeca Hodierna|Illuminationis Graecae Hodiernae|en|qid=Q3424747}} homines attraxit. [[Saeculum|Saeculis]] [[saeculum 19|undevicensimo exeunte]] et [[saeculum 20|vicensimo ineunte]], [[schola]] Graeca maximi momenti in [[urbs|urbe]] factus est, [[museum]] [[archaeologia|archaeologicum]], collectionem [[historia naturalis|naturalium rerum]], et [[bibliotheca]]m habens, cui erant quinquagies milia fere [[liber|librorum]] et centum et octoginta [[manuscriptum|manuscripta]].<ref name=Goergiadou/> Defecit schola anno [[1922]], cum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Smyrna a Turcis capta esset||en|qid=Q12813016}}, et in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Schola Superior Namik Kemal|Scholam Superiorem Namil Kemal|en|qid=Q6102077}} anno [[1924]] conversa est. == Initia et illuminismus Graecus == [[Fasciculus:Evangelical School Teachers and Graduates, 1878.JPG|thumb|Professores et discipuli abituri, [[1878]].]] Schola, ab ecclesia condita est, episcopo regionali favente atque auxiliante. In principio nomen ''Scholae Graecae'' (Ελληνικό Φροντιστήριο) fuerat quod saeculo XVIII pluries mutatum est.<ref>Augustinos (1992): [http://books.google.com/books?ei=RpiUTPLAAsOLswbd8tRa&ct=result&hl=el&id=0oFpAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22evangelical+school%22%2Bsmyrna&q=%22church-approved+institution%22#search_anchor p. 159]</ref> Usque [[Bellum rerum novarum Graecum|res novas Graecas]] annis inter 1821 et 1830 volventes multi maecenates aedificio alumnisque succurrebant.<ref>Augustinos (1992): [http://books.google.com/books?ei=RpiUTPLAAsOLswbd8tRa&ct=result&hl=el&id=0oFpAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22evangelical+school%22%2Bsmyrna&q=%22Until+the+Greek+revolution%22#search_anchor p. 160]</ref> Anno 1747 Pantoleo Sevastopoulos negotiator machinabatur, ut institutum sub consulis Anglici praesidium veniret et confiscationes Turcarum vitaret. Postea [[sultanus]] ipse statum protectorium consulatus Anglici agnovit.<ref>Augustinos (1992): [http://books.google.com/books?ei=aCaZTKjXHYS64QbY1ex1&ct=result&hl=el&id=0oFpAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22under+the+protection+of+the+English+crown.+When+Sultan%22&q=%22When+Sultan+Mahmud+II+formally+recognized+this+settlement+in+18+10%2C+the+school%27s+special+position+was%22#search_anchor p. 159]</ref> Primo exemplo instructorio doctrinae ecclesiasticae esset. Sed in cursu historiae bis res modernae erupuerunt, fortasse proper certamen intellectuale cum Gymnasio philologico positum, altero gymnasio Graeco in urbe. Gymnasium philologicum autem anno 1819 portas claudere debuit animis tempori novo nimis renitentibus. Annis insequentibus nominati sunt rectores plures emolumenti cupidi. Anno 1811 [[Theophilus Caëres]] director proclamatus est, anno 1820 autem [[Beniaminus Lesbicus]], novatorum advocatus et artis mathematicae reformator egregius.<ref>Kastanis Iason, Kastanis Nikos : ''The Transmission of Mathematics into Greek Education, 1800–1840: From Individuals to Institutionalization'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20220223055802/http://users.auth.gr/~nioka/Files/Transmission_of_Mathematics_in_Greek_Educ.pdf]</ref> Caëres ipse mathematicam et physicam docens mox a gymnasio abiit ob querelas cum superioribus administratoriis habitas.<ref>[http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a713726024 Res.]</ref> == Periodus annorum inter 1830 et 1922 == Methodi eruditionis magis magisque emendatae atque novatae sunt et res naturales modo occidentali instruebatur. Quo minus gaudebant viri nonnulli decrepiti atque suspicaces [[Patriarchatus Oecumenicus Constantinopolitanus|Patriarchatus Oecumenici Constantinopolitani]]. <ref>Eleanor Robson, Jacqueline A. Stedall: ''The Oxford handbook of the history of mathematics'', Oxford University Press, 2004, ISBN978-0-19-921312-2, p. 185</ref> Smyrnam ad crepusculum saeculi XX centrum tam negotiationum quam spiritus quin fuisse nemo dubitet. Ibi scholae Graecae LXVII pueris et IV puellis reservatae erant. Isto tempore Gymnasium evangelicum in tota urbe maxime graecitatem granditer ante se tulit cum museo, collectionibus naturalium rerum, bibliotheca amplissima. Anno [[1922]] postquam Graeci Smyrna fugerunt schola clausa est et in eodem loco schola Turcica aperta. In eius memoriam [[nova Smyrna|Novae Smyrnae]] (quae nunc proastium Athenarum meridianum) schola eiusdem nominis aperta est. == Scholastici illustres== * [[Adamantius Coraes]], [[scriptor]] * [[Aristoteles Onases]], navis exercitor * [[Ioannes Sycutres]], [[philologus]] * [[Manoles Calomoeres]], [[compositor musicus]] * [[Paisij Philippopolensis]], [[theologus]] == Bibliographia == * {Gerasimos Augustinos: ''The Greeks of Asia Minor: confession, community, and ethnicity in the nineteenth century'', ([http://books.google.com/books?ei=SCCWTJuZKciU4ga64PjSAw&ct=result&hl=el&id=0oFpAAAAMAAJ&dq= in interreti hic]), Kent State University Press, 1992, ISBN 978-0-87338-459-9 == Notae == <references /> [[Categoria:Condita 1733]] [[Categoria:Gymnasia]] [[Categoria:Scholae Turciae]] [[Categoria:Smyrna]] db06udjp8qibwp9h37uofg1bym0705y Robertus Beugré Mambé 0 310851 3965758 3812003 2026-06-20T14:25:23Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3965758 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Robertus Beugré Mambé''' ([[Abiaté]] in oppido natus anno [[1952]]) est ingeniarius structuralis et politicus [[Litus Eburneum|Litoris Eburnei]]. Alumnus est [[Schola Nationalis Superior Operum Publicorum (Yamussukro)|scholae nationalis superioris operum publicorum]] [[Yamussukro]] in urbe, [[Institutum Studiorum Superiorum Constructionis (Lutetia)|instituti studiorum superiorum constructionis]] [[Lutetia|Parisiensis]], [[Schola Pontium Viarumque|Scholae Pontium et Viarum]] in eadem urbe. In Litus Eburneum reditus apud ministeria constructionis, commeatus, habitationis operam dedit; praeses commissionis liberae electoralis anno [[2005]] factus est et uque in [[2010]] functus est, rebus non paucis contra voluntatem praesidis [[Laurentius Gbagbo]] effectis. Iussu novi praesidis [[Alassane Ouattara]] munus gubernatoris regionis autonomae [[Abidjan|Abidianensis]] anno [[2011]] suscepit. Iussu eiusdem primus minister a die [[17 Octobris]] [[2023]] meret. == Bibliographia == * Pascal Airault, Baudelaire Mieu, "[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/186172/politique/beugr-mamb-b-te-noire-du-camp-gbagbo/ Beugré Mambé, bête noire du camp Gbagbo]" in ''[[Jeune Afrique]]'' (12 Februarii 2010) * Aïssatou Diallo, "[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1493946/politique/en-cote-divoire-robert-beugre-mambe-la-surprise-du-chef/ En Côte d’Ivoire, Robert Beugré Mambé, la surprise du chef]" in ''[[Jeune Afrique]]'' (17 Octobris 2023) == Nexus externi == * "[https://www.voaafrique.com/a/côte-d-ivoire-le-gouverneur-d-abidjan-robert-beugré-mambé-nouveau-premier-ministre/7312656.html Le gouverneur d'Abidjan Robert Beugré Mambé nommé Premier ministre]" apud ''VOA'' (16 Octobris 2023) * "[https://web.archive.org/web/20240516020243/https://business.abidjan.net/qui/2-gouvernement/707-mambe-beugre-robert Beugré Mambé Robert]" apud ''Abidjan.net'' {{Primi ministri Litoris Eburnei}} {{Lifetime|1952||Mambé, Robertus Beugré}} [[Categoria:Ingeniarii]] [[Categoria:Politici Litoris Eburnei]] [[Categoria:Gubernatores provinciarum]] [[Categoria:Gubernatores civitatum]] [[Categoria:Alumni Scholae Nationalis Superioris Operum Publicorum (Yamussukro)]] [[Categoria:Alumni Instituti Studiorum Superiorum Constructionis (Lutetia)]] [[Categoria:Alumni Scholae Pontium Viarumque]] geypggy634scujr8vvulu2zsjr12wum Shahabuddin Chuppu 0 312854 3965808 3833129 2026-06-21T10:20:41Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3965808 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Mahometus Shahabuddin Chuppu''', litteris Bengalicis মোহাম্মদ সাহাবুদ্দিন চুপ্‌পু, litteris Arabicis محمد شهاب‌الدین چوپو ([[Pabna Sadar]] in pago provinciae [[Rajshahi]] natus die [[10 Decembris]] [[1949]]) est iuris consultus et politicus [[Bangladesa]]e. Alumnus est {{Creanda|en|Govt. Edward College, Pabna|collegium Eduardianum (Pabna)|collegii civici Eduardiani}} urbis [[Pabna]] et [[universitas Rajshahi|universitatis Rajshahi]]. Praeses Bangladesae a die [[24 Aprilis]] [[2023]] meret. == Bibliographia == * "[https://web.archive.org/web/20241112061513/https://www.daily-sun.com/post/673645/Profile-of-Md-Shahabuddin-Chuppu Profile of Md Shahabuddin Chuppu]" in ''Daily Sun'' (12 Februarii 2023) {{Praesides Bangladesae}} {{Lifetime|1949||Shahabuddin Chuppu}} [[Categoria:Politici Bangladeshae]] [[Categoria:Duces civitatum]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Rajshahi]] 8byr5hnuq1cw889ml9umaeu6w36ipnl Ivar Giaever 0 313055 3965738 3836910 2026-06-20T12:42:08Z LilyKitty 18316 de die mortis 3965738 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Ivar Giaever.jpg|thumb|Ivar Giaever.]] '''Ivar Giaever''' (natus [[Berga]]e [[5 Aprilis]] [[1929]] et mortuus die [[20 Iunii]] [[2025]]) est [[physicus]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]] origine [[Norvegia]]e, qui anno [[1973]] [[Praemium Nobelianum physicae]] cum [[Leo Esaki|Leone Esaki]] et [[Brian D. Josephson]] accepit, ratione studii effectus cuniculi sub [[semiconductrum|semiconductris]] et [[superconductrum|superconductris]].<ref>[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1973/giaever/facts/ De ivar Giaever] apud nobelprize.org.</ref> Alumnus [[Universitas Technica Scientiaeque Naturalis Norvegiae|Universitatis Technicae Scientiarque Naturalis Norvegiae]] deinde Instituti Polytechnici Rensselaer fuit et professor [[Universitas Osloensis|Universitatis Osloensis]] fuit. == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Ivar Giæver|Ivar Giaever}} {{Lifetime|1929|2025|Giaever, Ivar}} [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Technicae Scientiaeque Naturalis Norvegicae]] [[Categoria:Physici Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Physici Norvegiae]] [[Categoria:Praemium Nobelianum Physicae]] 1i6k98ojmlnpwbzzf6n5eaai18oe7cv Usor:Demetrius Talpa/common.css 2 314449 3965790 3937936 2026-06-20T19:44:10Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 3965790 css text/css @import url("https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Pattersonuwu/OldIcons.css&action=raw&ctype=text/css"); .mw-logo-icon { display: none; } .mw-logo-tagline { display: none; } .mw-logo-wordmark { content: url(//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Hepaticae_transsilvanicae_toila_estonia_longum.png); width: 15em !important; height: 3em !important; } body.mw-special-Watchlist span.mw-rollback-link, body.mw-special-Recentchanges span.mw-rollback-link { display: none; } 1rc7h30e9anv518a7gwix2bwyu0y72g Vicipaedia:Taberna 4 322071 3965753 3965724 2026-06-20T13:35:38Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 /* "-karyotica" vel "-caryotica"? */ 3965753 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/Praefatio}} == De paginis nimis magnis quae formulā {{[[Formula:Augenda|Augenda]]}} utuntur == In [[:Categoria:Corrigenda|Categoriam:Corrigenda]] plures subcategoriae formulā {{Fn|Augenda}} stipantur (e.g. [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Februario 2023]], [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Ianuario 2024]], [[:Categoria:Augenda a mense Decembri 2025]], et cetera). Inspiciens, multas harum paginarum invenii quae longiores sunt 1000 octobitis (e.g. [[Graecia archaica]]: 2928 octobiti). Quid censeatis si mechanema cum monitu in formulam {{Fn|Augenda}} inseram, ne in paginis longioribus quam 1000 octobitorum adhibeatur? Nam si pagina est satis longa, vanum est legentes monere paginam intra tres menses esse augendam. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:30, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :Pagina de [[Graecia archaica]] (#1) lemmate proprio, (#2) definitione idonea, et (#3) fonte externo caret, et omnis Vicipadia ut videtur (#4) nexibus ad hanc paginam ducentibus caret. That's all four of the formula's four criteria. ¶ For the difference between a stub and more-than-a-stub, the cutoff I've been using has been 2,000 octeti for general articles and 1,900 for articles with a taxobox. I don't recall a consensus on that limit, but articles having 4,000, 5,000, 6,000 octeti have been marked "stipula"; that's likely too high a limit, and I'd suggest that 2,000 (or possibly your 1,000) is a more defensible upper limit for stubs. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 03:15, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :::For example, just today, someone added "<nowiki>{{urbs-stipula}}</nowiki>" to the article on [[Barcino]], which already had more than 3,500 octeti! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 15:04, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :::: ''Stipulae'' are not problematic from an administrative point of view, because in theory they can remain as such forever. Barcellona is an important city with a lot of history that can be written in an encyclopedia, it can be understandable if someone feels that the current page can be greatly improved. Instead, what scares me about the {{Fn|Augenda}} template is that it is not only an invitation to improve pages, it also asks us to delete pages after three months (which is why it should be used with care). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:57, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :::::Then why not change the verb from ''will'' to ''may'' or introduce some other indication of indeterminacy? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 16:31, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :: [[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobus]], we can set any limit we want, but what I think makes little sense is saying that a page must be increased within three months, but then after three months nothing happens and the categories above keep growing. We must set a realistic (relatively low) threshold and then, after that, be ready to '''delete''' the pages that do not respect our threshold (in [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 35#De novo spatio nominali adumbrationum proponendo|another thread]] I had proposed the <code>adumbratio:</code> namespace where after three months all these “augenda” pages can be moved, but that is a separate topic). A page like [[Graecia archaica]] only needs relatively little work to be adjusted—certainly does not deserve to be deleted. What I want to stress here is that every time you add {{Fn|Augenda}} to a page you are basically saying “If the page stays like this, I am okay if after three months it gets deleted”. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 03:58, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :::That's correct, but I heartily endorse a separate namespace, a kind of purgatory, where such pages can go until they've become worthy of standing in the mainspace. As a rule, I don't work on formulas, so I likely had nothing to do with the wording of this one, but three months must have been the original consensus. If memory serves, @Andrew Dalby and perhaps others have occasionally enforced the three-month rule, though sometimes after well more than three months have elapsed. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 13:08, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC) :::: Intellego. Novum spatium nominale a “Phabricatore” petiturus sum. Quid censeres si in paginis amplioribus (e.g. inter 2000 et 1000) formulā {{Fn|Nondum stipula}} (quae nullam categoriam cum tempore praefinito imponit) pro formulā {{Fn|Augenda}} utereris? Aut aliam novam formulam quoque nobis excogitare licet. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:57, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC) ::::: {{Tpe|Nova}} Hic nuper petivi ut novum spatium nominale adumbrationum crearetur: [[phab:T418706|New “Draft” namespace for lawiki: “Adumbratio”]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:01, 2 Martii 2026 (UTC) :::::: {{Tpe|Novissima}} Euax! Spatium nominale adumbrationum [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|habemus]]! Textus paginae [[MediaWiki:Noarticletext]] nobis sic mutandus est ut adumbrationes, si exsistunt, detegantur. Postea aliquid excogitabo. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:34, 2 Martii 2026 (UTC) @[[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobe]]: What would you think if we created a <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Pagina neglecta}}</syntaxhighlight> template, and established that when we find a page that was created more than three months ago (e.g. [[Agrinium]], created in 2004!), instead of {{Fn|Augenda}} we add the new template instead? The <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Pagina neglecta}}</syntaxhighlight> template could look more or less like this: {{Capsa annuntiationis | color = #7f83d7 | pigmentum = #f3f4fb | imago = P writing.svg | 1 = '''Commentationem neglectam augeamus!''' Haec commentatio longe neglecta videtur mansa esse. Sodes, adiuva paginam augere! }} We can then have [[:Categoria:Paginae neglectae]], where all these pages will be automatically collected. I am proposing this because I think that it makes little sense to warn that a page that was created 22 years ago must be improved within three months! It will be an empty warning. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:40, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC) :That might be useful. How would it differ from the Adumbratio solution? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:01, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC) :: Following [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|the rules]] that I partly translated from English Wikipedia, we must not move pages that were created long ago to the <code>Adumbratio:</code> namespace. So the picture should look as follows: ::* '''Case 1:''' The page is is too short and was recently created. We have three possibilities: ::*# We improve it (prefereable solution) ::*# We move it to the <code>Adumbratio:</code> namespace (less prefereable than improving the page but more prefearable than the following) ::*# We add {{Fn|Augenda}} (less prefereable) ::*#: ↳ If three months after adding {{Fn|Augenda}} nothing has changed we delete the page for real ::* '''Case 2:''' The page is too short and was created more than three months ago. Two possibilities: ::*# We improve it (prefereable solution) ::*# We have no other choice but adding <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Pagina neglecta}}</syntaxhighlight> ::*#: ↳ We must take into account that the page might stay like that indefinitely ::* '''Case 3:''' The page was in the <code>Adumbratio:</code> namespace and was moved to the main namespace prematurely: ::*# We add {{Fn|Augenda}} ::*#: ↳ If after three months nothing has changed we delete the page for real :: The rationale is that pages that are too old might no longer have someone that checks them and is able to fulfill our expectations. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:42, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC) == De novo spatio adumbrationum == {{Collaboratio|Alex1011|Alexander Gerashchenko|Amahoney|Andreas Raether|Andrew Dalby|Aylin|Bartholomite|Bis-Taurinus|Demetrius Talpa|Giorno2|IacobusAmor|Ioscius|Iustinus|Lesgles|LilyKitty|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Neander|Pippobuono|Rafaelgarcia|Sigur|Utilo|UV|Xaverius | alacres = IacobusAmor | alacritas = mensis | res = Magistratūs usoresque strenuos vocavi. Veniam peto si alicuius oblitus sum. | subscriptio = [[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:43, 3 Martii 2026 (UTC) }} Nuper novum spatium nominale <code>Adumbratio:</code> condidimus. Nunc oportet regulas nostras definire. Apud [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] paginam Anglicam [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts]] partim verti, sed de nostra propria ratione consentiendum est. Notandum est Vicipaediam Anglicam [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts#Reasons not to move an article to draftspace|regulam habere]] qua vetatur paginam in spatio principali sitam in spatium adumbrationum movere “si commentatio ante plus quam 90 dies creata est”. Re quidem vera, nuper paginam [[Alkinum]] ad [[Adumbratio:Alkinum]] movi (praesertim ad lineamenta technica novi spatii nominalis experienda), attamen mihi visum est parum rectum paginam anno 2006 creatam (et [[Vicipaedia:Paginae quas omnibus Vicipaediis contineri oportet/Expansio#Materies chemicales|quam omnibus Vicipaediis contineri oportet]]!) ibi movere. Quo facto suasus sum ut nobis vetandum sit formulam {{Fn|Augenda}} paginis ante plus quam tres menses creatis addere. Nam, si pagina nimis brevis olim creata est et usque talis mansit, si nos eam negleximus nec animadvertimus nisi nunc, meā sententiā duae optiones tantum nobis patent: aut eam relinquimus intactam, aut formulam {{Fn|Delenda}} apponimus. Ceterum, a vobis peto ut paginam [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] inspiciatis, novas regulas proponatis, aut regulas a me scriptas emendetis. Valete! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:43, 3 Martii 2026 (UTC) ==De loco vel gradu Vicipaediae apud Meta== Does moving articles counted among the 10,000 most important (like "[[Alkinum]]" & "[[Oxidum]]") into the limbo marked by <nowiki>{{Adumbratio}}</nowiki> and/or <nowiki>{{Neglecta}}</nowiki> lower Vicipaedia's score at Meta? (Vide [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias_by_expanded_sample_of_articles|"List of Wikipedias by expanded sample of articles"].) In other words, do they need to remain in the mainspace to boost Vicipaedia's score? ¶ Ten years ago, in March 2016, Vicipaedia was ranked thirty-ninth among all the wikis; at the end of last month, it was ranked fifty-second. This is not an encouraging trend, and deliberately accelerating it might not be considered advisable. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:52, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC) : Hi Iacobus. Moving pages to the <code>Adumbratio:</code> namespace definitely counts as removing them from the encyclopedia. Adding {{Fn|Pagina neglecta}} (or any other template) instead has no effects. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:09, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC) ::<nowiki>{{ping|IacobusAmor}}</nowiki>, is there a page that specifies the number of articles from this list that we have? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:47, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::{{ping|IacobusAmor}}, idk why my previous ping got wrapped by nowiki. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:48, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::Ecce (but it needs to be updated): https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usor:Amahoney/Myrias_epitome [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:04, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::::So, as Grufo says, moving one of the "10,000" pages into Adumbratio space removes it from the encyclopedia and from the score that Iacobus mentions. In the case of a page in that list, maybe it's better for it to be in mainspace, with a warning template (''neglecta/augenda/...'') on it? If it's in mainspace, more editors might see it and be tempted to improve it. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:29, 14 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::::: Hi Andrew. Indeed. When I created the page [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] by (partially) translating [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts]], I also translated the rule that a page can be moved away from the mainspace to the <code>Adumbratio:</code> namespace only if it is a newly created page (< 90 days). So pages that have long been among our 10000 pages are safe. P.S. The rules in [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio]] still need our consensus, so if you have time, please give that page a look. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:58, 14 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) == Template:Weather box == {{Excepta|Vicipaedia:Officina|Template:Weather box|Locus opportunior --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]}} == Quid significat expectatio vacuae mutationis? == Dicitur in pagina [[Topologia classium punctorum]] quod "Haec pagina mutationem vacuam expectat". Et rogat me, "nihil tangens", sibi ostendere mutationes. Ad quem dirigitur haec monitio, et quas mutationes oportet eum sibi ostendere? Non intelligo. [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:29, 19 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) : Salve, [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. Illa icon significat vicitextum <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spatium topologicum|spatia topologica|en|qid=Q179899}}</syntaxhighlight> ad hunc vicitextum, si paginam emendas, sponte mutatum iri: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>[[Spatium topologicum|spatia topologica]]</syntaxhighlight> (vide [[Special:Diff/3954206/3955454|meam ultimam recensionem]] et documentationem formulae {{fsn|pcc}}), quoniam nunc [[Spatium topologicum|paginam]] habemus quae cum entitate Vicidatorum [[:d:Q179899]] nectitur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 04:44, 19 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::Gratias habeo—mirum tamen mihi videtur, quod substitutio "cref" tantum unam tesseram (siquidem recte lexi) sumat ut argumentum. Quomodo ergo facio, si notam duos habeat nexus ad paginas creatas?--[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:29, 20 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::: Immo, infinitatem tesserarum formula {{fsn|cref}} accipit. Vide, exempli gratia, hanc annotationem in pagina “[[Carpates]]”, ubi sunt ambae entitates [[:d:Q6776713]] et [[:d:Q11699202]]: :::: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1={{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Martinus Szent-Ivany|Martini Szent-Ivany|hu|qid=Q6776713}} [...] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gabriel Rzaczynski|Gabrielis Rzączyński|pl|qid=Q11699202}} [...]|2=Q6776713|3=Q11699202}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: Vide etiam {{Caput|Formula:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|Quomodo tesseram invenio?}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:43, 20 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) == Annon corrigere possumus titulos "instrumentorum"? == Exempli gratia: video unum "instrumentum" appellari "Paginam prehendere formá PDF". Videtur mihi hic titulus mendam habere et corrigi posse accentus acutus ad macron. Sed nescio utrum corrigibilis sit ab usoribus. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:47, 24 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) : Salve [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. Usoribus non licet [[Specialis:Nuntia systematis|nuntia systematis]] recensere (vide etiam <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:Allpages|namespace=8}} spatium “<code>MediaWiki:</code>”]</span>), sed usores possunt a magistratibus petere ut nuntia recenseant (et multa nuntia exstant quae meliora facere aut etiam omnino vertere oportet!). Non invenio ubi “Paginam prehendere formá PDF” iaceat; fortasse @[[Usor:UV|UV]] adiuvare potest. P.S. “accentus acutus” revera est [[Apex (orthographia Latina)|apex]], forma antiquior [[macron|macri]]; attamen concordo uniformia signa diacritica nobis esse sequenda. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:42, 24 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::Non potest prehendere paginas disputationum formā PDF. Sed paginas encyclopediae possumus; e.g. [[Macron]]. At ibi apparet "Paginam prehendere formá PDF". --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 02:04, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::: Nexum video, sed quid nuntium gignat non invenio. Exempli gratia, [[MediaWiki:Contributions|haec pagina]] nuntium “User contributions” ad nuntium Latinum “Conlationes usoris” vertit; sed quid vertit “Download PDF” ad “Paginam prehendere formá PDF”? Nescio. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:44, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::Ignosce inclaritatem meam—sed prime (ut ita dicam) "Instrumenta" et videbis instrumentorum titulos. Titulus primus (ut mihi ostenduntur) est "Movere"; titulus novissimus est "Res Wikidata"; et unus titulorum est "Paginam prehendere formá PDF". --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:46, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Ut dixi, oculis meis textum video, sed ignoro e qua pagina aut e quo nuntio systematis oriatur. Nequeo textum corrigere si nescio quid mihi sit emendandum. Conatus sum aliqua similia nuntia vertere ([[MediaWiki:Wikisource-download-pdf|#1]], [[MediaWiki:Minerva-download|#2]], [[MediaWiki:Electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-print-text|#3]], [[MediaWiki:Electronpdfservice-download-label|#4]], [[MediaWiki:Electronpdfservice-special-page-headline|#5]]), sed nuntium quod quaeris non inveni. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:54, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::::bzgrep utebar perlegere totam Vicipaediam Latinam; non tamen inveni. Mirum! --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:25, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Potesne, quaeso, etiam situm https://translatewiki.net/ per “bzgrep” inspicere? Etiam illic non inveni textum. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:28, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::::::[https://translatewiki.net/wiki/MediaWiki:Coll-download_as/la Fontem] inveni huius textus, non autem bzgrep utens. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:12, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::::::: Gratias tibi ago. Correxi. Post paucos dies abhinc nova translatio etiam in Vicipaedia Latina ostendetur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:34, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::Fortasse nostis [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/MediaWiki?uselang=qqx hunc nexum] per quem tandem inveni. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:37, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) == Regula generalis de intellegentia artificiali == [[:meta:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|Apud MetaVici disputatur]] utrum regula generalis de intellegentiae artificialis usu introducenda sit necne. Quum etiam nos tanget, vos hortor ut sententias vestras feratis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:42, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :Non penitus intelligo quomodo nos tangeat. Annon iam habemus regulam de plasmatibus (ut ita dicam) linguarum? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:50, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :: Regulae globales omnes Vicipaedias afficiunt, atque illa regula proponitur globalis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:56, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::Gratias habeo; nonne autem, si Vicipaedia Latina haberet regulam, supersedeat regulam generalem? Et simili modo respectu aliarum Vicipaediarum? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:01, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::: Non sum certus, sed timeo ne regulae globales vincant. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:05, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::::Ita; intelligo. Scisne utrum restrictionem an laxationem habeat favorem iuris? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 01:12, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) :::::: Apud Vicipaediam Latinam nulla est regula scripta; paginae tamen quae omnino intellegentiā artificiali sine ulla humana recensione vertuntur pittacio {{Fn|Pagina autotranslata}} signantur atque post unam hebdomadam delentur. Prima regula globalis proposita mihi videtur hoc tantum postulare, ut, ''praeter translationes'', usus intellegentiae artificialis aperte declaretur. Altera autem regula globalis vetat intellegentiā artificiali ūtī ''nisi in translationibus''. Meā sententiā, hoc nobis incommodum contrarium efficit, quia hic magnopere laboramus ad translationes machinarias moderandas; alii autem usūs intellegentiae artificialis nobis non sunt incommodo. Non puto magni rēferre usum ipsum declarare, sed potius oportere responsa intellegentiae artificialis diligenter inspicere ac recensere. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 01:45, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) == Quomodo melius invenire titula proposita pro articulo nondum existente? == Volui creare articulum pro "poset" (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q474715). Scio, quod est formula "subst:pcc" alicubi in hac Vicipaedia per quam statuitur titulum huius articuli. Sed nescio, et "bzgrep" iterum inutilis est. Estne methodus inventionis talium "titulorum articulorum nondum existentium"? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:47, 30 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) : Formula {{fsn|pcc}} nescit quod nomen Latinum novae paginae (“nexui rubro”) assignandum sit, istud erit tibi eligendum. Ad formulam adhibendam tibi sufficiet titulum Latinum et linguā aliā scribere. E.g.: :: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:pcc|en=Partially ordered set|Aggregatio partim ordinata}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: ↳ {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}} : Aut, si vis, potes autem tesseram Vicidatorum praebere: :: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:pcc|Aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: ↳ {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}} : Non exstat ullus index paginarum creandarum. Nomina inveniuntur simul ac paginae creantur. Attamen, si quis paginam “Aggregatio partim ordinat'''issima'''” postea creet at ad [[:d:Q474715]] eam nectat, pagina ubi nexus ruber “Aggregatio partim ordinata” ostendebatur nunc ad paginam “Aggregatio partim ordinatissima” nectetur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 06:13, 30 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) == Quomodo citare librum, quod numerum librarium uniformem inter gentes caret? == [[Cancellum (mathematica)|Hac pagina]] conor citare librum quoddam, sed caret ISBN/NLUIG. Habet tamen numerum Catalogii Librarii Congressus (LCCN), sed nescio quomodo hanc numerum affigere rei citatae. Multas habeo gratias pro auxilio vestro! --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 02:09, 18 Maii 2026 (UTC) == Num verbum natio Anglico verbo “nation” respondet? == Salvete omnes! Hic scribo nec in [[Disputatio:Natio|pagina disputationis]] quod hoc verbum in multis commentariis est. Secundum [https://archive.org/details/practicalint00arno/page/41/mode/1up librum Arnoldi] “Natio is rarely used of a civilised and organised nation ; it means a people, or tribe, sprung from one race, of the same blood (nascor).” Secundum dictionarium “Cassell’s Latin Dictionary Latin-English English-Latin” natio significat “a tribe, race, people, esp. uncivilized”, et verbum Anglicum nation significat “populus, gens (=people, stock), civitas (=body of citizens), respublica (=state), natio (=tribe, not highly civilized)”. Liber Arnoldi quoque monet ut iis vocabulis Latinis utamur. Commentarius [[Natio|natio]] illud Ciceronis habet: “Omnēs nātiōnēs servitūtem ferre possunt, nostra cīvitās nōn potest; …” in quo orator optimus populum Romanum a nationibus distinguet. Quid vobis videtur de hac re? Valete! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 20:58, 29 Maii 2026 (UTC) :Haec "natio" a primis temporibus Vicipaediae originem obscuram ducit, mihi non placet, sed permulta corrigenda sunt, si eam mutare volumus. Civitas (de civibus), civitas sui iuris? [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 22:09, 29 Maii 2026 (UTC) :: Aut etiam possibile est dicere, etiam secundum linguas recentiores, ipsam notionem “nationis” quodammodo “civitati” adversari. Id est, sunt qui putent, etiam linguis hodiernis, “nationem” (Anglice ''nation'', Italice ''nazione'', et cetera) semper aliquid minus civile quam “civitatem” (Anglice ''state'', Italice ''Stato'', et cetera), immo vero tribale, significare. Cum hoc tamen concordo, paginam illam nimis veterem esse atque redintegrandam. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:41, 29 Maii 2026 (UTC) :::Melius est quaedam omittere quam nihil corrigere. Video nos habere commentarios qui vocantur [[Civitas]] (Ang. [[w:en:State (polity)]]), [[Gens]] (Ang. [[w:en:Gens]], nescio cur hic commentarius Latine non sit solis de gentibus Romanis), [[Populus]] (Ang. [[w:en:People]]), [[Res publica]] (Ang. [[w:en:Republic]]), et [[Tribus (anthropologia)]] ([[w:en:Tribe]]). Secundum dictionarium “Cassell’s Latin Dictionary”, tribus significat”originally a third part if the Roman people. Hence a tribe, a division of the Roman people …”. Hoc dictionarium monet ut verbo “natio” vel verbo “gens” utamur si scribere “tribe” velimus nec de tribubus Romanis scribamus. Vero non possum novum nomen commentarii [[Natio]] commendare quod nescio cur vikipedia tot commentarios habeat. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 14:38, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC) ::::Pagina non est delenda, si hoc consulis. "Natio" [http://lexica.linguax.com/forc2.php?searchedLG=natio verbum est Latinum], cur id ne explicemus. Si nexum intervicialem ad paginam Anglicam male congruere putas, ita est, non perfectissime congruit. Sed cum de notionibus abstractis agitur, nexus interviciales saepius tales sunt. Hoc malum in Vicipaediα inevitabile est et hoc non est malum, si res explicatur. Paginae ipsius loca quaedam corrigenda est, Ciceronis interpretatio mutanda, et, quod maxime interest, inter [[Specialis:Nexus_ad_paginam/Natio|nexus ad eam]] hi multi corrigendi sunt, ubi "natio" in modum Anglicum civitatem sui iuris significat. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 18:22, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC) :::::Pagina scilicet delenda non est. Vidi paginas in Vikipedia Hebraica et Ucrainica ad paginam Anglicam bene congruere nec nostram paginam. Natio est verbum Latinum, cuius sensu Latino uti debemus, nec sensi Anglico. Delere nolo sed mutare et fortasse movere. Eo consilio hunc sermonem coepi ut sensibus Latinis verborum uteremur. Vero nescio cur Vikipedia Anglica tot paginas habeat et quid sit discrimen inter “nation” et “state”, propter quod non possum verbum meliorum commendare. Potestne pagina Anglica nostrae paginae [[Natio]] esse [[w:en:Tribe]]? Tribus quoque verbum Latinum est sed secundum dictionarium non idem significat et verbum Anglicum tribe. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 19:24, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC) :::::: ''Tribus'' est quaedam divisio populi, non tota natio ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=tribus]). Possum falli, sed secundum illam Ciceronis sententiam (“Omnēs nātiōnēs servitūtem ferre possunt …”) mihi videtur praecipua differentia inter ''civitatem'' et ''nationem'' hoc esse, quod ''civitas'' rem publicam civium significat, ''nationes'' autem alios populos tamquam gentes spectatos. Ita ''civitas'' erat Roma, ''nationes'' erant ceteri populi. P.S. {{*Cfr}} etiam “eruditissima illa Graecorum natio” (Cic.). Nam Graecis erat una natio sed plures civitates. Hoc usu vocabulum mihi videtur fere eodem sensu adhiberi ac in linguis hodiernis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:07, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC) :::::::Nexus interviciales perutiles sunt (ad minimum, lectores novos nobis dirigunt!) sed non nos regunt. Omnis lingua, sicut [[civitas sui iuris]], libera est. Debemus (1) verba Latina Latinitate classica definire (2) alia verba quibus significationes cognatae sunt (e.g. gens, tribus, civitas) distinguere, nexibus datis (3) significationes apud Latinistas recentiores explicare, si differunt (4) praeter alia, de re principali pellucide disserere. :::::::Cicero his verbis, ''omnes nationes servitutem fere possunt: nostra civitas non potest'' (Phil. 10.10.20) inter ''nationes'' et ''nostram civitatem'' quoquomodo distinguere videtur ... sed alibi ''omnes <u>exteras</u> nationes'' et ''eruditissimam Graecorum nationem'' indicat (Imp. Pomp. 11.31; De Or. 2.4.18) -- unde intellego, apud Ciceronem, plures ''nationes'' exstitisse tam sub imperio S.P.Q.R. quam extra limites. Ex his sententiis, si volumus, inter civitatem et nationem facile erit distinguere: sed inter ''populos'' et ''nationes'' ...? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:06, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::Nolite oblivisci ''gentes''&thinsp;! Cassell's nobis dicit (p. 742) ''international law'' locutionem Anglicam nostra lingua esse ''ius gentium,'' ac Traupman (ed. 3, p. 575) nobis dicit ''international'' ipsum verbum Anglicum esse ''inter gentes.'' [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:12, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::Sententias vestras perlegi et commentarium inveni [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311975311_On_the_Roman_Concept_of_Natio “On the Roman Concept of Natio”] quem quoque legi, et iam intellego quanta difficilis sit haec res. In libro Arnoldi et in dictionario legi nationem esse “esp. uncivilized”, nec autores Romanos scripisisse Nationem Romanam. Putavi nationem esse tribe nec unquam civilised nation. Iam nesio a bonus sit hic nexus. Veritus sum ne homines dum Latine scribebant solis nexibus uterentur, nec deliberarent quid sit verbum optimum. De pagina nostra [[Respublica]] vos consulere quoque volo. Secundum dictionarium “Cassell’s Latin Dictionary” “'''republic''' ''respublica'', ''civitas'' (= state, simply): a —, as opp. to other forms of government, ''respublica'' (or ''civitas''” ''libera'' or ''popularis''.” Respublica et civitas idem significare mihi videntur. Nonne melius est movere hanc paginam ut novem nomen sit Respublica popularis? Haec res non est solo de nexu sed quoque de ipsa pagina. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:38, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::Fortasse, sed iam est commentarius de "People's republic" in vicipaedia Anglica. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:31, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::: De differentia inter ''gentem'' et ''nationem'' conferatur etiam {{LTL|natio|335}}: “A ''gente'' aliquando ita differt, ut genus a specie: ''gens'' enim latius patet, et plures nationes complectitur, ut ''gens'' Graeca habet Atticos, Boeotos, Thebanos, qui ejusdem gentis nationes sunt.” Saepissime tamen gens et natio sunt synonyma. @[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]: Graeci non erant “uncivilized”, attamen erant natio vel plures nationes. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:53, 2 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::Multae paginae in Vicipaedia connexae sunt; ''United Nations'' vertitur ut [[Nationes Unitae]], multis cum fontibus (duabus encyclicis aliisque). Hoc mutare nequimus, et pagina de [[natio]]ne nec huic sensui contradicere debet; haec causa, cur paginae Anglicae '"Nation" ceterisque de hac natione moderna narrantibus alliganda sit. Sed de pagina [[Nationes mundi]], exempli gratia, iam dubito, et "civitates mundi" nationibus praeferam, [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 20:50, 4 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::Iam intellego. Huic sensu, quo utuntur encyclici, contradicere scilicet nequimus. Gratias omnibus vobis ago quia mihi hanc rem explanavistis. :::::::::::{{ping|Grufo}}, Quaesivi nec inveni ubi Cicero nationem Graecam scripserit. Testimonium encyclicorum mihi videtur bonum esse, scire tamen volo ubi orator optimus his verbis usus sit. :::::::::::Valete. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 21:14, 5 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::: @[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]: {{Op|[[De oratore]]}}, {{Vf|De oratore/Liber II|18|2.4.18}}: “eruditissima illa Graecorum natio”. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:09, 5 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::::Gratias tibi ago! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:45, 7 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::De commentario qui [[Nationes mundi]] (Anglice [[w:en:List of sovereign states|List of sovereign states]]) vocatur, nonne melius nomen est “''Index civitatum sui iuris''”? :::::::::::Vide commentarios: :::::::::::* [[Civitas sui iuris]] :::::::::::* [[Index communium Badeniae et Virtembergiae]] :::::::::::* [[Index urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus]] :::::::::::* [[Index fluviorum Germaniae]] :::::::::::* [[Index asteroidum]] :::::::::::* [[Index siglorum ordinum ecclesiae catholicae]] :::::::::::Hic commentarius est index. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 16:50, 9 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::::Sic, [[Index civitatum sui iuris]] bonum nomen est, multae paginae huius generis in Vicipaedia Latina "indices" nominantur. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 19:47, 9 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::::Vobis consentio. Hanc paginam satis antiquam renominare oportet. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:39, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::::::Utrum possumus paginam renominate an oportet [[Formula:Movenda]] utere? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:21, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::::::Formula ad disputandum in pagina disputationis ponitur, sed nunc hic erat disputaio, fornula non necessaria est. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 15:55, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::::::: Paginam movi. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:02, 10 Iunii 2026 (UTC) == "-karyotica" vel "-caryotica"? == In pagina de [[Cellula|cellulis]] ambae formae extant. Videtur mihi melius, si unicam noscamus formam. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 03:14, 16 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :"-caryotica" melius. Vocabulum est antiquum, Graecae originis (κάρυον), nullae sunt causae, ut "k" scribatur. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 12:05, 17 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::Consentio. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 23:16, 17 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::"nullae sunt causae": consentiebam imprimis sed nunc occursit mihi formae "-karyota" esse in taxonomia Linnaeana. Etenim (cuius ratione fortasse) redirigitur [[Eucaryota]] ad "Eukaryota" et [[Procaryota]] ad "Prokaryota". --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:38, 20 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::Si alterum rectum est, alterum fontibus biloolgicis testatum, unum eligere non possumus, eligas, quod velis. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 07:10, 20 Iunii 2026 (UTC) sid9e14rpb68aemv6v35u1ztoeyozjx Impetus Israëlis et Civitatum Foederatarum in Iraniam anni 2026 0 323740 3965757 3964344 2026-06-20T14:23:34Z LilyKitty 18316 eventa addo 3965757 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--<gallery> Exemplum.jpg|Descriptio 1 Exemplum.jpg|Descriptio 2 </gallery>--> {{Succurre}}<!--?--> [[Fasciculus:Middle East strikes, February 2026.png|thumb|Charta de impetus in Iraniam anno 2026]] '''Impetus Israëlis et Civitatum Foederatarum in Iraniam''' est [[bellum]] in [[Irania]]m quod ab impetus [[bomba]]rum [[Israël]] et [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum]] die [[28 Februarii]] [[2026]] initiat, ratione periculum [[arma nuclearia|armarum nuclearium]] abrogandi. A hic impetu, dux civitatis [[Ali Khamenei]] die 28 Februarii 2026 necatus est.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2dyz6p3weo Why did US and Israelattack Iran and how long could the war last?]</ref> Postea, rectio Iraniae impetum [[propugnaculum]] Israël et Civitatum Federatarum in [[Medius Oriens|Medio Oriente]] facit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c875rjd990go "'Everything has changed': Missile attacks shatter Dubai's safe heaven image."]</ref> == Cursus belli == [[Fasciculus:2026 Iran war collage.jpg|thumb|Compilatio imaginum belli]] Dum [[Consilium securitatis]] rem die 28 Februarii 2026 disputat, [[Antonius Guterres]], secretarius generalis Consociationis Nationum, usum [[metus]] [[violentia]]e [[res militaris|militaris]] abstinere apud Articulum II [[Charta Nationum Unitarum|Chartae Consociationis Nationum]] et a medio [[diplomatia]]e rem solvere postulat.<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/02/1167062 Iran strikes 'squandered a change for diplomacy': Guterres]</ref> Legatus Franciae obligationem iuris internationali ad Iraniam postulat, dum legati Russiae Sinarumque impetum Israël et Civitatum Foederatarum condemnant. Papa [[Leo XIV]], dux [[civitas Vaticana|civitatis Vaticanae]], violentiam militarem negat et pacem non metu sed dialogo dicit.<ref>[https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2026-03/pope-leo-xiv-angelus-appeal-peace-middle-east-iran.html "Pope on Iran: Peace not built with mutual threats or death-dealing arms."]</ref> Die [[2 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Palatium Golestan]] ab impetu bombarum Civitatum Foederatarum destruitur.<ref>[https://www.euronews.com/culture/2026/03/03/unesco-expresses-concern-over-the-protection-of-cultural-heritage-sites-in-middle-east UNESCO expresses concern over the protection of cultural heritage sites in Middle East].</ref> Die [[3 Martii]] [[2026]], Ravina Shamdasi, socia [[Curator supremus Nationum Unitarum iuribus humanis tuendis|Curatoris supremi Consociationis Nationum iuribus humanis tuendis]] multos homines cives, inter eas, multas [[puella]]s ad [[ludus litterarius|scholam primariam]] Minab necatas esse quod violationem [[humanitarium belli ius|humanitarii belli iuris]] dicit.<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/03/1167071 "Iran crisis: Schoolgirls killed, thousands displaced and aid compromised."]</ref> Et [[Malala Yousafzai]] cum [[UNESCO]].<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/03/1167063 Deadly bombing of Iran primary school 7 a grave violation of humanitarian law': UNESCO].</ref> et [[Consilium iurum humanorum Nationum Unitarum]] hoc impetum condemnaverunt, quod plus quam 165 puellae necatae sunt.<ref>[https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-release/2026/03/un-experts-strongly-condemn-dealdly-missile-strike-girls-school-iran-call "UN experts strongly condemn dealdy missile strike on girls' schoolin Iran, call for independent investigation."]</ref> Die [[5 Martii]] [[2026]], rectio [[Hispania]]e sub [[Petrus Sánchez|Petro Sánchez]] contra bellum in Irania, impetum Israël et Civitatum Foederatarum condemavit, et provistionem propugnaculi in Hispania negat.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130819141428/http://https/://www.npr.org/2026/03/05/nx-s1-5737285/iran-war-spain-trump "A rift between Spain and Trump widens over Spanish opposition to the Iran war."]</ref> Die [[6 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Donaldus Trump]], praeses Civitatum Foederatarum, [[deditio]]nem sine conditione Iraniae postulat.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/6/no-deal-with-iran-except-unconditional-surrender-trump-says "'No deal with Iran: expect unciditional surrender, Trump says."]</ref> Die [[7 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Masudus Pezeshkian]], praeses Iraniae impetum militarem ad civitates [[Asia occidentalis|Medii Orientis]] confutare sed deditionem ad Civitates Foederatas America negare dixit.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/7/iran-to-halt-strikes-on-neighbours-unless-attacks-from-there-pezeshkian "Iran to halt strikes on neighbours unless attacks from there: Pezeshkian."].</ref> Die [[8 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Mojtaba Khamenei]] magnus dux Iraniae creatus est, post Ali Khamenei eius patrem.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c78xxg05w0zo "Who is Mojtaba Khamenei, Iran's news supreme leader?"]</ref> Die [[10 Martii]] [[2026]], <!--unus???--> auctoritas militariae Israëlis legatos Iraniae [[Berytus|Beryti]] in [[Libanus|Libano]] necavit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c2k8y7vy78no "War expands to central Beirut as Israeli strikes Iranians in luxury hotel."]</ref> Miletes Civitatum Foederatarum [[navis|naves]] Iraniae qui [[mina marina|minas marinas]] dandi{{dubsig}} apud [[Fretum Ormusense]] destruit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgrzken84q5o "US his minelaying ship in Iran after warning of 'intense' day of bombing."]</ref> Die [[11 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Procuratio energiae internationalis]] reservarium [[petroleum|petrolei]] emergentiae mittere decernavit, dum [[pretium]] petrolei in discrimine fit ratione claudendi [[Fretum Ormusense|Freti Ormusensi]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cly093xxlzzo Countries agree to record relaese of emergency oil reserves as prices surge]</ref> Die [[14 Martii]] [[2026]], Donaldus Trump vi militari impetum bombarum in insulam Kharg in [[Sinus Persicus|Sinu Persico]] dare publicat.{{dubsig}}<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8jxzlwvd8ro "Why had US targeted Iran's Kharg Island?"]</ref> Die [[17 Martii]] [[2026]], Ali Larijani, dux Consilii supremi securitatis nationalis ab impetu militatiae Israël necatus est.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c24deezq6meo Iranian security cheif Ali Larijani killed in air strike]</ref> [[Iosephus Clay Kent]], bello adversans, ab administratione Trumpiana se abdicavit.<ref>Stepansky, J. (17 Martii 2026). [https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/17/us-national-counterterrorism-center-director-joe-kent-resigns-over-iran-war US National Counterterrorism Center director Joe Kent resigns over Iran war]. ''[[Al Jazeera]]''. </ref> Die [[19 Martii]] 2026, [[Antonius Guterres]] secretarius generalis Consociationis Nationum colloquium [[Consilium Europaeum|Consilii Europaei]] participavit, et dixit Israël et Civitates Foederatarum bellum in Iran finire necesse est, a quo discrimen pretii energiae [[civitas provectibilis|civitatibus provectibilibus]] consequentiam [[tragoedia|tragicam]] fit.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260320134606/https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/03/1167165 Middle East war: 'Force of the law' must prevail over the law of force, urges Guterres].</ref> Die [[23 Martii]] 2026, Donaldus Trump, [[praeses Civitatum Foederatarum]] tempum{{dubsig}} impetus militaris ad [[electrificina]]m Iraniae quinque diei sustinere dixit.{{dubsig}}<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/23/trump-postpones-military-strikes-on-iranian-power-plants Trump postpones military strikes on Iranian power plants for five days].</ref> Die [[25 Martii]] 2026, activistae pro iuribus humanis Iraniae (HRANA) plus quam 3300 homines, inter eos 1464 cives et 217 [[impubes|impberes]] necati esse ab initio belli publicaverunt. Atque minister salutis Libani 1094 homines, inter eos 121 impberes necasi ab Israël vi militariae esse publicavit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2dyz6p3weo Why did US and Israel attack Iran and how long could the war last?]</ref> Die [[28 Martii]] 2026, [[exercitus]] Huthianus, qui cum auxilio Iraniae [[Bellum civile Iemeniense (anno 2015 incipiens)|Bellum civile Iemeniense]] contra rectionem Iemaniam pugnavit, impetum [[missile|missilis]] primum ad Israël dedit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd6l5n8jv4yo Iran-backed Houthis join war with attack against Israel].</ref> Die [[1 Aprilis]] 2026, Donaldus Trump praeses Civitatum Foederatarum orationem dedit: impetum vehementer duo vel tres hebdomas dare, a quo Iraniam ad "[[Aetas lapidea|Aetatem lapideam]]" mittere potest.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/2/bomb-back-to-the-stone-age-us-history-of-threats-and-carpet-bombing 'Bomb back to the Stone Age': US history of therats and carpet bombing]</ref> Die [[4 Aprilis]] 2026, [[Raphael Grossi]], praeses [[Procuratio energiae atomicae internationalis|Procurationis energiae atominae internationalis]] impetum ad [[ergasterium atomicum]] Bushehr ab Israël et Civitatibus Foederatarum profundus indicat.<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/04/1167250 UN nuclear agency chief 'deeply concerned' by reports of latest attack on Iran power plant]</ref> Die [[6 Aprilis]] 2026, rectio [[Irania]]e propositum [[indutiae|indutiarum]] conditione liberationis [[Fretum Ormusense|Freti Ormusensis]] e Civitatibus Foederatarum refusit.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/trump-vows-hell-iran-if-strait-stays-shut-says-deal-is-possible-2026-04-06/ Iran rejects ceasfire as Trump says entire country can be 'taken out']</ref> Die [[7 Aprilis]] 2026, apud [[Consilium securitatis]] resolutio de liberatione Freti Ormusensis negata est a "veto" [[Res publica popularis Sinarum|Rei publicae popularis Sinarum]] et [[Russia]]e.<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/04/1167261 Security Concil Russia and China veto resolution on Strait of Hormuz].</ref> Atque rectio Iraniae et Civitatum Foederatarum [[indutiae|indutias]] conditionales duo hebdomas cum liberatione securaque Freti Ormusensis consensae sunt.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/live/c5yw4g3z7qgt Iran and US agree to conditionaltwo-week ceasfire and opning of Hormuz strait.]</ref> Die [[9 Aprilis]] 2026, rectio [[Israël]] dialoum cum rectio [[Libanus|Libani]] conatur, quod negatio indutiarum in Libani contra [[Hizbullah]] indutias Iraniae praevenit.<ref>[https://www.edition.cnn.com/2026/04/09/world/live-news/iran-war-trump-us-ceasefire Israel says it wants talks with Lebanon as fight against Hezbollah threatens Iran ceasfire]</ref> Die [[10 Aprilis]] 2026, Delegatio Iraniae ad [[Islamabada]]m [[Pakistania]]e iit for talks with US pro negotio indutiae formalis die [[11 Aprilis]] 2026 cum Civitatum Foederatarum.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/4/10/iran-war-live-israeli-attacks-on-lebanon-threaten-us-iran-ceasefire-talks Iran war updates: Iranian dekegation arrives in Pakistan]</ref> Die [[12 Aprilis]] 2026, Colloqium negotii inter [[Iacobus David Vance|Iacobum David Vance]], praeses vicarius Civitatum Foederatarum et delegation Iraniae [[Masudus Pezeshkian|Masudi Pezeshkian]] per auxulium [[Shehbaz Sharif]] primus minister [[Pakistania]]e fuit, sed in vana quod rectio Iraniae creationem armae nuclearis non abrogare posse dixit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5y7k4y0veyo Iran talks ware major test for JD Vance. How did he do?]</ref> Die [[13 Aprilis]] 2026, [[Copiae militares Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Asia occidentalis|Oriente Medii]] (CENTCOM) a directione Donaldi Trump [[Fretum Ormusense]] claudendum est.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/14/how-many-ships-have-passed-the-strait-of-hormuz-and-how-many-were-attacked How many ship have passed the strait of Hormuz and how many ware attacked?]</ref> Die [[17 Aprilis]] 2026 [[Abbas Araghchi]], rerum externarum minister [[Irania|Iraniae]] [[Fretum Ormusense]] omnibus navibus mercatoriis aperiri, durantibus [[indutiae|indutiis]] et [[Libanus|Libani]], dixit.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-foreign-minister-says-passage-vessels-via-hormuz-strait-is-open-during-2026-04-17/ Iran's foreign minister says passage of vessels via Hormuz Strait is open during ceasefire]</ref> [[Donaldus Trump]] se autem eundem fretum vi certa Iranicis navibus clausum tenturum esse affirmavit, quoad negotia sua cum Irania omnino conficeret.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/trump-says-blockade-iran-in-full-force-until-deal-is-reached-2026-04-17/ Trump says blockade on Iran 'in full force' until deal is reached]</ref> Die [[20 Aprilis]] 2026, rectio Iraniae non propositum a quo delegationem rectionis ad Islamabadam mittere pro negatione indutis, temen conatus rectionis [[Pakistania]]e; quia Civitatum Foederatarum conditionem indutiarum violat et Fretum Ormusense clausum contra [[ius internationale]] tenet.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/20/pakistan-ready-for-multi-day-us-iran-talks-but-tehran-unsure-about-joining Iran says no talks with US for now, casting doubt over Pakistan efforts]</ref> Die [[21 Aprilis]] 2026, Donaldus Trump indutias cum Irania sustenere adhuc negitii perfecti erunt publicat.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cx297218m9vt Trump says he will extend Iran ceasefire until negociations conclude]</ref> Die [[25 Aprilis]] 2026, Donaldus Trump delegationem Civitatum Foederatarum ad Islamabadem mittere abrogavit, dum [[Abbas Araghchi]], minister reum externarum Iraniae et [[Shehbaz Sharif]] primus minister Pakistaniae colloqium pro pace fecit.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/25/trump-cancels-envoys-trip-to-pakistan-after-irans-araghchi-leaves-country Trump cancels US envoys' trip after Iran's Araghchi leaves Pakistan].</ref> Die [[27 Aprilis]] 2026, [[Abbas Araghchi]], minister rerum externarum Iraniae, et [[Vladimirus Putinus]], praeses Russiae, [[Petropolis|Petropoli]] colloquium fecerunt.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/27/iran-foreign-minister-in-russia-for-putin-talks Putin praises Iranian 'courage' as Teheran's foreign minister visits Russia].</ref> Die [[28 Aprilis]] 2026, ''Idemitsu Maru,'' magna [[navis petrolearia]], quam [[Idemitsu Kosan]], collegium Iaponicum possedet, [[fretum Ormusense]] cum admissione Iraniae ire potest.<ref>[https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20260429_08/ Tanker maneged by Japanese firm passes through Strait of Hormuz].</ref> Die [[29 Aprilis]] 2026, Donaldus Trumpius fretum Ormusense clausum cum metu et vi militari tenere dixit.<ref>[https://aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/29/trump-vows-to-maintein-iran-blockade-tehran-threaten-practical-action Trump vows to maintain Iran blockade, Tehran threatens 'practical' action]{{Nexus deficit|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref> Die [[4 Maii]] 2026, Donaldus Trumpius "Propositum Libertatis" rem militariam de freto Ormusensi publicat.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4g437depzpo "What we know about Trump's 'Project Freedom' in Strait of Hormuz."]</ref> Die [[6 Maii]] 2026, Donaldus Trumpius "Propositum Libertatis" suspendet et memorundum de finis belli publicat.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvgzp74rvj5o Trump's hopes for an Iran peace deal come with caveats]</ref> Die [[8 Maii]] 2026, [[Abbas Araghchi]], minister rerum externarum Iraniae, audaces actiones{{dubsig}} [[res militaris|militares]] a Civitatibus Foederatarum condenmat, quod solutionem{{dubsig}} diplomaticam praevenit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c99lpn9ze8ro Iran accuses US of 'reckless military adventure'].</ref> Die [[19 Maii]] 2026, Donalus Trumpius impetum ad Iraniam suspendere ex postulatione civitatum [[Arabia]]e [[sinus Persicus|sinus Persoci]] dixit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c7079e55zjro Trump says ha called off new Iran attack at request of Gulf states]</ref> Die [[25 Maii]] 2026, [[Copiae militares Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Asia Centralis|Medii Orientis]] (CENTCOM) impetum Irania regione australis cum [[missile|missili]] defit, quod rectio Irania ut "violatio [[indutiae|indutiarum]]" condenmat.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvgzzn4y1n8o US lauches new atrikes on Iran, targeting missile sites and boats]</ref> Die [[1 Iunii]] 2026, post declarationem Iraniae negitii cum Civitatum Foederatarum ratione proelii in [[Libanus|Libano]] ab [[Israël]], tamen Israël et [[Hizbullah]] propositum [[indutiae|indutiarum]] admiserunt, [[Proelium|Proelii]] magni in Libano ab Israël amplificantur, quod discrimen humanitarium parit.<ref>[https://bbc.com/news/articles/c202rxp1z15o Clashes continue in Lebanon despite Israel and Hezbollah accepting US partical ceasefire plan]</ref> Die [[3 Iunii]] 2026, Donaldus Trumpius [[Beniaminus Netanjahu|Beniaminum Netanjafu]] per colloqium [[telephonum|telephoni]] condemnat, ratione absentiam volintatis ad indutias.<ref>[https://bbc.com/news/articles/cvgz21pq3g6o 'Crasy' phone call between Trump and Netaniafu complicates Iran's talk]</ref> Die [[10 Iunii]] 2026, [[Militaris CFA Academia]]{{dubsig}} Iraniae{{dubsig}} institutionem{{dubsig}} pres{{dubsig}} [[fretum Ormusense]] destruit ab{{dubsig}} impetu, quod miles Iraniae res{{dubsig}} novae{{dubsig}} [[helicopterum]] Civitatum Foederatarum detruit.{{dubsig}}<ref>[https://bbc.com/news/news/articles/tze9359gglyo "US strikes Iran in reponse{{dubsig}} of military helicopter."]</ref> Die [[20 Iunii]] 2026, Colloqium in [[Helvetia]] inter Civitates Foederatae Americae et Iraniam postponitur, ratione impetus fatali ab Israël in [[Libanus|Libano]]. Et [[Iacobus David Vance]] in Helvetiam ire postponit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8r2eme2n5do US-Iran talks postponed as Israel lauches deadly strikes in Lebanon]</ref> == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|2026 Iran war|De Impetu in Iraniam anni 2026}} [[Categoria:Historia Iraniae]] [[Categoria:Donaldus Trump]] [[Categoria:2026]] 9muvgtwig14mlnqdrlwtu44hw7rocnd Usor:Andrew Dalby/Fontes 2 2 325480 3965789 3965059 2026-06-20T19:42:11Z Andronikos Komnenos 1527 /* 1651-1700 */ + 3965789 wikitext text/x-wiki == 1651-1700 == * 1651 : {{ec|id=Hernandez (1651)|c=[[Franciscus Hernandez]]; [[Fridericus Caesius]] et al., edd., ''[[Rerum medicarum Novae Hispaniae thesaurus]]'' (Romae) lib. 8 cap. 50 [https://archive.org/stream/rerummedicarumno00hern#page/294/mode/2up pp. 295-296]}} * 1651 : Pierre Morin, ''Catalogues de quelques plantes à fleurs qui sont de present au jardin de Pierre Morin le jeune''. Lutetiae * 1651 : {{ec|id=La Varenne (1651)|c=[[Franciscus Petrus de La Varenne|La Varenne]], ''Le Cuisinier françois'' (Lutetiae: David, 1651) [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k114423k/ Textus]; (2a ed. Lutetiae: David, 1652) [https://archive.org/details/lecuisinierfranc00lava/ Textus]}} * 1651 : [[Nicolaus de Bonnefons|Nicolas de Bonnefons]], ''Le Jardinier françois''. Lutetiae: Pierre des-Hayes, 1651 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k105504m Textus]; [https://archive.org/details/ned-kbn-all-00002902-001 editio Amstelodamensis 1654] * 1652 : [[Nicholaus Culpeper|Nicholas Culpeper]], ''[[The English Physitian]]'' (Londinii, 1652) [https://archive.org/details/b30335310/page/n9/mode/1up Textus] * 1652 : James Wadsworth, ''Chocolate: or, An Indian Drinke''. Londinii: John Dakins, 1652 * ante 1653 : [[Barnabas Cobo|Bernabé Cobo]], ''[[Historia del Nuevo Mundo]]'' (1890-1893) ([https://archive.org/details/historiadelnuev00cobogoog vol. 1][http://bibliotecadigital.aecid.es/bibliodig/es/consulta/registro.cmd?id=579 vol. 2] [https://archive.org/details/historiadelnuevo0002unse vol. 2 alibi] [https://archive.org/details/historiadelnuev00espagoog vol. 3] [https://archive.org/details/historiadelnuev01cobogoog vol. 4]; [http://fondosdigitales.us.es/fondos/libros/2423/1012/historia-del-nuevo-mundo-por-el-padre-bernabe-cobo-de-la-compania-de-jesus/ pp. 1012-1164 libri manu scripti]) * 1652-1653 : Philip Nichols, Francis Fletcher et al.; R. D., ed., ''Sir Francis Drake revived; The world encompassed by Sir Francis Drake; A summarie and true discourse; A full relation of another voyage into the West Indies''. Londinii: Bourne, 1652-1653 [https://archive.org/details/sirfrancisdraker00bourrich/page/n5/mode/2up fasc. 1 i] [https://archive.org/details/sirfrancisdraker00nichrich/page/n5/mode/2up fasc. 1 ii] [https://archive.org/details/sirfrancisdraker00nichrich/page/n5/mode/2up fasc. 2] [https://archive.org/details/summarieandtrued00biggrich fasc. 3] [https://archive.org/details/fullrelationofan00bourrich fasc. 4] * 1653 : [[Elisabetha Grey (comitissa Cantiae)|Elizabeth Grey, countess of Kent]]; W. J., editor, ''A choice manual of rare and select secrets in physick and chyrurgery''. Londinii; [https://archive.org/details/b30323368/ Editio 1653]; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_a-choice-manual-_kent-elizabeth-grey-co_1659/ editio 1659]; [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A47269.0001.001 recensio interretialis editionis 1687] * 1653 : W. J., editor, ''A true gentlewomans delight, wherein is contained all manner of cookery''. Londinii; [https://archive.org/details/truegentlewomans00kent/ Editio 1653]; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_a-true-gentlewomans-deli_kent-elizabeth-grey-co_1653/ alia]; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_a-true-gentlewomans-deli_kent-elizabeth-grey-co_1653_0/ alia]; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_a-true-gentlewomans-deli_kent-elizabeth-grey-co_1653_1/ alia]; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_a-choice-manual-_kent-elizabeth-grey-co_1659/page/n289/mode/2up editio 1659]; [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=eebo;idno=A47270.0001.001 recensio interretialis]; [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A47269.0001.001/1:10 recensio interretialis editionis 1687] * 1653 : {{ec|id=La Varenne (1653)|c=[[Franciscus Petrus de La Varenne|La Varenne]], ''Le Pastissier françois'' (Lutetiae: J. Gaillard, 1653) (Terence Scully, interpr., ''La Varenne's Cookery'' [Totenais: Prospect Books, 2006] pp. 375-483)}} * 1653 : [[Isaacius Walton|Izaak Walton]], ''[[The Compleat Angler]]''. Londinii: Richard Marriott {{Google Books|u-g5AQAAMAAJ|pp. 161-173 editionis fac-simile}} * 1653 : Ralph Austen, ''A Treatise of Fruit Trees'' * 1654 : [[Iosephus Cooper]], ''The Art of Cookery Refin'd and Augmented, containing an Abstract of Some Rare and Rich Unpublished Receipts of Cookery collected from the Practise of that Incomparable Master of These Arts, Mr. Jos. Cooper, Chiefe Cook to the Late King''. Londinii: R. Lowndes {{Google Books|CY9mAAAAcAAJ}} * 1654 : ''The Ladies Companion''. Londinii: W. Bentley * 1654 : [[Nicolaus de Bonnefons|Nicolas de Bonnefons]], ''Les Délices de la campagne''. Lutetiae: Pierre des-Hayes, 1654 [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_8RKWuTLrZFYC Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1088619 2a ed. 1656] apud Gallica [https://archive.org/details/lesdelicesdelaca00bonn editio Amstelodamensis 1661] * 1655 : [[Samuel Hartlib]], ''The Reformed Virginian Silk-worm'' {{Google Books|HlHjw-JHMI0C}} * 1655 : [[Samuel Hartlib]], ''The Reformed Common-wealth of Bees'' [https://archive.org/details/reformedcommonwe00hart Textus] * 1655 : [[Olaus Wormius]], ''Museum Wormianum''. Lugduni Batavorum: ex officina Elseviriorum [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51143811#page/216/mode/1up p. 192] * 1655 : "Philiatrus", ''Natura exenterata''. Londinii [https://archive.org/details/b30332758/page/n11/mode/2up Textus] (attributed to Alethea Howard, Countess of Arundel, whose portrait appears after the title page) * 1655 : ''[[The Queens Closet Opened]]''. Londinii {{Google Books|Lw1o1y349vQC|editio 1662}} [https://archive.org/details/101493846.nlm.nih.gov De hoc opere] [https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/cuizine/1900-v1-n1-cuizine0888/1019319ar/ De hoc opere] * 1656 : ''A book of fruits and flowers''. Londinii [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_a-book-of-fruits-flowe_1656 Textus] * 1656 : ''The compleat cook'' (published with ''The queens closet opened'' but not clearly connected with it) * 1656 : [[Petrus de Lune|Pierre de Lune]], ''Le Cuisinier''. Lutetiae: David, 1656 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9819294k Textus] apud Gallica (cf. 1659) * 1656 : [[Michaël Boym]], ''[[Flora Sinensis]]''. Viennae Austriae: typis Matthaei Rictii, 1656 [https://neptun.unamur.be/s/neptun/item/8941 Imagines] * post 1656 : [[Petrus Lindeström|Per Lindeström]] ([[:sv:Pedher Lindheström]]); Nils Jacobsson, ed., ''Per Lindeströms resa till Nya Sverige, 1653-1656''. Holmiae: Wahlström & Widstrand, 1923 [https://sok.riksarkivet.se/bildvisning/R0000418_00105 Manuscriptum] * 1658 : [[Iacobus Bontius]], [[Gulielmus Piso]], ''[[De Indiae utriusque re naturali et medica]]'' (Amstelaedami: apud Elzevirios) [https://archive.org/details/mobot31753002909064 textus] {{Google Books|k_L7yEyzJ-wC|pars iii p. 200}} ("tlilxochitl ... vaynillae") * 1658 : [[Theodorus Mayernius]], ''Archimagirus Anglo-Gallicus, or Excellent and approved receipts and experiments in cookery''. Londinii: G. Bodell {{Google Books|EI9mAAAAcAAJ}} [https://ota.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/repository/xmlui/handle/20.500.12024/A50384 Editio interretialis] * 1658 : [[Thomas Moffetus|Thomas Moffet]]; [[Theodorus Mayernius|Theodore de Mayerne]], ed., "[[Insectorum theatrum|The Theater of Insects, or Lesser living creatures]] ... by Tho. Mouffet" in Edward Topsel, ed., ''The History of Four-Footed Beasts and Serpents'' (Londinii: G. Sawbridge) [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/151513#page/841/mode/1up Textus] * ante 1659 : [[Ioannes de Palafox|Juan de Palafox y Mendoza]], ''Virtudes del Indio'' (editionis Matritensis 1893 [https://archive.org/details/virtudesdelindi00mendgoog/page/n78/mode/1up p. 61] * 1659 : Thomas Hanmer, ''The Garden Book'' * 1659 : {{ec|id|Lune (1659)|[[Petrus de Lune|Pierre de Lune]], ''Le nouveau cuisinier''. Lutetiae: Pierre David, 1659 [https://archive.org/details/lenouueaucuisini00lune Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' {{Google Books|oo1mAAAAcAAJ|2a ed. 1660}}}} * 1659 : [[Petrus de Lune|Pierre de Lune]]? ''Le Maistre d'hostel ... ensemble Le Sommelier ... [Le Confiturier de la cour]''. Lutetiae: Pierre David, 1659 [https://archive.org/details/lemaistredhostel00unse Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1660 : {{ec|id=May (1660)|c=[[Robertus May|Robert May]], ''[[The Accomplished Cook|The accomplisht cook]]'' (Londinii: Wood) [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/A88977.0001.001/1:11.13.3?rgn=div3;view=fulltext pp. 289-291]; {{GB|7dhopy-AJ98C|pp. 303-304 editionis 1665}} ("a bisque of carps ... a bisk with carps and other several fishes") {{Google Books|evxmAAAAcAAJ|editio 1671}} [https://archive.org/details/accomplishtcooko00mayr/ editio 1685]}} * 1660 : {{ec|id=Cuisinier méthodique (1660)|c=''[[Le Cuisinier méthodique]]'' (Lutetiae: Jean Gaillard, 1660) [https://archive.org/details/BIUSante_41574x02/page/82/mode/2up pp. 82-83] {{Google Books|W41mAAAAcAAJ|pp. 82-83 editionis 1662}} ("potage aux écrevisses en façon de bisque")}} * 1660 : {{ec|id=Almeida (1660)|c=[[Manuel de Almeida]], ''Historia geral de Ethiopia a alta'' (Conimbrigae, 1660) {{Google Books|uSacgFzlt7gC|pp. 42-43}}, cf. C. F. Beckingham, G. W. B. Huntingford, ''Some Records of Ethiopia'' (Londinii: Hakluyt Society, 1954) }} * 1660 : [[Ioannes Raius]], ''Catalogus plantarum circa Cantabrigiam nascentium''. Cantabrigiae: impensis Gulielmi Nealand {{Google Books|qlc-AAAAcAAJ}} * 1661 : Simon Paulli (titulus verificandus); Robert James, interpr., ''A Treatise on Tobacco, Coffee, Tea, and Chocolate''. Londinii: T. Osborne, 1746 * 1661 : [[Ioannes Drouhet|Jean Drouhet]], ''La Moirie de Sen-Moixont''. Pictavii: par Pierre Amassard, 1661 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b86120666 Textus] * 1662 : [[Henricus Stubbe|Henry Stubbe]], ''[[The Indian Nectar]], or a Discourse Concerning Chocolata''. Londinii {{Google Books|QyhVAAAAcAAJ}} [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A61881.0001.001?view=toc recensio interretialis] * 1662 : [[Petrus de Lune|Pierre de Lune]], ''Le nouveau et parfait maistre d'hostel royal''. Lutetiae: Loyson, 1662 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1339465 Textus] apud Gallica * 1662 : ''[[The Queen's Closet Opened|A Queens Delight, or The art of preserving, conserving, and candying, as also a right knowledge of making perfumes, and distilling the most excellent waters]]''. Londinii [https://archive.org/details/queensdelightora00unse Textus] * ante 1663 : {{ec|id=Della Valle (1663)|c=[[Petrus della Valle]]; Biagio Deversino, ed., ''Viaggio di Pietro della Valle il pellegrino''. 2 voll. Romae: Mascardi, 1657-1663 ([https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Rf_QVsjgjocC vol. 1] [https://archive.org/details/viaggidipietrode02dell vol. 2] editionis 1843; [https://archive.org/details/travelsofpietrod00dell vol. 1] [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.13145 vol. 2] versionis Anglicae)}} * 1663 : {{ec|id=Vasconcellos (1663)|c=[[Simon de Vasconcellos|Simão de Vasconcellos]], ''Chronica da Companhia de Jesu do estado do Brasil'' (Olisipone) lib. 1 cap. 141 {{Google Books|bHT08G-vNSIC|pp. 86-87}} [https://archive.org/details/chronicadacompan00vasc vol. 1] [https://archive.org/details/chronicadacompan01vasc vol. 2 editionis 1865] }} * 1664 : [[Athanasius Kircherus]], ''Mundus subterraneus''. Amstelodami [https://archive.org/details/mundussubterrane00unse Textus] [https://archive.org/details/mundussubterrane02kirc 3a ed. 1678] * 1664 : [[Ioannes Evelyn|John Evelyn]], ''[[Sylva (Evelyn)|Sylva, or a discourse of forest-trees and the propagation of timber in His Majesty's dominions]]'' (Londinii: [[Regalis Societas Londiniensis|Royal Society]], 1664) [http://www.archive.org/details/sylvaordiscourse00eveluoft Textus apud archive.org] * 1664 : [[Ioannes Evelyn|John Evelyn]] et alii, "[[Pomona (Evelyn)|Pomona]], or an appendix concerning fruit-trees in relation to cider" in John Evelyn, ''[[Sylva (Evelyn)|Sylva, or a discourse of forest-trees and the propagation of timber in His Majesty's dominions]]'' (Londinii: [[Regalis Societas Londiniensis|Royal Society]], 1664) [http://www.archive.org/details/sylvaordiscourse00eveluoft Textus apud archive.org] * 1665 : [[Ioannes Rea|John Rea]], ''Flora, seu De florum cultura, or A complete florilege, furnished with all the requisites belonging to a florist''. Londinii: Thomas Clarke. [https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000815081 Textus] * 1667 : [[Athanasius Kircherus]], ''China ... illustrata''. Amstelodami [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_CSjQ6j3dWcsC Textus] [https://htext.stanford.edu/content/kircher/china/kircher.pdf Versio Anglica] * 1668 : [[Ioannes Henricus Meibomius]], ''[[De cervisiis potibusque et ebriaminibus extra vinum aliis]]'' (Helmstadii, 1668) [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_e3LsZz6vApMC Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1668 : {{ec|id=Ecole (1668)|c=''L'ecole des ragoust, ou Le chef-d'euvre du cuisinier, du patissier et du confiturier''. Lugduni, 1668 [https://archive.org/details/lecoledesragoust00lava/page/84/mode/2up pp. 84-85], [https://archive.org/details/lecoledesragoust00lava/page/330/mode/2up 331-332] ("Bisque de poisson, bisque aux oeufs")}} * 1668 : [[Petrus de Lune|Pierre de Lune]], ''Le Nouveau et Parfait Cuisinier''. Nova ed. Lutetiae [http://terroirs.denfrance.free.fr/p/frameset/07.html Fragmentum interretiale] * 1669 : [[Kenelmus Digbius|Kenelm Digby]]; George Hartman, ed.? ''[[The Closet of Sir Kenelme Digbie Opened|The Closet of the Eminently Learned Sir Kenelme Digbie Kt. Opened]]''. Londinii: Henry Brome, 1669 {{Google Books|yc1EAQAAMAAJ|Textus e fac-simile demptus}} [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16441 editio interretialis] apud ''Project Gutenberg'' [https://archive.org/details/closetofeminentl00digb editio 1677] * 1669 : [[Nicolaus de Bonnefons|Nicolas de Bonnefons]]; [[Ioannes Evelyn|John Evelyn]], interpr., ''The French Gardiner''. Londinii: John Crooke, 1669 [https://archive.org/details/debonnefonsevelynfrenchgardiner2ed/ Textus] * 1670 : [[Ioannes Raius]], ''Catalogus plantarum Angliae et insularum adiacentium, tum indigenas, tum in agris passim cultas complectens''. Londinii: impensis J. Martyn [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k98508w Textus]; [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/82234 2a ed. 1677] * 1671 : Philippe Sylvestre Dufour, ''De l'Usage du caphé, du thé, et du chocolate''. Lugduni: J. Girin, B. Riviere {{Google Books|Ed0EPN_iakUC}}; John Chamberlayne, interpr., ''The Manner of Making Coffee, Tea, and Chocolate, as it is Used in Most Parts of Europe, Asia, Africa, and America''. Londinii: Christopher Wilkinson, 1685 * 1671 : W. M., ''The Compleat Cook'' (one of the three parts of The Queens Closet Opened). Londinii: E. Tyler & R. Holt, 1671 (facs. repr. London, Prospect, 1984. The text remained the same through all editions from 1655) * 1671 : [[Li Yu (scriptor)|Li Yu]], ''[[Fortuitae affectuum otiosorum adumbrationes|Xianqing ouji]]'' * ante 1672 : [[Anna Fanshawe]], ''Memoirs''. Editio: ''The Memoirs of Ann Lady Fanshawe, wife of the Right Honble. Sir Richard Fanshawe, Bart., 1600-72''. (Herbert Charles Fanshawe, ed.) Londinii: John Lane, 1907. [https://archive.org/details/memoirsofannlady00fansuoft Textus] * 1672 : William Hughes, ''The American Physitian, or, A Treatise of the Roots, Plants, Trees, Shrubs, Fruit, Herbs, &c. Growing in the English Plantations in America''. Londinii: William Crook {{Google Books|Oa9kAAAAcAAJ}} * 1673 : William Rabisha, ''The Whole Body of Cookery Dissected''. Londinii: E. Calvert, 1673 [https://www.loc.gov/item/44028918/ Textus] (1st ed. 1661?) * 1673 : [[Ioannes Raius|John Ray]], ''Observations topographical, moral, and physiological, made in a journey through part of the Low-Countries, Germany, Italy, and France, with a catalogue of plants ...'' Londinii: John Martyn [https://archive.org/details/observationstopo00rayj Textus] * 1674 : [[Ioannes Raius|John Ray]], ''A Collection of English Words not generally used ... with catalogues of English birds and fishes''. Londinii {{Google Books|njdWAAAAYAAJ}} * 1674 : Audiger’s Maison réglée et l’art de diriger la maison d’un grand seigneur tant à la ville qu’à la campagne (1674), reproduced in Gilles Laurendon and Laurence Laurendon, eds., ''L’Art de la cuisine française aux dix-septième siècle'' (Paris: Payot & Rivages, 1995) * 1675 : [[Ioannes Raius|John Ray]], ''Dictionariolum Trilingue Secundum Locos Communes, Nominibus Usitatioribus Anglicis, Latinis, Graecis, Ordine Parallelo Dispositis''. Londini: Burrel * 1675 : [[Hadrianus Valesius]], ''Notitia Galliarum ordine litterarum digesta''. Lutetiae, 1675 {{Google Books|mSVENQUSrioC|p. 538}} * 1675 : [[Franciscus van Sterbeeck]], ''Theatrum fungorum'' * 1676 : Denis Dodart, ''Mémoires pour servir à l’histoire des plantes'' * 1676-1689 : [[Ioannes Worlidge|John Worlidge]], ''[[Vinetum Britannicum]], or, A treatise of cider and other wines and drinks extracted from fruits growing in this kingdom with the method of propagating all sorts of vinous fruit-trees, and a description of the new-invented ingenio or mill for the more expeditious making of cider''. Londinii: T. Dring, 1676; 2a ed., 1678; 3a ed., 1691; ''The second parts of Systema agriculturae, or, The mystery of husbandry; and, Vinetum Britannicum, or, A treatise of cider; wherein are contained many selected and curious observations ... with the best and most natural rules and methods for the making of cider, and other English liquors''. Londinii, 1689 * 1675 : Hannah Wolley, ''The Queen-Like Closet''. Londinii: Richard Lownes [https://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/objects/lse:mir865luj Textus] * 1676-1679 : [[Ioannes Baptista Tavernier|Jean-Baptiste Tavernier]], ''Les Six Voyages'' (Lutetiae, 1676-1679) {{GB|_cgM18MuVgsC|vol. 1}} {{GB|mV5CAAAAcAAJ|vol. 2}} {{Google Books|edIPyR4KgrsC|''Recueil'' [vol. 3]}} [https://archive.org/details/travelsinindia01tave Version Anglica vol. 1] [https://archive.org/details/travelsinindia02tave 2] * 1677 : ''{{Creanda|en|Bak tongsa|Pak interpres}}'' (''Bak tongsa'' vel ''Piao tongshi'') (Svetlana R. Dyer, interpr., ''Pak the Interpreter: An Annotated Translation and Literary-cultural Evaluation of the Piao Tongshi of 1677''. Pandanus Books, 2006) * 1678 : [[Ioannes Raius|John Ray]], ''A Collection of English Proverbs''. Cantabrigiae {{Google Books|rnlQoxh95VMC}} * 1678 : [[Ioannes Raius|John Ray]], ed., ''The Ornithology of Francis Willughby of Middleton in the county of Warwick, esq.'' Londinii [https://archive.org/details/ornithologyFran00Will Textus] * 1678-1703 : [[Henricus van Rheede|Henricus van Rhede tot Draakestein]], ''[[Hortus Malabaricus|Horti Malabarici]] pars prima [... duodecima]''. Amstelaedami: sumptibus Johannis van Someren et Joannis van Dyck [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/707 Textus] * 1680-1699 : [[Robertus Morison]], ''Plantarum historiae universalis Oxoniensis'' ... [pars i-iii]. Oxoniae {{GB|kc4wCzH05d4C|i}} {{GB|j0Ks4ncT6QEC|ii}} {{Google Books|lqPQH-5-d-oC|iii}} * 1681 : Robert Knox, ''An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon in the East-Indies'' (Londinii: Chiswell, 1681) {{Google Books|yFpTAAAAcAAJ|p. 12}} * 1682 : [William Rabisha], ''The Whole Body of Cookery Dissected''. Londinii: George Calvert & Ralph Simpson, 1682 (facs. repr. Totnes, Prospect, 2003; the text remained essentially unchanged from the first edition of 1661) cf. 1673 * 1682 : John Chamberlayne, ''The Natural History of Coffee, Thee', Chocolate, Tobacco''. Londinii: Christopher Wilkinson [https://archive.org/details/naturalhistoryof00chamuoft Textus] * 1682 : ''Methodus plantarum nova : brevitatis & perspicuitatis causa synoptice in tabulis exhibita''. Londinii: Faithorne [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/37647 Textus] * 1682 : [[Ioannes Nieuhof|Johan Nieuhof]], ''Johan Nieuhofs Gedenkweerdige Brasiliaense zee- en lant- reize'' (Amstelodami: Jacob van Meurs) [https://archive.org/details/johannieuhofsged00nieu/page/n233/mode/2up p. 203]; {{Google Books|vOguAAAAIAAJ|p. 292 versionis Lusitanae}} ("Chili lada of Brasiliaense peper. De roode peper, gemeenelijk Brasiliaense peper by d'onzen, en chili lada by de Brasilianen genoemt ...") * 1682: [[Christophorus de Acuña|Cristóbal de Acuña]]; Mr de Gomberville, interpr., ''Relation de la riviere des Amazones'' (4 v. Lutetiae, 1682) quo opere comprehensa sunt Gomberville, 'Dissertation sur la Riviere des Amazones' (v. 1); Jean Grillet, 'Journal du voyage qu'ont fait les pères Jean Grillet et François Bechamel de la Compagnie de Jésus en Goyane l’an 1674'; [https://archive.org/details/relationdelarivi01acua/ 1]; [https://archive.org/details/relationdelarivi02acua/ 2]; [https://archive.org/details/relationdelarivi03acua/ 3]; [https://archive.org/details/relationdelarivi04acua/ 4] * 1683 : ''The Young Cook's Monitor, or Directions for cookery and distilling, by M. H.'' Londinii: William Downing {{Google Books|ivlmAAAAcAAJ}} * 1685 : Robert May, ''The Accomplisht Cook'' (5a ed. Londinii) [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/22790 Textus] * 1685 : Philippe Sylvestre Dufour, ''Traitez nouveaux et curieux du café, du thé et du chocolate''. Lugduni: J. Girin, B. Riviere [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_XDU97KHMFu4C Textus] [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009349246 Editio 1693] * 1686-1704 : [[Ioannes Raius]], ''[[Historia plantarum generalis (Raius)|Historia plantarum generalis]]'' {{GB|btw-AAAAcAAJ|vol. 1 2a ed.}} {{GB|PXoxquU_jgUC|vol. 2 2a ed.}} {{Google Books|vKzKmrmHNfsC|vol. 3}} * 1687 : Nicolas de Blegny, ''Le Bon Usage du thé, du caffé, et du chocolat''. Lugduni: T. Amaulry [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009281765 Textus] * 1687 : [[Ioannes Worlidge|John Worlidge]], ''The most easie method for making the best cyder''. Londinii: George Graston * 1687 : [[Nicolaus Parthenius Giannettasius|Nicolaus Parthenius]], ''Halieutica''. Neapoli {{Google Books|RH31fSuOuFgC}} * 1688 : [[Ioannes Raius]], ''Fasciculus Stirpium Britannicarum, post editum plantarum Angliae catalogum observatarum''. Londinii: Faithorne {{Google Books|pxyYUGCMZs4C}} * 1688 : [[Alexander Exquemelin|Alexandre Olivier Oexmelin]], ''Histoire des avanturiers qui se sont signalez dans les Indes''. Lutetiae: Jacques Le Febvre, 1688 {{Google Books|Td0wf6XxqSQC|pp. 113-114}} ("et après avec une cuillère de bois il ramasse la graisse, qu'il met dans une calebasse; et ensuite il presse le jus de quelques limons ... y joignant un peu de piment, qui donne le goût et le nom à cette sauce, qu'ils appellent pimentade") * ante 1689 : [[Ioannes Reresby|John Reresby]], ''Memoirs''. Editio: James J. Cartwright, ed., ''The Memoirs of Sir John Reresby, of Thrybergh, bart., M. P. for York, &c., 1634-1689''. Londinii: Longmans Green, 1875 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k105383c Textus] * 1690 : [[Ioannes Raius]], ''Synopsis methodica stirpium Britannicarum''. Londini [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/63346 Textus] * 1691 : {{ec|id=Massialot (1691)|c=[[Franciscus Massialot|François Massialot]], ''Le Cuisinier roial et bourgeois''. Lutetiae {{Google Books|HXwOAQAAIAAJ}}}} * 1691 : Richard Ames, ''The Search after Claret''. Londinii: E. Hawkins, 1691 [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A25274.0001.001/1:3?rgn=div1;view=fulltext Editio interretialis] * 1691 : Richard Ames, ''A Farther Search after Claret''. Londinii: E. Hawkins, 1691 {{Google Books|hKbb2W5vyj4C}} * 1691 : {{Creanda|fr|Marie-Catherine d'Aulnoy|Maria Catharina d'Aulnoy|Madame d'Aulnoy}}, ''Relation du voyage d'Espagne''. Hagae Comitum: chez Henri van Bulderen {{Google Books|M5ov-5VQX3kC|vol. 3 pp. 147-148}} ("on laisse tremper longtems le pimento dans du sel et du vinaigre pour en ôter la force") * 1691 : [[Simon de La Loubère]], ''Du Royaume de Siam''. 2 voll. Lutetiae: Coignard [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5418109s vol. 1] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5415972c 2] * 1693 : [[Franciscus Massialot|François Massialot]], ''Le Cuisinier royal et bourgeois''. 2a ed. Lutetiae [https://archive.org/details/lecuisinierroyal00mass Textus] * 1693 : L. S. R., ''L'art de bien traiter'' [https://archive.org/details/lartdebientraite00lsra_0/ Textus] * 1693 : [[Ioannes Raius]], ''Synopsis methodica animalium quadrupedum et serpentini generis''. Londinii [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_OnACLEEY8WQC Textus] * 1693 : [[Ioannes Raius|John Ray]], ed., ''A Collection of Curious Travels and Voyages, in two tomes''. Londinii {{GB|8oMrAQAAMAAJ|vol. 1}} {{Google Books|DytDAAAAcAAJ|vol. 2}} * 1693 : [[Ioannes Raius]], ''Historia plantarum generalis'' (1693) {{Google Books|btw-AAAAcAAJ|vol. 1 pp. 676-679}} * 1694 : [[Antonius Latini|Antonio Latini]], ''Lo scalco alla moderna''. Neapoli, 1694 {{GB|edZMAAAAcAAJ|vol. 1}} {{Google Books|VHxPSH5JFxAC|vol. 2}} (Tommaso Astarita, interpr., ''Antonio Latini's The Modern Steward'' [Ledesiae: ARC Humanities Press, 2019] [https://assets.ctfassets.net/4wrp2um278k7/3Ok5PSNdcLjxMWsT3lJ1yP/533ac771a1f48e08efb4c2232e7d1813/Antonio_Latini___s_The_Modern_Steward__or_The_Art_of_Preparing_Banquets_Well_ToC___Intro.pdf Textus praefationis]) * 1694 : [[Ioannes Raius]], ''Stirpium Europaearum extra Britannias nascentium sylloge''. Londini: Smith & Walford {{Google Books|8Fc-AAAAcAAJ}} * 1695 : John Poyntz, ''The present prospect of the famous and fertile island of Tobago''. 2a ed. Londinii, 1695 {{Google Books|5ehmAAAAcAAJ|p. 13}} ("Then there is long pepper, that sprouts up in every angle; and cod pepper, bell pepper, and round pepper, some red, and some green, that grows naturally without cultivation") * ante 1696 : [[Ioannes Aubreius|John Aubrey]], ''[[Brief Lives]]'' (Andrew Clark, ed., ''Brief Lives, chiefly of contemporaries, set down by John Aubrey between the years 1669 and 1696'' [2 voll. Oxonii: Clarendon Press, 1898] [https://archive.org/details/briefliveschiefl01aubr 1] [https://archive.org/details/briefliveschiefl02aubr 2]) [https://archive.org/details/briefliveschiefl01aubr/page/224/mode/2up vol. 1 pp. 224-233 et alibi] * 1696 : J. Ovington, ''A Voyage to Suratt in the Year 1689'' (Londinii: Tonson, 1696) [https://archive.org/details/AVoyageToSurattInTheYear1689/page/n419/mode/2up p. 397]; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.79805/page/n261/mode/2up p. 231 editionis 1929] * 1697 : {{ec|id= Dampier (1697)|c= [[Gulielmus Dampier|William Dampier]], ''A New Voyage Round the World'' (Londinii: James Knapton) [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_a-new-voyage-round-the-w_dampier-william_1697/page/296/mode/2up p. 296] apud ''Internet Archive'' }} ("The lime ... is also used for a particular kind of sauce, which is called pepper-sauce, and is made of cod-pepper, commonly called Guinea-pepper, boiled in water, and then pickled with salt, and mixt with lime-juice to preserve it") * 1698 : [[Ioannes Fryer|John Fryer]], ''A New Account of East-India and Persia in Eight Letters'' (Londinii: Chiswell, 1698) [https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.85618/page/404/mode/2up p. 404] * 1698 : {{ec|id= Ward (1698)|c= Edward Ward, ''A Trip to Jamaica: with a true character of the people and island'' 3a ed. (Londinii) [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_a-trip-to-jamaica-_ward-edward_1698/page/n14 pp. 14-15] }} * 1699 : [[Martinus Lister|Martin Lister]], ''A journey to Paris in the year 1698'' (Londinii) [https://archive.org/details/McGillLibrary-osl_journey-paris_BO5070_L77325j1698-1699-20094/page/n75/mode/2up pp. 60-63] * 1699 : [[Lionel Wafer]], ''A New Voyage and Description of the Isthmus of America''. Londinii (George Parker Winship, ed., 1903 [https://archive.org/details/newvoyagedescrip00wafe/page/106/mode/2up p. 107]) * 1699 : [[Ioannes Evelyn|John Evelyn]], ''[[Acetaria (Evelyn)|Acetaria: A Discourse of Sallets]]''. Londinii: Tooke {{Google Books|-fhmAAAAcAAJ}} * 1699 : [[Robertus Morison]], ''Plantarum historiae universalis Oxoniensis''. Oxoniae {{Google Books|lqPQH-5-d-oC|pars iii pp. 528-531; sectionis 13 tabula 2}} ("Solanum urens Capsicum dictum") * 1700 : [[Iosephus Pitton de Tournefort]], ''[[Institutiones rei herbariae (Tournefort)|Institutiones rei herbariae]]'' [https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000521648 vol. 1] [https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000521655 vol. 2] [https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000521663 vol. 3] == 1701-1750 == * 1702 : [[Franciscus Massialot]]; J. K., interpr., ''The Court and Country Cook, giving new and plain directions how to order all manner of entertainments''. Londinii: A. & J. Churchill {{Google Books|paFhAAAAcAAJ}} * 1702: [[Thomas Campanius Holm]], ''Kort beskrifning om provincien Nya Swerige uti America''. Holmiae: Werner, 1702; [https://litteraturbanken.se/författare/HolmTC/titlar/NyaSwerige/sida/VII/faksimil textus] – Thomas Campanius Holm; Peter S. Du Ponceau, ed., ''Description of the Province of New Sweden''. Philadelphiae: McCarty & Davis, 1834; [https://archive.org/details/descriptionofpro00holm Textus] * 1703 : [[Ioannes Raius]], ''Nomenclator Classicus''. 4a ed. 1703 {{Google Books|gVFgAAAAcAAJ|p. 38}} * 1703 : Iosephus Browne, ed., ''[[Theodorus Mayernius|Theo. Turquet Mayernii]] ... Opera medica''. Londinii, 1703 {{Google Books|EvRbAAAAcAAJ|pp. 65, 177}} * 1704 : {{ec|id=Dictionnaire universel (1704)|c=''Dictionnaire universel françois et latin'' (Trévoux: E. Ganeau) {{Google Books|FdKbUYT-TdoC|vol. 1 s.v. "Amelette"}}, {{Google Books|FdKbUYT-TdoC|vol. 1 s.v. "Aumelette"}} {{{Google Books|cSB28sfaAE8C|vol. 2}} {{Google Books|FdKbUYT-TdoC|vol. 3 s.v. "Omelette"}}}} * 1705 : {{ec|id=Dale (1705)|c={{Creanda|en|Samuel Dale (physician)|Samuel Dale}}, ''Pharmacologiae, seu manuductionis ad materiam medicam, supplementum'' (1705) p. 184 {{Google Books|TapdAAAAcAAJ|cf. editio 1718 p. 193}}}} * 1705 : {{Creanda|fr|Charles de Saint-Évremond|Sancteuremondus}}, ''Oeuvres meslées'' (Londinii: Tonson, 1705) {{GB|6wv7uLCSHiwC|vol. 1}} {{GB|e3rGj2_xGPEC|vol. 2 pars 1 p. 36}} {{Google Books|yj9tGOFo8TAC|vol. 2 pars 2}} * 1706 : "[[Acetaria (Evelyn)|Acetaria: a discourse of sallets]]" in [[Ioannes Evelyn|John Evelyn]], ''[[Sylva (Evelyn)|Silva, or a discourse of forest-trees and the propagation of timber in His Majesty's dominions]]'' (4a ed. Londinii, 1706) [https://archive.org/details/b30414155/page/130/mode/2up pars 2 pp. 131-213] * 1707 : [[Ioannes Christophorus Becmanus]], ''Historia orbis terrarum geographica et civilis''. 6a ed. 1707 {{Google Books|F4dBAAAAcAAJ|p. 420}} * 1707-1725 : [[Ioannes Sloane|Hans Sloane]], ''A Voyage to the Islands Madera, Barbadoes, Nieves, S. Christophers and Jamaica'' (2 voll. Londinii, 1707–1725) [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/11242#page/411/mode/1up vol. 1 p. 240], [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/11241#page/401/mode/1up vol. 2 p. 378] * 1709 : ''Ein neues und nutzbahres Koch-Buch: in welchem zu finden, wie man verschiedene herrliche und wohl-schmäckende Speisen bereiten solle''. Lipsiae: Thomas Fritschen (Winfried Fischer, Klaus-Peter Wende, edd., ''Ein neues und nutzbahres Koch-Buch''. Rosenheimer Verlagshaus, 1976) {{Google Books|6Pyg7i2dQiIC|Editio 1976}} * 1711 : Charles Lockyer, ''An account of the trade in India''. Londinii, 1711 [https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.11854/ Textus] * 1711 : [[Ioannes Chardin|Jean Chardin]], ''Voyages de Monsieur le chevalier Chardin en Perse et autres lieux de l'Orient''. 3 vols. Amstelodami: Jean Louis de l'Orme, 1711 [https://archive.org/details/bub_gal_ark_12148_bpt6k10503900 vol. 1], [https://archive.org/details/bub_gal_ark_12148_bpt6k1050392t 2], [https://archive.org/details/bub_gal_ark_12148_bpt6k1050394n 3] (fullest edition) * 1712 : {{ec|id=Kaempfer (1712)|c=[[Engelbertus Kaempfer]], ''Amoenitatum exoticarum politico-physico-medicarum fasciculi V'' [https://archive.org/details/b30500606_0001/page/836/mode/2up pp. 837-840]}} * 1713 : [[Ioannes Raius]], ''Synopsis methodica avium et piscium: opus posthumum''. Londini. Londinii [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_d5NnSulin5oC Textus] * 1714 : Mary Kettilby, ''{{Creanda|en|A collection of above three hundred receipts in cookery, physick and surgery}}'' (Londinii, 1714) [https://archive.org/details/b30514976_0001/page/42/mode/2up p. 43] * 1717 : [[Paulus Hermannus]], ''Musaeum Zeylanicum''. Lugduni Batavorum: Isaacus Severinus, 1717 {{Google Books|JQ2Cw8x_8l0C|p. 61}}; {{GB|z0U-AAAAcAAJ|p. 61 editionis 1726}} * 1718 : ''Mrs. Mary Eales's receipts''. London: at Mr. Cooper's; [https://archive.org/details/b33020784/page/88/mode/2up Textus] * 1719 : Giovanni Francesco Upezzinghi, ''Il cuoco in villa''. Urbini, 1719 [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_7WS5bUYnlckC Textus] * 1719 : ''Histoire naturelle du cacao, et du sucre''. Lutetiae: Laurent d'Houry {{Google Books|EHuU46ZlOoIC|p. 135}} * 1721 : {{ec|id=Dictionnaire universel (1721)|c="Amelette, Aumelette, Omelette" in ''Dictionnaire universel françois et latin'' (Trévoux: F. Delaulne) [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k509621/f196 vol. 1 col. 338], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k50963c vol. 2] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k50964q 3] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k316749f 4] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k50966d 5]]}} * c. 1722 : [[Franciscus Ximénez de Quesada]], ''Historia natural de la provincia de San Vicente de Chiapas y Guatemala'' * 1722 : {{ec|id=Labat (1722)|c=[[Ioannes Baptista Labat|Jean Baptiste Labat]], ''Nouveau voyage aux isles de l'Amerique'' (6 voll. Lutetiae: Théodore Le Gras, 1722) [https://archive.org/details/nouveauvoyageaux01laba_0/ vol. 1] [https://archive.org/details/nouveauvoyageaux02laba_0/ 2] [https://archive.org/details/nouveauvoyageaux03laba_0/ 3] [https://archive.org/details/nouveauvoyageaux04laba_0/ 4] [https://archive.org/details/nouveauvoyageaux05laba_0/ 5] [https://archive.org/details/nouveauvoyageaux06laba_0/ 6] }} * 1723 : John Nott, ''The Cooks and Confectioners Dictionary'' (1723) [https://archive.org/details/cooksandconfect00nottgoog/page/n399/mode/2up 152: To dress pikes a la Sainte Robert] ("make your Sauce Robert in the following manner") * 1723-1735 : Aerae Yongzheng ''Chorographia Shandong'' (山东通志): 秦椒，色红有子与花椒味俱辛 ("Pipera ''qin'' colore rubra, granis plena, tam calida quam [[zanthoxyli fructus]]") * ante 1725 : Henry Barham, ''Hortus Americanus'' (Kingston Iamaicae, 1794) [https://archive.org/details/b29319870/page/30/mode/2up pp. 30-31] * 1725 : Noël Chomel; R. Bradley, ed., ''Dictionaire oeconomique, or The family dictionary''. Londinii: D. Midwinter, 1725 {{Google Books|iXIiAQAAMAAJ|s.v. Civet}} * 1726 : {{ec|id=Sanfelicius (1726)|c=Antonius Sanfelicius, ''Campania notis illustrata''. Neapoli: Johannes-Franciscus Paci {{Google Books|Y4UqAO-bSwIC|pp. 121-123}}}} * 1727 : {{ec|id=Smith (1729)|c=[[Eliza Smith]], ''The Compleat Housewife''. Londinii {{Google Books|h_ZAAQAAMAAJ|3a ed. 1729}} [https://www.loc.gov/item/48039324/ 4a ed. 1730] [https://archive.org/details/b30498090_0001 6a ed. 1734] {{Google Books|7OJQAQAAIAAJ|9a ed. 1739}} [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=evans;idno=N04107.0001.001 Editio interretialis editonis Virginianae 1742]}} * 1727 : [[Alexander Hamilton (nauta)|Alexander Hamilton]], ''A new account of the East Indies''. 2 voll. Edinburgi, 1727 {{GB|1ombp1gBqKsC|vol. 1}} {{Google Books|2YCoCwtJd1gC|vol. 2}} -- 2a ed. Londinii, 1739 -- [3a ed.] 2 voll. Londinii, 1743; [https://archive.org/details/anewaccounteast01hamigoog/page/n7/mode/2up vol. 1]; vol. 2 pp. [https://archive.org/details/anewaccounteast00hamigoog/page/n55/mode/2up 42], [https://archive.org/details/anewaccounteast00hamigoog/page/n205/mode/2up 193] ("cod-pepper") -- Editio 1930 [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.503139/page/n9/mode/2up vol. 2] -- Impressio 1995 [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.278509/page/n3/mode/2up vol. 1] * 1727 : [[Ricardus Bradley|Richard Bradley]], ''The country housewife and lady's director''. Londinii, 1727?; {{Google Books|nppgAAAAcAAJ|2a ed. 1727}}; [https://archive.org/details/b30507789/page/n7/mode/2up editio Dublinensis 1727]; [https://archive.org/details/countryhousewife00brad/ 6a ed., 1732, cui subiungitur pars altera nova]; [https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_the-country-housewife-a_bradley-richard_1762 "6a ed." singulo volumine 1762] * 1731-1754 : {{ec|id=Zedler|c=Johann Heinrich Zedler, ed., ''Grosses vollständiges Universal-Lexicon aller Wissenschaften und Künste'' [https://www.zedler-lexikon.de/index.html?c=zedlerinfo&l=de editio interretialis]}} * 1733 : Sarah Harrison, ''The house-keeper's pocket-book, and compleat family cook''. Londinii {{Google Books|8z-xmsHoqPQC|2a ed. 1739}} {{GB|yE3ncQhWcEsC|"3a ed." Dublini, 1738}} {{GB|77FH9N99Yk4C|5a ed., 1751}} {{GB|rYcEAAAAYAAJ|7th ed., 1760}} * 1733 : {{ec|id=La Chapelle (1733)|c=[[Vincentius La Chapelle|Vincent La Chapelle]], ''The Modern Cook'' (3 voll. Londinii: Nicolas Prevost, 1733) [https://archive.org/details/moderncook01lach vol. 1] [https://archive.org/details/moderncook02lach 2] [https://archive.org/details/moderncook03lach 3]}} * 1735 : {{ec|id=La Chapelle (1735)|c=[[Vincentius La Chapelle|Vincent La Chapelle]], ''Le cuisinier moderne'' (4 voll. Hagae Comitum, 1735) [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1042599r vol. 1] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1042601c 2] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k10426036 3] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k10426051 4]}} * 1735 : {{ec|id=Alpinus, ed. Veslingius (1735)|c=[[Prosper Alpinus]]; Ioannes Veslingius, ed., ''Prosperi Alpini ... Historiae Aegypti naturalis pars prima [... secunda]'' (1735) [https://archive.org/details/prosperialpinima11735alpi/page/228/mode/2up p. 229]}} * 1737 : [[Ioannes Raius|John Ray]], ''A Compleat Collection of English Proverbs; also the most celebrated proverbs of the Scotch, Italian, French, Spanish, and other languages ... A Collection of English Words''. Londinii: J. Hughs {{Google Books|VuhDAAAAcAAJ}} * 1737 : [[Carolus Linnaeus]], ''Critica Botanica'' (Lugduni Batavorum, 1737) [https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/viewer/11541/?offset=#page=107&viewer=picture&o=bookmark&n=0&q= p. 91] [http://linnean-online.org/120000/ alibi] * 1737 : [[Carolus Linnaeus]], ''[[Hortus Cliffortianus]]''. Amstelodami [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/690 Textus] * 1737 : [[Ioannes Burmannus]], ''Thesaurus Zeylanicus''. Amstelaedami: apud Janssonio-Waesbergios & Salomonem Schouten [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/734 Textus] * 1738 : [[Ioannes Raius|John Ray]], ed., ''Travels through the Low Countries ... vol. 1'', ''A Collection of Curious Travels and Voyages ... vol. 2''. 2a ed. Londinii: J. Walthoe [etc.] [https://archive.org/details/travelsthroughlo01rayj vol. 1] [https://archive.org/details/travelsthroughlo02rayj vol. 2] * 1738 : Joseph Pitts, ''A faithful account of the religion and manners of the Mahometans'' (4a ed. Londinii: Longman, 1738) {{Google Books|swthAAAAcAAJ|pp. 23-24}} * 1738 : Thomas Shaw, ''Travels, or observations relating to several parts of Barbary and the Levant'' (Oxoniae, 1738) [https://archive.org/details/travelsorobserva00shaw/page/n15/mode/2up p. v] * 1738 : [[Carolus Linnaeus]], ''Classes plantarum'' * 1738 : Petrus Artedus, ''Synonymia nominum piscium fere omnium''. Lugduni Batavorum: aopud Conradum Wishoff, 1738 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k97177c/ Textus] cf. 1793 * 1739 : {{ec|Menon (1739)|Menon, ''Nouveau traité de la cuisine''. Lutetiae [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1511758k vol. 1] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1511760n 2] apud Gallica}} * 1739 : {{ec|Marin (1739)|[[Franciscus Marin|François Marin]], ''Les Dons de Comus''. Lutetiae: Prault, 1739 {{Google Books|DhH_o1xyRaMC}}}} * 1740 : ''Le Cuisinier gascon''. Lutetiae [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1511832p Textus] * 1742 : {{ec|Marin (1742)|[[Franciscus Marin|François Marin]], ''Suite des Dons de Comus''. 3 voll. Lutetiae: veuve Pissot, 1742 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1512116g vol. 1] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15121189 vol. 2] apud Gallica {{Google Books|7yA_clSTZc0C|vol. 3}}}} * 1742 : {{ec|Menon (1742)|[Menon], ''La Nouvelle Cuisine ... continuation au Nouveau traité de la cuisine''. Lutetiae {{Google Books|9YU7AAAAcAAJ}}}} * 1742 : [[Vincentius La Chapelle|Vincent La Chapelle]], ''Le cuisinier moderne'' (2a ed. 5 voll. Hagae Comitum, 1742) [https://archive.org/details/lecuisiniermode04chapgoog vol. 1] [https://archive.org/details/lecuisiniermode01chapgoog 2] [https://archive.org/details/lecuisiniermode00chapgoog 3] [https://archive.org/details/lecuisiniermode02chapgoog 4] [https://archive.org/details/lecuisiniermode03chapgoog 5] * 1742 : {{ec|id=Labat (1742)|c=[[Ioannes Baptista Labat|Jean Baptiste Labat]], ''Nouveau voyage aux isles de l'Amerique'' (Lutetiae: Théodore Le Gras, 1742) [https://archive.org/details/nouveauvoyagea02laba/page/228/mode/2up pp. 228-229]}} * 1742 : Savary des Bruslons, ''Dictionnaire universel de commerce, d'histoire naturelle et des arts et métiers''. Nova ed. Genavae {{Google Books|XEgOLE6F52IC|vol. 2 coll. 272-273}} ("Poivre de Guinée") * 1743 : ''Voyages de Monsr. Shaw, M. D. dans plusieurs provinces de la Barbarie et du Levant'' (2 voll. Hagae Comitum: Neaulme, 1743) [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_JnvRiNp8-AEC vol. 1] [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_GTXTRek7HHQC 2] * 1745 : [[Ioannes Altamiras|Juan Altamiras]], ''Nuevo arte de la cocina española'' * 1745 : {{Rumphius}} vol. 5 p. 247 et tab. 88; cf. {{Merrill}} [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38882613#page/470/mode/1up p. 462] * 1746 : Menon, ''La Cuisinière bourgeoise''. Lutetiae [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1512126v Textus] aud Gallica; [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9793731w ed. 1748] {{Google Books|DpNhwxHGEcEC|ed. 1750}} {{Google Books|4CGDiYkKP1kC|ed. 1769}} * 1747 : {{ec|id=Glasse (1747)|c=[[Anna Glasse|Hannah Glasse]], ''[[The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy]]'' (Londinii, 1747) [https://archive.org/details/artofcookerymade00glas/page/130/mode/2up pp. 130-131] ("To pickle mackrel, call'd caveach")}} * 1747 : Jacques-Philibert Rousselot de Surgy, ''Histoire generale des voyages''. Lutetiae: Didot {{Google Books|M5gm9gXcGA4C|vol. 12 p. 436}} ("Côte de Malaguette: ... La dernière espèce de poivre qui s'appelle ice piment, et qui porte en Europe le nom de poivre d'Espagne croît en abondance sur la Côte. Il y a deux sortes de piment, le grand et le petit, tous deux verds d'abord; mais le petit prend ensuite un fort beau rouge, et le grand tourne sur le noir ... Le piment confit au vinaigre ou au jus de limon passe pour un excellent stomachique") * 1748 : {{ec|id=Behr (1748)|c=Georg Heinrich Behr, ''Zwey Bücher Von der Materia medica''. Argentorati {{Google Books|P_JaAAAAcAAJ|p. 506}} ("''Vinum Andegaviense'' oder ''Vin d'Anjou'')}} * 1748-1799 : [[Georgius Washingtonius]], ''[[Georgii Washingtonii Ephemerides|Diaries]]'' (Donald Jackson, Dorothy Twohig, edd., ''The Diaries of George Washington'' vol. 4, 1784-1786 [Charlottesville, 1978] [https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/mss/mgw/mgwd/wd04/wd04.pdf diebus 13 et 28 Iunii 1785]) * 1749 : ''[[L'Ecole du jardin potager]]''. Lutetiae [https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/doi/10.3931/e-rara-21828 Textus] apud ''e-Rara'' * 1749 : [Menon], ''La Science du maître d'hôtel cuisinier''. Lutetiae [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k54549881 Textus]; [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15119766 ed. 1768] apud Gallica == 1751-1800 == * 1751 : Joseph Gilliers, ''Le cannameliste français''. Nancy; [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15120483 textus]; [https://archive.org/details/b30410095/ editio 1768] * 1752 : "Brasilien-Pfeffer" in Carl Günther Ludovici, ''Eröffnete Akademie der Kaufleute, oder vollständiges Kaufmanns-Lexicon'' vol. 1 (Lipsiae, 1752) {{Google Books|dbxRAAAAcAAJ|coll. 2091-2095}} * 1753 : {{ec|id=Linnaeus (1753)|c={{Linnaeus SP|185}}}} * 1753 : {{ec|id=Höjer (1753)|c= [[Iohannes Christianus Höjer|Johannes Christ. Höjer]]; [[Carolus Linnaeus]], ed., ''Demonstrationes plantarum in horto Upsaliensi'' (Upsaliae, 1753) {{Google Books|hGpQAAAAcAAJ|p. 3 nota subiuncta}} (alia editione [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k98436v/f9.item p. 401 nota subiuncta]) }} * 1753-1761 : [[Petrus Kalm|Pehr Kalm]], ''En resa til Norra America'' [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/35535 Textus] * 1755 : [[Ioannes Fridericus Gronovius|Iohannes Fredericus Gronovius]], ''Flora orientalis, sive recensio plantarum, quas ... [[Leonhartus Rauwolfius|Leonhardus Rauwolffus]] ... annis 1573-1574 et 1575 in Syria, Arabia, Mesopotamia, Babylonia, Assyria, Armenia & Iudaea crescentes observavit''. Lugduni Batavorum: de Groot [http://www.mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn=urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10302832-1 Textus] * 1755 : {{ec|Menon (1755)|Menon, ''[[Les Soupers de la cour]]''. 4 voll. Lutetiae: Guillyn, 1755 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6468593p vol. 1] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k64685943 2] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6463215w 3] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k64524528 4] apud Gallica; {{GB|yzE7AAAAcAAJ|vol. 1}} {{GB|QTI7AAAAcAAJ|2}} {{GB|VDI7AAAAcAAJ|3}} {{Google Books|dTI7AAAAcAAJ|4}}; [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1511948w ed. 1778 vol. 1] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1511950z 2] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15119781 3]}} * 1755 : {{ec|id=Glasse (1755)|c=[[Anna Glasse|Hannah Glasse]], ''[[The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy]]'' (5a ed. Londinii, 1755) [https://archive.org/details/b30501842/page/334/mode/2up p. 334] ("To make India pickle")}} * 1756 : [[Carolus Linnaeus]], ''Centuria II. Plantarum ...'' (Upsaliae, 1756) [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36017975#page/14/mode/1up pp. 10-11] * 1756 : Mrs. Martha Bradley, ''The British housewife''. 2 vols. London [1758]; [https://archive.org/details/b30528574_0001/page/n5/mode/2up vol. 1]; [https://archive.org/details/b30528574_0002/page/n5/mode/2up vol. 2] (first published as part-work in 1756, then in 2 vols in 1758, says Lehmann; older sources say 1760 and even 1770) * 1757 : ''Hygiene dogmatico-practica rationem conservandae sanitatis corporis humani ... exponens''. Francofurti: Gaum {{Google Books|YN6CCrfVIlMC|p. 199}} * 1757 : {{ec|id=Hill (1757)|c=John Hill, ''Eden, or a compleat body of gardening'' (Londinii: Osborne, 1757) [https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000809647/page/n64/mode/1up p. 47]}} * 1757 : [[Ricardus Bentley|Richard Bentley]], interpr.; [[Horatius Walpole|Horace Walpole]], ed. [[Paulus Hentznerus]], ''A Journey into England by Paul Hentzner in the year MDXCVIII''. Strawberry Hill. [https://archive.org/details/gri_33125011039175 Textus] * 1758 : Juan Altamiras, ''Nuevo arte de cocina''. Barcinone: Bezàres, 1758 [http://bdh.bne.es/bnesearch/detalle/bdh0000098942 Textus] * 1758 : {{ec|id=Glasse (1758)|c=[[Anna Glasse|Hannah Glasse]], ''[[The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy]]''. 6a ed. Londinii {{Google Books|8I9cAAAAcAAJ|pp. 353, 374}} ("How to make mead; To make white mead")}} * 1758 : [Menon], ''Cuisine et office de santé''. Lutetiae [1757] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15117649 Textus] apud Gallica {{Google Books|vNlQAQAAIAAJ}} * 1758 : {{ec|id=Dombi (1758)|c=Samuel Dombi, ''Dissertatio inauguralis physico-chemico-medica de vino Tokaiensi''. Traiecti ad Rhenum: Broedelet {{Google Books|afpAAQAAMAAJ}}}} * 1759 : [[Carolus Linnaeus]], ''Amoenitates academicae'' vol. 4 (Holmiae, 1759) [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/15496#page/310/mode/1up p. 307] * 1759 : William Verral, ''A complete system of cookery'' (London, 1759) [https://archive.org/details/completesystemof00verr/page/234/mode/2up pp. 235-240] ("The best method of dissecting, preparing and dressing of a turtle") * 1759: Israel Acrelius, ''Beskrifning om de Svenska Församlingars forna och närvarande tillstånd uti det så kallade Nya Sverige''. Stockholm: Harberg & Hesselberg, 1759; [https://archive.org/details/beskrifningomdes00acre textus] (p. 167: " ... Pungpeppar ... " – Israel Acrelius; William M. Reynolds, ed., A history of New Sweden, or The settlements on the river Delaware. Philadelphia, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1874; [https://archive.org/details/historyofnewswed00acre/ textus] * 1762-1778 : Christopher Sauer, "Kurtzgefasstes Kräuterbuch" (William Woys Weaver, interpr., ''Sauer's Herbal Cures: America's First Book of Botanic Healing, 1762-1778'' [Novi Eboraci: Routledge, 2001]) {{Google Books|OAMA51H9tfUC|Paginae selectae}} * 1763 : Jean-Antoine Bruletout de Préfontaine, ''Maison rustique à l'usage des habitans de ... Cayenne''. Paris: Bauche,, 1763 {{Google Books|0SAaAAAAYAAJ}} [https://journals.openedition.org/rsh/1089 De hoc opere] * 1763 : Francisco Martínez Montiño, ''Arte de cocina, pastelerìa, vizcocherìa, y conserverìa''. Matriti, 1763 [http://bdh.bne.es/bnesearch/detalle/bdh0000202557 Textus]; [http://bdh.bne.es/bnesearch/detalle/bdh0000091117 Textus editionis 1822] * 1764-1767 : J. de Blainville, ''Reisebeschreibung durch Holland, Oberdeutschland und die Schweiz, besonders aber durch Italien''. 4 voll. in 8 fascc. Lemgo: Meyer [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10366570 1.i] [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10366571 1.ii] [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10366572 2.i] [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10366573 2.ii] [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10366574 3.i] [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb11450065 3.ii] [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10366576 4.i] [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10366577 4.ii] [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10366578 5]; alia exemplaria [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb11222371 1] [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb11222372 2] [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb11222373 3] [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb11222374 4] [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb11222375 5] * 1765 : Louis de Chambray, ''L'Art de cultiver les pommiers, les poiriers et de faire des cidres selon l'usage de la Normandie''. Lutetiae: chez Ganeau [http://www.bmlisieux.com/normandie/chambray.htm Textus] * 1766-1824 : [[Thomas Jeffersonius|Thomas Ieffersonius]], ''[[Thomas Ieffersonii Liber hortensis|Garden Book]]'' (Edwin Morris Betts, ed., ''Thomas Jefferson's Garden Book 1766-1824'' [Philadelphiae: American Philosophical Society, 1944] [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.503395/ Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'') * 1766 : John Mills, ''A new system of practical husbandry'' vol. 4. London, 1766 {{Google Books|vTc7AAAAcAAJ|pp. 159-161}} ("Capsicum" ... ) * 1767 : Ioannes Michael Schosulan, ''Dissertatio inauguralis medica De vinis''. Viennae [Vindobonae]: Trattnern, 1767 {{Google Books|emg5AAAAcAAJ}} * 1767 : ''Dictionnaire portatif de cuisine, d'office et de distillation''. Lutetiae: Vincent, 1767 {{Google Books|-HA9AAAAcAAJ}} * 1768 : [[Philippus Miller|Philip Miller]], ''The Gardener's Dictionary''. 8a ed. Londinii [https://archive.org/details/b30454190/page/n214/mode/1up s.v. "Capsicum" ad finem] ("Cayan butter, or what the inhabitants of America call Pepper-pots") * 1768 : {{ec|id=Burmannus (1768)|c=[[Nicolaus Laurentius Burmannus]], ''Flora Indica'' (Lugduni Batavorum: Haek, 1768) [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/39900544#page/147/mode/1up p. 57]}} * 1768 : M. Emy, ''L'art de bien faire les glaces d'office''. Paris [https://archive.org/details/lartdebienfairel00emym_0/ Textus] * 1769 : [[Ioannes Fridericus Zückert]], ''Materia alimentaria.'' Berolini: Augustus Mylius {{Google Books|zbVEAAAAcAAJ|pp. 341-353}} * 1769 : [[Elizabeth Raffald]],<ref>Roy Shipperbottom, "Elizabeth Raffald (1733-1781)" in Harlan Walker, ed., ''Cooks and other people: proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery'' (Totenais: Prospect Books, 1996) {{Google Books|lpOqTUucwhUC|pp. 233-236}} </ref> ''The experienced English housekeeper''. Mancunii [https://archive.org/details/b30522134/ Textus] [https://archive.org/details/b2150541x/ editio 1798] * 1770 : Harriott Horry, ''Receipt Book'' (Richard J. Hooker, ed., ''A Colonial Plantation Cookbook: the Receipt Book of Harriott Pinckney Horry''. University of South Carolina Press, 1984) p.58 ("to caveach mackrel") {{Google Books|feG7xCABZ44C|Paginae selectae}} * 1770 : Lieutaud, interpr., ''Précis de la matiere médicale''. Nova ed. Lutetiae: Didot, 1770 [https://archive.org/details/b30535967_0001 vol. 1] [https://archive.org/details/b30535967_0002 vol. 2] * 1770-1776 : [[Nicolaus Iosephus Jacquin]], ''Hortus botanicus Vindobonensis'' (Vindobonae: typis Leopoldi Joannis Kaliwoda aulae imperialis typographi, 1770-1776) [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10249 vol. 1] [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10250 vol. 2] [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10251 vol. 3] * 1771 : {{ec|id=Linnaeus (1771)|c=[[Carolus Linnaeus]], ''Mantissa plantarum altera'' (Holmiae: impensis Laurentii Salvii, 1771) [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42945260#page/73/mode/1up p. 205]}} * 1771 : Bolton Glanvill Corney, interpr., ''The Voyage of Captain Don Felipe Gonzalez in the Ship of the Line San Lorenzo ... to Easter Island in 1770-1'' (Londinii: Hakluyt Society, 1908) [https://archive.org/details/voyagecaptaindo01haedgoog/page/n217/mode/2up p. 121] (Easter Island: "They gave the people of the said launch plantains, Chili peppers, sweet potatoes and fowls") * 1772 : "Piment, ou Poivre d'Inde, ou Poivre de Guinée" in ''Le grand vocabulaire françois''. Lutetiae: Panckouck {{Google Books|ESMMLLF2870C|vol. 22 col. 167-168}} ("On la cultive beaucoup dans les pays chauds, comme en Espagne, au Portugal et dans les provinces méridionales du Royaume [de France]") * 1773 : Vincenzo Corrado, ''Il cuoco galante''. Neapoli, 1773 [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb__Hov_shu2IgC/page/n3/mode/2up Textus] [https://archive.org/details/b21532497 3a ed. 1786] [https://archive.org/details/b22008561/ 6a ed. 1820] (fons nominis Latini) * 1774: Edward Long, ''History of Jamaica''. 3 v. London: Lowndes [https://archive.org/details/historyofjamaica01long vol. 1] [https://archive.org/details/historyofjamaica02long/ 2] [https://archive.org/details/historyofjamaica03long_0 3] * 1775 : Cristoforo Pilati, "Aggiunta sopra il formentone" in [[Augustinus Gallus|Agostino Gallo]], ''[[De recto agrorum cultu et voluptate rustica|Le venti giornate dell' agricoltura e de'piaceri della villa]]'' (nova editio. Brixiae) {{Google Books|je4jxXNpeLYC|pp. 533-558}} * 1775 : [[Petrus Forskål]], ''Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica'' (Hauniae: ex officina Mölleri, 1775) [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/122#page/205/mode/1up centuria ii p. 47] * 1778 : Emanuel Mendes da Costa, ''Historia naturalis testaceorum Britanniæ, or, The British conchology''. Londinii: Millan [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13116783 Textus] {{Google Books|5n9lAAAAcAA}} * 1778 : [[Vincentius Corradus|Vincenzo Corrado]], ''Credenziere di buon gusto''. Neapoli, 1778; [https://archive.org/details/b3041197x Textus] * ante 1779 : Dom Denise; [[Marcus Lastri|Marco Lastri]], interpr., ''[[Delle viti e dei vini di Borgogna]]: memoria di un monaco cisterciense tradotta in italiano sur un manoscritto franzese''. Florentiae: Gaetano Cambiagi, 1779 {{Google Books|mTHnIWPFh8IC}} * 1779-1784 : [[Dominicus Sestini]], ''Lettere del signor abate Domenico Sestini scritte dalla Sicilia e dalla Turchia a diversi suoi amici in Toscana''. 7 voll. Florentiae etc., 1779-1784 * 1781 : [[Vincentius Corradus|Vincenzo Corrado]], ''Del cibo pitagorico''. Neapoli, 1781 [https://archive.org/details/b2877856x/ Textus] * 1781-1805 : {{ec|id=Rozier (1781-1805)|c=Abbé Rozier, ''Cours d'agriculture'' (12 voll. Lutetiae, 1781-1805) [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_6vHvDhT7xc8C/page/n225/mode/2up vol. 8 pp. 176-178] [[:s:fr:Cours d’agriculture (Rozier)|textus apud Vicifontem]]}} * 1782 : [[Petrus Sonnerat|Pierre Sonnerat]], ''Voyage aux Indes Orientales'' (Lutetiae) [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1518236f vol. 1] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15182388/f351 vol. 2 pp. 230-231, tab. 129] ("Le litchi, ''Litchi chinensis''") * 1782 : [[Petrus Le Grand d'Aussy|Le Grand d'Aussy]], ''Histoire de la vie privée des français depuis l'origine de la nation jusqu'à nos jours''. 3 voll. Lutetiae: Pierres, 1782 [https://archive.org/details/b2152550x_0001 vol. 1] [https://archive.org/details/b2152550x_0002 2] [https://archive.org/details/b2152550x_0003 3] * 1782 : [[Georgius Colman|George Colman]], "Prologue to the new comedy of the ''East-Indian''" in ''The Lady's Magazine'' vol. 13, 1782 {{Google Books|RJtPAQAAMAAJ|p. 383}}; George Colman, ''Prose upon Several Occasions'' vol. 3 (1787) [https://archive.org/details/proseonseveraloc03colmuoft/page/234/mode/2up p. 235] * 1783 : John Farley, ''The London Art of Cookery''. Londinii [https://archive.org/details/b2152984x/page/144/mode/2up 2a ed. (1784) pp. 144-145] [https://archive.org/details/b29351145 12th ed. (1811)] * 1783 : William Marsden, ''The History of Sumatra''. Londinii, 1783 {{Google Books|GORBAQAAMAAJ}} * 1784 : {{ec|id=Plenck (1784)|c=[[Iosephus Iacobus Plenck]], ''Bromatologia seu doctrina de esculentis et potulentis.'' Viennae [i.e. Vindobonae]: Graeffer {{Google Books|RDpfAAAAcAAJ|p. 401}} "vinum Graecum di Somma"}} * 1785 : Christoph Gottlieb von Murr, ''Reisen einiger Missionarien der Gesellschaft Jesu in Amerika''. Norimbergae, 1785 {{Google Books|8748AAAAcAAJ|p. 519}} * 1787 : [[Thomas Jeffersonius|Thomas Jefferson]], ''[[Memorandums Taken on a Journey from Paris into the Southern Parts of France and Northern of Italy]]'' (Julian P. Boyd, ed., ''[[The Papers of Thomas Jefferson]] vol. 11, 1 January–6 August 1787'' [Princetoniae: Princeton University Press, 1955] pp. 415–464) [https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-11-02-0389#TSJN-01-11-0389-ks-9901 textus]; [https://www.loc.gov/item/mtjbib002614/ manuscriptum] * 1788 : {{Creanda|sv|Olof Swartz|Olavus Swartz|Olof Swartz}}, ''Nova genera et species plantarum, seu Prodromus descriptionum vegetabilium'' (Holmiae: in bibliopoliis M. Swederi, 1788) [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/376766#page/55/mode/1up p. 47] * 1788 : Richard Briggs, ''The English Art of Cookery''. Londinii: G. G. J. and J. Robinson, 1788 {{Google Books|zZIEAAAAYAAJ}}; editio Philadelphiae 1792, titulo ''The new art of cookery, according to the present practice'' [https://www.loc.gov/item/44013935/ Textus]; [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=evans;cc=evans;rgn=div2;view=toc;idno=N18606.0001.001;node=N18606.0001.001:6.2 recensio interretialis] * 1789 : [[Dominicus Sestini]]; Pingeron, interpr., ''Lettres de Monsieur l'Abbé Dominique Sestini écrites à ses amis en Toscane, pendant le cours de ses voyages en Italie, en Sicile et en Turquie, sur l'histoire naturelle, l'industrie & le commerce de ces différentes contrées'' (Lutetiae: veuve Duchesne & fils, 1789) {{Google Books|q_sOAAAAQAAJ|vol. 1}} {{GB|tba3qNX6vcgC|vol. 2}} {{GB|gPBaAAAAQAAJ|vol. 3}}; cf. 1779-1784 * 1770 : [[Iacobus Bruce|James Bruce]], ''Travels to discover the source of the Nile'' (5 voll. Londinii, 1790 [https://archive.org/details/travelstodiscov01bruc/page/n11/mode/2up 1] [https://archive.org/details/travelstodiscov02bruc/mode/2up 3] [https://archive.org/details/travelstodiscov04bruc/mode/2up 4]) [https://archive.org/details/travelstodiscov03bruc/mode/2up vol. 2 pp. 303, 393], [https://archive.org/details/travelstodiscov05bruc/page/n151/mode/2up vol. 5 p. 77] * 1790 : [[Casimirus Gomezius Ortega]], ed., ''Francisci Hernandi, medici atque historici Philippi II, hispan. et indiar. Regis, et totius novi orbis archiatri opera cum edita tum inedita, ad autographi fidem''. 3 voll. (Matriti: ex typographia Ibarrae heredum) {{Google Books|ujT4W9CZuY8C|vol. 1}} {{Google Books|0foeAAAAYAAJ|vol. 2}} {{Google Books|tB4fAAAAYAAJ|vol. 3}} * 1790 : [[Ioannes de Loureiro]], ''Flora cochinchinensis, sistens plantas in regno Cochinchina nascentes''. Ulyssipone: typis academicis, 1790 [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/560#/summary vol. 1, vol. 2] * 1790 : {{ec|id=Pulteney (1790)|c={{Creanda|en|Richard Pulteney|Ricardus Pulteney|Richard Pulteney}}, ''Historical and Biographical Sketches of the Progress of Botany in England'' [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/184335#page/97/mode/1up vol. 1 pp. 71-72] [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/184336#page/9/mode/1up vol. 2] }} * 1792 : Francis Collingwood, John Woollams, ''The Universal Cook'' (Londinii, 1792) [https://archive.org/details/b2152970x/page/178/mode/2up p. 179] * 1793 : ''L'arte di far cucina di buon gusto''. Taurinis [https://archive.org/details/b28765552 Textus] * 1793 : [[Bryan Edwards]], ''The history, civil and commercial, of the British colonies in the West Indies'' (Londinii: Stockdale, 1793) [https://archive.org/details/historyciviland00brougoog vol. 1] {{Google Books|_70NAAAAQAAJ|vol. 2}}; 3a ed. 1801 [https://archive.org/details/historycivilcomm01edwa_0 vol. 1] [https://archive.org/details/civilcommercialo02edwa 2] [https://archive.org/details/historycivilcomm03edwa_0 3] * 1793 : Petrus Artedus, ''Synonymia nominum piscium fere omnium''. 2a ed. Grypeswaldiae: Rose, 1793 (in interrete reperienda) * 1794 : Henry Barham, ''Hortus Americanus''. Kingston Iamaicae, 1794 [https://archive.org/details/b29319870 Textus] * 1794 : Francis Collingwood, John Woollams; Fridericus Gotthelf Baumgärtner, interpr., ''Neues Londner Kochbuch''. Lipsiae, 1794 {{Google Books|kqlgAAAAcAAJ|p. 220}} * 1794 : {{Creanda|de|Ignaz Pfefferkorn|Ignatius Pfefferkorn|Ignaz Pfefferkorn}}, ''Beschreibung der Landschaft Sonora'' (Coloniae, 1794) [https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN887843468?tify=%7B"pages"%3A%5B78%2C79%5D%2C"view"%3A"export"%7D vol. 1 pp. 59-63] {{Google Books|2BvEmHRIme4C|vol. 2}} * 1795 : {{ec|id=Schrader et Wendland (1795)|c=[[Henricus Adolphus Schrader]], [[Ioannes Christophorus Wendland]], ''Sertum Hannoveranum'' (Goettingae, 1795-1798) [http://digitale-sammlungen.gwlb.de/resolve?PPN=742569349 Tab ii textus, tab. ii imago]}} * 1795-1819 : [[Gulielmus Roxburgh|William Roxburgh]]; Joseph Banks, ed., ''Plants of the coast of Coromandel'' (Londinii: Nicol) [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/467 Textus] * 1796 : [[Amelia Simmons]], ''American cookery''. Printed by Hudson & Goodwin for the Author, 1796 [https://www.loc.gov/item/96126967/ Textus] [https://d.lib.msu.edu/fa/1 editio 1798] * 1796 : [[Yuan Mei]], ''[[Praecepta ex horto plenitudinis|Suiyuan shidan]]'' (Wolfram Eberhard, interpr., "Die chinesische Küche. Die Kochkunst des Herrn von Sui-Yüan" in ''Sinica'' vol. 15 (1940) pp. 190–228; Sean J. S. Chen, ed. et interpr., ''Recipes from the Garden of Contentment'' [Great Barrington Massachusettensium: Berkshire Publishing, 2018] {{Google Books|iGi9DwAAQBAJ|p. 11}} [https://wayoftheeating.wordpress.com/order-of-translation/ textus praeliminaris]) * 1796 : William Spavens, ''The seaman's narrative'' (Louth, 1796) [https://archive.org/details/seamansnarrative00spav/page/200/mode/2up p. 200] (Antigua: "Here is also variety of roots and vegetables, such as yams, sweet potatoes, pompions, water-melons, musk-melons, ockery, and calalu, also spice, such as cod-pepper, cayan pepper, &c."] * 1797 : {{ec|id=Plenck (1797)|c=[[Iosephus Iacobus Plenck]], ''Bromatologia seu doctrina de esculentis et potulentis.'' Lovanii: van Overbeke {{Google Books|6YREAAAAcAAJ|pp. 318-332}} prefer 1784}} * 1797 : [[Ludovicus Sebastianus Mercier|Louis-Sébastien Mercier]], ''Le nouveau Paris'' (Lutetiae: Fuchs, 1797) [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k64572183 vol. 1] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k64383950 vol. 2] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6438369h/f116 vol. 3 pp. 108-110] * 1797 : [[Thomas Andreas Knight|T. A. Knight]], ''A Treatise on the Culture of the Apple and Pear and on the manufacture of cider and perry''. Ludlow: H. Procter {{Google Books|Km8FAAAAQAAJ|Textus}} [http://www.archive.org/details/atreatiseoncult01kniggoog Editio 1801 apud archive.org] * 1797 : {{ec|id=Polwhele (1797)|c=Richard Polwhele, ''The History of Devonshire'' (Londinii, 1797-1806) vol. 1 p. 82 }} * 1797 : [[Carolus Ludovicus Willdenow|Carl Ludwig von Willdenow]], ''Species Plantarum'', 4a ed. (Berolini) [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/630618#page/804/mode/1up vol. 1 pars 2 pp. 1301–1302] * 1797-1800 : {{ec|id=Ortega (1798)|c= {{Creanda|es|Casimiro Gómez Ortega|Casimirus Gomezius Ortega}}, ''Novarum aut rariorum plantarum Horti Reg. Botan. Matrit. descriptionum decades''. Matriti: ex typographia Mariniana, 1797-1800 {{Google Books|W-o9AAAAYAAJ|p. 56}} }} * 1798 : {{ec|id=Mayr (1798)|c=Christophorus Mayr, ''Dispensatorium universale''. 1798 {{Google Books|8kpfAAAAcAAJ|p. 213}}}} * 1798 : {{ec|id=Cambry (1798)|c= Jacques Cambry, ''Voyage dans le Finistère'' (3 voll. Lutetiae: Cercle-Social, an VII) [https://archive.org/details/voyagedanslefini01camb/ 1] [https://archive.org/details/voyagedanslefini02camb/ 2] [https://archive.org/details/voyagedanslefini03camb/ 3] }} * 1798 : Martin Schwartner, ''Statistik des Königreichs Ungern''. Pest: Trattner {{Google Books|JrlfAAAAcAAJ|p. 198}} ("Gartenkräuter ... Gurken von einheimischen Pfeffer (''Paprika'') durchbeißt, sind der gewöhnlichste Salat des mittleren und unteren Standes.") * 1798 : Nicolas Jolyclerc, ''Phytologie universelle, ou, Histoire naturelle et méthodique des plantes''. Lutetiae: Gueffier jeune {{Google Books|JnUPAAAAQAAJ|vol. 5 pp. 161-162}} ("Piment, Poivre long ou Corail des jardins") * 1800 : [[Ioannes Antonius Chaptal|Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal]], ''Essai sur le vin''. Lutetiae: Delalain {{Google Books|GfMTAAAAQAAJ}}; editio 1801 sub titulo ''L'Art de faire, gouverner et perfectionner les vins'' {{Google Books|NPMTAAAAQAAJ}} == 1801-1850 == * 1801 : {{ec|id=Berchoux (1801)|c={{Creanda|fr|Joseph de Berchoux|Iosephus de Berchoux|Joseph de Berchoux}}, ''[[La Gastronomie (Berchoux)|La Gastronomie]]''. Lutetiae, 1801 {{Google Books|ISZFAQAAMAAJ}} }} <ref>Julia Abramson, "Legitimacy and Nationalism in the Almanach des Gourmands (1803-1812)" in ''Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies'' vol. 3 (2003) pp. 101-135, vide pp. 117-118 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/27793769 JSTOR]</ref> * 1801 : [[Ioannes Antonius Chaptal|Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal]] et al., ''Traité théorique et practique sur la culture de la vigne''. 2a ed. 2 voll. Lutetiae: {{GB|ttw6AAAAcAAJ|vol. 1}} {{Google Books|99w6AAAAcAAJ|vol. 2}} vide etiam 1808 * 1802 : ''A Practical Guide during a Journey from London to Paris''. Londinii: Phillips, 1802 {{Google Books|ds6SNok78loC|2a ed., 1803}} * 1803 : [[Susanna Carter|Sussannah Carter]], ''The frugal housewife, or Complete woman cook''. Novi Eboraci: G. & R. Waite, 1803 [https://d.lib.msu.edu/fa/32 Txtus] * 1803 : {{ec|id=Polwhele (1803)|c=Richard Polwhele, ''The History of Cornwall'' (Londinii, 1803) [https://archive.org/details/b22013982/page/n171/mode/2up vol. 1 p. 162] }} * 1803 : Thomas Winterbottom, ''An account of the native Africans in the neighbourhood of Sierra Leone''. Londinii: Hatchard [https://archive.org/details/accountofnativea01wint vol. 1] [https://archive.org/details/accountofnativea02wint vol. 2] * 1803-1812 : {{ec|Grimod (1803-1812)|[[Grimod de la Reynière]] et al., ''[[Almanach des gourmands]]'' (Lutetiae, 1803-1812) [https://archive.org/details/gri_33125008532588 Textus anni 1803, 2a ed.] {{Google Books|Wr06AAAAcAAJ|Textus anni 1803, 3a ed.}} [http://www.archive.org/details/almanachdesgour00costgoog Textus anni 1804, 2a ed.] {{Google Books|hBsJAAAAQAAJ|Textus anni 1805}} [https://archive.org/details/b21525250_0003 Textus anni 1805, 2a ed.] {{Google Books|kRsJAAAAQAAJ|Textus anni 1806}} [https://archive.org/details/b21525250_0004 Textus anni 1806] [https://archive.org/details/b21525250_0005 Textus anni 1807] [https://archive.org/details/almanachdesgour02costgoog alius] {{Google Books|1xsJAAAAQAAJ|Textus anni 1808}} [https://archive.org/details/b21525250_0006 Textus anni 1808] {{Google Books|-RsJAAAAQAAJ|Textus anni 1810}} [https://archive.org/details/b21525250_0007 Textus anni 1810] [https://archive.org/details/b21525250_0008 Textus anni 1812] [http://www.archive.org/details/almanachdesgour01costgoog alius]}} * 1804 : Louis-Marie Prudhomme, ''Miroir de l'ancien et du nouveau Paris, avec treize voyages en vélocifères dans ses environs''. Lutetiae) [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k64720830 vol. 1] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6472262h vol. 2] apud Gallica * 1804 : "Soy" in A. F. M. Willich; James Mease, ed., ''The Domestic Encyclopedia'' (Philadelphiae: Birch & Small) vol. 5 pp. 12-13 (fide {{qc|id=Shurtleff et Aoyagi (2012)}} pp. 154-155) * 1804 : Alexander Hunter, ''Culina famulatrix medicinae, or Receipts in cookery ... by Ignotus'' (Eboraci: Mawman, 1804) [https://archive.org/details/b21527581/page/128/mode/2up p. 128] ("Tomata sauce"); 2a ed., titulo ''Culina famulatrix medicinae, or Receipts in modern cookery ... by Ignotus; and revised by A. Hunter'' (Eboraci, 1805) [https://archive.org/details/b2152743x/page/150/mode/2up p. 150] * 1804 : J. L. M. Poiret, "Piment: Capsicum" in [[Ioannes Baptista Lamarckius|Jean-Baptiste Lamarck]], ''Botanique'' vol. 5 (''Encyclopédie méthodique''. Lutetiae, 1804) {{Google Books|nU0_AAAAcAAJ|pp. 323-327}} * 1804 : [[Nicolaus Iosephus Jacquin]], ''Plantarum rariorum Horti Caesarei Schoenbrunnensis descriptiones et icones'' vol. 4 (1804) [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/332 series librorum] * 1805-1817 : [[Amatus Bonpland]], [[Alexander de Humboldt]], ''Plantae aequinoctiales'' [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/75757 vol. 1] [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/75758 vol. 2] * 1806 : [[Ioannes Shecut|John L. E. W. Shecut]], ''Flora Carolinæensis''. Vol. 1. Charleston, 1806 {{Google Books|cElHAAAAYAAJ}} * 1806 : Maria Rundell, ''A new system of domestic cookery''. Londinii: John Murray [https://archive.org/details/b21526321/page/n7/mode/2up textus] [https://archive.org/details/newsystemofdomes01rund/ editio Bostoniensis 1807] [https://archive.org/details/anewsystemdomes01rundgoog/ "New ed., corrected" 1808]; [https://archive.org/details/b21530749/ 1809] * 1806-1807 : ''[[Journal des gourmands et des belles]]''. Lutetiae: Capelle et Renand, 1806-1807 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1423549k Ian. 1806 apud Gallica]; [http://www.archive.org/details/journaldesgourm01unkngoog Ian.-Mar. 1807] [http://www.archive.org/details/journaldesgourm00unkngoog Apr.-Iun. 1807] [http://www.archive.org/details/journaldesgourm02unkngoog Iul.-Sep. 1807] apud archive.org; {{Google Books|KowBAAAAYAAJ|Oct.-Dec. 1807}} * 1807-1808 : Francesco Leonardi, ''Apicio moderno''. Romae [https://archive.org/details/b21525225_0001 1] [https://archive.org/details/b21525225_0002 2] [https://archive.org/details/b21525225_0003 3] [https://archive.org/details/b21525225_0004 4] [https://archive.org/details/b21525225_0005 5] [https://archive.org/details/b21525225_0006/ 6] [https://archive.org/details/b22026228_0001 pars II 1] [https://archive.org/details/b22026228_0002 pars II 2] * 1808 : Lucy Emerson, ''The New-England cookery''. Montpelier: Josiah Parks, 1808 [https://d.lib.msu.edu/fa/25 Textus] * 1808 : [[Grimod de la Reynière]], ''[[Manuel des amphitryons]]: contenant un traité de la dissection des viandes à table, la nomenclature des menus les plus nouveaux pour chaque saison, et des élémens de politesse gourmande'' (Lutetiae: Capelle et Renand, 1808) [https://archive.org/details/b28521985/page/n9/mode/2up Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1808 : {{ec|id=Chaptal et al. (1808)|c=[[Ioannes Antonius Chaptal|Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal]] et al.; Iosephus Voltiggi, interpr., ''Tractatus de vitis cultura arteque parandi vinum''. Viennae [i.e. Vindobonae] 1808 {{GB|SetMAAAAcAAJ|vol. 1}} {{Google Books|CGBt8wHcW3sC|vol. 2}}}} * 1808 : [[Carolus Ludovicus Cadet de Gassicourt|Charles-Louis Cadet de Gassicourt]], ''Cours gastronomique''. 1808<ref>Julia Abramson, "Legitimacy and Nationalism in the Almanach des Gourmands (1803-1812)" in ''Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies'' vol. 3 (2003) pp. 101-135, vide pp. 118-119 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/27793769 JSTOR]</ref> * 1810 : [[Maria Antonius Carême|M. A. Carême]], ''Le Pâtissier royal parisien'' [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k852393j Vol. 1] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k852237p vol. 2] apud Gallica * 1810 : [[Charles Joseph Colnet Du Ravel|Colnet]], ''L'art de dîner en ville, à l'usage des gens de lettres''. Lutetiae, 1810 [https://numelyo.bm-lyon.fr/f_view/BML:BML_00GOO0100137001100178396# Textus] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k206776w 2a ed. 1810] * 1811 : ''Manuel de la cuisine, ou, L'art d'irriter la gueule'' (Lutetiae) [https://archive.org/details/manueldelacuisin00unse/page/2/mode/2up p. 3] ("Achia ou Achiar") * 1811 : [[Alexander de Humboldt]], ''Essai politique sur le royaume de la Nouvelle-Espagne''<ref>Fide {{qc|id=Andrews (1995)}} p. 33: fortasse et in aliis operibus?</ref> * 1813 : {{ec|id=Forbes (1813)|c=James Forbes, ''Oriental Memoirs'' (4 voll. Londinii, 1813) [https://archive.org/details/dli.venugopal.506 1] [https://archive.org/details/dli.venugopal.507 2] [https://archive.org/details/dli.venugopal.508 3] [https://archive.org/details/dli.venugopal.509 4]}} * 1813 : [[Ludovicus Eustathius Ude|Louis Eustache Ude]], ''The French Cook''. Londinii [https://archive.org/details/b21471721 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1813 : [[Michael Felix Dunal|Michel Félix Dunal]], ''Histoire naturelle, médicale et économique des Solanum'' (Lutetiae: Koenig, 1813) [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/59103808#page/232/mode/1up p. 222] {{Google Books|Dc5LAAAAYAAJ}} * 1814 : [[Gulielmus Roxburgh|William Roxburgh]], ''Hortus Bengalensis : or, A catalogue of the plants growing in the ... Botanic Garden at Calcutta'' (Serampore) [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/95337 Textus] * 1814 : {{ec|Beauvilliers (1814)|[[Antonius Beauvilliers]], ''L'Art du cuisinier'' [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k109846s Vol. 1] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1098475 2] apud Gallica; [https://archive.org/details/lartducuisinier01beau vol. 1] [https://archive.org/details/lartducuisinier02beau 2] apud ''Internet Archive''}} * 1814 : Vincenzo Agnoletti, ''La nuovissima cucina economica''. Romae [https://archive.org/details/b29321451 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1815 : [[Maria Antonius Carême|M. A. Carême]], ''Le Pâtissier pittoresque'' [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8541000q Textus] apud Gallica; [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1025012g 4a ed. (1842)] * 1815 : {{ec|id=Lamarck et Candolle (1815)|c= MM. [[Ioannes Baptista Lamarckius|de Lamarck]] et [[Augustinus Pyramus de Candolle|de Candolle]], ''Flore française'' ed. 3a (Lutetiae, 1815) [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/197049#page/44/mode/1up pp. 34-35] }} * 1815 : Ralph Rylance, ''[[The Epicure's Almanack]]''. Londinii: Longman {{Google Books|K7NgAAAAcAAJ}} * 1816 : {{ec|id=Jullien (1816)|c=[[Andreas Jullien|André Jullien]], ''Topographie de tous les vignobles connus'' (Lutetiae, 1816) [https://archive.org/details/b21504660 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''}} * 1817 : [[Gulielmus Kitchiner|William Kitchiner]], ''Apicius Redivivus, or The Cook's Oracle''. Londinii: Bagster, 1817 [https://archive.org/details/b21533908 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' [https://archive.org/details/cooksoracleconta00kitc 4a ed. 1822] [https://archive.org/details/b22016430 Nova ed. 1827] * 1817 : F. G. Zenker, ''Theoretisch-praktische Anleitung zur Kochkunst'' vol. 1 (Vindobonae: Strauß, 1817) {{Google Books|6M1YAAAAcAAJ|p. 409}} * 1819 : [[Andreas Duncan]], ''The New Edinburgh Dispensatory'' (Edinburgi, 1819) [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:2-10611 Textus] apud Dusseldorpenses * 1820 : [[Gulielmus Roxburgh|William Roxburgh]], Nathaniel Wallich; William Carey, ed., ''Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants'' vol. 1 (Serampore) [https://archive.org/details/mobot21753000002930 Textus] * 1820 : [[Ioannes Crawfurd|John Crawfurd]], ''History of the Indian Archipelago''. Edinburgi {{Google Books|8EdSAAAAcAAJ|vol. 1}} {{GB|FOlAAAAAcAAJ|vol. 2}} {{GB|iY0AtXJsdbUC|vol. 3}} * 1821 : George Pearson, ''Arranged catalogues of the articles of food, seasonings and drinks'' (Londinii, 1821) [https://archive.org/details/b29316108/page/12/mode/2up p. 13] * 1821 : [[Gulielmus Martinus Leake|W. M. Leake]], ''[[Topography of Athens (Leake)|The Topography of Athens, with some remarks on its antiquities]]'' (1821) [http://www.archive.org/details/topographyofathe00leakuoft Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1821-1828 : {{ec|id=Descourtilz (1821-1828)|c=Michel Étienne Descourtilz, ''Flore médicale des Antilles'' fasc. 1 (1821), fasc. 6 (1828) [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/21850#page/120/mode/1up tab. 405], [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/21850#page/124/mode/1up pp. 95-97] ("vulg. Tomate à côtes")}} * 1822 : [[Maria Antonius Carême|M. A. Carême]], ''Le Maître d'hôtel français'' [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1040003h Vol. 1] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1040004x vol. 2] apud Gallica * 1822 : Charles Yves Cousin, ''Le Parfait Cuisinier [... Le Cuisinier étranger; Le Patissier impérial]''. Lutetiae, 1822 [https://archive.org/details/b21532564 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1822 : {{ec|id=Jullien (1822)|c=[[Andreas Jullien|André Jullien]], ''Topographie de tous les vignobles connus'' (2a ed. Lutetiae, 1822) [https://numelyo.bm-lyon.fr/f_view/BML:BML_00GOO0100137001102535122 Textus]}} * 1822 : {{Creanda|de|Carl Friedrich von Rumohr|Carolus Fridericus de Rumohr|Carl Friedrich von Rumohr}}, ''Geist der Kochkunst'' * 1824 : [[Gulielmus Martinus Leake|W. M. Leake]], ''[[Journal of a Tour in Asia Minor (Leake)|Journal of a Tour in Asia Minor, with comparative remarks on the ancient and modern geography of that country]]'' (1824) [http://www.archive.org/details/journalatourina01leakgoog Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1824 : [[Antonius Beauvilliers|A. B. Beauvilliers]], ''The Art of French Cookery'' by A. B. Beauvilliers. Londinii: Longman [https://archive.org/details/b21504751 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1824 : [[Maria Randolph|Mary Randolph]], ''The Virginia House-wife''. Vasingtoniae: Printed by Davis and Force, 1824 [https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbc0001.2015pennell17897/?sp=119 pp. 103-104 ("To caveach fish") (cf. 1836) * 1824 : Alexander Moon, ''Catalogue of Ceylon Plants'' * 1824-1874 : [[Alphonsus Pyramus de Candolle]] et al., ''Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis''. Parisiis: sumptibus Sociorum Treuttel et Würtz, 1824-1873 [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/286#/summary Textus] * 1825 : {{ec|Brillat-Savarin (1826)|[[Ioannes Anthelmus Brillat-Savarin]], ''[[Physiologie du goût]]'' (Lutetiae, 1826) [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8626673x vol. 1] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8626674b vol. 2] apud Gallica; [https://archive.org/details/b28748177_0001 vol. 1] [https://archive.org/details/b28748177_0002 vol. 2] apud ''Internet Archive''}} * 1825 : Julien Archambault, ''Le Cuisinier économe ou Élémens nouveaux de cuisine, de pâtisserie et d'office'' (Lutetiae: Librairie du Commerce, 1825) p. 346 * 1825 : {{ec|id=Blume (1825)|c=[[Carolus Ludovicus Blume|C. L. Blume]], ''Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië'' fasc. 13 (Bataviae: ter Lands Drukkerij, 1825) [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/429393#page/65/mode/1up Textus]}} * 1826 : Margaret Dods [i.e. Christian Isobel Johnstone], ''The Cook and Housewife's Manual'' (Edinburgi) [https://archive.org/details/b21505366/page/82/mode/2up pp. 83-85] ("Mock turtle soup") [https://www.surugadai.ac.jp/sogo/media/bulletin/Ronso35/Ronso35matsui.pdf De hoc opere] * 1826 : [[Whitelaw Ainslie]], ''Materia Indica'' [https://archive.org/details/materiaindicaors01ains vol. 1] [https://archive.org/details/materiaindicaors02ains vol. 2] * 1826 : George Finlayson, ''The mission to Siam, and Hué, the capital of Cochin China, in the years 1821-2''. Londinii: Murray [https://archive.org/details/missiontosiaman00raffgoog/page/n302/mode/2up pp. 270], [https://archive.org/details/missiontosiaman00raffgoog/page/n324/mode/2up 292], [https://archive.org/details/missiontosiaman00raffgoog/page/n324/mode/2up 326] (Islands of the Gulf of Siam; Bay of Turon) * 1828 : {{ec|id=Carême (1828)|c=[[Maria Antonius Carême|M. A. Carême]], ''Le Cuisinier parisien, ou l'art de la cuisine française au XIXe siècle'' (2a ed. 1828) [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b86172102 Textus] apud Gallica [https://archive.org/details/b29298581/ 2a ed. 1828] [https://archive.org/details/b21525407/ 2a ed. 1842 (?)] [https://archive.org/details/b29300125/ 3a ed. 1842]}} * 1828 : {{ec|id=Descourtilz (1828)|c=Michel Étienne Descourtilz, ''Flore médicale des Antilles'' fasc. 6 (1828) [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/21850#page/216/mode/1up pp. 172-181, tabb. 422-423] ("vulg. Poivre d'Inde; Piment zozo, piment enragé, poivre d'oiseau, piment caraìbe")}} * 1828 : "Repas normand" in Amand Masson de Saint-Amand, ''Lettres d'un voyageur à l'embouchure de la Seine'' (1828) {{Google Books|Gj5YAAAAcAAJ|pp. 226-236}} * 1830 : [[Sydney, domina Morgan|Lady Morgan]], ''France in 1829-30'' (Londinii: Saunders and Otley) [https://archive.org/details/francein01sydgoog vol. 1] [https://archive.org/details/francein03sydgoog/page/n413/mode/2up vol. 2 pp. 402-420] * 1830-1846 : [[Gulielmus Martinus Leake|W. M. Leake]], ''[[Travels in the Morea (Leake)|Travels in the Morea]]'' (1830); cum supplemento ''Peloponnesiaca'' (1846) [http://www.archive.org/details/travelsinmoreawi01leak Vol. 1] [http://www.archive.org/details/travelsinmoreawi02leak 2] [http://www.archive.org/details/travelsinmoreawi03leak 3] [http://www.archive.org/details/peloponnesiacaa00leakgoog Supplementum] * 1831 : Sandford Arnot, interpr., "Indian Cookery, as practised and described by the natives of the East" in ''Miscellaneous Translations from Oriental Languages'' vol. 1 (Londinii) [https://archive.org/details/32882019070997-miscellaneoustr/page/n275/mode/2up fasc. 5] {{Google Books|pSctAAAAYAAJ}} * 1832 : ''Il Cuoco Piemontese ridotto all'ultimo gusto''. 6a ed. Mediolani, 1832 [http://www.mori.bz.it/gastronomia/Cuoco%20piemontese.pdf Textus] [https://archive.org/details/b22020767 alius] * 1832 : N. K. M. Lee, ''The cook's own book, being a complete culinary encyclopedia''. Bostoniae: Munroe and Francis, 1832 [https://d.lib.msu.edu/fa/18 Textus] * 1832 : [[Gulielmus Roxburgh|William Roxburgh]]; William Carey, ed., ''Flora indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants'' (2a ed. 3 voll. Serampore) [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/590 Textus] * 1832 : {{ec|id=Jullien (1832)|c=[[Andreas Jullien|André Jullien]], ''Topographie de tous les vignobles connus'' (3a ed. Lutetiae, 1832) [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3056299n Textus] apud Gallica}} * 1832 : Antonius Fingerhuth, ''Monographia generis Capsici''. Düsseldorpii {{Google Books|U2PRSAAACAAJ}} [https://archive.org/details/monographiagene00finggoog/ apud] ''Internet Archive'' * 1833 : {{ec|id=Carême (1833)|c=[[Maria Antonius Carême|M. A. Carême]], ''L'Art de la cuisine française au dix-neuviême siècle'' [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1510011f vol. 1] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k853460z vol. 2] apud Gallica (vide et 1847)}} * 1834 : {{ec|id=Nees (1834)|c=[[Christianus Godofredus Nees ab Esenbeck|Christian Godfrey Nees von Esenbeck]], "Monograph of the East Indian Solaneae" in ''Transactions of the Linnean Society of London'' vol. 17 (1834/1837) p.37 sqq., vide [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13786867#page/85/mode/1up pp. 59-60] }} * 1835 : [[Abraham Hayward]], "Gastronomy and Gastronomers" in ''Quarterly Review'' vol. 44, 1835 {{Google Books|Dc6jvFGZ4qwC|pp. 117-155}} * 1835 : ''[[Travels in Northern Greece (Leake)|Travels in Northern Greece]]'' (1835) [http://www.archive.org/details/travelsinnorthe06leakgoog Vol. 1] [http://www.archive.org/details/travelsinnorthe07leakgoog 2] [http://www.archive.org/details/travelsinnorthe05leakgoog 3] [http://www.archive.org/details/travelsinnorthe04leakgoog 4] * 1839 : ''Le Cuisinier méridional d'après la méthode provençale et languedocienne''. Avignon: Pierre Chaillot Jeune, 1835 [https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbc0001.2014bit40861/?sp=1 Textus] * 1836 : [[Maria Randolph|Mary Randolph]], ''The Virginia Housewife, or Methodical cook''. Philadelphiae: Plaskitt, 1836 [https://archive.org/details/virginiahousewif00randrich/page/64/mode/2up p. 64] ("to caveach fish") {{GB|R4YEAAAAYAAJ|editio 1838}} [https://d.lib.msu.edu/fa/71#page/1/mode/2up editio 1838]; [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/12519/12519-h/12519-h.htm editionis 1860 editio interretialis]; [https://archive.org/details/virginiahousewif00rand_1 editio 1871] (1a ed. 1824) * 1837 : [[Eliza Leslie]], ''Directions for cookery, being a system of the art in its various branches]]. Philadelphiae: Carey & Hart, 1837 [https://archive.org/details/directionsforcoo00lesl Textus] * 1837 : {{ec|id= Bailly et al. (1837)|c= Charles Bailly et al., ''Maison rustique du XIXe siècle'' (Lutetiae: Journal d'agriculture pratique, 1837) [https://archive.org/details/maisonrustiquedu01bail/page/390/mode/2up p. 391] }} * 1837 : [[Eduardus Gulielmus Lane|Edward William Lane]], ''An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians''. 2 voll. Londinii: Knight, 1837 [https://archive.org/details/anaccountmanner09lanegoog vol. 1] [https://archive.org/details/anaccountmanner08lanegoog 2] aegre legibiles; E. S. Poole, ed. [https://archive.org/details/accountofmanners00lane 5a ed. (1860)] * 1837 : Joseph Roques, ''Nouveau traité des plantes usuelles, spécialement appliqué à la médecine domestique, et au régime alimentaire de l'homme sain ou malade''. Lutetiae: Dufart {{GB|Yb5Jdw5gwssC|vol. 1}} {{GB|8Bc9VsIiXPIC|vol. 2 pp. 12-25}} {{GB|t3iwjQGCe8wC|vol. 3}} * 1837 : Ludovicus Prodan, ''Vina. Dissertatio inauguralis medica''. Pestini: Beimel, 1837 {{Google Books|omBUAAAAcAAJ|p. 11}} * 1839 : Mountstuart Elphinstone, ''Account of the Kingdom of Caubul'' (Nova ed. Londinii: Bentley, 1839) [https://archive.org/details/b29331791_0001/page/394/mode/2up vol. 1 p. 395] [https://archive.org/details/b29331791_0002 vol. 2] * 1839 : ''La cuynera catalana''. 2a ed. Barcinone [http://bdh.bne.es/bnesearch/detalle/bdh0000125370 Textus] * 1839 : {{ec|id=Courchamps (1839)|c=[[Mauritius de Courchamps]], ''Néo-physiologie du gout par ordre alphabétique, ou, Dictionnaire génerál de la cuisine française ancienne et moderne''. Lutetiae, 1839 {{Google Books|ts9QAQAAIAAJ}}}} * 1839 : Ippolito Cavalcanti, ''Cucina teorica-pratica''. Neapoli, 1839 [http://www.mori.bz.it/gastronomia/Cavalcanti%20-%20Cucina%20casereccia%20napoletana.pdf Textus] * 1839 : [[Ioannes Paget|John Paget]], ''Hungary and Transylvania'' (Londinii) [https://archive.org/details/hungaryandtrans02pagegoog/ vol. 1][https://archive.org/details/agw0321.0002.001.umich.edu/page/226/mode/2up vol. 2 p. 227] * 1840 : "Nourriture" in Ami Boué, ''La Turquie d'Europe'' (4 voll. Lutetiae: Bertrand, 1840) [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.65535022&view=1up&seq=242&skin=2021 vol. 2 pp. 234-258] [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.65535159 vol. 1] [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.65535084 vol. 3] {{Google Books|g15cAAAAcAAJ|vol. 4}} * 1841 : [[Gulielmus Makepeace Thackeray]], "Memorials of Gormandising ... by M. A. Titmarsh" in ''Fraser's Magazine'' (Iunio 1841) [https://archive.org/details/sim_frasers-magazine_1841-06_23_138/page/710/mode/2up pp. 710-725] {{Google Books|_1tAAAAAYAAJ|pp. 375-404 in editione 1885}} * 1841 : Samuel Thomson, ''The Thomsonian Materia Medica, or botanic family physician''. 13a ed. Albaniae Novi Eboraci {{Google Books|tBLyGe6-mA0C|p. 752}} ("strong pepper sauce") * 1841 : Morris Mattson, ''The American Vegetable Practice, or a new and improved guide to health''. Bostoniae: Daniel L. Hale {{Google Books|jVdJpNdjCfIC|vol. 1 p. 279}} ("Pepper sauce: pods of the capsicum steeped in vinegar") * 1842/1844 : {{ec|id=Bollaert (c. 1842)|c=William Bollaert, commentaria (W. Eugene Hollon, Ruth Lapham Butler, edd., ''William Bollaert's Texas'' [Norman: University of Oklahoma, 1956] p. 218)}} * 1842 : {{ec|id=Arago (1842)|c= Jacques Arago, ''Comme on dîne à Paris''. Lutetiae: Berquet & Pétion, 1842 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k64416813 Textus] apud Gallica}} * 1843 : {{ec|id=Wight (1843)|c=Robert Wight, ''Icones plantarum Indiae Orientalis'' vol. 2 (Maderaspatani: J. B. Pharoah, 1843) tab. 345}} * 1843 : "Un souper de M. le marquis de Cussy à Rouen" in C. F. A. Fayot, ed., ''Les Classiques de la table'' (Lutetiae, 1843) [https://archive.org/details/b21525869/page/514/mode/2up pp. 515-518] * 1843-1844 : Armand Plumerey, ''Le principal de la cuisine de Paris''. 2 voll. Lutetiae [https://archive.org/details/leprincipaldelac00plum vol. 1] (vide et 1847) * 1845 : Philippus Laurentius Geiger, Carolus Fridericus Mohr, ''Pharmacopoea universalis''. Heidelbergae: Winter, 1845 {{Google Books|8EKWfK507b0C}} * 1845 : Giovanni Brizzi, ''La cuciniera moderna'' Senae, 1845 [http://www.mori.bz.it/gastronomia/Brizzi%20-%20La_cuciniera_moderna_1845.pdf Textus] * 1845 : {{ec|id=Davidis (1845)|c=Henriette Davidis, ''Praktisches Kochbuch für die bürgerliche und feine Küche'' (1845) [http://digital.ub.uni-duesseldorf.de/urn/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:1-40760 3a ed. 1847] [https://archive.org/details/b28108309 25a ed. 1882][https://archive.org/details/b21525961/page/n3/mode/2up 37a ed. 1898]}} * 1845 : {{ec|id=Acton (1845)|c="Curries ..." in [[Eliza Acton]], ''Modern cookery in all its branches'' (Londinii: Longmans) [https://archive.org/details/b21531857/page/342/mode/2up pp. 343-353] [https://archive.org/details/moderncookeryin00actogoog 2a ed.] [https://archive.org/details/b21531869/page/n5/mode/2up 3a ed.] [https://archive.org/details/b21531870/page/n5/mode/2up 4a ed.] [https://archive.org/details/b21531882/page/n5/mode/2up 5a ed., 1846] [https://archive.org/details/b21533283/page/n7/mode/2up 6a ed., 1847]}} * 1845 : "Au feu marquis de Cussy" in C. F. A. Fayot, {{Creanda|fr|Elzéar Blaze|Elzear Blaze|Elzéar Blaze}}, ''Causeries de gourmets et de chasseurs'' (Lutetiae: Martinon, 1845) [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9612601n/f17 pp. 5-15] * 1845 : {{ec|id= Galván Rivera (1845)|c= {{Creanda|es|Mariano Galván Rivera|Marianus Galván Rivera|Mariano Galván Rivera}}, ''Diccionario de cocina, o El nuevo cocinero mexicano en forma de diccionario''. Mexicopoli: Imprenta del Cumplido, 1845 {{Google Books|bGqMQCMur7sC}} }} (1a ed.: 1831) * 1846 : "Les Restaurants de Paris" in Eugène Briffault, ''Paris à table'' (Lutetiae: Hetzel, 1846) [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k108869b/f150 pp. 144-178] * 1846 : "Quelques explications préliminaires" in C. F. A. Fayot, ed., ''Les Classiques de la table: édition usuelle'' (Lutetiae, 1846) [https://archive.org/details/lesclassiquesdel00unse/page/n25/mode/2up pp. ix-xii] * 1846 : {{ec|id=Francatelli (1846)|c=[[Carolus Elmé Francatelli|Charles Elmé Francatelli]], ''The Modern Cook'' {{Google Books|3p9kAAAAcAAJ|p. 401}}}} * 1846 : [[Alexis Soyer]], ''The Gastronomic Regenerator''. Londinii: Simpkin, Marshall, 1846 [https://archive.org/details/gastronomicregen00soye_0 Textus] * 1847 : {{ec|id=Carême et al. (1847)|c=[[Antoninus Carême|Antonin Carême]], Armand Plumerey; C. F. A. Fayot, ed., ''L'Art de la cuisine française au dix-neuviême siècle'' (Lutetiae, 1847) [https://archive.org/details/b21526047_0001/ vol. 1] [https://archive.org/details/b21526047_0002/ vol. 2] [https://archive.org/details/b21525687_0003/ vol. 3] [https://archive.org/details/b21526047_0004/ vol. 4] [https://archive.org/details/b21526047_0005/page/252/mode/2up vol. 5 pp. 252-254]}} * 1847 : Susan Shelby Magoffin, ephemerides (Stella M. Drumm, ed., ''Down the Santa Fe Trail and into Mexico: The Diary of Susan Shelby Magoffin, 1846–1847'' [Novo Portu: Yale University Press, 1962] [http://cdigital.dgb.uanl.mx/la/1020000885/1020000885.PDF pp. 65, 94] * 1847: Robert H. Schomburgk, "West Indian fruits and esculents that may advantageously be introduced into cultivation in England" in ''Journal of the Horticultural Society of London'' vol. 2 (1847) [https://darwin-online.org.uk/converted/pdf/1847_Herbert_hybridization_vegetables_A4513.pdf pp. 148-155] * 1847 : William H. Edwards, ''A voyage up the River Amazon, including a residence at Pará'' (London: Murray, 1847) [https://archive.org/details/voyageupriverama00edwauoft/page/n57/mode/2up pp. 47-48] ("pepper"), [https://archive.org/details/voyageupriverama00edwauoft/page/n121/mode/2up 111] * 1848 : "Da dou" in {{Creanda|de|Wu Qijun}}, ''Tractatus nominum naturaeque plantarum'' [植物名實圖攷] (Taiyuan, 1848) (fide {{qc|id=Shurtleff et Aoyagi (2012)}} pp. 220-221) * 1848 : ''La Cuisine ordinaire'' (congeries operum [[Antonius Beauvilliers|Beauvilliers]], [[Maria Antonius Carême|Carême]], [[Ioannes Anthelmus Brillat-Savarin|Brillat-Savarin]], [[Iosephus Gastaldy|Gastaldy]], aliorum) [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3041516k vol. 1] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30415170 vol. 2] apud Gallica * 1848 : {{ec|id=Jullien (1848)|c=[[Andreas Jullien|André Jullien]], ''Topographie de tous les vignobles connus''. 4a ed. Lutetiae, 1848 {{Google Books|nLNgAAAAcAAJ}}}} * 1849 : "Soya" in Isidore Hedde et al., ''Étude pratique du commerce d'exportation de la Chine'' (Lutetiae: Librairie du Commerce, 1849) [https://numelyo.bm-lyon.fr/f_view/BML:BML_00GOO0100137001102439556 pp. 188-190] * 1850 : Gideon Nye, ''Tea and the tea trade''. Novi Eboraci: G. W. Wood, 1850 [https://archive.org/details/teateatradeparts00nyegricht Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1850 : J. W. Comfort, ''The Practice of Medicine on Thomsonian Principles''. Nova ed. Philadelphiae {{Google Books|U6_XE9_Q5n4C|pp. 101-105 et passim}} ("pepper sauce, capsicum tea, cayenne pepper") == 1851-1900 == * 1851 : Giovanni Rajberti, ''L'arte di convitare''. 1851 [http://www.mori.bz.it/gastronomia/Rajberti%20-%20L'Arte%20di%20Convitare.pdf Textus] * 1852 : {{ec|id=Riddell (1852)|c="Curries" in Robert F. Riddell, ''Indian domestic economy and receipt book'' (3a ed. Bombayae: Bombay Gazette Press) [https://archive.org/details/b21529942/page/380/mode/2up pp. 380-406]}} * 1852 : [[Sara Iosepha Hale|Sarah Josepha Hale]], ''The ladies' new book of cookery''. 1852 [https://n2t.net/ark:/85335/m5467w Textus] * 1852 : [[Abraham Hayward]], ''The Art of Dining, or, Gastronomy and gastronomers''. Londinii: John Murray, 1852 [https://archive.org/details/b21526746 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1832 : Edwin Lankester, ''Vegetable Substances Used for the Food of Man'' [https://archive.org/details/vegetablesubstan00lank/page/312/mode/2up pp. 313-314] * 1852 : [[Michael Felix Dunal|M. F. Dunal]], "Solanaceae" in [[Alphonsus Pyramus de Candolle|A. de Candolle]], ''[[Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis]]'' vol. 13 fasc. 1 (Lutetiae: Masson, 1852) [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56755458#page/432/mode/1up p. 428] * 1853 : [[Alexis Soyer]], ''The Pantropheon, or History of food and its preparation from the earliest ages of the world''. Londinii: Simpkin, Marshall [https://archive.org/details/b2152953x Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1854 : Giovanni Vialardi, ''Tratto di cucina, pasticceria moderna, credenza''. Taurinis, 1854 [http://www.mori.bz.it/gastronomia/Vialardi%20-Trattato%20Di%20Cucina%20-%201854.pdf Textus] * 1855 : {{ec|id=Améro, ed. (1855)|c=Justin Améro, ed., ''Les Classiques de la table: Nouvelle édition refondue et complétée'' (Lutetiae: Didot, 1855) [https://archive.org/details/b28125551_0001/ vol. 1] [https://archive.org/details/lesclassiquesde00conggoog/ 2]}} * 1855/1861 : {{Creanda|fr|Jacques Marie Cyprien Victor Coste|Victor Coste}}, ''Voyage d'exploration sur le littoral de la France et de l'Italie''. [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_d5LomsVLskoC Textus]; [https://archive.org/details/voyagedexplorati00cost 2a ed., 1861] [https://wwz.ifremer.fr/archives/Portraits/V.-Coste De auctore] * 1856 : [[Urbanus Dubois|Urbain Dubois]], [[Aemilius Bernard|Emile Bernard]], ''La cuisine classique: études pratiques, raisonnées et démonstratives de l'école française appliquée au service à la russe''. Lutetiae, 1856 [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_pBo-AAAAcAAJ Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1856 : [[Fredericus Antonius Guilielmus Miquelius|Fred. Ant. Guilielmi Miquel.]] ''Flora Indiae Batavae = Flora van Nederlandsch Indië'' vol. 2 pars 2 (Lipsiae: apud Frid. Fleischer, 1856) {{Google Books|dzY-AAAAcAAJ|p. 656}} * 1857 : John Bowring, ''The Kingdom and People of Siam: With a Narrative of the Mission to that Country in 1855'' (2 voll. Londinii: Parker) vol. 1 [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.83041/page/n123/mode/2up pp. 108], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.83041/page/n251/mode/2up 226], vol. 2 [https://archive.org/details/kingdomandpeopl00bowrgoog/page/n21/mode/2up pp. 4],[https://archive.org/details/kingdomandpeopl00bowrgoog/page/n21/mode/2up 12] (Siam, Laos) * 1858 : ''Nuevo cocinero mejicano en forma de diccionario''. Lutetiae: Rosa y Bouret, 1858 [http://bdh.bne.es/bnesearch/detalle/bdh0000040797 Textus] * 1858 : "[https://archive.org/details/irishquarterlyr00unkngoog/page/n523/mode/2up Brillat-Savarin]" in ''Irish Quarterly Review'' vol. 8 no. 30 (1858) pp. 461-492 * 1858 : ''Il cuciniere italiano moderno''. Liburni [https://archive.org/details/b28136469/ Textus] [https://archive.org/details/b21538372/ Editio recentior, anno incerto] * 1859 : ''Il cuoco milanese e la cuciniera piemontese'' (Mediolani) [http://www.mori.bz.it/gastronomia/Cuoco%20milanese.pdf pp. 302-303] ("Risotto alla milanese") * 1859 : ''The habits of good society: a handbook of etiquette for ladies and gentlemen''. Londinii: Hogg [https://archive.org/details/habitsofgoodsoci00unse Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1859 : [[Carolus Monselet|Charles Monselet]] et al., ''La Cuisinière poétique''. Lutetiae: Lévy [https://archive.org/details/b28062346/ Textus]; Lipsiae: Dürr [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9682092b Textus] * 1860 : [[Iacobus Emerson Tennant|James Emerson Tennant]], ''Ceylon: an account of the island, physical, historical, and topographical''. 4a ed. 2 voll. Londinii: Longman, 1860 [https://archive.org/details/ceylonaccountofi01tenn vol. 1] [https://archive.org/details/ceylonaccountofi02tenn vol. 2] * 1860 : Emile de La Bédollière, ''Le nouveau Paris: histoire de ses 20 arrondissements''. Lutetiae: Barba {{Google Books|iboNAAAAIAAJ|p. 273}} * 1861 : [[Isabella Beeton]], ''[[Beeton's Book of Household Management]]'' (Londinii, 1861) [https://archive.org/details/b20392758/page/136/mode/2up pp. 135-136] "Kegeree" * 1861 : Herbert Byng Hall, ''The Oyster: where, how, and when to find, breed, cook, and eat it''. Londinii: Trübner, 1861 [https://archive.org/details/b21526862 Textus] * 1862 : [[Alfredus Delvau|Alfred Delvau]], ''Histoire anecdotique des cafés et cabarets de Paris''. Lutetiae, 1862 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1025028b Textus] apud Gallica * 1862 : [[Clements Markham]], ''Travels in Peru and India while superintending the collection of chinchona plants and seeds in South America, and their introduction into India'' (Londinii: John Murray) [https://archive.org/details/travelsinperuind00mark/page/208/mode/2up pp. 208], [https://archive.org/details/travelsinperuind00mark/page/306/mode/2up 306], [https://archive.org/details/travelsinperuind00mark/page/336/mode/2up 337] * 1862 : G. V., ''Dinners and dinner parties''. London: Chapman and Hall, 1862; [https://archive.org/details/b21527817/page/106/mode/2up pp. 107-108] (not in Laing and Halkett) * 1863 : Thomas George Shaw, ''Wine, the Vine and the Cellar''. Londinii: Longman, Green, 1863 [https://archive.org/details/b28128230 Textus] * 1864 : ''Cookery for English households by a French lady'' (1864) [https://archive.org/details/cookeryforengli00housgoog/page/n108/mode/2up pp. 93-94] sub titulo ''Poulet au vin blanc'' * 1865 : Emanuele Rossi, ''La vera cuciniera genovese'' (Genuae) [http://www.mori.bz.it/gastronomia/E.%20Rossi%20-%20La%20vera%20cuciniera%20genovese.pdf Textus] * 1866 : {{ec|id=Jullien (1866)|c=[[Andreas Jullien|André Jullien]]; C. E. Jullien, ed., ''Topographie de tous les vignobles connus'' (5a ed. Lutetiae, 1866) [https://archive.org/details/topographiedeto00jullgoog Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''}} * 1867 : [[Leo Brisse]], ''Le calendrier gastronomique pour l’année 1867: les 365 menus du baron Brisse: un menu par jour'' [https://www.loc.gov/item/87103777/ Textus] [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011530851 alibi] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6568678k editio 1868] * 1867 : "Restaurants" in [[Alfredus Delvau|Alfred Delvau]], ''Les plaisirs de Paris'' (Lutetiae, 1867) [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1522335s/f109 pp. 109-144] * 1867 : {{ec|Gouffé (1867)|[[Iulius Gouffé|Jules Gouffé]], ''Le Livre de cuisine'' (Lutetiae: Hachette) [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1080414 Textus] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3411211m 2a ed. 1870] [https://archive.org/details/b21525778/page/633/mode/2up 4a ed. 1877, pp. 633-634]}} * 1867 : Kanny Loll Dey, ''The indigenous drugs of India''. Calcutta: Thacker, 1867 [https://archive.org/details/b21513053/ Textus]: Capsicum annuum p. 29; [https://archive.org/details/indigenousdrugs00mairgoog/page/n110/mode/2up 2nd ed. 1896 pp. 64-65] * 1868 : [[Iulius Gouffé|Jules Gouffé]]; Alphonse Gouffé, interpr., ''The royal cookery book (Le livre de cuisine)''. Londinii: Sampson Low, 1868 [https://archive.org/details/b21505093/ Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1868 : Theodoro J. H. Langgaard, ''Novo formulario medico e pharmaceutico'' (1868) {{Google Books|QNk8AAAAcAAJ|p. 537}} * 1868? : [[Leo Brisse]], ''La Cuisine à l'usage des ménages bourgeois et des petits ménages'' [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k110689f editio 1884] * 1869 : {{ec|id=Indian Cookery Book (1869)|c="Curries" in ''The Indian Cookery Book: a practical handbook to the kitchen in India'' (Calcuttae: Wyman) [https://archive.org/details/b2152824x/page/14/mode/2up pp. 14-34]}} * 1869 : William Terrington, ''Cooling cups and dainty drinks''. Londinii: Routledge [https://archive.org/details/coolingcupsandd00terrgoog Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1869 : [[Iulius Gouffé|Jules Gouffé]], ''Le livre des conserves''. Lutetiae: Hachette, 1869 [https://archive.org/details/b2152578x Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1869 : Ioannes Alexandrides, ''Ιστορία της Χημείας''. Vindobonae, 1869 {{Google Books|7YC7Tk6CY6gC}} * 1870 : [[Urbanus Dubois|Urbain-Dubois]], ''Cosmopolitan cookery: popular studies'' (Londinii: Longmans, 1870) [https://archive.org/details/b28131241/page/11/mode/1up p. 11] ("'Cuscus' of the Arabs") * 1854-1857 : {{ec|id=Meyer (1854-1857)|c=[[Ernestus Henricus Fridericus Meyer|Ernst H. F. Meyer]], ''Geschichte der Botanik: Studien'' [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10302511?page=1 vol. 1] [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10302512?page=1 2] [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10302513?page=1 3] [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10302514?page=1 4] }} * 1872 : [[Urbanus Dubois|Urbain Dubois]], ''Cuisine de tous les pays: études cosmopolites''. 3a ed. (Lutetiae: Dentu, 1872) [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k65442310/f91 pp. 69-70] ("Soupe maigre aux huîtres; Soupe aux huîtres à l'américaine") * 1873 : {{ec|id=Dumas (1873)|c=[[Alexander Dumas (pater)|Alexandre Dumas]], ''Grand Dictionnaire de cuisine'' (Lutetiae: Lemerre, 1873) [https://archive.org/details/b28092818/page/634/mode/2up pp. 634-635]}} * 1873 : [[Aemilius Zola|Emile Zola]], ''[[Le Ventre de Paris]]'' (Lutetiae: Charpentier) [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6213165k/f162 pp. 154-155] * 1873? : [[Leo Brisse]], ''Cuisine en carême du baron Brisse'' [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9205980 2a ed. 1874] * 1875 : [[Henricus Vizetelly|Henry Vizetelly]], ''The wines of the world characterized and classed, with some particulars respecting the beers of Europe'' (Londinii: Ward, Lock, 1875) [https://archive.org/details/b21528287/page/50/mode/2up pp. 51-57] * 1876 : [[Henricus Vizetelly|Henry Vizetelly]], ''Facts about sherry''. Londinii: Ward, Lock, 1876 [https://archive.org/details/factsaboutsherr00vizegoog Textus] * 1876 : [[Ludovicus Henricus Morgan|Lewis Henry Morgan]], "[montezumasdinne00morggoog/page/n45/mode/2up Montezuma's Dinner]" [commentatio sine titulo divulgata] in ''North American Review'' (Aprilis 1876) pp. 265-308; postea forma libri reimpressa Novi Eboraci: New York Labor News Company, 1950 * 1877 : [[Iulius Gouffé|Jules Gouffé]], ''Le Livre de pâtisserie''. Lutetiae: Hachette [https://archive.org/details/GoufPa/ Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1877 : "Sauce" in {{Creanda|en|Eneas Sweetland Dallas|Aeneas Sweetland Dallas|Eneas Sweetland Dallas}}, ''Kettner's Book of the Table'' (Londinii: Dulau, 1877) [https://archive.org/details/b2153794x/page/408/mode/2up pp. 409-419] * 1877 : {{ec|id=Blanco (1877)|c=Manuel Blanco, ''Flora de Filipinas'' (4 voll. Manilae: Plana, 1877-1883) [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/277741#page/217/mode/1up vol. 1 p. 177] et tabula 49}} * 1878 : A. R. Kenney-Herbert, ''Culinary Jottings for Madras ... by "Wyvern"''. Maderaspatani: Higginbotham [https://archive.org/details/b28119617/ Textus]; titulo ''Culinary Jottings'' [https://archive.org/details/b28089583 5a ed. 1885] * 1878 : {{ec|id=Sauvé (1878)|c= L.-F. Sauvé, ''Proverbes et dictons de la Basse-Bretagne'' (Lutetiae: Honoré Champion, 1878) [https://archive.org/details/proverbesetdict00sauvgoog/page/n119/mode/2up pp. 106-107] }} * 1879 : {{ec|id=Davidis (1879)|c=Henriette Davidis, ''Praktisches Kochbuch für die Deutschen in Amerika'' (Milwaukee: Brumber, 1879) [https://archive.org/details/praktischeskochb00davi/ Textus] [https://archive.org/details/praktischeskochb01davi/ 2a ed. 1897]}} * 1879 : Friedrich A. Flueckiger, Daniel Hanbury, ''Pharmacographia''. 2a ed. Londinii, 1879 {{Google Books|5Q0b1XdRSIgC}} * 1879 : [[Henricus Vizetelly|Henry Vizetelly]], ''Facts about champagne and other sparkling wines''. Londinii: Ward, Lock, 1879 [https://archive.org/details/b21528317 Textus] * 1880 : [[Henricus Vizetelly|Henry Vizetelly]], ''Facts about Port and Madeira''. Londinii: Ward, Lock, 1880 {{Google Books|dlA7AQAAMAAJ}} * 1882 : [[Henricus Vizetelly|Henry Vizetelly]], ''A history of champagne''. Londinii: Vizetelly, 1882 [https://archive.org/details/historyofchampag00vize Textus] * 1882 : [[Leo Brisse]]; Edith Matthew Clark, ed. et interpr., ''366 menus and 1200 recipes of the Baron Brisse in French and English''. Londinii: Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008611336 Textus] * 1883 : Samuel Wells Williams, ''The Middle Kingdom''. Ed. recensa. Londinii: Allen, 1883 [https://archive.org/details/middlekingdomsur01will_2 vol. 1] [https://archive.org/details/middlekingdomsur02will_2 vol. 2] * 1883 : [[Alphonsus Pyramus de Candolle|Alphonse de Candolle]], ''Origine des plantes cultivées''. Lutetiae: Baillière [https://archive.org/details/originedesplant02candgoog Textus] * 1883 : {{ec|id=Dickens (1883)|c="Tripes à la mode de Caen" in [[Carolus Dickens|Charles Dickens]], ''Dickens's Dictionary of Paris, 1883''. Macmillan {{Google Books|UW0DAAAAQAAJ|p. 268}}}} * 1885 : [[Lafcadio Hearn]], ''La Cuisine creole: a collection of culinary recipes from leading chefs and noted Creole housewives who have made New Orleans famous for its cuisine''. 2a ed. Novae Aureliae, 1885 [https://archive.org/details/lacuisinecreolec00hearrich Textus] * 1885 : [[Agnes Marshall|A. B. Marshall]], ''The Book of Ices''. Londinii [https://archive.org/details/b21528068/ Textus priscus]; [https://archive.org/details/b21539613/ editio aucta] * 1885 : William Dymock, ''The Vegetable Materia Medica of Western India''. Bombay, 1885 {{Google Books|0ygJAAAAIAAJ|pp. 640-643}} * 1886 : [[William Carew Hazlitt|Gulielmus Carew Hazlitt]], ''Old Cookery Books and Ancient Cuisine'' (Londinii: Elliot Stock, 1886) [https://archive.org/details/b21525079 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''; [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/12293/12293-h/12293-h.htm editio 1902] apud ''Project Gutenberg''; [[:s:en:Old Cookery Books and Ancient Cuisine|apud Vicifontem]] * 1886 : J. E. T. Aitchison, "Some Plants of Afghanistan and Their Medicinal Products" in ''Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions'' (Decembri 1886); reimpressum in eiusdem ''Notes on the Products of Western Afghanistan and North-Eastern Persia'' (Edinburgi, 1890) [https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.1203/page/69/mode/2up pp. 69-73] * 1887 : Maria Parloa, ''Miss Parloa's Kitchen Companion'' (Bostoniae: Estes and Lauriat) [https://archive.org/details/missparloaskitch00parlrich/page/224/mode/2up p. 225] * 1887-1890 : [[Eduardus Ludovicus Sturtevant|E. L. Sturtevant]], "The History of Garden Vegetables" in ''American Naturalist'' voll. 21-24 (1887-1890): vol. 21 pp. 49-59, 125-133, 321-333, 433-444, 701-712, 826-833, 903-912, 975-985; vol. 22 pp. 420-433, 802-808, 979-987; vol. 24 pp. 30-48, 143-157, 629-656, 719-744 (cf. 1919) * 1888 : Doctor [[Marianus Pardo de Figueroa|Thebussem]], ''La mesa moderna''. Matriti [https://archive.org/details/lamesamodernaca00conggoog Textus] [https://archive.org/details/lamesamodernacar00theb 2a ed. eiusdem anni] * 1888 : ''Dainty Dishes for Indian Tables'' (2a ed. Calcuttae: Newman, 1888) [https://archive.org/details/daintydishesfor00unkngoog/page/n174/mode/2up pp. 158-161] * 1888 : W. H. Dawe, ''The Wife's Help to Indian Cookery'' (Londinii: Elliot Stock, 1888) [https://archive.org/details/b21528378 Textus] * 1889 : Gustave Garlin, ''Le cuisinier moderne''. Lutetiae: Garnier, 1889 [https://archive.org/details/lecuisiniermoder01garl vol. 1] [https://archive.org/details/lecuisiniermoder02garl 2] * 1889 : Daniel Santiagoe, ''The curry cook's assistant''. London : Kegan Paul, 1889; [https://archive.org/details/b28133055/ Textus]; [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/34107/34107-h/34107-h.htm recensio interretialis] * 1889-1893 : George Watt, ''A Dictionary Of The Economic Products Of India'' 6 voll. (Calcuttae) [https://archive.org/details/DictionaryOfTheEconomicProductsOfIndia1 vol. 1] [https://archive.org/details/DictionaryOfTheEconomicProductsOfIndia2 2] [https://archive.org/details/DictionaryOfTheEconomicProductsOfIndia3 3] [https://archive.org/details/DictionaryOfTheEconomicProductsOfIndia4 4] [https://archive.org/details/DictionaryOfTheEconomicProductsOfIndia5 5] [https://archive.org/details/DictionaryOfTheEconomicProductsOfIndia61 6 i] [https://archive.org/details/DictionaryOfTheEconomicProductsOfIndia62 6 ii] [https://archive.org/details/DictionaryOfTheEconomicProductsOfIndia63 6 iii] [https://archive.org/details/DictionaryOfTheEconomicProductsOfIndia64 6 iv] * 1889-1891 : {{ec|Favre (1889-1901)|[[Iosephus Favre|Joseph Favre]], ''Dictionnaire universel de cuisine et d'hygiène alimentaire'' [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k65654445 vol. 1] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6565413m 2]}} * 1890-1891 : John R. Philpots, ''Oysters, and all about them''. 2 voll. Londinii: John Richardson, 1890-1891 [https://archive.org/details/oystersallaboutt01phil Textus] * 1891 : Grace Johnson, ''Anglo-Indian And Oriental Cookery''. Londinii: Allen [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.501516/ Textus] * 1891 : Gabrielle Le Brasseur; Mary Hooper, interpr., ''Hints on cookery and management of the table'' (Londinii: Spencer Blackett, 1891) [https://archive.org/details/b28125770/page/n41/mode/2up pp. 27-28] (titulus priscus: ''Ma cuisine'') * 1891 : [[Peregrinus Artusi|Pellegrino Artusi]], ''[[La scienza in cucina e l'arte di mangiar bene]]''. Florentiae: Landi, 1891 [https://archive.org/details/artusi-1891 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1892 : [[Carolus Herman Senn|Charles Herman Senn]], ''Practical gastronomy and culinary dictionary'' (Londinii: Spottiswoode) [https://archive.org/details/b28107822/page/n7/mode/2up Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1892 : C. A. M. Fennell, ed., ''The Stanford dictionary of Anglicised words and phrases'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1892) s.vv. Cayenne pepper, Chilli {{Google Books|0KAYAAAAIAA|pp. 223, 240}} * 1893 : Caroline Sullivan, ''The Jamaica Cookery Book'' (Kingston Iamaicae: Gardner, 1893) p. 115 ("scaveeched king-fish") * 1893 : Flora Annie Steel, Grace Gardiner, ''The complete Indian housekeeper and cook'' (3a ed. Edinburgi: Edinburgh Press, 1893) [https://archive.org/details/b28081663 Textus] [https://archive.org/details/b21528640 Nova ed. 1909] * 1893 : Jessup Whitehead, ''Cooking for profit: A new American cook book''. Chicagine {{Google Books|UDhEAAAAYAAJ|p. 193}} ("Oyster brochettes à la creole") * 1894 : Charles Ranhofer, ''The Epicurean'' (Novi Eboraci, 1894) [https://d.lib.msu.edu/fa/26#page/422/mode/2up pp. 408-413] * 1894 : ''Spons' Household Manual: a treasury of domestic receipts and guide for home management'' (Londinii: Spon) [https://archive.org/details/b21539303/page/502/mode/2up p. 500] ("Malay chicken (Doopiazeh curry)") * 1894 : [[Agnes Marshall|A. B. Marshall]], ''Fancy Ices''. Londinii [https://archive.org/details/b29314501/ Textus] * 1894 : Chatillon-Plessis, ''La Vie à table à la fin du 19e siècle''. Lutetiae: Diderot {{Google Books|JFQ4-9XhE-gC|pp. 273-275}} * 1895 : Thomas J. Murrey, ''The Murrey Collection of Cookery Books'' (Novi Eboraci) [https://archive.org/details/murreycollectio00murrgoog/page/n424/mode/2up "Oysters and Fish" pp. 27-28] ("Oysters en brochette") * 1895 : George J. Kappeler, ''Modern American Drinks: How to Mix and Serve All Kinds of Cups and Drinks''. Novi Eboraci: Merriam, 1895 [https://archive.org/details/modernamericandr00kapp Textus] * 1895 : Henrietta A. Hervey, ''Anglo-Indian cookery at home: a short treatise for returned exiles'' (London: H. Cox, 1895) [https://archive.org/details/b28047898/page/n17/mode/2up pp. 10-17] ("curry powder, curries") * 1895 : {{ec|id=Sala (1895)|c=[[Georgius Augustus Sala|George Augustus Sala]], ''The Thorough Good Cook'' [https://archive.org/details/b21530014/page/343/mode/2up p. 343 editionis Neo-Eboracensis 1896] }} * 1895 : Jean De Gouy, ''La Cuisine et la patisserie bourgeoises en Belgique et à l'étranger''. Bruxellis {{Google Books|n8xHAQAAMAAJ|p. 157}} (petits pâtés au godiveau") * 1895 : {{ec|id=Thomas (1895)|c= Joseph Thomas, ''Randigal Rhymes'' (Penzance: Rodda, 1895) [https://archive.org/details/randigalrhymesan00thomrich/page/6/mode/2up p. 6] }} * 1896 : Louis Fouquet, ''Bariana: Recueil de toutes boissons americains et anglaises'' (Lutetiae) [http://www.euvs.org/pdf/BARIANA-WEB.pdf p. 25 no. 18] ("martini cocktail") * 1897 : [[Abrahamus Stoker|Bram Stoker]], ''[[Dracula (Stoker)|Dracula]]'' (Londinii) p. 1 * 1898 : [[Carolus Herman Senn|Charles Herman Senn]], ''Senn's culinary encyclopaedia'' (Londinii: Spottiswoode) [https://archive.org/details/sennsculinaryenc00senn Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1898 : [[Georgius Watt|George Watt]], ''The pests and blights of the tea plant being a report of investigations conducted in Assam and to some extent also in Kangra''. Calcuttae: Superintendent, Government Printing [https://archive.org/details/cu31924024006623/page/n6 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1898 : {{Creanda|es|Henry Clay Irish|Henricus Clay Irish|H. C. Irish}}, "[https://archive.org/details/revisionofgenusc00irisrich/ A revision of the genus Capsicum, with especial reference to garden varieties]" in ''Missouri Botanical Garden Annual Report'' (1898) pp. 53-110 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2992137 JSTOR] * 1898 : {{Creanda|d|Q100233613|Incarnatio Pinedo|Encarnación Pinedo}}, ''El cocinero español''. Franciscopoli (Dan Strehl, Victor Valle, edd., ''Encarnación’s kitchen : Mexican recipes from nineteenth-century California'' [Berkeleiae: University of California Press, 2003]) * 1899 : [[Nathaniel Newnham-Davis]], ''Dinners and Diners: where and how to dine in London''. Londinii: Grant Richards, 1899 [https://archive.org/details/b21528974 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'; [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Lieutenant-Colonel_Nathaniel_Newnham_Davis.jpg De auctore] * 1900 : ''The Nabob's Cookery Book: a manual of East and West Indian recipes ... by P. O. P.'' (Londinii: Warne) [https://archive.org/details/b28060799/page/n15/mode/2up no. 1-24] * 1900 : ''The Picayune's Creole Cook Book'' Novae Aureliae [https://www.nola.com/entertainment_life/eat-drink/article_a067a27c-91f6-538a-af50-0be0eca945d1.html de editione prima]; [https://archive.org/details/picayunescreolec0000unse_n7m7/mode/2up ed. 2ae (1901) reimpressae exemplar mutuabile]; [https://archive.org/details/cu31924073878708/page/n5/mode/2up ed. 4a (1910)] * 1900 : Rowland Strong, ''Where and How to Dine in Paris''. Londinii: Grant Richards, 1900 [https://archive.org/details/whereandhowtodi00strogoog Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1900 : Pierre Lacam, ''Le mémorial historique et géographique de la pâtisserie'' (Lutetiae) [https://archive.org/details/b28054234/page/170/mode/2up p. 171] * 1900 : [[Prosper Montagné]], [[Prosper Salles]], [[Phileas Gilbert]] : ''La Grande Cuisine illustrée'' [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9304528 Textus] apud Gallica == saeculum XX == * 1901 : {{ec|id=Holle (1901)|c=Henriette Davidis; Luise Holle, ed., ''Henriette Davidis-Holle: Praktisches Kochbuch für die bürgerliche und feine Küche'' (Bielefeld: Velhagen & Klasing, 1901) [https://archive.org/details/b21536004/ Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''}} * 1903 : {{ec|id=Escoffier (1903)|c=[[Augustus Escoffier|Auguste Escoffier]], ''[[Le Guide culinaire]]'' (Lutetiae, 1903) [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k65768837 Textus] apud Gallica; [https://archive.org/details/b21525730 textus] apud ''Internet Archive''}} * 1903 : [[Nathaniel Newnham-Davis]], Algernon Bastard, ''The Gourmet's Guide to Europe''. Londinii: Grant Richards, 1903 [https://archive.org/details/b21504829 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1903 : Adolphe Meyer, ''The post-graduate cookery book'' (Novi Eboraci: Caterer, 1903) [https://archive.org/details/postgraduatecook00meye/page/30/mode/2up pp. 30-31] * 1903 : Ketab, ''Indian dishes for English tables''. Londinii: Chapman & Hall, 1903 [https://archive.org/details/b2812277x Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1904 : A. R. Kenney-Herbert, ''Wyvern's Indian Cookery Book''. Maderaspatani: Higginbotham, 1904 [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.221260 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1905 : [[Iosephus Favre|Joseph Favre]], ''Dictionnaire universel de cuisine pratique''. 2a ed. [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k57300060 vol. 1] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k57317645 vol. 2] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k57280474 vol. 3] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k57300438 vol. 4] * 1906 : {{ec|id=Senn (1906)|c="Indian Cookery" in [[Isabella Beeton]]; [[Carolus Herman Senn|Charles Herman Senn]], ed., ''[[Beeton's Book of Household Management|Mrs. Beeton's Book of Household Management]]'' (Londinii: Ward, Lock, 1906) [https://archive.org/details/b21530105/page/1598/mode/2up pp. 1599-1613]}} * 1906 : Frank Schloesser, ''The Greedy Book: a gastronomical anthology'' (Londinii: Gay and Bird, 1906) [https://archive.org/details/b21505007/page/166/mode/2up p. 167] * 1907 : {{ec|id=Richardin, ed. (1907)|c= [[Edmundus Richardin|Edmond Richardin]], ed., ''L'art du bien manger''. Nova ed. (Lutetiae: Librairie Nilsson) [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k203897f Textus apud Gallica]}} (primum anno 1901 edita?) * 1907 : {{ec|id=Escoffier (1907)|c=[[Augustus Escoffier|Auguste Escoffier]], ''Le Guide culinaire'' (2a ed. Lutetiae, 1907) [https://archive.org/details/b21525912/page/524/mode/2up pp. 525-526]}} * 1907 : {{ec|id=Escoffier (1907)|c=[[Augustus Escoffier|Auguste Escoffier]], ''A Guide to Modern Cookery''. Londinii: Heinemann [https://archive.org/details/cu31924000610117 Textus]; 2a ed. Londinii, 1909; [https://archive.org/details/b21530142 Textus impressionis 1926]}} * 1907? : {{ec|id=Escoffier (1907)|c=[[Augustus Escoffier|Auguste Escoffier]], ''A Few Recipes'' (Londinii: Escoffier, 1907?) [https://archive.org/details/fewrecipesbymons00esco Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''}} * 1907 : {{ec|id=Wiemann (1907)|c=Henriette Davidis; Gertrude Wiemann, ed., ''Praktisches Kochbuch für die bürgerliche und feine Küche. Neue illustrierte Ausgabe'' (Berolini: W. Herlet, 1907) [https://www.projekt-gutenberg.org/davidis/kochbuch/kochbuch.html Recensio interretialis]}} * 1908 : [[Nathaniel Newnham-Davis]], ''The Gourmet's Guide to Europe''. 2a ed. Londinii: Grant Richards, 1908 [https://archive.org/details/b2152709x Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1908 : George Watt, ''The Commercial Products of India'' (Londinii: Murray) [https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5683/ Textus] * 1909 : Eleanor Jenkinson, ''The Ocklye Cookery Book: a book of recipes by a lady and her cook''. Crowborough: H. Wilkins, 1909 [https://archive.org/details/b28065311/page/n79/mode/2up Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1911 : Robert H. Christie, ''Banquets of the Nations: eighty-six dinners characteristic and typical each of its own country''. Edinburgh: Gray, 1911 [https://archive.org/details/b21528676 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1911 : [[Nathaniel Newnham-Davis]], ''The Gourmet's Guide to Europe''. 3a ed. Londinii: Grant Richards, 1911 [https://archive.org/details/b2804938x Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1912 : {{ec|id=Escoffier (1912)|c=[[Augustus Escoffier|Auguste Escoffier]], ''Le Livre des menus''. Lutetiae, 1912 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9629814d Textus]}} * 1912 : [[Franciscus Jammes|Francis Jammes]], ''Les Géorgiques chrétiennes'' (1912) [https://archive.org/details/lesgorgiquesch00jammuoft/page/144/mode/2up p. 145 editionis 1914] * 1912 : [[Georgius Earl Church|George Earl Church]]; [[Clements Markham]], ed., ''Aborigines of South America'' (London: Chapman and Hall, 1912) [https://archive.org/details/aboriginesofsout00churuoft/page/230/mode/2up pp. 231-233] * 1913 : Emilia Pardo Bazán, ''La cocina española antigua''. Matriti: Renacimiento, 1913 [http://bdh.bne.es/bnesearch/detalle/bdh0000244326 Textus] * 1914 : May Byron, ''Pot-luck, or The British home cookery book''. Londinii: Hodder & Stoughton, 1914 [https://archive.org/details/cu31924001893241 2a ed. 1915] * 1914 : [[Nathaniel Newnham-Davis]], ''The Gourmet's Guide to London''. Londinii: Grant Richards [https://archive.org/details/b28107548 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''; Novi Eboraci: Brentano's [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/53304/53304-h/53304-h.htm Textus] apud ''Project Gutenberg'' * 1919 : [[Eduardus Nignon|Édouard Nignon]] et al., ''L'Heptameron des gourmets''. Lutetiae, 1909 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k315710q Textus] apud Gallica * 1919 : [[Eduardus Ludovicus Sturtevant|E. L. Sturtevant]]; U. P. Hedrick, ed., ''Sturtevant's notes on edible plants''. (''Report of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station'', 1919, pars 2.) Albaniae, 1919 [https://archive.org/details/sturtevantsnotes00sturuoft/ Textus] * 1920 : Carmen de Burgos, ''La cocina práctica'' (Valentiae: Sempere, 1920) [http://bdh.bne.es/bnesearch/detalle/bdh0000161962 Textus] * 1920 : [[Marcellus Rouff|Marcel Rouff]], ''La Vie et la passion de Dodin-Bouffant gourmet''. Lutetiae: Société littéraire de France (editio lacunosa); editio perfecta, 1924 [http://dodinbouffant.com/site_images/telechargement/La%20vie%20et%20passion%20de%20dodin-Bouffant.pdf Recensio interretialis editionis 1924] * 1920 : Julian Street, ''Where Paris Dines''. Garden City NY: Doubleday [https://archive.org/details/whereparisdines0000juli/ Textus] * 1921 : [[Bertrandus Guégan|Bertrand Guégan]], ''La fleur de la cuisine française''. Vol. 2. Lutetiae: La Sirène, 1921 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k42212299 textus] * 1922 : {{ec|id=Zäh (1922)|c=Henriette Davidis; Rudolf Zäh, ed., ''Praktisches Kochbuch für die bürgerliche und feine Küche. Volksausgabe'' (1922) [https://d-nb.info/575461721/04 Index capitulorum]}} * 1923 : {{Creanda|fr|Victor Thomas|Victor Thomas|Thomas Gringoire}}, [[Ludovicus Saulnier|Louis Saulnier]], ''Le Répertoire de la cuisine''. 3a ed. Londinii: Allard, 1923 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9638563t Textus] apud Gallica (1a ed. 1914) * 1926 : {{ec|Nignon (1926)|[[Eduardus Nignon|Édouard Nignon]], ''Les Plaisirs de la table''}} * 1927 : {{ec|id=Escoffier (1927)|c=[[Augustus Escoffier|Auguste Escoffier]], ''Le Riz''. Lutetiae: Flammarion, 1927 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k858014w Textus]}} * 1928 : {{ec|id=Escoffier (1928)|c=[[Augustus Escoffier|Auguste Escoffier]], ''L'Aide-mémoire culinaire''. Lutetiae: Flammarion, 1928 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1265661m Textus]}} * 1928 : {{ec|Croze (1928)|[[Augustinus de Croze|Austin de Croze]], ''Les Plats régionaux de France. 1400 succulentes recettes traditionnelles de toutes les provinces françaises''. Lutetiae: Editions Montaigne [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k323158z Textus]}} * 1929 : Dionisio Pérez, ''Guía del buen comer español''. Matriti, 1929 [http://bdh.bne.es/bnesearch/detalle/bdh0000204799 Textus] * 1930 : Gerardo Corrales, ''Club de cantiñeros de la República de Cuba: Manual oficial'' (Havanae, 1930) [https://euvs-vintage-cocktail-books.cld.bz/1930-Club-de-Cantineros-de-la-Republica-de-Cuba-Manual-Oficial/50/ p. 51] ("Martini cocktail ... fórmula original creación de la case Martini & Rossi") * 1931 : {{ec|id=Grieve (1931)|c=[[Magdalena Grieve|Maud Grieve]]; [[Hilda Leyel]], ed., ''A modern herbal'' (Londinii: Jonathan Cape, 1931) p. 974 ("Meadowsweet") [http://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/mgmh.html Recensio interretialis]}} * 1931 : ''Poesia nascosta: seicento ricette di cucina ebraica in Italia'' (Patavii, 1931) [http://www.archivio-torah.it/ebooks/poesianascosta/ Textus] * 1932 : {{ec|id=Sloppy Joe (1932)|c=''Sloppy Joe's Cocktails Manual'' (Havanae, 1932) [https://euvs-vintage-cocktail-books.cld.bz/1932-Sloppy-Joe-s/8 pp. 9, 13] ("Bacardi cocktails: mojito; Gordon Dry Gin cocktails: mojito")}} * 1932 : Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, ''La cucina futurista''. Mediolani: Sonzogno, 1932 [https://archive.org/details/marin_cucina_1932_images/ Textus] * 1932 : Florence White, ''Good Things in England'' (Londinii: Jonathan Cape, 1932) ("caramel cream") * 1933 : {{ec|Nignon (1933)|[[Eduardus Nignon|Édouard Nignon]]; [[Sacha Guitry]], praef., : ''Éloges de la cuisine française''}} * 1933 : {{ec|id=Sloppy Joe (1933)|c=''Sloppy Joe's Cocktails Manual'' (Havanae, 1933) [https://euvs-vintage-cocktail-books.cld.bz/1933-Sloppy-Joe-s-Cocktails-Manual/II p. 18] ("dry martini, sweet martini")}} * 1933 : [[Gualterus Starkie|Walter Starkie]], ''Raggle-Taggle: adventures with a fiddle in Hungary and Roumania'' (Londinii) [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208611/page/n303/mode/2up p. 289] * 1934 : {{ec|id=Escoffier (1934)|c=[[Augustus Escoffier|Auguste Escoffier]], ''Ma Cuisine''. Lutetiae: Flammarion, 1934 [https://archive.org/details/AugusteEscoffier1934FlamarionMaCuisineINDEXP677 Textus]}} * 1934 : {{ec|id= Duffy (1934)|c= Patrick Gavin Duffy,<ref>[https://library.cocktailkingdom.com/exh.figures.duffy_patrick_gavin.html de auctore]</ref> ''The official mixer's manual''. Novi Eboraci: Nathan Straus (?) [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31822031041288 Textus apud Hathi Trust] }} 2a ed. 1940; 3a ed. (a [[Iacobus Beard|James Beard]] aucta) 1956 * 1934 : Karoly Gundel, ''Kleines ungarisches Kochbuch'' ([https://kochbuchsuechtig.blogspot.com/2016/12/kleines-ungarisches-kochbuch.html Descriptio editionis posterioris]) * 1935 : {{Creanda|es|Marquesa de Parabere|María Mestayer de Echagüe}}, ''Platos escogidos de la cocina vasca''. Bilbao: Grijelmo, 1935 [http://www.kmliburutegia.net/Record/230001 Textus] * 1938 : {{ec|id=Montagné (1938)|c=[[Prosper Montagné]], ''[[Larousse gastronomique]]'' (Lutetiae: Larousse, 1938)}} * 1939 : ''Floridita cock-tails'' (Havanae, 1939) [https://euvs-vintage-cocktail-books.cld.bz/1939-Floridita-Cock-tails/46 pp. 47-48] ("mojito criollo no. 1, no. 2, no.3") * 1939 : ''Sloppy Joe's Cocktail Manual'' (Havanae, 1939) [https://euvs-vintage-cocktail-books.cld.bz/1939-Sloppy-Joe-s-Season-1939/10 pp. 10, 14] ("Sloppy Joe's ron drinks: mojito; jin mojito") * 1939 : {{ec|id=Baker (1939)|c= [[Carolus Henricus Baker|Charles H. Baker Jr]], ''The Gentleman’s Companion, Volume II: being an exotic drinking book''. Novi Eboraci: Derrydale Press, 1939 [https://euvs-vintage-cocktail-books.cld.bz/1939-The-Gentleman-s-Companion-volume-II-Beeing-an-Exotic-Drinking-Book/X Textus] }} * 1939 : Stanley Clisby Arthur, ''Famous New Orleans Drinks and How to Mix 'Em''. Novae Aureliae: Harmanson, 1939 [https://euvs-vintage-cocktail-books.cld.bz/1938-Famous-New-Orleans-Drinks-and-how-to-mix-em-3rd-printing-by-Stanley-Clisby-Arthur/2 Textus] * 1940 : Claud Bald, ''Indian Tea: 'A Textbook on the Culture and Manufacture of Tea.'' Ed. 5a. Calcuttae: Thacker, Spink & Co. [https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.3392 4a ed., 1922] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1941 : [[Crosby Gaige]], ''Cocktail Guide and Ladies' Companion''; [[Crosby Gaige]]; Lucius Beebe, praef., ''Cocktail Guide and Ladies' Companion''. 5a ed. Novi Eboraci: Fireside Press; [https://thecarycollection.com/products/crosby-gaiges-cocktail-guide-and-ladies-compamion de hac editione] * 1945 : {{Creanda|en|Buwei Yang Chao}}, {{Creanda|en|Yuen Ren Chao}}, ''{{Creanda|en|How to Cook and Eat in Chinese}}''. Novi Eboraci: John Day<ref>Charles W. Hayford, "Open Recipes Openly Arrived At" in ''Journal of Oriental Studies'' vol. 45 (2012) pp. 67-87 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/43498205 JSTOR]</ref> [https://archive.org/details/howtocookeatinch00cha0 exemplar mutuabilis editionis 1949]; [https://archive.org/details/howtocookeatinch00bych editionis 1963]; [https://archive.org/details/howtocookeatinch00chao editionis Britannicae] * 1946 : {{ec|id= Velázquez de León (1946)|c= {{Creanda|es|Josefina Velázquez de León|Iosephina Velázquez de León|Josefina Velázquez de León}}, ''Platillos regionales de la República Mexicana''. Mexicopoli, 1946 }} * 1947 : Zhang Tongzhi, "Baimen shipu" [List of Jinling’s Delicacies] in ''Nanjing wenxian'' [Nanjing documents] <ref>Andrea Montanari, "Gastronomic Practice in Zhang Tongzhi’s List of Jinling’s Delicacies" in ''Gastronomica'' vol. 19 (2019) pp. 10-19 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26854636 JSTOR]</ref> * 1948 : David A. Embury, ''The Fine Art of Mixing Drinks''. Novi Eboraci: Doubleday, 1948 * 1948 : Hilario Alonso Sánchez, ''El Arte del Cantinero'' (Havanae, 1948) [https://euvs-vintage-cocktail-books.cld.bz/1948-El-Arte-del-Cantinero-Mixellany/468/ p. 436] ("mojito") * 1948 : ''Ron Daiquiri coctelera cocktail book'' (Havanae, 1948) [https://euvs-vintage-cocktail-books.cld.bz/1948-Ron-Daiquiri-Coctelera-Cocktail-Book-Habana-Cuba/18/ p. 20] ("Cuban drinks: mojito") * 1949 : {{ec|id=Fisher (1949)|c=[[M. F. K. Fisher]], interpr., ''Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin: The Physiology of Taste; or, Meditations on transcendental gastronomy''. Novi Eboraci: Limited Editions Club, 1949}} * medio saeculo XX : [[Phia Sing]] ([[Alanus Davidson|Alan Davidson]], Jennifer Davidson, edd., ''Phia Sing: Traditional Recipes of Laos'' [Londinii: Prospect Books, 1981] pp. 48, 183, 197 et passim} * 1954 : [[Elizabeth David]], ''Italian Food''. Londinii: Macdonald * c. 1960 : Felice Cùnsolo, ''Cucina milanese''. Mediolani: Novedit, s.d. [https://archive.org/details/digitami_LO11012739/ Textus] * 1960 : {{ec|id=David (1960)|c=[[Elizabeth David]], ''[[French Provincial Cooking]]''. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1960}} * 1963 : [[Elizabeth David]], ''Italian Food''. Nova ed. (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1963) pp. 123-125 * 1974 : {{Creanda|en|Buwei Yang Chao}}, ''How to order and eat in Chinese''. Novi Eboraci: Vintage, 1974 [https://archive.org/details/howtoordereatinc00chao/page/n9/mode/2up Exemplar mutuabile] * 1974 : [[Sylvia Wu]], ''Madame Wu's Art of Chinese Cooking'' [https://archive.org/details/madamewusartofch00wusy Exemplar mutuabile editionis 1976] * 1975 : [[Alanus Davidson|Alan Davidson]], ''Fish and Fish Dishes of Laos'' (Rutland: Tuttle, 1975) p. 104 * 1975 : {{ec|id=Lambert Ortiz (1975)|c=Elisabeth Lambert Ortiz, ''Caribbean Cooking'' (Londinii: Deutsch, 1975) pp. 76-77 et passim}} * 1979 : [[Alanus Davidson|Alan Davidson]], ''North Atlantic Seafood'' (Londinii: Macmillan, 1979) pp. 186-187 * 1980 : Meera Taneja, ''Indian Regional Cookery'' (Londinii: Mills and Boon) pp. 18-19 ("aaloo samosa, ''pastries filled with spicy potato''") * 1981 : [[Alanus Davidson|Alan Davidson]], ''Mediterranean Seafood'' (2a ed. Londinii: Penguin, 1981) p. 178 * 1982 : [[Alicia Waters|Alice Waters]], ''Chez Panisse Menu Cookbook''. ISBN 0-394-51787-3 * 1983 : {{ec|id=David (1983)|c=[[Elizabeth David]], ''[[French Provincial Cooking]]''. Nova ed. Londinii: Penguin, 1983}} * 1984 : [[Sylvia Wu]], ''Cooking With Madame Wu: yin and yang recipes for health and longevity''. Novi Eboraci: McGraw-Hill * 1993 : Rena Salaman, ''Greek Food''. Nova ed. (Londinii: Harper Collins, 1993) pp. 26, 66-67 ("mayiritsa") * 1995 : Maria Kaneva Johnson, ''The Melting Pot: Balkan food and cookery'' (Totenais: Prospect Books, 1995) pp. 78-79, cf. 63 * 1999 : ''Pat Chapman's Curry Bible''. Londinii: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 0-340-68037-7 == Saeculum XXI == * 2001 : [[Sylvia Wu]], ''Madame Wu's Garden : a pictorial history of a celebrated landmark''. Sanctae Monicae: Wu Enterprises, 2001 * 2001 : Diane Kochilas, ''The Glorious Foods of Greece'' (Novi Eboraci: William Morrow, 2001) p. 125 ("Greek Easter innards sausage: kokkoretsi") * 2002 : Eliana Thibaut i Comalada, ''La cuina tradicional de la Catalunya Nord'' (Cossetània Edicions, 2002. ISBN 84-95684-67-5) {{Google Books|34mqMjgDK7EC|p. 143}} ("llagostada o civet de llagosta de Cotlliure") * 2002 : William Rubel, ''The Magic of Fire'' (Berkeleiae: Ten Speed Press) pp. 112-113 ("lamb kebab") * 2003 : [[Alanus Davidson|Alan Davidson]], ''Seafood of South-East Asia'' (2a ed. Totenais: Prospect Books, 2003) p. 139 * 2003 : Clifford Wright, ''The Little Foods of the Mediterranean'' (Cantabrigiae Mass.: Harvard Common Press, 2003) {{Google Books|x3t2IJeFIh8C|pp. 451-452}} ("mulinciana a schibecci" et "cucuzzeddi fritti cu schibecci", paropsides duae de melongena fricta e sicbeis) * 2006 : Christopher Grocock, Sally Grainger, edd., ''Apicius. A critical edition with an introduction and an English translation''. Totenais: Prospect Books. ISBN 1903018137 {{Ling|Latine|Anglice}} * 2006 : [[Fuchsia Dunlop]], ''Revolutionary Chinese Cookbook: recipes from Hunan province'' (Londinii: Ebury Press, 2006) pp. 76, 78-80 * 2010 : "Crab paste jeow: jeow nam bpoo" in Dorothy Culloty, ''Food from Northern Laos: the Boat Landing cookbook'' (Te Awamutu Novae Zelandiae: Galangal Press, 2010) [https://ffnlblog.files.wordpress.com/2019/03/food-from-n-laos-pdf-2019.pdf pp. 82-91, cf. p. 39] * 2013 : Cinzia Trenchi, Enzo Monaco, Mario Dadomo, ''Peperoncino. Momenti di passione piccante'' (Mediolani: White Star, 2013. ISBN 9788854021280)<ref>[https://www.unilibro.it/libro/trenchi-cinzia/peperoncino-momenti-passione-piccante/9788854021280 De hoc libro]</ref> * 2019 : [[Fuchsia Dunlop]], ''The Food of Sichuan'' (Londinii: Bloomsbury, 2019) pp. 342-367 == Eruditio == * K. T. Achaya, ''Indian Food: a historical companion'' (Dellii: Oxford University Press, 1994) * {{ec|id=Adams (2003)|c=J. N. Adams, ''Bilingualism and the Latin language'' (Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 2003) pp. 448-449, 463, 496 et alibi}} * {{ec|id=Lambert (2002)|c=Carole Lambert, "Medieval France: B. The South" in Melitta Weiss Adamson, ed., ''Regional Cuisines of Medieval Europe: A Book of Essays'' (Londinii: Routledge, 2002) pp. 67-84}} * {{ec|id=Varey (2002)|c=Simon Varey, "Medieval and Renaissance Italy: A. The Peninsula" in Melitta Weiss Adamson, ed., ''Regional Cuisines of Medieval Europe: A Book of Essays'' (Londinii: Routledge, 2002) pp. 85-112}} * E. N. Anderson, ''Food and Environment in Early and Medieval China'' (Philadelphiae: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014) pp. 85-87 * {{ec|id=Andrews (1980)|c=A. C. Andrews, "Index of plants" in W. H. S. Jones, ''Pliny: Natural History, books XXIV-XXVII'' (Cantabrigiae Mass., editio recensa, 1980) pp. 485-557 s.v. "oenanthe"}} * Luc Bihl-Willette, ''Des tavernes aux bistrots. Une histoire des cafés'' (Lutetiae: L'Âge d'Homme, 1997. ISBN 9782825107737) * Eric Block, ''Garlic and Other Alliums: The Lore and the Science''. Royal Society of Chemistry, 2010 {{Google Books|6AB89RHV9ucC|Paginae selectae}} * Hector Bolitho, ''The Glorious Oyster: His History in Rome and in Britain, His Anatomy and Reproduction, how to Cook Him, and what Various Writers and Poets Have Written in His Praise''. Novi Eboraci: Knopf, 1929 * {{ec|id=Bosland et al. (1998)|c=[[Paulus Bosland|Paul W. Bosland]], Alton L. Bailey, Jaime Iglesias-Olivas, ''[http://contentdm.nmsu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/AgCircs/id/12518 Capsicum pepper varieties and classification]''. NMSU Cooperative Extension Service and Agricultural Experiment Station, 1998}} * {{ec|id=Burnett et Saberi (2008)|c=David Burnett, Helen Saberi, ''The Road to Vindaloo: curry cooks and curry books''. Totnes: Prospect Books, 2008. ISBN 978-1-903018-57-6}} * David Burton, ''The Raj at Table: A Culinary History of the British in India''. Londinii: Faber, 1994 * Kwang-chi Chang, "Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China" in ''Transactions of the New York Academy of Medicine'' ser. 2a vol. 35 (1973) * Kwang-chi Chang, ed., ''Food in Chinese Culture''. Novo Portu: Yale University Press, 1977 * [[Eduardus Hetzel Schafer|Edward H. Schafer]], "T'ang" in Kwang-chi Chang, ed., ''Food in Chinese Culture'' (Novo Portu: Yale University Press, 1977) pp. 122-124 * Claire Clifton, Colin Spencer, edd., ''The Faber Book of Food''. Londinii: Faber, 1993 * [[Sophia Coe|Sophie D. Coe]], ''America's First Cuisines''. Austinopoli: University of Texas Press, 1994 [https://archive.org/details/americasfirstcui00coes Exemplar mutuabile] * J. Michelle Coghlan, ed., ''The Cambridge Companion to Literature and Food''. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 2020 {{Google Books|acfVDwAAQBAJ|Paginae selectae}} * {{ec|id=Dalby (2000)|c= [[Andreas Dalby|Andrew Dalby]], ''Empire of Pleasures: luxury and indulgence in the Roman world''. Londinii: Routledge, 2000. ISBN 0415186242 }} * [[Andreas Dalby|Andrew Dalby]], ''Flavours of Byzantium''. Totenais: Prospect Books, 2003 * William J. Darby, Paul Ghalioungui, Louis Grivetti, ''Food: gift of Osiris'' (Londinii: Academic Press, 1977) pp. 656-660 * "The True Emulsion" in [[Elizabeth David]], ''An Omelette and a Glass of Wine'' (Londinii, 1984) {{Google Books|2aBCBAAAQBAJ|Fragmenta editionis recentioris}} * [[Alanus Davidson|Alan Davidson]], ''Mediterranean Seafood'' (2a ed. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1981) pp. 50-54 * [[Alanus Davidson|Alan Davidson]], ed., ''National and Regional Styles of Cookery: Proceedings: Oxford Symposium 1981'' (Londinii: Prospect Books, 1981) {{Google Books|zcNdB_sl2JkC|textus}} * Keiko Ohnuma, "Curry Rice: Gaijin Gold: how the British version of an Indian dish turned Japanese" in ''Petits propos culinaires'' no. 52; reimpressum in [[Alanus Davidson|Alan Davidson]], Helen Saberi, edd., ''The Wilder Shores of Gastronomy'' (Berkeleiae: Ten Speed Press, 2002) pp. 160-167 * Antoine De Baecque, ''La France Gastronome: comment le restaurant est entré dans notre histoire''. Lutetiae: Payot, 2019. ISBN 978-2228922647 * Jan de Koning et al., ''Drawn After Nature: The Complete Botanical Watercolours of the 16th-Century Libri Picturati''. Lugduni Batavorum: KNIV Publishing, 2008 {{Google Books|3_Q4DwAAQBAJ|Paginae selectae}} * "Interior Regulations": A chapter in the ''Classic of Rites'' instructs us how to prepare food" in Daniel Ding, ''The Historical Roots of Technical Communication in the Chinese Tradition''. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2020 {{Google Books|kSn_DwAAQBAJ|pp. 131-146}} * Lou DiPalo, Rachel Wharton, "Mozzarella (Burrata)" in ''DiPalo's Guide to the Essential Foods of Italy'' (Novi Eboraci: Ballantine, 2014) * {{ec|id=Dott (2020)|c=Brian R. Dott, ''The Chile Pepper in China: a cultural biography''. Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press, 2020}} * {{ec|id=Downie (2017)|c=David Downie, ''A Taste of Paris'' (Novi Eboraci: St Martin's Press, 2017) pp. 184-201 {{Google Books|aX1EDgAAQBAJ|Paginae selectae}} }} * R. L. Dressler, "The pre-Columbian cultivated plants of Mexico" in ''Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University'' vol. 16 (1953) pp. 115–172 * {{ec|id=Egmond (2010)|c=Florike Egmond, ''The World of Carolus Clusius: natural history in the making, 1550-1610'' (Londinii: Pickering and Chatto, 2010)}} * "Soy Sauce" in Edward R. Farnworth, ed., ''Handbook of Fermented Functional Foods'' (2a ed. CRC Press, 2008) pp. 17-18, 442-448 {{Google Books|gpcXqE-j6gEC|Paginae selectae}} * {{ec|Ferguson (1998)|Priscilla Parkhurst Ferguson, "A Cultural Field in the Making: Gastronomy in 19th‐Century France" in ''American Journal of Sociology'' vol. 104 (1998) pp. 597-641 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/210082 JSTOR], praecipue pp. 616-619}} * {{ec|Ferguson (2004)|Priscilla Parkhurst Ferguson, ''Accounting for Taste: The Triumph of French Cuisine'' (Chicagi: University of Chicago Press, 2004) pp. 30-33, 97-100 et alibi}} * Joan Fitzpatrick, ''Food in Shakespeare''. Londinii: Ashgate, 2007. ISBN 9780754684145 * [[Ioanna Andrews|Jean Andrews]], "The Peripatetic Chilli Pepper: diffusion of the domesticated capsicums since Columbus" in Nelson Foster, Linda S. Cordell, edd., ''Chilies to Chocolate: Food the Americas Gave the World'' (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1992) pp. 81-94 {{Google Books|VsQevENGMr0C|Paginae selectae}} [https://archive.org/details/chiliestochocola00fost Exemplar mutuabile] * Jill Francis, "John Parkinson: Gardener and Apothecary of London" in S. Francia, A. Stobart, edd., ''Critical Approaches to the History of Western Herbal Medicine'' (Londinii: Bloomsbury, 2014) pp. 229–246 {{Google Books|875nAwAAQBAJ|Paginae selectae}} * David Gentilcore, ''Food and Health in Early Modern Europe: diet, medicine and society, 1450–1800'' (Londinii: Bloomsbury, 2016) pp. 139-144 * {{ec|Geraci et Demers (2011)|Victor W. Geraci, Elizabeth S. Demers, edd., ''Icons of American cooking''. Santa Barbara: Greenwood, 2011. [https://archive.org/details/iconsofamericanc0000unse/ Exemplar mutuabile]}} * Louis Girault, ''Kallawaya: guérisseurs itinérants des Andes'' (Lutetiae: ORSTOM, 1984) pp. 399-400 {{Google Books|Dj6LLC8Wj9YC|Paginae selectae}} * Eric Glatré, ''Histoire(s) de vin: 33 dates qui façonnèrent les vignobles français''. Paris: Le Félin, 2020 {{Google Books|Vg0HEAAAQBAJ|Paginae selectae}} * Carrington Goodrich, "Chinese Food over the Millennia" in ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'' vol. 99 (1979) * Emily Gowers, ''The Loaded Table'' (Oxonii: Oxford University Press, 1993) pp. 180-210 * Peter Heine, ''Kulinarische Studien: Untersuchungen zur Kochkunst im arabisch-islamischen Mittelalter'' (1988) pp. 101-102 * Karen Hess, ed., ''The Virginia House-wife, by Mary Randolph'' (University of South Carolina Press, 1984) pp. 263-264 {{Google Books|oszKiYe2RyAC|Paginae selectae}} * Thomas O. Höllmann, ''Schlafender Lotus, trunkenes Huhn. Kulturgeschichte der chinesischen Küche''. Monaci: C. H. 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ISBN 978-0-8247-4780-0) * Pierre Hurtubise, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/hes_0752-5702_1994_num_13_2_1695 «De Honesta Voluptate» ou l'art de bien manger à Rome pendant la Renaissance]" in ''Annales: Histoire, économie & société'' vol. 13 no. 2 (1994) pp. 235-247 * Pierre Hurtubise, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5110_1980_num_92_1_2546 La "Table" d'un cardinal de la Renaissance]" in ''Mélanges de l'Ecole fraiçaise de Rome: Moyen-Age'' vol. 92 (1980) pp. 249-282 * Pierre Hurtubise, "Une vie de palais: la cour du cardinal Alexandre Farnèse vers 1563" in ''Renaissance and Reformation'' vol. 16 (1992) pp. 37-54 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/43445591 JSTOR] * "Fermented Foods of the Far East" in Robert W. Hutkins, ''Microbiology and Technology of Fermented Foods'' (2a ed. 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Dillii, 1948- [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46097 A-B] [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.73201 A-B] [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46098 C] [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46099 F-G] [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.23547 H-K] [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46100 L-M] [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46101 N-Pe] [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.39929 Ph-Re]; nova editio [https://archive.org/details/wealthofindiadic0000unse Ca-Ci] [https://kipdf.com/the-wealth-of-india-raw-materials-series_5ac5ff871723dddc5d22ae66.html De serie] * [[D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson]], ''Glossary of Greek Fishes'' (Londinii: Oxford University Press, 1947) p. 132 s.v. "κραγγών" == Mote == * p. 216 ''[[大明會典|Da-Ming huidian]]'' [http://www.chinaknowledge.de/Literature/Historiography/minghuidian.html CK] ''[[:en:Collected Statutes of the Ming Dynasty]] * p. 216, 219 ''[[明實錄|Ming shilu]]'' [http://www.chinaknowledge.de/Literature/Historiography/mingshilu.html CK] ''[[:en:Ming Shilu]]'' ** ''Ming Taizu shilu'' * p. 221, 248 ''[[金瓶梅|Jin ping mei]]'' [http://www.chinaknowledge.de/Literature/Novels/jinpingmei.html CK] ''[[:en:Jin Ping Mei]]'' David Tod Roy translation at LL * p. 227 [[Jia Ming]], ''[[饮食须知|Yinshi xuzhi]]'' ''[[:de:Yinshi xuzhi (Jia Ming)]]'' * p. 236, 245 [[Gu Qiyuan]] (Ku ch'i-yuan) 1565-1628, ''[[客座赘语|Kezuo zhuiyu]]'' ''K'e-tso chui-yü'' 1618. [[:zh:顾起元]], ''[[:zh:客座赘语]]'' (cf. [http://www.chinaknowledge.de/Literature/Science/shuolve.html CK]) == Bibliographiae == * Georges Vicaire, ''Bibliographie gastronomique''. Lutetiae: Rouquette, 1890 {{Google Books|FZY9AAAAYAAJ}} [https://archive.org/details/b21779442 apud ''Internet Archive''] * [http://terroirs.denfrance.free.fr/p/frameset/07.html Bibliographia Francogallica] == Achaya == * [[Ludovicus Vartomannus]] 1510 ([https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_vwzaAGAfAKMC Italiane] [https://archive.org/details/itinerario00vartuoft reimpressum] [http://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb11196587_00001.html versio Latina] [https://archive.org/details/travelsofludovic00vartrich versio Jones & Badger pp. 15, ]) [[:en:Ludovico di Varthema]] * [[Dominicus Paes]] c. 1522 ([https://archive.org/stream/chronicadosreisd00nune#page/80/mode/2up Lusitane] [https://archive.org/details/aforgottenempir00paesgoog Sewell pp. 237, 249, 255-6, 258-9]). [[:en:Domingo Paes]]. See [https://www.academia.edu/838106/Travel_and_ethnology_in_the_Renaissance_South_India_through_European_eyes_1250-1625 Rubiés] p. 20 and passim * [[Ferdinandus Nuniz]] c. 1537 ([https://archive.org/details/itinerario00vartuoft Lusitane] [https://archive.org/details/aforgottenempir00paesgoog Sewell] p. 375). [[:en:Fernão Nunes]]. See [https://www.academia.edu/838106/Travel_and_ethnology_in_the_Renaissance_South_India_through_European_eyes_1250-1625 Rubiés] p. 20 and passim * [[Antonio Monserrate]] c. 1580 ([https://archive.org/stream/memoirsofasiatic03asia#page/n597/mode/2up text] [https://archive.org/details/commentaryoffath00monsuoft transl. pp. 25, 149, 199, 214] [[:fr:Antonio Monserrate]] * [[Radulphus Fitch]] c. 1591 ([https://archive.org/details/earlytravelsinin00fostuoft Foster] pp. 38 [Chiangmai], 45-47) [[:en:Ralph Fitch]] * [[Gulielmus Finch]] c. 1611 ([https://archive.org/details/earlytravelsinin00fostuoft Foster] pp. 150-151, 166) [[:en:William Finch (merchant)]] * [[Eduardus Terry]] c. 1619 ([https://archive.org/details/earlytravelsinin00fostuoft Foster] p. 297) and in ''Purchas his Pilgrimes'' [[:en:Edward Terry (author)]] == Vide == * Rubiés 2000 (downloaded) fx72943i310gjeparw6dtjzj0yv6i9w Ioannes Rouaud 0 325502 3965751 3965637 2026-06-20T13:33:20Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3965751 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Jean Rouaud (2015).png|thumb|Ioannes Rouaud anno 2015.]] '''Ioannes Rouaud''' (natus die 13 decembris [[1952]] [[Cambidonnum|Cambidonni]]) est scriptor Francicus [[Praemium Goncourt|praemio Goncourt]] anno [[1990]] honoratus iam ex prima [[mythistoria]] sua ''Les Champs d'honneur'' (Latine fortasse "Campi honoris")<ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1990/09/14/jean-rouaud-a-la-grace_3986227_1819218.html ''[[Le Monde]]'' 14 septembris 1990]</ref>. In hac mythistoria familiae suae personas (avos, avunculos, parentes...) investigabat a [[Primum bellum mundanum|primo bello mundano]] ad annos 1980, [[chronologia]] omissa, [[Stilus|stilo]] [[poesis|poetico]], [[Festivitas|festivo]] simulque tenero. Ita homines gregales Francici [[rus|ruris]] describit. Continuationes de eadem re postea scripsit et multa alia opera saepe [[Autobiographia|autobiographica]] atque etiam fabulas scaenicas: nihilominus prima mythistoria [[magnum opus]] eius hodieque habetur. == De vita == "[[Burgenses|Parva burgensi]]" familia ruri vivente natus iam anno [[1963]] patrem 41 tantum annos natum amisit, quod maximum momentum in eius vita habuit. Etenim postea ipse scripsit patrem mortuum causam fuisse cur scriptor factus sit. Certe in ''Les Champs d'honneur'' hanc mortem narravit et circa hanc mortem etiam mortes avorum, magnae avunculae et eius fratrum qui primo bello mundano necati erant. [[Baccalaureus|Scientiarum baccalaureatus]] [[Litterae modernae|litteris modernis]] in [[Portus Namnetum|Namnetum]] universitate studuit. Postea parva officia absolvit inter alia in [[Diarium|diario]] et in [[Bibliopolium|bibliopolio]] dum maximam operam scribendi exercitationi dare non desinit. [[Lutetia|Lutetiam]] venit ubi antequam praemium Goncourt acciperet diaria venditabat<ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/festival/article/2014/08/12/13-septembre-1990-le-monde-transforme-le-kiosquier-jean-rouaud-en-auteur_4470377_4415198.html ''[[Le Monde]]'' 12 Augusti 2014]</ref>. Praemio accepto in orbe litterato versabatur et libros scribebat primum de familiae archeologia deinde postquam [[editoria societas|societatem editoriam]] mutavit (anno 2001 a ''Minuit'' Hieronymi Lindon ad [[Gallimard]] transiit) themata variavit et de ipsa scriptura iner alia disseruit. == Opera == :1990 : ''Les Champs d'honneur'', Minuit :1993 : ''Des hommes illustres'', Minuit 1:996 : ''Le Monde à peu près'', Minuit :1998 : ''Pour vos cadeaux'', Minuit :1999 : ''Sur la scène comme au ciel'', Minuit :2004 : ''L'Invention de l'auteur'', Gallimard :2006 : ''L'Imitation du bonheur'', Gallimard :2009 : ''La Femme promise'', Gallimard :2011 : ''Comment gagner sa vie honnêtement'', Gallimard :2012 : ''Une façon de chanter'', Gallimard :2014 : ''Un peu la guerre'', Grasset :2015 : ''Être un écrivain'', Grasset :2019 : ''Kiosque'', Grasset :2023 : ''Comédie d'automne'', Grasset === Theatrum === :1997 : ''Les Très Riches Heures'', Minuit :2006 : ''La Fuite en Chine'', Les Impressions nouvelles :2017 : ''Stances'', spectacle poétique, Busclats :2022 : ''Juge de Montaigne'', tragi-comédie, Seghers === Scripta varia === :1998 : ''Le Paléo-circus'', Flohic :2001 : ''La Désincarnation'', Gallimard :2001 : ''Régional et drôle'', Joca Seria :2001 : ''Les Corps infinis'', Actes Sud :2007 : ''Préhistoires'', Gallimard :2008 : ''La Fiancée juive'', Gallimard[21] :2009 : ''Souvenirs de mon oncle, Naïve — revisite du film de Jacques Tati '':2010 : ''Évangile (selon moi)'', Busclats :2013 : ''Manifestation de notre désintérêt'', Climats :2014 : ''Éclats de 14, Dialogues'' :2015 : ''Misère du roman'', Grasset :2016 : ''Tout paradis n’est pas perdu'', Grasset :2018 : ''La Splendeur escamotée de frère Cheval ou Le Secret des grottes ornées'', Grasset :2019 : ''Plums et goudron'' illustré par Edmond Baudoin, éditions du Petit Écart :2020 : ''L'Avenir des simples'', Grasset :2021 : ''La Constellation Rimbaud'', Grasset :2022 : ''Qui terre a, guerre a'', Grasset :2023 : ''Shabbat, ma Terre'', Gallimard :2024 : ''Flamboiement de la métaphore'', Gallimard :2024 : ''Nécessaire d'écriture'' co-écrit avec Nathalie Skowronek, Seghers :2025 : ''Trois tableaux'', Gallimard :2026 : ''La maison imaginaire'', Gallimard == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Hélène Baty-Delalande et Jean-Yves Debreuille (cur.), ''[https://www.persee.fr/issue/lire_0296-290x_2010_ant_1_1 Lire Rouaud]'', Presses universitaires de Lyon, 2010 ISBN 978-2-7297-0816-0 *Henrik Baumann, ''Die autobiographische Rückkehr : Studien zu Serge Doubrovsky, Hervé Guibert und Jean Rouaud'', Meidenbauer, 2008 ISBN 978-3-89975-122-2 * Johannes Dahlem, ''Kritisches historisches Erzählen im französischen Gegenwartsroman : Forest, Rouaud, Kaddour'', Heidelbergae, Universitätsverlag Winter, 2017 ISBN 978-3-8253-6752-7 *Sylvie Ducas, "[https://journals.openedition.org/recherchestravaux/3207#quotation Jean Rouaud. « La source noire » de l’écriture]", ''Recherches & Travaux'', 97 | 2020 *Petr Dytrt, "[https://czasopisma.ltn.lodz.pl/Zagadnienia-Rodzajow-Literackich/article/view/2053 The Filiation Narrative in the Contemporary French Novel: Jean Rouaud and the Quest for the Absent Master]", ''Zagadnienia Rodzajów Literackich'', 2023: 37–47 *Sylvie Freyermuth, "Jean Rouaud et l'écriture "les yeux clos" : de la mémoire engagée à la mémoire incarnée", L'Harmattan, 2011 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=zfbkhCaeTpcC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Michel Lantelme, ''Lire Jean Rouaud'', Armand Colin, 2009 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=lzCzJoobK5UC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] ** "« Tous les hommes naissent… » Jean Rouaud et la question des origines", in ''Le Roman contemporain de la famille'', 2016: 125-139 [https://classiques-garnier.com/le-roman-contemporain-de-la-famille-tous-les-hommes-naissent.html] *Jens Oliver Müller, ''Poetik der Memoria im Romanwerk von Jean Rouaud : mnemonisches Schreiben als Archäologie des Selbst'', Tübingen, 2004 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=srWdCgAAQBAJ&pg=PR3&hl=fr&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false Guglum librorum] * Cécile Narjoux et Geneviève Salvan (cur.), ''La langue de Jean Rouaud : "C'est mon art, ces miroitements de la langue"'', Éditions universitaires de Dijon, [[Divio|Divione]], 2015 ISBN 978-2-36441-154-8 {{Lifetime|1952||Rouaud, Ioannes}} [[Categoria:Incolae Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores mythistoriarum Franciae]] ao93eem3hnoczdb6qwypqz0h05bsb7b 3965752 3965751 2026-06-20T13:34:00Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Opera */ 3965752 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Jean Rouaud (2015).png|thumb|Ioannes Rouaud anno 2015.]] '''Ioannes Rouaud''' (natus die 13 decembris [[1952]] [[Cambidonnum|Cambidonni]]) est scriptor Francicus [[Praemium Goncourt|praemio Goncourt]] anno [[1990]] honoratus iam ex prima [[mythistoria]] sua ''Les Champs d'honneur'' (Latine fortasse "Campi honoris")<ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1990/09/14/jean-rouaud-a-la-grace_3986227_1819218.html ''[[Le Monde]]'' 14 septembris 1990]</ref>. In hac mythistoria familiae suae personas (avos, avunculos, parentes...) investigabat a [[Primum bellum mundanum|primo bello mundano]] ad annos 1980, [[chronologia]] omissa, [[Stilus|stilo]] [[poesis|poetico]], [[Festivitas|festivo]] simulque tenero. Ita homines gregales Francici [[rus|ruris]] describit. Continuationes de eadem re postea scripsit et multa alia opera saepe [[Autobiographia|autobiographica]] atque etiam fabulas scaenicas: nihilominus prima mythistoria [[magnum opus]] eius hodieque habetur. == De vita == "[[Burgenses|Parva burgensi]]" familia ruri vivente natus iam anno [[1963]] patrem 41 tantum annos natum amisit, quod maximum momentum in eius vita habuit. Etenim postea ipse scripsit patrem mortuum causam fuisse cur scriptor factus sit. Certe in ''Les Champs d'honneur'' hanc mortem narravit et circa hanc mortem etiam mortes avorum, magnae avunculae et eius fratrum qui primo bello mundano necati erant. [[Baccalaureus|Scientiarum baccalaureatus]] [[Litterae modernae|litteris modernis]] in [[Portus Namnetum|Namnetum]] universitate studuit. Postea parva officia absolvit inter alia in [[Diarium|diario]] et in [[Bibliopolium|bibliopolio]] dum maximam operam scribendi exercitationi dare non desinit. [[Lutetia|Lutetiam]] venit ubi antequam praemium Goncourt acciperet diaria venditabat<ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/festival/article/2014/08/12/13-septembre-1990-le-monde-transforme-le-kiosquier-jean-rouaud-en-auteur_4470377_4415198.html ''[[Le Monde]]'' 12 Augusti 2014]</ref>. Praemio accepto in orbe litterato versabatur et libros scribebat primum de familiae archeologia deinde postquam [[editoria societas|societatem editoriam]] mutavit (anno 2001 a ''Minuit'' Hieronymi Lindon ad [[Gallimard]] transiit) themata variavit et de ipsa scriptura iner alia disseruit. == Opera == :1990 : ''Les Champs d'honneur'', Minuit :1993 : ''Des hommes illustres'', Minuit :1996 : ''Le Monde à peu près'', Minuit :1998 : ''Pour vos cadeaux'', Minuit :1999 : ''Sur la scène comme au ciel'', Minuit :2004 : ''L'Invention de l'auteur'', Gallimard :2006 : ''L'Imitation du bonheur'', Gallimard :2009 : ''La Femme promise'', Gallimard :2011 : ''Comment gagner sa vie honnêtement'', Gallimard :2012 : ''Une façon de chanter'', Gallimard :2014 : ''Un peu la guerre'', Grasset :2015 : ''Être un écrivain'', Grasset :2019 : ''Kiosque'', Grasset :2023 : ''Comédie d'automne'', Grasset === Theatrum === :1997 : ''Les Très Riches Heures'', Minuit :2006 : ''La Fuite en Chine'', Les Impressions nouvelles :2017 : ''Stances'', spectacle poétique, Busclats :2022 : ''Juge de Montaigne'', tragi-comédie, Seghers === Scripta varia === :1998 : ''Le Paléo-circus'', Flohic :2001 : ''La Désincarnation'', Gallimard :2001 : ''Régional et drôle'', Joca Seria :2001 : ''Les Corps infinis'', Actes Sud :2007 : ''Préhistoires'', Gallimard :2008 : ''La Fiancée juive'', Gallimard[21] :2009 : ''Souvenirs de mon oncle, Naïve — revisite du film de Jacques Tati '':2010 : ''Évangile (selon moi)'', Busclats :2013 : ''Manifestation de notre désintérêt'', Climats :2014 : ''Éclats de 14, Dialogues'' :2015 : ''Misère du roman'', Grasset :2016 : ''Tout paradis n’est pas perdu'', Grasset :2018 : ''La Splendeur escamotée de frère Cheval ou Le Secret des grottes ornées'', Grasset :2019 : ''Plums et goudron'' illustré par Edmond Baudoin, éditions du Petit Écart :2020 : ''L'Avenir des simples'', Grasset :2021 : ''La Constellation Rimbaud'', Grasset :2022 : ''Qui terre a, guerre a'', Grasset :2023 : ''Shabbat, ma Terre'', Gallimard :2024 : ''Flamboiement de la métaphore'', Gallimard :2024 : ''Nécessaire d'écriture'' co-écrit avec Nathalie Skowronek, Seghers :2025 : ''Trois tableaux'', Gallimard :2026 : ''La maison imaginaire'', Gallimard == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Hélène Baty-Delalande et Jean-Yves Debreuille (cur.), ''[https://www.persee.fr/issue/lire_0296-290x_2010_ant_1_1 Lire Rouaud]'', Presses universitaires de Lyon, 2010 ISBN 978-2-7297-0816-0 *Henrik Baumann, ''Die autobiographische Rückkehr : Studien zu Serge Doubrovsky, Hervé Guibert und Jean Rouaud'', Meidenbauer, 2008 ISBN 978-3-89975-122-2 * Johannes Dahlem, ''Kritisches historisches Erzählen im französischen Gegenwartsroman : Forest, Rouaud, Kaddour'', Heidelbergae, Universitätsverlag Winter, 2017 ISBN 978-3-8253-6752-7 *Sylvie Ducas, "[https://journals.openedition.org/recherchestravaux/3207#quotation Jean Rouaud. « La source noire » de l’écriture]", ''Recherches & Travaux'', 97 | 2020 *Petr Dytrt, "[https://czasopisma.ltn.lodz.pl/Zagadnienia-Rodzajow-Literackich/article/view/2053 The Filiation Narrative in the Contemporary French Novel: Jean Rouaud and the Quest for the Absent Master]", ''Zagadnienia Rodzajów Literackich'', 2023: 37–47 *Sylvie Freyermuth, "Jean Rouaud et l'écriture "les yeux clos" : de la mémoire engagée à la mémoire incarnée", L'Harmattan, 2011 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=zfbkhCaeTpcC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Michel Lantelme, ''Lire Jean Rouaud'', Armand Colin, 2009 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=lzCzJoobK5UC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] ** "« Tous les hommes naissent… » Jean Rouaud et la question des origines", in ''Le Roman contemporain de la famille'', 2016: 125-139 [https://classiques-garnier.com/le-roman-contemporain-de-la-famille-tous-les-hommes-naissent.html] *Jens Oliver Müller, ''Poetik der Memoria im Romanwerk von Jean Rouaud : mnemonisches Schreiben als Archäologie des Selbst'', Tübingen, 2004 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=srWdCgAAQBAJ&pg=PR3&hl=fr&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false Guglum librorum] * Cécile Narjoux et Geneviève Salvan (cur.), ''La langue de Jean Rouaud : "C'est mon art, ces miroitements de la langue"'', Éditions universitaires de Dijon, [[Divio|Divione]], 2015 ISBN 978-2-36441-154-8 {{Lifetime|1952||Rouaud, Ioannes}} [[Categoria:Incolae Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores mythistoriarum Franciae]] 1ptur0pybtzq2oht6zv5hl352uq3o9i 3965760 3965752 2026-06-20T14:27:54Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De vita */ 3965760 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Jean Rouaud (2015).png|thumb|Ioannes Rouaud anno 2015.]] '''Ioannes Rouaud''' (natus die 13 decembris [[1952]] [[Cambidonnum|Cambidonni]]) est scriptor Francicus [[Praemium Goncourt|praemio Goncourt]] anno [[1990]] honoratus iam ex prima [[mythistoria]] sua ''Les Champs d'honneur'' (Latine fortasse "Campi honoris")<ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1990/09/14/jean-rouaud-a-la-grace_3986227_1819218.html ''[[Le Monde]]'' 14 septembris 1990]</ref>. In hac mythistoria familiae suae personas (avos, avunculos, parentes...) investigabat a [[Primum bellum mundanum|primo bello mundano]] ad annos 1980, [[chronologia]] omissa, [[Stilus|stilo]] [[poesis|poetico]], [[Festivitas|festivo]] simulque tenero. Ita homines gregales Francici [[rus|ruris]] describit. Continuationes de eadem re postea scripsit et multa alia opera saepe [[Autobiographia|autobiographica]] atque etiam fabulas scaenicas: nihilominus prima mythistoria [[magnum opus]] eius hodieque habetur. == De vita == "[[Burgenses|Parva burgensi]]" familia ruri vivente natus iam anno [[1963]] patrem 41 tantum annos natum amisit, quod maximum momentum in eius vita habuit. Etenim postea ipse scripsit patrem mortuum causam fuisse cur scriptor factus sit. Certe in ''Les Champs d'honneur'' hanc mortem narravit et circa hanc mortem etiam mortes avorum, magnae avunculae et eius fratrum qui primo bello mundano necati erant. [[Baccalaureus|Scientiarum baccalaureatus]] [[Litterae modernae|litteris modernis]] in [[Portus Namnetum|Namnetum]] universitate studuit. Postea parva officia absolvit inter alia in [[Diarium|diario]] et in [[Bibliopolium|bibliopolio]] dum maximam operam scribendi exercitationi dare non desinit. [[Lutetia|Lutetiam]] venit ubi antequam praemium Goncourt acciperet diaria venditabat<ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/festival/article/2014/08/12/13-septembre-1990-le-monde-transforme-le-kiosquier-jean-rouaud-en-auteur_4470377_4415198.html ''[[Le Monde]]'' 12 Augusti 2014]</ref>. Praemio accepto in orbe litterato versabatur et libros scribebat primum de familiae archeologia deinde postquam [[editoria societas|societatem editoriam]] mutavit (anno 2001 a ''Minuit'' Hieronymi Lindon ad [[Gallimard]] transiit) themata variavit et de ipsa scriptura inter alia disseruit. == Opera == :1990 : ''Les Champs d'honneur'', Minuit :1993 : ''Des hommes illustres'', Minuit :1996 : ''Le Monde à peu près'', Minuit :1998 : ''Pour vos cadeaux'', Minuit :1999 : ''Sur la scène comme au ciel'', Minuit :2004 : ''L'Invention de l'auteur'', Gallimard :2006 : ''L'Imitation du bonheur'', Gallimard :2009 : ''La Femme promise'', Gallimard :2011 : ''Comment gagner sa vie honnêtement'', Gallimard :2012 : ''Une façon de chanter'', Gallimard :2014 : ''Un peu la guerre'', Grasset :2015 : ''Être un écrivain'', Grasset :2019 : ''Kiosque'', Grasset :2023 : ''Comédie d'automne'', Grasset === Theatrum === :1997 : ''Les Très Riches Heures'', Minuit :2006 : ''La Fuite en Chine'', Les Impressions nouvelles :2017 : ''Stances'', spectacle poétique, Busclats :2022 : ''Juge de Montaigne'', tragi-comédie, Seghers === Scripta varia === :1998 : ''Le Paléo-circus'', Flohic :2001 : ''La Désincarnation'', Gallimard :2001 : ''Régional et drôle'', Joca Seria :2001 : ''Les Corps infinis'', Actes Sud :2007 : ''Préhistoires'', Gallimard :2008 : ''La Fiancée juive'', Gallimard[21] :2009 : ''Souvenirs de mon oncle, Naïve — revisite du film de Jacques Tati '':2010 : ''Évangile (selon moi)'', Busclats :2013 : ''Manifestation de notre désintérêt'', Climats :2014 : ''Éclats de 14, Dialogues'' :2015 : ''Misère du roman'', Grasset :2016 : ''Tout paradis n’est pas perdu'', Grasset :2018 : ''La Splendeur escamotée de frère Cheval ou Le Secret des grottes ornées'', Grasset :2019 : ''Plums et goudron'' illustré par Edmond Baudoin, éditions du Petit Écart :2020 : ''L'Avenir des simples'', Grasset :2021 : ''La Constellation Rimbaud'', Grasset :2022 : ''Qui terre a, guerre a'', Grasset :2023 : ''Shabbat, ma Terre'', Gallimard :2024 : ''Flamboiement de la métaphore'', Gallimard :2024 : ''Nécessaire d'écriture'' co-écrit avec Nathalie Skowronek, Seghers :2025 : ''Trois tableaux'', Gallimard :2026 : ''La maison imaginaire'', Gallimard == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Hélène Baty-Delalande et Jean-Yves Debreuille (cur.), ''[https://www.persee.fr/issue/lire_0296-290x_2010_ant_1_1 Lire Rouaud]'', Presses universitaires de Lyon, 2010 ISBN 978-2-7297-0816-0 *Henrik Baumann, ''Die autobiographische Rückkehr : Studien zu Serge Doubrovsky, Hervé Guibert und Jean Rouaud'', Meidenbauer, 2008 ISBN 978-3-89975-122-2 * Johannes Dahlem, ''Kritisches historisches Erzählen im französischen Gegenwartsroman : Forest, Rouaud, Kaddour'', Heidelbergae, Universitätsverlag Winter, 2017 ISBN 978-3-8253-6752-7 *Sylvie Ducas, "[https://journals.openedition.org/recherchestravaux/3207#quotation Jean Rouaud. « La source noire » de l’écriture]", ''Recherches & Travaux'', 97 | 2020 *Petr Dytrt, "[https://czasopisma.ltn.lodz.pl/Zagadnienia-Rodzajow-Literackich/article/view/2053 The Filiation Narrative in the Contemporary French Novel: Jean Rouaud and the Quest for the Absent Master]", ''Zagadnienia Rodzajów Literackich'', 2023: 37–47 *Sylvie Freyermuth, "Jean Rouaud et l'écriture "les yeux clos" : de la mémoire engagée à la mémoire incarnée", L'Harmattan, 2011 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=zfbkhCaeTpcC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Michel Lantelme, ''Lire Jean Rouaud'', Armand Colin, 2009 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=lzCzJoobK5UC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] ** "« Tous les hommes naissent… » Jean Rouaud et la question des origines", in ''Le Roman contemporain de la famille'', 2016: 125-139 [https://classiques-garnier.com/le-roman-contemporain-de-la-famille-tous-les-hommes-naissent.html] *Jens Oliver Müller, ''Poetik der Memoria im Romanwerk von Jean Rouaud : mnemonisches Schreiben als Archäologie des Selbst'', Tübingen, 2004 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=srWdCgAAQBAJ&pg=PR3&hl=fr&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false Guglum librorum] * Cécile Narjoux et Geneviève Salvan (cur.), ''La langue de Jean Rouaud : "C'est mon art, ces miroitements de la langue"'', Éditions universitaires de Dijon, [[Divio|Divione]], 2015 ISBN 978-2-36441-154-8 {{Lifetime|1952||Rouaud, Ioannes}} [[Categoria:Incolae Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores mythistoriarum Franciae]] fn8qwfnofsbt72wpifm30cv6p5bmhd9 3965761 3965760 2026-06-20T14:29:44Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Opera */ 3965761 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Jean Rouaud (2015).png|thumb|Ioannes Rouaud anno 2015.]] '''Ioannes Rouaud''' (natus die 13 decembris [[1952]] [[Cambidonnum|Cambidonni]]) est scriptor Francicus [[Praemium Goncourt|praemio Goncourt]] anno [[1990]] honoratus iam ex prima [[mythistoria]] sua ''Les Champs d'honneur'' (Latine fortasse "Campi honoris")<ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1990/09/14/jean-rouaud-a-la-grace_3986227_1819218.html ''[[Le Monde]]'' 14 septembris 1990]</ref>. In hac mythistoria familiae suae personas (avos, avunculos, parentes...) investigabat a [[Primum bellum mundanum|primo bello mundano]] ad annos 1980, [[chronologia]] omissa, [[Stilus|stilo]] [[poesis|poetico]], [[Festivitas|festivo]] simulque tenero. Ita homines gregales Francici [[rus|ruris]] describit. Continuationes de eadem re postea scripsit et multa alia opera saepe [[Autobiographia|autobiographica]] atque etiam fabulas scaenicas: nihilominus prima mythistoria [[magnum opus]] eius hodieque habetur. == De vita == "[[Burgenses|Parva burgensi]]" familia ruri vivente natus iam anno [[1963]] patrem 41 tantum annos natum amisit, quod maximum momentum in eius vita habuit. Etenim postea ipse scripsit patrem mortuum causam fuisse cur scriptor factus sit. Certe in ''Les Champs d'honneur'' hanc mortem narravit et circa hanc mortem etiam mortes avorum, magnae avunculae et eius fratrum qui primo bello mundano necati erant. [[Baccalaureus|Scientiarum baccalaureatus]] [[Litterae modernae|litteris modernis]] in [[Portus Namnetum|Namnetum]] universitate studuit. Postea parva officia absolvit inter alia in [[Diarium|diario]] et in [[Bibliopolium|bibliopolio]] dum maximam operam scribendi exercitationi dare non desinit. [[Lutetia|Lutetiam]] venit ubi antequam praemium Goncourt acciperet diaria venditabat<ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/festival/article/2014/08/12/13-septembre-1990-le-monde-transforme-le-kiosquier-jean-rouaud-en-auteur_4470377_4415198.html ''[[Le Monde]]'' 12 Augusti 2014]</ref>. Praemio accepto in orbe litterato versabatur et libros scribebat primum de familiae archeologia deinde postquam [[editoria societas|societatem editoriam]] mutavit (anno 2001 a ''Minuit'' Hieronymi Lindon ad [[Gallimard]] transiit) themata variavit et de ipsa scriptura inter alia disseruit. == Opera == :1990 : ''Les Champs d'honneur'', Minuit :1993 : ''Des hommes illustres'', Minuit :1996 : ''Le Monde à peu près'', Minuit :1998 : ''Pour vos cadeaux'', Minuit :1999 : ''Sur la scène comme au ciel'', Minuit :2004 : ''L'Invention de l'auteur'', Gallimard :2006 : ''L'Imitation du bonheur'', Gallimard :2009 : ''La Femme promise'', Gallimard :2011 : ''Comment gagner sa vie honnêtement'', Gallimard :2012 : ''Une façon de chanter'', Gallimard :2014 : ''Un peu la guerre'', Grasset :2015 : ''Être un écrivain'', Grasset :2019 : ''Kiosque'', Grasset :2023 : ''Comédie d'automne'', Grasset === Theatrum === :1997 : ''Les Très Riches Heures'', Minuit :2006 : ''La Fuite en Chine'', Les Impressions nouvelles :2017 : ''Stances'', spectacle poétique, Busclats :2022 : ''Juge de Montaigne'', tragi-comédie, Seghers === Scripta varia === :1998 : ''Le Paléo-circus'', Flohic :2001 : ''La Désincarnation'', Gallimard :2001 : ''Régional et drôle'', Joca Seria :2001 : ''Les Corps infinis'', Actes Sud :2007 : ''Préhistoires'', Gallimard :2008 : ''La Fiancée juive'', Gallimard[21] :2009 : ''Souvenirs de mon oncle, Naïve — revisite du film de Jacques Tati :2010 : ''Évangile (selon moi)'', Busclats :2013 : ''Manifestation de notre désintérêt'', Climats :2014 : ''Éclats de 14, Dialogues'' :2015 : ''Misère du roman'', Grasset :2016 : ''Tout paradis n’est pas perdu'', Grasset :2018 : ''La Splendeur escamotée de frère Cheval ou Le Secret des grottes ornées'', Grasset :2019 : ''Plums et goudron'' illustré par Edmond Baudoin, éditions du Petit Écart :2020 : ''L'Avenir des simples'', Grasset :2021 : ''La Constellation Rimbaud'', Grasset :2022 : ''Qui terre a, guerre a'', Grasset :2023 : ''Shabbat, ma Terre'', Gallimard :2024 : ''Flamboiement de la métaphore'', Gallimard :2024 : ''Nécessaire d'écriture'' co-écrit avec Nathalie Skowronek, Seghers :2025 : ''Trois tableaux'', Gallimard :2026 : ''La maison imaginaire'', Gallimard == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Hélène Baty-Delalande et Jean-Yves Debreuille (cur.), ''[https://www.persee.fr/issue/lire_0296-290x_2010_ant_1_1 Lire Rouaud]'', Presses universitaires de Lyon, 2010 ISBN 978-2-7297-0816-0 *Henrik Baumann, ''Die autobiographische Rückkehr : Studien zu Serge Doubrovsky, Hervé Guibert und Jean Rouaud'', Meidenbauer, 2008 ISBN 978-3-89975-122-2 * Johannes Dahlem, ''Kritisches historisches Erzählen im französischen Gegenwartsroman : Forest, Rouaud, Kaddour'', Heidelbergae, Universitätsverlag Winter, 2017 ISBN 978-3-8253-6752-7 *Sylvie Ducas, "[https://journals.openedition.org/recherchestravaux/3207#quotation Jean Rouaud. « La source noire » de l’écriture]", ''Recherches & Travaux'', 97 | 2020 *Petr Dytrt, "[https://czasopisma.ltn.lodz.pl/Zagadnienia-Rodzajow-Literackich/article/view/2053 The Filiation Narrative in the Contemporary French Novel: Jean Rouaud and the Quest for the Absent Master]", ''Zagadnienia Rodzajów Literackich'', 2023: 37–47 *Sylvie Freyermuth, "Jean Rouaud et l'écriture "les yeux clos" : de la mémoire engagée à la mémoire incarnée", L'Harmattan, 2011 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=zfbkhCaeTpcC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Michel Lantelme, ''Lire Jean Rouaud'', Armand Colin, 2009 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=lzCzJoobK5UC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] ** "« Tous les hommes naissent… » Jean Rouaud et la question des origines", in ''Le Roman contemporain de la famille'', 2016: 125-139 [https://classiques-garnier.com/le-roman-contemporain-de-la-famille-tous-les-hommes-naissent.html] *Jens Oliver Müller, ''Poetik der Memoria im Romanwerk von Jean Rouaud : mnemonisches Schreiben als Archäologie des Selbst'', Tübingen, 2004 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=srWdCgAAQBAJ&pg=PR3&hl=fr&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false Guglum librorum] * Cécile Narjoux et Geneviève Salvan (cur.), ''La langue de Jean Rouaud : "C'est mon art, ces miroitements de la langue"'', Éditions universitaires de Dijon, [[Divio|Divione]], 2015 ISBN 978-2-36441-154-8 {{Lifetime|1952||Rouaud, Ioannes}} [[Categoria:Incolae Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores mythistoriarum Franciae]] so4p2gubch49j2epcc0rikeozsqomc5 3965763 3965761 2026-06-20T14:35:08Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Opera */ 3965763 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Jean Rouaud (2015).png|thumb|Ioannes Rouaud anno 2015.]] '''Ioannes Rouaud''' (natus die 13 decembris [[1952]] [[Cambidonnum|Cambidonni]]) est scriptor Francicus [[Praemium Goncourt|praemio Goncourt]] anno [[1990]] honoratus iam ex prima [[mythistoria]] sua ''Les Champs d'honneur'' (Latine fortasse "Campi honoris")<ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1990/09/14/jean-rouaud-a-la-grace_3986227_1819218.html ''[[Le Monde]]'' 14 septembris 1990]</ref>. In hac mythistoria familiae suae personas (avos, avunculos, parentes...) investigabat a [[Primum bellum mundanum|primo bello mundano]] ad annos 1980, [[chronologia]] omissa, [[Stilus|stilo]] [[poesis|poetico]], [[Festivitas|festivo]] simulque tenero. Ita homines gregales Francici [[rus|ruris]] describit. Continuationes de eadem re postea scripsit et multa alia opera saepe [[Autobiographia|autobiographica]] atque etiam fabulas scaenicas: nihilominus prima mythistoria [[magnum opus]] eius hodieque habetur. == De vita == "[[Burgenses|Parva burgensi]]" familia ruri vivente natus iam anno [[1963]] patrem 41 tantum annos natum amisit, quod maximum momentum in eius vita habuit. Etenim postea ipse scripsit patrem mortuum causam fuisse cur scriptor factus sit. Certe in ''Les Champs d'honneur'' hanc mortem narravit et circa hanc mortem etiam mortes avorum, magnae avunculae et eius fratrum qui primo bello mundano necati erant. [[Baccalaureus|Scientiarum baccalaureatus]] [[Litterae modernae|litteris modernis]] in [[Portus Namnetum|Namnetum]] universitate studuit. Postea parva officia absolvit inter alia in [[Diarium|diario]] et in [[Bibliopolium|bibliopolio]] dum maximam operam scribendi exercitationi dare non desinit. [[Lutetia|Lutetiam]] venit ubi antequam praemium Goncourt acciperet diaria venditabat<ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/festival/article/2014/08/12/13-septembre-1990-le-monde-transforme-le-kiosquier-jean-rouaud-en-auteur_4470377_4415198.html ''[[Le Monde]]'' 12 Augusti 2014]</ref>. Praemio accepto in orbe litterato versabatur et libros scribebat primum de familiae archeologia deinde postquam [[editoria societas|societatem editoriam]] mutavit (anno 2001 a ''Minuit'' Hieronymi Lindon ad [[Gallimard]] transiit) themata variavit et de ipsa scriptura inter alia disseruit. == Opera == === Narrationes === :1990 : ''Les Champs d'honneur'', Minuit :1993 : ''Des hommes illustres'', Minuit :1996 : ''Le Monde à peu près'', Minuit :1998 : ''Pour vos cadeaux'', Minuit :1999 : ''Sur la scène comme au ciel'', Minuit :2004 : ''L'Invention de l'auteur'', Gallimard :2006 : ''L'Imitation du bonheur'', Gallimard :2009 : ''La Femme promise'', Gallimard :2011 : ''Comment gagner sa vie honnêtement'', Gallimard :2012 : ''Une façon de chanter'', Gallimard :2014 : ''Un peu la guerre'', Grasset :2015 : ''Être un écrivain'', Grasset :2019 : ''Kiosque'', Grasset :2023 : ''Comédie d'automne'', Grasset === Theatrum === :1997 : ''Les Très Riches Heures'', Minuit :2006 : ''La Fuite en Chine'', Les Impressions nouvelles :2017 : ''Stances'', spectacle poétique, Busclats :2022 : ''Juge de Montaigne'', tragi-comédie, Seghers === Scripta varia === :1998 : ''Le Paléo-circus'', Flohic :2001 : ''La Désincarnation'', Gallimard :2001 : ''Régional et drôle'', Joca Seria :2001 : ''Les Corps infinis'', Actes Sud :2007 : ''Préhistoires'', Gallimard :2008 : ''La Fiancée juive'', Gallimard[21] :2009 : ''Souvenirs de mon oncle, Naïve — revisite du film de Jacques Tati :2010 : ''Évangile (selon moi)'', Busclats :2013 : ''Manifestation de notre désintérêt'', Climats :2014 : ''Éclats de 14, Dialogues'' :2015 : ''Misère du roman'', Grasset :2016 : ''Tout paradis n’est pas perdu'', Grasset :2018 : ''La Splendeur escamotée de frère Cheval ou Le Secret des grottes ornées'', Grasset :2019 : ''Plums et goudron'' illustré par Edmond Baudoin, éditions du Petit Écart :2020 : ''L'Avenir des simples'', Grasset :2021 : ''La Constellation Rimbaud'', Grasset :2022 : ''Qui terre a, guerre a'', Grasset :2023 : ''Shabbat, ma Terre'', Gallimard :2024 : ''Flamboiement de la métaphore'', Gallimard :2024 : ''Nécessaire d'écriture'' co-écrit avec Nathalie Skowronek, Seghers :2025 : ''Trois tableaux'', Gallimard :2026 : ''La maison imaginaire'', Gallimard == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Hélène Baty-Delalande et Jean-Yves Debreuille (cur.), ''[https://www.persee.fr/issue/lire_0296-290x_2010_ant_1_1 Lire Rouaud]'', Presses universitaires de Lyon, 2010 ISBN 978-2-7297-0816-0 *Henrik Baumann, ''Die autobiographische Rückkehr : Studien zu Serge Doubrovsky, Hervé Guibert und Jean Rouaud'', Meidenbauer, 2008 ISBN 978-3-89975-122-2 * Johannes Dahlem, ''Kritisches historisches Erzählen im französischen Gegenwartsroman : Forest, Rouaud, Kaddour'', Heidelbergae, Universitätsverlag Winter, 2017 ISBN 978-3-8253-6752-7 *Sylvie Ducas, "[https://journals.openedition.org/recherchestravaux/3207#quotation Jean Rouaud. « La source noire » de l’écriture]", ''Recherches & Travaux'', 97 | 2020 *Petr Dytrt, "[https://czasopisma.ltn.lodz.pl/Zagadnienia-Rodzajow-Literackich/article/view/2053 The Filiation Narrative in the Contemporary French Novel: Jean Rouaud and the Quest for the Absent Master]", ''Zagadnienia Rodzajów Literackich'', 2023: 37–47 *Sylvie Freyermuth, "Jean Rouaud et l'écriture "les yeux clos" : de la mémoire engagée à la mémoire incarnée", L'Harmattan, 2011 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=zfbkhCaeTpcC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Michel Lantelme, ''Lire Jean Rouaud'', Armand Colin, 2009 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=lzCzJoobK5UC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] ** "« Tous les hommes naissent… » Jean Rouaud et la question des origines", in ''Le Roman contemporain de la famille'', 2016: 125-139 [https://classiques-garnier.com/le-roman-contemporain-de-la-famille-tous-les-hommes-naissent.html] *Jens Oliver Müller, ''Poetik der Memoria im Romanwerk von Jean Rouaud : mnemonisches Schreiben als Archäologie des Selbst'', Tübingen, 2004 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=srWdCgAAQBAJ&pg=PR3&hl=fr&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false Guglum librorum] * Cécile Narjoux et Geneviève Salvan (cur.), ''La langue de Jean Rouaud : "C'est mon art, ces miroitements de la langue"'', Éditions universitaires de Dijon, [[Divio|Divione]], 2015 ISBN 978-2-36441-154-8 {{Lifetime|1952||Rouaud, Ioannes}} [[Categoria:Incolae Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores mythistoriarum Franciae]] krathb6a1adl5xe004e5ji7fou54yop Constantinus Vergilius Gheorghiu 0 325690 3965769 3965706 2026-06-20T15:30:10Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3965769 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Constantinus Vergilius Gheorghiu}} (natus Războieni in [[Dacoromania]] die 15 septembris 1916 - mortuus [[Lutetia|Lutetiae]] die 22 Iunii 1992<ref>Josyane Savigneau, « [https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Farchives%2Farticle%2F1992%2F06%2F23%2Ftemoin-de-la-vingt-cinquieme-heure-virgil-gheorghiu-est-mort_3906844_1819218.html Témoin de la "vingt-cinquième heure", Virgil Gheorghiu est mort]", ''[[Le Monde]]'' 23 Iunii 1992.</ref>) fuit scriptor Dacoromanicus et Francogallicus qui anno 1963, patris exemplum secutus, [[presbyter]] [[Ecclesia Orthodoxa|ecclesiae orthodoxae]] creatus est. Praecipue notus est ob mythistoriam contra [[totalitarismus|totalitarismum]] et [[Machina|machinismum]] et societatem [[Technologia|technicam]] omnesque [[Ideologia|ideologias]] quae homines humanitate sua spoliant anno [[1949]] publicatam et cui titulus fuit ''Hora vicesima quinta'' (Dacoromanice ''Ora 25'', Francice ''La vingt-cinquième heure''). In summa hoc opere iura hominum a civitate vindicabat. Plus quam [[decies centena milia]] [[Exemplar|exemplarium]] vendidit et opus in 31 linguas versum est. Quamquam Dacoromanice scripta mythistoria haec Francice et in Francia primum edita est<ref>''La Vingt-cinquième Heure'', traduit du roumain par Monique Saint-Côme (alias Monica Lovinescu), préface de Gabriel Marcel, Plon, 1949.</ref>, ubi auctor [[Communismus|communismum]] refugiebat, postquam interpres eam vertit. Scripta posteriora Vergilii Gheorghiu tam Dacoromanica quam Francica multo pauciores lectores ad se attraxerunt. Anno [[1967]] [[Henricus Verneuil]] [[Pellicula|pelliculam]] e mythistoria duxit, primas partes agente [[Antonius Quinn|Antonio Quinn]]. == De vita == Presbyteri orthodoxi filius Vergilius philosophiae et theologiae Heidelbergae studet atque simul poemata scribere et publicare incipit. Deinde in patria Dacoromanica in ministerio ab externis rebus officium impetrat et [[Iudaei|Iudaeam]] uxorem ducit. In [[Secundum bellum mundanum|secundo bello mundano]] [[Dictatura|dictatore]] [[Ioannes Antonescu|Ioanne Antonescu]] Romania [[nazista|nazistarum]] bellis interest et res Vergilii periculosae fiunt ob uxorem. Nihilominus [[Zagrabia|Zagrabiae]] in legatione Dacoromanica latuit. Anno [[1944]] [[Communismus|communistarum]] [[Rutheni|Ruthenorumque]] adventu territus in occidentem fugit. == Opera == * ''Tărâmul celalalt: versuri'', Bucarestae: Fundația pentru literatură și artă Regele Carol 2, 1938 * ''Cântece de faun'', Bucarestae: Fundația regală pentru literatură și artă, 1940 * ''Caligrafie pe zăpadă'', Bucarestae: Fundația pentru literatură și artă Regele Carol II, 1940 * ''Ceasul de rugăciune: poeme'', Bucarestae: Editura Națională Gh. Mecu, 1942 * ''Am luptat în Crimeea'', Bucarestae: Editura Națională Mecu, 1942 * ''Rumänische Märchen'', Ähren-Verl, Heidelberg, 1948 * ''Ora 25'', 1949. ''La vingt-cinquième heure'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1949. ''The twenty-fifth hour'' Novi Eboraci: Alfred A. Knopf, 1950 * ''La seconde chance'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1952 * ''L'homme qui voyagea seul'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1954 * ''Le peuple des immortels'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1955 * ''Les sacrifiés du Danube'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1957 * ''Saint Jean bouche d'or'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1957 * ''Les mendiants de miracles'', Lutetiae: Le Livre de Poche, 1958 * ''La cravache'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1960 * ''Perahim'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1961 * ''La maison de Petrodava'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1961 * ''La vie de Mahomet'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1963. Éditions du Rocher, 1999. {{ISBN|2-268-03275-2}} * ''Les immortels d'Agapia'', 1964. Éditions Gallimard, 1998 {{ISBN|2-07-040287-8}}. ''The immortals of the mountain'', Sicagi: Regnery Publishing, 1969 * ''La jeunesse du docteur Luther'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1965 * ''De la vingt-cinquième heure à l'heure éternelle'', Éditions Plon, 1965. Éditions du Rocher, 1990 {{ISBN|2-268-01038-4}} * ''Le meurtre de Kyralessa'', 1966. ''The Death of Kyralessa'', Sicagi: Regnery Publishing, 1968 {{ISBN|0-8371-7991-2}} * ''La tunique de peau'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1967 * ''La condottiera'', Rombaldi, Collection Le Club de la Femme, 1969 * ''Pourquoi m'a-t-on appelé Virgil?'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1968 * ''La vie du patriarche Athénagoras'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1969 * ''L'espionne'', Éditions Plon, 1973. Éditions du Rocher, 1990 {{ISBN|2-268-00985-8}} * ''Dieu ne reçoit que le dimanche'', Éditions Plon, 1975 * ''Les inconnus de [[Heidelberg]]'', Éditions Plon, 1977 {{ISBN|2-259-00195-5}} * ''Le grand exterminateur'', Éditions Plon, 1978 {{ISBN|2-259-00323-0}} * ''Les amazones du Danube'', Éditions Plon, 1978 {{ISBN|2-259-00402-4}} * ''Dieu à Paris'', Éditions Plon, 1980, {{ISBN|2-259-00613-2}} * ''Mémoires: Le témoin de la vingt-cinquième heure'', Éditions Plon, 1986 {{ISBN|2-259-01435-6}} * ''La Corée, la belle inconnue de l'Extrême-Orient - A l'heure des Jeux Olympiques'', 1987 * ''La Condottiera'', Vaterloi Ontarionis: Arouca Press, 2022 {{ISBN|978-1-990685-21-7}} == Notae == <references/> == Plura legere si cupis == *Amaury d'Esneval, ''Gheorghiu'', 2004 ISBN 2-86714-324-1 *Claudia Drăgănoiu, «[https://journals.openedition.org/cher/10233 La « réhumanisation » de l’Autre dans La Vingt-cinquième heure de C. V. Gheorghiu ]», ''Recherches'', 2013: 91-98 == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Constantin Virgil Gheorghiu|Constantinum Vergilium Gheorghiu}} {{Fontes biographici}} {{Lifetime|1916|1992|Gheorghiu, Constantinus Vergilius}} [[Categoria:Scriptores Romaniae]] [[Categoria:Incolae Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores mythistoriarum Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores mythistoriarum Romaniae]] [[Categoria:Mythistoriae ad pelliculas accommodatae]] 73vs5h8m82ux0rlwqmoqt8hvt1osiz6 3965770 3965769 2026-06-20T15:39:15Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De vita */ 3965770 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Constantinus Vergilius Gheorghiu}} (natus Războieni in [[Dacoromania]] die 15 septembris 1916 - mortuus [[Lutetia|Lutetiae]] die 22 Iunii 1992<ref>Josyane Savigneau, « [https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Farchives%2Farticle%2F1992%2F06%2F23%2Ftemoin-de-la-vingt-cinquieme-heure-virgil-gheorghiu-est-mort_3906844_1819218.html Témoin de la "vingt-cinquième heure", Virgil Gheorghiu est mort]", ''[[Le Monde]]'' 23 Iunii 1992.</ref>) fuit scriptor Dacoromanicus et Francogallicus qui anno 1963, patris exemplum secutus, [[presbyter]] [[Ecclesia Orthodoxa|ecclesiae orthodoxae]] creatus est. Praecipue notus est ob mythistoriam contra [[totalitarismus|totalitarismum]] et [[Machina|machinismum]] et societatem [[Technologia|technicam]] omnesque [[Ideologia|ideologias]] quae homines humanitate sua spoliant anno [[1949]] publicatam et cui titulus fuit ''Hora vicesima quinta'' (Dacoromanice ''Ora 25'', Francice ''La vingt-cinquième heure''). In summa hoc opere iura hominum a civitate vindicabat. Plus quam [[decies centena milia]] [[Exemplar|exemplarium]] vendidit et opus in 31 linguas versum est. Quamquam Dacoromanice scripta mythistoria haec Francice et in Francia primum edita est<ref>''La Vingt-cinquième Heure'', traduit du roumain par Monique Saint-Côme (alias Monica Lovinescu), préface de Gabriel Marcel, Plon, 1949.</ref>, ubi auctor [[Communismus|communismum]] refugiebat, postquam interpres eam vertit. Scripta posteriora Vergilii Gheorghiu tam Dacoromanica quam Francica multo pauciores lectores ad se attraxerunt. Anno [[1967]] [[Henricus Verneuil]] [[Pellicula|pelliculam]] e mythistoria duxit, primas partes agente [[Antonius Quinn|Antonio Quinn]]. == De vita == Presbyteri orthodoxi filius Vergilius philosophiae et theologiae Heidelbergae studet atque simul poemata scribere et publicare incipit. Deinde in patria Dacoromanica in ministerio ab externis rebus officium impetrat et [[Iudaei|Iudaeam]] uxorem ducit. In [[Secundum bellum mundanum|secundo bello mundano]] [[Dictatura|dictatore]] [[Ioannes Antonescu|Ioanne Antonescu]] Romania [[nazista|nazistarum]] bellis interest et res Vergilii periculosae fiunt ob uxorem. Nihilominus [[Zagrabia|Zagrabiae]] in legatione Dacoromanica latuit. Anno [[1944]] [[Communismus|communistarum]] [[Rutheni|Ruthenorumque]] adventu territus in occidentem fugit ubi ut hostis in [[Castra carceralia|castris carceralibus]] Americanis Germaniae per duos annos ab uxore separatus languescit, quae et ipsa e castris in castra transvehebatur. Quae sunt elementa autobiographica in persona ''Horae vicesimae quintae'' Traiano Koruga cognitu facilia, qui insuper librum eiusdem tituli inchoat atque alter ego auctoris sui dici potest. == Opera == * ''Tărâmul celalalt: versuri'', Bucarestae: Fundația pentru literatură și artă Regele Carol 2, 1938 * ''Cântece de faun'', Bucarestae: Fundația regală pentru literatură și artă, 1940 * ''Caligrafie pe zăpadă'', Bucarestae: Fundația pentru literatură și artă Regele Carol II, 1940 * ''Ceasul de rugăciune: poeme'', Bucarestae: Editura Națională Gh. Mecu, 1942 * ''Am luptat în Crimeea'', Bucarestae: Editura Națională Mecu, 1942 * ''Rumänische Märchen'', Ähren-Verl, Heidelberg, 1948 * ''Ora 25'', 1949. ''La vingt-cinquième heure'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1949. ''The twenty-fifth hour'' Novi Eboraci: Alfred A. Knopf, 1950 * ''La seconde chance'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1952 * ''L'homme qui voyagea seul'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1954 * ''Le peuple des immortels'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1955 * ''Les sacrifiés du Danube'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1957 * ''Saint Jean bouche d'or'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1957 * ''Les mendiants de miracles'', Lutetiae: Le Livre de Poche, 1958 * ''La cravache'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1960 * ''Perahim'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1961 * ''La maison de Petrodava'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1961 * ''La vie de Mahomet'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1963. Éditions du Rocher, 1999. {{ISBN|2-268-03275-2}} * ''Les immortels d'Agapia'', 1964. Éditions Gallimard, 1998 {{ISBN|2-07-040287-8}}. ''The immortals of the mountain'', Sicagi: Regnery Publishing, 1969 * ''La jeunesse du docteur Luther'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1965 * ''De la vingt-cinquième heure à l'heure éternelle'', Éditions Plon, 1965. Éditions du Rocher, 1990 {{ISBN|2-268-01038-4}} * ''Le meurtre de Kyralessa'', 1966. ''The Death of Kyralessa'', Sicagi: Regnery Publishing, 1968 {{ISBN|0-8371-7991-2}} * ''La tunique de peau'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1967 * ''La condottiera'', Rombaldi, Collection Le Club de la Femme, 1969 * ''Pourquoi m'a-t-on appelé Virgil?'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1968 * ''La vie du patriarche Athénagoras'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1969 * ''L'espionne'', Éditions Plon, 1973. Éditions du Rocher, 1990 {{ISBN|2-268-00985-8}} * ''Dieu ne reçoit que le dimanche'', Éditions Plon, 1975 * ''Les inconnus de [[Heidelberg]]'', Éditions Plon, 1977 {{ISBN|2-259-00195-5}} * ''Le grand exterminateur'', Éditions Plon, 1978 {{ISBN|2-259-00323-0}} * ''Les amazones du Danube'', Éditions Plon, 1978 {{ISBN|2-259-00402-4}} * ''Dieu à Paris'', Éditions Plon, 1980, {{ISBN|2-259-00613-2}} * ''Mémoires: Le témoin de la vingt-cinquième heure'', Éditions Plon, 1986 {{ISBN|2-259-01435-6}} * ''La Corée, la belle inconnue de l'Extrême-Orient - A l'heure des Jeux Olympiques'', 1987 * ''La Condottiera'', Vaterloi Ontarionis: Arouca Press, 2022 {{ISBN|978-1-990685-21-7}} == Notae == <references/> == Plura legere si cupis == *Amaury d'Esneval, ''Gheorghiu'', 2004 ISBN 2-86714-324-1 *Claudia Drăgănoiu, «[https://journals.openedition.org/cher/10233 La « réhumanisation » de l’Autre dans La Vingt-cinquième heure de C. V. Gheorghiu ]», ''Recherches'', 2013: 91-98 == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Constantin Virgil Gheorghiu|Constantinum Vergilium Gheorghiu}} {{Fontes biographici}} {{Lifetime|1916|1992|Gheorghiu, Constantinus Vergilius}} [[Categoria:Scriptores Romaniae]] [[Categoria:Incolae Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores mythistoriarum Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores mythistoriarum Romaniae]] [[Categoria:Mythistoriae ad pelliculas accommodatae]] 77lp2yad5dja54fpqzl9h8rz0mqgfg6 3965771 3965770 2026-06-20T15:42:27Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De vita */ 3965771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Constantinus Vergilius Gheorghiu}} (natus Războieni in [[Dacoromania]] die 15 septembris 1916 - mortuus [[Lutetia|Lutetiae]] die 22 Iunii 1992<ref>Josyane Savigneau, « [https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Farchives%2Farticle%2F1992%2F06%2F23%2Ftemoin-de-la-vingt-cinquieme-heure-virgil-gheorghiu-est-mort_3906844_1819218.html Témoin de la "vingt-cinquième heure", Virgil Gheorghiu est mort]", ''[[Le Monde]]'' 23 Iunii 1992.</ref>) fuit scriptor Dacoromanicus et Francogallicus qui anno 1963, patris exemplum secutus, [[presbyter]] [[Ecclesia Orthodoxa|ecclesiae orthodoxae]] creatus est. Praecipue notus est ob mythistoriam contra [[totalitarismus|totalitarismum]] et [[Machina|machinismum]] et societatem [[Technologia|technicam]] omnesque [[Ideologia|ideologias]] quae homines humanitate sua spoliant anno [[1949]] publicatam et cui titulus fuit ''Hora vicesima quinta'' (Dacoromanice ''Ora 25'', Francice ''La vingt-cinquième heure''). In summa hoc opere iura hominum a civitate vindicabat. Plus quam [[decies centena milia]] [[Exemplar|exemplarium]] vendidit et opus in 31 linguas versum est. Quamquam Dacoromanice scripta mythistoria haec Francice et in Francia primum edita est<ref>''La Vingt-cinquième Heure'', traduit du roumain par Monique Saint-Côme (alias Monica Lovinescu), préface de Gabriel Marcel, Plon, 1949.</ref>, ubi auctor [[Communismus|communismum]] refugiebat, postquam interpres eam vertit. Scripta posteriora Vergilii Gheorghiu tam Dacoromanica quam Francica multo pauciores lectores ad se attraxerunt. Anno [[1967]] [[Henricus Verneuil]] [[Pellicula|pelliculam]] e mythistoria duxit, primas partes agente [[Antonius Quinn|Antonio Quinn]]. == De vita == Presbyteri orthodoxi filius Vergilius philosophiae et theologiae doi et [[Heidelberga|Heidelbergae]] studet atque simul poemata scribere et publicare incipit. Deinde in patria Dacoromanica in ministerio ab externis rebus officium impetrat et [[Iudaei|Iudaeam]] uxorem ducit. In [[Secundum bellum mundanum|secundo bello mundano]] [[Dictatura|dictatore]] [[Ioannes Antonescu|Ioanne Antonescu]] Romania [[nazista|nazistarum]] bellis interest et res Vergilii periculosae fiunt ob uxorem. Nihilominus [[Zagrabia|Zagrabiae]] in legatione Dacoromanica latuit. Anno [[1944]] [[Communismus|communistarum]] [[Rutheni|Ruthenorumque]] adventu territus in occidentem fugit ubi tamquam hostis in [[Castra carceralia|castris carceralibus]] Americanis Germaniae per duos annos ab uxore separatus languescit, quae et ipsa e castris in castra captiva transvehebatur (1945-7). Quae sunt elementa [[Autobiographia|autobiographica]] in persona ''Horae vicesimae quintae'' Traiano Koruga cognitu facilia, qui insuper librum eiusdem tituli inchoat atque alter ego auctoris sui dici potest. == Opera == * ''Tărâmul celalalt: versuri'', Bucarestae: Fundația pentru literatură și artă Regele Carol 2, 1938 * ''Cântece de faun'', Bucarestae: Fundația regală pentru literatură și artă, 1940 * ''Caligrafie pe zăpadă'', Bucarestae: Fundația pentru literatură și artă Regele Carol II, 1940 * ''Ceasul de rugăciune: poeme'', Bucarestae: Editura Națională Gh. Mecu, 1942 * ''Am luptat în Crimeea'', Bucarestae: Editura Națională Mecu, 1942 * ''Rumänische Märchen'', Ähren-Verl, Heidelberg, 1948 * ''Ora 25'', 1949. ''La vingt-cinquième heure'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1949. ''The twenty-fifth hour'' Novi Eboraci: Alfred A. Knopf, 1950 * ''La seconde chance'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1952 * ''L'homme qui voyagea seul'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1954 * ''Le peuple des immortels'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1955 * ''Les sacrifiés du Danube'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1957 * ''Saint Jean bouche d'or'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1957 * ''Les mendiants de miracles'', Lutetiae: Le Livre de Poche, 1958 * ''La cravache'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1960 * ''Perahim'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1961 * ''La maison de Petrodava'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1961 * ''La vie de Mahomet'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1963. Éditions du Rocher, 1999. {{ISBN|2-268-03275-2}} * ''Les immortels d'Agapia'', 1964. Éditions Gallimard, 1998 {{ISBN|2-07-040287-8}}. ''The immortals of the mountain'', Sicagi: Regnery Publishing, 1969 * ''La jeunesse du docteur Luther'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1965 * ''De la vingt-cinquième heure à l'heure éternelle'', Éditions Plon, 1965. Éditions du Rocher, 1990 {{ISBN|2-268-01038-4}} * ''Le meurtre de Kyralessa'', 1966. ''The Death of Kyralessa'', Sicagi: Regnery Publishing, 1968 {{ISBN|0-8371-7991-2}} * ''La tunique de peau'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1967 * ''La condottiera'', Rombaldi, Collection Le Club de la Femme, 1969 * ''Pourquoi m'a-t-on appelé Virgil?'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1968 * ''La vie du patriarche Athénagoras'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1969 * ''L'espionne'', Éditions Plon, 1973. Éditions du Rocher, 1990 {{ISBN|2-268-00985-8}} * ''Dieu ne reçoit que le dimanche'', Éditions Plon, 1975 * ''Les inconnus de [[Heidelberg]]'', Éditions Plon, 1977 {{ISBN|2-259-00195-5}} * ''Le grand exterminateur'', Éditions Plon, 1978 {{ISBN|2-259-00323-0}} * ''Les amazones du Danube'', Éditions Plon, 1978 {{ISBN|2-259-00402-4}} * ''Dieu à Paris'', Éditions Plon, 1980, {{ISBN|2-259-00613-2}} * ''Mémoires: Le témoin de la vingt-cinquième heure'', Éditions Plon, 1986 {{ISBN|2-259-01435-6}} * ''La Corée, la belle inconnue de l'Extrême-Orient - A l'heure des Jeux Olympiques'', 1987 * ''La Condottiera'', Vaterloi Ontarionis: Arouca Press, 2022 {{ISBN|978-1-990685-21-7}} == Notae == <references/> == Plura legere si cupis == *Amaury d'Esneval, ''Gheorghiu'', 2004 ISBN 2-86714-324-1 *Claudia Drăgănoiu, «[https://journals.openedition.org/cher/10233 La « réhumanisation » de l’Autre dans La Vingt-cinquième heure de C. V. Gheorghiu ]», ''Recherches'', 2013: 91-98 == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Constantin Virgil Gheorghiu|Constantinum Vergilium Gheorghiu}} {{Fontes biographici}} {{Lifetime|1916|1992|Gheorghiu, Constantinus Vergilius}} [[Categoria:Scriptores Romaniae]] [[Categoria:Incolae Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores mythistoriarum Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores mythistoriarum Romaniae]] [[Categoria:Mythistoriae ad pelliculas accommodatae]] d3enyup9ri84tr9dnr50s0q4vtdnd1a 3965772 3965771 2026-06-20T15:45:31Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De vita */ 3965772 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Constantinus Vergilius Gheorghiu}} (natus Războieni in [[Dacoromania]] die 15 septembris 1916 - mortuus [[Lutetia|Lutetiae]] die 22 Iunii 1992<ref>Josyane Savigneau, « [https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Farchives%2Farticle%2F1992%2F06%2F23%2Ftemoin-de-la-vingt-cinquieme-heure-virgil-gheorghiu-est-mort_3906844_1819218.html Témoin de la "vingt-cinquième heure", Virgil Gheorghiu est mort]", ''[[Le Monde]]'' 23 Iunii 1992.</ref>) fuit scriptor Dacoromanicus et Francogallicus qui anno 1963, patris exemplum secutus, [[presbyter]] [[Ecclesia Orthodoxa|ecclesiae orthodoxae]] creatus est. Praecipue notus est ob mythistoriam contra [[totalitarismus|totalitarismum]] et [[Machina|machinismum]] et societatem [[Technologia|technicam]] omnesque [[Ideologia|ideologias]] quae homines humanitate sua spoliant anno [[1949]] publicatam et cui titulus fuit ''Hora vicesima quinta'' (Dacoromanice ''Ora 25'', Francice ''La vingt-cinquième heure''). In summa hoc opere iura hominum a civitate vindicabat. Plus quam [[decies centena milia]] [[Exemplar|exemplarium]] vendidit et opus in 31 linguas versum est. Quamquam Dacoromanice scripta mythistoria haec Francice et in Francia primum edita est<ref>''La Vingt-cinquième Heure'', traduit du roumain par Monique Saint-Côme (alias Monica Lovinescu), préface de Gabriel Marcel, Plon, 1949.</ref>, ubi auctor [[Communismus|communismum]] refugiebat, postquam interpres eam vertit. Scripta posteriora Vergilii Gheorghiu tam Dacoromanica quam Francica multo pauciores lectores ad se attraxerunt. Anno [[1967]] [[Henricus Verneuil]] [[Pellicula|pelliculam]] e mythistoria duxit, primas partes agente [[Antonius Quinn|Antonio Quinn]]. == De vita == Presbyteri orthodoxi filius Vergilius philosophiae et theologiae doi et [[Heidelberga|Heidelbergae]] studet atque simul poemata scribere et publicare incipit. Deinde in patria Dacoromanica in ministerio ab externis rebus officium impetrat et [[Iudaei|Iudaeam]] uxorem ducit. In [[Secundum bellum mundanum|secundo bello mundano]] [[Dictatura|dictatore]] [[Ioannes Antonescu|Ioanne Antonescu]] Romania [[nazista|nazistarum]] bellis interest et res Vergilii periculosae fiunt ob uxorem. Nihilominus [[Zagrabia|Zagrabiae]] in legatione Dacoromanica latuit. Anno [[1944]] [[Communismus|communistarum]] [[Rutheni|Ruthenorumque]] adventu territus in occidentem fugit ubi tamquam hostis in [[Castra carceralia|castris carceralibus]] Americanis Germaniae per duos annos ab uxore separatus languescit, quae et ipsa e castris in castra captiva transvehebatur (1945-7). Quae sunt elementa [[Autobiographia|autobiographica]] in persona ''Horae vicesimae quintae'' Traiano Koruga cognitu facilia, qui insuper librum eiusdem tituli inchoat atque alter ego auctoris sui dici potest. Anno 1948 par asylo in Francia donatur ubi Vergilius Gheorghiu usque ad mortem habitavit atque multa scripta edidit. == Opera == * ''Tărâmul celalalt: versuri'', Bucarestae: Fundația pentru literatură și artă Regele Carol 2, 1938 * ''Cântece de faun'', Bucarestae: Fundația regală pentru literatură și artă, 1940 * ''Caligrafie pe zăpadă'', Bucarestae: Fundația pentru literatură și artă Regele Carol II, 1940 * ''Ceasul de rugăciune: poeme'', Bucarestae: Editura Națională Gh. Mecu, 1942 * ''Am luptat în Crimeea'', Bucarestae: Editura Națională Mecu, 1942 * ''Rumänische Märchen'', Ähren-Verl, Heidelberg, 1948 * ''Ora 25'', 1949. ''La vingt-cinquième heure'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1949. ''The twenty-fifth hour'' Novi Eboraci: Alfred A. Knopf, 1950 * ''La seconde chance'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1952 * ''L'homme qui voyagea seul'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1954 * ''Le peuple des immortels'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1955 * ''Les sacrifiés du Danube'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1957 * ''Saint Jean bouche d'or'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1957 * ''Les mendiants de miracles'', Lutetiae: Le Livre de Poche, 1958 * ''La cravache'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1960 * ''Perahim'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1961 * ''La maison de Petrodava'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1961 * ''La vie de Mahomet'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1963. Éditions du Rocher, 1999. {{ISBN|2-268-03275-2}} * ''Les immortels d'Agapia'', 1964. Éditions Gallimard, 1998 {{ISBN|2-07-040287-8}}. ''The immortals of the mountain'', Sicagi: Regnery Publishing, 1969 * ''La jeunesse du docteur Luther'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1965 * ''De la vingt-cinquième heure à l'heure éternelle'', Éditions Plon, 1965. Éditions du Rocher, 1990 {{ISBN|2-268-01038-4}} * ''Le meurtre de Kyralessa'', 1966. ''The Death of Kyralessa'', Sicagi: Regnery Publishing, 1968 {{ISBN|0-8371-7991-2}} * ''La tunique de peau'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1967 * ''La condottiera'', Rombaldi, Collection Le Club de la Femme, 1969 * ''Pourquoi m'a-t-on appelé Virgil?'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1968 * ''La vie du patriarche Athénagoras'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1969 * ''L'espionne'', Éditions Plon, 1973. Éditions du Rocher, 1990 {{ISBN|2-268-00985-8}} * ''Dieu ne reçoit que le dimanche'', Éditions Plon, 1975 * ''Les inconnus de [[Heidelberg]]'', Éditions Plon, 1977 {{ISBN|2-259-00195-5}} * ''Le grand exterminateur'', Éditions Plon, 1978 {{ISBN|2-259-00323-0}} * ''Les amazones du Danube'', Éditions Plon, 1978 {{ISBN|2-259-00402-4}} * ''Dieu à Paris'', Éditions Plon, 1980, {{ISBN|2-259-00613-2}} * ''Mémoires: Le témoin de la vingt-cinquième heure'', Éditions Plon, 1986 {{ISBN|2-259-01435-6}} * ''La Corée, la belle inconnue de l'Extrême-Orient - A l'heure des Jeux Olympiques'', 1987 * ''La Condottiera'', Vaterloi Ontarionis: Arouca Press, 2022 {{ISBN|978-1-990685-21-7}} == Notae == <references/> == Plura legere si cupis == *Amaury d'Esneval, ''Gheorghiu'', 2004 ISBN 2-86714-324-1 *Claudia Drăgănoiu, «[https://journals.openedition.org/cher/10233 La « réhumanisation » de l’Autre dans La Vingt-cinquième heure de C. V. Gheorghiu ]», ''Recherches'', 2013: 91-98 == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Constantin Virgil Gheorghiu|Constantinum Vergilium Gheorghiu}} {{Fontes biographici}} {{Lifetime|1916|1992|Gheorghiu, Constantinus Vergilius}} [[Categoria:Scriptores Romaniae]] [[Categoria:Incolae Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores mythistoriarum Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores mythistoriarum Romaniae]] [[Categoria:Mythistoriae ad pelliculas accommodatae]] k8il4poymwl1y03hrpo5ru6tjntgfd7 3965773 3965772 2026-06-20T15:45:46Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De vita */ 3965773 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Constantinus Vergilius Gheorghiu}} (natus Războieni in [[Dacoromania]] die 15 septembris 1916 - mortuus [[Lutetia|Lutetiae]] die 22 Iunii 1992<ref>Josyane Savigneau, « [https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Farchives%2Farticle%2F1992%2F06%2F23%2Ftemoin-de-la-vingt-cinquieme-heure-virgil-gheorghiu-est-mort_3906844_1819218.html Témoin de la "vingt-cinquième heure", Virgil Gheorghiu est mort]", ''[[Le Monde]]'' 23 Iunii 1992.</ref>) fuit scriptor Dacoromanicus et Francogallicus qui anno 1963, patris exemplum secutus, [[presbyter]] [[Ecclesia Orthodoxa|ecclesiae orthodoxae]] creatus est. Praecipue notus est ob mythistoriam contra [[totalitarismus|totalitarismum]] et [[Machina|machinismum]] et societatem [[Technologia|technicam]] omnesque [[Ideologia|ideologias]] quae homines humanitate sua spoliant anno [[1949]] publicatam et cui titulus fuit ''Hora vicesima quinta'' (Dacoromanice ''Ora 25'', Francice ''La vingt-cinquième heure''). In summa hoc opere iura hominum a civitate vindicabat. Plus quam [[decies centena milia]] [[Exemplar|exemplarium]] vendidit et opus in 31 linguas versum est. Quamquam Dacoromanice scripta mythistoria haec Francice et in Francia primum edita est<ref>''La Vingt-cinquième Heure'', traduit du roumain par Monique Saint-Côme (alias Monica Lovinescu), préface de Gabriel Marcel, Plon, 1949.</ref>, ubi auctor [[Communismus|communismum]] refugiebat, postquam interpres eam vertit. Scripta posteriora Vergilii Gheorghiu tam Dacoromanica quam Francica multo pauciores lectores ad se attraxerunt. Anno [[1967]] [[Henricus Verneuil]] [[Pellicula|pelliculam]] e mythistoria duxit, primas partes agente [[Antonius Quinn|Antonio Quinn]]. == De vita == Presbyteri orthodoxi filius Vergilius philosophiae et theologiae doi et [[Heidelberga|Heidelbergae]] studet atque simul poemata scribere et publicare incipit. Deinde in patria Dacoromanica in ministerio ab externis rebus officium impetrat et [[Iudaei|Iudaeam]] uxorem ducit. In [[Secundum bellum mundanum|secundo bello mundano]] [[Dictatura|dictatore]] [[Ioannes Antonescu|Ioanne Antonescu]] Romania [[nazista|nazistarum]] bellis interest et res Vergilii periculosae fiunt ob uxorem. Nihilominus [[Zagrabia|Zagrabiae]] in legatione Dacoromanica latuit. Anno [[1944]] [[Communismus|communistarum]] [[Rutheni|Ruthenorumque]] adventu territus in occidentem fugit ubi tamquam hostis in [[Castra carceralia|castris carceralibus]] Americanis Germaniae per duos annos ab uxore separatus languescit, quae et ipsa e castris in castra captiva transvehebatur (1945-7). Quae sunt elementa [[Autobiographia|autobiographica]] in persona ''Horae vicesimae quintae'' Traiano Koruga cognitu facilia, qui insuper librum eiusdem tituli inchoat atque alter ego auctoris sui dici potest. Anno 1948 par asylo in Francia donatur ubi Vergilius Gheorghiu usque ad mortem habitavit atque multa scripta edidit. == Opera == * ''Tărâmul celalalt: versuri'', Bucarestae: Fundația pentru literatură și artă Regele Carol 2, 1938 * ''Cântece de faun'', Bucarestae: Fundația regală pentru literatură și artă, 1940 * ''Caligrafie pe zăpadă'', Bucarestae: Fundația pentru literatură și artă Regele Carol II, 1940 * ''Ceasul de rugăciune: poeme'', Bucarestae: Editura Națională Gh. Mecu, 1942 * ''Am luptat în Crimeea'', Bucarestae: Editura Națională Mecu, 1942 * ''Rumänische Märchen'', Ähren-Verl, Heidelberg, 1948 * ''Ora 25'', 1949. ''La vingt-cinquième heure'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1949. ''The twenty-fifth hour'' Novi Eboraci: Alfred A. Knopf, 1950 * ''La seconde chance'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1952 * ''L'homme qui voyagea seul'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1954 * ''Le peuple des immortels'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1955 * ''Les sacrifiés du Danube'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1957 * ''Saint Jean bouche d'or'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1957 * ''Les mendiants de miracles'', Lutetiae: Le Livre de Poche, 1958 * ''La cravache'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1960 * ''Perahim'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1961 * ''La maison de Petrodava'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1961 * ''La vie de Mahomet'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1963. Éditions du Rocher, 1999. {{ISBN|2-268-03275-2}} * ''Les immortels d'Agapia'', 1964. Éditions Gallimard, 1998 {{ISBN|2-07-040287-8}}. ''The immortals of the mountain'', Sicagi: Regnery Publishing, 1969 * ''La jeunesse du docteur Luther'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1965 * ''De la vingt-cinquième heure à l'heure éternelle'', Éditions Plon, 1965. Éditions du Rocher, 1990 {{ISBN|2-268-01038-4}} * ''Le meurtre de Kyralessa'', 1966. ''The Death of Kyralessa'', Sicagi: Regnery Publishing, 1968 {{ISBN|0-8371-7991-2}} * ''La tunique de peau'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1967 * ''La condottiera'', Rombaldi, Collection Le Club de la Femme, 1969 * ''Pourquoi m'a-t-on appelé Virgil?'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1968 * ''La vie du patriarche Athénagoras'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1969 * ''L'espionne'', Éditions Plon, 1973. Éditions du Rocher, 1990 {{ISBN|2-268-00985-8}} * ''Dieu ne reçoit que le dimanche'', Éditions Plon, 1975 * ''Les inconnus de [[Heidelberg]]'', Éditions Plon, 1977 {{ISBN|2-259-00195-5}} * ''Le grand exterminateur'', Éditions Plon, 1978 {{ISBN|2-259-00323-0}} * ''Les amazones du Danube'', Éditions Plon, 1978 {{ISBN|2-259-00402-4}} * ''Dieu à Paris'', Éditions Plon, 1980, {{ISBN|2-259-00613-2}} * ''Mémoires: Le témoin de la vingt-cinquième heure'', Éditions Plon, 1986 {{ISBN|2-259-01435-6}} * ''La Corée, la belle inconnue de l'Extrême-Orient - A l'heure des Jeux Olympiques'', 1987 * ''La Condottiera'', Vaterloi Ontarionis: Arouca Press, 2022 {{ISBN|978-1-990685-21-7}} == Notae == <references/> == Plura legere si cupis == *Amaury d'Esneval, ''Gheorghiu'', 2004 ISBN 2-86714-324-1 *Claudia Drăgănoiu, «[https://journals.openedition.org/cher/10233 La « réhumanisation » de l’Autre dans La Vingt-cinquième heure de C. V. Gheorghiu ]», ''Recherches'', 2013: 91-98 == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Constantin Virgil Gheorghiu|Constantinum Vergilium Gheorghiu}} {{Fontes biographici}} {{Lifetime|1916|1992|Gheorghiu, Constantinus Vergilius}} [[Categoria:Scriptores Romaniae]] [[Categoria:Incolae Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores mythistoriarum Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores mythistoriarum Romaniae]] [[Categoria:Mythistoriae ad pelliculas accommodatae]] hnp4ijg7w6mlphjdb9sacmz0ytnfccu 3965774 3965773 2026-06-20T16:03:33Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De vita */ 3965774 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Constantinus Vergilius Gheorghiu}} (natus Războieni in [[Dacoromania]] die 15 septembris 1916 - mortuus [[Lutetia|Lutetiae]] die 22 Iunii 1992<ref>Josyane Savigneau, « [https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Farchives%2Farticle%2F1992%2F06%2F23%2Ftemoin-de-la-vingt-cinquieme-heure-virgil-gheorghiu-est-mort_3906844_1819218.html Témoin de la "vingt-cinquième heure", Virgil Gheorghiu est mort]", ''[[Le Monde]]'' 23 Iunii 1992.</ref>) fuit scriptor Dacoromanicus et Francogallicus qui anno 1963, patris exemplum secutus, [[presbyter]] [[Ecclesia Orthodoxa|ecclesiae orthodoxae]] creatus est. Praecipue notus est ob mythistoriam contra [[totalitarismus|totalitarismum]] et [[Machina|machinismum]] et societatem [[Technologia|technicam]] omnesque [[Ideologia|ideologias]] quae homines humanitate sua spoliant anno [[1949]] publicatam et cui titulus fuit ''Hora vicesima quinta'' (Dacoromanice ''Ora 25'', Francice ''La vingt-cinquième heure''). In summa hoc opere iura hominum a civitate vindicabat. Plus quam [[decies centena milia]] [[Exemplar|exemplarium]] vendidit et opus in 31 linguas versum est. Quamquam Dacoromanice scripta mythistoria haec Francice et in Francia primum edita est<ref>''La Vingt-cinquième Heure'', traduit du roumain par Monique Saint-Côme (alias Monica Lovinescu), préface de Gabriel Marcel, Plon, 1949.</ref>, ubi auctor [[Communismus|communismum]] refugiebat, postquam interpres eam vertit. Scripta posteriora Vergilii Gheorghiu tam Dacoromanica quam Francica multo pauciores lectores ad se attraxerunt. Anno [[1967]] [[Henricus Verneuil]] [[Pellicula|pelliculam]] e mythistoria duxit, primas partes agente [[Antonius Quinn|Antonio Quinn]]. == De vita == Presbyteri orthodoxi filius Vergilius philosophiae et theologiae doi et [[Heidelberga|Heidelbergae]] studet atque simul poemata scribere et publicare incipit. Deinde in patria Dacoromanica in ministerio ab externis rebus officium impetrat et [[Iudaei|Iudaeam]] uxorem ducit. In [[Secundum bellum mundanum|secundo bello mundano]] [[Dictatura|dictatore]] [[Ioannes Antonescu|Ioanne Antonescu]] Romania [[nazista|nazistarum]] bellis interest et res Vergilii periculosae fiunt ob uxorem. Nihilominus [[Zagrabia|Zagrabiae]] in legatione Dacoromanica latuit. Anno [[1944]] [[Communismus|communistarum]] [[Rutheni|Ruthenorumque]] adventu territus in occidentem fugit ubi tamquam hostis in [[Castra carceralia|castris carceralibus]] Americanis Germaniae per duos annos ab uxore separatus languescit, quae et ipsa e castris in castra captiva transvehebatur (1945-7). Quae sunt elementa [[Autobiographia|autobiographica]] in persona ''Horae vicesimae quintae'' Traiano Koruga cognitu facilia, qui insuper librum eiusdem tituli inchoat atque alter ego auctoris sui dici potest. Anno [[1948]] par [[Ius asyli|asylo]] in Francia donatur ubi Vergilius Gheorghiu usque ad mortem habitavit atque multa scripta edidit. Sed post ingentem et mundanum successum favor popularis cito deferbuit inter alia quia accusationibus obnoxius fuit eorum qui scripta [[Antisemitismus|antisemitica]] et nazismum glorificantia tempore belli edita Vergilio obiciebant. Praecipui instigatores huius denigrationes fortasse fuerunt comunistae. Certe Gheorghiu testis remanet aetatis horribilis qua incolae Europae per continentem esurientes errabant aut sine ulla humanitate in carcerem rapiebantur. == Opera == * ''Tărâmul celalalt: versuri'', Bucarestae: Fundația pentru literatură și artă Regele Carol 2, 1938 * ''Cântece de faun'', Bucarestae: Fundația regală pentru literatură și artă, 1940 * ''Caligrafie pe zăpadă'', Bucarestae: Fundația pentru literatură și artă Regele Carol II, 1940 * ''Ceasul de rugăciune: poeme'', Bucarestae: Editura Națională Gh. Mecu, 1942 * ''Am luptat în Crimeea'', Bucarestae: Editura Națională Mecu, 1942 * ''Rumänische Märchen'', Ähren-Verl, Heidelberg, 1948 * ''Ora 25'', 1949. ''La vingt-cinquième heure'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1949. ''The twenty-fifth hour'' Novi Eboraci: Alfred A. Knopf, 1950 * ''La seconde chance'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1952 * ''L'homme qui voyagea seul'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1954 * ''Le peuple des immortels'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1955 * ''Les sacrifiés du Danube'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1957 * ''Saint Jean bouche d'or'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1957 * ''Les mendiants de miracles'', Lutetiae: Le Livre de Poche, 1958 * ''La cravache'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1960 * ''Perahim'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1961 * ''La maison de Petrodava'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1961 * ''La vie de Mahomet'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1963. Éditions du Rocher, 1999. {{ISBN|2-268-03275-2}} * ''Les immortels d'Agapia'', 1964. Éditions Gallimard, 1998 {{ISBN|2-07-040287-8}}. ''The immortals of the mountain'', Sicagi: Regnery Publishing, 1969 * ''La jeunesse du docteur Luther'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1965 * ''De la vingt-cinquième heure à l'heure éternelle'', Éditions Plon, 1965. Éditions du Rocher, 1990 {{ISBN|2-268-01038-4}} * ''Le meurtre de Kyralessa'', 1966. ''The Death of Kyralessa'', Sicagi: Regnery Publishing, 1968 {{ISBN|0-8371-7991-2}} * ''La tunique de peau'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1967 * ''La condottiera'', Rombaldi, Collection Le Club de la Femme, 1969 * ''Pourquoi m'a-t-on appelé Virgil?'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1968 * ''La vie du patriarche Athénagoras'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1969 * ''L'espionne'', Éditions Plon, 1973. Éditions du Rocher, 1990 {{ISBN|2-268-00985-8}} * ''Dieu ne reçoit que le dimanche'', Éditions Plon, 1975 * ''Les inconnus de [[Heidelberg]]'', Éditions Plon, 1977 {{ISBN|2-259-00195-5}} * ''Le grand exterminateur'', Éditions Plon, 1978 {{ISBN|2-259-00323-0}} * ''Les amazones du Danube'', Éditions Plon, 1978 {{ISBN|2-259-00402-4}} * ''Dieu à Paris'', Éditions Plon, 1980, {{ISBN|2-259-00613-2}} * ''Mémoires: Le témoin de la vingt-cinquième heure'', Éditions Plon, 1986 {{ISBN|2-259-01435-6}} * ''La Corée, la belle inconnue de l'Extrême-Orient - A l'heure des Jeux Olympiques'', 1987 * ''La Condottiera'', Vaterloi Ontarionis: Arouca Press, 2022 {{ISBN|978-1-990685-21-7}} == Notae == <references/> == Plura legere si cupis == *Amaury d'Esneval, ''Gheorghiu'', 2004 ISBN 2-86714-324-1 *Claudia Drăgănoiu, «[https://journals.openedition.org/cher/10233 La « réhumanisation » de l’Autre dans La Vingt-cinquième heure de C. V. Gheorghiu ]», ''Recherches'', 2013: 91-98 == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Constantin Virgil Gheorghiu|Constantinum Vergilium Gheorghiu}} {{Fontes biographici}} {{Lifetime|1916|1992|Gheorghiu, Constantinus Vergilius}} [[Categoria:Scriptores Romaniae]] [[Categoria:Incolae Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores mythistoriarum Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores mythistoriarum Romaniae]] [[Categoria:Mythistoriae ad pelliculas accommodatae]] ogj74425yeczcpmsutzz010mwnqglpj 3965775 3965774 2026-06-20T16:03:57Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De vita */ 3965775 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Constantinus Vergilius Gheorghiu}} (natus Războieni in [[Dacoromania]] die 15 septembris 1916 - mortuus [[Lutetia|Lutetiae]] die 22 Iunii 1992<ref>Josyane Savigneau, « [https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Farchives%2Farticle%2F1992%2F06%2F23%2Ftemoin-de-la-vingt-cinquieme-heure-virgil-gheorghiu-est-mort_3906844_1819218.html Témoin de la "vingt-cinquième heure", Virgil Gheorghiu est mort]", ''[[Le Monde]]'' 23 Iunii 1992.</ref>) fuit scriptor Dacoromanicus et Francogallicus qui anno 1963, patris exemplum secutus, [[presbyter]] [[Ecclesia Orthodoxa|ecclesiae orthodoxae]] creatus est. Praecipue notus est ob mythistoriam contra [[totalitarismus|totalitarismum]] et [[Machina|machinismum]] et societatem [[Technologia|technicam]] omnesque [[Ideologia|ideologias]] quae homines humanitate sua spoliant anno [[1949]] publicatam et cui titulus fuit ''Hora vicesima quinta'' (Dacoromanice ''Ora 25'', Francice ''La vingt-cinquième heure''). In summa hoc opere iura hominum a civitate vindicabat. Plus quam [[decies centena milia]] [[Exemplar|exemplarium]] vendidit et opus in 31 linguas versum est. Quamquam Dacoromanice scripta mythistoria haec Francice et in Francia primum edita est<ref>''La Vingt-cinquième Heure'', traduit du roumain par Monique Saint-Côme (alias Monica Lovinescu), préface de Gabriel Marcel, Plon, 1949.</ref>, ubi auctor [[Communismus|communismum]] refugiebat, postquam interpres eam vertit. Scripta posteriora Vergilii Gheorghiu tam Dacoromanica quam Francica multo pauciores lectores ad se attraxerunt. Anno [[1967]] [[Henricus Verneuil]] [[Pellicula|pelliculam]] e mythistoria duxit, primas partes agente [[Antonius Quinn|Antonio Quinn]]. == De vita == Presbyteri orthodoxi filius Vergilius philosophiae et theologiae domi et [[Heidelberga|Heidelbergae]] studet atque simul poemata scribere et publicare incipit. Deinde in patria Dacoromanica in ministerio ab externis rebus officium impetrat et [[Iudaei|Iudaeam]] uxorem ducit. In [[Secundum bellum mundanum|secundo bello mundano]] [[Dictatura|dictatore]] [[Ioannes Antonescu|Ioanne Antonescu]] Romania [[nazista|nazistarum]] bellis interest et res Vergilii periculosae fiunt ob uxorem. Nihilominus [[Zagrabia|Zagrabiae]] in legatione Dacoromanica latuit. Anno [[1944]] [[Communismus|communistarum]] [[Rutheni|Ruthenorumque]] adventu territus in occidentem fugit ubi tamquam hostis in [[Castra carceralia|castris carceralibus]] Americanis Germaniae per duos annos ab uxore separatus languescit, quae et ipsa e castris in castra captiva transvehebatur (1945-7). Quae sunt elementa [[Autobiographia|autobiographica]] in persona ''Horae vicesimae quintae'' Traiano Koruga cognitu facilia, qui insuper librum eiusdem tituli inchoat atque alter ego auctoris sui dici potest. Anno [[1948]] par [[Ius asyli|asylo]] in Francia donatur ubi Vergilius Gheorghiu usque ad mortem habitavit atque multa scripta edidit. Sed post ingentem et mundanum successum favor popularis cito deferbuit inter alia quia accusationibus obnoxius fuit eorum qui scripta [[Antisemitismus|antisemitica]] et nazismum glorificantia tempore belli edita Vergilio obiciebant. Praecipui instigatores huius denigrationes fortasse fuerunt comunistae. Certe Gheorghiu testis remanet aetatis horribilis qua incolae Europae per continentem esurientes errabant aut sine ulla humanitate in carcerem rapiebantur. == Opera == * ''Tărâmul celalalt: versuri'', Bucarestae: Fundația pentru literatură și artă Regele Carol 2, 1938 * ''Cântece de faun'', Bucarestae: Fundația regală pentru literatură și artă, 1940 * ''Caligrafie pe zăpadă'', Bucarestae: Fundația pentru literatură și artă Regele Carol II, 1940 * ''Ceasul de rugăciune: poeme'', Bucarestae: Editura Națională Gh. Mecu, 1942 * ''Am luptat în Crimeea'', Bucarestae: Editura Națională Mecu, 1942 * ''Rumänische Märchen'', Ähren-Verl, Heidelberg, 1948 * ''Ora 25'', 1949. ''La vingt-cinquième heure'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1949. ''The twenty-fifth hour'' Novi Eboraci: Alfred A. Knopf, 1950 * ''La seconde chance'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1952 * ''L'homme qui voyagea seul'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1954 * ''Le peuple des immortels'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1955 * ''Les sacrifiés du Danube'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1957 * ''Saint Jean bouche d'or'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1957 * ''Les mendiants de miracles'', Lutetiae: Le Livre de Poche, 1958 * ''La cravache'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1960 * ''Perahim'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1961 * ''La maison de Petrodava'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1961 * ''La vie de Mahomet'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1963. Éditions du Rocher, 1999. {{ISBN|2-268-03275-2}} * ''Les immortels d'Agapia'', 1964. Éditions Gallimard, 1998 {{ISBN|2-07-040287-8}}. ''The immortals of the mountain'', Sicagi: Regnery Publishing, 1969 * ''La jeunesse du docteur Luther'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1965 * ''De la vingt-cinquième heure à l'heure éternelle'', Éditions Plon, 1965. Éditions du Rocher, 1990 {{ISBN|2-268-01038-4}} * ''Le meurtre de Kyralessa'', 1966. ''The Death of Kyralessa'', Sicagi: Regnery Publishing, 1968 {{ISBN|0-8371-7991-2}} * ''La tunique de peau'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1967 * ''La condottiera'', Rombaldi, Collection Le Club de la Femme, 1969 * ''Pourquoi m'a-t-on appelé Virgil?'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1968 * ''La vie du patriarche Athénagoras'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1969 * ''L'espionne'', Éditions Plon, 1973. Éditions du Rocher, 1990 {{ISBN|2-268-00985-8}} * ''Dieu ne reçoit que le dimanche'', Éditions Plon, 1975 * ''Les inconnus de [[Heidelberg]]'', Éditions Plon, 1977 {{ISBN|2-259-00195-5}} * ''Le grand exterminateur'', Éditions Plon, 1978 {{ISBN|2-259-00323-0}} * ''Les amazones du Danube'', Éditions Plon, 1978 {{ISBN|2-259-00402-4}} * ''Dieu à Paris'', Éditions Plon, 1980, {{ISBN|2-259-00613-2}} * ''Mémoires: Le témoin de la vingt-cinquième heure'', Éditions Plon, 1986 {{ISBN|2-259-01435-6}} * ''La Corée, la belle inconnue de l'Extrême-Orient - A l'heure des Jeux Olympiques'', 1987 * ''La Condottiera'', Vaterloi Ontarionis: Arouca Press, 2022 {{ISBN|978-1-990685-21-7}} == Notae == <references/> == Plura legere si cupis == *Amaury d'Esneval, ''Gheorghiu'', 2004 ISBN 2-86714-324-1 *Claudia Drăgănoiu, «[https://journals.openedition.org/cher/10233 La « réhumanisation » de l’Autre dans La Vingt-cinquième heure de C. V. Gheorghiu ]», ''Recherches'', 2013: 91-98 == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Constantin Virgil Gheorghiu|Constantinum Vergilium Gheorghiu}} {{Fontes biographici}} {{Lifetime|1916|1992|Gheorghiu, Constantinus Vergilius}} [[Categoria:Scriptores Romaniae]] [[Categoria:Incolae Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores mythistoriarum Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores mythistoriarum Romaniae]] [[Categoria:Mythistoriae ad pelliculas accommodatae]] 8163mpefcx8rkc97pkwh69dl43gfhvt 3965776 3965775 2026-06-20T16:06:20Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De vita */ 3965776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Constantinus Vergilius Gheorghiu}} (natus Războieni in [[Dacoromania]] die 15 septembris 1916 - mortuus [[Lutetia|Lutetiae]] die 22 Iunii 1992<ref>Josyane Savigneau, « [https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Farchives%2Farticle%2F1992%2F06%2F23%2Ftemoin-de-la-vingt-cinquieme-heure-virgil-gheorghiu-est-mort_3906844_1819218.html Témoin de la "vingt-cinquième heure", Virgil Gheorghiu est mort]", ''[[Le Monde]]'' 23 Iunii 1992.</ref>) fuit scriptor Dacoromanicus et Francogallicus qui anno 1963, patris exemplum secutus, [[presbyter]] [[Ecclesia Orthodoxa|ecclesiae orthodoxae]] creatus est. Praecipue notus est ob mythistoriam contra [[totalitarismus|totalitarismum]] et [[Machina|machinismum]] et societatem [[Technologia|technicam]] omnesque [[Ideologia|ideologias]] quae homines humanitate sua spoliant anno [[1949]] publicatam et cui titulus fuit ''Hora vicesima quinta'' (Dacoromanice ''Ora 25'', Francice ''La vingt-cinquième heure''). In summa hoc opere iura hominum a civitate vindicabat. Plus quam [[decies centena milia]] [[Exemplar|exemplarium]] vendidit et opus in 31 linguas versum est. Quamquam Dacoromanice scripta mythistoria haec Francice et in Francia primum edita est<ref>''La Vingt-cinquième Heure'', traduit du roumain par Monique Saint-Côme (alias Monica Lovinescu), préface de Gabriel Marcel, Plon, 1949.</ref>, ubi auctor [[Communismus|communismum]] refugiebat, postquam interpres eam vertit. Scripta posteriora Vergilii Gheorghiu tam Dacoromanica quam Francica multo pauciores lectores ad se attraxerunt. Anno [[1967]] [[Henricus Verneuil]] [[Pellicula|pelliculam]] e mythistoria duxit, primas partes agente [[Antonius Quinn|Antonio Quinn]]. == De vita == Presbyteri orthodoxi filius Vergilius philosophiae et theologiae domi et [[Heidelberga|Heidelbergae]] studet atque simul poemata scribere et publicare incipit. Deinde in patria Dacoromanica in ministerio ab externis rebus officium impetrat et [[Iudaei|Iudaeam]] uxorem ducit. In [[Secundum bellum mundanum|secundo bello mundano]] [[Dictatura|dictatore]] [[Ioannes Antonescu|Ioanne Antonescu]] Romania [[nazista|nazistarum]] bellis interest et res Vergilii periculosae fiunt ob uxorem. Nihilominus [[Zagrabia|Zagrabiae]] in legatione Dacoromanica latuit. Anno [[1944]] [[Communismus|communistarum]] [[Rutheni|Ruthenorumque]] adventu territus in occidentem fugit ubi tamquam hostis in [[Castra carceralia|castris carceralibus]] Germaniae ab Americanis retinetur ac per duos annos ab uxore separatus languescit, quae et ipsa e castris in castra captiva transvehebatur (1945-7). Quae elementa [[Autobiographia|autobiographica]] in persona ''Horae vicesimae quintae'' Traiano Koruga cognitu facilia, qui insuper librum eiusdem tituli inchoat atque alter ego auctoris sui dici potest. Anno [[1948]] par [[Ius asyli|asylo]] in Francia donatur ubi Vergilius Gheorghiu usque ad mortem habitavit atque multa scripta edidit. Sed post ingentem et mundanum successum favor popularis cito deferbuit inter alia quia accusationibus obnoxius fuit eorum qui scripta [[Antisemitismus|antisemitica]] et nazismum glorificantia tempore belli edita Vergilio obiciebant. Praecipui instigatores huius denigrationes fortasse fuerunt comunistae. Certe Gheorghiu testis remanet aetatis horribilis qua incolae Europae per continentem esurientes errabant aut sine ulla humanitate in carcerem rapiebantur. == Opera == * ''Tărâmul celalalt: versuri'', Bucarestae: Fundația pentru literatură și artă Regele Carol 2, 1938 * ''Cântece de faun'', Bucarestae: Fundația regală pentru literatură și artă, 1940 * ''Caligrafie pe zăpadă'', Bucarestae: Fundația pentru literatură și artă Regele Carol II, 1940 * ''Ceasul de rugăciune: poeme'', Bucarestae: Editura Națională Gh. Mecu, 1942 * ''Am luptat în Crimeea'', Bucarestae: Editura Națională Mecu, 1942 * ''Rumänische Märchen'', Ähren-Verl, Heidelberg, 1948 * ''Ora 25'', 1949. ''La vingt-cinquième heure'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1949. ''The twenty-fifth hour'' Novi Eboraci: Alfred A. Knopf, 1950 * ''La seconde chance'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1952 * ''L'homme qui voyagea seul'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1954 * ''Le peuple des immortels'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1955 * ''Les sacrifiés du Danube'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1957 * ''Saint Jean bouche d'or'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1957 * ''Les mendiants de miracles'', Lutetiae: Le Livre de Poche, 1958 * ''La cravache'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1960 * ''Perahim'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1961 * ''La maison de Petrodava'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1961 * ''La vie de Mahomet'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1963. Éditions du Rocher, 1999. {{ISBN|2-268-03275-2}} * ''Les immortels d'Agapia'', 1964. Éditions Gallimard, 1998 {{ISBN|2-07-040287-8}}. ''The immortals of the mountain'', Sicagi: Regnery Publishing, 1969 * ''La jeunesse du docteur Luther'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1965 * ''De la vingt-cinquième heure à l'heure éternelle'', Éditions Plon, 1965. Éditions du Rocher, 1990 {{ISBN|2-268-01038-4}} * ''Le meurtre de Kyralessa'', 1966. ''The Death of Kyralessa'', Sicagi: Regnery Publishing, 1968 {{ISBN|0-8371-7991-2}} * ''La tunique de peau'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1967 * ''La condottiera'', Rombaldi, Collection Le Club de la Femme, 1969 * ''Pourquoi m'a-t-on appelé Virgil?'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1968 * ''La vie du patriarche Athénagoras'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1969 * ''L'espionne'', Éditions Plon, 1973. Éditions du Rocher, 1990 {{ISBN|2-268-00985-8}} * ''Dieu ne reçoit que le dimanche'', Éditions Plon, 1975 * ''Les inconnus de [[Heidelberg]]'', Éditions Plon, 1977 {{ISBN|2-259-00195-5}} * ''Le grand exterminateur'', Éditions Plon, 1978 {{ISBN|2-259-00323-0}} * ''Les amazones du Danube'', Éditions Plon, 1978 {{ISBN|2-259-00402-4}} * ''Dieu à Paris'', Éditions Plon, 1980, {{ISBN|2-259-00613-2}} * ''Mémoires: Le témoin de la vingt-cinquième heure'', Éditions Plon, 1986 {{ISBN|2-259-01435-6}} * ''La Corée, la belle inconnue de l'Extrême-Orient - A l'heure des Jeux Olympiques'', 1987 * ''La Condottiera'', Vaterloi Ontarionis: Arouca Press, 2022 {{ISBN|978-1-990685-21-7}} == Notae == <references/> == Plura legere si cupis == *Amaury d'Esneval, ''Gheorghiu'', 2004 ISBN 2-86714-324-1 *Claudia Drăgănoiu, «[https://journals.openedition.org/cher/10233 La « réhumanisation » de l’Autre dans La Vingt-cinquième heure de C. V. Gheorghiu ]», ''Recherches'', 2013: 91-98 == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Constantin Virgil Gheorghiu|Constantinum Vergilium Gheorghiu}} {{Fontes biographici}} {{Lifetime|1916|1992|Gheorghiu, Constantinus Vergilius}} [[Categoria:Scriptores Romaniae]] [[Categoria:Incolae Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores mythistoriarum Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores mythistoriarum Romaniae]] [[Categoria:Mythistoriae ad pelliculas accommodatae]] 42g7uqq6nz5k00s5qngzgx1zkx3w9pf 3965777 3965776 2026-06-20T16:07:50Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De vita */ 3965777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Constantinus Vergilius Gheorghiu}} (natus Războieni in [[Dacoromania]] die 15 septembris 1916 - mortuus [[Lutetia|Lutetiae]] die 22 Iunii 1992<ref>Josyane Savigneau, « [https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Farchives%2Farticle%2F1992%2F06%2F23%2Ftemoin-de-la-vingt-cinquieme-heure-virgil-gheorghiu-est-mort_3906844_1819218.html Témoin de la "vingt-cinquième heure", Virgil Gheorghiu est mort]", ''[[Le Monde]]'' 23 Iunii 1992.</ref>) fuit scriptor Dacoromanicus et Francogallicus qui anno 1963, patris exemplum secutus, [[presbyter]] [[Ecclesia Orthodoxa|ecclesiae orthodoxae]] creatus est. Praecipue notus est ob mythistoriam contra [[totalitarismus|totalitarismum]] et [[Machina|machinismum]] et societatem [[Technologia|technicam]] omnesque [[Ideologia|ideologias]] quae homines humanitate sua spoliant anno [[1949]] publicatam et cui titulus fuit ''Hora vicesima quinta'' (Dacoromanice ''Ora 25'', Francice ''La vingt-cinquième heure''). In summa hoc opere iura hominum a civitate vindicabat. Plus quam [[decies centena milia]] [[Exemplar|exemplarium]] vendidit et opus in 31 linguas versum est. Quamquam Dacoromanice scripta mythistoria haec Francice et in Francia primum edita est<ref>''La Vingt-cinquième Heure'', traduit du roumain par Monique Saint-Côme (alias Monica Lovinescu), préface de Gabriel Marcel, Plon, 1949.</ref>, ubi auctor [[Communismus|communismum]] refugiebat, postquam interpres eam vertit. Scripta posteriora Vergilii Gheorghiu tam Dacoromanica quam Francica multo pauciores lectores ad se attraxerunt. Anno [[1967]] [[Henricus Verneuil]] [[Pellicula|pelliculam]] e mythistoria duxit, primas partes agente [[Antonius Quinn|Antonio Quinn]]. == De vita == Presbyteri orthodoxi filius Vergilius philosophiae et theologiae domi et [[Heidelberga|Heidelbergae]] studet atque simul poemata scribere et publicare incipit. Deinde in patria Dacoromanica in ministerio ab externis rebus officium impetrat et [[Iudaei|Iudaeam]] uxorem ducit. In [[Secundum bellum mundanum|secundo bello mundano]] [[Dictatura|dictatore]] [[Ioannes Antonescu|Ioanne Antonescu]] Romania [[nazista|nazistarum]] bellis interest et res Vergilii periculosae fiunt ob uxorem. Nihilominus [[Zagrabia|Zagrabiae]] in legatione Dacoromanica latuit. Anno [[1944]] [[Communismus|communistarum]] [[Rutheni|Ruthenorumque]] adventu territus in occidentem fugit ubi tamquam hostis in [[Castra carceralia|castris carceralibus]] Germaniae ab Americanis retinetur ac per duos annos ab uxore separatus languescit, quae et ipsa e castris in castra captiva transvehebatur (1945-7). Quae elementa [[Autobiographia|autobiographica]] in persona ''Horae vicesimae quintae'' Traiano Koruga cognitu facilia, qui insuper librum eiusdem tituli inchoat atque alter ego auctoris sui dici potest. Anno [[1948]] par [[Ius asyli|asylo]] in Francia donatur ubi Vergilius Gheorghiu usque ad mortem habitavit atque multa scripta edidit. Sed post ingentem et mundanum successum favor popularis cito deferbuit inter alia quia accusationibus obnoxius fuit eorum qui scripta [[Antisemitismus|antisemitica]] et nazismum glorificantia tempore belli edita Vergilio obiciebant. Praecipui instigatores huius denigrationes fortasse fuerunt comunistae. Certe Gheorghiu testis remanet aetatis horribilis qua incolae Europae per continentem esurientes errabant aut sine ulla humanitate in carcerem rapiebantur aut parva de causa necabantur. == Opera == * ''Tărâmul celalalt: versuri'', Bucarestae: Fundația pentru literatură și artă Regele Carol 2, 1938 * ''Cântece de faun'', Bucarestae: Fundația regală pentru literatură și artă, 1940 * ''Caligrafie pe zăpadă'', Bucarestae: Fundația pentru literatură și artă Regele Carol II, 1940 * ''Ceasul de rugăciune: poeme'', Bucarestae: Editura Națională Gh. Mecu, 1942 * ''Am luptat în Crimeea'', Bucarestae: Editura Națională Mecu, 1942 * ''Rumänische Märchen'', Ähren-Verl, Heidelberg, 1948 * ''Ora 25'', 1949. ''La vingt-cinquième heure'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1949. ''The twenty-fifth hour'' Novi Eboraci: Alfred A. Knopf, 1950 * ''La seconde chance'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1952 * ''L'homme qui voyagea seul'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1954 * ''Le peuple des immortels'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1955 * ''Les sacrifiés du Danube'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1957 * ''Saint Jean bouche d'or'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1957 * ''Les mendiants de miracles'', Lutetiae: Le Livre de Poche, 1958 * ''La cravache'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1960 * ''Perahim'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1961 * ''La maison de Petrodava'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1961 * ''La vie de Mahomet'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1963. Éditions du Rocher, 1999. {{ISBN|2-268-03275-2}} * ''Les immortels d'Agapia'', 1964. Éditions Gallimard, 1998 {{ISBN|2-07-040287-8}}. ''The immortals of the mountain'', Sicagi: Regnery Publishing, 1969 * ''La jeunesse du docteur Luther'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1965 * ''De la vingt-cinquième heure à l'heure éternelle'', Éditions Plon, 1965. Éditions du Rocher, 1990 {{ISBN|2-268-01038-4}} * ''Le meurtre de Kyralessa'', 1966. ''The Death of Kyralessa'', Sicagi: Regnery Publishing, 1968 {{ISBN|0-8371-7991-2}} * ''La tunique de peau'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1967 * ''La condottiera'', Rombaldi, Collection Le Club de la Femme, 1969 * ''Pourquoi m'a-t-on appelé Virgil?'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1968 * ''La vie du patriarche Athénagoras'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1969 * ''L'espionne'', Éditions Plon, 1973. Éditions du Rocher, 1990 {{ISBN|2-268-00985-8}} * ''Dieu ne reçoit que le dimanche'', Éditions Plon, 1975 * ''Les inconnus de [[Heidelberg]]'', Éditions Plon, 1977 {{ISBN|2-259-00195-5}} * ''Le grand exterminateur'', Éditions Plon, 1978 {{ISBN|2-259-00323-0}} * ''Les amazones du Danube'', Éditions Plon, 1978 {{ISBN|2-259-00402-4}} * ''Dieu à Paris'', Éditions Plon, 1980, {{ISBN|2-259-00613-2}} * ''Mémoires: Le témoin de la vingt-cinquième heure'', Éditions Plon, 1986 {{ISBN|2-259-01435-6}} * ''La Corée, la belle inconnue de l'Extrême-Orient - A l'heure des Jeux Olympiques'', 1987 * ''La Condottiera'', Vaterloi Ontarionis: Arouca Press, 2022 {{ISBN|978-1-990685-21-7}} == Notae == <references/> == Plura legere si cupis == *Amaury d'Esneval, ''Gheorghiu'', 2004 ISBN 2-86714-324-1 *Claudia Drăgănoiu, «[https://journals.openedition.org/cher/10233 La « réhumanisation » de l’Autre dans La Vingt-cinquième heure de C. V. Gheorghiu ]», ''Recherches'', 2013: 91-98 == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Constantin Virgil Gheorghiu|Constantinum Vergilium Gheorghiu}} {{Fontes biographici}} {{Lifetime|1916|1992|Gheorghiu, Constantinus Vergilius}} [[Categoria:Scriptores Romaniae]] [[Categoria:Incolae Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores mythistoriarum Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores mythistoriarum Romaniae]] [[Categoria:Mythistoriae ad pelliculas accommodatae]] 1r8gbuaqxtx3zhcwee5jxgqqi54s7dd 3965778 3965777 2026-06-20T16:21:45Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De vita */ 3965778 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Constantinus Vergilius Gheorghiu}} (natus Războieni in [[Dacoromania]] die 15 septembris 1916 - mortuus [[Lutetia|Lutetiae]] die 22 Iunii 1992<ref>Josyane Savigneau, « [https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Farchives%2Farticle%2F1992%2F06%2F23%2Ftemoin-de-la-vingt-cinquieme-heure-virgil-gheorghiu-est-mort_3906844_1819218.html Témoin de la "vingt-cinquième heure", Virgil Gheorghiu est mort]", ''[[Le Monde]]'' 23 Iunii 1992.</ref>) fuit scriptor Dacoromanicus et Francogallicus qui anno 1963, patris exemplum secutus, [[presbyter]] [[Ecclesia Orthodoxa|ecclesiae orthodoxae]] creatus est. Praecipue notus est ob mythistoriam contra [[totalitarismus|totalitarismum]] et [[Machina|machinismum]] et societatem [[Technologia|technicam]] omnesque [[Ideologia|ideologias]] quae homines humanitate sua spoliant anno [[1949]] publicatam et cui titulus fuit ''Hora vicesima quinta'' (Dacoromanice ''Ora 25'', Francice ''La vingt-cinquième heure''). In summa hoc opere iura hominum a civitate vindicabat. Plus quam [[decies centena milia]] [[Exemplar|exemplarium]] vendidit et opus in 31 linguas versum est. Quamquam Dacoromanice scripta mythistoria haec Francice et in Francia primum edita est<ref>''La Vingt-cinquième Heure'', traduit du roumain par Monique Saint-Côme (alias Monica Lovinescu), préface de Gabriel Marcel, Plon, 1949.</ref>, ubi auctor [[Communismus|communismum]] refugiebat, postquam interpres eam vertit. Scripta posteriora Vergilii Gheorghiu tam Dacoromanica quam Francica multo pauciores lectores ad se attraxerunt. Anno [[1967]] [[Henricus Verneuil]] [[Pellicula|pelliculam]] e mythistoria duxit, primas partes agente [[Antonius Quinn|Antonio Quinn]]. == De vita == Presbyteri orthodoxi filius Vergilius philosophiae et theologiae domi et [[Heidelberga|Heidelbergae]] studet atque simul poemata scribere et publicare incipit. Deinde in patria Dacoromanica in ministerio ab externis rebus officium impetrat et [[Iudaei|Iudaeam]] uxorem ducit. In [[Secundum bellum mundanum|secundo bello mundano]] [[Dictatura|dictatore]] [[Ioannes Antonescu|Ioanne Antonescu]] Romania [[nazista|nazistarum]] bellis interest et res Vergilii periculosae fiunt ob uxorem. Nihilominus [[Zagrabia|Zagrabiae]] in legatione Dacoromanica latuit. Anno [[1944]] [[Communismus|communistarum]] [[Rutheni|Ruthenorumque]] adventu territus in occidentem fugit ubi tamquam hostis in [[Castra carceralia|castris carceralibus]] Germaniae ab Americanis retinetur ac per duos annos ab uxore separatus languescit, quae et ipsa e castris in castra captiva transvehebatur (1945-7). Quae elementa [[Autobiographia|autobiographica]] in persona ''Horae vicesimae quintae'' Traiano Koruga cognitu facilia, qui insuper librum eiusdem tituli inchoat atque alter ego auctoris sui dici potest. Anno [[1948]] par [[Ius asyli|asylo]] in Francia donatur ubi Vergilius Gheorghiu usque ad mortem habitavit atque multa scripta edidit. Sed post ingentem et mundanum successum favor popularis cito deferbuit inter alia quia accusationibus obnoxius fuit eorum qui scripta [[Antisemitismus|antisemitica]] et nazismum glorificantia tempore belli edita Vergilio obiciebant<ref>Exempli gratia: Francis Crémieux, « Toute la vérité sur "l'écrivain" GHEORGHIU », ''Les Lettres françaises'', no 446,‎ 1 au 8 janvier 1953, p. 2.</ref>. Praecipui instigatores huius denigrationes fortasse fuerunt comunistae. Certe Gheorghiu testis remanet aetatis horribilis qua incolae Europae per continentem esurientes errabant aut sine ulla humanitate in carcerem rapiebantur aut parva de causa necabantur. == Opera == * ''Tărâmul celalalt: versuri'', Bucarestae: Fundația pentru literatură și artă Regele Carol 2, 1938 * ''Cântece de faun'', Bucarestae: Fundația regală pentru literatură și artă, 1940 * ''Caligrafie pe zăpadă'', Bucarestae: Fundația pentru literatură și artă Regele Carol II, 1940 * ''Ceasul de rugăciune: poeme'', Bucarestae: Editura Națională Gh. Mecu, 1942 * ''Am luptat în Crimeea'', Bucarestae: Editura Națională Mecu, 1942 * ''Rumänische Märchen'', Ähren-Verl, Heidelberg, 1948 * ''Ora 25'', 1949. ''La vingt-cinquième heure'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1949. ''The twenty-fifth hour'' Novi Eboraci: Alfred A. Knopf, 1950 * ''La seconde chance'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1952 * ''L'homme qui voyagea seul'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1954 * ''Le peuple des immortels'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1955 * ''Les sacrifiés du Danube'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1957 * ''Saint Jean bouche d'or'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1957 * ''Les mendiants de miracles'', Lutetiae: Le Livre de Poche, 1958 * ''La cravache'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1960 * ''Perahim'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1961 * ''La maison de Petrodava'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1961 * ''La vie de Mahomet'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1963. Éditions du Rocher, 1999. {{ISBN|2-268-03275-2}} * ''Les immortels d'Agapia'', 1964. Éditions Gallimard, 1998 {{ISBN|2-07-040287-8}}. ''The immortals of the mountain'', Sicagi: Regnery Publishing, 1969 * ''La jeunesse du docteur Luther'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1965 * ''De la vingt-cinquième heure à l'heure éternelle'', Éditions Plon, 1965. Éditions du Rocher, 1990 {{ISBN|2-268-01038-4}} * ''Le meurtre de Kyralessa'', 1966. ''The Death of Kyralessa'', Sicagi: Regnery Publishing, 1968 {{ISBN|0-8371-7991-2}} * ''La tunique de peau'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1967 * ''La condottiera'', Rombaldi, Collection Le Club de la Femme, 1969 * ''Pourquoi m'a-t-on appelé Virgil?'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1968 * ''La vie du patriarche Athénagoras'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1969 * ''L'espionne'', Éditions Plon, 1973. Éditions du Rocher, 1990 {{ISBN|2-268-00985-8}} * ''Dieu ne reçoit que le dimanche'', Éditions Plon, 1975 * ''Les inconnus de [[Heidelberg]]'', Éditions Plon, 1977 {{ISBN|2-259-00195-5}} * ''Le grand exterminateur'', Éditions Plon, 1978 {{ISBN|2-259-00323-0}} * ''Les amazones du Danube'', Éditions Plon, 1978 {{ISBN|2-259-00402-4}} * ''Dieu à Paris'', Éditions Plon, 1980, {{ISBN|2-259-00613-2}} * ''Mémoires: Le témoin de la vingt-cinquième heure'', Éditions Plon, 1986 {{ISBN|2-259-01435-6}} * ''La Corée, la belle inconnue de l'Extrême-Orient - A l'heure des Jeux Olympiques'', 1987 * ''La Condottiera'', Vaterloi Ontarionis: Arouca Press, 2022 {{ISBN|978-1-990685-21-7}} == Notae == <references/> == Plura legere si cupis == *Amaury d'Esneval, ''Gheorghiu'', 2004 ISBN 2-86714-324-1 *Claudia Drăgănoiu, «[https://journals.openedition.org/cher/10233 La « réhumanisation » de l’Autre dans La Vingt-cinquième heure de C. V. Gheorghiu ]», ''Recherches'', 2013: 91-98 == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Constantin Virgil Gheorghiu|Constantinum Vergilium Gheorghiu}} {{Fontes biographici}} {{Lifetime|1916|1992|Gheorghiu, Constantinus Vergilius}} [[Categoria:Scriptores Romaniae]] [[Categoria:Incolae Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores mythistoriarum Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores mythistoriarum Romaniae]] [[Categoria:Mythistoriae ad pelliculas accommodatae]] 7e2pov2s86befukmxg45t2tfebumzgu 3965779 3965778 2026-06-20T16:22:48Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De vita */ 3965779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Constantinus Vergilius Gheorghiu}} (natus Războieni in [[Dacoromania]] die 15 septembris 1916 - mortuus [[Lutetia|Lutetiae]] die 22 Iunii 1992<ref>Josyane Savigneau, « [https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Farchives%2Farticle%2F1992%2F06%2F23%2Ftemoin-de-la-vingt-cinquieme-heure-virgil-gheorghiu-est-mort_3906844_1819218.html Témoin de la "vingt-cinquième heure", Virgil Gheorghiu est mort]", ''[[Le Monde]]'' 23 Iunii 1992.</ref>) fuit scriptor Dacoromanicus et Francogallicus qui anno 1963, patris exemplum secutus, [[presbyter]] [[Ecclesia Orthodoxa|ecclesiae orthodoxae]] creatus est. Praecipue notus est ob mythistoriam contra [[totalitarismus|totalitarismum]] et [[Machina|machinismum]] et societatem [[Technologia|technicam]] omnesque [[Ideologia|ideologias]] quae homines humanitate sua spoliant anno [[1949]] publicatam et cui titulus fuit ''Hora vicesima quinta'' (Dacoromanice ''Ora 25'', Francice ''La vingt-cinquième heure''). In summa hoc opere iura hominum a civitate vindicabat. Plus quam [[decies centena milia]] [[Exemplar|exemplarium]] vendidit et opus in 31 linguas versum est. Quamquam Dacoromanice scripta mythistoria haec Francice et in Francia primum edita est<ref>''La Vingt-cinquième Heure'', traduit du roumain par Monique Saint-Côme (alias Monica Lovinescu), préface de Gabriel Marcel, Plon, 1949.</ref>, ubi auctor [[Communismus|communismum]] refugiebat, postquam interpres eam vertit. Scripta posteriora Vergilii Gheorghiu tam Dacoromanica quam Francica multo pauciores lectores ad se attraxerunt. Anno [[1967]] [[Henricus Verneuil]] [[Pellicula|pelliculam]] e mythistoria duxit, primas partes agente [[Antonius Quinn|Antonio Quinn]]. == De vita == Presbyteri orthodoxi filius Vergilius philosophiae et theologiae domi et [[Heidelberga|Heidelbergae]] studet atque simul poemata scribere et publicare incipit. Deinde in patria Dacoromanica in ministerio ab externis rebus officium impetrat et [[Iudaei|Iudaeam]] uxorem ducit. In [[Secundum bellum mundanum|secundo bello mundano]] [[Dictatura|dictatore]] [[Ioannes Antonescu|Ioanne Antonescu]] Romania [[nazista|nazistarum]] bellis interest et res Vergilii periculosae fiunt ob uxorem. Nihilominus [[Zagrabia|Zagrabiae]] in legatione Dacoromanica latuit. Anno [[1944]] [[Communismus|communistarum]] [[Rutheni|Ruthenorumque]] adventu territus in occidentem fugit ubi tamquam hostis in [[Castra carceralia|castris carceralibus]] Germaniae ab Americanis retinetur ac per duos annos ab uxore separatus languescit, quae et ipsa e castris in castra captiva transvehebatur (1945-7). Quae elementa [[Autobiographia|autobiographica]] in persona ''Horae vicesimae quintae'' Traiano Koruga cognitu facilia, qui insuper librum eiusdem tituli inchoat atque alter ego auctoris sui dici potest. Anno [[1948]] par [[Ius asyli|asylo]] in Francia donatur ubi Vergilius Gheorghiu usque ad mortem habitavit atque multa scripta edidit. Sed post ingentem et mundanum successum favor popularis cito deferbuit inter alia quia accusationibus obnoxius fuit eorum qui scripta [[Antisemitismus|antisemitica]] et nazismum glorificantia tempore belli edita Vergilio obiciebant<ref>Exempli gratia: Francis Crémieux, «[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bd6t573838/f2.item# Toute la vérité sur "l'écrivain" GHEORGHIU]», ''Les Lettres françaises'', no 446,‎ 1 au 8 janvier 1953, p. 2.</ref>. Praecipui instigatores huius denigrationes fortasse fuerunt comunistae. Certe Gheorghiu testis remanet aetatis horribilis qua incolae Europae per continentem esurientes errabant aut sine ulla humanitate in carcerem rapiebantur aut parva de causa necabantur. == Opera == * ''Tărâmul celalalt: versuri'', Bucarestae: Fundația pentru literatură și artă Regele Carol 2, 1938 * ''Cântece de faun'', Bucarestae: Fundația regală pentru literatură și artă, 1940 * ''Caligrafie pe zăpadă'', Bucarestae: Fundația pentru literatură și artă Regele Carol II, 1940 * ''Ceasul de rugăciune: poeme'', Bucarestae: Editura Națională Gh. Mecu, 1942 * ''Am luptat în Crimeea'', Bucarestae: Editura Națională Mecu, 1942 * ''Rumänische Märchen'', Ähren-Verl, Heidelberg, 1948 * ''Ora 25'', 1949. ''La vingt-cinquième heure'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1949. ''The twenty-fifth hour'' Novi Eboraci: Alfred A. Knopf, 1950 * ''La seconde chance'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1952 * ''L'homme qui voyagea seul'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1954 * ''Le peuple des immortels'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1955 * ''Les sacrifiés du Danube'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1957 * ''Saint Jean bouche d'or'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1957 * ''Les mendiants de miracles'', Lutetiae: Le Livre de Poche, 1958 * ''La cravache'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1960 * ''Perahim'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1961 * ''La maison de Petrodava'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1961 * ''La vie de Mahomet'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1963. Éditions du Rocher, 1999. {{ISBN|2-268-03275-2}} * ''Les immortels d'Agapia'', 1964. Éditions Gallimard, 1998 {{ISBN|2-07-040287-8}}. ''The immortals of the mountain'', Sicagi: Regnery Publishing, 1969 * ''La jeunesse du docteur Luther'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1965 * ''De la vingt-cinquième heure à l'heure éternelle'', Éditions Plon, 1965. Éditions du Rocher, 1990 {{ISBN|2-268-01038-4}} * ''Le meurtre de Kyralessa'', 1966. ''The Death of Kyralessa'', Sicagi: Regnery Publishing, 1968 {{ISBN|0-8371-7991-2}} * ''La tunique de peau'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1967 * ''La condottiera'', Rombaldi, Collection Le Club de la Femme, 1969 * ''Pourquoi m'a-t-on appelé Virgil?'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1968 * ''La vie du patriarche Athénagoras'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1969 * ''L'espionne'', Éditions Plon, 1973. Éditions du Rocher, 1990 {{ISBN|2-268-00985-8}} * ''Dieu ne reçoit que le dimanche'', Éditions Plon, 1975 * ''Les inconnus de [[Heidelberg]]'', Éditions Plon, 1977 {{ISBN|2-259-00195-5}} * ''Le grand exterminateur'', Éditions Plon, 1978 {{ISBN|2-259-00323-0}} * ''Les amazones du Danube'', Éditions Plon, 1978 {{ISBN|2-259-00402-4}} * ''Dieu à Paris'', Éditions Plon, 1980, {{ISBN|2-259-00613-2}} * ''Mémoires: Le témoin de la vingt-cinquième heure'', Éditions Plon, 1986 {{ISBN|2-259-01435-6}} * ''La Corée, la belle inconnue de l'Extrême-Orient - A l'heure des Jeux Olympiques'', 1987 * ''La Condottiera'', Vaterloi Ontarionis: Arouca Press, 2022 {{ISBN|978-1-990685-21-7}} == Notae == <references/> == Plura legere si cupis == *Amaury d'Esneval, ''Gheorghiu'', 2004 ISBN 2-86714-324-1 *Claudia Drăgănoiu, «[https://journals.openedition.org/cher/10233 La « réhumanisation » de l’Autre dans La Vingt-cinquième heure de C. V. Gheorghiu ]», ''Recherches'', 2013: 91-98 == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Constantin Virgil Gheorghiu|Constantinum Vergilium Gheorghiu}} {{Fontes biographici}} {{Lifetime|1916|1992|Gheorghiu, Constantinus Vergilius}} [[Categoria:Scriptores Romaniae]] [[Categoria:Incolae Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores mythistoriarum Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores mythistoriarum Romaniae]] [[Categoria:Mythistoriae ad pelliculas accommodatae]] 2ubyj3lofoqnw1av4xvohctxtsv0o4f 3965780 3965779 2026-06-20T16:31:55Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De vita */ 3965780 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Constantinus Vergilius Gheorghiu}} (natus Războieni in [[Dacoromania]] die 15 septembris 1916 - mortuus [[Lutetia|Lutetiae]] die 22 Iunii 1992<ref>Josyane Savigneau, « [https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Farchives%2Farticle%2F1992%2F06%2F23%2Ftemoin-de-la-vingt-cinquieme-heure-virgil-gheorghiu-est-mort_3906844_1819218.html Témoin de la "vingt-cinquième heure", Virgil Gheorghiu est mort]", ''[[Le Monde]]'' 23 Iunii 1992.</ref>) fuit scriptor Dacoromanicus et Francogallicus qui anno 1963, patris exemplum secutus, [[presbyter]] [[Ecclesia Orthodoxa|ecclesiae orthodoxae]] creatus est. Praecipue notus est ob mythistoriam contra [[totalitarismus|totalitarismum]] et [[Machina|machinismum]] et societatem [[Technologia|technicam]] omnesque [[Ideologia|ideologias]] quae homines humanitate sua spoliant anno [[1949]] publicatam et cui titulus fuit ''Hora vicesima quinta'' (Dacoromanice ''Ora 25'', Francice ''La vingt-cinquième heure''). In summa hoc opere iura hominum a civitate vindicabat. Plus quam [[decies centena milia]] [[Exemplar|exemplarium]] vendidit et opus in 31 linguas versum est. Quamquam Dacoromanice scripta mythistoria haec Francice et in Francia primum edita est<ref>''La Vingt-cinquième Heure'', traduit du roumain par Monique Saint-Côme (alias Monica Lovinescu), préface de Gabriel Marcel, Plon, 1949.</ref>, ubi auctor [[Communismus|communismum]] refugiebat, postquam interpres eam vertit. Scripta posteriora Vergilii Gheorghiu tam Dacoromanica quam Francica multo pauciores lectores ad se attraxerunt. Anno [[1967]] [[Henricus Verneuil]] [[Pellicula|pelliculam]] e mythistoria duxit, primas partes agente [[Antonius Quinn|Antonio Quinn]]. == De vita == Presbyteri orthodoxi filius Vergilius philosophiae et theologiae domi et [[Heidelberga|Heidelbergae]] studet atque simul poemata scribere et publicare incipit. Deinde in patria Dacoromanica in ministerio ab externis rebus officium impetrat et [[Iudaei|Iudaeam]] uxorem ducit. In [[Secundum bellum mundanum|secundo bello mundano]] [[Dictatura|dictatore]] [[Ioannes Antonescu|Ioanne Antonescu]] Romania [[nazista|nazistarum]] bellis interest et res Vergilii periculosae fiunt ob uxorem. Nihilominus [[Zagrabia|Zagrabiae]] in legatione Dacoromanica latuit. Anno [[1944]] [[Communismus|communistarum]] [[Rutheni|Ruthenorumque]] adventu territus in occidentem fugit ubi tamquam hostis in [[Castra carceralia|castris carceralibus]] Germaniae ab Americanis retinetur ac per duos annos ab uxore separatus languescit, quae et ipsa e castris in castra captiva transvehebatur (1945-7). Quae elementa [[Autobiographia|autobiographica]] in persona ''Horae vicesimae quintae'' Traiano Koruga cognitu facilia, qui insuper librum eiusdem tituli inchoat atque alter ego auctoris sui dici potest. Anno [[1948]] par [[Ius asyli|asylo]] in Francia donatur ubi Vergilius Gheorghiu usque ad mortem habitavit atque multa scripta edidit. Sed post ingentem et mundanum successum favor popularis cito deferbuit inter alia quia accusationibus obnoxius fuit eorum qui scripta [[Antisemitismus|antisemitica]] et nazismum glorificantia tempore belli edita Vergilio obiciebant<ref>Exempli gratia: Francis Crémieux, «[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bd6t573838/f2.item# Toute la vérité sur "l'écrivain" GHEORGHIU]», ''Les Lettres françaises'', no 446,‎ 1 au 8 janvier 1953, p. 2. Argumentatio contraria: [https://hesychia.eu/index.php/2021/06/22/pere-virgil-gheorghiu-une-rhapsodie-roumaine-par-thierry-gillyboeuf/?cn-reloaded=1 hesychia.eu].</ref>. Praecipui instigatores huius denigrationes fortasse fuerunt comunistae. Certe Gheorghiu testis remanet aetatis horribilis qua incolae Europae per continentem esurientes errabant aut sine ulla humanitate in carcerem rapiebantur aut parva de causa necabantur. == Opera == * ''Tărâmul celalalt: versuri'', Bucarestae: Fundația pentru literatură și artă Regele Carol 2, 1938 * ''Cântece de faun'', Bucarestae: Fundația regală pentru literatură și artă, 1940 * ''Caligrafie pe zăpadă'', Bucarestae: Fundația pentru literatură și artă Regele Carol II, 1940 * ''Ceasul de rugăciune: poeme'', Bucarestae: Editura Națională Gh. Mecu, 1942 * ''Am luptat în Crimeea'', Bucarestae: Editura Națională Mecu, 1942 * ''Rumänische Märchen'', Ähren-Verl, Heidelberg, 1948 * ''Ora 25'', 1949. ''La vingt-cinquième heure'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1949. ''The twenty-fifth hour'' Novi Eboraci: Alfred A. Knopf, 1950 * ''La seconde chance'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1952 * ''L'homme qui voyagea seul'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1954 * ''Le peuple des immortels'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1955 * ''Les sacrifiés du Danube'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1957 * ''Saint Jean bouche d'or'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1957 * ''Les mendiants de miracles'', Lutetiae: Le Livre de Poche, 1958 * ''La cravache'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1960 * ''Perahim'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1961 * ''La maison de Petrodava'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1961 * ''La vie de Mahomet'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1963. Éditions du Rocher, 1999. {{ISBN|2-268-03275-2}} * ''Les immortels d'Agapia'', 1964. Éditions Gallimard, 1998 {{ISBN|2-07-040287-8}}. ''The immortals of the mountain'', Sicagi: Regnery Publishing, 1969 * ''La jeunesse du docteur Luther'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1965 * ''De la vingt-cinquième heure à l'heure éternelle'', Éditions Plon, 1965. Éditions du Rocher, 1990 {{ISBN|2-268-01038-4}} * ''Le meurtre de Kyralessa'', 1966. ''The Death of Kyralessa'', Sicagi: Regnery Publishing, 1968 {{ISBN|0-8371-7991-2}} * ''La tunique de peau'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1967 * ''La condottiera'', Rombaldi, Collection Le Club de la Femme, 1969 * ''Pourquoi m'a-t-on appelé Virgil?'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1968 * ''La vie du patriarche Athénagoras'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1969 * ''L'espionne'', Éditions Plon, 1973. Éditions du Rocher, 1990 {{ISBN|2-268-00985-8}} * ''Dieu ne reçoit que le dimanche'', Éditions Plon, 1975 * ''Les inconnus de [[Heidelberg]]'', Éditions Plon, 1977 {{ISBN|2-259-00195-5}} * ''Le grand exterminateur'', Éditions Plon, 1978 {{ISBN|2-259-00323-0}} * ''Les amazones du Danube'', Éditions Plon, 1978 {{ISBN|2-259-00402-4}} * ''Dieu à Paris'', Éditions Plon, 1980, {{ISBN|2-259-00613-2}} * ''Mémoires: Le témoin de la vingt-cinquième heure'', Éditions Plon, 1986 {{ISBN|2-259-01435-6}} * ''La Corée, la belle inconnue de l'Extrême-Orient - A l'heure des Jeux Olympiques'', 1987 * ''La Condottiera'', Vaterloi Ontarionis: Arouca Press, 2022 {{ISBN|978-1-990685-21-7}} == Notae == <references/> == Plura legere si cupis == *Amaury d'Esneval, ''Gheorghiu'', 2004 ISBN 2-86714-324-1 *Claudia Drăgănoiu, «[https://journals.openedition.org/cher/10233 La « réhumanisation » de l’Autre dans La Vingt-cinquième heure de C. V. Gheorghiu ]», ''Recherches'', 2013: 91-98 == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Constantin Virgil Gheorghiu|Constantinum Vergilium Gheorghiu}} {{Fontes biographici}} {{Lifetime|1916|1992|Gheorghiu, Constantinus Vergilius}} [[Categoria:Scriptores Romaniae]] [[Categoria:Incolae Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores mythistoriarum Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores mythistoriarum Romaniae]] [[Categoria:Mythistoriae ad pelliculas accommodatae]] ekjqgncywovzin5meuh19cqsz9dwkbl 3965781 3965780 2026-06-20T16:33:24Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De vita */ 3965781 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Constantinus Vergilius Gheorghiu}} (natus Războieni in [[Dacoromania]] die 15 septembris 1916 - mortuus [[Lutetia|Lutetiae]] die 22 Iunii 1992<ref>Josyane Savigneau, « [https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Farchives%2Farticle%2F1992%2F06%2F23%2Ftemoin-de-la-vingt-cinquieme-heure-virgil-gheorghiu-est-mort_3906844_1819218.html Témoin de la "vingt-cinquième heure", Virgil Gheorghiu est mort]", ''[[Le Monde]]'' 23 Iunii 1992.</ref>) fuit scriptor Dacoromanicus et Francogallicus qui anno 1963, patris exemplum secutus, [[presbyter]] [[Ecclesia Orthodoxa|ecclesiae orthodoxae]] creatus est. Praecipue notus est ob mythistoriam contra [[totalitarismus|totalitarismum]] et [[Machina|machinismum]] et societatem [[Technologia|technicam]] omnesque [[Ideologia|ideologias]] quae homines humanitate sua spoliant anno [[1949]] publicatam et cui titulus fuit ''Hora vicesima quinta'' (Dacoromanice ''Ora 25'', Francice ''La vingt-cinquième heure''). In summa hoc opere iura hominum a civitate vindicabat. Plus quam [[decies centena milia]] [[Exemplar|exemplarium]] vendidit et opus in 31 linguas versum est. Quamquam Dacoromanice scripta mythistoria haec Francice et in Francia primum edita est<ref>''La Vingt-cinquième Heure'', traduit du roumain par Monique Saint-Côme (alias Monica Lovinescu), préface de Gabriel Marcel, Plon, 1949.</ref>, ubi auctor [[Communismus|communismum]] refugiebat, postquam interpres eam vertit. Scripta posteriora Vergilii Gheorghiu tam Dacoromanica quam Francica multo pauciores lectores ad se attraxerunt. Anno [[1967]] [[Henricus Verneuil]] [[Pellicula|pelliculam]] e mythistoria duxit, primas partes agente [[Antonius Quinn|Antonio Quinn]]. == De vita == Presbyteri orthodoxi filius Vergilius philosophiae et theologiae domi et [[Heidelberga|Heidelbergae]] studet atque simul poemata scribere et publicare incipit. Deinde in patria Dacoromanica in ministerio ab externis rebus officium impetrat et [[Iudaei|Iudaeam]] uxorem ducit. In [[Secundum bellum mundanum|secundo bello mundano]] [[Dictatura|dictatore]] [[Ioannes Antonescu|Ioanne Antonescu]] Romania [[nazista|nazistarum]] bellis interest et res Vergilii periculosae fiunt ob uxorem. Nihilominus [[Zagrabia|Zagrabiae]] in legatione Dacoromanica latuit. Anno [[1944]] [[Communismus|communistarum]] [[Rutheni|Ruthenorumque]] adventu territus in occidentem fugit ubi tamquam hostis in [[Castra carceralia|castris carceralibus]] Germaniae ab Americanis retinetur ac per duos annos ab uxore separatus languescit, quae et ipsa e castris in castra captiva transvehebatur (1945-7). Quae elementa [[Autobiographia|autobiographica]] in persona ''Horae vicesimae quintae'' Traiano Koruga cognitu facilia, qui insuper librum eiusdem tituli inchoat atque alter ego auctoris sui dici potest. Anno [[1948]] par [[Ius asyli|asylo]] in Francia donatur ubi Vergilius Gheorghiu usque ad mortem habitavit atque multa scripta edidit. Sed post ingentem et mundanum successum favor popularis cito deferbuit inter alia quia accusationibus obnoxius fuit eorum qui scripta [[Antisemitismus|antisemitica]] et nazismum glorificantia tempore belli edita Vergilio obiciebant<ref>Exempli gratia: Francis Crémieux, «[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bd6t573838/f2.item# Toute la vérité sur "l'écrivain" GHEORGHIU]», ''Les Lettres françaises'', no 446,‎ 1 au 8 janvier 1953, p. 2. Argumentatio contraria: Thierry Gillybœuf, « Père Virgil Gheorghiu - Une rhapsodie roumaine " [https://hesychia.eu/index.php/2021/06/22/pere-virgil-gheorghiu-une-rhapsodie-roumaine-par-thierry-gillyboeuf/?cn-reloaded=1 hesychia.eu (2021)].</ref>. Praecipui instigatores huius denigrationes fortasse fuerunt comunistae. Certe Gheorghiu testis remanet aetatis horribilis qua incolae Europae per continentem esurientes errabant aut sine ulla humanitate in carcerem rapiebantur aut parva de causa necabantur. == Opera == * ''Tărâmul celalalt: versuri'', Bucarestae: Fundația pentru literatură și artă Regele Carol 2, 1938 * ''Cântece de faun'', Bucarestae: Fundația regală pentru literatură și artă, 1940 * ''Caligrafie pe zăpadă'', Bucarestae: Fundația pentru literatură și artă Regele Carol II, 1940 * ''Ceasul de rugăciune: poeme'', Bucarestae: Editura Națională Gh. Mecu, 1942 * ''Am luptat în Crimeea'', Bucarestae: Editura Națională Mecu, 1942 * ''Rumänische Märchen'', Ähren-Verl, Heidelberg, 1948 * ''Ora 25'', 1949. ''La vingt-cinquième heure'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1949. ''The twenty-fifth hour'' Novi Eboraci: Alfred A. Knopf, 1950 * ''La seconde chance'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1952 * ''L'homme qui voyagea seul'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1954 * ''Le peuple des immortels'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1955 * ''Les sacrifiés du Danube'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1957 * ''Saint Jean bouche d'or'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1957 * ''Les mendiants de miracles'', Lutetiae: Le Livre de Poche, 1958 * ''La cravache'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1960 * ''Perahim'' Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1961 * ''La maison de Petrodava'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1961 * ''La vie de Mahomet'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1963. Éditions du Rocher, 1999. {{ISBN|2-268-03275-2}} * ''Les immortels d'Agapia'', 1964. Éditions Gallimard, 1998 {{ISBN|2-07-040287-8}}. ''The immortals of the mountain'', Sicagi: Regnery Publishing, 1969 * ''La jeunesse du docteur Luther'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1965 * ''De la vingt-cinquième heure à l'heure éternelle'', Éditions Plon, 1965. Éditions du Rocher, 1990 {{ISBN|2-268-01038-4}} * ''Le meurtre de Kyralessa'', 1966. ''The Death of Kyralessa'', Sicagi: Regnery Publishing, 1968 {{ISBN|0-8371-7991-2}} * ''La tunique de peau'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1967 * ''La condottiera'', Rombaldi, Collection Le Club de la Femme, 1969 * ''Pourquoi m'a-t-on appelé Virgil?'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1968 * ''La vie du patriarche Athénagoras'', Lutetiae: Éditions Plon, 1969 * ''L'espionne'', Éditions Plon, 1973. Éditions du Rocher, 1990 {{ISBN|2-268-00985-8}} * ''Dieu ne reçoit que le dimanche'', Éditions Plon, 1975 * ''Les inconnus de [[Heidelberg]]'', Éditions Plon, 1977 {{ISBN|2-259-00195-5}} * ''Le grand exterminateur'', Éditions Plon, 1978 {{ISBN|2-259-00323-0}} * ''Les amazones du Danube'', Éditions Plon, 1978 {{ISBN|2-259-00402-4}} * ''Dieu à Paris'', Éditions Plon, 1980, {{ISBN|2-259-00613-2}} * ''Mémoires: Le témoin de la vingt-cinquième heure'', Éditions Plon, 1986 {{ISBN|2-259-01435-6}} * ''La Corée, la belle inconnue de l'Extrême-Orient - A l'heure des Jeux Olympiques'', 1987 * ''La Condottiera'', Vaterloi Ontarionis: Arouca Press, 2022 {{ISBN|978-1-990685-21-7}} == Notae == <references/> == Plura legere si cupis == *Amaury d'Esneval, ''Gheorghiu'', 2004 ISBN 2-86714-324-1 *Claudia Drăgănoiu, «[https://journals.openedition.org/cher/10233 La « réhumanisation » de l’Autre dans La Vingt-cinquième heure de C. V. Gheorghiu ]», ''Recherches'', 2013: 91-98 == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Constantin Virgil Gheorghiu|Constantinum Vergilium Gheorghiu}} {{Fontes biographici}} {{Lifetime|1916|1992|Gheorghiu, Constantinus Vergilius}} [[Categoria:Scriptores Romaniae]] [[Categoria:Incolae Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores mythistoriarum Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores mythistoriarum Romaniae]] [[Categoria:Mythistoriae ad pelliculas accommodatae]] ht7fmac33wggmcn1oq14mnwza82r8b2 Ronaldinulus 0 325693 3965788 2026-06-20T17:37:02Z IacobusAmor 1163 IacobusAmor movit paginam [[Ronaldinulus]] ad [[Ronaldinus]]: Lemma 3965788 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Ronaldinus]] gu5am10ubu7p5jaose3tggdc9zcbhdg Vincentius Hacker 0 325694 3965802 2026-06-21T05:48:03Z Bartholomite 116968 nova 3965802 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Vincentius Hacker}} (vulgo ''Vinnie''; natus [[Seattlum|Seattli]] die [[14 Iulii]] [[2002]]) est [[ostentator]] et actor vocalis [[CFA|Americanus]]. Notus est propter {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|laqueus sitis|laqueos sitis|en|qid=Q97487580}}. == Pelliculographia == * [[2021]]: ''Social Gloves: Battle of the Platforms'' * [[2022]]: ''Hype House'' * [[2025]]: ''Sakamoto Days'' (Slur / Kei Uzuki) * [[2026]]: ''Euphoria'' (Ricky D) == Bibliographia == * Baker, C., & Baker, D. (2023). ''An influencer's world: A behind-the-scenes look at social media influencers and creators''. Iovopoli: University of Iowa Press. * Higgins, A. (2024). ''The Parasocial Network''. Providentiae: Brown Political Review. == Nexus externi == * [https://www.tiktok.com/@vhackerr Vincentius Hacker] apud [[TikTok]] {{bio-stipula}} {{Anni vitae|2002||Hacker, Vincentius}} [[Categoria:Actores Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Histriones vocales]] [[Categoria:Incolae Vasingtoniae civitatis]] [[Categoria:Ostentatores]] dx7tjfo7jcztkdrbf629wff2jgrazfa