Vicipaedia lawiki https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicipaedia:Pagina_prima MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.7 first-letter Media Specialis Disputatio Usor Disputatio Usoris Vicipaedia Disputatio Vicipaediae Fasciculus Disputatio Fasciculi MediaWiki Disputatio MediaWiki Formula Disputatio Formulae Auxilium Disputatio Auxilii Categoria Disputatio Categoriae Porta Disputatio Portae Adumbratio Disputatio Adumbrationis TimedText TimedText talk Modulus Disputatio Moduli Event Event talk 0 4403 3966071 3770316 2026-06-23T13:32:26Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3966071 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Qur'an.jpg|thumb|Exordium Alcorani. [[Liber]] in [[Irania]] factum (1510).]] '''Alcoranus'''<ref name="hofm">[[Iohannes Iacobus Hofmannus]], ''[[Lexicon Universale]]'' (1698), lemmata [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/hofmann/hof1/s0137b.html 'Alcoranus'] et [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/hofmann/hof1/s0981a.html 'Coran seu Alcoran']</ref> vel '''Al-Coranus'''<ref>Carolus Fridericus Gerock, ''Al-Coranus prophetici muneris Christi laudator. Dissertatio historico-theologica'' (Argentorati, 1833)</ref> vel '''alchoranus'''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20251123193814/https://www.e-theca.net/emiliopanella/riccoldo/ricerc81.htm "Tractatus magistri Petri de Pennis ordinis fratrum Predicatorum reprobans pseudoprophetam Machometum et nefandissimam legem eius in alchorano traditam."]</ref> vel '''Coranus'''<ref>[[Henricus Porsius]], ''Brevis ac vera narratio belli Persici'' (1583), [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camena/porsius1/jpg/s220.html p.28] (ubi legitur "duos Coranos")</ref> ([[lingua Arabica|Arabice]] القرآن الكريم, ''al-qurʾān'' [''u l-karīm''] 'recitatio [praeclara]'), est [[liber sacer|sacra scriptura]] [[religio Islamica|religionis Islamicae]]. In quo sunt centum et quattuordecim capitula, quae [[sura (religio Islamica)|surae]] sive suratae usitate appellantur. Alcoranum [[Islam|Musulmani]] ipsissima [[Deus|Dei]] verba esse accipiunt, ab [[angelus|archangelo]] [[Gabriel]]e [[Machometus|Machometo]] traditum; quae verba [[Arabice]] tantum servata (quibus, ut multi Musulmani credunt, nulla in alias [[lingua]]s versio satis respondet) [[revelatio]]nem Machometo factam omnibus praebent [[homo|hominibus]]. Creditur etiam Alcoranus semper in [[caelum|caelo]] exstitisse priusquam hominibus missus est. Alcoranus a [[Robertus Ketenensis|Roberto Ketenensi]]^{[[:en:Robert of Ketton|en]]} in [[Latine|nostrum sermonem]] versus, et a [[Theodorus Bibliander|Theodoro Bibliandri]] anno [[1543]] primum editus est. [[Ludovicus Marracci]] Alcoranum cum versione Latina et commentariis anno [[1698]] edidit. == Praefatio Alcorani == {{De Religione Islamica}} {{Vide-etiam|Fatiha}} Praefatio seu capitulus primus Alcorani, ''Fatiha'' Arabice vocatus, magnum momentum magnamque famam habet. Complectitur septem [[versus]], inter quos sunt quattuor [[prex|preces]] et tres laudationes. [[Guillelmus Tripolitanus]] ita [[Latine]] reddidit: :In nomine Dei misericordis et miseratoris. Laus Deo Domino mundanorum misericordi et miseratori, regi in die iudicii. Te colimus, in te confidimus. Offer nos stratae [[via]]e directae, stratae per gratiam datae illis, super quos non est [[ira]] Dei, neque errant. (''Notitia de Machometo'' 7:1–5). {{NexInt}} <!-- * [[Historia Alcorani]] --> * [[Calligraphia]]<!-- = en:Arabic c.--> * [[Esto, et est]] * [[Interpretationes Alcorani]] * [[Parabolae alcoranicae]] * [[Sura (religio Islamica)|Sura]] (caput Alcorani) ** [[Al-Fatiha]] (prima Alcorani sura) ** [[Al-Baqara]] (altera Alcorani sura) ** [[Al-Kahf]] (duodevicesima Alcorani sura) * [[Tafsir Safi]] ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== ; Libri antiquiores * Beckius, Matthias Fridericus. [[1688]]. ''Specimen Arabicum, hoc est bina capitula Alcorani, XXX de Roma & XLIIX de Victoria . . . Arabicé descripta, Latiné versa, et notis animadversionibusque locupletata''. Augustae Vindelicorum: Kroniger & Goebel. {{Google Books|yBVHAAAAcAAJ}} * [[Ludovicus Marracci|Marracci, Ludovicus]]. [[1698]]. ''Alcorani textus universus ex correctioribus Arabum exemplaribus . . . descriptus . . . ac . . . ex Arabico idiomate in Latinum translatus''. Patavii: Ex Typographia Seminarii.—Textui cum annotationibus refutatio anteit, quae "Prodromus ad refutationem Alcorani" intitulata primo iam anno [[1691]] in officina [[Congregatio pro Gentium Evangelizatione|Congregationis de Propaganda Fide]] [[Roma]]e edita erat. In interrete: [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5698206k vol. 1 = prodromus]; [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5698394h vol. 2 = textus cum annotationibus.] {{Ling|Arabice|Latine}}. == Nexus externi == {{vicicitatio|Alcoranus|Alcoranum}} * {{Cite book | publisher = [[Iohannes Oporinus]] | last = Robert | first = "of Chester" | coauthors = [[Martinus Lutherus]] | title = Machvmetis Saracenorvm Principis eivsq́ve svccessorvm vitae, ac doctrina, ipséqve Alcoran | location = [[Basilia (urbs)]] | date = [[1543]] | url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/9922/ }} * [http://www.mlat.uzh.ch/index.php?app=browser&text=17101 Textus editionis Bibliandri] in ''Corpore corporum.'' * [http://books.google.at/books?id=ye40VChDL6gC&printsec=frontcover&hl=de&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Alcorani textus universus ex correctioribus Arabum exemplaribus . . . descriptus . . . auctore Lodovico Marracci'' (Patavii: 1698).] Alcoranus Latine versus. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090129090725/http://al-quran.info/ Al-Quran (Alcoranus interretialis).] * [http://quranacademy.org/quran Quran Word by Word] // QuranAcademy.org. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20211126191904/http://ayatlar.org/ Alcoranus,] conformatio wav.{{dubsig}} [[Categoria:Alcoranus|!]] [[Categoria:Arabiae scripta]] [[Categoria:Libri sacri]] [[Categoria:Litterae Arabicae]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latine versae]] [[Categoria:Mahometus]] [[Categoria:Supernaturalia]] [[Categoria:Verba Arabica mutuata]] {{Myrias|Philosophia}} qt5jen1ud8f0jqubll2lgodiwwry0iu 0 5064 3966134 3850382 2026-06-23T20:25:47Z Aetholis1 196664 /* Guilelmus */ 3966134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nomen|genus=Masculinum|origo=Germanica|significatio="cassis voluntatis"|imago=The Americana; a universal reference library, comprising the arts and sciences, literature, history, biography, geography, commerce, etc., of the world (1908) (14596245820).jpg|capitulum=[[Gulielmus Shakesperius]]}} [[Fasciculus:Wengen06Gulielmus.jpg|thumb|300px|Scida in sacello in [[Vallis Ladinorum|Valli Ladinorum]].]] '''Gulielmus''' {{victio|Gulielmus|i|m}} est [[praenomen]] masculinum. '''[[Gulielmina]]''' est forma muliebris. Hoc nomen Europaeum ex fonte Germanico oritur, nempe ex radicibus ''*wiljōn'' "voluntas, animi firmitas" et ''*helmaz'' "galea, cassis". Sunt plurimae figurae Latinae: == Golielmus == * (Golielmus Darci, natus anno 1330 in [[Hibernia]]) [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/L100001/text001.html ''Annales Hiberniae'' apud www.ucc.ie] * [[Iohannes Golielmus Draper]], chemicus Americanus == Guglielmus == * [[Guglielmus de Mascandio]] poeta francogallicus == Guilelmus == * [[Fridericus Guilelmus Augustus Argelander]], astronomus Prussicus * [[Guilelmus Dindorfius]], classicista Theodiscus * [[Carolus Guilelmus Gottlob Kastner]], chemicus Theodiscus * [[Guilelmus Oughtred]], mathematicus Anglicus * [[Guilelmus Grimm]], glottologus Theodiscus<ref>1830, ''De Hildebrando antiquissimi carminis teutonici fragmentum'': "edidit Guilelmus Grimm"</ref> * [[Guilelmus Watterson]] * [[Gulielmus Gates]], negotiator Americanus == Guilhelmus == * [[Guilhelmus Lapidanus]] [[humanista]] Batavicus == Guilielmus == <!-- * [[Gulielmus I Angliae Rex|Guilielmus I Angliae Rex]], sic nomen scriptum est a [[Gulielmus Camdenus|Gilielmo Camdeno]], [http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/cambrit/ nexus externus] --> * [[Gulielmus Jones|Guilielmus Jones]] glottologus Anglicus * [[Godefridus Guilielmus Leibnitius]] vir doctus Theodiscus * [[Gulielmus Budaeus|Gulielmus Budaeus Parisiensis]] * [[Guilielmus Gesenius]] Theodiscus linguarum orientalium doctus, saeculi 19 == Guillelmus == * [[Guillelmus Tripolitanus]] * [[Guillelmus de Ockham]], philosophus Anglicus * Sanctus [[Guillelmus Tyrensis]], Hierosolymitanus, historicus, Archiepiscopus Tyri<!--=poeta Gulielmus Tyrius?--> * Sanctus Guillelmus <!--IV Id. Febr.--> == Guillermus == * [[Guillermus Bergerus]] == Gulhelmus == == Gulielmus == * [[Fridericus Gulielmus Bessel]], astronomus Theodiscus * [[Gulielmus I (rex Angliae)]] * [[Gulielmus Camdenus]] [http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/cambrit/ nexus externus] * [[Gulielmus Durandus]], iurisperitus Francogallicus * [[Gulielmus Jones]], glottologus Anglicus * [[Gulielmus H. Smyth]], astronomus Hibernus * [[Gulielmus Shakespeare]], auctor Britannicus * [[Sanctus Gulielmus Abbas]] <!--[[1 Ianuarii]]: "In monasterio Ficamnensi in Normania, transitus Sancti Gulielmi, abbatis..."--> * [[Sanctus Gulielmus Monachus]] <!--[[28 Maii]]: "In monasterio Gellonensi in Gallia Narbonensi, sancti Gulielmi, monachi..."--><!--Prid. Id. Apr., VII Cal. Iul., III Cal. Iul.--> *[[Gulielmus von Humboldt]] == Vilelmus == * [[Vilelmus de Humboldt]] (ita apud [[Carolus Dilthey|Dilthey]], sed dubium est itane ipse nomen suum scripserit an non) == Vilhelmus == * ... == Villelmus == * [[Villelmus du Cassé]] Latinista Francogallicus et Anglicus, nostrae aetatis. == Wilhelmus == * [[Willelmus Ferreabrachia]], miles * [[Wilhelmus Imperator]] * [[Georgius Wilhelmus Fridericus Hegel]], philosophus Theodiscus * [[:en:Guillaume_de_Vottem|Wilhelmus de Votemia]]<ref>https://www.persee.fr/doc/bcrh_0770-6707_1894_num_63_4_2156</ref> (13??­–1403), [[Rerum gestarum scriptor|historicus]] Belgicus * [[Wilhelmus (hymnus nationalis)|Wilhelmus]], hymnus nationalis Bataviae == Willhelmus == * Sanctus Willhelmus <!--IV Id. Dec., VI Id. Ian.--> == Willielmus == * [[Willielmus de Rubruquis]], explorator Francogallicus * [[Willielmus Malmesburiensis]], historicus Anglicus == Willelmus == * [[Willelmus de Altavilla]] dictus "Ferreabrachia" * Sanctus [[Willelmus Tyrensis]], Hierosolymitanus, historicus, Archiepiscopus Tyri<!--MGH Script. III pp. 30,31, 41, 42, 44, 47, 48; XIV pp. 495; W. F Skene, ''Chronicles of the Scots''. Edinburgh a. 1867, p.135--> == Notae == <references/> {{Nexus desiderati}} [[Categoria:Praenomina]] n199bn230depj2cd0jayhdsv3k4sphy 3966139 3966134 2026-06-23T22:05:34Z Grufo 64423 +fons 3966139 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nomen | genus = Masculinum | origo = Germanica | significatio = “cassis voluntatis” | imago = The Americana; a universal reference library, comprising the arts and sciences, literature, history, biography, geography, commerce, etc., of the world (1908) (14596245820).jpg | capitulum = [[Gulielmus Shakesperius]] }} [[Fasciculus:Wengen06Gulielmus.jpg|thumb|300px|Scida in sacello in [[Vallis Ladinorum|Valli Ladinorum]].]] '''Gulielmus''' {{victio|Gulielmus|i|m}} est [[praenomen]] masculinum. '''[[Gulielmina]]''' est forma muliebris. Hoc nomen Europaeum ex fonte Germanico oritur, nempe ex radicibus ''*wiljōn'' "voluntas, animi firmitas" et ''*helmaz'' "galea, cassis". Sunt plurimae figurae Latinae: == Golielmus == * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iohannes Golielmus Draper||en|qid=Q472490}}, chemicus Americanus == Guglielmus == * [[Guglielmus de Mascandio]] poeta francogallicus == Guilelmus == * [[Fridericus Guilelmus Augustus Argelander]], astronomus Prussicus * [[Guilelmus Dindorfius]], classicista Theodiscus * [[Carolus Guilelmus Gottlob Kastner]], chemicus Theodiscus * [[Guilelmus Oughtred]], mathematicus Anglicus * [[Guilelmus Grimm]], glottologus Theodiscus<ref>1830, ''De Hildebrando antiquissimi carminis teutonici fragmentum'': "edidit Guilelmus Grimm"</ref> * [[Guilelmus Watterson]] * [[Gulielmus Gates]], negotiator Americanus == Guilhelmus == * [[Guilhelmus Lapidanus]] [[humanista]] Batavicus == Guilielmus == <!-- * [[Gulielmus I Angliae Rex|Guilielmus I Angliae Rex]], sic nomen scriptum est a [[Gulielmus Camdenus|Gilielmo Camdeno]], [http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/cambrit/ nexus externus] --> * [[Gulielmus Jones|Guilielmus Jones]] glottologus Anglicus * [[Godefridus Guilielmus Leibnitius]] vir doctus Theodiscus * [[Gulielmus Budaeus|Gulielmus Budaeus Parisiensis]] * [[Guilielmus Gesenius]] Theodiscus linguarum orientalium doctus, saeculi 19 == Guillelmus == * [[Guillelmus Tripolitanus]] * [[Guillelmus de Ockham]], philosophus Anglicus * Sanctus [[Guillelmus Tyrensis]], Hierosolymitanus, historicus, Archiepiscopus Tyri<!--=poeta Gulielmus Tyrius?--> * Sanctus Guillelmus <!--IV Id. Febr.--> == Guillermus == * [[Guillermus Bergerus]] == Gulhelmus == == Gulielmus == * [[Fridericus Gulielmus Bessel]], astronomus Theodiscus * [[Gulielmus I (rex Angliae)]] * [[Gulielmus Camdenus]] [http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/cambrit/ nexus externus] * (Golielmus Darci, natus anno 1330 in [[Hibernia]])<ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Grace | nomen auctoris = Iacobus | cognomen interpretis = Butler | nomen interpretis = Ricardus | titulus = Annales Hiberniae | annus = 1842 | url = https://archive.org/details/annaleshibernia00gracgoog | url paginae = https://archive.org/details/annaleshibernia00gracgoog/page/n132/mode/2up | domus editoria = Irish Archeological Society | locus = [[Dublinum|Dublini]] }}.</ref> * [[Gulielmus Durandus]], iurisperitus Francogallicus * [[Gulielmus Jones]], glottologus Anglicus * [[Gulielmus H. Smyth]], astronomus Hibernus * [[Gulielmus Shakespeare]], auctor Britannicus * [[Sanctus Gulielmus Abbas]] <!--[[1 Ianuarii]]: "In monasterio Ficamnensi in Normania, transitus Sancti Gulielmi, abbatis..."--> * [[Sanctus Gulielmus Monachus]] <!--[[28 Maii]]: "In monasterio Gellonensi in Gallia Narbonensi, sancti Gulielmi, monachi..."--><!--Prid. Id. Apr., VII Cal. Iul., III Cal. Iul.--> *[[Gulielmus von Humboldt]] == Vilelmus == * [[Vilelmus de Humboldt]] (ita apud [[Carolus Dilthey|Dilthey]], sed dubium est itane ipse nomen suum scripserit an non) == Vilhelmus == * ... == Villelmus == * [[Villelmus du Cassé]] Latinista Francogallicus et Anglicus, nostrae aetatis. == Wilhelmus == * [[Willelmus Ferreabrachia]], miles * [[Wilhelmus Imperator]] * [[Georgius Wilhelmus Fridericus Hegel]], philosophus Theodiscus * [[:en:Guillaume_de_Vottem|Wilhelmus de Votemia]]<ref>https://www.persee.fr/doc/bcrh_0770-6707_1894_num_63_4_2156</ref> (13??­–1403), [[Rerum gestarum scriptor|historicus]] Belgicus * [[Wilhelmus (hymnus nationalis)|Wilhelmus]], hymnus nationalis Bataviae == Willhelmus == * Sanctus Willhelmus <!--IV Id. Dec., VI Id. Ian.--> == Willielmus == * [[Willielmus de Rubruquis]], explorator Francogallicus * [[Willielmus Malmesburiensis]], historicus Anglicus == Willelmus == * [[Willelmus de Altavilla]] dictus "Ferreabrachia" * Sanctus [[Willelmus Tyrensis]], Hierosolymitanus, historicus, Archiepiscopus Tyri<!--MGH Script. III pp. 30,31, 41, 42, 44, 47, 48; XIV pp. 495; W. F Skene, ''Chronicles of the Scots''. Edinburgh a. 1867, p.135--> == Notae == <references/> {{Nexus desiderati}} [[Categoria:Praenomina]] qajlsnl1abc0qu9wmbuwzk5zh4q42fv 3966140 3966139 2026-06-23T22:06:18Z Grufo 64423 3966140 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nomen | genus = Masculinum | origo = Germanica | significatio = “cassis voluntatis” | imago = The Americana; a universal reference library, comprising the arts and sciences, literature, history, biography, geography, commerce, etc., of the world (1908) (14596245820).jpg | capitulum = [[Gulielmus Shakesperius]] }} [[Fasciculus:Wengen06Gulielmus.jpg|thumb|300px|Scida in sacello in [[Vallis Ladinorum|Valli Ladinorum]].]] '''Gulielmus''' {{victio|Gulielmus|i|m}} est [[praenomen]] masculinum. '''[[Gulielmina]]''' est forma muliebris. Hoc nomen Europaeum ex fonte Germanico oritur, nempe ex radicibus ''*wiljōn'' "voluntas, animi firmitas" et ''*helmaz'' "galea, cassis". Sunt plurimae figurae Latinae: == Golielmus == * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iohannes Golielmus Draper||en|qid=Q472490}}, chemicus Americanus == Guglielmus == * [[Guglielmus de Mascandio]] poeta francogallicus == Guilelmus == * [[Fridericus Guilelmus Augustus Argelander]], astronomus Prussicus * [[Guilelmus Dindorfius]], classicista Theodiscus * [[Carolus Guilelmus Gottlob Kastner]], chemicus Theodiscus * [[Guilelmus Oughtred]], mathematicus Anglicus * [[Guilelmus Grimm]], glottologus Theodiscus<ref>1830, ''De Hildebrando antiquissimi carminis teutonici fragmentum'': "edidit Guilelmus Grimm"</ref> * [[Guilelmus Watterson]] * [[Gulielmus Gates]], negotiator Americanus == Guilhelmus == * [[Guilhelmus Lapidanus]] [[humanista]] Batavicus == Guilielmus == <!-- * [[Gulielmus I Angliae Rex|Guilielmus I Angliae Rex]], sic nomen scriptum est a [[Gulielmus Camdenus|Gilielmo Camdeno]], [http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/cambrit/ nexus externus] --> * [[Gulielmus Jones|Guilielmus Jones]] glottologus Anglicus * [[Godefridus Guilielmus Leibnitius]] vir doctus Theodiscus * [[Gulielmus Budaeus|Gulielmus Budaeus Parisiensis]] * [[Guilielmus Gesenius]] Theodiscus linguarum orientalium doctus, saeculi 19 == Guillelmus == * [[Guillelmus Tripolitanus]] * [[Guillelmus de Ockham]], philosophus Anglicus * Sanctus [[Guillelmus Tyrensis]], Hierosolymitanus, historicus, Archiepiscopus Tyri<!--=poeta Gulielmus Tyrius?--> * Sanctus Guillelmus <!--IV Id. Febr.--> == Guillermus == * [[Guillermus Bergerus]] == Gulhelmus == == Gulielmus == * [[Fridericus Gulielmus Bessel]], astronomus Theodiscus * [[Gulielmus I (rex Angliae)]] * [[Gulielmus Camdenus]] [http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/cambrit/ nexus externus] * [[Gulielmus Darci]] (natus anno 1330 in [[Hibernia]])<ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Grace | nomen auctoris = Iacobus | cognomen interpretis = Butler | nomen interpretis = Ricardus | titulus = Annales Hiberniae | annus = 1842 | url = https://archive.org/details/annaleshibernia00gracgoog | url paginae = https://archive.org/details/annaleshibernia00gracgoog/page/n132/mode/2up | domus editoria = Irish Archeological Society | locus = [[Dublinum|Dublini]] }}.</ref> * [[Gulielmus Durandus]], iurisperitus Francogallicus * [[Gulielmus Jones]], glottologus Anglicus * [[Gulielmus H. Smyth]], astronomus Hibernus * [[Gulielmus Shakespeare]], auctor Britannicus * [[Sanctus Gulielmus Abbas]] <!--[[1 Ianuarii]]: "In monasterio Ficamnensi in Normania, transitus Sancti Gulielmi, abbatis..."--> * [[Sanctus Gulielmus Monachus]] <!--[[28 Maii]]: "In monasterio Gellonensi in Gallia Narbonensi, sancti Gulielmi, monachi..."--><!--Prid. Id. Apr., VII Cal. Iul., III Cal. Iul.--> *[[Gulielmus von Humboldt]] == Vilelmus == * [[Vilelmus de Humboldt]] (ita apud [[Carolus Dilthey|Dilthey]], sed dubium est itane ipse nomen suum scripserit an non) == Vilhelmus == * ... == Villelmus == * [[Villelmus du Cassé]] Latinista Francogallicus et Anglicus, nostrae aetatis. == Wilhelmus == * [[Willelmus Ferreabrachia]], miles * [[Wilhelmus Imperator]] * [[Georgius Wilhelmus Fridericus Hegel]], philosophus Theodiscus * [[:en:Guillaume_de_Vottem|Wilhelmus de Votemia]]<ref>https://www.persee.fr/doc/bcrh_0770-6707_1894_num_63_4_2156</ref> (13??­–1403), [[Rerum gestarum scriptor|historicus]] Belgicus * [[Wilhelmus (hymnus nationalis)|Wilhelmus]], hymnus nationalis Bataviae == Willhelmus == * Sanctus Willhelmus <!--IV Id. Dec., VI Id. Ian.--> == Willielmus == * [[Willielmus de Rubruquis]], explorator Francogallicus * [[Willielmus Malmesburiensis]], historicus Anglicus == Willelmus == * [[Willelmus de Altavilla]] dictus "Ferreabrachia" * Sanctus [[Willelmus Tyrensis]], Hierosolymitanus, historicus, Archiepiscopus Tyri<!--MGH Script. III pp. 30,31, 41, 42, 44, 47, 48; XIV pp. 495; W. F Skene, ''Chronicles of the Scots''. Edinburgh a. 1867, p.135--> == Notae == <references/> {{Nexus desiderati}} [[Categoria:Praenomina]] l1xhxszui578xgnvr29po67jt2prz9p 0 6261 3966091 3962606 2026-06-23T14:53:19Z ~2026-36292-36 211309 Ioanna de Arc 3966091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-2}} {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Maison de Jeanne a Doremy.jpg|thumb|Domus, in qua Ioanna nata est.]] '''Ioanna Arcensis'''<ref>''Acta Apostolicae Sedis''. Commentarium officiale, annus XIV, volumen XIV (Romae 1922) p. 185 (inscriptio litterae LII); [http://www.alcuinus.net/ephemeris/archi2007/nuntius2.php?id=170 ''Ephemeris'' 2007]; [https://web.archive.org/web/20130904140016/http://www.radiobremen.de/nachrichten/latein/latein/nuntiilatinimaii108.html Nuntii Latini mensis Maii 2013 (nuntii Bremenses)].</ref> vel '''Ioanna de Arc'''<ref>"Ioanna de Arc": [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xv/bulls/documents/hf_ben-xv_bulls_19200516_divina-disponente_lt.html Divina Disponente (1920)].</ref>([[Lingua Francogallica|Francogallice]] ''Jeanne d'Arc''; anno [[1412]] nata; die [[30 Maii]] [[1431]] necata), nata [[Domnum Remigium|Domni Remigii]] in [[Lotharingia]], [[sancta]], [[agnomen|agnomine]] '''puella Aurelianensis'''<ref>"Callistus iudicium Puellae Aurelianensis iussit retractari" {{Google Books|gUxRtDZ6pfwC|p. 12}}; Francogallice ''La Pucelle d'Orléans''</ref><ref>"Ioannae puellae Lotaringae" (cas. gen.): {{qc|id=Knobelsdorf (1543)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k710448/f43 p. 42]</ref> est [[persona]] magni momenti in [[historia]] [[Francia|Francicae]] et [[Anglia|Anglicae]]. Quae piissima omni [[dominica]] ire solebat, ut in [[templum|templo]] [[Bermons|Bermontis]] apud [[urbs|urbem]] [[Greux]] oraret. Per [[Bellum Centum Annorum]], Francicas copias in [[Anglia|Anglicos]] duxit, sed tandem capta et [[haeresis|haeresiae]] accusata ad ultimum [[vivi crematio|supplicium]] missa est. == Religio == [[Fasciculus:Rouen, Tour Jeanne d'Arc, Historical Marker.jpg|thumb|Tabula in Turri Ioannae Arcensis, [[Rothomagus|Rothomagi]]. Inscriptio Francogallica Latine sibi vult: "Die 10 mensis Novembris 1449, passa fortiter obsidionem sex mensium (inter die 29 Iulii 1418 et die 19 Ianuarii 1419), et occupationem 30 annorum, in quo tempore Ioanna de Arc viva igni concremata est, die 30 Maii 1431), urbs [[Rotomagus]] liberata regem [[Carolus VII (rex Franciae)|Carolum VII]] gaudens accipit."]] [[Fasciculus:Lettre de Jeanne d'Arc aux Riomois.JPG|thumb|Epistula ab Ioanna scripta populo urbis Ricomagi ([[Arvernia]]): subsidium ad bellum gerendum poscit.]] [[Fasciculus:Cheval de la façade du Sacré Coeur.JPG|thumb|Pro [[Basilica Sacratissimi Cordis Iesu]] [[Lutetia]]e, Ioanna in [[equus|equo]] sedens pugnat.]] In canone a [[Benedictus XV|Benedicto XV]] anno [[1920]] inscripta est. Sunt templa [[Rotomagus|Rotomagi]], [[Lutetia]]e, [[Nova Aurelia|Novae Aureliae]], et in aliis urbibus Ioannae consecrata. == Vita == {{Pars vicificanda}} Ioanna nata est in oppido [[Domnum Remigium|Domno Remigio]] , in finibus Franciae et [[Lotharingia]]e. Genitores agricolae et pastores divites fuerunt, noti omnibus boni Christiani. Educata est in fide christiana catholica, praesertim in via Franciscana. Ab infantia, caritatem et beneficia pauperrimis, infirmis et patientibus praebuit, etiam in bello. Puella tredecim annorum vocationem audivit Michaelis [[archangelus|archangeli]] se admonentis, itaque se ab Iesu credidit vocari ut nationem suam liberaret. Vovit virginitatem perpetuam. Oravit saepe, ad communionem venit quotidie, frequenter confessa est. Vinculum inter vocationem publicam religiosamque est. Anno 1429, Ioanna patriam coepit liberare. Multi testes describunt puellam 17 annorum esse, ingenio forti, firmo, apto ad convincendos vires{{dubsig}} ambiguos et sine virtute. Obstacula vincens, obviam venit Delphino Franciae, futuro regi [[Carolus VII (rex Francorum)|Carolo VII]], in urbe [[Chinonium|Chinonio]]. Examinata est a theologis Universitatis. Dixerunt eam bonam christianam esse. Die 22 Martio 1429, Chartam praecipuam dictavit regi Anglorum, et militibus qui civitatem Aurelianensem obsederunt, ut abirent. Anglis denegantibus, Ioanna liberavit die 8 Maii urbem obsessam. Carolus VII [[Durocortorum|Remis]] in [[Ecclesia cathedralis Remensis|cathedrali]] rex consecratus est. Postea, Ioanna inter milites.vixit Sunt multi testes eius bonitatis, virtutis castitatisque. Nuncupata est "puella" ab omnibus itemque ipsa. Die [[23 Maii]] [[1430]], ab hostibus capta est. Ducta est [[Rothomagus|Rothomagum]] die [[23 Decembris]]. Ibi stetit actio in eam, quae coepit mense Februario 1431 et confecta est die 30 Maii damnatione ad rogum. Magna et solemnis actio fuit, praesidentibus iudicibus ecclesiae, episcopo [[Petrus Cauchonus|Petro Cauchono]], et [[inquisitio|inquisitore]] [[Ioannes Magistri|Ioanne Magistri]].<ref>Fons nominum {{Google Books|1QBpIHKTzbYC|pp. 1-2}}</ref> Re vera, tribunal ab assessoribus [[Universitas Parisiensis|Universitatis Lutetiensis]], [[theologus|theologis]], imperatum est. Fuerunt clerici Galli, oppositi Ioannae de bello. Iudicium improbum de ea habuerunt et de eius missione. Ioanna accusata est [[haeresis|haereseos]], [[idololatria]]e, et aliorum scelerum [[religio]]sorum. Iudices innocentiam eius non agnoverunt. Ipsa appellavit summum pontificem die 24 Maii, sed tribunal recusavit. In [[carcer]]e, mane communionem [[eucharistia|eucharisticam]] accepit, die [[30 Maii]], antequam ad supplicium ducta est in foro vetere (''place du vieux Marché'') sibi subeundum. Rogavit ut morienti crucem videre sibi liceret. Mortua est pronuntians voce clara nomen [[Iesus]], multis testificantibus. == Mythistoriae, tragoediae carminaque de Ioanna scripta == * ''La Pucelle,'' opus a [[Voltarius|Voltario]] * ''Die Jungfrau von Orleans,'' [[ludus scaenicus]] a [[Fridericus Schiller|Friderico Schiller]] * ''Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc'' a [[Mark Twain]] * ''[[Giovanna d'Arco]]'' [[cantata]] a [[Ioachimus Rossini|Ioachimo Rossini]] scripta * ''[[Giovanna d'Arco (opus lyricum)|Giovanna d'Arco]]'' [[opera]] a [[Iosephus Verdi|Iosepho Verdi]] scriptum secundum [[Temistoclis Solera]] libellum * ''Saint Joan'' [[fabula scaenica]] [[Georgius Bernardus Shavius|Georgii Bernardi Shaw]] * ''Le Mystère de la charité de Jeanne d'Arc'' [[Carolus Peguy|Caroli Péguy]] * ''Jeanne relapse et sainte,'' ludus scaenicus [[Georgius Bernanos|Georgii Bernanos]] * ''Jeanne au bûcher'' opera ab [[Arthurus Honegger|Arthuro Honegger]] scriptum secundum libellum [[Paulus Claudel|Pauli Claudel]] * ''L'Alouette,'' ludus scaenicus [[Ioannes Anouilh|Ioannis Anouilh]] * [[Bertoldus Brecht]], ''Der Prozeß der Jeanne d'Arc zu Rouen 1431 nach dem Hörspiel von [[Anna Seghers]]'' ("Causa Ionnnae Arcensis [[Rhotomagus|Rhotomagi]] tractata sequens drama radiophonicum Annae Seghers") Brecht alia duo dramata de feminis pro sententiis animorum suorum pugnantibus conscripsit, quorum alterum est * [[Bertoldus Brecht]], ''Die heilige Johanna der Schlachthöfe'' ("Sancta Ioanna [[officina|officinarum]] [[carnifex|carnificum]]"), quod de [[pugna classium]] temporibus discriminis oeconomiae mundani agitur, alterum * [[Bertoldus Brecht]], ''Die Gesichte der Simone Machard'' ("Visiones Simonis Machard"), quae puella somniis, in quibus Ioanna Arcensis ei apparet, temporibus [[Bellum mundanum secundum|Belli mundani secundi]] ad resistendum contra copias Germanicorum Franciam occupantes movetur. == Pelliculae de Ioanna == Ioanna de Arc in multas apparuit. * [[1898]] : ''Jeanne d'Arc'', brevis [[pellicula muta]] [[Georgius Hatot|Georgii Hatot]] * [[1899]] : ''[[Jeanne d’Arc (1899 pellicula)|Jean d'Arc]],'' [[Georgius Méliès]] * [[1899]] : ''Domrémy'', breve opus [[Fratres Lumière|Fratrum Lumière]] * [[1916]] : ''[[Jeanne d'Arc (pellicula, 1917)|Jeanne d'Arc]]'', pellicula muta [[Caecilius Blount DeMille|Caecili B. De Mille]] * [[1928]] : ''[[La Passion de Jeanne d'Arc]]'' [[Carolus Theodorus Dreyer|Caroli Theodori Dreyer]], cum [[Renée Falconetti]]; ex [[mythistoria]] ''Jeanne d'Arc'' [[Iosephus Delteil|Iosephi Delteil]] * [[1929]] : ''[[La Merveilleuse Vie de Jeanne d'Arc, fille de Lorraine]]'' [[Marcus de Gastyne|Marci de Gastyne]], cum [[Simone Genevois]] * [[1935]] : ''Das Mädchen Johanna'' [[Gustavus Ucicky|Gustavi Ucicky]] * [[1948]] : ''[[Jeanne d'Arc (pellicula, 1948)|Jeanne d'Arc]]'' [[Victor Fleming|Victoris Fleming]], cum [[Ingrid Bergman]] * [[1953]] : ''Destinées'' [[Ioannes Delannoy|Ioannis Delannoy]], cum [[Michaela Morgan]] * [[1954]] : ''[[Jeanne au bûcher (pellicula)|Jeanne au bûcher]]'' [[Robertus Rossellini|Roberti Rossellini]], cum [[Ingrid Bergman]] * [[1957]] : ''[[Sainte Jeanne (pellicula, 1957)|Sainte Jeanne]]'' [[Otto Preminger|Ottonis Preminger]], cum [[Ioanna Seberg]] * [[1962]] : ''[[Procès de Jeanne d'Arc]]'' [[Robertus Bresson|Roberti Bresson]], cum [[Florentia Delay]] * [[1989]] : ''[[Jeanne d'Arc, le pouvoir de l'innocence]]'' [[Petrus Badel|Petri Badel]], ex libro [[Petrus Moinot|Petri Moinot]] ([[televisio]]) * [[1994]] : ''[[Jeanne la Pucelle (pellicula, 1994)|Jeanne la Pucelle]]'' [[Ioannes Rivette|Ioannis Rivette]], cum [[Sandrina Bonnaire]]; duabus aetatibus: ''les Batailles'' et ''les Prisons'' * [[1999]] : ''[[Jeanne d'Arc (pellicula, 1999)|Jeanne d'Arc]]'' [[Lucas Besson|Lucae Besson]], cum [[Milla Jovovich]], [[Ioannes Malkovich|Ioanne Malkovich]], et [[Dustinus Hoffman|Dustino Hoffman]] * [[1999]] : ''[[Jeanne d'Arc (pellicula televisifica, 1999)|Jeanne d'Arc]]'' Christiani Duguay, cum [[Leelee Sobieski]] (televisio) * [[2011]] : ''[[Jeanne captive]]'' [[Philippus Ramos|Philippi Ramos]] cum [[Clementia Poésy]] == In pittaciis cursualibus Francicis == * [[1929]] : pittacium cursuale 50 centimes<!-- bleu est émis à l'occasion du 5{{e}} centenaire de la délivrance d'[[Orléans]]. Jeanne y est représentée à cheval.--> * [[1946]] : pittacium cursuale 5 f surtaxé 4 f<!-- outremer appartient à la série "Célébrités du {{s-|XV|e}}. Ce timbre [[grand format]] est un portrait.--> * [[1968]] : pittacium cursuale 30 centimes surtaxé 10 centimes<!-- brun et violet, elle est représentée pour illustrer l'œuvre de [[Paul Claudel]] [[Jeanne au bûcher]], sujet principal dont on célébrait le centenaire de sa naissance.--> * [[1968]] : principalis res pittacia cursualia 60 centimes<!-- gris-bleu, bleu et brun pour représenter le départ de [[Vaucouleurs (Meuse)|Vaucouleurs]] en [[1429]]. Ce timbre fait partie de la série Grands noms de l'Histoire.--><ref>Catalogues Yvert et Tellier, Tome 1.</ref>. == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == ; Editiones fontium * Dunand, Philippe-Henri, ed. 1911. ''La premiére histoire en date de Jeanne d'Arc (1625-1630) : histoire de la Pucelle d'Orléans''. Lutetiae: Desclée, de Brouwer. [https://archive.org/details/lapremirehisto02rich Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * Schirmer-Imhoff, Ruth, ed. 2001. ''Der Prozeß Jeanne d’Arc. Akten und Protokolle 1431–1456.'' dtv 30202, München. ISBN 3-423-30202-X. ; Fontes antiquiores * 1543 : {{ec|id=Knobelsdorf (1543)|c= [[Eustathius a Knobelsdorf]], ''Lutetiae Parisiorum descriptio'' (Parisiis, 1543) [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k710448/f43 pp. 42-49] }} ; Historica et biographica * [[Coletta Beaune|Beaune, Colette]]. 2004. ''Jeanne d'Arc.'' Lutetiae: Perrin. * Bogliolo, Giovanni. 2000. ''Giovanna d'Arco.'' Milano, RCS Libri. ISBN 88-17-25897-0 * Cardini, Franco. 1999. ''Giovanna d'Arco. La vergine guerriera.'' Milano, Mondadori. ISBN 88-04-46471-2 * Contamine, Philippe, ed. 2012. ''Jeanne d'Arc, histoire et dictionnaire'', Robert Laffont, Collection Bouquins. * Cremisi, Teresa, ed. 2000. ''Il processo di condanna di Giovanna d'Arco.'' Milano, SE. ISBN 88-7710-482-1 * Meltzer, Francoise 2001. ''For Fear of the Fire: Joan of Arc and the Limits of Subjectivity.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-51982-1. OCLC 46240234. * [[Regina Pernoud|Pernoud, Régine]]. 1981. ''Jeanne d'Arc'', Presses universitaires de France, 1981, coll. « Que sais-je ? » * Pernoud, Régine, et Marie-Véronique Clin. 1986. ''Jeanne d'Arc'', Librairie Arthème Fayard. * Thomas, Heinz. 2000. ''Jeanne d’Arc. Jungfrau und Tochter Gottes.'' Fest, Berlin. ISBN 3-8286-0065-4. ; De fortuna * Beaune, Colette. 2008. ''Jeanne d'Arc. Vérités et légendes.'' Lutetiae: Perrin. ISBN 978-2-262-02951-7. * Heimann, Nora. 2005. ''Joan of Arc in French Art and Culture (1700–1855): From Satire to Sanctity.'' Aldershot: Ashgate. ISBN 0-7546-5085-5. * Heimann, Nora, et Coyle, Laura. 2006. ''Joan of Arc: Her Image in France and America.'' Vasingtoniae: Corcoran Gallery of Art. ISBN 1-904832-19-9. * Krumeich, Gerd. 1986. ''Jeanne d’Arc in der Geschichte. Historiographie - Politik - Kultur.'' Thorbecke, Sigmaringen, ISBN 3-7995-7319-4. * Maurice, Jean, et Daniel Couty, edd. 2000. ''Images de Jeanne d'Arc'' - Actes du colloque de Rouen, 25-26-27 mai 1999, Lutetiae: Presses Universitaires de France. * Steinbach, Hartmut. 1973. ''Jeanne d’Arc. Wirklichkeit und Legende.'' Musterschmidt, Göttingen. ISBN 3-7881-0078-8. {{Historia Franciae}} {{NexInt}} * [[Ioannes (comes Dunensis)]] == Nexus externi == {{Communia|Jeanne d'Arc|Ioannam Arcensem}} {{Vicifons|Scriptor:Ioanna de Arc|Ioannam Arcensem}} {{Fontes biographici}} * [http://archive.joan-of-arc.org/ Archivum Ioannae de Arc] * [http://www.jehanne-darc.com/ International Jeanne d'Arc Centre, biographia et investigationes,] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080705111626/http://jeanne-la-pucelle.ifrance.com/ Jeanne-la-Pucelle,] * [http://journal-joan-of-arc-studies.org/ ''Journal of Joan of Arc Studies,''] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110129034324/http://www.jeannedarc.com.fr/centre/centre.htm Le Centre Jeanne d'Arc, service culturel de la Mairie d'Orléans] {{ling|Francogallice}} * Litterae decretales [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xv/bulls/documents/hf_ben-xv_bulls_19200516_divina-disponente_lt.html ''Divina disponente''] [[Benedictus XV|Benedicti Papae XV]] die [[16 Maii]] [[1920]] iussae {{1000 paginae}} {{Lifetime|1412|1431|Ioanna Arcensis}} [[Categoria:Ioanna Arcensis|!]] [[Categoria:Incolae Franciae]] [[Categoria:Incolae Lotharingiae]] [[Categoria:Mulieres]] [[Categoria:Morte damnati]] [[Categoria:Sancti militares]] [[Categoria:Carolus VII (rex Francorum)]] {{Myrias|Homines}} 5eo7vxdiar2szolpau4auuwf3o04q8w 0 6397 3966096 3964060 2026-06-23T15:23:49Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3966096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L}} {| align="right" | |[[Fasciculus:1983 CPA 5426 (1).png|thumb|right|265px|Pittacium cursuale vultum monstrans [[Algorismus|Machometi ibn Musa al-Kwarizmi]] qui librum de algebra saeculo VIII scripsit.]] |- |{{numeri}} |- |[[Fasciculus:Sanzio 01 Euclid.jpg|right|thumb|265px|Mathematicicus Hellenisticus [[Euclides]] [[algebra geometrica|algebram geometricam]] spectatoribus ostendit.]] |} '''Algebra''' est [[disciplina]] [[mathematica]] quae [[quantitas|quantitates]] abstractiter a perspectiva [[aequatio]]nes solvendi considerat. In generalizatione quadam de [[arithmetica]] coepit, qua [[symbolum|symbola]] loco numerorum substituta sunt. Haec [[ratio]] repperta est ut perutilis ad [[problema]]ta solvenda quibus sunt relationes inter ignotas [[quantitas|quantitates]] quasdam in [[aequatio]]num forma. [[Vocabulum]] ''algebra'' primum [[Latine]] usurpatum est anno [[1140]], in translatione [[liber|libri]] cuiusdam, cui titulus est [[Arabice]] '''الكتاب الجبر والمقابلة''' (''Al-Kitab'' ''al-jabr'' ''wa-l-Muqabala''), significans ''Liber Compendiosus de Computando per Perfectionem Compensationemque''. Liber descripsit quomodo aequationes lineares vel quadraticas simples solvere possumus operationibus symbolicis utendo. Lingua Arabica, ''al-jabr'' significat motum quantitatis ad alterum latus aequationis subtractae. Sed haec est sola una pars totius artis algebraicae. == Algebra elementaris == {{Vide-etiam|Algebra elementaris}} Algebra elementaris est congeries regularum quibus aequationes solvendae sunt. Exempli gratia, si :<math>x + 1 = 4</math> possumus de ambobus lateribus ''1'' subtrahere: :<math>x + 1 - 1 = 4 - 1</math> :<math>x + 0 = 3</math> :<math>x = 3</math> Solutio huius simplicissimae aequationis est ergo ''3.'' Regulae algebrae elementaris nobis dicunt licere quantitates aequales ad ambo aequationis latera [[Additio|addere]], [[Subtractio|subtrahere]], [[Multiplicatio|multiplicare]], [[Divisio (mathematica)|dividere]]. == Theoria numerorum == {{Vide-etiam|Theoria numerorum}} In antiquitate omnes quantitates originabant in geometria et mathematici aequationes solvebant methodis geometricis. [[Saeculum 4|Saeculo quarto]], librum ''Arithmetica'' a [[Diophantus|Diophanto]] scriptum notissimum fuit tantum pro numeros considerando sine iustificatione geometrica quantum pro usu symboli permonodico ad quantitatem ignotam designandam.<ref>"According to a generally accepted hypothesis of Heath’s, his sign for this was probably originally a contraction of the first two letters, αρ, of the Greek word for number, αριθµoς." Norbert Schappacher (2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20080425144321/http://www-irma.u-strasbg.fr/~schappa/Dioph.pdf Diophantus of Alexandria : a Text and its History (Anglice)].</ref> Diophantus, sicut alii mathematici suae aetatis, ad aequationes solvendas solos numeros naturales intuitur. Et notationes eius erant perprimitivae. Methodos subsequenter mathematici excoluerunt. Saeculo VIII liber celeber de algebra a [[Algorismus|Machometo ibn Musa al-Kwarizmi]] scriptus methodos de aequationes gradus secundi solvendo simplices ostendit, systema notationis algebraicum melius monstrans. Etiam ea aetate systema decimale Arabicum magnopere progressum mathematicae adiuvit. Mille annis postea, ad aequationes magis intricatas solvendas, mathematicis oportuit novos [[Numerus (mathematica)|numeros]] comperiri, sicut [[numerus irrationalis|numeros irrationales]] et [[numerus complexus|numeros complexos]]. Aequatio celeberrima, quae multos tales numeros simul proponit, est [[Eulerus|aequatio Euleri]]<ref>[http://www.eulerarchive.org Leonhardi Euleri Opera] (in forma .pdf)</ref> ::<math>e^{i \pi} = -1 \,</math> ubi ''e'' = 2.71828... est [[numerus Euleri]], '''''i''''' = <math>\sqrt{-1}</math> [[numerus imaginarius|unitas imaginaria]], ''π'' = 3.14159... [[numerus pi]], et ''-1'' [[numerus negativus|unitas negativa]]. Deinde anno [[1806]] [[Ioannes Robertus Argand]] demonstravit [[theorema fundamentale algebrae]], quod dixit esse exactiter ''n'' solutiones distinctas cuique aequationi polynomiali gradus ''n'' ::<math>\Sigma_{k=0}^n\, c_k\, z^k = 0</math> ubi <math>c_k</math> sunt coefficientes valoribus complexis. Independenter postea [[Gauss]] ea theorema quoque demonstravit annis [[1816]] et [[1849]]. [[Saeculum 19|Saeculo undevicensimo]], mathematici etiam novas structuras algebraicas e numeris factas comminiscerunt sicut [[numerus quaternus|quaterniones]], [[Vector (mathematica)|vectores]], [[matrix (mathematica)|matrices]], et [[tensor (mathematica)|tensores]]. Tales sunt perutiles non modo ad simultanea aequationum systemata solvenda, sed hodie etiam ad computationes numericas computatris facendas. == Algebra abstracta == {{Vide-etiam|Algebra abstracta}} Postquam tanti numeri novi definiuntur, nova [[algebra abstracta|algebrae abstractae]] disciplina incepta est ut numeri suarum operationum, sicut ''+'' et ''*'', arithmeticarum contextu abstractiter meditetur et ut condiciones determinentur quibus aequationes algebraicas solvantur. Res algebrae abstractae sunt numerorum generalizationes classificatae modo axiomatico secundum earum operationes: * [[Copia]] = rerum elementalium collectio quaedam sine aut cum operationibus inter [[elementum|elementa]] definitis. * [[Grex]] = copia clausa sub operatione invertibili associativaque, symbolo "+". * [[Grex abelianus]] vel commutativus = copia clausa sub operatione invertibili associativaque commuativaque, symbolo "+". * [[Anellus]] = grex abelianus etiam clausus sub secunda operatione symbolo "*" associativa, commutativa, invertibilique quae se distribuit super illam "+". * [[Corpus (mathematica)|Corpus]] = anellus cuius elementa (zeri "0" excepto) sub operatione "*" quoque formant gregem abelianum. His in definitionibus, oportet greges esse clausos sub operationibus definitis, id est, si 1 est in grege quodam oportet 1 + 1 quoque esse in eodem grege, et sic itidem alia gregis membra. Mathematicus Francogallicus [[Evaristus Galois]], qui primus fuit qui nomine ''grex'' ([[Francogallice]] ''groupe'') usus est ad collectionem permutationum designandam, anno [[1832]] difficultatem magnam superavit, cum illas condiciones determinaret necessarias sufficientesque ad omnes aequationes polynomiales solvendas solo numeris realibus utendo.<ref>[http://www.galois-group.net/ Opera a Evaristo Galois scripta in linguis variis].</ref> Sui labores nobis dederunt fundamentum theoriae Galois, quae pars maior algebrae abstractae hodie est. Tragice Galois solos duo et viginti annos vixit, in monomachia interfectus. == Algebra applicata == Res algebrae abstractae non sunt soli numeri et structurae numeris factae. Res quoque possumus definire e quoque collectione de qua operationes possumus definere sine contradictione. Specialiter, gregis membra possunt esse operationes logicae vel rerum symmetriae sicut circuitationes. Tales greges habent maximos usus in aliis partibus mathematicae, [[physica]]e, machinarum scientiaeque. Greges bene graves sunt ad aequationes differentiales solvendas, multas quaestiones physicales repraesentantes. == Disciplinae algebrae modernae == <div class="list" style="-moz-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;"> * [[Arithmetica]] * [[Algebra abstracta]] *[[Algebra elementaris]] *[[Algebra homologica]] * [[Theoria numerorum]] * [[Algebra geometrica]] * [[Algebra linearis]] * [[Theoria catervarum]] </div> == Algebra Latine in reti == * [[1545]] [[Hieronymus Cardanus|Hieronymi Cardani]] ''[[Ars Magna|Artis Magnae]], sive de Regulis Algebraicis Liber Unus'': [https://web.archive.org/web/20050310183043/http://archimedes.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/cgi-bin/toc/toc.cgi?dir=carda_propo_015_la_1570&step=thumb textus (ambo)] [https://web.archive.org/web/20080626092254/http://www.filosofia.unimi.it/cardano/testi/operaomnia/vol_4_s_4.pdf totam rem accipere] * [[1560]] [[Iacobus Peletarius|Iacobi Peletarii Cenomani]] ''De occulta parte numerorumquam algebram vocant, libri duo'': [https://web.archive.org/web/20160310061942/http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualiseur?Destination=Gallica&O=NUMM-62345 prima pagina] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160310015759/http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/CadresFenetre?O=NUMM-62345&M=telecharger&Y=Image totam rem accipere] * Post [[1569]]: [[Franciscus Maurolicus|Francisci Maurolici]] ''Demonstratio Algebrae'': [https://web.archive.org/web/20050408185129/http://www.dm.unipi.it/pages/maurolic/edizioni/arithmet/algebra/alg.htm textus] * [[1661]] [[Franciscus a Schooten|Francisci à Schooten]] ''Tractatus de concinnandis Demonstrationibus Geometricis ex Calculo Algebraïco'' [http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/Image/CadresPage?O=NUMM-57483&I=359&Y=Image prima pagina]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [[1710]] ''Miscellanea Berolinensia ad incrementum scientiarum I'' :p. 155 [[Godefridus Guilielmus Leibnitius|Leibnitii]] ''Monitum de Characteribus Algebraicis'' [http://bibliothek.bbaw.de/bbaw/bibliothek-digital/digitalequellen/schriften/anzeige/index_html?band=01-misc/1&seite:int=179 prima pagina]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} :p. 160 [[Godefridus Guilielmus Leibnitius|Leibnitii]] ''Symbolismus memorabilis calculi Algebraici et Infinitesimalis, in comparatione potentiarum et differentiarum; et de Lege Homogeneorum Transcendentali'': [https://web.archive.org/web/20110806214811/http://bibliothek.bbaw.de/bbaw/bibliothek-digital/digitalequellen/schriften/anzeige/index_html?band=01-misc%2F1&seite%3Aint=184 prima pagina] :p. 166 [[Philippus Naudaeus Iunior|Philippi Naudaei Iunioris]] ''Regulae, qua inveniuntur omnes cuiuslibetcunque producti Algebraici divisores...'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20110806212226/http://bibliothek.bbaw.de/bbaw/bibliothek-digital/digitalequellen/schriften/anzeige/index_html?band=01-misc%2F1&seite%3Aint=190 prima pagina] * [[1723]] ''Miscellanea Berolinensia ad incrementum scientiarum II'' :p. 66 [[Philippus Naudaeus Iunior|Philippi Naudaei Iunioris]] ''Regula, qua inveniuntur, omnes divisores cuiuscunque producti Algebraïci...'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20070827070015/http://bibliothek.bbaw.de/bbaw/bibliothek-digital/digitalequellen/schriften/anzeige/index_html?band=01-misc%2F2&seite%3Aint=77 prima pagina] * [[1767]] [[Hieronymus Saladinus|Hieronymi Saladini]] ''Methodus Bernoulliana de reducendis quatraturis transcendentibus ad longitudinem curvarum algebraicarum'' [http://diglib.cib.unibo.it/diglib.php?inv=1&int_ptnum=000008&term_ptnum=135&format=jpg pagina prima]{{Nexus deficit|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [[1799]] [[Carolus Fridericus Gauss|Caroli Gauss]] ''Demonstratio Nova Theorematis Omnem Functionem Algebraicam Rationalem Integram Unius Variabilis in Factores Reales Primi vel Secundi Gradus Resolvi Posse'': [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/%7Eharsch/Chronologia/Lspost19/Gauss/gau_diss.html textus] [http://dochost.rz.hu-berlin.de/dissertationen/historisch/gauss-carolo/HTML/ 2] [http://gallica.bnf.fr/scripts/ConsultationTout.exe?O=n021063 3] * [[1842]] [[Witoldus Milewski|Witoldi Milewski]] ''De ramis infinitis curvarum algebraicarum ordinis 4'' [http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/img/?IDDOC=47759 nexus] * [[1845]] [[Leopoldus Kronecker|Leopoldi Kronecker]] ''De unitatibus complexis'' [http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/img/?PPN=PPN243919689_0093&DMDID=dmdlog4 nexus] * [[1860]] [[Hermannus Waldaestel|Hermanni Waldaestel]] ''De diametris curvisque conjugatis curvarum algebraicarum'' [http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/img/?IDDOC=58525 nexus] * [[1863]] [[Leo Pochhammer|Leonis Pochhammer]] ''De superficiei undarum derivatione'' [http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/img/?IDDOC=56839 nexus] * [[1870]] [[Leopoldus Loewenherz|Leopoldi Loewenherz]] ''De curvis tangentialibus curvarum algebraicarum ordinis N'' [http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/img/?IDDOC=42808 nexus] * [[1870]] [[Eugenius Netto|Eugenii Netto]] ''De Transformatione Aequationis yⁿ = R(x)'' [http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/img/?IDDOC=40776 nexus] {{NexInt}} *[[Algebra homologica]] *[[Algebrator]] *[[Calculus infinitesimalis]] *[[Gulielmus Rowan Hamilton]] *[[Isomorphismus]] ==Notae== <references/> ==Nexus externi== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110520195816/http://www1-c703.uibk.ac.at/mathematik/project/bildergalerie/gallery.html Index solidorum algebraicorum et forumalarum et imaginum.] * [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/schott/schott1/jpg/s526.html Schott, Gaspar: Cursus Mathematicus. - Bamberg; Frankfurt <Main>, 1677.] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Mathematica}} [[Categoria:Algebra|!]] [[Categoria:Verba Arabica mutuata]] 7umw9yeokt47q9uhb49d26stn6brfei 0 7070 3966070 3923747 2026-06-23T13:32:09Z Andrew Dalby 1084 + 3966070 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Papa| Imago = [[Fasciculus:Raphael - Pope Leo X with two cardinals.jpg|230px|Leo, cum duobus cardinalibus]] | Nomen papae = Leo X et duo cardinales, a [[Raphael Sanctius Urbinas|Raphaello]] picti | Nomen = Ioannes Laurentii filius Medices| Natus = [[11 Decembris]] [[1475]] | Obit = [[1 Decembris]] [[1521]] | Predecessor = [[Iulius II]] | Papa = [[1513]]–[[1521]] | Successor = [[Hadrianus VI]] | Vexillum=[[Fasciculus:C_o_a_Papas_Medicis.svg|thumb|center|Vexillum Leonis X]] }} '''Leo X ''' (natus Ioannes Laurentii filius Medices [[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[Giovanni di Lorenzo de Medici]]'' e nobile familia [[Gens Medicaea|Medices]] die [[11 Decembris]] [[1475]] et mortuus [[1 Decembris]] [[1521]]) fuit Episcopus Romae et Papa Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae inter annos [[1513]] et [[1521]]. Die [[5 Iulii]] [[1518]] [[Hadrianus (cardinalis S. Chrysogoni)|Hadrianum Castellensem]] a dignitate cardinalis S. Chrysogoni deposuit. == Martini Lutheri Excommunicatio == Die [[15 Iunii]] anno [[1520]], Leo X [[bulla apostolica|bullam]] ''Exsurge Domine'' palam fecit, praeterea die [[3 Ianuarii]] [[1521]] [[Martinus Luther|Martinum Lutherum]] excommunicavit. Multi autem bullam istam ignoraverunt, et Martinus Luther coram publico eam combussit. == Bibliographia == * {{CathEnc|09162a|Leo X}} * {{BBKL|l/Leo_X|auctor=Georg Denzler|commentatio=LEO X., Papst|tomus=4|columnae=1448-1450}} * Kenneth Setton, ''The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571. Vol. 3/4, The Sixteenth Century''. Philadelphiae: American Philosophical Society, 1984 [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_EgQNAAAAIAAJ vol. 3 apud archive.org] {{Google Books|SrUNi2m_qZAC|vol. 4}} == Nexus externi == {{Communia|Leo X|Leonem X}} * [http://www.tertullian.org/rpearse/scanned/paulo_giovio_de_leonis_x.htm VitaLeonis X] a [[Paulus Iovius|Paulo Iovio]] scripta {{Ling|Latine}} {{papae}} {{papa-stipula}} [[Categoria:Nati 1475]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1521]] [[Categoria:Medices]] [[Categoria:Papae]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Pisanae]] [[Categoria:Episcopi et Archiepiscopi Amalphitani]] ac39mp3x7cthvt3lkvwd3xwe5rlr04i 3966072 3966070 2026-06-23T13:33:17Z Andrew Dalby 1084 + 3966072 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Papa| Imago = [[Fasciculus:Raphael - Pope Leo X with two cardinals.jpg|230px|Leo, cum duobus cardinalibus]] | Nomen papae = Leo X et duo cardinales, a [[Raphael Sanctius Urbinas|Raphaello]] picti | Nomen = Ioannes Laurentii filius Medices| Natus = [[11 Decembris]] [[1475]] | Obit = [[1 Decembris]] [[1521]] | Predecessor = [[Iulius II]] | Papa = [[1513]]–[[1521]] | Successor = [[Hadrianus VI]] | Vexillum=[[Fasciculus:C_o_a_Papas_Medicis.svg|thumb|center|Vexillum Leonis X]] }} '''Leo X ''' (natus Ioannes Laurentii filius Medices [[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[Giovanni di Lorenzo de Medici]]'' e nobile familia [[Gens Medicaea|Medices]] die [[11 Decembris]] [[1475]] et mortuus [[1 Decembris]] [[1521]]) fuit Episcopus Romae et Papa Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae inter annos [[1513]] et [[1521]]. Die [[5 Iulii]] [[1518]] [[Hadrianus (cardinalis S. Chrysogoni)|Hadrianum Castellensem]] a dignitate cardinalis S. Chrysogoni deposuit. == Martini Lutheri Excommunicatio == Die [[15 Iunii]] anno [[1520]], Leo X [[bulla apostolica|bullam]] ''Exsurge Domine'' palam fecit, praeterea die [[3 Ianuarii]] [[1521]] [[Martinus Luther|Martinum Lutherum]] excommunicavit. Multi autem bullam istam ignoraverunt, et Martinus Luther coram publico eam combussit. == Bibliographia == * {{CathEnc|09162a|Leo X}} * {{BBKL|l/Leo_X|auctor=Georg Denzler|commentatio=LEO X., Papst|tomus=4|columnae=1448-1450}} * Kenneth Setton, ''The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571. Vol. 3/4, The Sixteenth Century''. Philadelphiae: American Philosophical Society, 1984 [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_EgQNAAAAIAAJ vol. 3 apud archive.org] {{Google Books|SrUNi2m_qZAC|vol. 4}} == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biographici}} {{CommuniaCat|Leo X|Leonem X}} * [http://www.tertullian.org/rpearse/scanned/paulo_giovio_de_leonis_x.htm VitaLeonis X] a [[Paulus Iovius|Paulo Iovio]] scripta {{Ling|Latine}} {{papae}} {{papa-stipula}} [[Categoria:Nati 1475]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1521]] [[Categoria:Medices]] [[Categoria:Papae]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Pisanae]] [[Categoria:Episcopi et Archiepiscopi Amalphitani]] 3zc2ktntif62b9yo4bi6jt8lgo4evat 0 14804 3966161 3822295 2026-06-24T02:28:33Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3966161 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L}} [[Fasciculus:World Bank building at Washington.jpg|thumb|Sedes [[Vasingtonia, C.C.|Vasingtoniae]] sita.]] {{Videdis|Argentaria (discretiva)}} '''Argentaria mundana,'''<ref>[[Thomas Pekkanen|Tuomo Pekkanen]], [[Reijo Pitkäranta]], ''Lexicon hodiernae Latinitatis Finno-Latino-Finnicum''. Societas Litterarum Finnicarum, 2006; [[Ebbe Vilborg]], ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok''. Andra upplagan. Norstedts akademiska förlag, Stockholm, 2009.</ref> [[Vasingtonia]]e die [[27 Decembris]] [[1945]] condita, est [[argentaria]] quae [[creditum]], [[collocatio pecuniae|collocationem pecuniae]] et alia auxilia [[civitas sui iuris|civitatibus]] dat, praecipue [[civitas provectibilis|civitatibus provectibilibus]], ut earum [[oeconomia]]e faveat. Praeses, semper civis [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]], hodie est [[Jim Yong Kim]]. {{NexInt}} *[[Aerarium Monetarium Internationale]] *[[Arun Shourie]] == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|World Bank|Argentariam mundanam}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120130115545/http://www.worldbank.org/ Situs publicus]Argentariae Mundanae ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20150610053002/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/PROJECTANDOPERATIONS/EXTINFODISCLOSURE/0,,menuPK:64864911~pagePK:4749265~piPK:4749256~theSitePK:5033734,00.html Pagina de rebus variis] ** ** [http://www.worldbank.org/ida/ Pagina prima IDA] {{oecon-stipula}} {{Praesides argentariae mundanae}} {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Societas}} [[Categoria:Argentaria Mundana]] [[Categoria:Oeconomia]] [[Categoria:Societates civitatum]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1945]] m9qapcmatq2axwbwozxttz475do5wmu 0 16147 3966066 3532143 2026-06-23T13:16:01Z Andrew Dalby 1084 3966066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Papa | Imago = [[Fasciculus: Pope_Alexander_Vi.jpg |thumb|center| [[Alexandri VI effigies]] e [[Series Ioviana|serie Ioviana]] iussu [[Cosimus I Medices|Cosimi Medicis]] a [[Christophorus de Altissimis|Christophoro de Altissimis]] depicta ([[Porticus Officiorum]] [[Florentia]]e)]] | Nomen papae= Alexander VI | Nomen = Rodericus Llançol de Borgia| Natus = [[1 Ianuarii]] [[1431]] | Obit = [[18 Augusti]] [[1503]] | Predecessor = [[Innocentius VIII]] | Papa = [[1492]] - [[1503]] | Successor = [[Pius III]]| Vexillum=[[Fasciculus:Wappen Alexander VI.jpg|thumb|center|Vexillum Alexandri VI ex missali domini Papae]] }} ''' Alexander VI ''', nomine nativo '''Rodericus Llançol i Escrivà de Borgia''', vulgo ''Rodrigo Llançol i Escrivà de Borja'' (natus die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[1431]] [[Saetabis|Saetabi]]; die [[18 Augusti]] [[1503]] mortuus), fuit [[Papa]], id est [[episcopus]] Romanus, a die [[11 Augusti]] [[1492]] per [[conclave]]. Fuit amicus medici et astronomi [[Bonetus de Latis|Boneti de Latis]]; [[caeremoniarius]] ei meruit [[Ioannes Burchardus]]. == Vita == Rodericus Llançol, Galfridi Llançol i Escrivà filius, annum decimum agens e [[Catalonia]] in [[Italia]]m venit, ubi discipulus Casparis Veronensis fuit et postea apud [[Bononia]]e [[universitas|universitatem]] [[ius|iuri]] studuit. Quamquam nondum [[presbyter]] ordinatus, ab [[avunculus|avunculo]] Papa [[Callistus III|Callisto III]], fratre matris suae Isabellae, episcopus ac [[cardinalis]] factus est. Rodericus sibi cognomen avunculi sui, "Borgia", imposuit. Rodericus de Borgia, semper homo dissolutus, etiam postquam papa creatus est, decem spurios liberos genuit et res divinas mercatus est. Rodericus, iam cardinalis factus, cum [[Vanotia de Cathaneis]], matre eius liberorum [[Ioannes Borgia|Ioannis]] (postea ducis Gandiae), [[Caesar Borgia|Caesaris]] (postea ducis [[Aemilia et Romania|Romaniae]]), [[Lucretia Borgia|Lucretiae]] (postea uxoris ducis [[Ferraria (urbs)|Ferrariae]]) ac [[Galfridus Borgia|Galfridi]], viginti annos vixit. Die [[7 Iunii]] [[1494]] - [[Foedus Turris Sillae]] inter [[Hispania]]m et [[Portugallia]]m Alexandro VI iuvante [[Turris Sillae|Turri Sillae]] signatum est, quo coloniae Americanae horum regnorum divisae sunt. == Fontes pontificatus Alexandri VI == * [[Ioannes Burchardus]], ''[[Liber notarum (Burchardus)|Liber notarum]]'' == Bibliographia == [[Fasciculus:Alexander - Bolla "Desiderando nui", dopo il 18 settembre 1499 - 2951587.tif|thumb|''Desiderando nui'', 1499]] ; Documenta * ''Alessandro VI e il Savonarola (brevi e lettere)''. Taurinis: Accademia di Oropa, 1950 * Peter de Roo, ''Material for a History of Pope Alexander VI, his Relatives, and his Time''. 5 voll. Brugis, 1924; [https://archive.org/details/historyofpopeale0001unse/page/n9/mode/2up vol. 1] [https://archive.org/details/materialforhisto0002pete/page/n5/mode/2up 2] https://archive.org/details/historyofpopeale0003unse/page/n5/mode/2up 3] [https://archive.org/details/historyofpopeale0004unse/page/n5/mode/2up 4] [https://archive.org/details/historyofpopeale0005unse/page/n5/mode/2up 5] ; Biographica et historica * M. Batilori, ''Alejandro VI y la Casa Real de Aragón''. Matriti, 1958 * Michael de la Bedoyere, ''The Meddlesome Friar and the Wayward Pope: The Story of the Conflict Between Savonarola and Alexander VI''. 1957 * O. Ferrara, ''El papa Borgia''. 3a ed.. Matriti, [1947] * E. Olmos y Canalda, ''Revindicación de Alejandro VI (el papa Borja)''. 7a ed. Valentiae, 1954 * G. B. Picotti, "Nuovi studi e documenti intorno a papa A. VI" in ''Rivista di storia della chiesa in Italia'' vol. 5 (1951) pp. 169-262; cf. vol. 6 (1952) pp. 96-110 * G. B. Picotti, "Ancora sul Borgia" in ''Rivista di storia della chiesa in Italia'' vol. 8 (1954) pp. 313-365 * Giovanni Soranzo, ''Studî intorno a papa Alessandro VI (Borgia)''. 1950 ; Aliae encyclopaediae * {{CathEnc|01289a|Alexander VI}} * {{BBKL|a/alexander_vi_p|auctor=Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz|commentatio=ALEXANDER VI., Papst|tomus=1|columnae=104-105}} * Francis Xavier Murphy, "[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/14138/Alexander-VI Alexander VI]" in ''[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] Online'' * {{DBI|http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/papa-alessandro-vi_(Dizionario_Biografico)/|Alessandro VI, papa|Giovanni Battista Picotti|1960}} == Nexus externi == {{Vicifons|Scriptor:Alexander VI}} {{CommuniaCat|Alexander VI|Alexandrum VI}} * "[http://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1456.htm#Borja Borja y Borja, Rodrigo de]" apud ''The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church'' * [http://cardinals.fiu.edu/consistories-xv.htm#AlexanderVI Cardinales ab Alexandro VI creati] apud ''The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church'' {{papae}} {{Myrias|Homines}} [[Categoria:Papae]] [[Categoria:Nati 1431]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1503]] [[Categoria:Borgia]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Bononiensis]] [[Categoria:Archipresbyteri Sanctae Mariae Maioris]] [[Categoria:Episcopi Valentini]] [[Categoria:Episcopi Albanenses]] [[Categoria:Episcopi Portuenses]] [[Categoria:Cancellarii et Vicecancellarii Romanae Ecclesiae]] [[Categoria:Decani Collegii Cardinalium]] [[Categoria:Alexander VI|!]] [[Categoria:Lucretia Borgia]] eoxhdbzjsj2knbuap1bx1nmn393e15z 3966069 3966066 2026-06-23T13:29:04Z Andrew Dalby 1084 3966069 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Papa | Imago = [[Fasciculus: Pope_Alexander_Vi.jpg |thumb|center| [[Alexandri VI effigies]] e [[Series Ioviana|serie Ioviana]] iussu [[Cosimus I Medices|Cosimi Medicis]] a [[Christophorus de Altissimis|Christophoro de Altissimis]] depicta ([[Porticus Officiorum]] [[Florentia]]e)]] | Nomen papae= Alexander VI | Nomen = Rodericus Llançol de Borgia| Natus = [[1 Ianuarii]] [[1431]] | Obit = [[18 Augusti]] [[1503]] | Predecessor = [[Innocentius VIII]] | Papa = [[1492]] - [[1503]] | Successor = [[Pius III]]| Vexillum=[[Fasciculus:Wappen Alexander VI.jpg|thumb|center|Vexillum Alexandri VI ex missali domini Papae]] }} ''' Alexander VI ''', nomine nativo '''Rodericus Llançol i Escrivà de Borgia''', vulgo ''Rodrigo Llançol i Escrivà de Borja'' (natus die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[1431]] [[Saetabis|Saetabi]]; die [[18 Augusti]] [[1503]] mortuus), fuit [[Papa]], id est [[episcopus]] Romanus, a die [[11 Augusti]] [[1492]] per [[conclave]]. Fuit amicus medici et astronomi [[Bonetus de Latis|Boneti de Latis]]; [[caeremoniarius]] ei meruit [[Ioannes Burchardus]]. == Vita == Rodericus Llançol, Galfridi Llançol i Escrivà filius, annum decimum agens e [[Catalonia]] in [[Italia]]m venit, ubi discipulus Casparis Veronensis fuit et postea apud [[Bononia]]e [[universitas|universitatem]] [[ius|iuri]] studuit. Quamquam nondum [[presbyter]] ordinatus, ab [[avunculus|avunculo]] Papa [[Callistus III|Callisto III]], fratre matris suae Isabellae, episcopus ac [[cardinalis]] factus est. Rodericus sibi cognomen avunculi sui, "Borgia", imposuit. Rodericus de Borgia, semper homo dissolutus, etiam postquam papa creatus est, decem spurios liberos genuit et res divinas mercatus est. Rodericus, iam cardinalis factus, cum [[Vanotia de Cathaneis]], matre eius liberorum [[Ioannes Borgia|Ioannis]] (postea ducis Gandiae), [[Caesar Borgia|Caesaris]] (postea ducis [[Aemilia et Romania|Romaniae]]), [[Lucretia Borgia|Lucretiae]] (postea uxoris ducis [[Ferraria (urbs)|Ferrariae]]) ac [[Galfridus Borgia|Galfridi]], viginti annos vixit. Die [[7 Iunii]] [[1494]] - [[Foedus Turris Sillae]] inter [[Hispania]]m et [[Portugallia]]m Alexandro VI iuvante [[Turris Sillae|Turri Sillae]] signatum est, quo coloniae Americanae horum regnorum divisae sunt. [[Hadrianus (cardinalis S. Chrysogoni)|Hadrianum Castellensem]] die [[14 Februarii]] [[1502]] episcopum nominavit, die [[2 Iunii]] [[1503]] cardinalem creavit. == Fontes pontificatus Alexandri VI == * [[Ioannes Burchardus]], ''[[Liber notarum (Burchardus)|Liber notarum]]'' == Bibliographia == [[Fasciculus:Alexander - Bolla "Desiderando nui", dopo il 18 settembre 1499 - 2951587.tif|thumb|''Desiderando nui'', 1499]] ; Documenta * ''Alessandro VI e il Savonarola (brevi e lettere)''. Taurinis: Accademia di Oropa, 1950 * Peter de Roo, ''Material for a History of Pope Alexander VI, his Relatives, and his Time''. 5 voll. Brugis, 1924; [https://archive.org/details/historyofpopeale0001unse/page/n9/mode/2up vol. 1] [https://archive.org/details/materialforhisto0002pete/page/n5/mode/2up 2] [https://archive.org/details/historyofpopeale0003unse/page/n5/mode/2up 3] [https://archive.org/details/historyofpopeale0004unse/page/n5/mode/2up 4] [https://archive.org/details/historyofpopeale0005unse/page/n5/mode/2up 5] ; Biographica et historica * M. Batilori, ''Alejandro VI y la Casa Real de Aragón''. Matriti, 1958 * Michael de la Bedoyere, ''The Meddlesome Friar and the Wayward Pope: The Story of the Conflict Between Savonarola and Alexander VI''. 1957 * O. Ferrara, ''El papa Borgia''. 3a ed.. Matriti, [1947] * E. Olmos y Canalda, ''Revindicación de Alejandro VI (el papa Borja)''. 7a ed. Valentiae, 1954 * G. B. Picotti, "Nuovi studi e documenti intorno a papa A. VI" in ''Rivista di storia della chiesa in Italia'' vol. 5 (1951) pp. 169-262; cf. vol. 6 (1952) pp. 96-110 * G. B. Picotti, "Ancora sul Borgia" in ''Rivista di storia della chiesa in Italia'' vol. 8 (1954) pp. 313-365 * Giovanni Soranzo, ''Studî intorno a papa Alessandro VI (Borgia)''. 1950 ; Aliae encyclopaediae * {{CathEnc|01289a|Alexander VI}} * {{BBKL|a/alexander_vi_p|auctor=Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz|commentatio=ALEXANDER VI., Papst|tomus=1|columnae=104-105}} * Francis Xavier Murphy, "[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/14138/Alexander-VI Alexander VI]" in ''[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] Online'' * {{DBI|http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/papa-alessandro-vi_(Dizionario_Biografico)/|Alessandro VI, papa|Giovanni Battista Picotti|1960}} == Nexus externi == {{Vicifons|Scriptor:Alexander VI}} {{CommuniaCat|Alexander VI|Alexandrum VI}} * "[http://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1456.htm#Borja Borja y Borja, Rodrigo de]" apud ''The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church'' * [http://cardinals.fiu.edu/consistories-xv.htm#AlexanderVI Cardinales ab Alexandro VI creati] apud ''The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church'' {{papae}} {{Myrias|Homines}} [[Categoria:Papae]] [[Categoria:Nati 1431]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1503]] [[Categoria:Borgia]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Bononiensis]] [[Categoria:Archipresbyteri Sanctae Mariae Maioris]] [[Categoria:Episcopi Valentini]] [[Categoria:Episcopi Albanenses]] [[Categoria:Episcopi Portuenses]] [[Categoria:Cancellarii et Vicecancellarii Romanae Ecclesiae]] [[Categoria:Decani Collegii Cardinalium]] [[Categoria:Alexander VI|!]] [[Categoria:Lucretia Borgia]] nyxgr2ckg7809ulgb6tm1c3bnphntcm 3966073 3966069 2026-06-23T13:34:03Z Andrew Dalby 1084 3966073 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Papa | Imago = [[Fasciculus: Pope_Alexander_Vi.jpg |thumb|center| [[Alexandri VI effigies]] e [[Series Ioviana|serie Ioviana]] iussu [[Cosimus I Medices|Cosimi Medicis]] a [[Christophorus de Altissimis|Christophoro de Altissimis]] depicta ([[Porticus Officiorum]] [[Florentia]]e)]] | Nomen papae= Alexander VI | Nomen = Rodericus Llançol de Borgia| Natus = [[1 Ianuarii]] [[1431]] | Obit = [[18 Augusti]] [[1503]] | Predecessor = [[Innocentius VIII]] | Papa = [[1492]] - [[1503]] | Successor = [[Pius III]]| Vexillum=[[Fasciculus:Wappen Alexander VI.jpg|thumb|center|Vexillum Alexandri VI ex missali domini Papae]] }} ''' Alexander VI ''', nomine nativo '''Rodericus Llançol i Escrivà de Borgia''', vulgo ''Rodrigo Llançol i Escrivà de Borja'' (natus die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[1431]] [[Saetabis|Saetabi]]; die [[18 Augusti]] [[1503]] mortuus), fuit [[Papa]], id est [[episcopus]] Romanus, a die [[11 Augusti]] [[1492]] per [[conclave]]. Fuit amicus medici et astronomi [[Bonetus de Latis|Boneti de Latis]]; [[caeremoniarius]] ei meruit [[Ioannes Burchardus]]. == Vita == Rodericus Llançol, Galfridi Llançol i Escrivà filius, annum decimum agens e [[Catalonia]] in [[Italia]]m venit, ubi discipulus Casparis Veronensis fuit et postea apud [[Bononia]]e [[universitas|universitatem]] [[ius|iuri]] studuit. Quamquam nondum [[presbyter]] ordinatus, ab [[avunculus|avunculo]] Papa [[Callistus III|Callisto III]], fratre matris suae Isabellae, episcopus ac [[cardinalis]] factus est. Rodericus sibi cognomen avunculi sui, "Borgia", imposuit. Rodericus de Borgia, semper homo dissolutus, etiam postquam papa creatus est, decem spurios liberos genuit et res divinas mercatus est. Rodericus, iam cardinalis factus, cum [[Vanotia de Cathaneis]], matre eius liberorum [[Ioannes Borgia|Ioannis]] (postea ducis Gandiae), [[Caesar Borgia|Caesaris]] (postea ducis [[Aemilia et Romania|Romaniae]]), [[Lucretia Borgia|Lucretiae]] (postea uxoris ducis [[Ferraria (urbs)|Ferrariae]]) ac [[Galfridus Borgia|Galfridi]], viginti annos vixit. Die [[7 Iunii]] [[1494]] - [[Foedus Turris Sillae]] inter [[Hispania]]m et [[Portugallia]]m Alexandro VI iuvante [[Turris Sillae|Turri Sillae]] signatum est, quo coloniae Americanae horum regnorum divisae sunt. [[Hadrianus (cardinalis S. Chrysogoni)|Hadrianum Castellensem]] die [[14 Februarii]] [[1502]] episcopum nominavit, die [[2 Iunii]] [[1503]] cardinalem creavit. == Fontes pontificatus Alexandri VI == * [[Ioannes Burchardus]], ''[[Liber notarum (Burchardus)|Liber notarum]]'' == Bibliographia == [[Fasciculus:Alexander - Bolla "Desiderando nui", dopo il 18 settembre 1499 - 2951587.tif|thumb|''Desiderando nui'', 1499]] ; Documenta * ''Alessandro VI e il Savonarola (brevi e lettere)''. Taurinis: Accademia di Oropa, 1950 * Peter de Roo, ''Material for a History of Pope Alexander VI, his Relatives, and his Time''. 5 voll. Brugis, 1924; [https://archive.org/details/historyofpopeale0001unse/page/n9/mode/2up vol. 1] [https://archive.org/details/materialforhisto0002pete/page/n5/mode/2up 2] [https://archive.org/details/historyofpopeale0003unse/page/n5/mode/2up 3] [https://archive.org/details/historyofpopeale0004unse/page/n5/mode/2up 4] [https://archive.org/details/historyofpopeale0005unse/page/n5/mode/2up 5] ; Biographica et historica * M. Batilori, ''Alejandro VI y la Casa Real de Aragón''. Matriti, 1958 * Michael de la Bedoyere, ''The Meddlesome Friar and the Wayward Pope: The Story of the Conflict Between Savonarola and Alexander VI''. 1957 * O. Ferrara, ''El papa Borgia''. 3a ed.. Matriti, [1947] * E. Olmos y Canalda, ''Revindicación de Alejandro VI (el papa Borja)''. 7a ed. Valentiae, 1954 * G. B. Picotti, "Nuovi studi e documenti intorno a papa A. VI" in ''Rivista di storia della chiesa in Italia'' vol. 5 (1951) pp. 169-262; cf. vol. 6 (1952) pp. 96-110 * G. B. Picotti, "Ancora sul Borgia" in ''Rivista di storia della chiesa in Italia'' vol. 8 (1954) pp. 313-365 * Giovanni Soranzo, ''Studî intorno a papa Alessandro VI (Borgia)''. 1950 ; Aliae encyclopaediae * {{CathEnc|01289a|Alexander VI}} * {{BBKL|a/alexander_vi_p|auctor=Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz|commentatio=ALEXANDER VI., Papst|tomus=1|columnae=104-105}} * Francis Xavier Murphy, "[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/14138/Alexander-VI Alexander VI]" in ''[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] Online'' * {{DBI|http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/papa-alessandro-vi_(Dizionario_Biografico)/|Alessandro VI, papa|Giovanni Battista Picotti|1960}} == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biographici}} {{Vicifons|Scriptor:Alexander VI}} {{CommuniaCat|Alexander VI|Alexandrum VI}} * "[http://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1456.htm#Borja Borja y Borja, Rodrigo de]" apud ''The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church'' * [http://cardinals.fiu.edu/consistories-xv.htm#AlexanderVI Cardinales ab Alexandro VI creati] apud ''The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church'' {{papae}} {{Myrias|Homines}} [[Categoria:Papae]] [[Categoria:Nati 1431]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1503]] [[Categoria:Borgia]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Bononiensis]] [[Categoria:Archipresbyteri Sanctae Mariae Maioris]] [[Categoria:Episcopi Valentini]] [[Categoria:Episcopi Albanenses]] [[Categoria:Episcopi Portuenses]] [[Categoria:Cancellarii et Vicecancellarii Romanae Ecclesiae]] [[Categoria:Decani Collegii Cardinalium]] [[Categoria:Alexander VI|!]] [[Categoria:Lucretia Borgia]] tcc4lssxx0x6vdxatq0p3xdftor7r14 0 17922 3966157 3840715 2026-06-24T01:39:51Z Jondel 452 3966157 wikitext text/x-wiki :''Ut legas de lingua in Francia adhibita, vide: ''[[Lingua Francogallica]] {{Titulus italicus}} '''''Lingua franca''''' (''''Commercium linguae''') est locutio Italica, significans [[lingua]]m late adhibitam ultra multitudinem locutorum [[sermo patrius|nativorum eorumque]] moenia vel fines. <!-- is any language widely used beyond the population of its native speakers. The [[de facto]] status of ''lingua franca'' is usually "awarded" by the masses to the language of the most influential nation(s) of the time. Any given language normally becomes a ''lingua franca'' primarily by being used for international commerce, but can be accepted in other cultural exchanges, especially [[diplomacy]]. Occasionally the term "lingua franca" is applied to a fully established formal language; thus formerly it was said that French was the lingua franca of diplomacy. The term "lingua franca" was originally used by Arabs to name all Romance languages, and especially Italian (Arabs used the name 'Franks' for all peoples in Western Europe). Then, it meant a language with a Romance lexicon (most words derived from Italian and Spanish) and a very simple grammar, that till the end of the 19th century was used by mariners in the Mediterranean Sea, particularly in the Middle East and Northern Africa. A related concept is that of a “vehicular language.” It is defined as a basic linguistic structure for proposed “international auxiliary languages,” for example, the use of an [[Indo-European language]], or Indo-European itself, in the development of [[Esperanto]]. This is discussed in Eco, Umberto, “The Search for the Perfect Language,” Blackwell Publishers, 1995, p. 330 ff. ==In Europe== ===Sabir and Italian=== Originally ''"Lingua Franca"'' referred to a mix of mostly [[Italian language|Italian]] with a broad vocabulary drawn from [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[French language|French]], [[Greek language|Greek]] and [[Arabic language|Arabic]]. This mixed language ([[pidgin]], [[creole language]]) was used for communication throughout the medieval and early modern [[Middle East]] as a ''[[diplomatic language]]''; the generic description ''"lingua franca"'' has since become common for any language used by speakers of different languages to communicate with one another. Italian dialects were spoken in medieval times as ''lingua franca'' in the european commercial empires of Italian cities ([[Genoa]], [[Venice]], [[Florence]], [[Milan]], [[Pisa]], [[Siena]], [[Amalfi]]) and in their colonies located in the Middle East and in the Mediterranean sea. During the [[Renaissance]] [[Italian language|Italian]] was also spoken as language of culture in the main royal courts of Europe and among intellectuals. The Italian language is actually used as a lingua franca in some environments. For example, in the Catholic ecclesiastic hierarchy, Italian is known by a large part of members and is used in substitution of Latin in some official documents as well. The presence of Italian as the second official language in Vatican City indicates not only use in the seat in Rome, but also in the whole world where an episcopal seat is present. ===Greek and Latin=== During the time of the [[Roman Empire]], the ''lingua franca'' was [[Koine Greek]] and Latin. During the [[Middle Ages]], the ''lingua franca'' was [[Koine Greek|Greek]] in the parts of Europe and Middle East where the [[Byzantine Empire]] held hegemony, and [[Latin (language)|Latin]] was primarily used in the rest of Europe. Latin for a significant portion of the expansion of the [[Roman Catholic Church]] was used as the basis of the Church, though this was changed to local languages. ===French=== [[French language|French]] was the language of [[diplomacy]] in [[Europe]] from the 17th century until its recent replacement by [[English (language)|English]], and as a result is still the working language of international institutions and is seen on documents ranging from passports to airmail letters. For many years, until the accession of the United Kingdom, Ireland and Denmark in 1973, French and German were the only official working languages of the [[European Economic Community]]. French was also the language used among the educated in cosmopolitan cities in North Africa such as Cairo, Egypt around the turn of the century until [[World War II]]. Until the outbreak of the civil war in Lebanon, French was the language that the upper classes of Lebanese society used by way of "civilised language". French is still a lingua franca in many West African countries (where it often enjoys official status), a remnant of France's colonial times. These African countries, together with several other countries throughout the world, are members of [[La Francophonie]]. ===Spanish=== [[Spanish language|Spanish]] replaced [[Latin]] as the language of diplomacy and (in some aspects) culture during the 16th and early 17th centuries, when it was replaced by French. Spanish was also used throughout portions of the former [[Spanish Empire]], particularly in [[South America]]. Today, it is a lingua franca in [[Equatorial Guinea]], along with French. ===German=== [[German language|German]] served as a ''lingua franca'' in large portions of Europe during the 19th and 20th centuries in the sciences — particularly in [[physics]], [[chemistry]] and [[sociology]] — as well as in business and politics. [[German language|German]] was also spoken in much of Eastern Europe long after the end of [[World War II]]. In some academic disciplines, most notably [[philosophy]] and [[religious studies]], a reading knowledge of German is still considered essential and required of doctoral candidates by some universities all over the world, not just those in Europe{{fact}}. ===Polish=== [[Polish language|Polish]] was once a ''lingua franca'' in various regions of [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Eastern Europe]], mostly due to the political, cultural, scientific and military influence of the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]]. Although [[Russian language|Russian]] language influence has somewhat decreased this popularity, Polish is still sometimes spoken or at least understood in western border areas of [[Ukraine]] and [[Belarus]]. ===English=== [[English language|English]] is the current ''lingua franca'' of international business and air traffic control, and has displaced French as the lingua franca of diplomacy since [[World War II]]. It arguably was advanced by the role of English-speaking countries, in particular the United States, in the aftermath of the war. The modern trend to use English outside of English-speaking countries has a number of sources. Ultimately, the use of English in a variety of locations across the globe is a consequence of the reach of the [[British Empire]]. But the establishment of English as an international lingua franca after World War II was mostly a result of the spread of English via cultural and technological exports from the United States. English is also regarded by some as the global ''lingua franca'' owing to the economic hegemony of most of the developed Western nations in world financial and business institutions. The de facto status of English as the ''lingua franca'' in these countries has carried over globally as a result. A landmark recognition of the dominance of English in Europe came in 1995 when, on the accession of Austria, Finland and Sweden, English joined French and German as one of the working languages of the [[European Union]]. Many Europeans outside of the EU have also adopted English as their current ''lingua franca.'' For example, English serves as a lingua franca in [[Switzerland]], which has four ''official'' languages (Swiss German, French, and Italian) plus one other national language, spoken by a relatively small minority (Romansch). High German is also spoken by many Swiss citizens, but the relatively high foreign-born population (20% of residents) ensures the dominance of English. ==Outside Europe== In other regions of the world, other languages perform the function of a ''lingua franca''. ===Aramaic=== The [[Aramaic]], native language of the [[Arameans]], became the ''lingua franca'' of the [[Assyrian Empire]] and the western provinces of the [[Persian Empire]], mainly because of its simple, [[alphabetic]] [[writing system]], more useful in administration than [[Cuneiform script|cuneiform]]{{fact}}. ===Azeri=== According to Russian historian Nikolai Trubetskoi, [[Azerbaijani language|Azeri]] served as a ''lingua franca'' throughout most parts of [[Transcaucasia]] (except the [[Black Sea]] coast), in [[Turkish Armenia]], [[Kurdistan]], Northern [[Persia]], and Southern [[Dagestan]].<ref>[http://www.irs-az.com/gen/n7/n7_9.htm - On the Peoples of the Caucasus] by N.Trubetskoi. ''IRS'' Magazine, #7. Retrived [[15 September]], [[2006]] (in Russian)</ref> ===Bislama=== [[Bislama]] is used in the Pacific Islands. ===Chinese=== [[Classical Chinese]] previously served as both a written ''lingua franca'' and diplomatic language in Far East Asia, used by China, Korea, Japan, the Ryukyus, and Vietnam in interstate communications. In the early 20th century Classical Chinese in China was replaced by [[vernacular Chinese|modern written Standard Chinese]]. Currently, among most Chinese-speaking communities, [[Standard Mandarin]] serves the function of providing a common spoken language between speakers of different and mutually unintelligible [[Chinese spoken languages]] - not to mention between the [[Han Chinese|Han people]] and other ethnic groups in China. Written Chinese have also been used as a way of communication through these character-using countries. ===Hindi - Urdu=== [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] or [[Hindi]]-[[Urdu]], is commonly spoken in India and Pakistan. It encompasses two [[standard language|standardized]] [[register (linguistics)|register]]s in the form of the official languages of [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu language|Urdu]], as well as several [[nonstandard dialect]]s. [[Hindi]] is the official language and lingua franca of [[India]] and [[Urdu]] is the official language and lingua franca of [[Pakistan]]. Also see [[Hindustani]] ===Italian=== Italian was the ''lingua franca'' of Italian colonies in Africa and it is still used in business by some populations of Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia. {{fact}} ===Portuguese=== [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] served as ''lingua franca'' in [[Africa]] and [[Asia]] in the 15th and 16th centuries. When the Portuguese started exploring the seas of Africa, America, Asia and Oceania, they tried to communicate with the natives by mixing a Portuguese-influenced version of Lingua Franca with the local languages. When English or French ships came to compete with the Portuguese, the crew tried to learn this "broken Portuguese". Through a process of change the Lingua Franca and Portuguese lexicon was replaced with the languages of the people in contact. ===Russian=== [[Russian language|Russian]] is in use and widely understood in areas of [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Eastern Europe|Eastern]] [[Europe]] and Northern and Central [[Asia]] formerly part of the [[Soviet Union]], or of the former Soviet bloc. Recent migrations from the former Soviet Union made Russian the second most spoken language in Israel. ===Swahili=== [[Swahili]] is used throughout large parts of [[East Africa]] as a lingua franca, despite being the mother tongue of a relatively small ethnic group on the East African coast and nearby islands in the [[Indian Ocean]]. At least as early as the late eighteenth century, Swahili was used along trading and slave routes that extended west across Lake Tanganyika and into the present-day [[Democratic Republic of Congo]]. Swahili rose in prominence throughout the colonial era, and has become the predominant African language of [[Tanzania]] and [[Kenya]]. Some contemporary members of non-Swahili ethnic groups speak Swahili more often than their mother tongues, and many choose to raise their children with Swahili as their first language, leading to the possibility that several smaller East African languages will fade as Swahili transitions from being a regional lingua franca to a regional [[first language]]. ===Tupi=== The now-extinct language of [[Old Tupi]] served as the ''lingua franca'' of Brazil between speakers of the various indigenous languages. It was also spoken by the majority of white settlers during the early colonial period but was suppressed from the mid-eighteenth century. ===Zulu=== [[South Africa]] has eleven [[Languages of South Africa|official languages]], however the mutual intelligibility of many Nguni languages (Zulu, Xhosa, Swazi and Ndebele) has meant that [[Zulu language|Zulu]] is increasingly becoming a lingua franca throughout Eastern South Africa, including the major cities of Durban and Johannesburg. Zulu is the first language of ten million people, but is spoken as a second language by over 25 million in the region and is now the most commonly understood language in the country. ==Pidgin== Various [[pidgin]] languages have been used in many locations and times as a common trade speech. Some linguists speculate that the creation of pidgins is the major source for creation of new languages.--> {{NexInt}} *[[Lingua agendi]] *[[Lingua auxiliaris internationalis]] *[[Lingua constructa]] *[[Lingua creola]] *[[Lingua koine]] *[[Lingua pidgin]] *[[Lingua mundana]] == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060925132620/http://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/lingua-franca.html Anglica-lingua universalis in interrete?] {{Ling|Anglice}} <!-- ==Fontes== <references/> *Heine, Bernd (1970). ''Status and Use of African Lingua Francas''. ISBN 3-8039-0033-6 *Kahane, Henricus Romanos (1958). ''The Lingua Franca in the Levant''. *R. A. Hall, Jr. (1966). ''Pidgin and Creole Languages'', Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-0173-9. --> {{ling-stipula}} [[Categoria:Linguae vehiculares|!]] eeif7q61ayzlxka66118k904orsb44a 0 20153 3966156 3948664 2026-06-24T01:29:13Z Jondel 452 3966156 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-2}} [[Fasciculus:Neptun_brunnen.jpg|thumb|[[Fons]] Neptuno dicatus [[Florentia]]e.]] '''Neptunus''' in [[religio Romana|religione Romana]] est [[deus]] praecipue magnorum [[corpus aquae|corporum aquae]], quem [[Graeci antiqui|Graeci]] [[Posidon]]em nominabant. [[Tridens]] est eius notissimum [[signum]]. Ipse arbitratur maximus natu, donec sententiae de hereditate et principatu convenerunt, et Iupiter rescriptus est [[rex]]. Neptunus regit [[oceanus|oceanos]], [[mare|maria]], [[lacus]], [[fons|fontes]], sed non [[flumen|flumina]].<ref>Pierre Grimal, "Poseidon,” ''The Dictionary of Classical Mythology'' (Blackwell, 2000), 387–89.</ref> Neptunus putabatur maximus ultor iratissimusque. Frater [[Iuppiter|Iovis]] et [[Pluto|Plutonis]] erat, quia quoque filius primevi deorum [[Ops|Opis]] et [[Saturnus (deus)|Saturni]]. Uxor eius [[Salacia (dea)|Salacia]]<ref>[[Augustinus Hipponensis]] in ''[[Civitas Dei|Civitate Dei]]'' IV.10.157.</ref>, aliquando nomine Venilia, erat, et pater multorum liberorum velut, exempli gratia [[Pegasus (mythologia)|Pegasi]] et [[Polyphemus|Polyphemi]]. Neptunus devoratus est a patro deorum [[Saturnus (deus)|Saturno]]. Vomitus autem est [[Iuppiter|Iove]] adiuvante, cuius dolo pater eius [[Saturnus (deus)|Saturnus]] satureiam, herbam venenosam, sumpsisset. Sortiti sunt fratres, filii Saturni, ubi quisque regnaturus mundi esset, et Neptunus accepit regnum maris. Neptunus [[Quadrigae|quadrigas]] magnas egit, quod equos amabat: itaque ille equester nonnumquam appellabatur atque tum idem esse atque [[Consus]], vetus deus [[Latium|Latinus]], credebatur. Dies festi Neptuni, [[Neptunalia]], aestate ([[23 Iulii|a.d. X Kal. Aug.]]) celebrati sunt. [[Delubrum]] Neptuni inter [[Palatium]] et [[Aventinum]] in valle [[Circus Maximus|Circi Maximi]] situm est. == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == * Imagines Neptuni in [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025822/http://warburg.sas.ac.uk/vpc/VPC_search/subcats.php?cat_1=5&cat_2=139 ''Musaeo Iconographico Warburgiano''] [[Categoria:Neptunus (deus)|!]] 51x1chpfu6qy9wcgwu8oex4yfifa7xy 0 25680 3966077 3908885 2026-06-23T14:16:15Z LilyKitty 18316 de Ioanne Baptista a Vico 3966077 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Statue of Truth.jpg|thumb|Walter Seymour Allward, ''Veritas'', 1920]] [[Fasciculus:La Vérité, par Jules Joseph Lefebvre.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Allegoria]] veritatis [[speculum]] ferentis.'' [[Pictura]] a [[Iulius Iosephus Lefebvre|Iulio Iosepho Lefebvre]] anno 1870 facta.]] '''Veritas''' est id quod cum eis rebus quae sint, seu cum rerum [[natura]], congruit, et quod [[captio (logica)|falsitates]] opponitur. Huius rei [[definitio]]nes varias [[theologus|theologi]] [[mathematicus|mathematicique]] ex [[antiquitas|antiquitate]] praebuerunt. Notio antiqua maioris momenti ab [[Aristoteles|Aristotele]] concepta est: "Dicere quod est non esse, vel quod non est esse, falsum; sed quod est esse, et quod non est non esse, verum est."<ref>''[[Metaphysica (Corpus Aristotelicum)|Metaphysica]]'' 1011b: "τὸ μὲν γὰρ λέγειν τὸ ὂν μὴ εἶναι ἢ τὸ μὴ ὂν εἶναι ψεῦδος, τὸ δὲ τὸ ὂν εἶναι καὶ τὸ μὴ ὂν μὴ εἶναι ἀληθές, ὥστε καὶ ὁ λέγων εἶναι ἢ μὴ ἀληθεύσει ἢ ψεύσεται."</ref> Sed definitio secundum [[Thomas Aquinas|Thomam Aquinam]], ipso hanc [[Isaac Iudaeus|Isaac Iudaeo]] (Israëlita) imputante, est: "Veritas est adaequatio rei et intellectus."<ref>Thomas Aquinas, ''Quaestiones disputatae de veritate'', [http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/qdv01.html quaestio I].</ref> Atque [[Benedictus de Spinoza]] dixit: "Sane sicut [[lux]] seipsam et [[tenebrae|tenebras]] manifestat, sic veritas norma sui et [[captio (logica)|falsi]] est."<ref>''[[Ethica, ordine geometrico demonstrata]]'', Pars secunda - De natura et origine mentis, Propositio XLIII, [[Scholium]].</ref> == Theoriae vertiatis == Theoriae veritatis variae hodie digeruntur: * Theoriae maiores ** Theoriae substantivae *** Theoria correspondentiae *** Theoria coherentiae *** Theoria constructivistica *** Theoria consensús *** Theoria pragmatica ** Theoriae minimalisticae *** Theoria performativa *** Theoria redundantiae ** Theoriae pluralisticae * Theoriae formales ** Veritas logica ** Veritas mathematica ** Veritas semantica ** Theoria Kripke ** Theoria revisionis ==Maiores philosophi rationis veritatis periti== {{Div col|cols=4}} *[[Thomas Aquinas]] *[[Aristoteles]] *[[Ioannes Langshaw Austin]] *[[Brand Blanshard]] *[[Ioannes Dewey]] *[[Hartry Field]] *[[Gottlob Frege]] *[[Georgius Habermas]] *[[Georgius Gulielmus Fridericus Hegel|G. G. F. Hegel]] *[[Martinus Heidegger]] *[[Augustinus]] *[[Paulis Horwich]] *[[Gulielmus James]] *[[Haroldus Joachim]] *[[Saul Aaron Kripke]] *[[Fridericus Nietzsche]] *[[Carolus Sanders Peirce]] *[[Plato]] *[[Carolus Popper]] *[[Willardus Van Orman Quine]] *[[Franciscus P. Ramsey]] *[[Bertrandus Russell]] *[[Arthurus Schopenhauer]] *[[Socrates]] *[[Petrus Fridericus Strawson]] *[[Alfredus Tarski]] *[[Ioannes Baptista a Vico]] *[[Ludovicus Wittgenstein]] {{div col end}} {{NexInt}} *[[Ars inveniendi]] *[[Axioma]] *[[Dubium]] *[[Factum]] *[[Intellegentia]] *[[Modalitas alethica]] *[[Realitas]] *[[Verificatio]] *[[Virtus]] == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == {{vicicitatio||Veritatem}} {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Philosophia}} <!--recte in en: Core issues in ethics + Ethical principles--> <!--Etiam in en: Concepts in logic + Theories of truth--> [[Categoria:Aestimatio]] [[Categoria:Ethica]] [[Categoria:Logica philosophica]] [[Categoria:Notiones epistemologicae]] [[Categoria:Notiones in metaphysica]] [[Categoria:Notiones philosophicae]] [[Categoria:Realitas]] [[Categoria:Philosophia politica]] [[Categoria:Veritas| ]] 0t5050lmehdz27ye1ucsqdgffkk11my 0 35592 3966076 3897548 2026-06-23T14:14:28Z LilyKitty 18316 de veritate 3966076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Ioannes Baptista a Vico''' ([[Neapolis|Neapoli]] die [[23 Iunii]] [[1668]] natus; ibidem die [[23 Ianuarii]] [[1744]] mortuus) fuit [[philosophus]], [[iuris consultus]], ac [[rerum gestarum scriptor]] [[Italia|Italicus]]. Studium de [[atomus|atomis]] de [[Renatus Cartesius|Cartesium]] fecit et [[epistemologia]]e [[philologia]]e et [[semiotica]]e peritus fuit ac professor [[oratio]]nis apud [[Universitas Neapolitana|Universitatem Neapolitanam]] erat. Sententia sua ideae "[[veritas|verum]] esse ipsum [[factum]]" et [[reductionismus|reductionismum]], [[philosophia historiae|historiae philosophiam]] et [[scientia socialis|scientiam socialem]] studuit. == Opera == Praecipuum opus eius editum primum anno [[1725]] est ''Nova Scientia'', cui titulus plenus est ''Principi d'una scienza nuova intorno alla natura delle nazioni, per i quali si ritruovano altri princìpi del diritto naturale delle genti''. * ''De nostri temporis studiorum ratione'', Neapolis anno 1708 * ''De antiquissima Italorum sapientia ex linguae Latinae originibus eruenda libri tres'', Neapolis anno 1710 (vere solum unus liber ''Liber metaphysicus'' a Vico scriptus est ) * ''Institutiones oratoriae'', 1711 * ''Prima risposta'', 1711 (responsio criticis Libri metaphysici) * ''Seconda risposta'', 1712 * ''De rebus gestis Antonii Caraphaei'', 1716 * ''De universi iuris uno principio et fine uno'', Neapolis anno 1720 * ''De constantia iurisprudentis'', 1721 * ''Principj di una scienza nuova d'intorno alla commune natura delle nazioni'', Neapolis anno 1725 (quod dicitur. ''Scienza nuova prima'') * Vita di Giambattista Vico scritta da sé medesimo, in: Angelo Calogerà: ''Raccolta di opuscoli scientifici e filologici I'', [[Venetia (urbs)|Venetiae]] anno 1728, pag. 145-256 * ''Cinque libri de' principj di una scienza nuova d'intorno alla commune natura delle nazioni'', Neapolis anno 1730 (2. editio) * ''Principj di scienza nuova d'intorno alla commune natura delle nazioni'', Neapolis anno 1744 (3 editio) == Nexus externi == {{Communia|Category:Giambattista Vico|Iohannem Baptistam a Vico}} {{vicifons|Scriptor:Iohannes Baptista a Vico|Iohannem Baptistam a Vico}} * [http://www.liberliber.it/biblioteca/v/vico/ '''Autobiografia'' et ''Nova Scientia''] * [http://www.bibliotecaitaliana.it/ScrittoriItalia/catalogo/browse/autore-autore.xq?autore=Vico,%20Giambattista Opera] * [http://www.giambattistavico.it/ "Portale Vico"] {{DEFAULTSORT:Vico, Ioannes Baptista A}} [[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae]] [[Categoria:Historici Italiae]] [[Categoria:Iuris consulti]] [[Categoria:Ontologi]] [[Categoria:Philosophi Italiae]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Neapolitanae]] [[Categoria:Nati 1668]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1744]] [[Categoria:Auctores Italiani]] [[Categoria:Auctores Latini recentiores]] tmlr9rw9j70jakeerfyse4nf5vhbo5u 0 45822 3966125 3929758 2026-06-23T17:51:12Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3966125 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} {{Citatio|'' Super sepulchrum meum sola verba sint:dilexit veritatem '' <ref>*[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/marcbloch.html ''Testament of Marc Bloch'' apud www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org]</ref>| Ex testamento Marci Bloch}} ''' Marcus Bloch''' natus familia [[Iudaei|Iudaica]], fuit illustris [[rerum gestarum scriptor]] [[Francia|Francicus]], qui [[secundum bellum mundanum|secundo bello mundano]] cum [[motus rebellis Francicus|motu rebelli]] consociatus pro libertate pugnavit. Die [[16 Iunii]] [[1944]] a [[Nazista|Nazistis]] supplicio affectus est. Die 23 Iunii 2026 in [[Pantheum]] cum uxore intravit, monumentum quod Respublica Francica magnis viris suis dedicavit. == Opera == * 1920 : ''Rois et Serfs'', dissertatio * 1924 : ''[[Les Rois thaumaturges]]'' * 1931 : ''[[Les Caractères originaux de l'histoire rurale française]]'' * 1939-1940 : ''[[La Société féodale]]'', 2 voll. * 1940 : ''[[L'Étrange Défaite]]'' * 1949 ([[Lucianus Febvre|Lucien Febvre]], ed.) : ''[[Apologie pour l'histoire (Bloch)|Apologie pour l'histoire ou Métier d'historien]]'' == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references /></div> == Bibliographia == ; Editiones operum * Etienne Bloch, ed., ''Marc Bloch: [[Apologie pour l'histoire (Bloch)|Apologie pour l'histoire ou Métier d'historien]]''''. Lutetiae: Armand Colin, 1993 * Bertrand Müller, ed., ''Marc Bloch, Lucien Febvre: correspondance. Vol. 1.: 1928-1933: la naissance des Annales''. Lutetiae: Fayard, 1994. ISBN 2-213-03060-X ; Biographica et critica * Olivier Dumoulin, ''Marc Bloch''. Lutetiae: Presses de Sciences Po, 2000. * Carole Fink, ''Marc Bloch. Une vie au service de l'histoire''. Lugduni: Presses Universitaires de Lyon, 1997 * Massimo Mastrogregori, ''Introduzione a Bloch''. Romae: Laterza, 2001. * Ulrich Raulff, ''Marc Bloch. Un historien au XXe siècle''. Lutetiae: Editions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, 2006 * Peter Schöttler, ed., ''Marc Bloch - Historiker und Widerstandskämpfer''. Campus-Verlag, 1999 == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080804051421/http://cmb.ehess.fr/document49.html Marcus Bloch, historicus et miles libertatis], VIII Conférence Marc-Bloch, EHESS, Iunii anno 1986. * [http://www.marcbloch.fr Societas Marco Bloch dicata] * ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110616122507/http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/bloch_marc/apologie_histoire/apologie_histoire.html Apologia pro historia]'' (anno [[1941]] opus postumum promulgatum anno [[1949]]) * "[http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/ahess_1243-258x_1945_num_8_1_3141?luceneQuery=((%2B(bloch))+AND+(+%2Bpole%3A(revue)+%2Baccess_right%3A(free)+))+AND+(indexable_type%3Aarticlepag%3F)&words=bloch&words=revue&words=free&words=articlepag Testamentum spirituale Marci Bloch"] cum imagine photographica e periodico ''Annales'' {{bio-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bloch, Marc}} [[Categoria:Historici Franciae]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Argentoratensis]] [[Categoria:Nati 1886]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1944]] [[Categoria:Auctores Francogallici]] [[Categoria:Victimae Nazistarum]] c1l0nyptkfaki08x04g85dlq4dc0qr4 3966126 3966125 2026-06-23T17:52:21Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Notae */ 3966126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} {{Citatio|'' Super sepulchrum meum sola verba sint:dilexit veritatem '' <ref>*[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/marcbloch.html ''Testament of Marc Bloch'' apud www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org]</ref>| Ex testamento Marci Bloch}} ''' Marcus Bloch''' natus familia [[Iudaei|Iudaica]], fuit illustris [[rerum gestarum scriptor]] [[Francia|Francicus]], qui [[secundum bellum mundanum|secundo bello mundano]] cum [[motus rebellis Francicus|motu rebelli]] consociatus pro libertate pugnavit. Die [[16 Iunii]] [[1944]] a [[Nazista|Nazistis]] supplicio affectus est. Die 23 Iunii 2026 in [[Pantheum]] cum uxore intravit, monumentum quod Respublica Francica magnis viris suis dedicavit. == Opera == * 1920 : ''Rois et Serfs'', dissertatio * 1924 : ''[[Les Rois thaumaturges]]'' * 1931 : ''[[Les Caractères originaux de l'histoire rurale française]]'' * 1939-1940 : ''[[La Société féodale]]'', 2 voll. * 1940 : ''[[L'Étrange Défaite]]'' * 1949 ([[Lucianus Febvre|Lucien Febvre]], ed.) : ''[[Apologie pour l'histoire (Bloch)|Apologie pour l'histoire ou Métier d'historien]]'' == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == ; Editiones operum * Etienne Bloch, ed., ''Marc Bloch: [[Apologie pour l'histoire (Bloch)|Apologie pour l'histoire ou Métier d'historien]]''''. Lutetiae: Armand Colin, 1993 * Bertrand Müller, ed., ''Marc Bloch, Lucien Febvre: correspondance. Vol. 1.: 1928-1933: la naissance des Annales''. Lutetiae: Fayard, 1994. ISBN 2-213-03060-X ; Biographica et critica * Olivier Dumoulin, ''Marc Bloch''. Lutetiae: Presses de Sciences Po, 2000. * Carole Fink, ''Marc Bloch. Une vie au service de l'histoire''. Lugduni: Presses Universitaires de Lyon, 1997 * Massimo Mastrogregori, ''Introduzione a Bloch''. Romae: Laterza, 2001. * Ulrich Raulff, ''Marc Bloch. Un historien au XXe siècle''. Lutetiae: Editions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, 2006 * Peter Schöttler, ed., ''Marc Bloch - Historiker und Widerstandskämpfer''. Campus-Verlag, 1999 == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080804051421/http://cmb.ehess.fr/document49.html Marcus Bloch, historicus et miles libertatis], VIII Conférence Marc-Bloch, EHESS, Iunii anno 1986. * [http://www.marcbloch.fr Societas Marco Bloch dicata] * ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110616122507/http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/bloch_marc/apologie_histoire/apologie_histoire.html Apologia pro historia]'' (anno [[1941]] opus postumum promulgatum anno [[1949]]) * "[http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/ahess_1243-258x_1945_num_8_1_3141?luceneQuery=((%2B(bloch))+AND+(+%2Bpole%3A(revue)+%2Baccess_right%3A(free)+))+AND+(indexable_type%3Aarticlepag%3F)&words=bloch&words=revue&words=free&words=articlepag Testamentum spirituale Marci Bloch"] cum imagine photographica e periodico ''Annales'' {{bio-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bloch, Marc}} [[Categoria:Historici Franciae]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Argentoratensis]] [[Categoria:Nati 1886]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1944]] [[Categoria:Auctores Francogallici]] [[Categoria:Victimae Nazistarum]] llpim8blsw4jo3ko6xhpzaf7wgdutam 3966127 3966126 2026-06-23T17:52:40Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3966127 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} {{Citatio|'' Super sepulchrum meum sola verba sint:dilexit veritatem '' <ref>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/marcbloch.html ''Testament of Marc Bloch'' apud www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org]</ref>| Ex testamento Marci Bloch}} ''' Marcus Bloch''' natus familia [[Iudaei|Iudaica]], fuit illustris [[rerum gestarum scriptor]] [[Francia|Francicus]], qui [[secundum bellum mundanum|secundo bello mundano]] cum [[motus rebellis Francicus|motu rebelli]] consociatus pro libertate pugnavit. Die [[16 Iunii]] [[1944]] a [[Nazista|Nazistis]] supplicio affectus est. Die 23 Iunii 2026 in [[Pantheum]] cum uxore intravit, monumentum quod Respublica Francica magnis viris suis dedicavit. == Opera == * 1920 : ''Rois et Serfs'', dissertatio * 1924 : ''[[Les Rois thaumaturges]]'' * 1931 : ''[[Les Caractères originaux de l'histoire rurale française]]'' * 1939-1940 : ''[[La Société féodale]]'', 2 voll. * 1940 : ''[[L'Étrange Défaite]]'' * 1949 ([[Lucianus Febvre|Lucien Febvre]], ed.) : ''[[Apologie pour l'histoire (Bloch)|Apologie pour l'histoire ou Métier d'historien]]'' == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == ; Editiones operum * Etienne Bloch, ed., ''Marc Bloch: [[Apologie pour l'histoire (Bloch)|Apologie pour l'histoire ou Métier d'historien]]''''. Lutetiae: Armand Colin, 1993 * Bertrand Müller, ed., ''Marc Bloch, Lucien Febvre: correspondance. Vol. 1.: 1928-1933: la naissance des Annales''. Lutetiae: Fayard, 1994. ISBN 2-213-03060-X ; Biographica et critica * Olivier Dumoulin, ''Marc Bloch''. Lutetiae: Presses de Sciences Po, 2000. * Carole Fink, ''Marc Bloch. Une vie au service de l'histoire''. Lugduni: Presses Universitaires de Lyon, 1997 * Massimo Mastrogregori, ''Introduzione a Bloch''. Romae: Laterza, 2001. * Ulrich Raulff, ''Marc Bloch. Un historien au XXe siècle''. Lutetiae: Editions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, 2006 * Peter Schöttler, ed., ''Marc Bloch - Historiker und Widerstandskämpfer''. Campus-Verlag, 1999 == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080804051421/http://cmb.ehess.fr/document49.html Marcus Bloch, historicus et miles libertatis], VIII Conférence Marc-Bloch, EHESS, Iunii anno 1986. * [http://www.marcbloch.fr Societas Marco Bloch dicata] * ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110616122507/http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/bloch_marc/apologie_histoire/apologie_histoire.html Apologia pro historia]'' (anno [[1941]] opus postumum promulgatum anno [[1949]]) * "[http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/ahess_1243-258x_1945_num_8_1_3141?luceneQuery=((%2B(bloch))+AND+(+%2Bpole%3A(revue)+%2Baccess_right%3A(free)+))+AND+(indexable_type%3Aarticlepag%3F)&words=bloch&words=revue&words=free&words=articlepag Testamentum spirituale Marci Bloch"] cum imagine photographica e periodico ''Annales'' {{bio-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bloch, Marc}} [[Categoria:Historici Franciae]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Argentoratensis]] [[Categoria:Nati 1886]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1944]] [[Categoria:Auctores Francogallici]] [[Categoria:Victimae Nazistarum]] fh3xe0ryr7ea58jv0dsmy0lwv3utu0d 3966129 3966127 2026-06-23T18:06:45Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3966129 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} {{Citatio|'' Super sepulchrum meum sola verba sint:dilexit veritatem '' <ref>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/marcbloch.html ''Testament of Marc Bloch'' apud www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org]</ref>| Ex testamento Marci Bloch}} ''' Marcus Bloch''' natus familia [[Iudaei|Iudaica]], fuit illustris [[rerum gestarum scriptor]] [[Francia|Francicus]], qui [[secundum bellum mundanum|secundo bello mundano]] cum [[motus rebellis Francicus|motu rebelli]] consociatus pro libertate pugnavit. Die [[16 Iunii]] [[1944]] a [[Nazista|Nazistis]] supplicio affectus est. Die 23 Iunii 2026 in [[Pantheum]] cum uxore intravit<ref>[https://eduscol.education.gouv.fr/6971/marc-bloch-entre-au-pantheon Ministerium ab educatione]</ref>, monumentum quod Respublica Francica magnis viris suis dedicavit. == Opera == * 1920 : ''Rois et Serfs'', dissertatio * 1924 : ''[[Les Rois thaumaturges]]'' * 1931 : ''[[Les Caractères originaux de l'histoire rurale française]]'' * 1939-1940 : ''[[La Société féodale]]'', 2 voll. * 1940 : ''[[L'Étrange Défaite]]'' * 1949 ([[Lucianus Febvre|Lucien Febvre]], ed.) : ''[[Apologie pour l'histoire (Bloch)|Apologie pour l'histoire ou Métier d'historien]]'' == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == ; Editiones operum * Etienne Bloch, ed., ''Marc Bloch: [[Apologie pour l'histoire (Bloch)|Apologie pour l'histoire ou Métier d'historien]]''''. Lutetiae: Armand Colin, 1993 * Bertrand Müller, ed., ''Marc Bloch, Lucien Febvre: correspondance. Vol. 1.: 1928-1933: la naissance des Annales''. Lutetiae: Fayard, 1994. ISBN 2-213-03060-X ; Biographica et critica * Olivier Dumoulin, ''Marc Bloch''. Lutetiae: Presses de Sciences Po, 2000. * Carole Fink, ''Marc Bloch. Une vie au service de l'histoire''. Lugduni: Presses Universitaires de Lyon, 1997 * Massimo Mastrogregori, ''Introduzione a Bloch''. Romae: Laterza, 2001. * Ulrich Raulff, ''Marc Bloch. Un historien au XXe siècle''. Lutetiae: Editions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, 2006 * Peter Schöttler, ed., ''Marc Bloch - Historiker und Widerstandskämpfer''. Campus-Verlag, 1999 == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080804051421/http://cmb.ehess.fr/document49.html Marcus Bloch, historicus et miles libertatis], VIII Conférence Marc-Bloch, EHESS, Iunii anno 1986. * [http://www.marcbloch.fr Societas Marco Bloch dicata] * ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110616122507/http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/bloch_marc/apologie_histoire/apologie_histoire.html Apologia pro historia]'' (anno [[1941]] opus postumum promulgatum anno [[1949]]) * "[http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/ahess_1243-258x_1945_num_8_1_3141?luceneQuery=((%2B(bloch))+AND+(+%2Bpole%3A(revue)+%2Baccess_right%3A(free)+))+AND+(indexable_type%3Aarticlepag%3F)&words=bloch&words=revue&words=free&words=articlepag Testamentum spirituale Marci Bloch"] cum imagine photographica e periodico ''Annales'' {{bio-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bloch, Marc}} [[Categoria:Historici Franciae]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Argentoratensis]] [[Categoria:Nati 1886]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1944]] [[Categoria:Auctores Francogallici]] [[Categoria:Victimae Nazistarum]] 4upyzdvtlh7vc1fkcjpk6k1k98jj5xk 3966187 3966129 2026-06-24T09:48:50Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Nexus externi */ 3966187 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} {{Citatio|'' Super sepulchrum meum sola verba sint:dilexit veritatem '' <ref>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/marcbloch.html ''Testament of Marc Bloch'' apud www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org]</ref>| Ex testamento Marci Bloch}} ''' Marcus Bloch''' natus familia [[Iudaei|Iudaica]], fuit illustris [[rerum gestarum scriptor]] [[Francia|Francicus]], qui [[secundum bellum mundanum|secundo bello mundano]] cum [[motus rebellis Francicus|motu rebelli]] consociatus pro libertate pugnavit. Die [[16 Iunii]] [[1944]] a [[Nazista|Nazistis]] supplicio affectus est. Die 23 Iunii 2026 in [[Pantheum]] cum uxore intravit<ref>[https://eduscol.education.gouv.fr/6971/marc-bloch-entre-au-pantheon Ministerium ab educatione]</ref>, monumentum quod Respublica Francica magnis viris suis dedicavit. == Opera == * 1920 : ''Rois et Serfs'', dissertatio * 1924 : ''[[Les Rois thaumaturges]]'' * 1931 : ''[[Les Caractères originaux de l'histoire rurale française]]'' * 1939-1940 : ''[[La Société féodale]]'', 2 voll. * 1940 : ''[[L'Étrange Défaite]]'' * 1949 ([[Lucianus Febvre|Lucien Febvre]], ed.) : ''[[Apologie pour l'histoire (Bloch)|Apologie pour l'histoire ou Métier d'historien]]'' == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == ; Editiones operum * Etienne Bloch, ed., ''Marc Bloch: [[Apologie pour l'histoire (Bloch)|Apologie pour l'histoire ou Métier d'historien]]''''. Lutetiae: Armand Colin, 1993 * Bertrand Müller, ed., ''Marc Bloch, Lucien Febvre: correspondance. Vol. 1.: 1928-1933: la naissance des Annales''. Lutetiae: Fayard, 1994. ISBN 2-213-03060-X ; Biographica et critica * Olivier Dumoulin, ''Marc Bloch''. Lutetiae: Presses de Sciences Po, 2000. * Carole Fink, ''Marc Bloch. Une vie au service de l'histoire''. Lugduni: Presses Universitaires de Lyon, 1997 * Massimo Mastrogregori, ''Introduzione a Bloch''. Romae: Laterza, 2001. * Ulrich Raulff, ''Marc Bloch. Un historien au XXe siècle''. Lutetiae: Editions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, 2006 * Peter Schöttler, ed., ''Marc Bloch - Historiker und Widerstandskämpfer''. Campus-Verlag, 1999 == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080804051421/http://cmb.ehess.fr/document49.html Marcus Bloch, historicus et miles libertatis], VIII Conférence Marc-Bloch, EHESS, Iunii anno 1986. * [http://www.marcbloch.fr Societas Marco Bloch dicata] * ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110616122507/http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/bloch_marc/apologie_histoire/apologie_histoire.html Apologia pro historia]'' (anno [[1941]] opus postumum promulgatum anno [[1949]]) * "[http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/ahess_1243-258x_1945_num_8_1_3141?luceneQuery=((%2B(bloch))+AND+(+%2Bpole%3A(revue)+%2Baccess_right%3A(free)+))+AND+(indexable_type%3Aarticlepag%3F)&words=bloch&words=revue&words=free&words=articlepag Testamentum spirituale Marci Bloch"] cum imagine photographica e periodico ''Annales'' {{bio-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bloch, Marc}} [[Categoria:Historici Franciae]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Argentoratensis]] [[Categoria:Nati 1886]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1944]] [[Categoria:Auctores Francogallici]] [[Categoria:Victimae Nazistarum]] [[Categoria:Alumni Scholae Normalis Superioris (Lutetia)]] jqlbuzpbha5yeges2kvn8gqdel7dndc 3966189 3966187 2026-06-24T10:03:15Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3966189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} {{Citatio|'' Super sepulchrum meum sola verba sint:dilexit veritatem '' <ref>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/marcbloch.html ''Testament of Marc Bloch'' apud www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org]</ref>| Ex testamento Marci Bloch}} ''' Marcus Bloch''' natus familia [[Iudaei|Iudaica]], fuit illustris [[rerum gestarum scriptor]] [[Francia|Francicus]], qui [[secundum bellum mundanum|secundo bello mundano]] cum [[motus rebellis Francicus|motu rebelli]] consociatus pro libertate pugnavit. Die [[16 Iunii]] [[1944]] a [[Nazista|Nazistis]] supplicio affectus est. Die 23 Iunii 2026 in [[Pantheum]] cum uxore intravit<ref>[https://eduscol.education.gouv.fr/6971/marc-bloch-entre-au-pantheon Ministerium ab educatione]</ref>, monumentum quod Respublica Francica magnis viris suis dedicavit. Novum genus historiae excogitavit quae non in proeliis eventibusque magnis [[Chronologia|chronologice]] narrandis aut regibus ducibusque enumerandis consisteret sed totius societatis decursum describeret. Quocirca historiam 'hominum in tempore scientiam' esse finivit et [[Methodologia|methodos]] aliarum [[Scientia humana|scientiarum humanarum]] dictarum ([[Geographia|geographiae]], [[Anthropologia|anthropologiae]], [[Oeconomica|oeconomiae]], [[Sociologia|sociologiae]] etc.) in historiam investigandam introduxit. Ita historiam [[rus|ruralem]] Medii Aevi sibi elegit. Velut vexillum illorum novorum historicorum fuit periodicum a Marco Bloch et [[Lucianus Febvre|Luciano Febvre]] anno [[1929]] creatum: ''Annales Histoire Sociétés'', ita ut huic proposito qui adhaerebant '[[Schola Annalium|schola Annalium]]' appellarentur. == Opera == * 1920 : ''Rois et Serfs'', dissertatio * 1924 : ''[[Les Rois thaumaturges]]'' * 1931 : ''[[Les Caractères originaux de l'histoire rurale française]]'' * 1939-1940 : ''[[La Société féodale]]'', 2 voll. * 1940 : ''[[L'Étrange Défaite]]'' * 1949 ([[Lucianus Febvre|Lucien Febvre]], ed.) : ''[[Apologie pour l'histoire (Bloch)|Apologie pour l'histoire ou Métier d'historien]]'' == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == ; Editiones operum * Etienne Bloch, ed., ''Marc Bloch: [[Apologie pour l'histoire (Bloch)|Apologie pour l'histoire ou Métier d'historien]]''''. Lutetiae: Armand Colin, 1993 * Bertrand Müller, ed., ''Marc Bloch, Lucien Febvre: correspondance. Vol. 1.: 1928-1933: la naissance des Annales''. Lutetiae: Fayard, 1994. ISBN 2-213-03060-X ; Biographica et critica * Olivier Dumoulin, ''Marc Bloch''. Lutetiae: Presses de Sciences Po, 2000. * Carole Fink, ''Marc Bloch. Une vie au service de l'histoire''. Lugduni: Presses Universitaires de Lyon, 1997 * Massimo Mastrogregori, ''Introduzione a Bloch''. Romae: Laterza, 2001. * Ulrich Raulff, ''Marc Bloch. Un historien au XXe siècle''. Lutetiae: Editions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, 2006 * Peter Schöttler, ed., ''Marc Bloch - Historiker und Widerstandskämpfer''. Campus-Verlag, 1999 == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080804051421/http://cmb.ehess.fr/document49.html Marcus Bloch, historicus et miles libertatis], VIII Conférence Marc-Bloch, EHESS, Iunii anno 1986. * [http://www.marcbloch.fr Societas Marco Bloch dicata] * ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110616122507/http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/bloch_marc/apologie_histoire/apologie_histoire.html Apologia pro historia]'' (anno [[1941]] opus postumum promulgatum anno [[1949]]) * "[http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/ahess_1243-258x_1945_num_8_1_3141?luceneQuery=((%2B(bloch))+AND+(+%2Bpole%3A(revue)+%2Baccess_right%3A(free)+))+AND+(indexable_type%3Aarticlepag%3F)&words=bloch&words=revue&words=free&words=articlepag Testamentum spirituale Marci Bloch"] cum imagine photographica e periodico ''Annales'' {{bio-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bloch, Marc}} [[Categoria:Historici Franciae]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Argentoratensis]] [[Categoria:Nati 1886]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1944]] [[Categoria:Auctores Francogallici]] [[Categoria:Victimae Nazistarum]] [[Categoria:Alumni Scholae Normalis Superioris (Lutetia)]] pwrp97b2vduw06pocb6wyjwki3dv9ye 3966190 3966189 2026-06-24T10:04:44Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3966190 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} {{Citatio|'' Super sepulchrum meum sola verba sint:dilexit veritatem '' <ref>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/marcbloch.html ''Testament of Marc Bloch'' apud www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org]</ref>| Ex testamento Marci Bloch}} ''' Marcus Bloch''' natus familia [[Iudaei|Iudaica]], fuit illustris [[rerum gestarum scriptor]] [[Francia|Francicus]], qui [[secundum bellum mundanum|secundo bello mundano]] cum [[motus rebellis Francicus|motu rebelli]] consociatus pro libertate pugnavit. Die [[16 Iunii]] [[1944]] a [[Nazista|Nazistis]] supplicio affectus est. Die 23 Iunii 2026 in [[Pantheum]] cum uxore intravit<ref>[https://eduscol.education.gouv.fr/6971/marc-bloch-entre-au-pantheon Ministerium ab educatione]</ref>, monumentum quod Respublica Francica magnis viris suis dedicavit. Novum genus historiae excogitavit quae non in proeliis eventibusque magnis [[Chronologia|chronologice]] narrandis aut regibus ducibusque enumerandis consisteret sed totius societatis decursum describeret. Quocirca historiam 'hominum in tempore scientiam' esse finivit et [[Methodologia|methodos]] aliarum [[Scientia humana|scientiarum humanarum]] dictarum ([[Geographia|geographiae]], [[Anthropologia|anthropologiae]], [[Oeconomica|oeconomiae]], [[Sociologia|sociologiae]] etc.) in historiam investigandam introduxit. Ita historiam [[rus|ruralem]] Medii Aevi sibi elegit. Velut vexillum illorum novorum historicorum fuit periodicum a Marco Bloch et [[Lucianus Febvre|Luciano Febvre]] anno [[1929]] creatum: ''Annales Histoire Sciences sociales'', ita ut huic proposito qui adhaerebant '[[Schola Annalium|schola Annalium]]' appellarentur. == Opera == * 1920 : ''Rois et Serfs'', dissertatio * 1924 : ''[[Les Rois thaumaturges]]'' * 1931 : ''[[Les Caractères originaux de l'histoire rurale française]]'' * 1939-1940 : ''[[La Société féodale]]'', 2 voll. * 1940 : ''[[L'Étrange Défaite]]'' * 1949 ([[Lucianus Febvre|Lucien Febvre]], ed.) : ''[[Apologie pour l'histoire (Bloch)|Apologie pour l'histoire ou Métier d'historien]]'' == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == ; Editiones operum * Etienne Bloch, ed., ''Marc Bloch: [[Apologie pour l'histoire (Bloch)|Apologie pour l'histoire ou Métier d'historien]]''''. Lutetiae: Armand Colin, 1993 * Bertrand Müller, ed., ''Marc Bloch, Lucien Febvre: correspondance. Vol. 1.: 1928-1933: la naissance des Annales''. Lutetiae: Fayard, 1994. ISBN 2-213-03060-X ; Biographica et critica * Olivier Dumoulin, ''Marc Bloch''. Lutetiae: Presses de Sciences Po, 2000. * Carole Fink, ''Marc Bloch. Une vie au service de l'histoire''. Lugduni: Presses Universitaires de Lyon, 1997 * Massimo Mastrogregori, ''Introduzione a Bloch''. Romae: Laterza, 2001. * Ulrich Raulff, ''Marc Bloch. Un historien au XXe siècle''. Lutetiae: Editions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, 2006 * Peter Schöttler, ed., ''Marc Bloch - Historiker und Widerstandskämpfer''. Campus-Verlag, 1999 == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080804051421/http://cmb.ehess.fr/document49.html Marcus Bloch, historicus et miles libertatis], VIII Conférence Marc-Bloch, EHESS, Iunii anno 1986. * [http://www.marcbloch.fr Societas Marco Bloch dicata] * ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110616122507/http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/bloch_marc/apologie_histoire/apologie_histoire.html Apologia pro historia]'' (anno [[1941]] opus postumum promulgatum anno [[1949]]) * "[http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/ahess_1243-258x_1945_num_8_1_3141?luceneQuery=((%2B(bloch))+AND+(+%2Bpole%3A(revue)+%2Baccess_right%3A(free)+))+AND+(indexable_type%3Aarticlepag%3F)&words=bloch&words=revue&words=free&words=articlepag Testamentum spirituale Marci Bloch"] cum imagine photographica e periodico ''Annales'' {{bio-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bloch, Marc}} [[Categoria:Historici Franciae]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Argentoratensis]] [[Categoria:Nati 1886]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1944]] [[Categoria:Auctores Francogallici]] [[Categoria:Victimae Nazistarum]] [[Categoria:Alumni Scholae Normalis Superioris (Lutetia)]] egaafw8qm86jdy2wzy6ehjm23h1qil3 3966196 3966190 2026-06-24T10:08:18Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Bibliographia */ 3966196 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} {{Citatio|'' Super sepulchrum meum sola verba sint:dilexit veritatem '' <ref>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/marcbloch.html ''Testament of Marc Bloch'' apud www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org]</ref>| Ex testamento Marci Bloch}} ''' Marcus Bloch''' natus familia [[Iudaei|Iudaica]], fuit illustris [[rerum gestarum scriptor]] [[Francia|Francicus]], qui [[secundum bellum mundanum|secundo bello mundano]] cum [[motus rebellis Francicus|motu rebelli]] consociatus pro libertate pugnavit. Die [[16 Iunii]] [[1944]] a [[Nazista|Nazistis]] supplicio affectus est. Die 23 Iunii 2026 in [[Pantheum]] cum uxore intravit<ref>[https://eduscol.education.gouv.fr/6971/marc-bloch-entre-au-pantheon Ministerium ab educatione]</ref>, monumentum quod Respublica Francica magnis viris suis dedicavit. Novum genus historiae excogitavit quae non in proeliis eventibusque magnis [[Chronologia|chronologice]] narrandis aut regibus ducibusque enumerandis consisteret sed totius societatis decursum describeret. Quocirca historiam 'hominum in tempore scientiam' esse finivit et [[Methodologia|methodos]] aliarum [[Scientia humana|scientiarum humanarum]] dictarum ([[Geographia|geographiae]], [[Anthropologia|anthropologiae]], [[Oeconomica|oeconomiae]], [[Sociologia|sociologiae]] etc.) in historiam investigandam introduxit. Ita historiam [[rus|ruralem]] Medii Aevi sibi elegit. Velut vexillum illorum novorum historicorum fuit periodicum a Marco Bloch et [[Lucianus Febvre|Luciano Febvre]] anno [[1929]] creatum: ''Annales Histoire Sciences sociales'', ita ut huic proposito qui adhaerebant '[[Schola Annalium|schola Annalium]]' appellarentur. == Opera == * 1920 : ''Rois et Serfs'', dissertatio * 1924 : ''[[Les Rois thaumaturges]]'' * 1931 : ''[[Les Caractères originaux de l'histoire rurale française]]'' * 1939-1940 : ''[[La Société féodale]]'', 2 voll. * 1940 : ''[[L'Étrange Défaite]]'' * 1949 ([[Lucianus Febvre|Lucien Febvre]], ed.) : ''[[Apologie pour l'histoire (Bloch)|Apologie pour l'histoire ou Métier d'historien]]'' == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == ; Editiones operum * Etienne Bloch, ed., ''Marc Bloch: [[Apologie pour l'histoire (Bloch)|Apologie pour l'histoire ou Métier d'historien]]''''. Lutetiae: Armand Colin, 1993 * Bertrand Müller, ed., ''Marc Bloch, Lucien Febvre: correspondance. Vol. 1.: 1928-1933: la naissance des Annales''. Lutetiae: Fayard, 1994. ISBN 2-213-03060-X ; Biographica et critica * Olivier Dumoulin, ''Marc Bloch''. Lutetiae: Presses de Sciences Po, 2000. [https://shs.cairn.info/marc-bloch--9782724644258?lang=fr] * Carole Fink, ''Marc Bloch. Une vie au service de l'histoire''. Lugduni: Presses Universitaires de Lyon, 1997 * Massimo Mastrogregori, ''Introduzione a Bloch''. Romae: Laterza, 2001. * Ulrich Raulff, ''Marc Bloch. Un historien au XXe siècle''. Lutetiae: Editions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, 2006 * Peter Schöttler, ed., ''Marc Bloch - Historiker und Widerstandskämpfer''. Campus-Verlag, 1999 == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080804051421/http://cmb.ehess.fr/document49.html Marcus Bloch, historicus et miles libertatis], VIII Conférence Marc-Bloch, EHESS, Iunii anno 1986. * [http://www.marcbloch.fr Societas Marco Bloch dicata] * ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110616122507/http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/bloch_marc/apologie_histoire/apologie_histoire.html Apologia pro historia]'' (anno [[1941]] opus postumum promulgatum anno [[1949]]) * "[http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/ahess_1243-258x_1945_num_8_1_3141?luceneQuery=((%2B(bloch))+AND+(+%2Bpole%3A(revue)+%2Baccess_right%3A(free)+))+AND+(indexable_type%3Aarticlepag%3F)&words=bloch&words=revue&words=free&words=articlepag Testamentum spirituale Marci Bloch"] cum imagine photographica e periodico ''Annales'' {{bio-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bloch, Marc}} [[Categoria:Historici Franciae]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Argentoratensis]] [[Categoria:Nati 1886]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1944]] [[Categoria:Auctores Francogallici]] [[Categoria:Victimae Nazistarum]] [[Categoria:Alumni Scholae Normalis Superioris (Lutetia)]] igb79qtpphzw21snq587ov16pzkxti8 3966197 3966196 2026-06-24T10:14:31Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Bibliographia */ 3966197 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} {{Citatio|'' Super sepulchrum meum sola verba sint:dilexit veritatem '' <ref>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/marcbloch.html ''Testament of Marc Bloch'' apud www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org]</ref>| Ex testamento Marci Bloch}} ''' Marcus Bloch''' natus familia [[Iudaei|Iudaica]], fuit illustris [[rerum gestarum scriptor]] [[Francia|Francicus]], qui [[secundum bellum mundanum|secundo bello mundano]] cum [[motus rebellis Francicus|motu rebelli]] consociatus pro libertate pugnavit. Die [[16 Iunii]] [[1944]] a [[Nazista|Nazistis]] supplicio affectus est. Die 23 Iunii 2026 in [[Pantheum]] cum uxore intravit<ref>[https://eduscol.education.gouv.fr/6971/marc-bloch-entre-au-pantheon Ministerium ab educatione]</ref>, monumentum quod Respublica Francica magnis viris suis dedicavit. Novum genus historiae excogitavit quae non in proeliis eventibusque magnis [[Chronologia|chronologice]] narrandis aut regibus ducibusque enumerandis consisteret sed totius societatis decursum describeret. Quocirca historiam 'hominum in tempore scientiam' esse finivit et [[Methodologia|methodos]] aliarum [[Scientia humana|scientiarum humanarum]] dictarum ([[Geographia|geographiae]], [[Anthropologia|anthropologiae]], [[Oeconomica|oeconomiae]], [[Sociologia|sociologiae]] etc.) in historiam investigandam introduxit. Ita historiam [[rus|ruralem]] Medii Aevi sibi elegit. Velut vexillum illorum novorum historicorum fuit periodicum a Marco Bloch et [[Lucianus Febvre|Luciano Febvre]] anno [[1929]] creatum: ''Annales Histoire Sciences sociales'', ita ut huic proposito qui adhaerebant '[[Schola Annalium|schola Annalium]]' appellarentur. == Opera == * 1920 : ''Rois et Serfs'', dissertatio * 1924 : ''[[Les Rois thaumaturges]]'' * 1931 : ''[[Les Caractères originaux de l'histoire rurale française]]'' * 1939-1940 : ''[[La Société féodale]]'', 2 voll. * 1940 : ''[[L'Étrange Défaite]]'' * 1949 ([[Lucianus Febvre|Lucien Febvre]], ed.) : ''[[Apologie pour l'histoire (Bloch)|Apologie pour l'histoire ou Métier d'historien]]'' == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == ; Editiones operum * Etienne Bloch, ed., ''Marc Bloch: [[Apologie pour l'histoire (Bloch)|Apologie pour l'histoire ou Métier d'historien]]''''. Lutetiae: Armand Colin, 1993 * Bertrand Müller, ed., ''Marc Bloch, Lucien Febvre: correspondance. Vol. 1.: 1928-1933: la naissance des Annales''. Lutetiae: Fayard, 1994. ISBN 2-213-03060-X ; Biographica et critica * Olivier Dumoulin, ''Marc Bloch''. Lutetiae: Presses de Sciences Po, 2000. [https://shs.cairn.info/marc-bloch--9782724644258?lang=fr] * Carole Fink, ''Marc Bloch. Une vie au service de l'histoire''. Lugduni: Presses Universitaires de Lyon, 1997 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=r0OhddQ2zT8C&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] * Massimo Mastrogregori, ''Introduzione a Bloch''. Romae: Laterza, 2001. * Ulrich Raulff, ''Marc Bloch. Un historien au XXe siècle''. Lutetiae: Editions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, 2006 * Peter Schöttler, ed., ''Marc Bloch - Historiker und Widerstandskämpfer''. Campus-Verlag, 1999 == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080804051421/http://cmb.ehess.fr/document49.html Marcus Bloch, historicus et miles libertatis], VIII Conférence Marc-Bloch, EHESS, Iunii anno 1986. * [http://www.marcbloch.fr Societas Marco Bloch dicata] * ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110616122507/http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/bloch_marc/apologie_histoire/apologie_histoire.html Apologia pro historia]'' (anno [[1941]] opus postumum promulgatum anno [[1949]]) * "[http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/ahess_1243-258x_1945_num_8_1_3141?luceneQuery=((%2B(bloch))+AND+(+%2Bpole%3A(revue)+%2Baccess_right%3A(free)+))+AND+(indexable_type%3Aarticlepag%3F)&words=bloch&words=revue&words=free&words=articlepag Testamentum spirituale Marci Bloch"] cum imagine photographica e periodico ''Annales'' {{bio-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bloch, Marc}} [[Categoria:Historici Franciae]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Argentoratensis]] [[Categoria:Nati 1886]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1944]] [[Categoria:Auctores Francogallici]] [[Categoria:Victimae Nazistarum]] [[Categoria:Alumni Scholae Normalis Superioris (Lutetia)]] djqlpvfxzqht359uj3gczkoosmmsmu1 3966198 3966197 2026-06-24T10:17:05Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3966198 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} {{Citatio|'' Super sepulchrum meum sola verba sint:dilexit veritatem '' <ref>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/marcbloch.html ''Testament of Marc Bloch'' apud www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org]</ref>| Ex testamento Marci Bloch}} ''' Marcus Bloch''' natus familia [[Iudaei|Iudaica]], fuit illustris [[rerum gestarum scriptor]] [[Francia|Francicus]], qui [[secundum bellum mundanum|secundo bello mundano]] cum [[motus rebellis Francicus|motu rebelli]] consociatus pro libertate pugnavit. Die [[16 Iunii]] [[1944]] a [[Nazista|Nazistis]] supplicio affectus est. Die 23 Iunii 2026 in [[Pantheum]] cum uxore intravit<ref>[https://eduscol.education.gouv.fr/6971/marc-bloch-entre-au-pantheon Ministerium ab educatione]</ref>, monumentum quod Respublica Francica magnis viris suis dedicavit. Novum genus historiae excogitavit quae non in proeliis eventibusque magnis [[Chronologia|chronologice]] narrandis aut regibus ducibusque enumerandis consisteret sed totius societatis decursum describeret. Quocirca historiam 'hominum in tempore scientiam' esse finivit et [[Methodologia|methodos]] aliarum [[Scientia humana|scientiarum humanarum]] dictarum ([[Geographia|geographiae]], [[Anthropologia|anthropologiae]], [[Oeconomica|oeconomiae]], [[Sociologia|sociologiae]] etc.) in historiam investigandam introduxit. Ita historiam [[rus|ruralem]] Medii Aevi sibi elegit. Velut vexillum illorum novorum historicorum fuit periodicum a Marco Bloch et [[Lucianus Febvre|Luciano Febvre]] anno [[1929]] creatum: ''Annales Histoire Sciences sociales'', ita ut huic proposito qui adhaerebant '[[Schola Annalium|schola Annalium]]' appellarentur<ref>André Burguière, ''L'Ecole des Annales: Une histoire intellectuelle'', Editions Odile Jacob, 2006.</ref>. == Opera == * 1920 : ''Rois et Serfs'', dissertatio * 1924 : ''[[Les Rois thaumaturges]]'' * 1931 : ''[[Les Caractères originaux de l'histoire rurale française]]'' * 1939-1940 : ''[[La Société féodale]]'', 2 voll. * 1940 : ''[[L'Étrange Défaite]]'' * 1949 ([[Lucianus Febvre|Lucien Febvre]], ed.) : ''[[Apologie pour l'histoire (Bloch)|Apologie pour l'histoire ou Métier d'historien]]'' == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == ; Editiones operum * Etienne Bloch, ed., ''Marc Bloch: [[Apologie pour l'histoire (Bloch)|Apologie pour l'histoire ou Métier d'historien]]''''. Lutetiae: Armand Colin, 1993 * Bertrand Müller, ed., ''Marc Bloch, Lucien Febvre: correspondance. Vol. 1.: 1928-1933: la naissance des Annales''. Lutetiae: Fayard, 1994. ISBN 2-213-03060-X ; Biographica et critica * Olivier Dumoulin, ''Marc Bloch''. Lutetiae: Presses de Sciences Po, 2000. [https://shs.cairn.info/marc-bloch--9782724644258?lang=fr] * Carole Fink, ''Marc Bloch. Une vie au service de l'histoire''. Lugduni: Presses Universitaires de Lyon, 1997 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=r0OhddQ2zT8C&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] * Massimo Mastrogregori, ''Introduzione a Bloch''. Romae: Laterza, 2001. * Ulrich Raulff, ''Marc Bloch. Un historien au XXe siècle''. Lutetiae: Editions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, 2006 * Peter Schöttler, ed., ''Marc Bloch - Historiker und Widerstandskämpfer''. Campus-Verlag, 1999 == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080804051421/http://cmb.ehess.fr/document49.html Marcus Bloch, historicus et miles libertatis], VIII Conférence Marc-Bloch, EHESS, Iunii anno 1986. * [http://www.marcbloch.fr Societas Marco Bloch dicata] * ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110616122507/http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/bloch_marc/apologie_histoire/apologie_histoire.html Apologia pro historia]'' (anno [[1941]] opus postumum promulgatum anno [[1949]]) * "[http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/ahess_1243-258x_1945_num_8_1_3141?luceneQuery=((%2B(bloch))+AND+(+%2Bpole%3A(revue)+%2Baccess_right%3A(free)+))+AND+(indexable_type%3Aarticlepag%3F)&words=bloch&words=revue&words=free&words=articlepag Testamentum spirituale Marci Bloch"] cum imagine photographica e periodico ''Annales'' {{bio-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bloch, Marc}} [[Categoria:Historici Franciae]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Argentoratensis]] [[Categoria:Nati 1886]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1944]] [[Categoria:Auctores Francogallici]] [[Categoria:Victimae Nazistarum]] [[Categoria:Alumni Scholae Normalis Superioris (Lutetia)]] 1xn5kaodb1l0d8x58oc6fteadah82gy 3966202 3966198 2026-06-24T10:19:57Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3966202 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} {{Citatio|'' Super sepulchrum meum sola verba sint:dilexit veritatem '' <ref>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/marcbloch.html ''Testament of Marc Bloch'' apud www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org]</ref>| Ex testamento Marci Bloch}} ''' Marcus Bloch''' natus familia [[Iudaei|Iudaica]], fuit illustris [[rerum gestarum scriptor]] [[Francia|Francicus]], qui [[secundum bellum mundanum|secundo bello mundano]] cum [[motus rebellis Francicus|motu rebelli]] consociatus pro libertate pugnavit. Die [[16 Iunii]] [[1944]] a [[Nazista|Nazistis]] supplicio affectus est. Die 23 Iunii 2026 in [[Pantheum]] cum uxore intravit<ref>[https://eduscol.education.gouv.fr/6971/marc-bloch-entre-au-pantheon Ministerium ab educatione]</ref>, monumentum quod Respublica Francica magnis viris suis dedicavit. Novum genus historiae excogitavit quae non in proeliis eventibusque magnis [[Chronologia|chronologice]] narrandis aut regibus ducibusque enumerandis consisteret sed totius societatis decursum describeret. Quocirca historiam 'hominum in tempore scientiam' esse finivit et [[Methodologia|methodos]] aliarum [[Scientia humana|scientiarum humanarum]] dictarum ([[Geographia|geographiae]], [[Anthropologia|anthropologiae]], [[Oeconomica|oeconomiae]], [[Sociologia|sociologiae]] etc.) in historiam investigandam introduxit. Ita historiam [[rus|ruralem]] Medii Aevi sibi elegit. Velut vexillum illorum novorum historicorum fuit periodicum a Marco Bloch et [[Lucianus Febvre|Luciano Febvre]] anno [[1929]] creatum: ''Annales Histoire Sciences sociales'', ita ut huic proposito qui adhaerebant '[[Schola Annalium|schola Annalium]]' appellarentur<ref>André Burguière, ''L'Ecole des Annales: Une histoire intellectuelle'', Editions Odile Jacob, 2006. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=Ze8LC7w_jCoC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]</ref>. == Opera == * 1920 : ''Rois et Serfs'', dissertatio * 1924 : ''[[Les Rois thaumaturges]]'' * 1931 : ''[[Les Caractères originaux de l'histoire rurale française]]'' * 1939-1940 : ''[[La Société féodale]]'', 2 voll. * 1940 : ''[[L'Étrange Défaite]]'' * 1949 ([[Lucianus Febvre|Lucien Febvre]], ed.) : ''[[Apologie pour l'histoire (Bloch)|Apologie pour l'histoire ou Métier d'historien]]'' == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == ; Editiones operum * Etienne Bloch, ed., ''Marc Bloch: [[Apologie pour l'histoire (Bloch)|Apologie pour l'histoire ou Métier d'historien]]''''. Lutetiae: Armand Colin, 1993 * Bertrand Müller, ed., ''Marc Bloch, Lucien Febvre: correspondance. Vol. 1.: 1928-1933: la naissance des Annales''. Lutetiae: Fayard, 1994. ISBN 2-213-03060-X ; Biographica et critica * Olivier Dumoulin, ''Marc Bloch''. Lutetiae: Presses de Sciences Po, 2000. [https://shs.cairn.info/marc-bloch--9782724644258?lang=fr] * Carole Fink, ''Marc Bloch. Une vie au service de l'histoire''. Lugduni: Presses Universitaires de Lyon, 1997 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=r0OhddQ2zT8C&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] * Massimo Mastrogregori, ''Introduzione a Bloch''. Romae: Laterza, 2001. * Ulrich Raulff, ''Marc Bloch. Un historien au XXe siècle''. Lutetiae: Editions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, 2006 * Peter Schöttler, ed., ''Marc Bloch - Historiker und Widerstandskämpfer''. Campus-Verlag, 1999 == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080804051421/http://cmb.ehess.fr/document49.html Marcus Bloch, historicus et miles libertatis], VIII Conférence Marc-Bloch, EHESS, Iunii anno 1986. * [http://www.marcbloch.fr Societas Marco Bloch dicata] * ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110616122507/http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/bloch_marc/apologie_histoire/apologie_histoire.html Apologia pro historia]'' (anno [[1941]] opus postumum promulgatum anno [[1949]]) * "[http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/ahess_1243-258x_1945_num_8_1_3141?luceneQuery=((%2B(bloch))+AND+(+%2Bpole%3A(revue)+%2Baccess_right%3A(free)+))+AND+(indexable_type%3Aarticlepag%3F)&words=bloch&words=revue&words=free&words=articlepag Testamentum spirituale Marci Bloch"] cum imagine photographica e periodico ''Annales'' {{bio-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bloch, Marc}} [[Categoria:Historici Franciae]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Argentoratensis]] [[Categoria:Nati 1886]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1944]] [[Categoria:Auctores Francogallici]] [[Categoria:Victimae Nazistarum]] [[Categoria:Alumni Scholae Normalis Superioris (Lutetia)]] ekue2a7e6xqhz5lji0l2a3ny0i2sb8s 3966203 3966202 2026-06-24T10:22:31Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3966203 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} {{Citatio|'' Super sepulchrum meum sola verba sint:dilexit veritatem '' <ref>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/marcbloch.html ''Testament of Marc Bloch'' apud www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org]</ref>| Ex testamento Marci Bloch}} ''' Marcus Bloch''' natus familia [[Iudaei|Iudaica]], fuit illustris [[rerum gestarum scriptor]] [[Francia|Francicus]], qui [[secundum bellum mundanum|secundo bello mundano]] cum [[motus rebellis Francicus|motu rebelli]] consociatus pro libertate pugnavit. Die [[16 Iunii]] [[1944]] a [[Nazista|Nazistis]] supplicio affectus est. Die 23 Iunii 2026 in [[Pantheum]] cum uxore intravit<ref>[https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/debatten/der-widerstandskaempfer-und-historiker-marc-bloch-kommt-ins-pantheon-200953919.html Frankfurter Allgemeiner] [https://eduscol.education.gouv.fr/6971/marc-bloch-entre-au-pantheon Ministerium ab educatione]</ref>, monumentum quod Respublica Francica magnis viris suis dedicavit. Novum genus historiae excogitavit quae non in proeliis eventibusque magnis [[Chronologia|chronologice]] narrandis aut regibus ducibusque enumerandis consisteret sed totius societatis decursum describeret. Quocirca historiam 'hominum in tempore scientiam' esse finivit et [[Methodologia|methodos]] aliarum [[Scientia humana|scientiarum humanarum]] dictarum ([[Geographia|geographiae]], [[Anthropologia|anthropologiae]], [[Oeconomica|oeconomiae]], [[Sociologia|sociologiae]] etc.) in historiam investigandam introduxit. Ita historiam [[rus|ruralem]] Medii Aevi sibi elegit. Velut vexillum illorum novorum historicorum fuit periodicum a Marco Bloch et [[Lucianus Febvre|Luciano Febvre]] anno [[1929]] creatum: ''Annales Histoire Sciences sociales'', ita ut huic proposito qui adhaerebant '[[Schola Annalium|schola Annalium]]' appellarentur<ref>André Burguière, ''L'Ecole des Annales: Une histoire intellectuelle'', Editions Odile Jacob, 2006. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=Ze8LC7w_jCoC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]</ref>. == Opera == * 1920 : ''Rois et Serfs'', dissertatio * 1924 : ''[[Les Rois thaumaturges]]'' * 1931 : ''[[Les Caractères originaux de l'histoire rurale française]]'' * 1939-1940 : ''[[La Société féodale]]'', 2 voll. * 1940 : ''[[L'Étrange Défaite]]'' * 1949 ([[Lucianus Febvre|Lucien Febvre]], ed.) : ''[[Apologie pour l'histoire (Bloch)|Apologie pour l'histoire ou Métier d'historien]]'' == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == ; Editiones operum * Etienne Bloch, ed., ''Marc Bloch: [[Apologie pour l'histoire (Bloch)|Apologie pour l'histoire ou Métier d'historien]]''''. Lutetiae: Armand Colin, 1993 * Bertrand Müller, ed., ''Marc Bloch, Lucien Febvre: correspondance. Vol. 1.: 1928-1933: la naissance des Annales''. Lutetiae: Fayard, 1994. ISBN 2-213-03060-X ; Biographica et critica * Olivier Dumoulin, ''Marc Bloch''. Lutetiae: Presses de Sciences Po, 2000. [https://shs.cairn.info/marc-bloch--9782724644258?lang=fr] * Carole Fink, ''Marc Bloch. Une vie au service de l'histoire''. Lugduni: Presses Universitaires de Lyon, 1997 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=r0OhddQ2zT8C&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] * Massimo Mastrogregori, ''Introduzione a Bloch''. Romae: Laterza, 2001. * Ulrich Raulff, ''Marc Bloch. Un historien au XXe siècle''. Lutetiae: Editions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, 2006 * Peter Schöttler, ed., ''Marc Bloch - Historiker und Widerstandskämpfer''. Campus-Verlag, 1999 == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080804051421/http://cmb.ehess.fr/document49.html Marcus Bloch, historicus et miles libertatis], VIII Conférence Marc-Bloch, EHESS, Iunii anno 1986. * [http://www.marcbloch.fr Societas Marco Bloch dicata] * ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110616122507/http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/bloch_marc/apologie_histoire/apologie_histoire.html Apologia pro historia]'' (anno [[1941]] opus postumum promulgatum anno [[1949]]) * "[http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/ahess_1243-258x_1945_num_8_1_3141?luceneQuery=((%2B(bloch))+AND+(+%2Bpole%3A(revue)+%2Baccess_right%3A(free)+))+AND+(indexable_type%3Aarticlepag%3F)&words=bloch&words=revue&words=free&words=articlepag Testamentum spirituale Marci Bloch"] cum imagine photographica e periodico ''Annales'' {{bio-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bloch, Marc}} [[Categoria:Historici Franciae]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Argentoratensis]] [[Categoria:Nati 1886]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1944]] [[Categoria:Auctores Francogallici]] [[Categoria:Victimae Nazistarum]] [[Categoria:Alumni Scholae Normalis Superioris (Lutetia)]] 488f52zwiozc03urt6rmvt9atx4pqt9 3966205 3966203 2026-06-24T10:25:51Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3966205 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} {{Citatio|'' Super sepulchrum meum sola verba sint:dilexit veritatem '' <ref>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/marcbloch.html ''Testament of Marc Bloch'' apud www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org]</ref>| Ex testamento Marci Bloch}} ''' Marcus Bloch''' natus familia [[Iudaei|Iudaica]], fuit illustris [[rerum gestarum scriptor]] [[Francia|Francicus]], qui [[secundum bellum mundanum|secundo bello mundano]] cum [[motus rebellis Francicus|motu rebelli]] consociatus pro libertate pugnavit. Die [[16 Iunii]] [[1944]] a [[Nazista|Nazistis]] supplicio affectus est. Die 23 Iunii 2026 in [[Pantheum]] cum uxore intravit<ref>[https://www.lanouvellerepublique.fr/a-la-une/marc-bloch-est-entre-au-pantheon-une-lecon-face-a-l-esprit-de-defaite-1782282248 La Nouvelle République]] [https://eduscol.education.gouv.fr/6971/marc-bloch-entre-au-pantheon Ministerium ab educatione]</ref>, monumentum quod Respublica Francica magnis viris suis dedicavit. Novum genus historiae excogitavit quae non in proeliis eventibusque magnis [[Chronologia|chronologice]] narrandis aut regibus ducibusque enumerandis consisteret sed totius societatis decursum describeret. Quocirca historiam 'hominum in tempore scientiam' esse finivit et [[Methodologia|methodos]] aliarum [[Scientia humana|scientiarum humanarum]] dictarum ([[Geographia|geographiae]], [[Anthropologia|anthropologiae]], [[Oeconomica|oeconomiae]], [[Sociologia|sociologiae]] etc.) in historiam investigandam introduxit. Ita historiam [[rus|ruralem]] Medii Aevi sibi elegit. Velut vexillum illorum novorum historicorum fuit periodicum a Marco Bloch et [[Lucianus Febvre|Luciano Febvre]] anno [[1929]] creatum: ''Annales Histoire Sciences sociales'', ita ut huic proposito qui adhaerebant '[[Schola Annalium|schola Annalium]]' appellarentur<ref>André Burguière, ''L'Ecole des Annales: Une histoire intellectuelle'', Editions Odile Jacob, 2006. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=Ze8LC7w_jCoC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]</ref>. == Opera == * 1920 : ''Rois et Serfs'', dissertatio * 1924 : ''[[Les Rois thaumaturges]]'' * 1931 : ''[[Les Caractères originaux de l'histoire rurale française]]'' * 1939-1940 : ''[[La Société féodale]]'', 2 voll. * 1940 : ''[[L'Étrange Défaite]]'' * 1949 ([[Lucianus Febvre|Lucien Febvre]], ed.) : ''[[Apologie pour l'histoire (Bloch)|Apologie pour l'histoire ou Métier d'historien]]'' == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == ; Editiones operum * Etienne Bloch, ed., ''Marc Bloch: [[Apologie pour l'histoire (Bloch)|Apologie pour l'histoire ou Métier d'historien]]''''. Lutetiae: Armand Colin, 1993 * Bertrand Müller, ed., ''Marc Bloch, Lucien Febvre: correspondance. Vol. 1.: 1928-1933: la naissance des Annales''. Lutetiae: Fayard, 1994. ISBN 2-213-03060-X ; Biographica et critica * Olivier Dumoulin, ''Marc Bloch''. Lutetiae: Presses de Sciences Po, 2000. [https://shs.cairn.info/marc-bloch--9782724644258?lang=fr] * Carole Fink, ''Marc Bloch. Une vie au service de l'histoire''. Lugduni: Presses Universitaires de Lyon, 1997 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=r0OhddQ2zT8C&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] * Massimo Mastrogregori, ''Introduzione a Bloch''. Romae: Laterza, 2001. * Ulrich Raulff, ''Marc Bloch. Un historien au XXe siècle''. Lutetiae: Editions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, 2006 * Peter Schöttler, ed., ''Marc Bloch - Historiker und Widerstandskämpfer''. Campus-Verlag, 1999 == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080804051421/http://cmb.ehess.fr/document49.html Marcus Bloch, historicus et miles libertatis], VIII Conférence Marc-Bloch, EHESS, Iunii anno 1986. * [http://www.marcbloch.fr Societas Marco Bloch dicata] * ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110616122507/http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/bloch_marc/apologie_histoire/apologie_histoire.html Apologia pro historia]'' (anno [[1941]] opus postumum promulgatum anno [[1949]]) * "[http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/ahess_1243-258x_1945_num_8_1_3141?luceneQuery=((%2B(bloch))+AND+(+%2Bpole%3A(revue)+%2Baccess_right%3A(free)+))+AND+(indexable_type%3Aarticlepag%3F)&words=bloch&words=revue&words=free&words=articlepag Testamentum spirituale Marci Bloch"] cum imagine photographica e periodico ''Annales'' {{bio-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bloch, Marc}} [[Categoria:Historici Franciae]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Argentoratensis]] [[Categoria:Nati 1886]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1944]] [[Categoria:Auctores Francogallici]] [[Categoria:Victimae Nazistarum]] [[Categoria:Alumni Scholae Normalis Superioris (Lutetia)]] 9h3kngvzlivev2g4bd9puvbhk0l0vhd 3966208 3966205 2026-06-24T10:27:17Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3966208 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} {{Citatio|'' Super sepulchrum meum sola verba sint:dilexit veritatem '' <ref>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/marcbloch.html ''Testament of Marc Bloch'' apud www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org]</ref>| Ex testamento Marci Bloch}} ''' Marcus Bloch''' natus familia [[Iudaei|Iudaica]], fuit illustris [[rerum gestarum scriptor]] [[Francia|Francicus]], qui [[secundum bellum mundanum|secundo bello mundano]] cum [[motus rebellis Francicus|motu rebelli]] consociatus pro libertate pugnavit. Die [[16 Iunii]] [[1944]] a [[Nazista|Nazistis]] supplicio affectus est. Die 23 Iunii 2026 in [[Pantheum]] cum uxore intravit<ref>[https://www.lanouvellerepublique.fr/a-la-une/marc-bloch-est-entre-au-pantheon-une-lecon-face-a-l-esprit-de-defaite-1782282248 La Nouvelle République]] [https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2026/06/24/marc-bloch-fait-son-entree-au-pantheon-dans-un-emouvant-moment-de-communion-republicaine_6710059_823448.html Le Monde] [https://eduscol.education.gouv.fr/6971/marc-bloch-entre-au-pantheon Ministerium ab educatione]</ref>, monumentum quod Respublica Francica magnis viris suis dedicavit. Novum genus historiae excogitavit quae non in proeliis eventibusque magnis [[Chronologia|chronologice]] narrandis aut regibus ducibusque enumerandis consisteret sed totius societatis decursum describeret. Quocirca historiam 'hominum in tempore scientiam' esse finivit et [[Methodologia|methodos]] aliarum [[Scientia humana|scientiarum humanarum]] dictarum ([[Geographia|geographiae]], [[Anthropologia|anthropologiae]], [[Oeconomica|oeconomiae]], [[Sociologia|sociologiae]] etc.) in historiam investigandam introduxit. Ita historiam [[rus|ruralem]] Medii Aevi sibi elegit. Velut vexillum illorum novorum historicorum fuit periodicum a Marco Bloch et [[Lucianus Febvre|Luciano Febvre]] anno [[1929]] creatum: ''Annales Histoire Sciences sociales'', ita ut huic proposito qui adhaerebant '[[Schola Annalium|schola Annalium]]' appellarentur<ref>André Burguière, ''L'Ecole des Annales: Une histoire intellectuelle'', Editions Odile Jacob, 2006. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=Ze8LC7w_jCoC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]</ref>. == Opera == * 1920 : ''Rois et Serfs'', dissertatio * 1924 : ''[[Les Rois thaumaturges]]'' * 1931 : ''[[Les Caractères originaux de l'histoire rurale française]]'' * 1939-1940 : ''[[La Société féodale]]'', 2 voll. * 1940 : ''[[L'Étrange Défaite]]'' * 1949 ([[Lucianus Febvre|Lucien Febvre]], ed.) : ''[[Apologie pour l'histoire (Bloch)|Apologie pour l'histoire ou Métier d'historien]]'' == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == ; Editiones operum * Etienne Bloch, ed., ''Marc Bloch: [[Apologie pour l'histoire (Bloch)|Apologie pour l'histoire ou Métier d'historien]]''''. Lutetiae: Armand Colin, 1993 * Bertrand Müller, ed., ''Marc Bloch, Lucien Febvre: correspondance. Vol. 1.: 1928-1933: la naissance des Annales''. Lutetiae: Fayard, 1994. ISBN 2-213-03060-X ; Biographica et critica * Olivier Dumoulin, ''Marc Bloch''. Lutetiae: Presses de Sciences Po, 2000. [https://shs.cairn.info/marc-bloch--9782724644258?lang=fr] * Carole Fink, ''Marc Bloch. Une vie au service de l'histoire''. Lugduni: Presses Universitaires de Lyon, 1997 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=r0OhddQ2zT8C&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] * Massimo Mastrogregori, ''Introduzione a Bloch''. Romae: Laterza, 2001. * Ulrich Raulff, ''Marc Bloch. Un historien au XXe siècle''. Lutetiae: Editions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, 2006 * Peter Schöttler, ed., ''Marc Bloch - Historiker und Widerstandskämpfer''. Campus-Verlag, 1999 == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080804051421/http://cmb.ehess.fr/document49.html Marcus Bloch, historicus et miles libertatis], VIII Conférence Marc-Bloch, EHESS, Iunii anno 1986. * [http://www.marcbloch.fr Societas Marco Bloch dicata] * ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110616122507/http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/bloch_marc/apologie_histoire/apologie_histoire.html Apologia pro historia]'' (anno [[1941]] opus postumum promulgatum anno [[1949]]) * "[http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/ahess_1243-258x_1945_num_8_1_3141?luceneQuery=((%2B(bloch))+AND+(+%2Bpole%3A(revue)+%2Baccess_right%3A(free)+))+AND+(indexable_type%3Aarticlepag%3F)&words=bloch&words=revue&words=free&words=articlepag Testamentum spirituale Marci Bloch"] cum imagine photographica e periodico ''Annales'' {{bio-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bloch, Marc}} [[Categoria:Historici Franciae]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Argentoratensis]] [[Categoria:Nati 1886]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1944]] [[Categoria:Auctores Francogallici]] [[Categoria:Victimae Nazistarum]] [[Categoria:Alumni Scholae Normalis Superioris (Lutetia)]] algdetxxmj5q4lemwy74x4lkedc43h0 3966210 3966208 2026-06-24T10:28:49Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3966210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} {{Citatio|'' Super sepulchrum meum sola verba sint:dilexit veritatem '' <ref>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/marcbloch.html ''Testament of Marc Bloch'' apud www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org]</ref>| Ex testamento Marci Bloch}} ''' Marcus Bloch''' natus familia [[Iudaei|Iudaica]], fuit illustris [[rerum gestarum scriptor]] [[Francia|Francicus]], qui [[secundum bellum mundanum|secundo bello mundano]] cum [[motus rebellis Francicus|motu rebelli]] consociatus pro libertate pugnavit. Die [[16 Iunii]] [[1944]] a [[Nazista|Nazistis]] supplicio affectus est. Die 23 Iunii 2026 in [[Pantheum]] cum uxore intravit<ref>[https://www.lanouvellerepublique.fr/a-la-une/marc-bloch-est-entre-au-pantheon-une-lecon-face-a-l-esprit-de-defaite-1782282248 La Nouvelle République]] [https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2026/06/24/marc-bloch-fait-son-entree-au-pantheon-dans-un-emouvant-moment-de-communion-republicaine_6710059_823448.html Le Monde] [https://eduscol.education.gouv.fr/6971/marc-bloch-entre-au-pantheon Ministerium ab educatione]</ref>, monumentum quod Respublica Francica magnis viris suis dedicavit. Novum genus historiae excogitavit quae non in proeliis eventibusque magnis [[Chronologia|chronologice]] narrandis aut regibus ducibusque enumerandis consisteret sed totius societatis decursum describeret. Quocirca historiam 'hominum in tempore scientiam' esse finivit et [[Methodologia|methodos]] aliarum [[Scientia humana|scientiarum humanarum]] dictarum ([[Geographia|geographiae]], [[Anthropologia|anthropologiae]], [[Oeconomica|oeconomiae]], [[Sociologia|sociologiae]] etc.) in praeteritas aetates investigandas introduxit. Ita historiam [[rus|ruralem]] Medii Aevi sibi elegit. Velut vexillum illorum novorum historicorum fuit periodicum a Marco Bloch et [[Lucianus Febvre|Luciano Febvre]] anno [[1929]] creatum: ''Annales Histoire Sciences sociales'', ita ut huic proposito qui adhaerebant '[[Schola Annalium|schola Annalium]]' appellarentur<ref>André Burguière, ''L'Ecole des Annales: Une histoire intellectuelle'', Editions Odile Jacob, 2006. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=Ze8LC7w_jCoC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]</ref>. == Opera == * 1920 : ''Rois et Serfs'', dissertatio * 1924 : ''[[Les Rois thaumaturges]]'' * 1931 : ''[[Les Caractères originaux de l'histoire rurale française]]'' * 1939-1940 : ''[[La Société féodale]]'', 2 voll. * 1940 : ''[[L'Étrange Défaite]]'' * 1949 ([[Lucianus Febvre|Lucien Febvre]], ed.) : ''[[Apologie pour l'histoire (Bloch)|Apologie pour l'histoire ou Métier d'historien]]'' == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == ; Editiones operum * Etienne Bloch, ed., ''Marc Bloch: [[Apologie pour l'histoire (Bloch)|Apologie pour l'histoire ou Métier d'historien]]''''. Lutetiae: Armand Colin, 1993 * Bertrand Müller, ed., ''Marc Bloch, Lucien Febvre: correspondance. Vol. 1.: 1928-1933: la naissance des Annales''. Lutetiae: Fayard, 1994. ISBN 2-213-03060-X ; Biographica et critica * Olivier Dumoulin, ''Marc Bloch''. Lutetiae: Presses de Sciences Po, 2000. [https://shs.cairn.info/marc-bloch--9782724644258?lang=fr] * Carole Fink, ''Marc Bloch. Une vie au service de l'histoire''. Lugduni: Presses Universitaires de Lyon, 1997 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=r0OhddQ2zT8C&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] * Massimo Mastrogregori, ''Introduzione a Bloch''. Romae: Laterza, 2001. * Ulrich Raulff, ''Marc Bloch. Un historien au XXe siècle''. Lutetiae: Editions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, 2006 * Peter Schöttler, ed., ''Marc Bloch - Historiker und Widerstandskämpfer''. Campus-Verlag, 1999 == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080804051421/http://cmb.ehess.fr/document49.html Marcus Bloch, historicus et miles libertatis], VIII Conférence Marc-Bloch, EHESS, Iunii anno 1986. * [http://www.marcbloch.fr Societas Marco Bloch dicata] * ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110616122507/http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/bloch_marc/apologie_histoire/apologie_histoire.html Apologia pro historia]'' (anno [[1941]] opus postumum promulgatum anno [[1949]]) * "[http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/ahess_1243-258x_1945_num_8_1_3141?luceneQuery=((%2B(bloch))+AND+(+%2Bpole%3A(revue)+%2Baccess_right%3A(free)+))+AND+(indexable_type%3Aarticlepag%3F)&words=bloch&words=revue&words=free&words=articlepag Testamentum spirituale Marci Bloch"] cum imagine photographica e periodico ''Annales'' {{bio-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bloch, Marc}} [[Categoria:Historici Franciae]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Argentoratensis]] [[Categoria:Nati 1886]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1944]] [[Categoria:Auctores Francogallici]] [[Categoria:Victimae Nazistarum]] [[Categoria:Alumni Scholae Normalis Superioris (Lutetia)]] b1jnqpoezy5v2djuisoryeif54jhh6k 3966211 3966210 2026-06-24T10:29:15Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3966211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} {{Citatio|'' Super sepulchrum meum sola verba sint:dilexit veritatem '' <ref>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/marcbloch.html ''Testament of Marc Bloch'' apud www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org]</ref>| Ex testamento Marci Bloch}} ''' Marcus Bloch''' natus familia [[Iudaei|Iudaica]], fuit illustris [[rerum gestarum scriptor]] [[Francia|Francicus]], qui [[secundum bellum mundanum|secundo bello mundano]] cum [[motus rebellis Francicus|motu rebelli]] consociatus pro libertate pugnavit. Die [[16 Iunii]] [[1944]] a [[Nazista|Nazistis]] supplicio affectus est. Die 23 Iunii 2026 in [[Pantheum]] cum uxore intravit<ref>[https://www.lanouvellerepublique.fr/a-la-une/marc-bloch-est-entre-au-pantheon-une-lecon-face-a-l-esprit-de-defaite-1782282248 La Nouvelle République]] [https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2026/06/24/marc-bloch-fait-son-entree-au-pantheon-dans-un-emouvant-moment-de-communion-republicaine_6710059_823448.html Le Monde] [https://eduscol.education.gouv.fr/6971/marc-bloch-entre-au-pantheon Ministerium ab educatione]</ref>, monumentum quod Respublica Francica magnis viris suis dedicavit. Novum genus historiae excogitavit quae non in proeliis eventibusque magnis [[Chronologia|chronologice]] narrandis aut regibus ducibusque enumerandis consisteret sed totius societatis decursum describeret. Quocirca historiam 'hominum in tempore scientiam' esse finivit et [[Methodologia|methodos]] aliarum [[Scientia humana|scientiarum humanarum]] dictarum ([[Geographia|geographiae]], [[Anthropologia|anthropologiae]], [[Oeconomica|oeconomiae]], [[Sociologia|sociologiae]] etc.) in praeteritas aetates investigandas introduxit. Ita historiam [[rus|ruralem]] Medii Aevi sibi elegit. Velut vexillum illorum novorum historicorum fuit [[periodicum]] a Marco Bloch et [[Lucianus Febvre|Luciano Febvre]] anno [[1929]] creatum: ''Annales Histoire Sciences sociales'', ita ut huic proposito qui adhaerebant '[[Schola Annalium|schola Annalium]]' appellarentur<ref>André Burguière, ''L'Ecole des Annales: Une histoire intellectuelle'', Editions Odile Jacob, 2006. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=Ze8LC7w_jCoC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]</ref>. == Opera == * 1920 : ''Rois et Serfs'', dissertatio * 1924 : ''[[Les Rois thaumaturges]]'' * 1931 : ''[[Les Caractères originaux de l'histoire rurale française]]'' * 1939-1940 : ''[[La Société féodale]]'', 2 voll. * 1940 : ''[[L'Étrange Défaite]]'' * 1949 ([[Lucianus Febvre|Lucien Febvre]], ed.) : ''[[Apologie pour l'histoire (Bloch)|Apologie pour l'histoire ou Métier d'historien]]'' == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == ; Editiones operum * Etienne Bloch, ed., ''Marc Bloch: [[Apologie pour l'histoire (Bloch)|Apologie pour l'histoire ou Métier d'historien]]''''. Lutetiae: Armand Colin, 1993 * Bertrand Müller, ed., ''Marc Bloch, Lucien Febvre: correspondance. Vol. 1.: 1928-1933: la naissance des Annales''. Lutetiae: Fayard, 1994. ISBN 2-213-03060-X ; Biographica et critica * Olivier Dumoulin, ''Marc Bloch''. Lutetiae: Presses de Sciences Po, 2000. [https://shs.cairn.info/marc-bloch--9782724644258?lang=fr] * Carole Fink, ''Marc Bloch. Une vie au service de l'histoire''. Lugduni: Presses Universitaires de Lyon, 1997 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=r0OhddQ2zT8C&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] * Massimo Mastrogregori, ''Introduzione a Bloch''. Romae: Laterza, 2001. * Ulrich Raulff, ''Marc Bloch. Un historien au XXe siècle''. Lutetiae: Editions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, 2006 * Peter Schöttler, ed., ''Marc Bloch - Historiker und Widerstandskämpfer''. Campus-Verlag, 1999 == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080804051421/http://cmb.ehess.fr/document49.html Marcus Bloch, historicus et miles libertatis], VIII Conférence Marc-Bloch, EHESS, Iunii anno 1986. * [http://www.marcbloch.fr Societas Marco Bloch dicata] * ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110616122507/http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/bloch_marc/apologie_histoire/apologie_histoire.html Apologia pro historia]'' (anno [[1941]] opus postumum promulgatum anno [[1949]]) * "[http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/ahess_1243-258x_1945_num_8_1_3141?luceneQuery=((%2B(bloch))+AND+(+%2Bpole%3A(revue)+%2Baccess_right%3A(free)+))+AND+(indexable_type%3Aarticlepag%3F)&words=bloch&words=revue&words=free&words=articlepag Testamentum spirituale Marci Bloch"] cum imagine photographica e periodico ''Annales'' {{bio-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bloch, Marc}} [[Categoria:Historici Franciae]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Argentoratensis]] [[Categoria:Nati 1886]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1944]] [[Categoria:Auctores Francogallici]] [[Categoria:Victimae Nazistarum]] [[Categoria:Alumni Scholae Normalis Superioris (Lutetia)]] kotshhpzj9y5l1fy9tv8106iqigbp65 3966212 3966211 2026-06-24T10:33:07Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Nexus externi */ 3966212 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} {{Citatio|'' Super sepulchrum meum sola verba sint:dilexit veritatem '' <ref>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/marcbloch.html ''Testament of Marc Bloch'' apud www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org]</ref>| Ex testamento Marci Bloch}} ''' Marcus Bloch''' natus familia [[Iudaei|Iudaica]], fuit illustris [[rerum gestarum scriptor]] [[Francia|Francicus]], qui [[secundum bellum mundanum|secundo bello mundano]] cum [[motus rebellis Francicus|motu rebelli]] consociatus pro libertate pugnavit. Die [[16 Iunii]] [[1944]] a [[Nazista|Nazistis]] supplicio affectus est. Die 23 Iunii 2026 in [[Pantheum]] cum uxore intravit<ref>[https://www.lanouvellerepublique.fr/a-la-une/marc-bloch-est-entre-au-pantheon-une-lecon-face-a-l-esprit-de-defaite-1782282248 La Nouvelle République]] [https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2026/06/24/marc-bloch-fait-son-entree-au-pantheon-dans-un-emouvant-moment-de-communion-republicaine_6710059_823448.html Le Monde] [https://eduscol.education.gouv.fr/6971/marc-bloch-entre-au-pantheon Ministerium ab educatione]</ref>, monumentum quod Respublica Francica magnis viris suis dedicavit. Novum genus historiae excogitavit quae non in proeliis eventibusque magnis [[Chronologia|chronologice]] narrandis aut regibus ducibusque enumerandis consisteret sed totius societatis decursum describeret. Quocirca historiam 'hominum in tempore scientiam' esse finivit et [[Methodologia|methodos]] aliarum [[Scientia humana|scientiarum humanarum]] dictarum ([[Geographia|geographiae]], [[Anthropologia|anthropologiae]], [[Oeconomica|oeconomiae]], [[Sociologia|sociologiae]] etc.) in praeteritas aetates investigandas introduxit. Ita historiam [[rus|ruralem]] Medii Aevi sibi elegit. Velut vexillum illorum novorum historicorum fuit [[periodicum]] a Marco Bloch et [[Lucianus Febvre|Luciano Febvre]] anno [[1929]] creatum: ''Annales Histoire Sciences sociales'', ita ut huic proposito qui adhaerebant '[[Schola Annalium|schola Annalium]]' appellarentur<ref>André Burguière, ''L'Ecole des Annales: Une histoire intellectuelle'', Editions Odile Jacob, 2006. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=Ze8LC7w_jCoC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]</ref>. == Opera == * 1920 : ''Rois et Serfs'', dissertatio * 1924 : ''[[Les Rois thaumaturges]]'' * 1931 : ''[[Les Caractères originaux de l'histoire rurale française]]'' * 1939-1940 : ''[[La Société féodale]]'', 2 voll. * 1940 : ''[[L'Étrange Défaite]]'' * 1949 ([[Lucianus Febvre|Lucien Febvre]], ed.) : ''[[Apologie pour l'histoire (Bloch)|Apologie pour l'histoire ou Métier d'historien]]'' == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == ; Editiones operum * Etienne Bloch, ed., ''Marc Bloch: [[Apologie pour l'histoire (Bloch)|Apologie pour l'histoire ou Métier d'historien]]''''. Lutetiae: Armand Colin, 1993 * Bertrand Müller, ed., ''Marc Bloch, Lucien Febvre: correspondance. Vol. 1.: 1928-1933: la naissance des Annales''. Lutetiae: Fayard, 1994. ISBN 2-213-03060-X ; Biographica et critica * Olivier Dumoulin, ''Marc Bloch''. Lutetiae: Presses de Sciences Po, 2000. [https://shs.cairn.info/marc-bloch--9782724644258?lang=fr] * Carole Fink, ''Marc Bloch. Une vie au service de l'histoire''. Lugduni: Presses Universitaires de Lyon, 1997 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=r0OhddQ2zT8C&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] * Massimo Mastrogregori, ''Introduzione a Bloch''. Romae: Laterza, 2001. * Ulrich Raulff, ''Marc Bloch. Un historien au XXe siècle''. Lutetiae: Editions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, 2006 * Peter Schöttler, ed., ''Marc Bloch - Historiker und Widerstandskämpfer''. Campus-Verlag, 1999 == Nexus externi == * [[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Marc_Bloch Macum Bloch] spectant * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080804051421/http://cmb.ehess.fr/document49.html Marcus Bloch, historicus et miles libertatis], VIII Conférence Marc-Bloch, EHESS, Iunii anno 1986. * [http://www.marcbloch.fr Societas Marco Bloch dicata] * ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110616122507/http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/bloch_marc/apologie_histoire/apologie_histoire.html Apologia pro historia]'' (anno [[1941]] opus postumum promulgatum anno [[1949]]) * "[http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/ahess_1243-258x_1945_num_8_1_3141?luceneQuery=((%2B(bloch))+AND+(+%2Bpole%3A(revue)+%2Baccess_right%3A(free)+))+AND+(indexable_type%3Aarticlepag%3F)&words=bloch&words=revue&words=free&words=articlepag Testamentum spirituale Marci Bloch"] cum imagine photographica e periodico ''Annales'' {{bio-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bloch, Marc}} [[Categoria:Historici Franciae]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Argentoratensis]] [[Categoria:Nati 1886]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1944]] [[Categoria:Auctores Francogallici]] [[Categoria:Victimae Nazistarum]] [[Categoria:Alumni Scholae Normalis Superioris (Lutetia)]] n090owmto99710dqw52qw2wq83owwfn 3966213 3966212 2026-06-24T10:33:20Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Nexus externi */ 3966213 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} {{Citatio|'' Super sepulchrum meum sola verba sint:dilexit veritatem '' <ref>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/marcbloch.html ''Testament of Marc Bloch'' apud www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org]</ref>| Ex testamento Marci Bloch}} ''' Marcus Bloch''' natus familia [[Iudaei|Iudaica]], fuit illustris [[rerum gestarum scriptor]] [[Francia|Francicus]], qui [[secundum bellum mundanum|secundo bello mundano]] cum [[motus rebellis Francicus|motu rebelli]] consociatus pro libertate pugnavit. Die [[16 Iunii]] [[1944]] a [[Nazista|Nazistis]] supplicio affectus est. Die 23 Iunii 2026 in [[Pantheum]] cum uxore intravit<ref>[https://www.lanouvellerepublique.fr/a-la-une/marc-bloch-est-entre-au-pantheon-une-lecon-face-a-l-esprit-de-defaite-1782282248 La Nouvelle République]] [https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2026/06/24/marc-bloch-fait-son-entree-au-pantheon-dans-un-emouvant-moment-de-communion-republicaine_6710059_823448.html Le Monde] [https://eduscol.education.gouv.fr/6971/marc-bloch-entre-au-pantheon Ministerium ab educatione]</ref>, monumentum quod Respublica Francica magnis viris suis dedicavit. Novum genus historiae excogitavit quae non in proeliis eventibusque magnis [[Chronologia|chronologice]] narrandis aut regibus ducibusque enumerandis consisteret sed totius societatis decursum describeret. Quocirca historiam 'hominum in tempore scientiam' esse finivit et [[Methodologia|methodos]] aliarum [[Scientia humana|scientiarum humanarum]] dictarum ([[Geographia|geographiae]], [[Anthropologia|anthropologiae]], [[Oeconomica|oeconomiae]], [[Sociologia|sociologiae]] etc.) in praeteritas aetates investigandas introduxit. Ita historiam [[rus|ruralem]] Medii Aevi sibi elegit. Velut vexillum illorum novorum historicorum fuit [[periodicum]] a Marco Bloch et [[Lucianus Febvre|Luciano Febvre]] anno [[1929]] creatum: ''Annales Histoire Sciences sociales'', ita ut huic proposito qui adhaerebant '[[Schola Annalium|schola Annalium]]' appellarentur<ref>André Burguière, ''L'Ecole des Annales: Une histoire intellectuelle'', Editions Odile Jacob, 2006. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=Ze8LC7w_jCoC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]</ref>. == Opera == * 1920 : ''Rois et Serfs'', dissertatio * 1924 : ''[[Les Rois thaumaturges]]'' * 1931 : ''[[Les Caractères originaux de l'histoire rurale française]]'' * 1939-1940 : ''[[La Société féodale]]'', 2 voll. * 1940 : ''[[L'Étrange Défaite]]'' * 1949 ([[Lucianus Febvre|Lucien Febvre]], ed.) : ''[[Apologie pour l'histoire (Bloch)|Apologie pour l'histoire ou Métier d'historien]]'' == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == ; Editiones operum * Etienne Bloch, ed., ''Marc Bloch: [[Apologie pour l'histoire (Bloch)|Apologie pour l'histoire ou Métier d'historien]]''''. Lutetiae: Armand Colin, 1993 * Bertrand Müller, ed., ''Marc Bloch, Lucien Febvre: correspondance. Vol. 1.: 1928-1933: la naissance des Annales''. Lutetiae: Fayard, 1994. ISBN 2-213-03060-X ; Biographica et critica * Olivier Dumoulin, ''Marc Bloch''. Lutetiae: Presses de Sciences Po, 2000. [https://shs.cairn.info/marc-bloch--9782724644258?lang=fr] * Carole Fink, ''Marc Bloch. Une vie au service de l'histoire''. Lugduni: Presses Universitaires de Lyon, 1997 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=r0OhddQ2zT8C&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] * Massimo Mastrogregori, ''Introduzione a Bloch''. Romae: Laterza, 2001. * Ulrich Raulff, ''Marc Bloch. Un historien au XXe siècle''. Lutetiae: Editions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, 2006 * Peter Schöttler, ed., ''Marc Bloch - Historiker und Widerstandskämpfer''. Campus-Verlag, 1999 == Nexus externi == * [[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Marc_Bloch Marcum Bloch] spectant * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080804051421/http://cmb.ehess.fr/document49.html Marcus Bloch, historicus et miles libertatis], VIII Conférence Marc-Bloch, EHESS, Iunii anno 1986. * [http://www.marcbloch.fr Societas Marco Bloch dicata] * ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110616122507/http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/bloch_marc/apologie_histoire/apologie_histoire.html Apologia pro historia]'' (anno [[1941]] opus postumum promulgatum anno [[1949]]) * "[http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/ahess_1243-258x_1945_num_8_1_3141?luceneQuery=((%2B(bloch))+AND+(+%2Bpole%3A(revue)+%2Baccess_right%3A(free)+))+AND+(indexable_type%3Aarticlepag%3F)&words=bloch&words=revue&words=free&words=articlepag Testamentum spirituale Marci Bloch"] cum imagine photographica e periodico ''Annales'' {{bio-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bloch, Marc}} [[Categoria:Historici Franciae]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Argentoratensis]] [[Categoria:Nati 1886]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1944]] [[Categoria:Auctores Francogallici]] [[Categoria:Victimae Nazistarum]] [[Categoria:Alumni Scholae Normalis Superioris (Lutetia)]] 0rg3do3q5hm90rl2jce2s1ord3figa7 3966214 3966213 2026-06-24T10:39:12Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3966214 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} {{Citatio|'' Super sepulchrum meum sola verba sint:dilexit veritatem '' <ref>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/marcbloch.html ''Testament of Marc Bloch'' apud www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org]</ref>| Ex testamento Marci Bloch}} ''' Marcus Bloch''' natus familia [[Iudaei|Iudaica]], fuit illustris [[rerum gestarum scriptor]] [[Francia|Francicus]], qui [[secundum bellum mundanum|secundo bello mundano]] cum [[motus rebellis Francicus|motu rebelli]] consociatus pro libertate pugnavit. Die [[16 Iunii]] [[1944]] a [[Nazista|Nazistis]] supplicio affectus est. Die 23 Iunii 2026 in [[Pantheum]] cum uxore intravit<ref>[https://www.lanouvellerepublique.fr/a-la-une/marc-bloch-est-entre-au-pantheon-une-lecon-face-a-l-esprit-de-defaite-1782282248 La Nouvelle République] [https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2026/06/24/marc-bloch-fait-son-entree-au-pantheon-dans-un-emouvant-moment-de-communion-republicaine_6710059_823448.html Le Monde] [https://eduscol.education.gouv.fr/6971/marc-bloch-entre-au-pantheon Ministerium ab educatione]</ref>, monumentum quod Respublica Francica magnis viris suis dedicavit. Novum genus historiae excogitavit quae non in proeliis eventibusque magnis [[Chronologia|chronologice]] narrandis aut regibus ducibusque enumerandis consisteret sed totius societatis decursum describeret. Quocirca historiam 'hominum in tempore scientiam' esse finivit et [[Methodologia|methodos]] aliarum [[Scientia humana|scientiarum humanarum]] dictarum ([[Geographia|geographiae]], [[Anthropologia|anthropologiae]], [[Oeconomica|oeconomiae]], [[Sociologia|sociologiae]] etc.) in praeteritas aetates investigandas introduxit. Ita historiam [[rus|ruralem]] Medii Aevi sibi elegit. Velut vexillum illorum novorum historicorum fuit [[periodicum]] a Marco Bloch et [[Lucianus Febvre|Luciano Febvre]] anno [[1929]] creatum: ''Annales Histoire Sciences sociales'', ita ut huic proposito qui adhaerebant '[[Schola Annalium|schola Annalium]]' appellarentur<ref>André Burguière, ''L'Ecole des Annales: Une histoire intellectuelle'', Editions Odile Jacob, 2006. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=Ze8LC7w_jCoC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]</ref>. == Opera == * 1920 : ''Rois et Serfs'', dissertatio * 1924 : ''[[Les Rois thaumaturges]]'' * 1931 : ''[[Les Caractères originaux de l'histoire rurale française]]'' * 1939-1940 : ''[[La Société féodale]]'', 2 voll. * 1940 : ''[[L'Étrange Défaite]]'' * 1949 ([[Lucianus Febvre|Lucien Febvre]], ed.) : ''[[Apologie pour l'histoire (Bloch)|Apologie pour l'histoire ou Métier d'historien]]'' == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == ; Editiones operum * Etienne Bloch, ed., ''Marc Bloch: [[Apologie pour l'histoire (Bloch)|Apologie pour l'histoire ou Métier d'historien]]''''. Lutetiae: Armand Colin, 1993 * Bertrand Müller, ed., ''Marc Bloch, Lucien Febvre: correspondance. Vol. 1.: 1928-1933: la naissance des Annales''. Lutetiae: Fayard, 1994. ISBN 2-213-03060-X ; Biographica et critica * Olivier Dumoulin, ''Marc Bloch''. Lutetiae: Presses de Sciences Po, 2000. [https://shs.cairn.info/marc-bloch--9782724644258?lang=fr] * Carole Fink, ''Marc Bloch. Une vie au service de l'histoire''. Lugduni: Presses Universitaires de Lyon, 1997 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=r0OhddQ2zT8C&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] * Massimo Mastrogregori, ''Introduzione a Bloch''. Romae: Laterza, 2001. * Ulrich Raulff, ''Marc Bloch. Un historien au XXe siècle''. Lutetiae: Editions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, 2006 * Peter Schöttler, ed., ''Marc Bloch - Historiker und Widerstandskämpfer''. Campus-Verlag, 1999 == Nexus externi == * [[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Marc_Bloch Marcum Bloch] spectant * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080804051421/http://cmb.ehess.fr/document49.html Marcus Bloch, historicus et miles libertatis], VIII Conférence Marc-Bloch, EHESS, Iunii anno 1986. * [http://www.marcbloch.fr Societas Marco Bloch dicata] * ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110616122507/http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/bloch_marc/apologie_histoire/apologie_histoire.html Apologia pro historia]'' (anno [[1941]] opus postumum promulgatum anno [[1949]]) * "[http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/ahess_1243-258x_1945_num_8_1_3141?luceneQuery=((%2B(bloch))+AND+(+%2Bpole%3A(revue)+%2Baccess_right%3A(free)+))+AND+(indexable_type%3Aarticlepag%3F)&words=bloch&words=revue&words=free&words=articlepag Testamentum spirituale Marci Bloch"] cum imagine photographica e periodico ''Annales'' {{bio-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bloch, Marc}} [[Categoria:Historici Franciae]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Argentoratensis]] [[Categoria:Nati 1886]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1944]] [[Categoria:Auctores Francogallici]] [[Categoria:Victimae Nazistarum]] [[Categoria:Alumni Scholae Normalis Superioris (Lutetia)]] gcgwrs2eohqmjycoke6smocwezxinvl 3966217 3966214 2026-06-24T10:44:28Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Nexus externi */ 3966217 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} {{Citatio|'' Super sepulchrum meum sola verba sint:dilexit veritatem '' <ref>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/marcbloch.html ''Testament of Marc Bloch'' apud www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org]</ref>| Ex testamento Marci Bloch}} ''' Marcus Bloch''' natus familia [[Iudaei|Iudaica]], fuit illustris [[rerum gestarum scriptor]] [[Francia|Francicus]], qui [[secundum bellum mundanum|secundo bello mundano]] cum [[motus rebellis Francicus|motu rebelli]] consociatus pro libertate pugnavit. Die [[16 Iunii]] [[1944]] a [[Nazista|Nazistis]] supplicio affectus est. Die 23 Iunii 2026 in [[Pantheum]] cum uxore intravit<ref>[https://www.lanouvellerepublique.fr/a-la-une/marc-bloch-est-entre-au-pantheon-une-lecon-face-a-l-esprit-de-defaite-1782282248 La Nouvelle République] [https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2026/06/24/marc-bloch-fait-son-entree-au-pantheon-dans-un-emouvant-moment-de-communion-republicaine_6710059_823448.html Le Monde] [https://eduscol.education.gouv.fr/6971/marc-bloch-entre-au-pantheon Ministerium ab educatione]</ref>, monumentum quod Respublica Francica magnis viris suis dedicavit. Novum genus historiae excogitavit quae non in proeliis eventibusque magnis [[Chronologia|chronologice]] narrandis aut regibus ducibusque enumerandis consisteret sed totius societatis decursum describeret. Quocirca historiam 'hominum in tempore scientiam' esse finivit et [[Methodologia|methodos]] aliarum [[Scientia humana|scientiarum humanarum]] dictarum ([[Geographia|geographiae]], [[Anthropologia|anthropologiae]], [[Oeconomica|oeconomiae]], [[Sociologia|sociologiae]] etc.) in praeteritas aetates investigandas introduxit. Ita historiam [[rus|ruralem]] Medii Aevi sibi elegit. Velut vexillum illorum novorum historicorum fuit [[periodicum]] a Marco Bloch et [[Lucianus Febvre|Luciano Febvre]] anno [[1929]] creatum: ''Annales Histoire Sciences sociales'', ita ut huic proposito qui adhaerebant '[[Schola Annalium|schola Annalium]]' appellarentur<ref>André Burguière, ''L'Ecole des Annales: Une histoire intellectuelle'', Editions Odile Jacob, 2006. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=Ze8LC7w_jCoC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]</ref>. == Opera == * 1920 : ''Rois et Serfs'', dissertatio * 1924 : ''[[Les Rois thaumaturges]]'' * 1931 : ''[[Les Caractères originaux de l'histoire rurale française]]'' * 1939-1940 : ''[[La Société féodale]]'', 2 voll. * 1940 : ''[[L'Étrange Défaite]]'' * 1949 ([[Lucianus Febvre|Lucien Febvre]], ed.) : ''[[Apologie pour l'histoire (Bloch)|Apologie pour l'histoire ou Métier d'historien]]'' == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == ; Editiones operum * Etienne Bloch, ed., ''Marc Bloch: [[Apologie pour l'histoire (Bloch)|Apologie pour l'histoire ou Métier d'historien]]''''. Lutetiae: Armand Colin, 1993 * Bertrand Müller, ed., ''Marc Bloch, Lucien Febvre: correspondance. Vol. 1.: 1928-1933: la naissance des Annales''. Lutetiae: Fayard, 1994. ISBN 2-213-03060-X ; Biographica et critica * Olivier Dumoulin, ''Marc Bloch''. Lutetiae: Presses de Sciences Po, 2000. [https://shs.cairn.info/marc-bloch--9782724644258?lang=fr] * Carole Fink, ''Marc Bloch. Une vie au service de l'histoire''. Lugduni: Presses Universitaires de Lyon, 1997 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=r0OhddQ2zT8C&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] * Massimo Mastrogregori, ''Introduzione a Bloch''. Romae: Laterza, 2001. * Ulrich Raulff, ''Marc Bloch. Un historien au XXe siècle''. Lutetiae: Editions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, 2006 * Peter Schöttler, ed., ''Marc Bloch - Historiker und Widerstandskämpfer''. Campus-Verlag, 1999 == Nexus externi == * [[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Marc_Bloch Marcum Bloch] spectant * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080804051421/http://cmb.ehess.fr/document49.html Marcus Bloch, historicus et miles libertatis], VIII Conférence Marc-Bloch, EHESS, Iunii anno 1986. * [http://www.marcbloch.fr Societas Marco Bloch dicata] * ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110616122507/http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/bloch_marc/apologie_histoire/apologie_histoire.html Apologia pro historia]'' (anno [[1941]] opus postumum promulgatum anno [[1949]]) * "[http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/ahess_1243-258x_1945_num_8_1_3141?luceneQuery=((%2B(bloch))+AND+(+%2Bpole%3A(revue)+%2Baccess_right%3A(free)+))+AND+(indexable_type%3Aarticlepag%3F)&words=bloch&words=revue&words=free&words=articlepag Testamentum spirituale Marci Bloch"] cum imagine photographica e periodico ''Annales'' {{bio-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bloch, Marc}} [[Categoria:Historici Franciae]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Argentoratensis]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Parisiensis]] [[Categoria:Nati 1886]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1944]] [[Categoria:Auctores Francogallici]] [[Categoria:Victimae Nazistarum]] [[Categoria:Alumni Scholae Normalis Superioris (Lutetia)]] gbofnpxoantcr6bi0bz7k81kj53cnbl 0 45946 3966168 3884363 2026-06-24T03:57:29Z Bartholomite 116968 3966168 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Disnomen}} {{Nomen|genus=Masculinum|origo=Latina|significatio="vincens"|imago=Self-Portrait with Grey Felt Hat1 23.jpg|capitulum=[[Vincentius van Gogh]], pictor Batavicus}} '''Vincentius''' (quod significat ''vincens'', vel ''victor'') est nomen atque [[praenomen]] masculinum, cuius origo Latina est.<ref>''Behind the Name'', s.v. "[https://www.behindthename.com/name/vincent Vincent]". {{Ling|Anglice}}.</ref><ref>Vide paginam "[https://www.etymonline.com/word/Vincent Vincent]" apud ''Online Etymology Dictionary''. {{Ling|Anglice}}</ref> == Formae aliae == * [[Latine]] ''Vincens'' (similia: [[Victor]], [[Victorius]]) * [[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]] ''Vincenzo'' * [[Theodisce]] ''Vinzenz'' * [[Hispanice]] ''Vicente'' * [[Francogallice]], [[Anglice]], [[Batave]], [[Suecice]] [[Slovene]]que ''Vincent'' * [[Lituane]] ''Vincentas'' * [[Polonice]] ''Wincenty'' * [[Russice]] ''Викентий'' * [[Sarde]] ''Vissente'' * [[Serbice]] ''Винце'' * [[Hungarice]] ''Vince'' * [[Graece]] ''Βικέντιος'' * [[Lingua Valentiana|Valentina]] ''Vicent, Sento'' == Qui hoc nomen habuerint == * [[Vincentius Bellovacensis]] * [[Vincentius Caesaraugustanus]] * [[Vincentius Daniae]] * [[Vincentius Lerinensis]] == Qui hoc praenomen habuerint == {{div col|3}} * [[Vincentius Azzolini]] * [[Vincentius Bellini]] * [[Vincentius Cornarus]] * [[Vincentius Buneus]] * [[Vincentius Fox]] * [[Vincentius Grimanus]] * [[Vincentius Hacker]] * [[Vincentius Iaquinta]] * [[Vincentius Manzella]] * [[Vincentius Mwale]] * [[Vincentius Paglia]] * [[Vincentius a Paulo]] * [[Vincentius Perez]] * [[Vincentius Peruggia]] * [[Vincentius Polidori]] * [[Vincentius Seretse]] * [[Vincentius van Gogh]] * [[Vincentius Veresaev]] * [[Vincentius Zeballos]] {{div col end}} == Notae == <references /> [[Categoria:Nomina]] [[Categoria:Praenomina masculina]] sjmob2u3te342s3mfzvsw98aghk2b0h 0 46379 3966148 3889789 2026-06-24T00:47:34Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3966148 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Aratrum Vergilianum.jpg|right|400px|Aratra Romana]] '''Aratrum''' est instrumentum in [[agricultura]] adhibitum ut [[solum]] ad [[semen]] spargendum vel [[planta]]s ponendas colatur. == Aratri partes == {{div col|2}} * Adiunctio * Compages * Crus * Culter * Cursus * Manubria * Rana * Tabula formans<!--moldboard--> * Tabula scrutorum * Terrae lapsus * Vomer {{div col end}} == Aratrum poeticum et allegoricum == [[Vergilius]] in ''[[Georgica|Georgicis]]'' fabricationem aratri describit his versibus<ref>''[[Georgica|Georg.]]'' I 169–174.</ref>: <blockquote> ''...continuo in silvis magna vi flexa domatur <br> ''in burim et curvi formam accipit ulmus aratri. <br> ''huic a stirpe pedes temo protentus in octo, <br> ''binae aures, duplici aptantur dentalia dorso. <br> ''caeditur et tilia ante iugo levis altaque fagus <br> ''stivaque, quae currus a tergo torqueat imos,..'', </blockquote> ad quos versus intelligendos schemata adhibita iuvare possunt. [[Lucretius]] de detrimentis, quas omnes res terrestres patiuntur, disserens sic vomerem memorat<ref>''[[De rerum natura]]'', I 313–314. </ref>: <blockquote> ''...uncus aratri <br> ''ferreus occulte decrescit vomer in arvis..., </blockquote> quos versus [[Rabanus Maurus]] citat et nonnulla de sensu aratri allegorico addit<ref>''[http://www.mun.ca/rabanus/drn/22.html#22.14 De rerum natura]'', XXII 14.</ref>: <blockquote> ''Aratrum enim mystice significat opus praedicationis evangelicae in quo cultus agri dominici exercetur: ita ut vomere verbi divini extirpentur vitia simul et eradicentur noxia desideria, sicque praeparetur terra cordium humanorum ad accipienda semina virtutum. Sed studiosus quisque aratrum spiritale tenens ad anteriora adtendere debet, ut faciat sulcum rectum et non avertatur a tramite veritatis, unde Dominus ait in evangelio: ''Nemo mittens manum suam in aratrum et respiciens retro aptus est regnum caelorum''<ref>Lc. 9:62.</ref>. Vomeres enim et ligones exercitia praedicationum sunt, unde propheta de doctoribus ait: ''Conflabunt gladios suos in vomeres, et lanceas suos in falces''<ref>Es. 2:4.</ref>. </blockquote> == Notae == <references/> == Aratra populorum variorum == <gallery> Imago:Einscharpflug - Farmer plowing in Fahrenwalde, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.jpg|Agricola [[Germania|Germanicus]] [[equus|equis]] aratroque solum exarat. Imago:Plough.JPG|Aratrum in [[Africa Australis|Africa Australi]] usitatum. Imago:Tibet-Agriculture-32-Pfluegen mit Ochsengespann-2014-gje.jpg|Agricola tibetensis bovibus arans. Imago:Ploughmen_Fac_simile_of_a_Miniature_in_a_very_ancient_Anglo_Saxon_Manuscript_published_by_Shaw_with_legend_God_Spede_ye_Plough_and_send_us_Korne_enow.png|[[Pictura]] in [[manuscriptum|manuscripto]] ''God Spede ye Plough'', [[poema]]tis [[Anglice|Anglici]] [[saeculum 16|saeculo sexto decimo]] ineunte; nunc in [[Musaeum Britannicum|Musaeo Britannico]]. Imago:ChineseIronPlow1637.jpg|Aratrum [[ferrum|ferreum]] [[Sinae|Sinense]] cum tabula formanti curvata, anno [[1637]]. Imago:Soviet Red Army Hammer and Plough.svg|Malleus cum aratro in emblemate Exercitus Rubri anni 1918. </gallery> {{NexInt}} * [[Aratio]] * [[Cultura]] * [[Pedologia]] * [[Tractorium]] == Bibliographia == * [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-roman-studies/article/virgils-plough/72FA85FC90E152D348DC2A6AB7CCC639 Robert Aitken, ''Virgil's Plough'', in: The Journal of Roman Studies, 46, Issue 1-2, November 1956, pp. 97-106.] * Temple, Robert. ''The Genius of China.'' Prion Books Limited. ISBN 1-85375-292-4. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Ploughs|aratra}} * [http://www.hellenicaworld.com/Greece/WS/en/Aratrum.html Aratra Graecorum et Romanorum cum schematibus] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924092217/http://www.rotherhamweb.co.uk/h/plough.htm The Rotherham Plough] – ''the first commercially successful iron plough'' * [http://www.deere.com/en_US/compinfo/history/index.html Historia aratri ferrei a societas John Deere excogitati in [[CFA]]] * [http://www.antiquefarmtools.info/ Breast Ploughs and other antique hand farm tools] {{stipula}} {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Technologia}} [[Categoria:Historia agriculturae]] [[Categoria:Instrumenta rustica]] [[Categoria:Inventiones Sinarum]] 49ezb4qo5d4kedauzt944s761esmn4s 0 50475 3966093 2870179 2026-06-23T15:15:02Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3966093 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cardinalis Ecclesiae Catholicae |nomen=Alfredus Ottaviani |titulus= S. Mariae in Domnica |munus= praefectus [[Congregatio pro Doctrina Fidei|Congregationis pro Doctrina Fidei]] |imago=| |descriptio= |latitudo imaginis=200 px |natus= [[29 Octobris]] [[1890]] |ordinatus= [[18 Martii]] [[1916]] |episcopus= [[5 Aprilis]] [[1962]] |consacratus=[[19 Aprilis]] [[1962]] |promulgatus= [[12 Ianuarii]] [[1953]] |a papa=[[Pius XII|Pio XII]] |mortuus= [[3 Augusti]] [[1979]] |vexillum= Coat of arms of Alfredo Ottaviani.svg |va= |ch= |cr= }} {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Alfredus Ottaviani''' (vel latine '''Octaviani''', humili loco natus die [[29 Octobris]] [[1890]] [[Roma]]e; ibidem die [[3 Augusti]] [[1979]] mortuus) fuit [[cardinalis]] [[Italia|Italicus]] notus quia defensor antiquorum morum [[Ecclesia Catholica|Ecclesiae]]. Ottaviani, qui primus praefectus novae [[Congregatio pro Doctrina Fidei|Congregationis pro Doctrina Fidei]] fuit, contra [[Novus Ordo Missae|Novum Ordinem Missae]] scripsit et postea se a munere removit. Apostolica sententia eius erat:'' semper idem''. == Opera == * Alfredus Ottaviani et [[Antonius Bacci]]: Breve analisi critica del " Novus Ordo Missae", imprimatur [[Roma]]e, die 25 Septembris [[1969]] * Alfredus Ottaviani, Institutiones iuris publici ecclesiastici, [[Civitas Vaticana]] imprimatur 1957-1960. == Lege etiam == * Francesco Leoni, ''Il cardinale Alfredo Ottaviani carabiniere della Chiesa''. Imprimatur Apes, Romae anno 2002 == Nexus externi == * {{CathHierBishop|ottaa}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071006090401/http://www.havelshouseofhistory.com/Ottaviani%20Photo0003.jpg Alfredi Ottaviani imago] {{bio-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ottaviani, Alfredus}} [[Categoria:Cardinales]] [[Categoria:Incolae Italiae]] [[Categoria:Nati 1890]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1979]] kjck7dhyft07tld1atcia101s68crf5 0 51355 3966141 3711167 2026-06-23T22:18:52Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3966141 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Antoine Bourdelle - Sapho 1925 - Montauban.jpg|thumb|''Sappho'', 1887/1925 (Coloniae Agrippinae)]] ''' Antonius Bourdelle''' accurate '' Aemilius Antonius Bourdelle'' (natus die [[30 Octobris]] [[1861]] in [[Mons Albanus (Francia)|Monte Albano]] in praefectura [[Tarnis et Garumna|Tarne et Garumna]] – mortuus est die [[1 Octobris]] [[1929]] in ''[[Le Vésinet]]'' in praefectura [[Evelinae (praefectura Franciae)|Evelinis]]) , discipulus [[Augustus Rodin|Augusti Rodin]], fuit [[sculptor]] [[Francia|Francicus]]. Et [[Legio Honoris|Legionem Honoris]] accepit anno 1924. == Nexus externus == {{Communia|Antoine Bourdelle|Antonium Bourdelle}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130806142325/http://www.pariserve.tm.fr/culture/musee/bourdelle.htm Museum Antonio Bourdelle dicatum] {{Ling|Francogallice}} {{PND|118659537|nomen=de Antonio Bourdelle}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bourdelle, Antonius}} {{bio-stipula}} [[Categoria:Sculptores Franciae]] [[Categoria:Nati 1861]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1929]] 4cz3bsxejucbwj5hrfdgk6s6qkpi2ag 0 60183 3966064 3965984 2026-06-23T13:12:24Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* In neurophysiologia */ 3966064 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = ''Loligo vulgaris'' | image = Loligo vulgaris.jpg | image_width = 200px | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Mollusca]] | classis = [[Cephalopoda]] | ordo = [[Teuthida]] | familia = [[Loliginidae]] | genus = ''[[Loligo]]'' | subgenus = '''''Loligo''''' | subgenus_authority = [[Jean Baptiste Lamarck|Lamarck]], 1798 | species = '''''L. vulgaris''''' | binomial = ''Loligo vulgaris'' | binomial_authority = [[Ioannes Baptista Lamarck|Lamarck]], 1798 | subdivision_ranks = [[Subspecies]] | subdivision = *''Loligo vulgaris reynaudi''<br><small>[[Alcide d'Orbigny|Orbigny]], 1839</small> *''Loligo vulgaris vulgaris''<br><small>[[Jean Baptiste Lamarck|Lamarck]], 1798</small> }} '''''Loligo vulgaris''''' est [[species (taxinomia)|species]] [[Teuthida|Teuthidorum]] in [[familia (taxinomia)|familia]] [[Loliginidae|Loliginidarum]]. In aquis [[mare Mediterraneum|Mediterraneis]] habitat, necnon [[oceanus Atlanticus|Atlanticis]] orientalibus a [[Britannia]] usque in [[Africa]]m septentrionalem. A piscatoribus assidue ad venditandum et comedendum quaeritur. [[Fasciculus:Calamares en su tinta con patatas.jpg|thumb|[[Gastronomia Asturiensis]]: ''[[Calamares en su tinta]]'' ("loligines ex atramento suo") frictae cum [[Solanum tuberosum|patatis]] in popina portus [[Sanctus Stephanus de Pravia|S. Stephani de Pravia]] inlatum]] Loliginibus sunt corpora producta, decem bracchia, et [[concha]] interna. == De axone giganteo == [[Neuroscientia|Neurophysiologiae]] studiosi lolligine ad [[Experimentum|experimenta]] sua uti solent quia [[Axon|axonem]] '[[Gigantes|giganteum]]' possidet cui [[diameter]] circa 1 [[Millimetrum|mm]]. [[Alanus Lloyd Hodgkin]] et [[Andreas Fielding Huxley]] [[praemium Nobelianum]] sibi meruerunt dum ex illo axone [[Conductrum|conductionem electricam]] et [[Fluxus ionticus|fluxus ionticos]] [[Neuron|neuronum]] demonstrant<ref>Alanus Lloyd Hodgkin et Andreas Fielding Huxley, "[https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004717 Currents carried by sodium and potassium ions through the membrane of the giant axon of Loligo]", ''Journal of physiology'', 1952: 449-472 et ibidem "[https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004718 The components of membrane conductance in the giant axon of Loligo]": 473-496</ref>. Diameter ita magnus [[Fluxus electricus|fluxum electricum]] adcelerat quia [[Resistentia electrica|resistentia]] minuitur et lolligini ad evadendos in mari [[Praedatio (biologia)|praedatores]] perutilis est. Illis axonibus lolligo [[Musculus|musculos]] contrahit aquam expellentes atque ita [[Retroactio|retroactione]] subito [[Propulsorium|propulsatur]]. ==Notae== <references/> {{NexInt}} *[[Pastillum loliginibus]] ==Nexus externi== {{Fontes biologici}} {{CommuniaCat|Loligo vulgaris|Loliginem vulgarem}} {{mollusca-stipula}} [[Categoria:Mollusca commercii]] [[Categoria:Teuthida]] [[Categoria:Taxa Lamarck]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1798]] [[Categoria:Species animalium]] lluyp3xsbjzerzq4q7svhd5jvnwzd6j 3966067 3966064 2026-06-23T13:16:59Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De axone giganteo */ 3966067 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = ''Loligo vulgaris'' | image = Loligo vulgaris.jpg | image_width = 200px | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Mollusca]] | classis = [[Cephalopoda]] | ordo = [[Teuthida]] | familia = [[Loliginidae]] | genus = ''[[Loligo]]'' | subgenus = '''''Loligo''''' | subgenus_authority = [[Jean Baptiste Lamarck|Lamarck]], 1798 | species = '''''L. vulgaris''''' | binomial = ''Loligo vulgaris'' | binomial_authority = [[Ioannes Baptista Lamarck|Lamarck]], 1798 | subdivision_ranks = [[Subspecies]] | subdivision = *''Loligo vulgaris reynaudi''<br><small>[[Alcide d'Orbigny|Orbigny]], 1839</small> *''Loligo vulgaris vulgaris''<br><small>[[Jean Baptiste Lamarck|Lamarck]], 1798</small> }} '''''Loligo vulgaris''''' est [[species (taxinomia)|species]] [[Teuthida|Teuthidorum]] in [[familia (taxinomia)|familia]] [[Loliginidae|Loliginidarum]]. In aquis [[mare Mediterraneum|Mediterraneis]] habitat, necnon [[oceanus Atlanticus|Atlanticis]] orientalibus a [[Britannia]] usque in [[Africa]]m septentrionalem. A piscatoribus assidue ad venditandum et comedendum quaeritur. [[Fasciculus:Calamares en su tinta con patatas.jpg|thumb|[[Gastronomia Asturiensis]]: ''[[Calamares en su tinta]]'' ("loligines ex atramento suo") frictae cum [[Solanum tuberosum|patatis]] in popina portus [[Sanctus Stephanus de Pravia|S. Stephani de Pravia]] inlatum]] Loliginibus sunt corpora producta, decem bracchia, et [[concha]] interna. == De axone giganteo == [[Neuroscientia|Neurophysiologiae]] studiosi loligine in [[Experimentum|experimentis]] suis uti solent quia [[Axon|axonem]] '[[Gigantes|giganteum]]' possidet cui [[diameter]] circa 1 [[Millimetrum|mm]]. [[Alanus Lloyd Hodgkin]] et [[Andreas Fielding Huxley]] [[praemium Nobelianum]] sibi meruerunt dum ex illo axone [[Conductrum|conductionem electricam]] et [[Fluxus ionticus|fluxus ionticos]] [[Neuron|neuronum]] demonstrant<ref>Alanus Lloyd Hodgkin et Andreas Fielding Huxley, "[https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004717 Currents carried by sodium and potassium ions through the membrane of the giant axon of Loligo]", ''Journal of physiology'', 1952: 449-472 et ibidem "[https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004718 The components of membrane conductance in the giant axon of Loligo]": 473-496</ref>. Diameter ita magnus [[Fluxus electricus|fluxum electricum]] adcelerat quia [[Resistentia electrica|resistentia]] minuitur et loligini ad evadendos in mari [[Praedatio (biologia)|praedatores]] perutilis est. Nam illis axonibus loligo [[Musculus|musculos]] contrahit aquam expellentes atque ita [[Retroactio|retroactione]] subito [[Propulsorium|propulsatur]]. ==Notae== <references/> {{NexInt}} *[[Pastillum loliginibus]] ==Nexus externi== {{Fontes biologici}} {{CommuniaCat|Loligo vulgaris|Loliginem vulgarem}} {{mollusca-stipula}} [[Categoria:Mollusca commercii]] [[Categoria:Teuthida]] [[Categoria:Taxa Lamarck]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1798]] [[Categoria:Species animalium]] 540hkp1kv1lv1nspf0e4jnyi4egqed7 0 73366 3966142 3574112 2026-06-23T23:08:22Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3966142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Aonius''' vel '''Antonius Palearius Verulanus''', vulgo ''Antonio della Pagliara'' (natus [[Verulae|Verulis]] anno [[1503]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090808050747/http://www.eresie.it/it/id617.htm De Aonio Palerio] in pagina interretialis Alteris doctrinis Christianis dicata</ref>; supplicio affectus [[Roma]]e die [[3 Iulii]] [[1570]]) fuit [[humanista]] et [[reformatio]]nis fautor [[Italia|Italicus]]. == Opera == * ''"De immortalitate animorum"'' 1536 [[Lugdunum|Lugduni]]; * ''"Actio in pontifices romanos et eorum asseclas"'', postumus [[Amstelodam]]i 1696. Palearius putatur etiam ''"Libelli de morte Christi"'' auctor fuisse. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * William Maxwell Blackburn: Aonio Paleario and His Friends, with a Revised Edition of "The Benefit of Christ's Death", ISBN 1-4255-3255-1 * {{BBKL|p/paleario|auctor=Erich Wenneker|commentatio=PALEARIO, Aonio|tomus=6|columnae=1451-1453}} == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Aonio Paleario|Aonium Palearium}} {{Fontes biographici}} * {{PND|118925482}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090808050747/http://www.eresie.it/it/id617.htm De Aonio Palerio] in pagina interretialis Alteris doctrinis Christianis dicata {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}} {{bio-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Palearius, Aonius}} [[Categoria:Humanistae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae]] [[Categoria:Praeclari homines Ecclesiae emendationis]] [[Categoria:Nati 1503]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1570]] [[Categoria:Victimae Inquisitionis]] [[Categoria:Auctores Latini Renascentiae]] [[Categoria:Poetae didactici]] [[Categoria:Poetae Latini Italiae]] o5vsd2eiqrefms6634eeecgc45tt4bd 0 74686 3966092 3710642 2026-06-23T15:14:34Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3966092 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alfredus Oriani''' (natus [[Faventia]]e [[22 Augusti]] [[1852]] - mortuus est in '' [[Casola Valsenio]]'' die [[18 Octobris]] [[1909]]) fuit [[scriptor]] [[Italia|Italicus]]. == Opera == * ''Memorie inutili'' (1876) * ''Al di là'' (1877) * ''Gramigna'' (1879) * ''No'' (1881) * ''Quartetto'' (1883) * ''Matrimonio'' (1886) * '' Fino a Dogali'' (1889) * ''La lotta politica in Italia'' (1892) * ''Il nemico'' (1894) * ''Gelosia'' (1894) * ''La disfatta'' (1896) * ''[[Vortice]]'' (1899) * ''Olocausto'' (1902) * ''Bicicletta'' (1902) * ''La rivolta ideale'' (1908) == Nexus externus == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928094544/http://www.emiliaromagnaturismo.it/paesaggidautore/autore.asp?id=74 Brevis biographia] {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}} {{scriptor-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Oriani, Alfredo}} [[Categoria:Nati 1852]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1909]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae]] [[Categoria:Auctores Italiani]] [[Categoria:Scriptores de re politica]] [[Categoria:Scriptores mythistoriarum Italiae]] d7m9ieyhobih8v0xi7a7nd3x8oz5lx2 0 75539 3966150 3915353 2026-06-24T00:52:24Z Jondel 452 3966150 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fanum''' vel '''Delubrum''' est [[sanctuarium|locus sanctus]] ad adolendum vel [[veneratio|adorandum]] [[religio]]nis causa dicatus. In [[religio Romana|religione Romana]] fanum cum [[aedificium]] est, appellatur [[templum]]; alia nomina sunt [[aedes]] et delubrum. Fanum autem [[religio Christiana|Christianum]] plerumque [[Ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] vel ecclesiola sive [[capella]] appellatur; fanum [[religio Iudaica|Iudaicum]], [[synagoga]]; et fanum [[religio Islamica|Islamicum]] [[mescita]]. == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Fasciculus:TempleOfHercules-ForumBoarium.jpg|[[Templum Herculis Victoris]] in [[Forum Boarium|foro boario]]. Romae prope [[Theatrum Marcelli]]. Fasciculus:Hephaistos.temple.AC.02.jpg|[[Hephaesti Templum]] [[Athenae|Athenis]] [[449 a.C.n.]] erectum cuius ostium ad solis ortum spectat (Hic autem facies occidentalis monstratur). Fasciculus:John Robert Cozens 002.jpg|Fanum [[Diana]]e in finibus [[Aricia|Aricinis]] situm ubi Diana antiquitus colebatur (hodie Italice ''Lago di Nemi''). Pictura octavi decimi saeculi a [[Iohannes Robertus Cozens|I. R. Cozens]] facta. Fasciculus:Giovanni Paolo Panini - Interior of the Pantheon, Rome - Google Art Project.jpg|[[Pantheon]], Templum ad omnes deos anno [[27 a.C.n.]] dicatum, postmodum conversum in Ecclesiam Christianam Fasciculus:Roma Pantheon 001.jpg|Pars interioris Panthei ubi altare Ecclesiae erectum est. Fasciculus:Wengen-LaValKirche.jpg|[[Ecclesia (aedificium)|Ecclesia]] cum [[campanarium|campanario]] et [[sepulcretum|sepulcreto]] in [[Tirolum Meridionale|Tirolo Meridionali]]. Fasciculus:St Peter's Square, Vatican City - April 2007.jpg|Despectus in [[Forum Sancti Petri (Roma)|Forum Sancti Petri]] de summo tholo Basilicae. Fasciculus:Salt Lake Temple, Utah - Sept 2004-2.jpg|[[Fanum Novissimorum Sanctorum]] anno [[1893]] dicatum in [[Urbs Lacus Salsi|Urbe Lacus Salsi]], in [[Uta]], [[CFA]]. Fasciculus:RiffelalpChapel.jpg|[[Capella (eccelsia)|Capella]] montana prope [[Zermatt]] in [[alpes|Alpibus]] [[Helvetia]]nis. Fasciculus:Mosque.jpg|Musulmanes obsecrant apud [[Meschita Umayyad|Meschitam Umayyad]]. Fasciculus:Makkahi mukarramah.jpg|[[Mecca]], urbs et fanum sanctissimum religionis Islamicae. Fasciculus:Jerusalem Modell BW 2.JPG|Exemplar [[Templum Herodis|Templi Herodis]] iuxta [[Fanum Libri]] in [[Museum Israel|Museo Israel]], [[Hierosolyma|Hierosolymis]] in [[Israel]] sito. Fasciculus:SPAmster.JPG|Interior [[Synagoga]]e [[Amstelodamum|Amstelodamo]] in [[Batavia]], ubi monstrantur scaenium lectoris ante et [[Arca]] voluminum Torah post. Fasciculus:Temple mount.JPG|[[Fanum Hierosolymorum]], sanctissimum [[religio Iudaica|religionis Iudaicae]] et tertium omnium sanctissimorum [[religio Islamica|religionis Islamici]]. Fasciculus:-Western Wall.jpg|Moenia Occidentalia nocte, iuxta Fanum Hierosolymorum. Fasciculus:Kedarnath Temple.jpg|[[Fanum Kedarnath]] ad [[Siva]]m dicatum, [[Kedarnath]], in [[Uttarakhand]]. Fasciculus:Buddha statues in a temple on Jejudo.jpg|[[Fanum Buddhisticum]] in [[Corea]]. Fasciculus:Angkor wat temple.jpg|[[Fanum Angkor Wat]] in [[Cambodia]], cuius ostium spectat ad solis occasum. Fasciculus:Lung-shan temple-Taipei-Taiwan-P1010110.JPG|[[Fanum Longshan]] [[Taipeium|Taipeio]] in [[Taivania]] anno [[1738]] erectum, cuius ostium ad solis occasum spectat; praebens [[architectura]]m [[Sinae|Sinensem]] illius aetatis. Fasciculus:Temple99.JPG|[[Ecclesia Mons]], Fanum Curationis [[Rosicrucianum]] cuius Ostium ad solis ortum spectat, [[Oceanside (California)|Oceanside]] in [[California]] [[CFA]] anno 1920. Fanum dicatum est ad adventum [[Aetas Aquarii|Aetatis Aquarii]]. </gallery> {{NexInt}} *[[Altare]] *[[Monumentum]] *[[Numen]] *[[Pagoda]] *[[Peregrinatio (religio)|Peregrinatio]] *[[Sanctus]] *[[Sanctuarium]] *[[Sepulcretum]] ==Bibliographia== *Messner, Francis. [[2000]]. ''Les lieux de culte en France et en Europe: statuts, pratiques, fonctions.'' Lovaniae: Peeters Publishers. *Neumann-Gundrum, Elisabeth. [[1981]]. ''Europas Kultur der Groß-Skulpturen.'' Gießen: Wilhelm Schmitz. ISBN 3-87711-039-8. *Vauchez, André. [[2000]]. '' Lieux sacrés, lieux du culte, sanctuaires. Romae: École française de Rome. [[Categoria:Religiones]] [[Categoria:Templum (architectura)]] [[Categoria:Architectura ecclesiastica]] {{Myrias|Philosophia}} 2riybqx2j0vs2if2tvprob47j1h4ze3 0 78247 3966174 3962164 2026-06-24T06:39:37Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3966174 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} [[Fasciculus:LocationSoutheastAsia.PNG|thumb|upright=1.5|Collocatio Asiae austro-orientalis.]] [[Fasciculus:Southeast asia.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Conformatio terrarum et rerum publicarum Asiae austro-orientalis.]] '''Asia austro-orientalis,'''<ref>[[Ebbe Vilborg]], ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok,'' andra upplagan (Holmiae: Norstedts akademiska förlag, 2009).</ref> vel '''austrorientalis,'''<ref>Vide [[species|speciem]] [http://eol.org/pages/6284790/overview ''Lupinum austrorientalem''] et usum communem in [http://www.novaroma.org/nr/Provincia_America_Austrorientalis_(Nova_Roma) Nova Roma.]</ref> vel etiam '''meridio-orientalis'''<ref>Vide {{CathHierDiocese|sien|(1856)}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=28M9AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA477&lpg=PA477&dq=meridio-orientalis&source=bl&ots=YW4NLKat6R&sig=lRLjWN8_MIAMKBL9LhDP5VlCtkU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=EKy1UovYBPG_sQTe_oDIAQ&ved=0CFAQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=meridio-orientalis&f=false (1906)], [https://web.archive.org/web/20150522141632/http://www.thelocactus.cactus-mall.com/Thelocactus_Descriptions/palomaensis_des.html (2004)], et permultos locos alios.</ref> et '''meridiorientalis,'''<ref>Vide [[species]] [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Epizeuxis_meridiorientalis/classification/#Epizeuxis_meridiorientalis ''Epizeuxem meridiorientalem''] et [http://eol.org/pages/402760/overview ''Stenophylactem meridiorientalem.''] Vide etiam [https://web.archive.org/web/20150501064740/http://claudilius.tripod.com/soaw.htm "De Studiis Asiae Meridiorientalis,"] situm interretialem.</ref> comprehendit * [[continens|continentalis]] [[Asia]]e [[regio]]nem nomine [[Paeninsula Indosinensis|paeninsulae Indosinensis]] notam, quae ab [[India]] orientem versus et a [[Sinae (regio)|Serica]] meridiem versus procedit; * magnarum parvarumque insularum catenam, olim [[Indiae Orientales|Indias Orientales]] nuncupatam, quae inter [[Oceanus|oceanos]] [[Oceanus Indicus|Indicum]] et [[Oceanus Pacificus|Pacificum]] iacent et ab extremitate Asiae usque ad [[septentrio]]nalia [[Australia]]e [[litus|litora]] extenduntur. Haec [[regio]], partim continentalis, partim insularis, res publicas [[Birmania]]m, [[Bruneium]], [[Cambosia]]m, [[Indonesia]]m, [[Laotia]]m, [[Malaesia]]m, [[Philippinae|Philippinas]], [[Singapura]]m, [[Thailandia]]m, [[Timoria Orientalis|Timoriam Orientalem]], [[Vietnamia]]m comprehendit. Limes inter Asiam et Australasiam politicus insulam [[Nova Guinea|Novam Guineam]] dividit, provincia [[Papua (provincia Indonesiae)|Papua]] Indonesiae ad latus occidentale iacente, re publica [[Papua Nova Guinea]] ad orientale. Limes [[zoologia|zoogeographicus]], quem primus descripsit [[Alfredus Russel Wallace]], Indias Orientales vel [[Archipelagus Malaius|archipelagum Malaium]] permeat. == Nomina == Nomen ''Asiae austro-orientalis'' originem admodum novellum habet; anno enim [[1943]] socii [[secundum bellum mundanum]] gerentes, praecipue [[Anglice]] loquentes, directionem statuerunt exercituum in hac regione pugnantes nomine ''South East Asia Command,'' scilicet 'Asiae Orientalis Meridionalis Directio'. Regionem continentalem antea varia nomina designaverant, inter quae [[Suvarnabhumi]], [[Chersonesus Aurea]], [[Indosina]]. In regione insulari seu Indiis Orientalibus, [[Archipelagus Malaius]] et [[Archipelagus Philippinus]] separatim recognoscuntur. == Historia == Asiam austro-orientalem iam ante [[migratio]]nes speciei ''[[Homo sapiens|Hominis sapientis]]'' antiquissimas alii stirpes [[Homo (genus)|eiusdem generis]] incolebant, videlicet ''[[Homo erectus]]'' et ''[[Homo floresiensis]].'' == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Akira Matsuyama, ''Traditional Dietary Culture Of Southeast Asia: its formation and pedigree''. Londinii: Kegan Paul, 2003 {{Google Books|4Un8AQAAQBAJ|Paginae selectae}} {{NexInt}} * [[ASEAN]] * [[Imperia in Asia meridio-orientali Europaea]] * [[Regna Asiae meridio-orientalis antiqua]] == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090506072036/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/reference_maps/pdf/southeast_asia.pdf Forma Asiae austro-orientalis] * [http://www.citymayors.com/government/se_asia_government.html De urbium magistris] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091022023141/http://www.lib.uci.edu/libraries/collections/sea/sasian.html Archivum Asiae austro-orientalis] apud [[Universitas Californiensis (Irvine)|Universitatem Californiensem (Irvine)]] * [http://seasiavisions.library.cornell.edu Visiones Asiae austro-orientalis (bibliotheca virtualis peregrinationum)] apud [[Universitas Cornelliana|universitatem Cornellianam]] {{Myrias|Geographia}} [[Categoria:Asia austro-orientalis]] [[Categoria:Oceanus Indicus]] [[Categoria:Oceanus Pacificus]] bdi93acrbzpquvobb2z1i0olotuzvcd 0 79839 3966053 3965949 2026-06-23T12:36:15Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Publicationes magni momenti */ 3966053 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Alan Lloyd Hodgkin nobel.jpg|thumb|Alanus Lloyd Hodgkin.]] '''Alanus Lloyd Hodgkin''' (natus [[Banbury]]{{dubsig}} in oppido Anglico die [[5 Februarii]] [[1914]]; [[Cantabrigia]]e mortuus die [[20 Decembris]] [[1998]]) fuit [[physiologia|physiologus]] [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britannicus]], qui anno [[1963]] una cum [[Ioannes Carew Eccles|Ioanne Carew Eccles]] et [[Andreas Fielding Huxley|Andrea Fielding Huxley]] [[Praemium Nobelianum Medicinae|Nobelianum Medicinae Praemium]] accepit studii [[synapsis chemica]]e et [[neuron]]nis in [[systema nervosum centrale|systemate nervoso centrali]] causa. Hypothesim [[canalis ionticus|canalis iontici]] cum Andrea Fielding Huxley excogitavit. Alumnus [[Universitas Cantabrigiensis|Universitatis Cantabrigiensis]] fuit. == Publicationes maiores == *Alanus Lloyd Hodgkin et [[Andreas Fielding Huxley]], "[https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004717 Currents carried by sodium and potassium ions through the membrane of the giant axon of Loligo]", ''Journal of physiology'', 1952: 449-472 **"[https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004718 The components of membrane conductance in the giant axon of Loligo]", ibidem: 473-496 == Nexus externi == * [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1963/index.html De Alano Lloyd Hodgkin] in pagina Praemio Nobeliano Medicinae dicata {{Ling|Anglice}} {{scien-bio-stipula}} {{Lifetime|1914|1998|Hodgkin, Alanus Lloyd}} [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Cantabrigiensis]] [[Categoria:Biologi Britanniae]] [[Categoria:Physiologi]] [[Categoria:Praemium Nobelianum Medicinae]] gh61w9xbn7j4rc1ys3fmumsx5ybcvdm 3966055 3966053 2026-06-23T12:37:01Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Publicationes maiores */ 3966055 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Alan Lloyd Hodgkin nobel.jpg|thumb|Alanus Lloyd Hodgkin.]] '''Alanus Lloyd Hodgkin''' (natus [[Banbury]]{{dubsig}} in oppido Anglico die [[5 Februarii]] [[1914]]; [[Cantabrigia]]e mortuus die [[20 Decembris]] [[1998]]) fuit [[physiologia|physiologus]] [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britannicus]], qui anno [[1963]] una cum [[Ioannes Carew Eccles|Ioanne Carew Eccles]] et [[Andreas Fielding Huxley|Andrea Fielding Huxley]] [[Praemium Nobelianum Medicinae|Nobelianum Medicinae Praemium]] accepit studii [[synapsis chemica]]e et [[neuron]]nis in [[systema nervosum centrale|systemate nervoso centrali]] causa. Hypothesim [[canalis ionticus|canalis iontici]] cum Andrea Fielding Huxley excogitavit. Alumnus [[Universitas Cantabrigiensis|Universitatis Cantabrigiensis]] fuit. == Publicationes maiores == *Alanus Lloyd Hodgkin et [[Andreas Fielding Huxley]], "[https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004717 Currents carried by sodium and potassium ions through the membrane of the giant axon of Loligo]", ''Journal of physiology'', 1952: 449-472 **"[https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004718 The components of membrane conductance in the giant axon of Loligo]", ibidem: 473-496 ** "[https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004719 The dual effect of membrane potential on sodium conductance in the giant axon of Loligo]", ibidem: 497-506 == Nexus externi == * [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1963/index.html De Alano Lloyd Hodgkin] in pagina Praemio Nobeliano Medicinae dicata {{Ling|Anglice}} {{scien-bio-stipula}} {{Lifetime|1914|1998|Hodgkin, Alanus Lloyd}} [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Cantabrigiensis]] [[Categoria:Biologi Britanniae]] [[Categoria:Physiologi]] [[Categoria:Praemium Nobelianum Medicinae]] 6olmaa7e6ltc12yh9macb6olrdfdclu 3966056 3966055 2026-06-23T12:42:32Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Publicationes maiores */ 3966056 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Alan Lloyd Hodgkin nobel.jpg|thumb|Alanus Lloyd Hodgkin.]] '''Alanus Lloyd Hodgkin''' (natus [[Banbury]]{{dubsig}} in oppido Anglico die [[5 Februarii]] [[1914]]; [[Cantabrigia]]e mortuus die [[20 Decembris]] [[1998]]) fuit [[physiologia|physiologus]] [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britannicus]], qui anno [[1963]] una cum [[Ioannes Carew Eccles|Ioanne Carew Eccles]] et [[Andreas Fielding Huxley|Andrea Fielding Huxley]] [[Praemium Nobelianum Medicinae|Nobelianum Medicinae Praemium]] accepit studii [[synapsis chemica]]e et [[neuron]]nis in [[systema nervosum centrale|systemate nervoso centrali]] causa. Hypothesim [[canalis ionticus|canalis iontici]] cum Andrea Fielding Huxley excogitavit. Alumnus [[Universitas Cantabrigiensis|Universitatis Cantabrigiensis]] fuit. == Publicationes maiores == *Alanus Lloyd Hodgkin et [[Andreas Fielding Huxley]], "[https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004717 Currents carried by sodium and potassium ions through the membrane of the giant axon of Loligo]", ''Journal of physiology'', 1952, 116: 449-472 **"[https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004718 The components of membrane conductance in the giant axon of Loligo]", ibidem: 473-496 ** "[https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004719 The dual effect of membrane potential on sodium conductance in the giant axon of Loligo]", ibidem: 497-506 ** "[https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004764 A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve]", ibidem, 117: 500-544 == Nexus externi == * [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1963/index.html De Alano Lloyd Hodgkin] in pagina Praemio Nobeliano Medicinae dicata {{Ling|Anglice}} {{scien-bio-stipula}} {{Lifetime|1914|1998|Hodgkin, Alanus Lloyd}} [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Cantabrigiensis]] [[Categoria:Biologi Britanniae]] [[Categoria:Physiologi]] [[Categoria:Praemium Nobelianum Medicinae]] t2hq16ctxplq267dk5geh8x6kxlbmpp 0 79841 3966052 3965950 2026-06-23T12:35:33Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Publicationes magni momenti */ 3966052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Andreas Fielding Huxley''' ([[Londinium|Londinii]] natus die [[22 Novembris]] [[1917]]; mortuus die [[30 Maii]] [[2012]]) fuit [[physiologia|physiologus]] [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britannicus]], qui anno [[1955]] socius [[Societas Regalis|Societatis Regalis]] electus anno [[1963]] una cum [[Ioannes Carew Eccles|Ioanne Carew Eccles]] et [[Alanus Lloyd Hodgkin|Alano Lloyd Hodgkin]] [[Praemium Nobelianum Medicinae|Nobelianum Medicinae Praemium]] accepit. Studia [[axon]]um et [[neuron]]um fecit. Hypothesin de [[canalis ionticus|canali iontico]] excogitavit. Alumnus [[Universitas Cantabrigiensis|Universitatis Cantabrigiensis]] fuit. [[Avus]] eius [[Thomas Henricus Huxley]], et frater [[Aldous Huxley|Aldoi Huxley]] fuit. == Publicationes magni momenti == *A F Huxley, R Stämpfli, "[https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1113/jphysiol.1949.sp004335 Evidence for saltatory conduction in peripheral myelinated nerve fibres]", ''Journal of Physiology'', 1949: 315-339 *[[Alanus Lloyd Hodgkin]] et Andreas Fielding Huxley, "[https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004717 Currents carried by sodium and potassium ions through the membrane of the giant axon of Loligo]", ''Journal of physiology'', 1952: 449-472 **"[https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004718 The components of membrane conductance in the giant axon of Loligo]", ibidem: 473-496 ** "[https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004719 The dual effect of membrane potential on sodium conductance in the giant axon of Loligo]", ibidem: 497-506 == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Andrew Huxley|Andream Fielding Huxley}} * [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1963/index.html De Andrea Fielding Huxley] in pagina Praemio Nobeliano Medicinae dicata {{Ling|Anglice}} {{scien-bio-stipula}} {{Lifetime|1917|2012|Huxley, Andreas Fielding}} [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Cantabrigiensis]] [[Categoria:Biologi Britanniae]] [[Categoria:Physiologi]] [[Categoria:Praemium Nobelianum Medicinae]] [[Categoria:Socii Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]] gdo5y07ac024byjiewz1ea619oy2eh9 3966054 3966052 2026-06-23T12:36:49Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Publicationes magni momenti */ 3966054 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Andreas Fielding Huxley''' ([[Londinium|Londinii]] natus die [[22 Novembris]] [[1917]]; mortuus die [[30 Maii]] [[2012]]) fuit [[physiologia|physiologus]] [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britannicus]], qui anno [[1955]] socius [[Societas Regalis|Societatis Regalis]] electus anno [[1963]] una cum [[Ioannes Carew Eccles|Ioanne Carew Eccles]] et [[Alanus Lloyd Hodgkin|Alano Lloyd Hodgkin]] [[Praemium Nobelianum Medicinae|Nobelianum Medicinae Praemium]] accepit. Studia [[axon]]um et [[neuron]]um fecit. Hypothesin de [[canalis ionticus|canali iontico]] excogitavit. Alumnus [[Universitas Cantabrigiensis|Universitatis Cantabrigiensis]] fuit. [[Avus]] eius [[Thomas Henricus Huxley]], et frater [[Aldous Huxley|Aldoi Huxley]] fuit. == Publicationes maiores == *A F Huxley, R Stämpfli, "[https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1113/jphysiol.1949.sp004335 Evidence for saltatory conduction in peripheral myelinated nerve fibres]", ''Journal of Physiology'', 1949: 315-339 *[[Alanus Lloyd Hodgkin]] et Andreas Fielding Huxley, "[https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004717 Currents carried by sodium and potassium ions through the membrane of the giant axon of Loligo]", ''Journal of physiology'', 1952: 449-472 **"[https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004718 The components of membrane conductance in the giant axon of Loligo]", ibidem: 473-496 ** "[https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004719 The dual effect of membrane potential on sodium conductance in the giant axon of Loligo]", ibidem: 497-506 == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Andrew Huxley|Andream Fielding Huxley}} * [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1963/index.html De Andrea Fielding Huxley] in pagina Praemio Nobeliano Medicinae dicata {{Ling|Anglice}} {{scien-bio-stipula}} {{Lifetime|1917|2012|Huxley, Andreas Fielding}} [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Cantabrigiensis]] [[Categoria:Biologi Britanniae]] [[Categoria:Physiologi]] [[Categoria:Praemium Nobelianum Medicinae]] [[Categoria:Socii Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]] dveupbs55qburwifmhovic6ldaogodj 3966057 3966054 2026-06-23T12:43:34Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Publicationes maiores */ 3966057 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Andreas Fielding Huxley''' ([[Londinium|Londinii]] natus die [[22 Novembris]] [[1917]]; mortuus die [[30 Maii]] [[2012]]) fuit [[physiologia|physiologus]] [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britannicus]], qui anno [[1955]] socius [[Societas Regalis|Societatis Regalis]] electus anno [[1963]] una cum [[Ioannes Carew Eccles|Ioanne Carew Eccles]] et [[Alanus Lloyd Hodgkin|Alano Lloyd Hodgkin]] [[Praemium Nobelianum Medicinae|Nobelianum Medicinae Praemium]] accepit. Studia [[axon]]um et [[neuron]]um fecit. Hypothesin de [[canalis ionticus|canali iontico]] excogitavit. Alumnus [[Universitas Cantabrigiensis|Universitatis Cantabrigiensis]] fuit. [[Avus]] eius [[Thomas Henricus Huxley]], et frater [[Aldous Huxley|Aldoi Huxley]] fuit. == Publicationes maiores == *A F Huxley, R Stämpfli, "[https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1113/jphysiol.1949.sp004335 Evidence for saltatory conduction in peripheral myelinated nerve fibres]", ''Journal of Physiology'', 1949: 315-339 *[[Alanus Lloyd Hodgkin]] et Andreas Fielding Huxley, "[https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004717 Currents carried by sodium and potassium ions through the membrane of the giant axon of Loligo]", ''Journal of physiology'', 1952, 116: 449-472 **"[https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004718 The components of membrane conductance in the giant axon of Loligo]", ibidem: 473-496 ** "[https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004719 The dual effect of membrane potential on sodium conductance in the giant axon of Loligo]", ibidem: 497-506 ** "[https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004764 A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve]", ibidem, 117: 500-544 == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Andrew Huxley|Andream Fielding Huxley}} * [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1963/index.html De Andrea Fielding Huxley] in pagina Praemio Nobeliano Medicinae dicata {{Ling|Anglice}} {{scien-bio-stipula}} {{Lifetime|1917|2012|Huxley, Andreas Fielding}} [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Cantabrigiensis]] [[Categoria:Biologi Britanniae]] [[Categoria:Physiologi]] [[Categoria:Praemium Nobelianum Medicinae]] [[Categoria:Socii Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]] mraasa1myo8s91w52elj9snos1c82wm 0 80885 3966059 3710496 2026-06-23T12:50:47Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3966059 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Albertus Bevilacqua''' ([[Parma]]e natus die [[27 Iunii]] [[1934]]; [[Roma]]e mortuus die [[9 Septembris]] [[2013]])<ref>''[[La Stampa]]'', ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20190524224229/https://www.lastampa.it/2013/09/09/cultura/morto-lo-scrittore-alberto-bevilacqua-5XcEYGTI5MNuFd0iDJ01iI/pagina.html Morto lo scrittore Alberto Bevilacqua]''.</ref> fuit [[scriptor]], [[poeta]] et [[diurnarius]] [[Italia|Italianus]]. Anno [[1968]] operis '' L'occhio del gatto'' gratia [[Praemium Strega]] accepit. == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101229000204/http://www.albertobevilacqua.net/ Alberti Bevilacqua pagina interretialis] * [http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/alberto-bevilacqua/ De Alberto Bevilacqua] apud www.treccani.it {{scriptor-stipula}} {{Praemii Strega victores}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bevilacqua, Albertus}} [[Categoria:Nati 1934]] [[Categoria:Mortui 2013]] [[Categoria:Auctores Italiani]] [[Categoria:Poetae Italiae]] [[Categoria:Diurnarii Italiae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae]] eor657vk1onfriy635hnwm3otg80x94 0 91669 3966169 3572635 2026-06-24T04:07:51Z Bartholomite 116968 3966169 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Andrew Burnham, September 2009 2.jpg|thumb|Andreas Burnham mense Septembri 2009 pictus]] {{res|Andreas Burnham}} (vulgo ''Andy''; in oppido [[Aintree]] prope [[Liverpolium]] natus die [[7 Ianuarii]] [[1970]]) est politicus factionis [[Factio Laboris|Laboris]], cuius sodalis fit iam annum quintum decimum agens. Alumnus est [[Collegium Fitzwilliam (Cantabrigia)|collegii Fitzwilliam]] apud [[Universitas Cantabrigiensis|Cantabrigienses]],Consiliarius meruit ab anno [[1994]] iuxta politicos [[Tessa Jowell]] et [[Christophorus Smith|Chris Smith]]. A die [[7 Iunii]] [[2001]] ad [[3 Maii]] [[2017]] munere populi [[Leigh (Lancastria)|Leigh]] in [[Parlamentum Britannicum|Parlamento Britannico]] fungitur. Minister meruit a cultura annis [[2008]]-[[2009]], deinde minister a valetudine usque in annum 2010, primo ministro [[Gordonus Brown|Gordono Brown]]. Bis ad factionis suae principatum candidatus est, anno [[2010]] aemulis [[Diana Abbott]], [[Eduardus Balls|Eduardo Balls]], [[David Miliband|Davide]] [[Eduardus Miliband|Eduardoque Miliband]] victore, atque anno [[2015]] [[Elizabetha Kendall]], [[Ivetta Cooper]], [[Ieremias Corbyn|Ieremia Corbyn]] qui victoriam reportavit. Ab die [[5 Maii]] [[2017]] ad diem [[19 Iunii]] [[2026]] praefectus metropoli [[Mancunium Maius|Mancunio Maiori]] erat. In parlamentum anno 2026 electus est. == Bibliographia == * Archie Bland, "[https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/oct/23/andy-burnham-former-new-labour-high-flier-king-of-the-north Andy Burnham: former New Labour high flyer cast as 'king of the north']" in ''[[The Guardian]]'' (23 Octobris 2020) * Andrew Stuart, "[http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/andy-burnhams-11-minute-speech-11252538 Andy Burnham's 11-minute speech on Hillsborough that left the Commons silent – and drew a round of applause]" in ''Manchester Evening News'' (27 Aprilis 2016) * Louise Tickle, "[https://www.theguardian.com/education/2010/nov/09/andy-burnham-education-shadow-comprehensives Andy Burnham, advocate for the comprehensive system]" in ''[[The Guardian]]'' (9 Novembris 2010) == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Andrew Burnham|Andream Burnham}} {{Fontes biographici}} * [http://www.theyworkforyou.com/mp/andy_burnham/leigh De Andrea Burnham] apud ''TheyWorkForYou.com'' {{Consilium Britannicum Brown}} {{Secretarii Civici pro Cultura}} {{Secretarii civici pro valetudine Britannici}} {{Lifetime|1970||Burnham, Andreas }} [[Categoria:Legati Parlamento Britannico]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Cantabrigiensis]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbibus]] [[Categoria:Politici Angliae]] lm858rwda6o8nfdhywqqh8icdo8iycc 0 102657 3966146 3773527 2026-06-24T00:17:57Z LilyKitty 18316 de typologia linguistica 3966146 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Linguistica historica''' est [[linguistica]]e pars, quae mutabiles humanae [[lingua]]e condiciones tractat. Lingua humana generatim etiam [[lingua naturalis]] appellatur, ut, quanta inter [[lingua constructa|linguas artificiales]] (sicut [[Lingua programmandi|programmandi linguas]]) et linguas tamquam [[natura]], a cotidiana colloquendi communione sponte sua ortas, intersit differentia, pronuntietur. [[Historia|Historicae]] igitur linguisticae est humanam naturalemve linguam, quomodo in locis et temporibus varietur et mutetur, investigare. Hic natura linguae duobus intellegitur modis, quorum una est [[structura]], altera autem [[norma (sociologia)|norma]]. == De lingua explicanda == Structurae et normae dualitas in linguarum naturalium causis et condicionibus sive synchronice sive diachronice tractandis respicienda est. === De structura === Constat linguam habere structuram, quae in elementis ([[phonetica|phoneticis]], [[phonologia|phonologicis]], [[morphologia (linguistica)|morphologicis]], [[syntaxis|syntacticis]], nec non [[lexicon|lexicalibus]]) elementorumque inter se coniunctionibus consistit. Coniunctionum genera duo sunt: coniunctiones [[syntaxis|syntagmaticae]] (in quibus de elementis deinceps inter se ordinandis agitur) et coniunctiones [[paradigma]]ticae (in quibus de elementis inter se deligendis agitur). [[Verbum (grammatica generalis)|Verbum]] [[Lingua Graeca antiqua|Graecum]] {{Polytonic|πατήρ}} 'pater' in quattuor elementis [[morphema|allomorphis]] consistit, q.s. /patēr/ (nom.sg.), /patrá-/ (''patrási'', dat.pl.), /patr-/ (''patrós'', gen.sg.; ''patrí'', dat.sg.), /patér-/ (alibi, sicut in forma q.e. ''patéra'', acc.sg.); itaque /patrá-/ suffixum /-si/ sibi poscit, dum /-si/ de allomorphorum paradigmate formam /patrá-/ eligit, ut verbum bene formatum fiat. Hae res structiles a loquendi normis principia ducunt. === De normis === Structura linguae posita est in (con)loquendi usu et scientia, quae notione normarum inter omnes [[communicatio|communicata]] nituntur. Haec notio normativa partim e regulis grammaticis in schola praeceptis pendet, partim autem constant ex [[mores|moribus]] communalibus per exempla receptis, quibus homines tamquam legibus parent, quamquam litteris non sunt mandata. Huiuscemodi conventiones, saepe tacitae, nobis patefiunt, cum ab aliquo violantur. Haec est vis hodierna proverbii, quod est [[exceptio firmat regulam]]. == Quae res linguistica historica contineantur == Linguistica historica varios ad linguas historice pertractandas aditus praebet, e quibus suum quisque finem suasque rationes habet. * '''[[Methodus historico-comparativa|Linguistica historico-comparativa]]''' linguas comparat tanta similitudine adiunctas, ut credi possint prisca quadam cognatione inter se contineri. * '''[[Linguistica diachrona]]''', quae etiam '''linguistica historica''' strictiore sensu appellatur, ad internas systematis linguae mutationes describendas et explanandas pertinet. * '''Linguistica politico-historica''', quo termino nondum late usitato studia designantur ad communales aut [[res gestae|politicas]] linguae condiciones pertinentia, quarum vi et effectu linguae bene aut male succedunt. Huius modi studia ad ''externam'' linguae historiam spectant, cum linguisticae diachronicae intersit ''internam'' linguae historiam investigare. Etsi suis quidem methodis finibusque inter se separatae sunt hae provinciae, tamen convictu quodam conexae ita apte cohaerent, ut nullo modo dissolvi queant nec debeant. Linguistica historico-comparativa et [[linguistica diachronica]] sibi invicem prosunt. Illa enim in praeterita penetrat huius auxilio, cum comparatio historica in [[protolingua]] restituenda fructum capiat ex mutationum [[typologia linguistica|typologia]] in investigatione diachronica collecta. In exitu autem interna historia cum externa confluit, nam constat [[grammatica]]m [[Linguae periclitatae|periclitatarum linguarum]] structuram inopia locutorum paulatim marcescere. {{NexInt}} {{div col|3}} *[[Coniunctio genetica (linguistica)]] *[[Linguistica diachrona]] *[[Etymologia]] *[[Familia linguarum]] *[[Forma stemmatica]] *[[Lexicostatistica]] *[[Glottochronologia]] *[[Grammaticalizatio]] *[[Historia linguisticae]] *[[Lingua Protoindoeuropaea]] *[[Linguistica evolutionaria]] *[[Linguistica genetica]] *[[Metatypia]] *[[Neogrammatici]] *[[Origo linguae]] *[[Protolingua]] *[[Palaeolinguistica]] *[[Philologia]] *[[linguistica comparativa|Ratio comparativa]] *[[Status linguae]] *[[Synchronia et diachronia]] *[[Theoria undarum]] {{div col end}} ==Bibliographia== *Baldi, Philip. [[2002]]. ''The Foundations of Latin.'' Berolini et Novi Eboraci: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-016294-6. ISBN 3-11-007208-9. *Baldi, Philip. [[2012]]. Historical Linguistics and Cognitive Science. ''Rheis, International Journal of Linguistics, Philology and Literature'' 3 (1): 5–27. *Boretzky, Norbert. [[1977]]. ''Einführung in die historische Linguistik.'' Reinbek: Rowohlt. ISBN 3-499-21108-4. *Brugmann, Karl, et Berthold Delbrück. [[1886]]–[[1916]]. ''Grundriß der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen.'' *Bynon, Theodora. [[1977]]. ''Historical Linguistics.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29188-7. *Campbell, Lyle. [[1998]]. ''Historical Linguistics: An Introduction.'' Edinburgi: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978 0 7486 4601 2. *Hoenigswald, Henry N. [[1960]]. ''Language change and linguistic reconstruction.'' Sicagi: University of Chicago Press. *Janda, Richard D., et Brian D. Joseph, eds. [[2004]]. ''The Handbook of Historical Linguistics.'' Blackwell. ISBN 1-4051-2747-3. *Kortmann, Bernd. ''English Linguistics: Essentials.'' Cornkesen: Anglistik-Amerikanistik, 37–49. *Lass, Roger. [[1997]]. ''Historical linguistics and language change.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-45924-9. *Lehmann, Winfred P. [[1973]]. ''Historical Linguistics: An Introduction.'' Ed. 2a. Holt. ISBN 0-03-078370-4. *McMahon, April. [[1994]]. ''Understanding Language Change.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-44665-1. *Milroy, James. [[1992]]. ''Linguistic Variation and Change.'' Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-14367-X. *Partridge, A. C. [[1969]]. ''Tudor to Augustan English: a Study in Syntax and Style, from Caxton to Johnson.'' The Language Library. Londinii: A. Deutsch. ISBN 233-96092-9. *Radford, Andrew, Martin Atkinson, David Britain, Harald Clahsen, et Andrew Spencer. [[1999]]. ''Linguistics: An Introduction.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. *Raimo Anttila. [[1989]]. ''Historical and Comparative Linguistics.'' Ed. 2a. John Benjamins. ISBN 90-272-3557-0. *Samuels, M. L. [[1972]]. ''Linguistic Evolution.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29188-7. *[[Augustus Schleicher|Schleicher, August]]. [[1861]]–[[1862]]. ''Compendium der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen.'' 2 vol. Kurzer Abriss der indogermanischen Ursprache, des Altindischen, Altiranischen, Altgriechischen, Altitalischen, Altkeltischen, Altslawischen, Litauischen und Altdeutschen. Vimariae: H. Boehlau. Iterum impressus a Minerva GmbH, Wissenschaftlicher Verlag. ISBN 3-8102-1071-4. *Studdert-Kennedy, Michael. [[1991]], [[2014]]. 1: Language Development from an Evolutionary Perspective. In ''Biological and Behavioral Determinants of Language Development,'' ed. Norman A. Krasnegor; Duane M. Rumbaugh, Richard L. Schiefelbusch, Michael Studdert-Kennedy, et Esther Thelen. Novi Eboraci: Psychology Press. ISBN 9781317783893. *Trask, R. L., ed. [[2001]]. ''Dictionary of Historical and Comparative Linguistics.'' Dearborn Michiganiae: Fitzroy. ISBN 1-57958-218-4. *Zuckermann, Ghil'ad. [[2003]]. ''Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew.'' Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-1723-X. [[Categoria:Linguistica historica|!]] {{Myrias|Anthropologia}} k7ekwexzkxgtwrjfmn0quifb62rhczq 0 117782 3966143 3966034 2026-06-23T23:21:25Z IacobusAmor 1163 ~ 3966143 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Antonello da Messina - St. Sebastian - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright|''Sanctus Sebastianus.'' [[Antonellus Messanensis]] anno [[1476]] pinxit.]] '''Sebastianus''' (natus [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] aut [[Narbo]]ne; mortuus [[Roma]]e circa annum [[288]]) fuit [[miles]] [[Imperium Romanum|Romanus]] qui [[martyr]] [[religio Christiana|Christianus]] factus est. == Vita == [[Martyrologium Romanum]] die tertiodecimo Kalendas Februarii de Sebastiano sic narrat: "Item Romæ, ad Catacumbas, sancti Sebastiani Martyris, qui, [[Diocletianus|Diocletiano]] Imperatore, cum haberet principatum primæ cohortis, iussus est, sub titulo christianitatis, ligari in medio campo, et [[sagitta]]ri a militibus, atque ad ultimum fustibus cædi, donec deficeret."<ref>[http://www.officiumdivinum.org/ Officium Divinum.]</ref> == Dies festus == * In ecclesia occidentali: die [[20 Ianuarii]] ([[memoria ad libitum]] in [[Calendarium Romanae Ecclesiae|Calendario Romano Generali]]) * In [[Ecclesiae Orthodoxae|Ecclesiis Orthodoxis]]: Die [[24 Octobris]] aut [[18 Decembris]] === Iconographia === Attributum proprium est sagitta [[pectus]] transfigens. === Sancti repraesentatio in arte scaenica et in pellicula === * ''[[Sebastiane]]'' (pellicula) * ''[[Le Martyre de Saint Sébastien]],'' [[fabula scaenica]] a [[Claudius Debussy|Claudio Debussy]] composita; textus a [[Gabriel D'Annunzio|Gabriele D’Annunzio]]. === Patronatus === * Sanctus Sebastianus est [[patronus]] contra [[pestis|pestilentiam]], quia deprecatione eius hic morbus anno [[680]] Romae subito exstinctus esse dicitur, et contra alias lues, deinde custos puteorum, quos contra pestem custodit. * Praeterea Sebastianus est patronus morientium, mercatorum ferri, figulorum, hortulanorum, corariorum, setariorum, [[vigil|vigilum]], militum, bello mancorum et debilium, ballistrariorum, fabrorum aerariorum ac stannatorum, lapicidarum, vespillonum, silvanorum. * Sebatianus est tertius [[patronus]] urbis [[Roma]]e.<ref>Vide vocem de Sancto Sebastiano in BBKL</ref>. * Multae ecclesiae Sancto Sebastiano dedicatae sunt (e.g. Cathedralis Sancti Sebastiani [[Urbs Fluminensis|Fluminis Ianuarii]] et [[Basilica Sancti Sebastiani ad Catacumbas]] Romae). {{NexInt}} *[[Basilica Sancti Sebastiani extra muros]] == Nexus externi == {{Communia|Saint Sebastian|Sanctum Sebastianum}} * {{BBKL|s/s2/sebastianus|auctor=Wolfgang Kuhoff|commentatio=SEBASTIANUS|tomus=9|columnae=1268-1271}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120509164914/http://bode.diee.unica.it/~giua/SEBASTIAN/index.html The Iconography of Saint Sebastian - Copiosa imaginum ac littarum collectio cum bibliographia] * [http://www.scribd.com/doc/39713274/Acta-Sancti-Sebastiani-Martyris-in-Patrologia-Latina-17-1111-1150 Acta-Sancti-Sebastiani-Martyris-in-Patrologia-Latina-17-1111-1150] == Notae == <references /> {{Lifetime|saeculo 3|saeculo 3|Sebastianus}} [[Categoria:Martyres]] [[Categoria:Sancti]] poyz9hlxs4bjfszmrxosf89yu8t04m0 0 122960 3966173 3520157 2026-06-24T06:09:20Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3966173 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Arx Cavarum''' (alia nomina: ''Rocha Cavarum'') ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Rocca di Cave|Rocca di Cave]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter &thinsp;381 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Latium|Latio]] et in [[Provincia Romana]] situm. Incolae ''Roccenses'' appellantur. == Insigne == <gallery> Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]'' </gallery> == Municipia finitima == * [[Capralica Praenestina]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Capranica Prenestina|Capranica Prenestina]]''), * [[Castrum Sancti Petri (Latium)]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Castel San Pietro Romano|Castel San Pietro Romano]]''), * [[Cavae]] (vel [[Castrum Cavae]]) ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Cave|Cave]]''), * [[Genatianum]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Genazzano|Genazzano]]''), * [[Praeneste]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Palestrina|Palestrina]]''). {{NexInt}} * [[Latium]], * [[Provincia Romana]], * [[Roma]] (''urbs''). * [[Municipium Italiae]]. == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100112182601/http://www.prolocoroccadicave.it/ Pro Loco (Italice)] {{CommuniaCat|Rocca di Cave|Arcem Cavarum}} == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Image:Map of comune of Rocca di Cave (province of Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium Municipii in Provincia Romana. </gallery> == Notae == <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Municipia in Urbe metropolitana Romae Capitis]] kors3ixz0bs3igy3kjds5qngzqi47fx 0 123728 3966075 3965980 2026-06-23T13:54:52Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3966075 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sextus Claudius Petronius Probus''' (nescimus quando natus<ref>Circa [[328]] secundum {{PLRE}}, inter 330 et 334 secundum alios.</ref> quandove mortuus sit<ref>Circa 390?</ref>) vir publicus [[Imperium Romanum|Romanus]] saeculi quarti erat. Homo potentissimus post imperatores quarto saeculo exeunte fuit ut ex inscriptionibus ei dedicatis apparet: exempli gratia a [[Veneti (Italia antiqua)|Venetis]] et [[Histria|Histris]] ''nobilitatis culmen, litterarum et eloquentiae lumen''<ref>{{CIL|6|1751}}. Cf Ammianus XXVIII.1.31: ''Probi ... viri summatum omnium maximi, iureque praefecturae praetorianae regentis provincias''.</ref> appellatur. [[Religio Christiana|Christianus]] fuit et amicus [[Ambrosius|Divi Ambrosii]]. ==Familia== Pater eius senator [[Probinus Petronius]], [[consul]] anni [[341]], erat; avus [[Petronius Probianus]] consul anni [[322]]<ref>{{CIL|5|3344}}</ref>. Ipse [[Anicia Faltonia Proba|Aniciam Faltoniam Probam]]<ref>{{CIL|6|1754}}</ref> uxorem duxit. Eis filii [[Flavius Anicius Hermogenianus Olybrius]]<ref> {{CIL|6|1753}} {{CIL|6|1755}}</ref>, [[Flavius Anicius Probinus]] erant, qui anno [[395]] una consulatum administrabant atque tertius filius [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]<ref>{{CIL|6|1752}} {{CIL|6|1754}}</ref>, consul anni [[406]]. == Cursus honorum == Petronius anno [[358]] [[proconsul]] [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africae]] erat. Anno [[364]] fuit [[praefectus praetorio]] per [[Praefectura per Illyricum|Illyricum]], anno [[366]] per [[Praefectura Galliarum|Gallias]], per [[Praefectura Italiae|Italiam]] annis [[368]] - [[375]]. Anno [[371]] consul erat una cum [[Gratianus|Gratiano]] [[Imperatores Romani|imperatore]]. Anno [[372]] [[Sirmium]] contra incursiones barbarorum defendebat<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], Res gestae, XXIX 6,9-14</ref>. Eodem tempore [[Ambrosius|Ambrosium]] [[consularis|consularem]] [[Liguria et Aemilia|Liguriae et Aemiliae]] nominavit. Anno [[375]] [[Valentinianus I]] Augustus eum minabatur, quod homines multos lucri causa [[vectigal|vectigalibus]] maximis pressisset<ref>Op.cit., XXX 5,4-10</ref>. Post mortem Valentiniani I eodem anno cum aliis favebat, ut [[Valentinianus II]] puer quattuor annorum [[Vienna]]e purpura vestiretur<ref>Op.cit., XXX 10</ref>. Cum [[Gratianus]] anno [[383]] a [[Magnus Maximus|Magno Maximo]] usurpatore necatus esset, adiutor iuvenis Valentiniani II fuit et cum eo in orientem ad [[Theodosius I|Theodosium I]] imperatorem fugit. Anno [[383]] - [[384]] iterum praefectus praetorio Italiae erat. ==Mores== Ammianus Marcellinus rerum gestarum scriptor eum valde ob avaritiam vituperavit: *''ab urbe Probus accitus, claritudine generis et potentia et opum amplitudine cognitus orbi Romano, per quem universum paene patrimonia sparsa possedit, iuste an secus non iudicioli est nostri. hunc quasi genuina quaedam, ut fingunt poetae, fortuna vehens praepetibus pinnis, nunc beneficum ostendebat et amicos altius erigentem, aliquotiens insidiatorem dirum et per cruentas noxium simultates. et licet potuit, quoad vixit, ingentia largiendo, et intervallando potestates adsiduas, erat tamen interdum timidus ad audaces, contra timidos celsior, ut videretur cum sibi fideret, de cothurno strepere tragico, et ubi paveret, omni humilior socco. atque ut natantium genus elemento suo expulsum haut tam diu spirat in terris, ita ille marcebat absque praefecturis, quas ob iurgia familiarum ingentium capessere cogebatur, numquam innocentium per cupiditates inmensas, utque multa perpetrarent inpune, dominum suum mergentium in rem publicam. namque fatendum est: numquam illa magnanimitate coalitus clienti vel servo agere quicquam iussit inlicitum, sed si eorum quemquam crimen ullum conpererat admisisse, vel ipsa repugnante iustitia, non explorato negotio sine respectu boni honestique defendebat. quod vitium reprehendens ita pronuntiat Cicero: quid enim interest inter suasorem facti et probatorem? aut quid refert utrum voluerim fieri an gaudeam factum?. suspiciosus tamen, et munitus suopte ingenio fuit et subamarum adridens blandiensque interdum, ut noceat. id autem perspicuum est in eius modi moribus malum, tum maxime cum celari posse existimatur; ita inplacabilis et directus, ut si laedere quemquam instituisset, nec exorari posset nec ad ignoscendum erroribus inclinari, ideoque aures eius non cera sed plumbis videbantur obstructae. in summis divitiarum et dignitatum culminibus anxius et sollicitus, ideoque semper levibus morbis adflictus.''<ref>Op.cit. XXVII 11, 1-5. Confer ibidem XXX.5.4-12.</ref> Poemata scripsit quae in ''Anthologia Latina'' inveniuntur atque [[Avienus]] ei ''Ora maritima'' dedicavit. == Notae == <references/> == Fontes == * {{CIL|5|3344}} {{CIL|6|1751}} {{CIL|6|1752}} {{CIL|6|1753}} {{CIL|6|1754}} {{CIL|6|1755}} {{CIL|6|1756}} {{CIL|6|32032}} {{CIL|6|32033}} {{CIL|8|1783}} {{CIL|10|5179}} * [[Ammianus Marcellinus]], ''[[Res gestae (Ammianus)|Res gestae]]'' *[[Decimus Magnus Ausonius|Ausonius]], ''Epistula'' XVI. *[[Claudius Claudianus]], ''Panegyricus dictus Olybrio et Probino consulibus'' * [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], libro primo ''Epistularum'' 56-61 == Plura legere si cupis == *Alan Cameron, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300658 Polyonomy in the Late Roman Aristocracy: The Case of Petronius Probus]", ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1985: 164-182 *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/736/mode/2up 736-740] *Pierfrancesco Porena, «[https://journals.openedition.org/mefra/18841#quotation L’aristocratie italique, les fils fragiles de Valentinien Ier et la boulimie administrative de Petronius Probus (364-388 apr. J.-C.)] », Mélanges de l'École française de Rome - Antiquité, 2024: 353-365. *Manfred G. Schmidt, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4477288 Ambrosii carmen de obitu Probi. Ein Gedicht des Mailänder Bischofs in epigraphischer Überlieferung]", ''Hermes'', 1999: 99-116 *Hajnalka Tamas, "[https://www.academia.edu/42642577/From_Persecutor_to_Arbitrator_of_Orthodoxy_The_Changing_Face_of_Sextus_Petronius_Probus_between_the_Fourth_and_the_Fifth_Century From Persecutor to Arbitrator of Orthodoxy: The Changing Face of Sextus Petronius Probus between the Fourth and the Fifth Century]" in ''The Fifth Century: Age of Transformation. Proceedings of the 12th Biennial Shifting Frontiers in Late Antiquity Conference'', 2019: 297-306 *H.C. Teitler, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24771997 Ammianus 30.5.4 and the Career of Petronius Probus]", ''Mnemosyne'', 2016: 312-317 {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Valentinianus I|Imp. Caesar Flavius Valentinianus Augustus]] III et [[Valens|Imp. Caesar Flavius Valens Augustus]] III| annus= 371<br />cum<br />[[Gratianus|Imp. Caesare Flavio Gratiano Augusto]] II| successores=[[Domitius Modestus]] et [[Flavius Arintheus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|saeculo 4|Petronius Probus, Sextus Claudius}} [[Categoria:Senatores]] [[Categoria:Gens Petronia]] [[Categoria:Proconsules Africae]] [[Categoria:Praefecti Praetorio]] 2pulfj3mc9m9eo62mxbcg6hnd08wcwp 3966078 3966075 2026-06-23T14:16:56Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Cursus honorum */ 3966078 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sextus Claudius Petronius Probus''' (nescimus quando natus<ref>Circa [[328]] secundum {{PLRE}}, inter 330 et 334 secundum alios.</ref> quandove mortuus sit<ref>Circa 390?</ref>) vir publicus [[Imperium Romanum|Romanus]] saeculi quarti erat. Homo potentissimus post imperatores quarto saeculo exeunte fuit ut ex inscriptionibus ei dedicatis apparet: exempli gratia a [[Veneti (Italia antiqua)|Venetis]] et [[Histria|Histris]] ''nobilitatis culmen, litterarum et eloquentiae lumen''<ref>{{CIL|6|1751}}. Cf Ammianus XXVIII.1.31: ''Probi ... viri summatum omnium maximi, iureque praefecturae praetorianae regentis provincias''.</ref> appellatur. [[Religio Christiana|Christianus]] fuit et amicus [[Ambrosius|Divi Ambrosii]]. ==Familia== Pater eius senator [[Probinus Petronius]], [[consul]] anni [[341]], erat; avus [[Petronius Probianus]] consul anni [[322]]<ref>{{CIL|5|3344}}</ref>. Ipse [[Anicia Faltonia Proba|Aniciam Faltoniam Probam]]<ref>{{CIL|6|1754}}</ref> uxorem duxit. Eis filii [[Flavius Anicius Hermogenianus Olybrius]]<ref> {{CIL|6|1753}} {{CIL|6|1755}}</ref>, [[Flavius Anicius Probinus]] erant, qui anno [[395]] una consulatum administrabant atque tertius filius [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]<ref>{{CIL|6|1752}} {{CIL|6|1754}}</ref>, consul anni [[406]]. == Cursus honorum == Petronius anno [[358]] [[proconsul]] [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africae]] erat. Anno [[364]] fuit [[praefectus praetorio]] per [[Praefectura per Illyricum|Illyricum]], anno [[366]] per [[Praefectura Galliarum|Gallias]], per [[Praefectura Italiae|Italiam]] annis [[368]] - [[375]]. Anno [[371]] consul erat una cum [[Gratianus|Gratiano]] [[Imperatores Romani|imperatore]]. Anno [[372]] [[Sirmium]] contra incursiones barbarorum defendebat<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], Res gestae, XXIX 6,9-14</ref>. Eodem tempore [[Ambrosius|Ambrosium]] [[consularis|consularem]] [[Liguria et Aemilia|Liguriae et Aemiliae]] nominavit. Anno [[375]] [[Valentinianus I]] Augustus eum minabatur, quod homines multos lucri causa [[vectigal|vectigalibus]] maximis pressisset<ref>Op.cit., XXX 5,4-10</ref>. Post mortem Valentiniani I eodem anno cum aliis favebat, ut [[Valentinianus II]] puer quattuor annorum [[Vienna]]e purpura vestiretur<ref>Op.cit., XXX 10</ref>. Cum [[Gratianus]] anno [[383]] a [[Magnus Maximus|Magno Maximo]] usurpatore necatus esset, adiutor iuvenis Valentiniani II fuit et cum eo in orientem ad [[Theodosius I|Theodosium I]] imperatorem fugit. Anno [[383]] - [[384]] iterum praefectus praetorio Italiae erat. In summa quater prefectus praetorianus creatus est, res rarissima<ref>{{CIL|6|1752}} {{CIL|6|1753}}</ref> ==Mores== Ammianus Marcellinus rerum gestarum scriptor eum valde ob avaritiam vituperavit: *''ab urbe Probus accitus, claritudine generis et potentia et opum amplitudine cognitus orbi Romano, per quem universum paene patrimonia sparsa possedit, iuste an secus non iudicioli est nostri. hunc quasi genuina quaedam, ut fingunt poetae, fortuna vehens praepetibus pinnis, nunc beneficum ostendebat et amicos altius erigentem, aliquotiens insidiatorem dirum et per cruentas noxium simultates. et licet potuit, quoad vixit, ingentia largiendo, et intervallando potestates adsiduas, erat tamen interdum timidus ad audaces, contra timidos celsior, ut videretur cum sibi fideret, de cothurno strepere tragico, et ubi paveret, omni humilior socco. atque ut natantium genus elemento suo expulsum haut tam diu spirat in terris, ita ille marcebat absque praefecturis, quas ob iurgia familiarum ingentium capessere cogebatur, numquam innocentium per cupiditates inmensas, utque multa perpetrarent inpune, dominum suum mergentium in rem publicam. namque fatendum est: numquam illa magnanimitate coalitus clienti vel servo agere quicquam iussit inlicitum, sed si eorum quemquam crimen ullum conpererat admisisse, vel ipsa repugnante iustitia, non explorato negotio sine respectu boni honestique defendebat. quod vitium reprehendens ita pronuntiat Cicero: quid enim interest inter suasorem facti et probatorem? aut quid refert utrum voluerim fieri an gaudeam factum?. suspiciosus tamen, et munitus suopte ingenio fuit et subamarum adridens blandiensque interdum, ut noceat. id autem perspicuum est in eius modi moribus malum, tum maxime cum celari posse existimatur; ita inplacabilis et directus, ut si laedere quemquam instituisset, nec exorari posset nec ad ignoscendum erroribus inclinari, ideoque aures eius non cera sed plumbis videbantur obstructae. in summis divitiarum et dignitatum culminibus anxius et sollicitus, ideoque semper levibus morbis adflictus.''<ref>Op.cit. XXVII 11, 1-5. Confer ibidem XXX.5.4-12.</ref> Poemata scripsit quae in ''Anthologia Latina'' inveniuntur atque [[Avienus]] ei ''Ora maritima'' dedicavit. == Notae == <references/> == Fontes == * {{CIL|5|3344}} {{CIL|6|1751}} {{CIL|6|1752}} {{CIL|6|1753}} {{CIL|6|1754}} {{CIL|6|1755}} {{CIL|6|1756}} {{CIL|6|32032}} {{CIL|6|32033}} {{CIL|8|1783}} {{CIL|10|5179}} * [[Ammianus Marcellinus]], ''[[Res gestae (Ammianus)|Res gestae]]'' *[[Decimus Magnus Ausonius|Ausonius]], ''Epistula'' XVI. *[[Claudius Claudianus]], ''Panegyricus dictus Olybrio et Probino consulibus'' * [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], libro primo ''Epistularum'' 56-61 == Plura legere si cupis == *Alan Cameron, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300658 Polyonomy in the Late Roman Aristocracy: The Case of Petronius Probus]", ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1985: 164-182 *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/736/mode/2up 736-740] *Pierfrancesco Porena, «[https://journals.openedition.org/mefra/18841#quotation L’aristocratie italique, les fils fragiles de Valentinien Ier et la boulimie administrative de Petronius Probus (364-388 apr. J.-C.)] », Mélanges de l'École française de Rome - Antiquité, 2024: 353-365. *Manfred G. Schmidt, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4477288 Ambrosii carmen de obitu Probi. Ein Gedicht des Mailänder Bischofs in epigraphischer Überlieferung]", ''Hermes'', 1999: 99-116 *Hajnalka Tamas, "[https://www.academia.edu/42642577/From_Persecutor_to_Arbitrator_of_Orthodoxy_The_Changing_Face_of_Sextus_Petronius_Probus_between_the_Fourth_and_the_Fifth_Century From Persecutor to Arbitrator of Orthodoxy: The Changing Face of Sextus Petronius Probus between the Fourth and the Fifth Century]" in ''The Fifth Century: Age of Transformation. Proceedings of the 12th Biennial Shifting Frontiers in Late Antiquity Conference'', 2019: 297-306 *H.C. Teitler, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24771997 Ammianus 30.5.4 and the Career of Petronius Probus]", ''Mnemosyne'', 2016: 312-317 {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Valentinianus I|Imp. Caesar Flavius Valentinianus Augustus]] III et [[Valens|Imp. Caesar Flavius Valens Augustus]] III| annus= 371<br />cum<br />[[Gratianus|Imp. Caesare Flavio Gratiano Augusto]] II| successores=[[Domitius Modestus]] et [[Flavius Arintheus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|saeculo 4|Petronius Probus, Sextus Claudius}} [[Categoria:Senatores]] [[Categoria:Gens Petronia]] [[Categoria:Proconsules Africae]] [[Categoria:Praefecti Praetorio]] nijrdn9kxn11hsotldi8platwza614m 3966079 3966078 2026-06-23T14:17:12Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Cursus honorum */ 3966079 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sextus Claudius Petronius Probus''' (nescimus quando natus<ref>Circa [[328]] secundum {{PLRE}}, inter 330 et 334 secundum alios.</ref> quandove mortuus sit<ref>Circa 390?</ref>) vir publicus [[Imperium Romanum|Romanus]] saeculi quarti erat. Homo potentissimus post imperatores quarto saeculo exeunte fuit ut ex inscriptionibus ei dedicatis apparet: exempli gratia a [[Veneti (Italia antiqua)|Venetis]] et [[Histria|Histris]] ''nobilitatis culmen, litterarum et eloquentiae lumen''<ref>{{CIL|6|1751}}. Cf Ammianus XXVIII.1.31: ''Probi ... viri summatum omnium maximi, iureque praefecturae praetorianae regentis provincias''.</ref> appellatur. [[Religio Christiana|Christianus]] fuit et amicus [[Ambrosius|Divi Ambrosii]]. ==Familia== Pater eius senator [[Probinus Petronius]], [[consul]] anni [[341]], erat; avus [[Petronius Probianus]] consul anni [[322]]<ref>{{CIL|5|3344}}</ref>. Ipse [[Anicia Faltonia Proba|Aniciam Faltoniam Probam]]<ref>{{CIL|6|1754}}</ref> uxorem duxit. Eis filii [[Flavius Anicius Hermogenianus Olybrius]]<ref> {{CIL|6|1753}} {{CIL|6|1755}}</ref>, [[Flavius Anicius Probinus]] erant, qui anno [[395]] una consulatum administrabant atque tertius filius [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]<ref>{{CIL|6|1752}} {{CIL|6|1754}}</ref>, consul anni [[406]]. == Cursus honorum == Petronius anno [[358]] [[proconsul]] [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africae]] erat. Anno [[364]] fuit [[praefectus praetorio]] per [[Praefectura per Illyricum|Illyricum]], anno [[366]] per [[Praefectura Galliarum|Gallias]], per [[Praefectura Italiae|Italiam]] annis [[368]] - [[375]]. Anno [[371]] consul erat una cum [[Gratianus|Gratiano]] [[Imperatores Romani|imperatore]]. Anno [[372]] [[Sirmium]] contra incursiones barbarorum defendebat<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], Res gestae, XXIX 6,9-14</ref>. Eodem tempore [[Ambrosius|Ambrosium]] [[consularis|consularem]] [[Liguria et Aemilia|Liguriae et Aemiliae]] nominavit. Anno [[375]] [[Valentinianus I]] Augustus eum minabatur, quod homines multos lucri causa [[vectigal|vectigalibus]] maximis pressisset<ref>Op.cit., XXX 5,4-10</ref>. Post mortem Valentiniani I eodem anno cum aliis favebat, ut [[Valentinianus II]] puer quattuor annorum [[Vienna]]e purpura vestiretur<ref>Op.cit., XXX 10</ref>. Cum [[Gratianus]] anno [[383]] a [[Magnus Maximus|Magno Maximo]] usurpatore necatus esset, adiutor iuvenis Valentiniani II fuit et cum eo in orientem ad [[Theodosius I|Theodosium I]] imperatorem fugit. Anno [[383]] - [[384]] iterum praefectus praetorio Italiae erat. In summa quater prefectus praetorianus creatus est, res rarissima<ref>{{CIL|6|1752}} {{CIL|6|1753}}</ref>. ==Mores== Ammianus Marcellinus rerum gestarum scriptor eum valde ob avaritiam vituperavit: *''ab urbe Probus accitus, claritudine generis et potentia et opum amplitudine cognitus orbi Romano, per quem universum paene patrimonia sparsa possedit, iuste an secus non iudicioli est nostri. hunc quasi genuina quaedam, ut fingunt poetae, fortuna vehens praepetibus pinnis, nunc beneficum ostendebat et amicos altius erigentem, aliquotiens insidiatorem dirum et per cruentas noxium simultates. et licet potuit, quoad vixit, ingentia largiendo, et intervallando potestates adsiduas, erat tamen interdum timidus ad audaces, contra timidos celsior, ut videretur cum sibi fideret, de cothurno strepere tragico, et ubi paveret, omni humilior socco. atque ut natantium genus elemento suo expulsum haut tam diu spirat in terris, ita ille marcebat absque praefecturis, quas ob iurgia familiarum ingentium capessere cogebatur, numquam innocentium per cupiditates inmensas, utque multa perpetrarent inpune, dominum suum mergentium in rem publicam. namque fatendum est: numquam illa magnanimitate coalitus clienti vel servo agere quicquam iussit inlicitum, sed si eorum quemquam crimen ullum conpererat admisisse, vel ipsa repugnante iustitia, non explorato negotio sine respectu boni honestique defendebat. quod vitium reprehendens ita pronuntiat Cicero: quid enim interest inter suasorem facti et probatorem? aut quid refert utrum voluerim fieri an gaudeam factum?. suspiciosus tamen, et munitus suopte ingenio fuit et subamarum adridens blandiensque interdum, ut noceat. id autem perspicuum est in eius modi moribus malum, tum maxime cum celari posse existimatur; ita inplacabilis et directus, ut si laedere quemquam instituisset, nec exorari posset nec ad ignoscendum erroribus inclinari, ideoque aures eius non cera sed plumbis videbantur obstructae. in summis divitiarum et dignitatum culminibus anxius et sollicitus, ideoque semper levibus morbis adflictus.''<ref>Op.cit. XXVII 11, 1-5. Confer ibidem XXX.5.4-12.</ref> Poemata scripsit quae in ''Anthologia Latina'' inveniuntur atque [[Avienus]] ei ''Ora maritima'' dedicavit. == Notae == <references/> == Fontes == * {{CIL|5|3344}} {{CIL|6|1751}} {{CIL|6|1752}} {{CIL|6|1753}} {{CIL|6|1754}} {{CIL|6|1755}} {{CIL|6|1756}} {{CIL|6|32032}} {{CIL|6|32033}} {{CIL|8|1783}} {{CIL|10|5179}} * [[Ammianus Marcellinus]], ''[[Res gestae (Ammianus)|Res gestae]]'' *[[Decimus Magnus Ausonius|Ausonius]], ''Epistula'' XVI. *[[Claudius Claudianus]], ''Panegyricus dictus Olybrio et Probino consulibus'' * [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], libro primo ''Epistularum'' 56-61 == Plura legere si cupis == *Alan Cameron, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300658 Polyonomy in the Late Roman Aristocracy: The Case of Petronius Probus]", ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1985: 164-182 *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/736/mode/2up 736-740] *Pierfrancesco Porena, «[https://journals.openedition.org/mefra/18841#quotation L’aristocratie italique, les fils fragiles de Valentinien Ier et la boulimie administrative de Petronius Probus (364-388 apr. J.-C.)] », Mélanges de l'École française de Rome - Antiquité, 2024: 353-365. *Manfred G. Schmidt, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4477288 Ambrosii carmen de obitu Probi. Ein Gedicht des Mailänder Bischofs in epigraphischer Überlieferung]", ''Hermes'', 1999: 99-116 *Hajnalka Tamas, "[https://www.academia.edu/42642577/From_Persecutor_to_Arbitrator_of_Orthodoxy_The_Changing_Face_of_Sextus_Petronius_Probus_between_the_Fourth_and_the_Fifth_Century From Persecutor to Arbitrator of Orthodoxy: The Changing Face of Sextus Petronius Probus between the Fourth and the Fifth Century]" in ''The Fifth Century: Age of Transformation. Proceedings of the 12th Biennial Shifting Frontiers in Late Antiquity Conference'', 2019: 297-306 *H.C. Teitler, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24771997 Ammianus 30.5.4 and the Career of Petronius Probus]", ''Mnemosyne'', 2016: 312-317 {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Valentinianus I|Imp. Caesar Flavius Valentinianus Augustus]] III et [[Valens|Imp. Caesar Flavius Valens Augustus]] III| annus= 371<br />cum<br />[[Gratianus|Imp. Caesare Flavio Gratiano Augusto]] II| successores=[[Domitius Modestus]] et [[Flavius Arintheus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|saeculo 4|Petronius Probus, Sextus Claudius}} [[Categoria:Senatores]] [[Categoria:Gens Petronia]] [[Categoria:Proconsules Africae]] [[Categoria:Praefecti Praetorio]] hxb1wwrele7whsqgc4jw7khbpbd4tff 3966080 3966079 2026-06-23T14:17:36Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Cursus honorum */ 3966080 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sextus Claudius Petronius Probus''' (nescimus quando natus<ref>Circa [[328]] secundum {{PLRE}}, inter 330 et 334 secundum alios.</ref> quandove mortuus sit<ref>Circa 390?</ref>) vir publicus [[Imperium Romanum|Romanus]] saeculi quarti erat. Homo potentissimus post imperatores quarto saeculo exeunte fuit ut ex inscriptionibus ei dedicatis apparet: exempli gratia a [[Veneti (Italia antiqua)|Venetis]] et [[Histria|Histris]] ''nobilitatis culmen, litterarum et eloquentiae lumen''<ref>{{CIL|6|1751}}. Cf Ammianus XXVIII.1.31: ''Probi ... viri summatum omnium maximi, iureque praefecturae praetorianae regentis provincias''.</ref> appellatur. [[Religio Christiana|Christianus]] fuit et amicus [[Ambrosius|Divi Ambrosii]]. ==Familia== Pater eius senator [[Probinus Petronius]], [[consul]] anni [[341]], erat; avus [[Petronius Probianus]] consul anni [[322]]<ref>{{CIL|5|3344}}</ref>. Ipse [[Anicia Faltonia Proba|Aniciam Faltoniam Probam]]<ref>{{CIL|6|1754}}</ref> uxorem duxit. Eis filii [[Flavius Anicius Hermogenianus Olybrius]]<ref> {{CIL|6|1753}} {{CIL|6|1755}}</ref>, [[Flavius Anicius Probinus]] erant, qui anno [[395]] una consulatum administrabant atque tertius filius [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]<ref>{{CIL|6|1752}} {{CIL|6|1754}}</ref>, consul anni [[406]]. == Cursus honorum == Petronius anno [[358]] [[proconsul]] [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africae]] erat. Anno [[364]] fuit [[praefectus praetorio]] per [[Praefectura per Illyricum|Illyricum]], anno [[366]] per [[Praefectura Galliarum|Gallias]], per [[Praefectura Italiae|Italiam]] annis [[368]] - [[375]]. Anno [[371]] consul erat una cum [[Gratianus|Gratiano]] [[Imperatores Romani|imperatore]]. Anno [[372]] [[Sirmium]] contra incursiones barbarorum defendebat<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], Res gestae, XXIX 6,9-14</ref>. Eodem tempore [[Ambrosius|Ambrosium]] [[consularis|consularem]] [[Liguria et Aemilia|Liguriae et Aemiliae]] nominavit. Anno [[375]] [[Valentinianus I]] Augustus eum minabatur, quod homines multos lucri causa [[vectigal|vectigalibus]] maximis pressisset<ref>Op.cit., XXX 5,4-10</ref>. Post mortem Valentiniani I eodem anno cum aliis favebat, ut [[Valentinianus II]] puer quattuor annorum [[Vienna]]e purpura vestiretur<ref>Op.cit., XXX 10</ref>. Cum [[Gratianus]] anno [[383]] a [[Magnus Maximus|Magno Maximo]] usurpatore necatus esset, adiutor iuvenis Valentiniani II fuit et cum eo in orientem ad [[Theodosius I|Theodosium I]] imperatorem fugit. Anno [[383]] - [[384]] iterum praefectus praetorio Italiae erat. In summa quater praefectus praetorianus creatus est, res rarissima<ref>{{CIL|6|1752}} {{CIL|6|1753}}</ref>. ==Mores== Ammianus Marcellinus rerum gestarum scriptor eum valde ob avaritiam vituperavit: *''ab urbe Probus accitus, claritudine generis et potentia et opum amplitudine cognitus orbi Romano, per quem universum paene patrimonia sparsa possedit, iuste an secus non iudicioli est nostri. hunc quasi genuina quaedam, ut fingunt poetae, fortuna vehens praepetibus pinnis, nunc beneficum ostendebat et amicos altius erigentem, aliquotiens insidiatorem dirum et per cruentas noxium simultates. et licet potuit, quoad vixit, ingentia largiendo, et intervallando potestates adsiduas, erat tamen interdum timidus ad audaces, contra timidos celsior, ut videretur cum sibi fideret, de cothurno strepere tragico, et ubi paveret, omni humilior socco. atque ut natantium genus elemento suo expulsum haut tam diu spirat in terris, ita ille marcebat absque praefecturis, quas ob iurgia familiarum ingentium capessere cogebatur, numquam innocentium per cupiditates inmensas, utque multa perpetrarent inpune, dominum suum mergentium in rem publicam. namque fatendum est: numquam illa magnanimitate coalitus clienti vel servo agere quicquam iussit inlicitum, sed si eorum quemquam crimen ullum conpererat admisisse, vel ipsa repugnante iustitia, non explorato negotio sine respectu boni honestique defendebat. quod vitium reprehendens ita pronuntiat Cicero: quid enim interest inter suasorem facti et probatorem? aut quid refert utrum voluerim fieri an gaudeam factum?. suspiciosus tamen, et munitus suopte ingenio fuit et subamarum adridens blandiensque interdum, ut noceat. id autem perspicuum est in eius modi moribus malum, tum maxime cum celari posse existimatur; ita inplacabilis et directus, ut si laedere quemquam instituisset, nec exorari posset nec ad ignoscendum erroribus inclinari, ideoque aures eius non cera sed plumbis videbantur obstructae. in summis divitiarum et dignitatum culminibus anxius et sollicitus, ideoque semper levibus morbis adflictus.''<ref>Op.cit. XXVII 11, 1-5. Confer ibidem XXX.5.4-12.</ref> Poemata scripsit quae in ''Anthologia Latina'' inveniuntur atque [[Avienus]] ei ''Ora maritima'' dedicavit. == Notae == <references/> == Fontes == * {{CIL|5|3344}} {{CIL|6|1751}} {{CIL|6|1752}} {{CIL|6|1753}} {{CIL|6|1754}} {{CIL|6|1755}} {{CIL|6|1756}} {{CIL|6|32032}} {{CIL|6|32033}} {{CIL|8|1783}} {{CIL|10|5179}} * [[Ammianus Marcellinus]], ''[[Res gestae (Ammianus)|Res gestae]]'' *[[Decimus Magnus Ausonius|Ausonius]], ''Epistula'' XVI. *[[Claudius Claudianus]], ''Panegyricus dictus Olybrio et Probino consulibus'' * [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], libro primo ''Epistularum'' 56-61 == Plura legere si cupis == *Alan Cameron, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300658 Polyonomy in the Late Roman Aristocracy: The Case of Petronius Probus]", ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1985: 164-182 *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/736/mode/2up 736-740] *Pierfrancesco Porena, «[https://journals.openedition.org/mefra/18841#quotation L’aristocratie italique, les fils fragiles de Valentinien Ier et la boulimie administrative de Petronius Probus (364-388 apr. J.-C.)] », Mélanges de l'École française de Rome - Antiquité, 2024: 353-365. *Manfred G. Schmidt, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4477288 Ambrosii carmen de obitu Probi. Ein Gedicht des Mailänder Bischofs in epigraphischer Überlieferung]", ''Hermes'', 1999: 99-116 *Hajnalka Tamas, "[https://www.academia.edu/42642577/From_Persecutor_to_Arbitrator_of_Orthodoxy_The_Changing_Face_of_Sextus_Petronius_Probus_between_the_Fourth_and_the_Fifth_Century From Persecutor to Arbitrator of Orthodoxy: The Changing Face of Sextus Petronius Probus between the Fourth and the Fifth Century]" in ''The Fifth Century: Age of Transformation. Proceedings of the 12th Biennial Shifting Frontiers in Late Antiquity Conference'', 2019: 297-306 *H.C. Teitler, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24771997 Ammianus 30.5.4 and the Career of Petronius Probus]", ''Mnemosyne'', 2016: 312-317 {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Valentinianus I|Imp. Caesar Flavius Valentinianus Augustus]] III et [[Valens|Imp. Caesar Flavius Valens Augustus]] III| annus= 371<br />cum<br />[[Gratianus|Imp. Caesare Flavio Gratiano Augusto]] II| successores=[[Domitius Modestus]] et [[Flavius Arintheus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|saeculo 4|Petronius Probus, Sextus Claudius}} [[Categoria:Senatores]] [[Categoria:Gens Petronia]] [[Categoria:Proconsules Africae]] [[Categoria:Praefecti Praetorio]] ntqgnvz6mxr2sq62tt40o6nb8m25ld4 0 123776 3966209 3965498 2026-06-24T10:28:24Z Pippobuono 54500 nomen latine 3966209 wikitext text/x-wiki Hic est index [[commune|communium]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] praefecturae [[Francia|Francicae]], cui subsunt communia 515 numero. [[Fasciculus:Vosges-Position.png|thumb|Situs praefecturae]] [[Fasciculus: Senones vu du Petit Paris.jpg|thumb|Despectus in ''[[ Senones ]]'']] {| class="wikitable sortable" ! [[INSEE|Numerus INSEE]] ! [[Numerus cursualis]] ! [[Commune]] |- | 88001 | 88270 | [[Les Ableuvenettes]] |- | 88002 | 88500 | [[Ahéville]] |- | 88003 | 88140 | [[Aingeville]] |- | 88004 | 88320 | [[Ainvelle (Vosegus)|Ainvelle]] |- | 88005 | 88110 | [[Allarmont]] |- | 88006 | 88500 | [[Ambacuria]] |- | 88007 | 88410 | [[Ameuvelle]] |- | 88008 | 88700 | [[Anglemont]] |- | 88009 | 88650 | [[Anould]] |- | 88010 | 88170 | [[Aouze]] |- | 88011 | 88380 | [[Arches (Vosegus)|Arches]] |- | 88012 | 88380 | [[Archettes]] |- | 88013 | 88170 | [[Aroffe]] |- | 88014 | 88430 | [[Arrentès-de-Corcieux]] |- | 88015 | 88300 | [[Attignéville]] |- | 88016 | 88260 | [[Attigny (Vosegus)|Attigny]] |- | 88017 | 88300 | [[Aulnois]] |- | 88018 | 88640 | [[Aumontzey]] |- | 88019 | 88300 | [[Autigny-la-Tour]] |- | 88020 | 88300 | [[Autreville (Vosegus)|Autreville]] |- | 88021 | 88700 | [[Autrey (Vosegus)|Autrey]] |- | 88022 | 88140 | [[Auzainvilliers]] |- | 88023 | 88500 | [[Avillers (Vosegus)|Avillers]] |- | 88024 | 88130 | [[Avrainville (Vosegus)|Avrainville]] |- | 88025 | 88630 | [[Avranville]] |- | 88026 | 88600 | [[Aydoilles]] |- | 88027 | 88330 | [[Badménil-aux-Bois]] |- | 88028 | 88460 | [[La Baffe]] |- | 88029 | 88240 | [[Bains-les-Bains]] |- | 88030 | 88270 | [[Bainville-aux-Saules]] |- | 88031 | 88170 | [[Balléville]] |- | 88032 | 88520 | [[Ban-de-Laveline]] |- | 88033 | 88210 | [[Ban-de-Sapt]] |- | 88106 | 88230 | [[Ban-sur-Meurthe-Clefcy]] |- | 88035 | 88640 | [[Barbey-Seroux]] |- | 88036 | 88300 | [[Barville (Vosegus)|Barville]] |- | 88037 | 88120 | [[Basse-sur-le-Rupt]] |- | 88038 | 88130 | [[Battexey]] |- | 88039 | 88500 | [[Baudricourt]] |- | 88040 | 88150 | [[Bayecourt]] |- | 88041 | 88270 | [[Bazegney]] |- | 88042 | 88700 | [[Bazien]] |- | 88043 | 88500 | [[Bazoilles-et-Ménil]] |- | 88044 | 88300 | [[Bazoilles-sur-Meuse]] |- | 88045 | 88300 | [[Beaufremont]] |- | 88046 | 88600 | [[Beauménil]] |- | 88047 | 88270 | [[Begnécourt]] |- | 88048 | 88370 | [[Bellefontaine (Vosegus)|Bellefontaine]] |- | 88049 | 88260 | [[Belmont-lès-Darney]] |- | 88050 | 88600 | [[Belmont-sur-Buttant]] |- | 88051 | 88800 | [[Belmont-sur-Vair]] |- | 88052 | 88260 | [[Belrupt]] |- | 88053 | 88210 | [[Belval (Vosegus)|Belval]] |- | 88054 | 88520 | [[Bertrimoutier]] |- | 88055 | 88450 | [[Bettegney-Saint-Brice]] |- | 88056 | 88500 | [[Bettoncourt]] |- | 88057 | 88490 | [[Le Beulay]] |- | 88058 | 88170 | [[Biécourt]] |- | 88059 | 88430 | [[Biffontaine]] |- | 88060 | 88500 | [[Blémerey (Vosegus)|Blémerey]] |- | 88061 | 88410 | [[Bleurville]] |- | 88062 | 88320 | [[Blevaincourt]] |- | 88063 | 88270 | [[Bocquegney]] |- | 88064 | 88600 | [[Bois-de-Champ]] |- | 88065 | 88260 | [[Bonvillet]] |- | 88066 | 88500 | [[Boulaincourt]] |- | 88068 | 88470 | [[La Bourgonce]] |- | 88069 | 88270 | [[Bouxières-aux-Bois]] |- | 88070 | 88130 | [[Bouxurulles]] |- | 88071 | 88270 | [[Bouzemont]] |- | 88073 | 88130 | [[Brantigny]] |- | 88074 | 88350 | [[Brechainville]] |- | 88075 | 88250 | [[La Bresse]] |- | 88076 | 88600 | [[Brouvelieures]] |- | 88077 | 88700 | [[Brû]] |- | 88078 | 88600 | [[Bruyères]] |- | 88079 | 88140 | [[Boloniacivilla]] |- | 88080 | 88700 | [[Bult]] |- | 88081 | 88540 | [[Bussang]] |- | 88082 | 88110 | [[Celles-sur-Plaine]] |- | 88083 | 88300 | [[Certilleux]] |- | 88084 | 88130 | [[Chamagne]] |- | 88085 | 88640 | [[Champdray]] |- | 88086 | 88600 | [[Ducis Campus|Champ-le-Duc]] |- | 88087 | 88000 | [[Chantraine (commune)|Chantraine]] |- | 88088 | 88240 | [[La Chapelle-aux-Bois]] |- | 88089 | 88600 | [[La Chapelle-devant-Bruyères]] |- | 88090 | 88130 | [[Carpinia]] |- | 88091 | 88460 | [[Charmois-devant-Bruyères]] |- | 88092 | 88270 | [[Charmois-l'Orgueilleux]] |- | 88093 | 88210 | [[Châtas]] |- | 88094 | 88330 | [[Châtel-sur-Moselle]] |- | 88095 | 88170 | [[Châtenois (Vosegus)|Châtenois]] |- | 88096 | 88410 | [[Châtillon-sur-Saône]] |- | 88097 | 88500 | [[Chauffecourt]] |- | 88098 | 88390 | [[Chaumousey]] |- | 88099 | 88150 | [[Chavelot]] |- | 88100 | 88500 | [[Chef-Haut]] |- | 88101 | 88460 | [[Cheniménil]] |- | 88102 | 88630 | [[Chermisey]] |- | 88103 | 88270 | [[Circourt]] |- | 88104 | 88300 | [[Circourt-sur-Mouzon]] |- | 88105 | 88410 | [[Claudon]] |- | 88107 | 88630 | [[Clérey-la-Côte]] |- | 88108 | 88240 | [[Le Clerjus]] |- | 88109 | 88120 | [[Cleurie]] |- | 88110 | 88700 | [[Clézentaine]] |- | 88111 | 88100 | [[Coinches]] |- | 88112 | 88490 | [[Colroy-la-Grande]] |- | 88113 | 88490 | [[Combrimont]] |- | 88114 | 88140 | [[Gundrecivilla]] |- | 88115 | 88430 | [[Corcieux]] |- | 88116 | 88310 | [[Cornimont]] |- | 88117 | 88170 | [[Courcelles-sous-Châtenois]] |- | 88118 | 88630 | [[Coussey]] |- | 88119 | 88140 | [[Crainvilliers]] |- | 88120 | 88520 | [[La Croix-aux-Mines]] |- | 88121 | 88330 | [[Damas-aux-Bois]] |- | 88122 | 88270 | [[Damas-et-Bettegney]] |- | 88123 | 88320 | [[Damblain]] |- | 88124 | 88260 | [[Darney]] |- | 88125 | 88170 | [[Darney-aux-Chênes]] |- | 88126 | 88390 | [[Darnieulles]] |- | 88127 | 88700 | [[Deinvillers]] |- | 88128 | 88210 | [[Denipaire]] |- | 88129 | 88270 | [[Derbamont]] |- | 88130 | 88600 | [[Destord]] |- | 88131 | 88600 | [[Deycimont]] |- | 88132 | 88000 | [[Deyvillers]] |- | 88133 | 88000 | [[Dignonville]] |- | 88134 | 88000 | [[Dinozé]] |- | 88135 | 88460 | [[Docelles]] |- | 88136 | 88000 | [[Dogneville]] |- | 88137 | 88170 | [[Dolaincourt]] |- | 88138 | 88260 | [[Dombasle-devant-Darney]] |- | 88139 | 88500 | [[Dombasle-en-Xaintois]] |- | 88140 | 88140 | [[Dombrot-le-Sec]] |- | 88141 | 88170 | [[Dombrot-sur-Vair]] |- | 88144 | 88500 | [[Domèvre-sous-Montfort]] |- | 88142 | 88390 | [[Domèvre-sur-Avière]] |- | 88143 | 88330 | [[Domèvre-sur-Durbion]] |- | 88145 | 88600 | [[Domfaing]] |- | 88146 | 88800 | [[Domjulien]] |- | 88147 | 88390 | [[Dommartin-aux-Bois]] |- | 88148 | 88200 | [[Domnus Martinus (Romaricus Mons)]] |- | 88149 | 88260 | [[Dommartin-lès-Vallois]] |- | 88150 | 88170 | [[Dommartin-sur-Vraine]] |- | 88151 | 88270 | [[Donoparium]] |- | 88152 | 88600 | [[Dompierre (Vosegus)|Dompierre]] |- | 88153 | 88700 | [[Domptail]] |- | 88154 | 88630 | [[Domnum Remigium]] |- | 88155 | 88500 | [[Domvallier]] |- | 88156 | 88700 | [[Doncières]] |- | 88157 | 88220 | [[Dounoux]] |- | 88158 | 88510 | [[Éloyes]] |- | 88159 | 88650 | [[Entre-deux-Eaux]] |- | 88160 | 88000 | [[Spinalium]] |- | 88161 | 88260 | [[Escles]] |- | 88162 | 88260 | [[Esley]] |- | 88163 | 88130 | [[Essegney]] |- | 88164 | 88500 | [[Estrennes]] |- | 88165 | 88480 | [[Étival-Clairefontaine]] |- | 88166 | 88450 | [[Évaux-et-Ménil]] |- | 88167 | 88460 | [[Faucompierre]] |- | 88168 | 88700 | [[Fauconcourt]] |- | 88169 | 88600 | [[Fays (Vosegus)|Fays]] |- | 88170 | 88360 | [[Ferdrupt]] |- | 88171 | 88410 | [[Fignévelle]] |- | 88172 | 88600 | [[Fiménil]] |- | 88173 | 88130 | [[Florémont]] |- | 88174 | 88390 | [[Fomerey]] |- | 88175 | 88600 | [[Fontenay (Vosegus)|Fontenay]] |- | 88176 | 88240 | [[Fontenoy-le-Château]] |- | 88177 | 88530 | [[La Forge (Vosegus)|La Forge]] |- | 88178 | 88390 | [[Les Forges (Vosegus)|Les Forges]] |- | 88179 | 88320 | [[Fouchécourt (Vosegus)|Fouchécourt]] |- | 88180 | 88320 | [[Frain]] |- | 88181 | 88230 | [[Fraize]] |- | 88182 | 88490 | [[Frapelle]] |- | 88183 | 88630 | [[Frebécourt]] |- | 88184 | 88600 | [[Fremifontaine]] |- | 88185 | 88500 | [[Frenelle-la-Grande]] |- | 88186 | 88500 | [[Frenelle-la-Petite]] |- | 88187 | 88270 | [[Frénois (Vosegus)|Frénois]] |- | 88188 | 88160 | [[Fresse-sur-Moselle]] |- | 88189 | 88350 | [[Fréville (Vosegus)|Fréville]] |- | 88190 | 88440 | [[Frizon]] |- | 88192 | 88270 | [[Gelvécourt-et-Adompt]] |- | 88193 | 88520 | [[Gemaingoutte]] |- | 88194 | 88170 | [[Gemmelaincourt]] |- | 88195 | 88140 | [[Gendreville]] |- | 88196 | 88400 | [[Gérardmer]] |- | 88197 | 88120 | [[Gerbamont]] |- | 88198 | 88430 | [[Gerbépal]] |- | 88199 | 88320 | [[Gignéville]] |- | 88200 | 88390 | [[Gigney]] |- | 88201 | 88390 | [[Girancourt]] |- | 88202 | 88500 | [[Gircourt-lès-Viéville]] |- | 88203 | 88600 | [[Girecourt-sur-Durbion]] |- | 88205 | 88340 | [[Girmont-Val-d'Ajol]] |- | 88206 | 88170 | [[Gironcourt-sur-Vraine]] |- | 88208 | 88410 | [[Godoncourt]] |- | 88209 | 88190 | [[Golbey]] |- | 88210 | 88270 | [[Gorhey]] |- | 88212 | 88350 | [[Grand (Vosegus)|Grand]] |- | 88213 | 88490 | [[La Grande-Fosse]] |- | 88215 | 88210 | [[Grandrupt]] |- | 88214 | 88240 | [[Grandrupt-de-Bains]] |- | 88216 | 88600 | [[Grandvillers]] |- | 88218 | 88640 | [[Granges-sur-Vologne]] |- | 88219 | 88630 | [[Greux]] |- | 88220 | 88410 | [[Grignoncourt]] |- | 88221 | 88240 | [[Gruey-lès-Surance]] |- | 88222 | 88600 | [[Gugnécourt]] |- | 88223 | 88450 | [[Gugney-aux-Aulx]] |- | 88224 | 88330 | [[Hadigny-les-Verrières]] |- | 88225 | 88220 | [[Hadol]] |- | 88226 | 88270 | [[Hagécourt]] |- | 88227 | 88300 | [[Hagnéville-et-Roncourt]] |- | 88228 | 88330 | [[Haillainville]] |- | 88229 | 88300 | [[Harchéchamp]] |- | 88230 | 88700 | [[Hardancourt]] |- | 88231 | 88800 | [[Haréville]] |- | 88232 | 88300 | [[Harmonville]] |- | 88233 | 88270 | [[Harol]] |- | 88234 | 88240 | [[Harsault]] |- | 88235 | 88240 | [[Hautmougey]] |- | 88236 | 88240 | [[La Haye (Vosegus)|La Haye]] |- | 88237 | 88270 | [[Hennecourt]] |- | 88238 | 88260 | [[Hennezel]] |- | 88239 | 88130 | [[Hergugney]] |- | 88240 | 88600 | [[Herpelmont]] |- | 88241 | 88170 | [[Houécourt]] |- | 88242 | 88300 | [[Houéville]] |- | 88243 | 88700 | [[Housseras]] |- | 88244 | 88430 | [[La Houssière]] |- | 88245 | 88210 | [[Hurbache]] |- | 88246 | 88500 | [[Hymont]] |- | 88247 | 88150 | [[Igney (Vosegus)|Igney]] |- | 88248 | 88320 | [[Isches]] |- | 88249 | 88300 | [[Jainvillotte]] |- | 88250 | 88550 | [[Jarménil]] |- | 88251 | 88700 | [[Jeanménil]] |- | 88252 | 88260 | [[Jésonville]] |- | 88253 | 88000 | [[Jeuxey]] |- | 88254 | 88500 | [[Jorxey]] |- | 88255 | 88630 | [[Jubainville]] |- | 88256 | 88640 | [[Jussarupt]] |- | 88257 | 88500 | [[Juvaincourt]] |- | 88258 | 88320 | [[Lamarche]] |- | 88259 | 88300 | [[Landaville]] |- | 88260 | 88130 | [[Langley (Vosegus)|Langley]] |- | 88261 | 88600 | [[Laval-sur-Vologne]] |- | 88262 | 88600 | [[Laveline-devant-Bruyères]] |- | 88263 | 88640 | [[Laveline-du-Houx]] |- | 88264 | 88270 | [[Légéville-et-Bonfays]] |- | 88265 | 88300 | [[Lemmecourt]] |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! [[INSEE|Numerus INSEE]] ! [[Numerus cursualis]] ! [[Commune]] |- | 88266 | 88600 | [[Lépanges-sur-Vologne]] |- | 88267 | 88260 | [[Lerrain]] |- | 88268 | 88490 | [[Lesseux]] |- | 88269 | 88400 | [[Liézey]] |- | 88270 | 88350 | [[Liffol-le-Grand]] |- | 88271 | 88800 | [[Lignéville]] |- | 88272 | 88410 | [[Lironcourt]] |- | 88273 | 88000 | [[Longchamp (Vosegus)|Longchamp]] |- | 88274 | 88170 | [[Longchamp-sous-Châtenois]] |- | 88275 | 88490 | [[Lubine]] |- | 88276 | 88490 | [[Lusse]] |- | 88277 | 88110 | [[Luvigny]] |- | 88278 | 88170 | [[Maconcourt]] |- | 88279 | 88270 | [[Madecourt]] |- | 88280 | 88450 | [[Madegney]] |- | 88281 | 88270 | [[Madonne-et-Lamerey]] |- | 88282 | 88240 | [[Le Magny (Vosegus)|Le Magny]] |- | 88283 | 88140 | [[Malaincourt]] |- | 88284 | 88650 | [[Mandray]] |- | 88285 | 88800 | [[Mandres-sur-Vair]] |- | 88286 | 88130 | [[Marainville-sur-Madon]] |- | 88287 | 88320 | [[Marey (Vosegus)|Marey]] |- | 88288 | 88270 | [[Maroncourt]] |- | 88289 | 88320 | [[Martigny-les-Bains]] |- | 88290 | 88300 | [[Martigny-les-Gerbonvaux]] |- | 88291 | 88410 | [[Martinvelle]] |- | 88292 | 88500 | [[Mattaincourt]] |- | 88293 | 88630 | [[Maxey-sur-Meuse]] |- | 88294 | 88150 | [[Mazeley]] |- | 88295 | 88500 | [[Mazirot]] |- | 88296 | 88140 | [[Médonville]] |- | 88297 | 88600 | [[Méménil]] |- | 88298 | 88700 | [[Ménarmont]] |- | 88302 | 88160 | [[Le Ménil]] |- | 88300 | 88210 | [[Ménil-de-Senones]] |- | 88299 | 88500 | [[Ménil-en-Xaintois]] |- | 88301 | 88700 | [[Ménil-sur-Belvitte]] |- | 88303 | 88630 | [[Midrevaux]] |- | 88304 | 88500 | [[Mirecurtium]] |- | 88305 | 88630 | [[Moncel-sur-Vair]] |- | 88306 | 88210 | [[Le Mont]] |- | 88309 | 88800 | [[Monthureux-le-Sec]] |- | 88310 | 88410 | [[Monthureux-sur-Saône]] |- | 88307 | 88320 | [[Mont-lès-Lamarche]] |- | 88308 | 88300 | [[Mont-lès-Neufchâteau]] |- | 88311 | 88240 | [[Montmotier]] |- | 88312 | 88170 | [[Morelmaison]] |- | 88313 | 88330 | [[Moriville]] |- | 88314 | 88320 | [[Morizécourt]] |- | 88315 | 88600 | [[Mortagne (Vosegus)|Mortagne]] |- | 88316 | 88140 | [[Morville (Vosegus)|Morville]] |- | 88317 | 88210 | [[Moussey (Vosegus)|Moussey]] |- | 88318 | 88700 | [[Moyemont]] |- | 88319 | 88420 | [[Moyenmoutier]] |- | 88320 | 88100 | [[Nayemont-les-Fosses]] |- | 88321 | 88300 | [[Neocastrum]] |- | 88322 | 88600 | [[La Neuveville-devant-Lépanges]] |- | 88324 | 88170 | [[La Neuveville-sous-Châtenois]] |- | 88325 | 88800 | [[La Neuveville-sous-Montfort]] |- | 88326 | 88100 | [[Neuvillers-sur-Fave]] |- | 88327 | 88440 | [[Nomexy]] |- | 88328 | 88470 | [[Nompatelize]] |- | 88330 | 88260 | [[Nonville (Vosegus)|Nonville]] |- | 88331 | 88600 | [[Nonzeville]] |- | 88332 | 88800 | [[Norroy]] |- | 88333 | 88700 | [[Nossoncourt]] |- | 88334 | 88500 | [[Oëlleville]] |- | 88335 | 88500 | [[Offroicourt]] |- | 88336 | 88170 | [[Ollainville (Vosegus)|Ollainville]] |- | 88338 | 88700 | [[Ortoncourt]] |- | 88340 | 88700 | [[Padoux]] |- | 88341 | 88100 | [[Pair-et-Grandrupt]] |- | 88342 | 88330 | [[Pallegney]] |- | 88343 | 88800 | [[Parey-sous-Montfort]] |- | 88344 | 88350 | [[Pargny-sous-Mureau]] |- | 88345 | 88490 | [[La Petite-Fosse]] |- | 88346 | 88210 | [[La Petite-Raon]] |- | 88347 | 88270 | [[Pierrefitte (Vosegus)|Pierrefitte]] |- | 88348 | 88600 | [[Pierrepont-sur-l'Arentèle]] |- | 88349 | 88230 | [[Plainfaing]] |- | 88350 | 88170 | [[Pleuvezain]] |- | 88351 | 88370 | [[Plumberae]] |- | 88352 | 88300 | [[Pompierre]] |- | 88353 | 88260 | [[Pont-lès-Bonfays]] |- | 88354 | 88500 | [[Pont-sur-Madon]] |- | 88355 | 88330 | [[Portieux]] |- | 88356 | 88600 | [[Les Poulières]] |- | 88357 | 88500 | [[Poussay]] |- | 88358 | 88550 | [[Pouxeux]] |- | 88359 | 88600 | [[Prey (Vosegus)|Prey]] |- | 88360 | 88260 | [[Provenchères-lès-Darney]] |- | 88361 | 88490 | [[Provenchères-sur-Fave]] |- | 88362 | 88210 | [[Le Puid]] |- | 88363 | 88630 | [[Punerot]] |- | 88364 | 88500 | [[Puzieux (Vosegus)|Puzieux]] |- | 88365 | 88270 | [[Racécourt]] |- | 88366 | 88170 | [[Rainville (Vosegus)|Rainville]] |- | 88367 | 88700 | [[Rambervillers]] |- | 88368 | 88500 | [[Ramecourt (Vosegus)|Ramecourt]] |- | 88369 | 88160 | [[Ramonchamp]] |- | 88370 | 88270 | [[Rancourt (Vosegus)|Rancourt]] |- | 88371 | 88220 | [[Raon-aux-Bois]] |- | 88372 | 88110 | [[Raon-l'Étape]] |- | 88373 | 88110 | [[Raon-sur-Plaine]] |- | 88374 | 88130 | [[Rapey]] |- | 88375 | 88520 | [[Raves (Vosegus)|Raves]] |- | 88376 | 88300 | [[Rebeuville]] |- | 88377 | 88410 | [[Regnévelle]] |- | 88378 | 88450 | [[Regney]] |- | 88379 | 88330 | [[Rehaincourt]] |- | 88380 | 88640 | [[Rehaupal]] |- | 88381 | 88260 | [[Relanges]] |- | 88382 | 88500 | [[Remicourt (Vosegus)|Remicourt]] |- | 88383 | 88200 | [[Romarici Mons]] |- | 88386 | 88100 | [[Remomeix]] |- | 88385 | 88800 | [[Remoncourt (Vosegus)|Remoncourt]] |- | 88387 | 88170 | [[Removille]] |- | 88388 | 88390 | [[Renauvoid]] |- | 88389 | 88500 | [[Repel]] |- | 88390 | 88320 | [[Robécourt]] |- | 88391 | 88120 | [[Rochesson]] |- | 88392 | 88320 | [[Rocourt (Vosegus)|Rocourt]] |- | 88393 | 88300 | [[Rollainville]] |- | 88394 | 88320 | [[Romain-aux-Bois]] |- | 88395 | 88700 | [[Rotmundum]] |- | 88398 | 88600 | [[Les Rouges-Eaux]] |- | 88399 | 88460 | [[Le Roulier]] |- | 88400 | 88500 | [[Ruvera in Sanctesio]] |- | 88401 | 88170 | [[Roverium (Vosegus)|Roverium]] |- | 88402 | 88700 | [[Rovilla ad Quercus]] |- | 88403 | 88500 | [[Roserota]] |- | 88404 | 88320 | [[Roseriae supra Mosunam]] |- | 88406 | 88130 | [[Rugney]] |- | 88407 | 88630 | [[Ruppes]] |- | 88408 | 88360 | [[Rupt-sur-Moselle]] |- | 88409 | 88120 | [[Saint-Amé]] |- | 88411 | 88260 | [[Sanctus Basolimons]] |- | 88412 | 88700 | [[Sanctus Benedictus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Benedictus]] |- | 88413 | 88100 | [[Sanctus Deodatus (urbs)|Sanctus Deodatus]] |- | 88410 | 88700 | [[Sancta Barbara (Vosegus)|Sancta Barbara]] |- | 88418 | 88700 | [[Sancta Helena (Vosegus)|Sancta Helena]] |- | 88424 | 88100 | [[Sancta Margareta (Vosegus)|Sancta Margareta]] |- | 88415 | 88200 | [[Sanctus Stephanus ultra Mosellam]] |- | 88416 | 88700 | [[Sanctus Genesius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Genesius]] |- | 88417 | 88700 | [[Sanctus Gorgonius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Gorgonius]] |- | 88419 | 88210 | [[Saint-Jean-d'Ormont]] |- | 88421 | 88410 | [[Sanctus Iulianus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Iulianus]] |- | 88423 | 88650 | [[Sanctus Leonardus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Leonardus]] |- | 88425 | 88700 | [[Sanctus Mauricius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Mauricius]] |- | 88426 | 88560 | [[Saint-Maurice-sur-Moselle]] |- | 88427 | 88170 | [[Sanctus Memmius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Memmius]] |- | 88428 | 88470 | [[Saint-Michel-sur-Meurthe]] |- | 88429 | 88200 | [[Sanctus Nabor (Vosegus)|Sanctus Nabor]] |- | 88430 | 88140 | [[Sanctus Audoenus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Audoenus]] |- | 88431 | 88170 | [[Sanctus Paulus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Paulus]] |- | 88432 | 88700 | [[Sanctus Petrimons]] |- | 88433 | 88500 | [[Sanctus Pancratius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Pancratius]] |- | 88434 | 88800 | [[Sancti Remigii Mons (Vosegus)|Sancti Remigii Mons]] |- | 88435 | 88480 | [[Sanctus Remigius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Remigius]] |- | 88436 | 88210 | [[Sanctus Stephanus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Stephanus]] |- | 88437 | 88270 | [[Sanctus Valerius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Valerius]] |- | 88438 | 88470 | [[La Salle (Vosegus)|La Salle]] |- | 88439 | 88390 | [[Sanchey]] |- | 88440 | 88170 | [[Sandaucuria]] |- | 88441 | 88260 | [[Sans-Vallois]] |- | 88442 | 88120 | [[Sapois (Vosegus)|Sapois]] |- | 88443 | 88300 | [[Sartes]] |- | 88444 | 88210 | [[Le Saulcy]] |- | 88445 | 88580 | [[Salicetum (Vosegus)|Salicetum]] |- | 88446 | 88140 | [[Salsurae (Vosegus)|Salsurae]] |- | 88447 | 88290 | [[Salsuriae]] |- | 88448 | 88140 | [[Seivilla]] |- | 88449 | 88130 | [[Saviniacum (Vosegus)|Saviniacum]] |- | 88450 | 88320 | [[Senagda]] |- | 88451 | 88210 | [[Senonia (Vosegus)|Senonia]] |- | 88452 | 88260 | [[Senonges]] |- | 88453 | 88630 | [[Seromons]] |- | 88454 | 88600 | [[Sarcus (Vosegus)|Sarcus]] |- | 88455 | 88320 | [[Sirecuria]] |- | 88456 | 88320 | [[Serocourt]] |- | 88457 | 88630 | [[Seona (Vosegus)|Seona]] |- | 88458 | 88130 | [[Solicuria]] |- | 88459 | 88170 | [[Soncuria]] |- | 88460 | 88630 | [[Solicia]] |- | 88461 | 88140 | [[Serewavilla]] |- | 88462 | 88120 | [[Le Syndicat]] |- | 88463 | 88100 | [[Tinctorivus]] |- | 88464 | 88460 | [[Tendon (Vosegus)|Tendon]] |- | 88465 | 88150 | [[Tado]] |- | 88466 | 88800 | [[Tillia]] |- | 88467 | 88290 | [[Thiéfosse]] |- | 88468 | 88160 | [[Le Thillot]] |- | 88469 | 88500 | [[Tirocuria]] |- | 88470 | 88530 | [[Le Tholy]] |- | 88471 | 88410 | [[Les Thons]] |- | 88472 | 88260 | [[Thuillières]] |- | 88473 | 88320 | [[Tignécourt]] |- | 88474 | 88300 | [[Tellum (Vosegus)|Tellum]] |- | 88475 | 88320 | [[Toteleni curtis]] |- | 88476 | 88500 | [[Totoni villa]] |- | 88477 | 88350 | [[Trampodium]] |- | 88478 | 88300 | [[Tranculfi villa]] |- | 88479 | 88240 | [[Trémonzey]] |- | 88480 | 88130 | [[Ubexy]] |- | 88481 | 88220 | [[Uriménil]] |- | 88482 | 88140 | [[Eurivilla]] |- | 88483 | 88390 | [[Ursiniacum]] |- | 88484 | 88220 | [[Usminga]] |- | 88485 | 88140 | [[La Vacheresse-et-la-Rouillie]] |- | 88486 | 88120 | [[Vainiacum]] |- | 88487 | 88340 | [[Le Val-d'Ajol]] |- | 88488 | 88270 | [[Valefridicurtis]] |- | 88489 | 88270 | [[Vallis Regia (Vosegus)|Vallis Regia]] |- | 88490 | 88800 | [[Vallis Regia Sicca]] |- | 88491 | 88260 | [[Tres Valesii]] |- | 88492 | 88230 | [[Le Valtin]] |- | 88493 | 88450 | [[Varmonzey]] |- | 88494 | 88500 | [[Vaubexy]] |- | 88495 | 88000 | [[Waldinivilla]] |- | 88496 | 88140 | [[Valdonis curtis (Vosegus)|Valdonis curtis]] |- | 88497 | 88330 | [[Wauxoncuria]] |- | 88498 | 88200 | [[Vecoux]] |- | 88499 | 88270 | [[Velotte-et-Tatignécourt]] |- | 88500 | 88310 | [[Ventron]] |- | 88501 | 88210 | [[Le Vermont]] |- | 88502 | 88600 | [[Vervezelle]] |- | 88503 | 88110 | [[Vexaincourt]] |- | 88504 | 88170 | [[Vicherey]] |- | 88505 | 88430 | [[Vienville]] |- | 88506 | 88210 | [[Vieux-Moulin (Vosegus)|Vieux-Moulin]] |- | 88507 | 88500 | [[Villers (Vosegus)|Villers]] |- | 88508 | 88270 | [[Ville-sur-Illon]] |- | 88509 | 88150 | [[Villoncourt]] |- | 88510 | 88320 | [[Villotte]] |- | 88511 | 88350 | [[Villouxel]] |- | 88512 | 88600 | [[Viménil]] |- | 88513 | 88450 | [[Vincey]] |- | 88514 | 88170 | [[Viocourt]] |- | 88515 | 88260 | [[Vioménil]] |- | 88516 | 88800 | [[Vittel]] |- | 88517 | 88260 | [[Viviers-le-Gras]] |- | 88518 | 88500 | [[Viviers-lès-Offroicourt]] |- | 88519 | 88470 | [[La Voivre (Vosegus)|La Voivre]] |- | 88520 | 88240 | [[Les Voivres]] |- | 88521 | 88700 | [[Vomécourt]] |- | 88522 | 88500 | [[Vomécourt-sur-Madon]] |- | 88523 | 88170 | [[Vouxey]] |- | 88524 | 88140 | [[Vrécourt]] |- | 88525 | 88500 | [[Vroville]] |- | 88526 | 88520 | [[Wisembach]] |- | 88527 | 88700 | [[Xaffévillers]] |- | 88528 | 88460 | [[Xamontarupt]] |- | 88529 | 88130 | [[Xaronval]] |- | 88530 | 88220 | [[Scatiniacum]] |- | 88531 | 88400 | [[Xonrupt-Longemer]] |- | 88532 | 88330 | [[Zincourt]] |} {{Indices communium praefecturarum Franciae}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi|!]] dmaqc9ghxfi04od7yyap2u2bd62svqo 0 124277 3966131 3896843 2026-06-23T18:22:21Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3966131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{latinitas|inspicienda}} [[File:Doctor Who logo 1963-1967path.svg|thumb|Series televisifica praetitulata ''Doctor Who'' cui episodium primum ''An Unearthly Child'']] '''"An Unearthly Child"''' (Anglice; Latine fortasse 'Impubes non Terrestris'), a nomine '''"100,000 B.C."''' appellatum quoque, est primum episodium in ''[[Doctor Who]],'' serie [[Britannia Maior|Britannica]] televisifica [[Mythistoria rerum futurarum|mythistoriae rerum futurarum]]. Ut [[quattuor]] partes singulis [[hebdomas|hebdomadibus]] a die [[23 Novembris]] ad diem [[14 Decembris]] [[1963]] primum emissum est. Ab auctore Australiano [[Antonius Coburn|Antonio Coburn]] scriptum, eum [[Gulielmus Hartnell]] ut [[Doctor Primus]], [[Carola Anna Ford]] ut [[Susanna Foreman]], [[Iacoba Hill]] ut [[Barbara Wright]], et [[Gulielmus Russell]] ut [[Ioannes Chesterton]] tradit. Pars prima est de inventione ab Ioanne Barbaraque Doctoris et temporo-astronavis suae, [[TARDIS]] appellata, in loco scrutorum in [[Londinium|Londinio]] illius temporis. Partes reliquae per contentionem inter factiones [[Aetas Lapidea|Aetatis Lapideae]] bellantes accidunt quae [[Scientia (ratio)|scientiam]] [[ignis|ignem]] faciendi amiserunt. == Argumentum == Episodium ut quattuor partes emittum est. === Pars prima === In parte prima, quae "An Unearthly Child" appellatur, quattuor personae primae traduntur, informatio vaga de priore aetate Doctoris datur, et TARDIS in Aetatem Lapideam it. Pars prima in [[area scrutorum]] in [[Londinium|Londinio]] illius temporis incipit, et quattuor personas primas tradit quae nucleum anni primi seriei formaverunt. Magistri [[Ioannes Chesterton]] et [[Barbara Wright]] de una ex discipuli sui, [[Susanna Foreman]], sollicitant, quae prospectum absonissimum de Anglia habere videtur. Ea est praecox, sed hiatús absonos in scientiam mundi suam habere videtur. Ei ad inscriptionem cursualis declaratam adveniunt ad investigandum. Res prima seriei, [[TARDIS]], traditur quoque cum magistris vocem Susannae ex, ut videtur, [[arca vigilum]] audiunt. Illo tempore, illae arcae erant ubique praesentes in vias Londinii, sed sola vigila claves ad aperiendum habuerunt. TARDIS non esse arcam vigilum usitatam monstratur; cum Barbara Ioannesque intrant, eam esse maiorem intra quam extra inveniunt, et esse cum instrumentis futurorum ornatum. Forma externa machinae temporis permanet dum per tempus it ob, ut Susanna explanat, malfunctionem in circuitibus qui formam ad circumiectibus adaptant. Susanna cum avo suo, [[Doctor Primus|Doctore]] arcano, vivit, qui se ipsum non agnoscit. Ei est senex acerbus, infensus, et suspicax qui profuga esse videtur. Ei, timens ne Barbara Ioannesque secretum navis TARDIS revelarent et vitam suam esse impossibilem in Londinio facerent, machinam in [[Aetas Lapidea|Aetatem Lapideam]] gubernat. === Pars secunda ad quartam === In partibus reliquis, ei quattuor in pugna immani intra tribum Aetatis Lapideae implicantur. In parte secunda, quae "The Cave of Skulls" (Latine fortasse "Specus Calvariarum") appellatur, grex tribum [[Aetas Paleolithica|Paleolithicam]] inveniunt deinde grex ab eis in vincula in specu magno conicuntur. In parte tertia, quae "The Forest of Fear" (Latine fortasse "Silva Metus") appellatur, ex colonia effugunt sed deinde, ante ad navem TARDIS attingunt, intercipuntur. Vix cum vitis effugunt usu scientiae Ioannis ad ignum faciendum, quam ob rem metus honorque in societate primitiva inducuntur. In parte quarta, quae "The Firemaker" (Latine fortasse "Fabricator Ignis") appellatur, grex factiones tribús componit deinde ad navem TARDIS bene effugit. Ad locum destinationis novum, temere ut videtur, eunt; quo etiam Doctor nescit. Monitrum navis rem mysteriosam, silvam petrificatam, monstrat. Cum peregrinatores transtemporales ex machina exeunt, monitor radiationis in nave, a grege neglectus, "Periculam"{{dubsig}} monstrat. == Continuitas == * Episodium anno [[1963]] fit, anno eodem in quo episodium emissum est (in parte secunda Ioannes dicit "Cum ex illa ianua eximus, nonne in area scrutorum in Londinio, in Anglia, anno 1963 adfuturi sumus?") Non est mentio de tempore anni, sed in episodio multis post annis emisso, ''"[[Remembrance of the Daleks]]"'' (anno 1988 cum [[Doctor Septimus|Doctore Septimo]]), quod fieri paulo post res episodii primi videtur, mensis esse Novembrem 1963 dicitur. Sola res ad res illi temporis referens in episodio fit cum Susanna, recordari quot ''shilling'' esse in [[Libra Britannica|libra]] nequiens, pudenter recordatur quod libra in decimalem ''nondum'' convertitur ([[Dies Decimalis|convertio in decimalem denuntiavit]] mense Martio 1966, duodetriginta post menses episodium emissum, et eam die [[15 Februarii]] [[1971]] exsequentur). * Susanna librum de [[Res Novae Francicae|Rebus Novis Francicae]] in mensa sua in classe Barbarae relinquit; illi liber etiamnunc adest cum [[Ace (Doctor Who)|Ace]] cum Dalek in classe in episodio ''"[[Remembrance of the Daleks]]"'' pugnat. * Titulus alternus tres partes ultimas fieri anno 100&thinsp;000 BC suadere potest, sed illi annum non referitur. * Pars secunda usum primum tituli spectaculi in sermone habet: cum Ioannes Doctorem "Doctorem Foreman" vocat, Doctor respondit, "Quid? Doctor quis? (Anglice: ''Doctor who''?) De quo dicit?" Quamquam quaestio rogatur ut argumentum faceret quod [[Doctor (Doctor Who)|nomen Doctori]] non est Foreman, postea quaestio nonnullis temporibus pro effectu comoedico rogatur. * Area scrutorum Foreman in duabus episodiis postea comparet: ''"[[Attack of the Cybermen]]"'' (anno 1985) et ''"[[Remembrance of the Daleks]]"'' (anno 1988). In illo episodio navis TARDIS in area scrutorum appellit, et in hoc episodio Doctor gregem militum sequitur ut oppugnatorem nescit quis vinceret, qui esse [[Dalek]] singulum revelatur. * Spectaculum consuetudinem omnium linguam eadem dicentum tradit, ita Londiniani hominibus Aetatis Lapideae facile dicunt. Postea in aliis episodiis hanc rem esse functionem translationis a TARDIS factam explanatur. * Cum tempore prima in spectaculo TARDIS it, effectus ad visum pertinens "vortex temporis", qui in titulis aperiendis apparet, sonum comitatur. Deinde homines Ioannes Barbaraque fiunt omni sensu carentes, et postea nonnullos minutos vertiginem habent; Doctor Susannaque autem non afficiuntur. Ambo res (effectus diuturnus ad visum pertinens et sensu carens/vertigo) statim abiectae sunt – neutra fit cum termino episodii grex iterum it. * Et Doctor et Susanna navem TARDIS retinere formam arca vigilis mirantur. Episodii postea causam esse defectionem circuitús "Chameleon Circuit" explanant. == Fabricatio == {{Caput episodii Doctor Who |Archive=Y | {{Corpus episodii Doctor Who|An Unearthly Child|[[23 Novembris]] [[1963]]|23:24|4.4|16mm t/r|Archive=y}} {{Corpus episodii Doctor Who|The Cave of Skulls|[[30 Novembris]] [[1963]]|24:26|5.9|16mm t/r|Archive=y}} {{Corpus episodii Doctor Who|The Forest of Fear|[[7 Decembris]] [[1963]]|23:38|6.9|16mm t/r|Archive=y}} {{Corpus episodii Doctor Who|The Firemaker|[[14 Decembris]] [[1963]]|24:22|6.4|16mm t/r|Archive=y}} {{Corpus episodii Doctor Who|Original Pilot, version 1|[[26 Augusti]] [[1991]]|25:23|1.7|16mm t/r|Archive=y}} {{Corpus episodii Doctor Who|Original Pilot, version 2|''non emissum''|25:23|''n/a''|16mm t/r|Archive=y}} |<ref> {{Cite web |url= http://gallifreyone.com/episode.php?id=A |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090123080629/http://gallifreyone.com/episode.php?id=a |title= An Unearthly Child |publisher = Outpost Gallifrey |author = Shaun Lyon et al. |date = 2007-03-31 |accessdate = 2008-08-30 }} </ref><ref> {{Cite web |url= http://www.drwhoguide.com/who_A.htm |title= 100,000 BC |publisher = Doctor Who Reference Guide |author = |date = |accessdate = 2008-08-30 }} </ref><ref> {{Cite web |url= http://www.shannonsullivan.com/drwho/serials/a.html |title= 100,000 BC |publisher = A Brief History of Time Travel |last = Sullivan |first = Shannon |date = 2006-07-23 |accessdate = 2008-08-30 }} </ref> }} Episodium quod ''"An Unearthly Child"'' factum est mense Iunio 1963 ex scriptore Antonio Coburn primum delegatum est, et emitti ut episodium secundum destinatum erat. Illo tempore consilium fuit incipere seriem cum episodio cui ''"The Giants"'' (Anglice; Latine fortasse ''"Gigantes"'') appellatum est, et quod scriptori [[C. E. Weber]] scribendum erat.<ref name="handbook">{{Cite book| last = Howe | first = David J. | authorlink = David J. Howe | coauthors = [[Mark Stammers]] and [[Stephen James Walker]] | year = 1994 | title = The Handbook: The First Doctor – The William Hartnell Years 1963-1966 | publisher = [[Virgin Books]] | location = London|isbn = 0-426-20430-1}}.</ref> Weber in congressibus destinandi maxime implicatus fuit qui ad creationem seriei ''Doctor Who'' adducti fuerunt, et, cum Principe Administrationis Dramae [[Sydney Newman]] et Principe Administrationis Seriés [[Donaldus Wilson]], [[Biblia (televisio)|documentum formae]] primum seriei scripserat. Medio autem mensis Iunii Wilson et "custos-fabricator" primus spectaculi [[Rex Tucker]] episodium ''"The Giants"'' reicere constituit. Haec res facta est partim quia episodium deesse impulsum quod primum episodium seriei requirit sensum est, et partim quia requisita technica episodii — magnitudine maxime minuere primas personas — esse illo tempore extra ingenium seriei novae sensum est.<ref name="handbook"/> Ob inopiam litterarum promptarum ad fabricandum, consilium fuit ordine movere episodium Coburn in primum.<ref name="handbook"/> Fine mensis Iunii officium ad seriem incipiendum ad fabricatorem [[Verity Lambert]] et [[editor litterarum|editorem litterarum]] [[Davidus Whitaker|Davidum Whitaker]] datum est, quorum neutri ab episodio Coburn ad seriem incipiendum commoti sunt. Scriptor rogatus est ut mutationes magnas faceret.<ref name="handbook"/> Erat etiam cogitatum ut episodium plane reicerent et scriptor [[Terence Dudley]] pro Coburn breve consideratus est, sed inopia temporis seriem cum episodio Coburn incipere coegit.<ref name="handbook"/> Propter episodium Coburn ordine in primum movendum, Coburn denuo scribere partem primum coegit ut nonnulla elementa initii episodii ''"The Giants"'' contineret. Ob hanc rem, Weber ut coscriptor in actis internis BBC laudatus est.<ref name="handbook"/> Coburn ipsi autem nonnullae contributiones ingeniae egit, famosissime machinam temporis Doctoris extrinsecus similem esse [[arca vigilum|arcam vigilum]], quae res iconem spectaculi facta est. Coburn consilium rei habuit cum, ambulans prope officinam suam, arcam vigilum vidit.<ref name="handbook"/> Etiam sollicitus de possibilitate indecori sexualis ob puellam cum sene peregrinantem, instavit rescribere personam Susannam Foreman ut neptem Doctoris pro comite eius. Principio series Regi Tucker dirigenda erat, sed cum is ex serie discessit, director [[Waris Hussein]], qui cum serie prope ab initio adfuerat, honorem cepit.<ref name="handbook"/> Nonnullae interpositiones, quae ante tempus apud [[Ealing Studios]] initio Octobris impressae sunt, ab [[adiutor fabricationis|adiutore fabricationis]] directoris Hussein, [[Douglas Camfield]], directae sunt.<ref name="handbook"/> [[Musica fortuita]] a [[Norman Kay]] suppeditata est. Designator scaenarum ad seriem assignatus fuit [[Petrus Brachacki]], qui interiorem partem propriam TARDIS designavit, sed tandem solum episodium primum egit ante erat a [[Barry Newbery]] repositus quia erat infelix in serie operans.<ref name="handbook"/> Vespero diei 27 Septembris 1963 conatus primus partis primae apud [[Lime Grove Studios]] impressus est post hemdomadem prolusionum. Conatus secundus die 18 Octobris impressus est, et tres partes sequentes septimo quoque die impressae sunt, die 25 Octobris, 1 Novembris, et 8 Novembris.<ref name="handbook"/> Ut illo tempore multi spectaculi Britannici televisifici, episodii sine emendando in [[taeniola magnetoscopica]] impressi sunt. Ita erant multa errata obviosa, sed episodii fere citissimo perfecti sunt. Multis modis sunt duae fabulae in episodio; est discontinuitas magna inter partem primam, quae personas et propositionem seriei tradit, et partes reliquas quae [[Aetas Paleolithica|Aetate Paleolithica]] fiunt. Praesertim pars prima esse exemplarem [[Mythistoria rerum futurarum|mythistoriae rerum futurarum]] televisificum saepe visit. === Pars prima === Uno ante mense quam impressio completa episodiorum coepit, pars prima, nomine "An Unearthly Child," primum impressa est. Impressio autem prima doloribus technicis et erratis per actionem factis vexata est. Erat dolor praecipuus ob ianuas in cubiculum gubernandi navis TARDIS perductas incorrecte claudantes; ianuae per initionem scaenae primae temere aperuerunt clauseruntque. Duae translationes scaenae quae in TARDIS factae sunt impressae sunt, etiam conatus primus quoque translationis secundae. Sydney Newman, partem visus, cum fabricatore Verity Lambert et directore Waris Hussein convenit. Multa errata per partem monstravit, et imperavit ut denuo imprimeret; ita haec res emissionem partis a die consilii primi [[16 Novembris]] [[1963]] demorata est. Haec pars "[[episodium expertum|pars experta]]" quae non emissa est nunc vocatur, quamquam non destinata est eam esse expertam, quia in Britannia per annos 1960 consuetudo episodia experta fabricandi non exstitit. Per hebdomades inter duas impressiones, habitús, effectús, actiones, et scriptum (quod Doctorem callosiorem minacemque et Susannam agere res miras ut atramentum in papyrum impingendum habuit) mutantur. Tonitrus ex musica aperiendi deletus est, habitus Susannae mutatus est ut magis discipula quam aliena voluptariaque viderit, habitus Doctoris ab iacca focaleque in habitum [[Aetas Eduardiana|Eduardianum]] notum mutatus est, linea "[ex] tempore alio, orbe alia" pro ratione ad Doctorem Susannamque ab saeculo 49 venire posita est, ianua TARDIS correcta est ut correcte clauderet, et sonus TARDIS expolitus est. Conatus primus partis primae usque ad diem 26 Augusti 1991 non emissus est, cum BBC translationem emisit quae ex parte dimidia prima et una ex duabus partibus dimidiis secundis perfectis constructa est. Pars optata fuit pars in qua ianuae TARDIS non clausierunt; alia errata comprehenderunt actricem Carola Anna Ford male dicere lineam dialogi, Iacobam Hill in ostio illaqueri, instrumentum magnetoscopicum in apparatum scenae percutere per unam ex duas scenas in loco scrutorum, et Gulielmum Hartnell casu deicere homunculum in loco scrutorum. Antea mense Iunio 1991, translatio ex parte dimidia prima et alia ex duabus partibus dimidiis secundis perfectis constructa est pro collectaneis in taeniola magnetoscopica, nomine ''The Hartnell Years'';<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timelash.com/tardis/display.asp?773#uk |title=The Hartnell Years |work=The TARDIS Library |accessdate=[[19 Octobris]] [[2010]]}}.</ref> postea anno [[2000]], translatio perfecta (cum utroque conatu) in taeniola magnetoscopica cum episodio ''"[[The Edge of Destruction]]"'' emissa est.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timelash.com/tardis/display.asp?872#uk |title=The Edge of Destruction & The Pilot Episode |work=The TARDIS Library |accessdate=18 Oct 2010 }}</ref> Anno 2006, DVD collectanea, nomine ''Doctor Who: The Beginning'', duas translationes episodii comprehendit: illam omnem conatum partis secundae comprehendentem, et hanc novam translationem cum conatibus optimis et emendendo ut lineas dialogi male dictas, problemata technica, et strepitum removisset. Ut episodii alii ex hac tempestate, utraque translatio refabricata est ut in DVD emisisset, technologiá [[VidFIRE]] quae habitum magnetoscopicum primum fabricationis anno 1963 imitatur. === Tituli alteri === Ut per initium historiae seriei solet, titulus toti episodii televisificus non apparuit, et quaeque pars titulum suum habet. Tempore emittendi, ''100,000 BC'' erat titulus toti episodii a grege fabricandi usus est. Ob autem absentiam tituli televisifici toti episodii, tituli varii in encyclopaediis scripti sunt, alii ex BBC officina fabricandi et alii, ut videtur, ab fautores creati sunt. Ecce index titulorum pro episodium secundum tempus digesta:<ref>{{Cite web| last=Pixley | first=Andrew | title=By Any Other Name | url=http://homepages.bw.edu/~jcurtis/Pixley_3.htm | date=[[15 Ianuarii]] [[2001]]| work=Time Space Visualizer | publisher=New Zealand Doctor Who Fan Club | accessdate=[[27 Aprilis]] [[2009]]}}.</ref> * ''"The Tribe of Gum"'' (Latine fortasse ''"Tribus Gum"'')—Titulus operandi usque ad inceptionem imprimendi usus est. Is aderat solum in instrumentis paucis ex instrumentis prioribus derivatis, ut solutiones venditionum extra Britanniam, et iterum in encyclopediis per parte posteriori decennii 198 et per decenii 199 apparabat, ut in transcriptiones a sodalitate [[Titan Books]] publicatae. * ''"100,000 BC"'' (Latine fortasse ''"100,000 a.C.n."'')—Titulus a dicto celebritatis ex tempore imprimendi primo. Titulus in indicibus et dictis celebritatis secutis usus erat. * ''''The Paleolithic Age"'' (Latine fortasse ''"Aetas Paleolithica"'')—Titulus a fabricator [[Verity Lambert]] in litteris ad spectatorem parte posteriori anni 1964 usus erat. * ''"The Stone Age"'' (Latine fortasse ''"Aetas Lapidea"'')—Titulus in indice biographica in dico celebritatis ab episodio posteriori parte posteriori anni 1965 usus erat. * ''"An Unearthly Child"'' (aut varietates)—Titulus partis primae in periodico nomine Tenth Anniversary Special (Latine fortasse ''Editio Praecipua Anniversaria Decima'') a [[Radio Times]] anno 1973 usus erat, deinde in editio anni 1974 nomine [[The Making of Doctor Who]], et deinde commercio ut in translationibus scriptis et translationes in VHS et DVD. Multa instrumenta titulos plane carent (quamquam instrumenta episodiorum posteriorum sunt clarior). Haec instrumenta indice ''A Quick Guide to Doctor Who'' comprehendunt, quae anno [[1974]] a [[BBC Enterprises]] scripta est, et quae erat fons maior titulorum in plurimis encyclopaediis a fautoribus scriptis. Qui titulus ponere est quaestio quae controversiam magnam inter fautores seriei creat. Fautor investigator [[Davidus I. Howe]] credit quod propter usum tituli ''100,000 BC'' pro titulo a grege fabricandi tempore emittendi, hic titulus est accuratissimus. BBC autem episodium nomine ''An Unearthly Child'' vendit. Ita hic titulus fit titulus usitatissimus tempore recentiore (vide etiam [[Controversia de titulis episodiorum Doctor Who]]). Una cum [[abbreviatio]]ne TARDIS a Coburn creatá, tituli partium huius episodii sunt sub iure proprium scriptoris. === De actoribus === * [[Derek Newark]] erat persona Greg Sutton in episodio ''"[[Inferno (Doctor Who)|Inferno]]."'' * [[Alethea Charlton]] erat persona Edith in episodio ''"[[The Time Meddler]]."'' * [[Eileen Way]] erat persona Karela in episodio ''"[[The Creature from the Pit]]"'' et in [[pellicula]] ''[[Daleks - Invasion Earth 2150 AD]]'' apparuit. * [[Ieremia Young]] erat persona Gordon Lowery in episodio ''"[[Mission to the Unknown]]."'' == Emissio et acceptio == Pars prima una post die caedem [[Ioannes F. Kennedy|Ioannis F. Kennedy]] per insidias emissa est. Est fabula in qua haec res moram emittendi decem minutorum fecit ob rem nuntiandem; vero mora erat octaginta secundi.<ref name="companion">{{Cite book| last = Howe | first = David J. | authorlink = David J. Howe | coauthors = [[Mark Stammers]] and [[Stephen James Walker]] | year = 2003 | title = The Television Companion: The Unofficial and Unauthorised Guide to DOCTOR WHO | edition = 2nd edition|publisher = [[Telos Publishing Ltd.]]| location = Surrey|isbn = 1-903889-51-0}}</ref> Ob autem sensum quod nuntiae caedis etiam seriem defectionum electricitatis per nationem factus sit plurimi spectatores non attingere haec introductio seriei novae, pars prima iterum die 30 Novembris 1963 emissa est, statim ante emissionem partis secundae. Haec res autem in [[Hibernia Septentrionalis|Hibernia Septentrionali]] non facta est. Episodium iterum in canale televisorio BBC2 ab die Lunae [[2 Novembris]] [[1981]] ad diem Iovis [[5 Novembris]] [[1981]] hora 14:15 cotidiane emissum est. == Libri == [[Terrance Dicks]] hoc episodium in formam libri conversit, qui a sodalitate [[Target Books]] publicatus est, die 15 Octobris 1981 nomine ''Doctor Who and An Unearthly Child.'' Hic liber erat primus "siglum neonis" utens, quamquam editiones priores siglum rubrum laminae usae sunt. Translatio in [[Francogallica]]m anno [[1987]] nomine ''Docteur Who entre en scène'' (Latine fortasse ''Doctor Who scenam intrat'') publicata est. Translatio in [[Theodisca]]m a sodalitate [[Goldmann]] anno 1990 nomine ''Doctor Who und das Kind von den Sternen'' (Latine fortasse''Doctor Who et Impubes ex stellis'') publicata est, et erat una ex sex libri Doctor Who a Goldmann, et solus liber qui Dalek non continuit. == Impressio in VHS et DVD == Episodium primo in [[VHS]] anno 1990 impressum est,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.timelash.com/tardis/display.asp?874#ukoriginal |title=An Unearthly Child |work=The TARDIS Library |at=Edition: UK (original) |accessdate=12 June 2010 }}</ref> et pars prima quae non emissa est, cum conatu secundo, in collectaneis nomine The Hartnell Years anno 1991 impressa est.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.timelash.com/tardis/display.asp?773#uk |title=The Hartnell Years |work=The TARDIS Library |at=Edition: UK |accessdate=12 June 2010 }}</ref> Episodium anno 2000 refabricatum est.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.timelash.com/tardis/display.asp?874#ukremastered |title=An Unearthly Child |work=The TARDIS Library |at=Edition: UK (remastered) |accessdate=12 June 2010 }}</ref> Deinde in [[DVD]] mense Ianuario 2006 una cum episodiis ''"[[The Daleks]]"'' et ''"[[The Edge of Destruction]]"'' impressum est in collectaneis nomine ''The Beiginning'', quae omne ex parte prima et amplificatam "editionem praecipuam" partis primae comprehendit.<ref name=homecinema>{{Cite web|url=http://homecinema.thedigitalfix.co.uk/content.php?contentid=60182 |title=Doctor Who: The Beginning (1963–1964) Region 2 DVD Video Review |first=Gary |last=Couzens |date=30 Ian 2006 |work=Home Cinema @ The Digital Fix |publisher=Poisonous Monkey |accessdate=12 Iun 2010 }}</ref> == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references/></div> == Nexus externi == * {{BBCCDW | id=unearthlychild | title=An Unearthly Child}} * {{Brief | id=a | title=100,000 BC}} * {{Doctor Who RG | id=who_a | title=100,000 BC}} * {{Wikia|tardis||An Unearthly Child (TV story)}} === Censurae === * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930214417/http://www.gallifreyone.com/review.php?id=a ''An Unearthly Child''] censurae apud archive.org ([[Outpost Gallifrey]]) * {{DWRG | id=unea | title=An Unearthly Child}} * {{DWRG | id=u0 | title=An Unearthly Child | description=original pilot}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101124024724/http://www.whoniverse.org/reviews/A.php Censura de ''"An Unearthly Child,"''] apud situm whoniverse.org === Liber ex sodalitate Target === * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130217205027/http://www.personal.leeds.ac.uk/~ecl6nb/OnTarget/1981/unearthl/81uneart.htm Target — ''Doctor Who and An Unearthly Child''] {{Doctor Who (tempus 1)}} [[Categoria:Doctor Who]] [[Categoria:Programmata televisifica 1963]] ncqmhl1wmkcio5e28zctb9suo83p2zm 0 130378 3966065 3710522 2026-06-23T13:13:10Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3966065 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:LocationIslandGreatBritain.png|thumb|300px|Tabula situs Albionis in Europa]] '''Albion'''<ref name="Ora Maritima">[[Avienus|Avienus Rufus Festus]], ''Ora Maritima'' [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/avienus.ora.html] {{Ling|Latine}}</ref><ref>{{PlinNHCit|lib=4|cap=102}} [http://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Naturalis_Historia/Liber_IV#.5B104.5D] {{Ling|Latine}}</ref><ref>[[Beda|Baeda Venerabilis]], ''Historiae ecclesiastica gentis anglorum'', Oxonii, 1869, e typographeo Clarendoniano, p.5. [http://books.google.com/books?id=9nLPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA5&dq=Historia+ecclesiastica+gentis+Anglorum+Albion&hl=pt-BR&ei=305gTqvCEYnv0gGljun4Dw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resn] {{Ling|Latine}}</ref> est [[nomen proprium|nomen]] antiquum [[insula]]e quae ab [[Medium Aevum|medio aevo]] '''[[Britannia Maior]]'''<ref>{{Kirchenlatein|173}}. "Britannicae insulae in quibus Albium sive Britannia maior, Ivernia sive Britannia minor" [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b59637598 titulus tabulae geographicae, 1641] {{Ling|Latine}}</ref> nota est, sive nonnumquam ab regno [[Iacobus I|Iacobi I]] saltem '''Britannia Magna'''<ref>{{Egger SL|78}} {{Ling|Latine}}</ref>. Incolae [[Albiones]] erant. Inter [[Insulae Britannicae|insulas Britannicas]] maxima est quae in oriente a [[Mare Germanicum|Mari Germanico]], in septemtrione ab [[Oceanus Ducaledonius|Oceano Ducaledonio]],<ref>Algernon Herbert, ''Britannia after the Romans'', Londinii, 1836, p.LII. [http://books.google.com.br/books?id=ZbY_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PR52&lpg=PR52&dq=Oceanus+Ducaledonius&source=bl&ots=nfExrW2BUA&sig=tWUO_1OsX5IcsDx0wA3rP646VUo&hl=pt-BR&ei=2_RgTtZsxu7SAeGChPEP&sa=X] {{Ling|Anglice}}</ref> in occaso a [[Mare Hibernniae|Mari Hibernniae]] et meridie ab [[Oceanus Britannicus|Oceano Britannico]] circumdatur atque a [[Fretum Gallicum|Freti Gallici]] triginta tria milia trecenta metrorum ex [[Gallia]] separatur. == De Nomine == [[Himilco Navigator|Himilco]] [[Poeni|Poenus]] est primus [[navigator]] cognitus qui Insulas Britannicas repperit<ref>{{PlinNHCit|lib=2|cap=160}} [http://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Naturalis_Historia/Liber_II#169] {{Ling|Latine}}</ref><ref name="Ora Maritima" />. Iam per [[saeculum 1|saeculum primum]] a.C.n. [[nomen proprium|nomen]] Graecum {{polytonic|Ἀλβιὼν}} (Albion) ad Britanniam Maiorem spectabat; sic apud [[Aristoteles|Pseudo-Aristotelem]] invenitur, in ''[[De mundo]]''<ref>[[Aristoteles]], ''[[De Mundo]]'', Parisiis, 1512, Gulielmo Budae interprete. [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k546478/f16.image.r=%22De+Mundo%22.langPT] {{Ling|Latine}}</ref> legitur : :Ἐν τούτῳ γε μὴν νῆσοι μέγισται τυγχάνουσιν οὖσαι δύο, Βρεττανικαὶ λεγόμεναι, Ἀλβίων καὶ Ἰέρνη. :"Quo ipso in mari insulae duae sitae sunt quam maxime, quas Britannicas appellant, Albium et Ierna." Etsi Britannia [[Lingua Graeca antiqua|Graece]] Albion appellatur, verbum [[lingua Latina|Latinum]] ipsum ex appellatione Graeca de gente quae [[insula]]m incolebat deductum est a [[Pytheas|Pythea]] viatore [[Massilia|Massiliensi]] qui anno circiter [[320 a.C.n.]] primus [[Graecus]] Britanniam visit, eamdemque descripsit. Post anno autem [[43]], [[Claudius|Claudio]] imperatore, [[Imperium Romanum|Romani]] Britanniam devincere constituerunt. Sequitur quod verbum Britanniam a Romanis usurpatum erat pro [[Britannia (provincia Romana)|provincia Romana]] quae pandebatur ab Oceano Britannico usque ad valla et [[Vallum Aelium|Aelium]] et [[Vallum Antonini|Antonini]]. Propter eam causam, [[insula]] tota Albion potius nuncupatur cum agitur id quod ad eamdem attinet quamdiu ad tempus Romanum haeret. [[Claudius Ptolemaeus]] ipse quo in "Geographia" de Albione situ scripsit legitur "Άλουίωνος νήσου Βρετανιχης θέσις"<ref>[[Claudius Ptolemaeus]], ''Geographia'', Lipsiae, 1843, sumptibus et typis Caroli Tauchnitii, Liber II Cap.III. p.67. [http://books.google.com/books?id=4ksBAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=LIB.%20II.&f=false] {{Ling|Graece}}</ref> sive latine "Albionis Insulae Britanniae situs"<ref>[[Claudius Ptolemaeus]], ''Geographia universalis'', Basileae, 1540, apud Hericum Petrum, Liber II Cap.III. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210218063845/https://amshistorica.unibo.it/187] {{Ling|Latine}}</ref>. Multi sunt [[rex|reges]] [[Anglia|Anglorum]] qui de insula rettulerunt ut Albion. Eo modo anno [[930]], [[Athelstanus (rex Anglorum)|Athelstanus]] rex Anglorum titulo ''rex et primicerius totius Albionis regni'' usus est.<ref name="Styles and titles">Walter de Gray Birch, ''Index of the styles and titles of sovereigns of England'',[https://web.archive.org/web/20110810160218/http://195.220.134.232/numerisation/tires-a-part-www-nb/0000005547609.pdf] {{Ling|Anglice}}</ref> Anno [[970]] nepos istius [[Edgarus (rex Anglorum)|Edgarus Pacificus]] se ipse etiam ''Totius Albionis imperator augustus'' nominavit.<ref name="Styles and titles" /> Postea, in Britanniae [[historia|historiis]] atque [[mythologia|mythologiis]] et [[poesis|carminibus]] Albion nomen saltem invenitur apud [[Galfridus Monemutensis|Galfridum Monemutensis]]<ref>[[Galfridus Monemutensis]], ''[[Historia regum Britanniae]]'', Liber I. [http://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniae/Liber_I] {{Ling|Latine}}</ref>, [[Layamon]]<ref>Layamon, ''Layamons Brut, or Chronicle of Britain; A Poetical Semi-Saxon Paraphrase of The Brut of Wace'', Londinii, 1847, Vol.I, The Society of Antiquaries of London. [http://books.google.com/?id=DOJRHk2MM9YC&printsec=frontcover] {{Ling|Anglosaxonice| Anglice}}</ref>, [[Raphaël Holinshed]]<ref>[[Raphaël Holinshed]], ''[[Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland]]'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=6owhAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=raphael+holinshed+Chronicles+of+England,+Scotland,+and+Ireland&hl=pt-BR&ei=xSpkTpKeEoGWtwfu-6jJBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false], [http://books.google.com/books?id=cr4_AAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=pt-BR&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false] {{Ling|Anglice}}</ref>, [[Gulielmus Camdenus]]<ref>[[Gulielmus Camdenus]], ''Britannia'' [http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/cambrit/] {{Ling|Latine| Anglice}}</ref>, [[Ioannes Miltonus]]<ref>[[Ioannes Miltonus]], ''The history of Britain'', (1670) [http://books.google.com/books?id=uT0wAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+History+of+Britain+John+Milton&hl=pt-BR&ei=EChkTpQZsMbQAaLq7IAK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Albion&f=false] {{Ling|Anglice}}</ref>, === Etymologia === Probabiliter Albion cognationem praebet et cum Albiorige [[deus|deo]] [[Celtae|Celtico]], et cum verbo ''Elfudd,'' quod ''mundus, terra'' [[Lingua Cambrica]] Media sonat, atque hoc et verbum cognatum Celticum ''albu'' sive ''alba'' inter se respondenti sunt. Verbum istud fontibus [[Hibernia|Hibernicis]] antiquis primo tempore insulam totam et secundo [[Scotia|Scotiam]] designabat.<ref>Bernhard Maier, ''Dictionary of Celtic religion and culture'', Woodbridge, 1997, Boydell& Brewer, p.11. ISBN 0851156983 {{Ling|Anglice}}</ref>, == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references /></div> [[Categoria:Britannia]] ayrogxgy58qj806qbs34rzfax3vqzto 0 151210 3966171 3956646 2026-06-24T04:40:34Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3966171 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Table of Geography and Hydrography, Cyclopaedia, Volume 1.jpg|thumb|Tabula [[geographia]]e, [[hydrographia]]e, et navigationis, ex ''[[Cyclopaedia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences|Cyclopaedia]]'' ([[1728]]).]] '''Ars navigandi''' est ratio motus [[mare|vasorum aquatilium]] et [[vehiculum|vehiculorum]] [[terra (humus)|terrestrium]] a certo loco ad alium observandi et temperandi.<ref>Bowditch 2003:799.</ref> Haec notio, saepe '''navigatio''' appellata, est [[verbum artis proprium]]<!--term of art--> [[Scientia (ratio)|scientiae]] peculiaris qua [[navigator]]es ut operibus navigandi perfungantur utuntur. Omnes navigandi modi comparationem loci navigatoris cum locis vel exemplaribus notis implicant. [[Fasciculus:Cruising sailor navigating.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Nauta]] qui chartis utitur.]] [[Fasciculus:SplitPointLighthouse.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Pharus]] est auxilium navigationis.]] [[Fasciculus:Moon-Mdf-2005.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Positionem [[luna]]e observans possumus positionem nostram invenire.]] [[Fasciculus:Decca Navigator Mk 12.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Systema navigationis ''Decca'' nomine.]] [[Fasciculus:Radar screen.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Radar]].]] [[Fasciculus:GPS Satellite NASA art-iif.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Satelles]] ab hominibus facta.]] [[Fasciculus:Dead-reckoning.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|Navigator suum locum [[hora]] 9 a.m. machinatur ([[triangulum|triangulo]] monstratum), et, cursu et celeritate utens, locum horis 9:30 a.m. et 10 a.m. aestimat (Anglice signata).]] [[Fasciculus:Marine sextant.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Sextans]] marinus ad [[mensura|metiendam]] elevationem corporum [[caelum|caelestium]] super [[orbis finiens|orbis finientem]]<!--horizon--> adhibetur (imago Anglice signata).]]<!-- [[Fasciculus:Radar screen.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|Radar ranges and bearings can be very useful navigation.]]--> {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} * [[Cartographia]] * [[Circumnavigatio]] * [[Datum geodeticum]] * [[Gubernator aëroplani]] * [[Gyroscopium]] * [[GPS (Systema localizationis globale)]] * [[Iter]] * [[Navis]] * [[Organizatio Maritima Internationalis]] * [[Portolani]] * [[Proiectio Mercatoris]] * [[Pyxis nautica]] * [[Regula duodecimarum]] * [[Societas Hydrographica Internationalis]] * [[Tabula geographica]] {{div col end}} ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Bowditch, Nathaniel. [[2002]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070624193729/http://www.irbs.com/bowditch/ ''The American Practical Navigator.''] Bethesdae Terrae Mariae: National Imagery and Mapping Agency. ISBN 0939837544. * {{cite book | last =Cutler | first = Thomas J. | authorlink = | coauthors = | editor = | others = | title = Dutton's Nautical Navigation | url = | format = | accessdate = | edition = 15 | series = | date = | year = [[2003]] | month = December | publisher = Naval Institute Press | location = Annapoli, Terrae Mariae | language = | isbn =978-1557502483 }} * {{cite book | author = Department of the Air Force | authorlink = Copiae Aereae Civitatum Foederatarum | coauthors = | editor = | others = | title = Air Navigation | origdate = | origyear = | origmonth = | url = http://www.e-publishing.af.mil/pubfiles/af/11/afpam11-216/afpam11-216.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate=17 Aprilis 2007 | edition = | series = | year = [[2001]] | month = Martio | publisher = Department of the Air Force | location = | language = | isbn = | oclc = | doi = | id = | pages = | chapter = | chapterurl = | quote = }} * {{cite book | last = Great Britain Ministry of Defence (Navy) | authorlink = | title = Admiralty Manual of Seamanship | publisher = The Stationery Office | year = [[1995]] | isbn = 0117726966 }} * {{cite book|author1=Bernhard Hofmann-Wellenhof|author2=K. Legat|author3=M. Wieser|title=Navigation: principles of positioning and guidance|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=losWr9UDRasC|accessdate=7 Februarii 2012|year=[[2003]]|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-211-00828-7}} * {{cite book | last =Maloney | first = Elbert S. | authorlink = | coauthors = | editor = | others = | title = Chapman Piloting and Seamanship | url = | format = | accessdate = | edition = 64th | series = | date = | year = [[2003]] | month = Decembri | publisher = Hearst Communications Inc. | location = Novi Eboraci | language = | isbn =1-58816-098-0 }} * {{cite book | author = National Imagery and Mapping Agency | authorlink = Ministerium Imaginum et Tabulationum Nationalis | coauthors = | editor = | others = | title = Publication 1310: Radar Navigation and Maneuvering Board Manual | origdate = | origyear = | origmonth = | url = http://www.nga.mil/portal/site/maritime/ | format = PDF | accessdate = | edition = editio septima | series = | date = | year = [[2001]] | month = | publisher = U.S. Government Printing Office | location = Bethesdae, Terrae Mariae | language = | isbn = | oclc = | doi = | id = | pages = | chapter = | chapterurl = | quote = }} * {{cite book | last = Turpin | first = Edward A. | authorlink = | coauthors = McEwen, William A. | editor = | others = | title = Merchant Marine Officers' Handbook | origdate = | origyear = | origmonth = | url = | format = | accessdate = | edition = editio quarta | series = | date = | year = [[1980]] | month = | publisher =Cornell Maritime Press | location = Centreville, Terrae Mariae | language = | isbn = 0-87038-056-X | oclc = | doi = | id = | pages = | chapter = | chapterurl = | quote = }} * {{cite encyclopedia | last = | first = | author = Encyclopædia Britannica | authorlink = Encyclopædia Britannica | coauthors = | editor = Chisholm, Hugh | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica | title = Navigation | url = http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/User:Tim_Starling/ScanSet_TIFF_demo | accessdate = [[17 Aprilis]] [[2007]] | edition = Editio undecima | date = | year = [[1911]] | month = | publisher = | volume =19 | location = | id = | doi = | pages = | quote = }} * {{cite encyclopedia | last = | first = | author = Encyclopædia Britannica | authorlink = Encyclopædia Britannica | coauthors = | editor = Chisholm, Hugh | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica | title = Pytheas | url = http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/User:Tim_Starling/ScanSet_TIFF_demo | accessdate = [[17 Aprilis]] [[2007]] | edition = Editio undecima | date = | year = [[1911]] | month = | publisher = | volume =22 | location = | id = | doi = | pages = | quote = }} == Nexus externi == <!--{{wikiquote}}--> {{CommuniaCat|Navigation|artem navigandi}} <!--{{Wikisource|Portal:Navigation}}--> *[http://sites.google.com/site/navigationalalgorithms/ Algorithmi navigationis,] apud sites.google.com *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120313143603/http://fer3.com/arc/imgx/Bowditch-American-Practical-Navigator-2002-(2004).pdf "Bowditch Online,"] apud fer3.com.<!--online edition of 2002 edition of "Bowditch," ''The American Practical Navigator''--> *[http://www.fer3.com/NavList/ "The Navlist community: devoted to the history, practice, and preservation of traditional navigation techniques,"] apud www.fer3.com. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100922050728/http://www.globmaritime.com/marine-navigation/general-concepts/ Generales de navigatione marina notiones,] apud www.globmaritime.com. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120220132828/http://www.camelot-sailing.com/glossary.html Glossarium Vocabulorum Nauticorum,] apud www.camelot-sailing.com. *[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/27642 Ernest Gallaudet Draper, ''Lectures in Navigation,''] apud www.gutenberg.org. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080518011844/http://www.wildernessmanuals.com/manual_6/chpt_2/index.html Navigatio (U.S. Army Manual),] apud www.wildernessmanuals.com. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20071014004313/http://gge.unb.ca/Research/GRL/GeodesyGroup/tutorial/precision_navigation.htm "Precision navigation tutorial] at University of New Brunswick,"] apud gge.unb.ca. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120515232019/http://alsworld.topcities.com/bwgg/index.html "How to navigate with less than a compass or GPS,"] apud alsworld.topcities.com. *[http://www.locus.org.uk/ "LOCUS,"] apud www.locus.org.uk. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150424084140/http://www.iacs.org.uk/document/public/Publications/Unified_requirements/PDF/UR_N_pdf156.PDF "IACS Unified Requirement N: Navigation,"] apud www.iacs.org.uk. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120303164657/http://www.nauticpal.com/content/solas-amendments-additional-bridge-equipment "SOLAS requirement for Bridge Navigational Watch Alarm System (BNWAS) and for an Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS),"] apud www.nauticpal.com. [[Categoria:Geodesia]] [[Categoria:Navigatio| ]] {{Myrias|Technologia}} itvafb169srpnfkiaa0mkgak84mm2u2 0 167465 3966097 3965625 2026-06-23T15:42:25Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3966097 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} '''Vettius Agorius Praetextatus''' (natus circiter anno [[320]]- mortuus anno [[384]]) fuit vir publicus [[Roma antiqua|Romanus]] nobili genere natus. Unus fuit ex ultimis [[Senatus Romanus|senatoribus]] religionem avitam colentibus Romanam, quam conatus est a [[Christianitas|Christianae religionis]] progressu defendere; sacerdos fuit, sacris initiatus atque litterarum philosophiaeque doctus. == Qui scripserint de vita eius == Vita eius est nobis praesertim per scriptos [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Quinti Aurelii Symmachi]], [[Ammianus Marcellinus|Ammiani Marcellini]] atque epigrammata manifesta. [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]] ([[320]] circiter-[[402]] circiter) gravis fuit princeps patricii ordinis atque maximus temporis sui orator. Multae eius permanent epistulae, orationes atque relationes; a quorum lectura, intellegitur alterum usum alterum multum familiariter fuisse. Censebat, praeterea, [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]] optimum Praetextatum magistratum esse et virum quidam magna virtute praeditum. [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] ([[330]] circiter-[[390]] circiter) verba profert Praetextati tribus in locis suarum [[Res gestae (Ammianus)|"Rerum Gestarum"]];<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], 22.7.6; 27.9.8-10; 28.1.24.</ref> aliter ac alii senatores, adeo semper est iudicium Ammiani de Praetextato propitium, ut rerum multi scriptores eos esse amicos putent. Multae extant inscriptiones Praetextatum memorantes, quarum gravissima stat in funebri monumento Praetextato atque [[Aconia Fabia Paulina|Aconiae Fabiae Paulinae]] uxori dicato;<ref name="CIL61779">{{CIL|06|01779}}</ref> aliae famae sunt in legibus Vettio praefecto latis et in epistulis a [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniano imperatore]] scriptis de disputatione quadam religiosa. [[Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus]] ([[347]]-[[420]]), religiosus theologusque christianus, scripsit de Praetextato in duobus epistulis<ref> [[Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], epistulae xxiii e xxxix.</ref> atque in controversiam ''Contra Iohannem Hierosolymitanum'' ([[397]]); tam magna fuit aegritudo in comitibus Praetextati a morte eius allata, ut Hieronymus statueret eum esse in [[Tartarus|Tartaro]], id est in [[Infernus|Inferno]], in quamdam epistulam scribere.<ref>[[Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], epistula xxiii.</ref> [[Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius]], aliter quam christianos, voluit Praetextatum primas agere partes in ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalium]]'' libris, qui imago sunt renovationis gentilis Romanae aetatis illius. Est tamen verisimile libros post mortem Praetextati quinquaginta annos scriptos esse, ubi iam eius imaginem perfectam effictam erat. [[Zosimus]], rerum scriptor in [[Saeculum 6|VI saeculo]] victus, dicit Praetextatum defensorem in libris "Historiae novae" sua fuisse cultuum gentilorum,<ref>[[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]], ''Historia nova'', IV 3 3.</ref> contra, Iohannes Lidus (victus [[Saeculum 6|VI saeculo]]) memorat quendam virum magna auctoritate valentem, cui nomen erat Praetextatus <ref name="giovannilido">[[Iohannes Lidus]], ''De mensibus'', 4.2.</ref> (tamen nescimus utrum Vettius esset an non). == Vita == === Origines === Nescimus quando natus sit, tamen certum est ex multis scriptis Praetextatum fuisse aetatis Quinti Aurelii Symmachi et [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus|Virii Nicomachi Flaviani]] ([[334]]-[[394]]); praeterea, anno mortis eius [[384]] iam quadriginta circiter annis uxorem duxerat [[Aconia Fabia Paulina|Aconiam Fabiam Paulinam]].<ref name="CIL61779" /> Si uxor prima Paulina eius esset Praetextatusque eam in matrimonio inter vigesimum et vigesimum quintum annum duceret, quod erat mos optimatum Romanorum illo tempore, eius natio possit annis inter [[314]] et [[319]] collocari.<ref name="kahlos12">Kahlos, caput 1.2.</ref> Coniectatum tamen de hoc etiam aliter est et lati differentes sunt anni inter [[310]] atque [[324]], quorum firmitas quoque pendit ex altera re, a Iohanne referta Lido, qui Praetextatum adfuisse ierophantem [[Pontifex|pontificem]] ritui ''polismós'' dum urbs [[Constantinopolis]] conditur (anno circiter [[330]]) una cum [[Sopater Apameae|Sopatro Apameae]] philosopho narrat;<ref name="giovannilido" /> licuit enim optimatem munus suscipere sacerdotalem tum iuvenissimum et dein Praetextatum quoque ierophantem esse Vettium Agorium, qui haud dubie [[Vesta]]e fuit pontifex,<ref>{{CIL|06|01778}}</ref><ref name="CIL61779" /> quamquam hoc non certum est. Coniectatur de familiaribus Praetextati; [[Gaius Vettius Cossinius Rufinus|Gaium Vettium Cossinium Rufinum]] ([[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectum urbi Romae]] annis [[315]]-[[316]]) licet eius fuisse patrem, et quia simile nomen ei est, et quia complures magistratus, etiam a Praetextato postea gesti, suscepit ([[corrector Tusciae et Umbriae|correcturam Tusciae et Umbriae]], [[proconsulatus Achaiae|proconsulatum Achaiae]], [[pontifex Solis|pontificatum Solis]] [[Augur|auguratumque]]):<ref>{{CIL|10|05061}}</ref><ref name="kahlos12" /> gentibus nobilibus Romanis consuetudo erat saepe magistratus sacerdotiumque patribus et filiis postea gesta esse. Dubium tamen est [[Gaius Vettius Cossinius Rufinus|Cossinium Rufinum]] patrem esse Praetextati, quoniam [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefecturam urbi]] inter utram quinquaginta praeteriverunt anni (Praetextatus [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] fuit anno [[367]]), quod si pater filiusque fuissent, difficiliter evenire potuisset; est tum [[Gaius Vettius Cossinius Rufinus|Cossinium Rufinum]] fuisse patrem Vettii Rufini (qui consul anno [[323]] fuit) et hunc patrem Praetextati coniectatus.<ref>PLRE I, "Vettius Rufinus 24", [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/780/mode/2up pp. 781-782].</ref> Utcumque sint res, familia Praetextati prisca erat praeclaraque, quo Agorius utebatur multis nobilibus senatoribus familiariter. Cui, et commodis percipiendis uso, intererant certe [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]] paterque suus [[Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus]], [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus]] atque, quod verisimile est, senatores [[Volusius Venustus]] Minervusque.<ref name="kahlos12" /> Ex societatibus his gentium senatoriarum notandum est conubium Praetextati cum [[Aconia Fabia Paulina]], quod evenit circiter anno [[344]], si anno [[384]] praeteriverant quadriginta anni a matrimonio;<ref name="CIL61779" /> Paulina enim filia erat [[Fabius Aconius Catullinus Philomathius|Fabii Aconii Catullini Philomathii]], qui fuit [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] annis [[342]]-[[344]] atque [[consul]] anno [[349]].<ref>PLRE I, Catullinus 3, [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/186/mode/2up pp. 187-188].</ref> Coniuges filio quodam minime aucti sunt, qui commemoratus in carmine funebri est atque fecit in monumento inscribere dedicationem patri, statim e morte, in eorum domo [[Aventinus mons|Aventino monte]].<ref>{{CIL|06|01777}}</ref> Quamvis rerum scriptores dicant eum marem fuisse, licet et mulierem, fortasse illam a [[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus|Sophronio Eusebio Hieronymo]] commemoratam.<ref>[[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], epistula cvii,5.</ref> [[Consul]] anni [[527]], [[Vettius Agorius Basilius Mavortius|Vettium Agorium Basilium Mavortium]], qui non tantum cum Praetextato nomina, sed etiam amorem litterarum communicabat, licet eius fuisse pronepotem.<ref name="kahlos12"/> === Cursus honorum et sacerdotia === Ara funebris Praetextati uxorisque eius [[Aconia Fabia Paulina|Aconiae Fabiae Paulinae]], hodie apud [[Musea Capitolina]], commemorat cursum honorum eius. Suscepit ille munus [[pontifex Vestae|pontificis Vestae]] atque Solis, [[augur]]is, [[Taurobolium|tauroboliati]], [[Curialis|curialis Herculis]], neurocori, ierophantis, sacerdotis Liberi mysteriorumque Eleusinorum. Gessit [[Quaestor|quaesturam]], [[Corrector Tusciae et Umbriae|correcturam Tusciae et Umbriae]], [[Praefectus Lusitaniae|praefecturam Lusitaniae]], [[proconsul Achaiae|proconsulatum Achaiae]] et [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefecturam urbi]] anno [[384]].<ref>Confirmatum officium suum intra diem [[21 Maii]] (''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' VI.5.2a) et diem [[9 Septembris]] (''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' I.54.5a) est.</ref> fuit [[praefectus praetorio]] [[Praefectura Italiae|Italiae]] et Illyrici,<ref>Inscriptio commemorat duas praefecturas, sed rerum scriptores putant hoc esse errorem sculptoris (Jones).</ref> etiamque [[consul]] electus anni [[385]], quod munus numquam suscepit, quia mortuus sero anno [[384]] est. Gerente [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectura urbi]], [[Basilica|basilicam]] reddidit Sicinini episcopo [[Damasus I|Damaso]] [[Roma]]e<ref>''Collectio Avellana'', 6. Verisimile est hanc basilicam Sanctae Mariae Maioris illam esse; sectatoribus [[Damasus I|Damasi]] [[Ursinus|Ursinique]] pugnantibus, illi 137 hominum huius occiderunt ([[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], ''Temporum liber'', prolatus in [[Eduardus Gibbon|Eduardi Gibbon]], ''Historia occasus ruinaeque Imperii Romani'', cap. 25.</ref> et alterum episcopum expulit [[Ursinus|Ursinum]] a [[Roma]],<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], 27.9.9.</ref> rursusque conciliavit pacem,<ref>''Collectio Avellana'', 7; [[Sozomenus]], vi.23.</ref> tametsi sectatores eius salvos praestaret.<ref>''Collectio Avellana'', 5.</ref> Administratio sua iustitiae laudatior fuit; iussit ea quae sunt in templis gentilibus aedificatis a privatis tollere (podia, columnae, tabulata altiora dicta ''maeniana'') atque statuit ut omne Urbe pondera mensurasque inspecta equaliaque essent.<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], 27.9.10.</ref> Restituit [[Porticus Deorum Consentium|Porticum Deorum Consentium]] in [[Forum Romanum|Foro]]. Post mortem Praetextati, [[imperator]] petivit [[Senatus Romanus|Senatui]] exemplarem eius orationum.<ref>[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Relatio'' 24.</ref> cum [[Valentinianus I|Augusto]] [[Vestalis virgo|Vestales]] rogarent ut ei statuas ponerentur.<ref>[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Relatio'' 12.2.</ref> === Favor gentilium Romanorum === [[Fasciculus:Forum Portique Dii consentes.jpg|thumbnail|right|[[Porticus Deorum Consentium]] in [[Forum Romanum|Foro Romano]], restituta anno [[367]] a Praetextato, qui etiam constituit [[Dei Consentes|Deorum Consentium]] cultum rursus.]] Praetextatus fuit unus ex extremis defensoribus religionis Romanae, prius quam [[Medium Aevum]] inciperet. [[Proconsulatus Achaiae|Proconsulatu Achaiae]] gerente, provocavit contra [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] edictum prohibente sacrificia nocturna in Mysteriis, dicens id detrimento gentilibus futurum esse: tum [[Valentinianus I|Valentinianus]] illud abrogavit.<ref>[[Zosimus]], iv.3.2-3; edictum [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani]] est in [[Codex Theodosianus|Codice Theodosiano]] relatum ([[:la:s:Codex Theodosianus - Liber IX#XVI.7|ix.16.7]]).</ref> Gerente [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectura urbi]], curavit restitutionem [[Porticus Deorum Consentium]] in [[Forum Romanum|Foro Romano]], quae ultimum erat magnum deis monumentum dicatum [[Roma]]e;<ref>Legatur inscriptionem in monumento, {{CIL|06|00102}}.</ref> quamvis tantum esset restitutio aedum derutarum cultuumque renovatio, hoc maxime opertum erat, quoniam [[Dei Consentes]] protectores caelestes senatorii ordinis erant,<ref>[[Martianus Capella]], 1,42.</ref> et cum ita essent, sunt fortasse putati contra imperatorem niti.<ref>Kahlos, "Restauratio...".</ref> [[Praefectus praetorio|Praefectura praetorio]] gerente, incepit investigationes de templis a [[Christiani]]s derutis in [[Italia]]m.<ref>[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Relatio'' 21.</ref> Piissimus erga [[Vesta]]m erat, tamquam uxor sua.<ref name="lanciani">Lanciani.</ref> Amicus quoque fuit alterius praeclari optimatis gentilis [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Quinti Aurelii Symmachi]] commercium eo epistularum habentis, quod partim superest.<ref>Symmachus, ''Epistulae'', I.44-55.</ref> Quondam Praetextatus [[Damasus I|Damaso episcopo]]: «Facite me Romanae urbis episcopum» inquit «et ero protinus Christianus».<ref>[[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus]], ''Contra Johannem Hierosolymitanum'', 8.</ref> Praetextato et Paulinae erat domus apud [[Amphitheatrum Flavium]], pulchris cincta hortis dictis Vettianis,<ref>[http://www.museicapitolini.org/percorsi/percorsi_per_sale/museo_del_palazzo_dei_conservatori/sale_degli_horti_tauriani_vettiani Musei Capitolini]</ref> quae ad [[statio Roma Termini|stationem Romam Terminos]] usque pertinebant hodiernam. Hic sunt postea aliqua monumenta familiam revocantia Praetextati inventa. In his est ima statuae pars cuiusdam dicatae Caeliae Concordiae, ex ultimis unae [[Vestalis virgo|virginibus Vestalibus]], quae Praetextato post eius mortem erexerat statuam. Qua de re est maxime reprehensa a [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmacho]], qui scripsit epistulam Flaviano dicens se huic obsistere, quoniam numquam [[Vestalis virgo|Vestales]] ante monumentum viro, etsi pontifex maximus fuerit, erexerant.<ref name="lanciani" /> == Litterae == Praetextatus librum edidit [[Analytica|Analyticorum]] [[Aristoteles|Aristotelis]] a [[Themistius|Themistio]] emendatum philosopho. Praeterea socius [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Quinto Aurelio Symmacho]] [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus|Virioque Nicomacho Flaviano]] emendationis atque traditionis librorum moris Romani antiqui fuit. Praetextatus quoque primas partes in libris [[Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius|Ambrosii Theodosii Macrobii]] ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalium]]'' agit. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == ;Fontes * ''[[Collectio Avellana]]'' * [[Ammianus Marcellinus]], ''[[Res gestae (Ammianus)|Res gestae]]'' * [[Ioannes Lydus]], ''De mensibus'' * [[Sozomenus]], ''[[Historia Ecclesiastica]]'' *[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], libro primo ''Epistularum'' 44-55 * [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]], ''[[Historia nova]]'' ;Fontes secundae * Lanciani, Rodolphus, ''Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent Discoveries'', Houghton & Mifflin, Boston e New York, 1898, pp. 169-170. Relatus a [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/Lanciani/LANARD/6*.html ''LacusCurtius] * Thayer, Gulielmus, [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/museums/Museo_Nazionale_Romano/Palazzo_Altemps/inscriptions/Vettius_Praetextatus.html "Honorific Inscription of Vettius Agorius Praetextatus"], ''Lacus Curtius'' * {{PLRE}} vol. 1 [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/722/mode/2up pp.722-4] * Kahlos, Maijastina, ''Vettius Agorius Praetextatus. A senatorial life in between'', Institutum Romanum Finlandiae, Roma, 2002, ISBN 952-5323-05-6 (Acta Instituti Romani Finlandiae, 26). * Lellia Cracco Ruggini, ''Vettio Agorio Pretestato e la fondazione di Costantinopoli'', in ''Φιίας χάριν. Miscellanea in onore di E. Manni'', Roma, 1979, pp. 586-610. {{NexInt}} * [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]] * [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus]] == Ligamina externa == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071203062955/http://www.maijastinakahlos.net/b/kirjoituksia/praetextatus/125/ Kahlos, Maijastina, "Restitutio Religiosa Praetextati"] * [http://www.bartleby.com/245/353.html Anonimo, ''Titulus M. Vetii Agorii Praetextati et uxoris Paulinae suae'', 384] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071215171319/http://www.museicapitolini.org/percorsi/percorsi_per_sale/museo_capitolino/stanzette_terrene/ara_funeraria_di_vettius_agorius_praetextatus_e_aconia_fabia_paulina Ara funebris Vettii Agorii Praetextati et Aconiae Fabiae Paulinae], Musea Capitolina. {{DEFAULTSORT:Praetextatus, Agorius, Vettius}} [[Categoria:Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti Praetorio]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 4]] [[Categoria:Mortui 384]] 70sfacpb2op7aly5jgxl9llfxy4veoy 3966098 3966097 2026-06-23T15:42:39Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Qui scripserint de vita eius */ 3966098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} '''Vettius Agorius Praetextatus''' (natus circiter anno [[320]]- mortuus anno [[384]]) fuit vir publicus [[Roma antiqua|Romanus]] nobili genere natus. Unus fuit ex ultimis [[Senatus Romanus|senatoribus]] religionem avitam colentibus Romanam, quam conatus est a [[Christianitas|Christianae religionis]] progressu defendere; sacerdos fuit, sacris initiatus atque litterarum philosophiaeque doctus. == Qui scripserint de vita eius == Vita eius est nobis praesertim per scripta [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Quinti Aurelii Symmachi]], [[Ammianus Marcellinus|Ammiani Marcellini]] atque epigrammata manifesta. [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]] ([[320]] circiter-[[402]] circiter) gravis fuit princeps patricii ordinis atque maximus temporis sui orator. Multae eius permanent epistulae, orationes atque relationes; a quorum lectura, intellegitur alterum usum alterum multum familiariter fuisse. Censebat, praeterea, [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]] optimum Praetextatum magistratum esse et virum quidam magna virtute praeditum. [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] ([[330]] circiter-[[390]] circiter) verba profert Praetextati tribus in locis suarum [[Res gestae (Ammianus)|"Rerum Gestarum"]];<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], 22.7.6; 27.9.8-10; 28.1.24.</ref> aliter ac alii senatores, adeo semper est iudicium Ammiani de Praetextato propitium, ut rerum multi scriptores eos esse amicos putent. Multae extant inscriptiones Praetextatum memorantes, quarum gravissima stat in funebri monumento Praetextato atque [[Aconia Fabia Paulina|Aconiae Fabiae Paulinae]] uxori dicato;<ref name="CIL61779">{{CIL|06|01779}}</ref> aliae famae sunt in legibus Vettio praefecto latis et in epistulis a [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniano imperatore]] scriptis de disputatione quadam religiosa. [[Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus]] ([[347]]-[[420]]), religiosus theologusque christianus, scripsit de Praetextato in duobus epistulis<ref> [[Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], epistulae xxiii e xxxix.</ref> atque in controversiam ''Contra Iohannem Hierosolymitanum'' ([[397]]); tam magna fuit aegritudo in comitibus Praetextati a morte eius allata, ut Hieronymus statueret eum esse in [[Tartarus|Tartaro]], id est in [[Infernus|Inferno]], in quamdam epistulam scribere.<ref>[[Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], epistula xxiii.</ref> [[Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius]], aliter quam christianos, voluit Praetextatum primas agere partes in ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalium]]'' libris, qui imago sunt renovationis gentilis Romanae aetatis illius. Est tamen verisimile libros post mortem Praetextati quinquaginta annos scriptos esse, ubi iam eius imaginem perfectam effictam erat. [[Zosimus]], rerum scriptor in [[Saeculum 6|VI saeculo]] victus, dicit Praetextatum defensorem in libris "Historiae novae" sua fuisse cultuum gentilorum,<ref>[[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]], ''Historia nova'', IV 3 3.</ref> contra, Iohannes Lidus (victus [[Saeculum 6|VI saeculo]]) memorat quendam virum magna auctoritate valentem, cui nomen erat Praetextatus <ref name="giovannilido">[[Iohannes Lidus]], ''De mensibus'', 4.2.</ref> (tamen nescimus utrum Vettius esset an non). == Vita == === Origines === Nescimus quando natus sit, tamen certum est ex multis scriptis Praetextatum fuisse aetatis Quinti Aurelii Symmachi et [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus|Virii Nicomachi Flaviani]] ([[334]]-[[394]]); praeterea, anno mortis eius [[384]] iam quadriginta circiter annis uxorem duxerat [[Aconia Fabia Paulina|Aconiam Fabiam Paulinam]].<ref name="CIL61779" /> Si uxor prima Paulina eius esset Praetextatusque eam in matrimonio inter vigesimum et vigesimum quintum annum duceret, quod erat mos optimatum Romanorum illo tempore, eius natio possit annis inter [[314]] et [[319]] collocari.<ref name="kahlos12">Kahlos, caput 1.2.</ref> Coniectatum tamen de hoc etiam aliter est et lati differentes sunt anni inter [[310]] atque [[324]], quorum firmitas quoque pendit ex altera re, a Iohanne referta Lido, qui Praetextatum adfuisse ierophantem [[Pontifex|pontificem]] ritui ''polismós'' dum urbs [[Constantinopolis]] conditur (anno circiter [[330]]) una cum [[Sopater Apameae|Sopatro Apameae]] philosopho narrat;<ref name="giovannilido" /> licuit enim optimatem munus suscipere sacerdotalem tum iuvenissimum et dein Praetextatum quoque ierophantem esse Vettium Agorium, qui haud dubie [[Vesta]]e fuit pontifex,<ref>{{CIL|06|01778}}</ref><ref name="CIL61779" /> quamquam hoc non certum est. Coniectatur de familiaribus Praetextati; [[Gaius Vettius Cossinius Rufinus|Gaium Vettium Cossinium Rufinum]] ([[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectum urbi Romae]] annis [[315]]-[[316]]) licet eius fuisse patrem, et quia simile nomen ei est, et quia complures magistratus, etiam a Praetextato postea gesti, suscepit ([[corrector Tusciae et Umbriae|correcturam Tusciae et Umbriae]], [[proconsulatus Achaiae|proconsulatum Achaiae]], [[pontifex Solis|pontificatum Solis]] [[Augur|auguratumque]]):<ref>{{CIL|10|05061}}</ref><ref name="kahlos12" /> gentibus nobilibus Romanis consuetudo erat saepe magistratus sacerdotiumque patribus et filiis postea gesta esse. Dubium tamen est [[Gaius Vettius Cossinius Rufinus|Cossinium Rufinum]] patrem esse Praetextati, quoniam [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefecturam urbi]] inter utram quinquaginta praeteriverunt anni (Praetextatus [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] fuit anno [[367]]), quod si pater filiusque fuissent, difficiliter evenire potuisset; est tum [[Gaius Vettius Cossinius Rufinus|Cossinium Rufinum]] fuisse patrem Vettii Rufini (qui consul anno [[323]] fuit) et hunc patrem Praetextati coniectatus.<ref>PLRE I, "Vettius Rufinus 24", [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/780/mode/2up pp. 781-782].</ref> Utcumque sint res, familia Praetextati prisca erat praeclaraque, quo Agorius utebatur multis nobilibus senatoribus familiariter. Cui, et commodis percipiendis uso, intererant certe [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]] paterque suus [[Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus]], [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus]] atque, quod verisimile est, senatores [[Volusius Venustus]] Minervusque.<ref name="kahlos12" /> Ex societatibus his gentium senatoriarum notandum est conubium Praetextati cum [[Aconia Fabia Paulina]], quod evenit circiter anno [[344]], si anno [[384]] praeteriverant quadriginta anni a matrimonio;<ref name="CIL61779" /> Paulina enim filia erat [[Fabius Aconius Catullinus Philomathius|Fabii Aconii Catullini Philomathii]], qui fuit [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] annis [[342]]-[[344]] atque [[consul]] anno [[349]].<ref>PLRE I, Catullinus 3, [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/186/mode/2up pp. 187-188].</ref> Coniuges filio quodam minime aucti sunt, qui commemoratus in carmine funebri est atque fecit in monumento inscribere dedicationem patri, statim e morte, in eorum domo [[Aventinus mons|Aventino monte]].<ref>{{CIL|06|01777}}</ref> Quamvis rerum scriptores dicant eum marem fuisse, licet et mulierem, fortasse illam a [[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus|Sophronio Eusebio Hieronymo]] commemoratam.<ref>[[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], epistula cvii,5.</ref> [[Consul]] anni [[527]], [[Vettius Agorius Basilius Mavortius|Vettium Agorium Basilium Mavortium]], qui non tantum cum Praetextato nomina, sed etiam amorem litterarum communicabat, licet eius fuisse pronepotem.<ref name="kahlos12"/> === Cursus honorum et sacerdotia === Ara funebris Praetextati uxorisque eius [[Aconia Fabia Paulina|Aconiae Fabiae Paulinae]], hodie apud [[Musea Capitolina]], commemorat cursum honorum eius. Suscepit ille munus [[pontifex Vestae|pontificis Vestae]] atque Solis, [[augur]]is, [[Taurobolium|tauroboliati]], [[Curialis|curialis Herculis]], neurocori, ierophantis, sacerdotis Liberi mysteriorumque Eleusinorum. Gessit [[Quaestor|quaesturam]], [[Corrector Tusciae et Umbriae|correcturam Tusciae et Umbriae]], [[Praefectus Lusitaniae|praefecturam Lusitaniae]], [[proconsul Achaiae|proconsulatum Achaiae]] et [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefecturam urbi]] anno [[384]].<ref>Confirmatum officium suum intra diem [[21 Maii]] (''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' VI.5.2a) et diem [[9 Septembris]] (''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' I.54.5a) est.</ref> fuit [[praefectus praetorio]] [[Praefectura Italiae|Italiae]] et Illyrici,<ref>Inscriptio commemorat duas praefecturas, sed rerum scriptores putant hoc esse errorem sculptoris (Jones).</ref> etiamque [[consul]] electus anni [[385]], quod munus numquam suscepit, quia mortuus sero anno [[384]] est. Gerente [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectura urbi]], [[Basilica|basilicam]] reddidit Sicinini episcopo [[Damasus I|Damaso]] [[Roma]]e<ref>''Collectio Avellana'', 6. Verisimile est hanc basilicam Sanctae Mariae Maioris illam esse; sectatoribus [[Damasus I|Damasi]] [[Ursinus|Ursinique]] pugnantibus, illi 137 hominum huius occiderunt ([[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], ''Temporum liber'', prolatus in [[Eduardus Gibbon|Eduardi Gibbon]], ''Historia occasus ruinaeque Imperii Romani'', cap. 25.</ref> et alterum episcopum expulit [[Ursinus|Ursinum]] a [[Roma]],<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], 27.9.9.</ref> rursusque conciliavit pacem,<ref>''Collectio Avellana'', 7; [[Sozomenus]], vi.23.</ref> tametsi sectatores eius salvos praestaret.<ref>''Collectio Avellana'', 5.</ref> Administratio sua iustitiae laudatior fuit; iussit ea quae sunt in templis gentilibus aedificatis a privatis tollere (podia, columnae, tabulata altiora dicta ''maeniana'') atque statuit ut omne Urbe pondera mensurasque inspecta equaliaque essent.<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], 27.9.10.</ref> Restituit [[Porticus Deorum Consentium|Porticum Deorum Consentium]] in [[Forum Romanum|Foro]]. Post mortem Praetextati, [[imperator]] petivit [[Senatus Romanus|Senatui]] exemplarem eius orationum.<ref>[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Relatio'' 24.</ref> cum [[Valentinianus I|Augusto]] [[Vestalis virgo|Vestales]] rogarent ut ei statuas ponerentur.<ref>[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Relatio'' 12.2.</ref> === Favor gentilium Romanorum === [[Fasciculus:Forum Portique Dii consentes.jpg|thumbnail|right|[[Porticus Deorum Consentium]] in [[Forum Romanum|Foro Romano]], restituta anno [[367]] a Praetextato, qui etiam constituit [[Dei Consentes|Deorum Consentium]] cultum rursus.]] Praetextatus fuit unus ex extremis defensoribus religionis Romanae, prius quam [[Medium Aevum]] inciperet. [[Proconsulatus Achaiae|Proconsulatu Achaiae]] gerente, provocavit contra [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] edictum prohibente sacrificia nocturna in Mysteriis, dicens id detrimento gentilibus futurum esse: tum [[Valentinianus I|Valentinianus]] illud abrogavit.<ref>[[Zosimus]], iv.3.2-3; edictum [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani]] est in [[Codex Theodosianus|Codice Theodosiano]] relatum ([[:la:s:Codex Theodosianus - Liber IX#XVI.7|ix.16.7]]).</ref> Gerente [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectura urbi]], curavit restitutionem [[Porticus Deorum Consentium]] in [[Forum Romanum|Foro Romano]], quae ultimum erat magnum deis monumentum dicatum [[Roma]]e;<ref>Legatur inscriptionem in monumento, {{CIL|06|00102}}.</ref> quamvis tantum esset restitutio aedum derutarum cultuumque renovatio, hoc maxime opertum erat, quoniam [[Dei Consentes]] protectores caelestes senatorii ordinis erant,<ref>[[Martianus Capella]], 1,42.</ref> et cum ita essent, sunt fortasse putati contra imperatorem niti.<ref>Kahlos, "Restauratio...".</ref> [[Praefectus praetorio|Praefectura praetorio]] gerente, incepit investigationes de templis a [[Christiani]]s derutis in [[Italia]]m.<ref>[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Relatio'' 21.</ref> Piissimus erga [[Vesta]]m erat, tamquam uxor sua.<ref name="lanciani">Lanciani.</ref> Amicus quoque fuit alterius praeclari optimatis gentilis [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Quinti Aurelii Symmachi]] commercium eo epistularum habentis, quod partim superest.<ref>Symmachus, ''Epistulae'', I.44-55.</ref> Quondam Praetextatus [[Damasus I|Damaso episcopo]]: «Facite me Romanae urbis episcopum» inquit «et ero protinus Christianus».<ref>[[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus]], ''Contra Johannem Hierosolymitanum'', 8.</ref> Praetextato et Paulinae erat domus apud [[Amphitheatrum Flavium]], pulchris cincta hortis dictis Vettianis,<ref>[http://www.museicapitolini.org/percorsi/percorsi_per_sale/museo_del_palazzo_dei_conservatori/sale_degli_horti_tauriani_vettiani Musei Capitolini]</ref> quae ad [[statio Roma Termini|stationem Romam Terminos]] usque pertinebant hodiernam. Hic sunt postea aliqua monumenta familiam revocantia Praetextati inventa. In his est ima statuae pars cuiusdam dicatae Caeliae Concordiae, ex ultimis unae [[Vestalis virgo|virginibus Vestalibus]], quae Praetextato post eius mortem erexerat statuam. Qua de re est maxime reprehensa a [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmacho]], qui scripsit epistulam Flaviano dicens se huic obsistere, quoniam numquam [[Vestalis virgo|Vestales]] ante monumentum viro, etsi pontifex maximus fuerit, erexerant.<ref name="lanciani" /> == Litterae == Praetextatus librum edidit [[Analytica|Analyticorum]] [[Aristoteles|Aristotelis]] a [[Themistius|Themistio]] emendatum philosopho. Praeterea socius [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Quinto Aurelio Symmacho]] [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus|Virioque Nicomacho Flaviano]] emendationis atque traditionis librorum moris Romani antiqui fuit. Praetextatus quoque primas partes in libris [[Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius|Ambrosii Theodosii Macrobii]] ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalium]]'' agit. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == ;Fontes * ''[[Collectio Avellana]]'' * [[Ammianus Marcellinus]], ''[[Res gestae (Ammianus)|Res gestae]]'' * [[Ioannes Lydus]], ''De mensibus'' * [[Sozomenus]], ''[[Historia Ecclesiastica]]'' *[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], libro primo ''Epistularum'' 44-55 * [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]], ''[[Historia nova]]'' ;Fontes secundae * Lanciani, Rodolphus, ''Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent Discoveries'', Houghton & Mifflin, Boston e New York, 1898, pp. 169-170. Relatus a [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/Lanciani/LANARD/6*.html ''LacusCurtius] * Thayer, Gulielmus, [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/museums/Museo_Nazionale_Romano/Palazzo_Altemps/inscriptions/Vettius_Praetextatus.html "Honorific Inscription of Vettius Agorius Praetextatus"], ''Lacus Curtius'' * {{PLRE}} vol. 1 [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/722/mode/2up pp.722-4] * Kahlos, Maijastina, ''Vettius Agorius Praetextatus. A senatorial life in between'', Institutum Romanum Finlandiae, Roma, 2002, ISBN 952-5323-05-6 (Acta Instituti Romani Finlandiae, 26). * Lellia Cracco Ruggini, ''Vettio Agorio Pretestato e la fondazione di Costantinopoli'', in ''Φιίας χάριν. Miscellanea in onore di E. Manni'', Roma, 1979, pp. 586-610. {{NexInt}} * [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]] * [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus]] == Ligamina externa == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071203062955/http://www.maijastinakahlos.net/b/kirjoituksia/praetextatus/125/ Kahlos, Maijastina, "Restitutio Religiosa Praetextati"] * [http://www.bartleby.com/245/353.html Anonimo, ''Titulus M. Vetii Agorii Praetextati et uxoris Paulinae suae'', 384] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071215171319/http://www.museicapitolini.org/percorsi/percorsi_per_sale/museo_capitolino/stanzette_terrene/ara_funeraria_di_vettius_agorius_praetextatus_e_aconia_fabia_paulina Ara funebris Vettii Agorii Praetextati et Aconiae Fabiae Paulinae], Musea Capitolina. {{DEFAULTSORT:Praetextatus, Agorius, Vettius}} [[Categoria:Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti Praetorio]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 4]] [[Categoria:Mortui 384]] 1b1naugavmebx4ro1cu21t36q9ev10r 3966099 3966098 2026-06-23T15:45:30Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Qui scripserint de vita eius */ 3966099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} '''Vettius Agorius Praetextatus''' (natus circiter anno [[320]]- mortuus anno [[384]]) fuit vir publicus [[Roma antiqua|Romanus]] nobili genere natus. Unus fuit ex ultimis [[Senatus Romanus|senatoribus]] religionem avitam colentibus Romanam, quam conatus est a [[Christianitas|Christianae religionis]] progressu defendere; sacerdos fuit, sacris initiatus atque litterarum philosophiaeque doctus. == Qui scripserint de vita eius == Vita eius est nobis praesertim per scripta [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Quinti Aurelii Symmachi]], [[Ammianus Marcellinus|Ammiani Marcellini]] atque epigrammata manifesta. [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]] ([[320]] circiter-[[402]] circiter) gravis fuit princeps patricii ordinis atque maximus temporis sui orator. Multae eius permanent epistulae, orationes atque relationes; quibus legendis intellegitur alterum altero familiarissime usum esse. Censebat praeterea [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]] optimum Praetextatum magistratum esse et virum magna virtute praeditum. [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] ([[330]] circiter-[[390]] circiter) verba profert Praetextati tribus in locis suarum [[Res gestae (Ammianus)|"Rerum Gestarum"]];<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], 22.7.6; 27.9.8-10; 28.1.24.</ref> aliter ac alii senatores, adeo semper est iudicium Ammiani de Praetextato propitium, ut rerum multi scriptores eos esse amicos putent. Multae extant inscriptiones Praetextatum memorantes, quarum gravissima stat in funebri monumento Praetextato atque [[Aconia Fabia Paulina|Aconiae Fabiae Paulinae]] uxori dicato;<ref name="CIL61779">{{CIL|06|01779}}</ref> aliae famae sunt in legibus Vettio praefecto latis et in epistulis a [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniano imperatore]] scriptis de disputatione quadam religiosa. [[Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus]] ([[347]]-[[420]]), religiosus theologusque christianus, scripsit de Praetextato in duobus epistulis<ref> [[Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], epistulae xxiii e xxxix.</ref> atque in controversiam ''Contra Iohannem Hierosolymitanum'' ([[397]]); tam magna fuit aegritudo in comitibus Praetextati a morte eius allata, ut Hieronymus statueret eum esse in [[Tartarus|Tartaro]], id est in [[Infernus|Inferno]], in quamdam epistulam scribere.<ref>[[Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], epistula xxiii.</ref> [[Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius]], aliter quam christianos, voluit Praetextatum primas agere partes in ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalium]]'' libris, qui imago sunt renovationis gentilis Romanae aetatis illius. Est tamen verisimile libros post mortem Praetextati quinquaginta annos scriptos esse, ubi iam eius imaginem perfectam effictam erat. [[Zosimus]], rerum scriptor in [[Saeculum 6|VI saeculo]] victus, dicit Praetextatum defensorem in libris "Historiae novae" sua fuisse cultuum gentilorum,<ref>[[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]], ''Historia nova'', IV 3 3.</ref> contra, Iohannes Lidus (victus [[Saeculum 6|VI saeculo]]) memorat quendam virum magna auctoritate valentem, cui nomen erat Praetextatus <ref name="giovannilido">[[Iohannes Lidus]], ''De mensibus'', 4.2.</ref> (tamen nescimus utrum Vettius esset an non). == Vita == === Origines === Nescimus quando natus sit, tamen certum est ex multis scriptis Praetextatum fuisse aetatis Quinti Aurelii Symmachi et [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus|Virii Nicomachi Flaviani]] ([[334]]-[[394]]); praeterea, anno mortis eius [[384]] iam quadriginta circiter annis uxorem duxerat [[Aconia Fabia Paulina|Aconiam Fabiam Paulinam]].<ref name="CIL61779" /> Si uxor prima Paulina eius esset Praetextatusque eam in matrimonio inter vigesimum et vigesimum quintum annum duceret, quod erat mos optimatum Romanorum illo tempore, eius natio possit annis inter [[314]] et [[319]] collocari.<ref name="kahlos12">Kahlos, caput 1.2.</ref> Coniectatum tamen de hoc etiam aliter est et lati differentes sunt anni inter [[310]] atque [[324]], quorum firmitas quoque pendit ex altera re, a Iohanne referta Lido, qui Praetextatum adfuisse ierophantem [[Pontifex|pontificem]] ritui ''polismós'' dum urbs [[Constantinopolis]] conditur (anno circiter [[330]]) una cum [[Sopater Apameae|Sopatro Apameae]] philosopho narrat;<ref name="giovannilido" /> licuit enim optimatem munus suscipere sacerdotalem tum iuvenissimum et dein Praetextatum quoque ierophantem esse Vettium Agorium, qui haud dubie [[Vesta]]e fuit pontifex,<ref>{{CIL|06|01778}}</ref><ref name="CIL61779" /> quamquam hoc non certum est. Coniectatur de familiaribus Praetextati; [[Gaius Vettius Cossinius Rufinus|Gaium Vettium Cossinium Rufinum]] ([[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectum urbi Romae]] annis [[315]]-[[316]]) licet eius fuisse patrem, et quia simile nomen ei est, et quia complures magistratus, etiam a Praetextato postea gesti, suscepit ([[corrector Tusciae et Umbriae|correcturam Tusciae et Umbriae]], [[proconsulatus Achaiae|proconsulatum Achaiae]], [[pontifex Solis|pontificatum Solis]] [[Augur|auguratumque]]):<ref>{{CIL|10|05061}}</ref><ref name="kahlos12" /> gentibus nobilibus Romanis consuetudo erat saepe magistratus sacerdotiumque patribus et filiis postea gesta esse. Dubium tamen est [[Gaius Vettius Cossinius Rufinus|Cossinium Rufinum]] patrem esse Praetextati, quoniam [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefecturam urbi]] inter utram quinquaginta praeteriverunt anni (Praetextatus [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] fuit anno [[367]]), quod si pater filiusque fuissent, difficiliter evenire potuisset; est tum [[Gaius Vettius Cossinius Rufinus|Cossinium Rufinum]] fuisse patrem Vettii Rufini (qui consul anno [[323]] fuit) et hunc patrem Praetextati coniectatus.<ref>PLRE I, "Vettius Rufinus 24", [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/780/mode/2up pp. 781-782].</ref> Utcumque sint res, familia Praetextati prisca erat praeclaraque, quo Agorius utebatur multis nobilibus senatoribus familiariter. Cui, et commodis percipiendis uso, intererant certe [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]] paterque suus [[Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus]], [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus]] atque, quod verisimile est, senatores [[Volusius Venustus]] Minervusque.<ref name="kahlos12" /> Ex societatibus his gentium senatoriarum notandum est conubium Praetextati cum [[Aconia Fabia Paulina]], quod evenit circiter anno [[344]], si anno [[384]] praeteriverant quadriginta anni a matrimonio;<ref name="CIL61779" /> Paulina enim filia erat [[Fabius Aconius Catullinus Philomathius|Fabii Aconii Catullini Philomathii]], qui fuit [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] annis [[342]]-[[344]] atque [[consul]] anno [[349]].<ref>PLRE I, Catullinus 3, [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/186/mode/2up pp. 187-188].</ref> Coniuges filio quodam minime aucti sunt, qui commemoratus in carmine funebri est atque fecit in monumento inscribere dedicationem patri, statim e morte, in eorum domo [[Aventinus mons|Aventino monte]].<ref>{{CIL|06|01777}}</ref> Quamvis rerum scriptores dicant eum marem fuisse, licet et mulierem, fortasse illam a [[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus|Sophronio Eusebio Hieronymo]] commemoratam.<ref>[[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], epistula cvii,5.</ref> [[Consul]] anni [[527]], [[Vettius Agorius Basilius Mavortius|Vettium Agorium Basilium Mavortium]], qui non tantum cum Praetextato nomina, sed etiam amorem litterarum communicabat, licet eius fuisse pronepotem.<ref name="kahlos12"/> === Cursus honorum et sacerdotia === Ara funebris Praetextati uxorisque eius [[Aconia Fabia Paulina|Aconiae Fabiae Paulinae]], hodie apud [[Musea Capitolina]], commemorat cursum honorum eius. Suscepit ille munus [[pontifex Vestae|pontificis Vestae]] atque Solis, [[augur]]is, [[Taurobolium|tauroboliati]], [[Curialis|curialis Herculis]], neurocori, ierophantis, sacerdotis Liberi mysteriorumque Eleusinorum. Gessit [[Quaestor|quaesturam]], [[Corrector Tusciae et Umbriae|correcturam Tusciae et Umbriae]], [[Praefectus Lusitaniae|praefecturam Lusitaniae]], [[proconsul Achaiae|proconsulatum Achaiae]] et [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefecturam urbi]] anno [[384]].<ref>Confirmatum officium suum intra diem [[21 Maii]] (''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' VI.5.2a) et diem [[9 Septembris]] (''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' I.54.5a) est.</ref> fuit [[praefectus praetorio]] [[Praefectura Italiae|Italiae]] et Illyrici,<ref>Inscriptio commemorat duas praefecturas, sed rerum scriptores putant hoc esse errorem sculptoris (Jones).</ref> etiamque [[consul]] electus anni [[385]], quod munus numquam suscepit, quia mortuus sero anno [[384]] est. Gerente [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectura urbi]], [[Basilica|basilicam]] reddidit Sicinini episcopo [[Damasus I|Damaso]] [[Roma]]e<ref>''Collectio Avellana'', 6. Verisimile est hanc basilicam Sanctae Mariae Maioris illam esse; sectatoribus [[Damasus I|Damasi]] [[Ursinus|Ursinique]] pugnantibus, illi 137 hominum huius occiderunt ([[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], ''Temporum liber'', prolatus in [[Eduardus Gibbon|Eduardi Gibbon]], ''Historia occasus ruinaeque Imperii Romani'', cap. 25.</ref> et alterum episcopum expulit [[Ursinus|Ursinum]] a [[Roma]],<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], 27.9.9.</ref> rursusque conciliavit pacem,<ref>''Collectio Avellana'', 7; [[Sozomenus]], vi.23.</ref> tametsi sectatores eius salvos praestaret.<ref>''Collectio Avellana'', 5.</ref> Administratio sua iustitiae laudatior fuit; iussit ea quae sunt in templis gentilibus aedificatis a privatis tollere (podia, columnae, tabulata altiora dicta ''maeniana'') atque statuit ut omne Urbe pondera mensurasque inspecta equaliaque essent.<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], 27.9.10.</ref> Restituit [[Porticus Deorum Consentium|Porticum Deorum Consentium]] in [[Forum Romanum|Foro]]. Post mortem Praetextati, [[imperator]] petivit [[Senatus Romanus|Senatui]] exemplarem eius orationum.<ref>[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Relatio'' 24.</ref> cum [[Valentinianus I|Augusto]] [[Vestalis virgo|Vestales]] rogarent ut ei statuas ponerentur.<ref>[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Relatio'' 12.2.</ref> === Favor gentilium Romanorum === [[Fasciculus:Forum Portique Dii consentes.jpg|thumbnail|right|[[Porticus Deorum Consentium]] in [[Forum Romanum|Foro Romano]], restituta anno [[367]] a Praetextato, qui etiam constituit [[Dei Consentes|Deorum Consentium]] cultum rursus.]] Praetextatus fuit unus ex extremis defensoribus religionis Romanae, prius quam [[Medium Aevum]] inciperet. [[Proconsulatus Achaiae|Proconsulatu Achaiae]] gerente, provocavit contra [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] edictum prohibente sacrificia nocturna in Mysteriis, dicens id detrimento gentilibus futurum esse: tum [[Valentinianus I|Valentinianus]] illud abrogavit.<ref>[[Zosimus]], iv.3.2-3; edictum [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani]] est in [[Codex Theodosianus|Codice Theodosiano]] relatum ([[:la:s:Codex Theodosianus - Liber IX#XVI.7|ix.16.7]]).</ref> Gerente [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectura urbi]], curavit restitutionem [[Porticus Deorum Consentium]] in [[Forum Romanum|Foro Romano]], quae ultimum erat magnum deis monumentum dicatum [[Roma]]e;<ref>Legatur inscriptionem in monumento, {{CIL|06|00102}}.</ref> quamvis tantum esset restitutio aedum derutarum cultuumque renovatio, hoc maxime opertum erat, quoniam [[Dei Consentes]] protectores caelestes senatorii ordinis erant,<ref>[[Martianus Capella]], 1,42.</ref> et cum ita essent, sunt fortasse putati contra imperatorem niti.<ref>Kahlos, "Restauratio...".</ref> [[Praefectus praetorio|Praefectura praetorio]] gerente, incepit investigationes de templis a [[Christiani]]s derutis in [[Italia]]m.<ref>[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Relatio'' 21.</ref> Piissimus erga [[Vesta]]m erat, tamquam uxor sua.<ref name="lanciani">Lanciani.</ref> Amicus quoque fuit alterius praeclari optimatis gentilis [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Quinti Aurelii Symmachi]] commercium eo epistularum habentis, quod partim superest.<ref>Symmachus, ''Epistulae'', I.44-55.</ref> Quondam Praetextatus [[Damasus I|Damaso episcopo]]: «Facite me Romanae urbis episcopum» inquit «et ero protinus Christianus».<ref>[[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus]], ''Contra Johannem Hierosolymitanum'', 8.</ref> Praetextato et Paulinae erat domus apud [[Amphitheatrum Flavium]], pulchris cincta hortis dictis Vettianis,<ref>[http://www.museicapitolini.org/percorsi/percorsi_per_sale/museo_del_palazzo_dei_conservatori/sale_degli_horti_tauriani_vettiani Musei Capitolini]</ref> quae ad [[statio Roma Termini|stationem Romam Terminos]] usque pertinebant hodiernam. Hic sunt postea aliqua monumenta familiam revocantia Praetextati inventa. In his est ima statuae pars cuiusdam dicatae Caeliae Concordiae, ex ultimis unae [[Vestalis virgo|virginibus Vestalibus]], quae Praetextato post eius mortem erexerat statuam. Qua de re est maxime reprehensa a [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmacho]], qui scripsit epistulam Flaviano dicens se huic obsistere, quoniam numquam [[Vestalis virgo|Vestales]] ante monumentum viro, etsi pontifex maximus fuerit, erexerant.<ref name="lanciani" /> == Litterae == Praetextatus librum edidit [[Analytica|Analyticorum]] [[Aristoteles|Aristotelis]] a [[Themistius|Themistio]] emendatum philosopho. Praeterea socius [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Quinto Aurelio Symmacho]] [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus|Virioque Nicomacho Flaviano]] emendationis atque traditionis librorum moris Romani antiqui fuit. Praetextatus quoque primas partes in libris [[Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius|Ambrosii Theodosii Macrobii]] ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalium]]'' agit. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == ;Fontes * ''[[Collectio Avellana]]'' * [[Ammianus Marcellinus]], ''[[Res gestae (Ammianus)|Res gestae]]'' * [[Ioannes Lydus]], ''De mensibus'' * [[Sozomenus]], ''[[Historia Ecclesiastica]]'' *[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], libro primo ''Epistularum'' 44-55 * [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]], ''[[Historia nova]]'' ;Fontes secundae * Lanciani, Rodolphus, ''Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent Discoveries'', Houghton & Mifflin, Boston e New York, 1898, pp. 169-170. Relatus a [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/Lanciani/LANARD/6*.html ''LacusCurtius] * Thayer, Gulielmus, [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/museums/Museo_Nazionale_Romano/Palazzo_Altemps/inscriptions/Vettius_Praetextatus.html "Honorific Inscription of Vettius Agorius Praetextatus"], ''Lacus Curtius'' * {{PLRE}} vol. 1 [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/722/mode/2up pp.722-4] * Kahlos, Maijastina, ''Vettius Agorius Praetextatus. A senatorial life in between'', Institutum Romanum Finlandiae, Roma, 2002, ISBN 952-5323-05-6 (Acta Instituti Romani Finlandiae, 26). * Lellia Cracco Ruggini, ''Vettio Agorio Pretestato e la fondazione di Costantinopoli'', in ''Φιίας χάριν. Miscellanea in onore di E. Manni'', Roma, 1979, pp. 586-610. {{NexInt}} * [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]] * [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus]] == Ligamina externa == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071203062955/http://www.maijastinakahlos.net/b/kirjoituksia/praetextatus/125/ Kahlos, Maijastina, "Restitutio Religiosa Praetextati"] * [http://www.bartleby.com/245/353.html Anonimo, ''Titulus M. Vetii Agorii Praetextati et uxoris Paulinae suae'', 384] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071215171319/http://www.museicapitolini.org/percorsi/percorsi_per_sale/museo_capitolino/stanzette_terrene/ara_funeraria_di_vettius_agorius_praetextatus_e_aconia_fabia_paulina Ara funebris Vettii Agorii Praetextati et Aconiae Fabiae Paulinae], Musea Capitolina. {{DEFAULTSORT:Praetextatus, Agorius, Vettius}} [[Categoria:Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti Praetorio]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 4]] [[Categoria:Mortui 384]] b8tdqg9n2c0evi1rs71kmiu8ib1sstk 3966100 3966099 2026-06-23T15:47:51Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Qui scripserint de vita eius */ 3966100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} '''Vettius Agorius Praetextatus''' (natus circiter anno [[320]]- mortuus anno [[384]]) fuit vir publicus [[Roma antiqua|Romanus]] nobili genere natus. Unus fuit ex ultimis [[Senatus Romanus|senatoribus]] religionem avitam colentibus Romanam, quam conatus est a [[Christianitas|Christianae religionis]] progressu defendere; sacerdos fuit, sacris initiatus atque litterarum philosophiaeque doctus. == Qui scripserint de vita eius == Vita eius est nobis praesertim per scripta [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Quinti Aurelii Symmachi]], [[Ammianus Marcellinus|Ammiani Marcellini]] atque epigrammata manifesta. [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]] ([[320]] circiter-[[402]] circiter) gravis fuit princeps patricii ordinis atque maximus temporis sui orator. Multae eius permanent epistulae, orationes atque relationes; quibus legendis intellegitur alterum altero familiarissime usum esse. Censebat praeterea [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]] optimum Praetextatum magistratum esse et virum magna virtute praeditum. [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] ([[330]] circiter-[[390]] circiter) verba profert Praetextati tribus in locis suarum [[Res gestae (Ammianus)|"Rerum Gestarum"]];<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], 22.7.6; 27.9.8-10; 28.1.24.</ref> aliter ac alii senatores, adeo semper est iudicium Ammiani de Praetextato propitium, ut rerum multi scriptores eos esse amicos putent. Multae extant inscriptiones Praetextatum memorantes, quarum gravissima stat in funebri monumento Praetextato atque [[Aconia Fabia Paulina|Aconiae Fabiae Paulinae]] uxori dicato;<ref name="CIL61779">{{CIL|06|01779}}</ref> aliae famae sunt in legibus Vettio praefecto latis et in epistulis a [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniano imperatore]] scriptis de disputatione quadam religiosa. [[Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus]] ([[347]]-[[420]]), religiosus theologusque christianus, scripsit de Praetextato in duobus epistulis<ref> [[Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], epistulae xxiii e xxxix.</ref> atque in controversiam ''Contra Iohannem Hierosolymitanum'' ([[397]]); tam magna fuit aegritudo in comitibus Praetextati morte eius allata, ut Hieronymus statueret eum esse in [[Tartarus|Tartaro]], id est in [[Infernus|Inferno]], in quamdam epistulam scribere.<ref>[[Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], epistula xxiii.</ref> [[Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius]], aliter quam christianos, voluit Praetextatum primas agere partes in ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalium]]'' libris, qui imago sunt renovationis gentilis Romanae aetatis illius. Est tamen verisimile libros post mortem Praetextati quinquaginta annos scriptos esse, ubi iam eius imaginem perfectam effictam erat. [[Zosimus]], rerum scriptor in [[Saeculum 6|VI saeculo]] victus, dicit Praetextatum defensorem in libris "Historiae novae" sua fuisse cultuum gentilorum,<ref>[[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]], ''Historia nova'', IV 3 3.</ref> contra, Iohannes Lidus (victus [[Saeculum 6|VI saeculo]]) memorat quendam virum magna auctoritate valentem, cui nomen erat Praetextatus <ref name="giovannilido">[[Iohannes Lidus]], ''De mensibus'', 4.2.</ref> (tamen nescimus utrum Vettius esset an non). == Vita == === Origines === Nescimus quando natus sit, tamen certum est ex multis scriptis Praetextatum fuisse aetatis Quinti Aurelii Symmachi et [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus|Virii Nicomachi Flaviani]] ([[334]]-[[394]]); praeterea, anno mortis eius [[384]] iam quadriginta circiter annis uxorem duxerat [[Aconia Fabia Paulina|Aconiam Fabiam Paulinam]].<ref name="CIL61779" /> Si uxor prima Paulina eius esset Praetextatusque eam in matrimonio inter vigesimum et vigesimum quintum annum duceret, quod erat mos optimatum Romanorum illo tempore, eius natio possit annis inter [[314]] et [[319]] collocari.<ref name="kahlos12">Kahlos, caput 1.2.</ref> Coniectatum tamen de hoc etiam aliter est et lati differentes sunt anni inter [[310]] atque [[324]], quorum firmitas quoque pendit ex altera re, a Iohanne referta Lido, qui Praetextatum adfuisse ierophantem [[Pontifex|pontificem]] ritui ''polismós'' dum urbs [[Constantinopolis]] conditur (anno circiter [[330]]) una cum [[Sopater Apameae|Sopatro Apameae]] philosopho narrat;<ref name="giovannilido" /> licuit enim optimatem munus suscipere sacerdotalem tum iuvenissimum et dein Praetextatum quoque ierophantem esse Vettium Agorium, qui haud dubie [[Vesta]]e fuit pontifex,<ref>{{CIL|06|01778}}</ref><ref name="CIL61779" /> quamquam hoc non certum est. Coniectatur de familiaribus Praetextati; [[Gaius Vettius Cossinius Rufinus|Gaium Vettium Cossinium Rufinum]] ([[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectum urbi Romae]] annis [[315]]-[[316]]) licet eius fuisse patrem, et quia simile nomen ei est, et quia complures magistratus, etiam a Praetextato postea gesti, suscepit ([[corrector Tusciae et Umbriae|correcturam Tusciae et Umbriae]], [[proconsulatus Achaiae|proconsulatum Achaiae]], [[pontifex Solis|pontificatum Solis]] [[Augur|auguratumque]]):<ref>{{CIL|10|05061}}</ref><ref name="kahlos12" /> gentibus nobilibus Romanis consuetudo erat saepe magistratus sacerdotiumque patribus et filiis postea gesta esse. Dubium tamen est [[Gaius Vettius Cossinius Rufinus|Cossinium Rufinum]] patrem esse Praetextati, quoniam [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefecturam urbi]] inter utram quinquaginta praeteriverunt anni (Praetextatus [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] fuit anno [[367]]), quod si pater filiusque fuissent, difficiliter evenire potuisset; est tum [[Gaius Vettius Cossinius Rufinus|Cossinium Rufinum]] fuisse patrem Vettii Rufini (qui consul anno [[323]] fuit) et hunc patrem Praetextati coniectatus.<ref>PLRE I, "Vettius Rufinus 24", [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/780/mode/2up pp. 781-782].</ref> Utcumque sint res, familia Praetextati prisca erat praeclaraque, quo Agorius utebatur multis nobilibus senatoribus familiariter. Cui, et commodis percipiendis uso, intererant certe [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]] paterque suus [[Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus]], [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus]] atque, quod verisimile est, senatores [[Volusius Venustus]] Minervusque.<ref name="kahlos12" /> Ex societatibus his gentium senatoriarum notandum est conubium Praetextati cum [[Aconia Fabia Paulina]], quod evenit circiter anno [[344]], si anno [[384]] praeteriverant quadriginta anni a matrimonio;<ref name="CIL61779" /> Paulina enim filia erat [[Fabius Aconius Catullinus Philomathius|Fabii Aconii Catullini Philomathii]], qui fuit [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] annis [[342]]-[[344]] atque [[consul]] anno [[349]].<ref>PLRE I, Catullinus 3, [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/186/mode/2up pp. 187-188].</ref> Coniuges filio quodam minime aucti sunt, qui commemoratus in carmine funebri est atque fecit in monumento inscribere dedicationem patri, statim e morte, in eorum domo [[Aventinus mons|Aventino monte]].<ref>{{CIL|06|01777}}</ref> Quamvis rerum scriptores dicant eum marem fuisse, licet et mulierem, fortasse illam a [[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus|Sophronio Eusebio Hieronymo]] commemoratam.<ref>[[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], epistula cvii,5.</ref> [[Consul]] anni [[527]], [[Vettius Agorius Basilius Mavortius|Vettium Agorium Basilium Mavortium]], qui non tantum cum Praetextato nomina, sed etiam amorem litterarum communicabat, licet eius fuisse pronepotem.<ref name="kahlos12"/> === Cursus honorum et sacerdotia === Ara funebris Praetextati uxorisque eius [[Aconia Fabia Paulina|Aconiae Fabiae Paulinae]], hodie apud [[Musea Capitolina]], commemorat cursum honorum eius. Suscepit ille munus [[pontifex Vestae|pontificis Vestae]] atque Solis, [[augur]]is, [[Taurobolium|tauroboliati]], [[Curialis|curialis Herculis]], neurocori, ierophantis, sacerdotis Liberi mysteriorumque Eleusinorum. Gessit [[Quaestor|quaesturam]], [[Corrector Tusciae et Umbriae|correcturam Tusciae et Umbriae]], [[Praefectus Lusitaniae|praefecturam Lusitaniae]], [[proconsul Achaiae|proconsulatum Achaiae]] et [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefecturam urbi]] anno [[384]].<ref>Confirmatum officium suum intra diem [[21 Maii]] (''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' VI.5.2a) et diem [[9 Septembris]] (''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' I.54.5a) est.</ref> fuit [[praefectus praetorio]] [[Praefectura Italiae|Italiae]] et Illyrici,<ref>Inscriptio commemorat duas praefecturas, sed rerum scriptores putant hoc esse errorem sculptoris (Jones).</ref> etiamque [[consul]] electus anni [[385]], quod munus numquam suscepit, quia mortuus sero anno [[384]] est. Gerente [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectura urbi]], [[Basilica|basilicam]] reddidit Sicinini episcopo [[Damasus I|Damaso]] [[Roma]]e<ref>''Collectio Avellana'', 6. Verisimile est hanc basilicam Sanctae Mariae Maioris illam esse; sectatoribus [[Damasus I|Damasi]] [[Ursinus|Ursinique]] pugnantibus, illi 137 hominum huius occiderunt ([[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], ''Temporum liber'', prolatus in [[Eduardus Gibbon|Eduardi Gibbon]], ''Historia occasus ruinaeque Imperii Romani'', cap. 25.</ref> et alterum episcopum expulit [[Ursinus|Ursinum]] a [[Roma]],<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], 27.9.9.</ref> rursusque conciliavit pacem,<ref>''Collectio Avellana'', 7; [[Sozomenus]], vi.23.</ref> tametsi sectatores eius salvos praestaret.<ref>''Collectio Avellana'', 5.</ref> Administratio sua iustitiae laudatior fuit; iussit ea quae sunt in templis gentilibus aedificatis a privatis tollere (podia, columnae, tabulata altiora dicta ''maeniana'') atque statuit ut omne Urbe pondera mensurasque inspecta equaliaque essent.<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], 27.9.10.</ref> Restituit [[Porticus Deorum Consentium|Porticum Deorum Consentium]] in [[Forum Romanum|Foro]]. Post mortem Praetextati, [[imperator]] petivit [[Senatus Romanus|Senatui]] exemplarem eius orationum.<ref>[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Relatio'' 24.</ref> cum [[Valentinianus I|Augusto]] [[Vestalis virgo|Vestales]] rogarent ut ei statuas ponerentur.<ref>[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Relatio'' 12.2.</ref> === Favor gentilium Romanorum === [[Fasciculus:Forum Portique Dii consentes.jpg|thumbnail|right|[[Porticus Deorum Consentium]] in [[Forum Romanum|Foro Romano]], restituta anno [[367]] a Praetextato, qui etiam constituit [[Dei Consentes|Deorum Consentium]] cultum rursus.]] Praetextatus fuit unus ex extremis defensoribus religionis Romanae, prius quam [[Medium Aevum]] inciperet. [[Proconsulatus Achaiae|Proconsulatu Achaiae]] gerente, provocavit contra [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] edictum prohibente sacrificia nocturna in Mysteriis, dicens id detrimento gentilibus futurum esse: tum [[Valentinianus I|Valentinianus]] illud abrogavit.<ref>[[Zosimus]], iv.3.2-3; edictum [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani]] est in [[Codex Theodosianus|Codice Theodosiano]] relatum ([[:la:s:Codex Theodosianus - Liber IX#XVI.7|ix.16.7]]).</ref> Gerente [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectura urbi]], curavit restitutionem [[Porticus Deorum Consentium]] in [[Forum Romanum|Foro Romano]], quae ultimum erat magnum deis monumentum dicatum [[Roma]]e;<ref>Legatur inscriptionem in monumento, {{CIL|06|00102}}.</ref> quamvis tantum esset restitutio aedum derutarum cultuumque renovatio, hoc maxime opertum erat, quoniam [[Dei Consentes]] protectores caelestes senatorii ordinis erant,<ref>[[Martianus Capella]], 1,42.</ref> et cum ita essent, sunt fortasse putati contra imperatorem niti.<ref>Kahlos, "Restauratio...".</ref> [[Praefectus praetorio|Praefectura praetorio]] gerente, incepit investigationes de templis a [[Christiani]]s derutis in [[Italia]]m.<ref>[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Relatio'' 21.</ref> Piissimus erga [[Vesta]]m erat, tamquam uxor sua.<ref name="lanciani">Lanciani.</ref> Amicus quoque fuit alterius praeclari optimatis gentilis [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Quinti Aurelii Symmachi]] commercium eo epistularum habentis, quod partim superest.<ref>Symmachus, ''Epistulae'', I.44-55.</ref> Quondam Praetextatus [[Damasus I|Damaso episcopo]]: «Facite me Romanae urbis episcopum» inquit «et ero protinus Christianus».<ref>[[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus]], ''Contra Johannem Hierosolymitanum'', 8.</ref> Praetextato et Paulinae erat domus apud [[Amphitheatrum Flavium]], pulchris cincta hortis dictis Vettianis,<ref>[http://www.museicapitolini.org/percorsi/percorsi_per_sale/museo_del_palazzo_dei_conservatori/sale_degli_horti_tauriani_vettiani Musei Capitolini]</ref> quae ad [[statio Roma Termini|stationem Romam Terminos]] usque pertinebant hodiernam. Hic sunt postea aliqua monumenta familiam revocantia Praetextati inventa. In his est ima statuae pars cuiusdam dicatae Caeliae Concordiae, ex ultimis unae [[Vestalis virgo|virginibus Vestalibus]], quae Praetextato post eius mortem erexerat statuam. Qua de re est maxime reprehensa a [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmacho]], qui scripsit epistulam Flaviano dicens se huic obsistere, quoniam numquam [[Vestalis virgo|Vestales]] ante monumentum viro, etsi pontifex maximus fuerit, erexerant.<ref name="lanciani" /> == Litterae == Praetextatus librum edidit [[Analytica|Analyticorum]] [[Aristoteles|Aristotelis]] a [[Themistius|Themistio]] emendatum philosopho. Praeterea socius [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Quinto Aurelio Symmacho]] [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus|Virioque Nicomacho Flaviano]] emendationis atque traditionis librorum moris Romani antiqui fuit. Praetextatus quoque primas partes in libris [[Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius|Ambrosii Theodosii Macrobii]] ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalium]]'' agit. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == ;Fontes * ''[[Collectio Avellana]]'' * [[Ammianus Marcellinus]], ''[[Res gestae (Ammianus)|Res gestae]]'' * [[Ioannes Lydus]], ''De mensibus'' * [[Sozomenus]], ''[[Historia Ecclesiastica]]'' *[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], libro primo ''Epistularum'' 44-55 * [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]], ''[[Historia nova]]'' ;Fontes secundae * Lanciani, Rodolphus, ''Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent Discoveries'', Houghton & Mifflin, Boston e New York, 1898, pp. 169-170. Relatus a [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/Lanciani/LANARD/6*.html ''LacusCurtius] * Thayer, Gulielmus, [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/museums/Museo_Nazionale_Romano/Palazzo_Altemps/inscriptions/Vettius_Praetextatus.html "Honorific Inscription of Vettius Agorius Praetextatus"], ''Lacus Curtius'' * {{PLRE}} vol. 1 [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/722/mode/2up pp.722-4] * Kahlos, Maijastina, ''Vettius Agorius Praetextatus. A senatorial life in between'', Institutum Romanum Finlandiae, Roma, 2002, ISBN 952-5323-05-6 (Acta Instituti Romani Finlandiae, 26). * Lellia Cracco Ruggini, ''Vettio Agorio Pretestato e la fondazione di Costantinopoli'', in ''Φιίας χάριν. Miscellanea in onore di E. Manni'', Roma, 1979, pp. 586-610. {{NexInt}} * [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]] * [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus]] == Ligamina externa == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071203062955/http://www.maijastinakahlos.net/b/kirjoituksia/praetextatus/125/ Kahlos, Maijastina, "Restitutio Religiosa Praetextati"] * [http://www.bartleby.com/245/353.html Anonimo, ''Titulus M. Vetii Agorii Praetextati et uxoris Paulinae suae'', 384] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071215171319/http://www.museicapitolini.org/percorsi/percorsi_per_sale/museo_capitolino/stanzette_terrene/ara_funeraria_di_vettius_agorius_praetextatus_e_aconia_fabia_paulina Ara funebris Vettii Agorii Praetextati et Aconiae Fabiae Paulinae], Musea Capitolina. {{DEFAULTSORT:Praetextatus, Agorius, Vettius}} [[Categoria:Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti Praetorio]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 4]] [[Categoria:Mortui 384]] l7he9yeaqzueu4ex88wauip5rvackxj 3966101 3966100 2026-06-23T15:51:11Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Qui scripserint de vita eius */ 3966101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} '''Vettius Agorius Praetextatus''' (natus circiter anno [[320]]- mortuus anno [[384]]) fuit vir publicus [[Roma antiqua|Romanus]] nobili genere natus. Unus fuit ex ultimis [[Senatus Romanus|senatoribus]] religionem avitam colentibus Romanam, quam conatus est a [[Christianitas|Christianae religionis]] progressu defendere; sacerdos fuit, sacris initiatus atque litterarum philosophiaeque doctus. == Qui scripserint de vita eius == Vita eius est nobis praesertim per scripta [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Quinti Aurelii Symmachi]], [[Ammianus Marcellinus|Ammiani Marcellini]] atque epigrammata manifesta. [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]] ([[320]] circiter-[[402]] circiter) gravis fuit princeps patricii ordinis atque maximus temporis sui orator. Multae eius permanent epistulae, orationes atque relationes; quibus legendis intellegitur alterum altero familiarissime usum esse. Censebat praeterea [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]] optimum Praetextatum magistratum esse et virum magna virtute praeditum. [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] ([[330]] circiter-[[390]] circiter) verba profert Praetextati tribus in locis suarum [[Res gestae (Ammianus)|"Rerum Gestarum"]];<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], 22.7.6; 27.9.8-10; 28.1.24.</ref> aliter ac alii senatores, adeo semper est iudicium Ammiani de Praetextato propitium, ut rerum multi scriptores eos esse amicos putent. Multae extant inscriptiones Praetextatum memorantes, quarum gravissima stat in funebri monumento Praetextato atque [[Aconia Fabia Paulina|Aconiae Fabiae Paulinae]] uxori dicato;<ref name="CIL61779">{{CIL|06|01779}}</ref> aliae famae sunt in legibus Vettio praefecto latis et in epistulis a [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniano imperatore]] scriptis de disputatione quadam religiosa. [[Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus]] ([[347]]-[[420]]), religiosus theologusque christianus, scripsit de Praetextato in duobus epistulis<ref> [[Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], epistulae xxiii e xxxix.</ref> atque in controversiam ''Contra Iohannem Hierosolymitanum'' ([[397]]); tam magna fuit aegritudo in comitibus Praetextati morte eius allata, ut Hieronymus statueret eum esse in [[Tartarus|Tartaro]], id est in [[Infernus|Inferno]], in quamdam epistulam scribere.<ref>[[Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], epistula xxiii.</ref> [[Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius]], aliter quam christianos, voluit Praetextatum primas agere partes in ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalium]]'' libris, qui imago sunt renovationis gentilis Romanae aetatis illius. Est tamen verisimile libros post mortem Praetextati quinquaginta annos scriptos esse, ubi iam eius imaginem perfectam effictam erat. [[Zosimus]], rerum scriptor [[Saeculum 6|VI saeculo]] florens, dicit Praetextatum defensorem in libris "Historiae novae" suae fuisse cultuum gentilium,<ref>[[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]], ''Historia nova'', IV 3 3.</ref> contra, [[Ioannes Lydus|Iohannes Lydus]] (floruit [[Saeculum 6|VI saeculo]]) memorat quendam virum magna auctoritate valentem, cui nomen erat Praetextatus <ref name="giovannilido">[[Iohannes Lidus]], ''De mensibus'', 4.2.</ref> (tamen nescimus utrum Vettius esset an non). == Vita == === Origines === Nescimus quando natus sit, tamen certum est ex multis scriptis Praetextatum fuisse aetatis Quinti Aurelii Symmachi et [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus|Virii Nicomachi Flaviani]] ([[334]]-[[394]]); praeterea, anno mortis eius [[384]] iam quadriginta circiter annis uxorem duxerat [[Aconia Fabia Paulina|Aconiam Fabiam Paulinam]].<ref name="CIL61779" /> Si uxor prima Paulina eius esset Praetextatusque eam in matrimonio inter vigesimum et vigesimum quintum annum duceret, quod erat mos optimatum Romanorum illo tempore, eius natio possit annis inter [[314]] et [[319]] collocari.<ref name="kahlos12">Kahlos, caput 1.2.</ref> Coniectatum tamen de hoc etiam aliter est et lati differentes sunt anni inter [[310]] atque [[324]], quorum firmitas quoque pendit ex altera re, a Iohanne referta Lido, qui Praetextatum adfuisse ierophantem [[Pontifex|pontificem]] ritui ''polismós'' dum urbs [[Constantinopolis]] conditur (anno circiter [[330]]) una cum [[Sopater Apameae|Sopatro Apameae]] philosopho narrat;<ref name="giovannilido" /> licuit enim optimatem munus suscipere sacerdotalem tum iuvenissimum et dein Praetextatum quoque ierophantem esse Vettium Agorium, qui haud dubie [[Vesta]]e fuit pontifex,<ref>{{CIL|06|01778}}</ref><ref name="CIL61779" /> quamquam hoc non certum est. Coniectatur de familiaribus Praetextati; [[Gaius Vettius Cossinius Rufinus|Gaium Vettium Cossinium Rufinum]] ([[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectum urbi Romae]] annis [[315]]-[[316]]) licet eius fuisse patrem, et quia simile nomen ei est, et quia complures magistratus, etiam a Praetextato postea gesti, suscepit ([[corrector Tusciae et Umbriae|correcturam Tusciae et Umbriae]], [[proconsulatus Achaiae|proconsulatum Achaiae]], [[pontifex Solis|pontificatum Solis]] [[Augur|auguratumque]]):<ref>{{CIL|10|05061}}</ref><ref name="kahlos12" /> gentibus nobilibus Romanis consuetudo erat saepe magistratus sacerdotiumque patribus et filiis postea gesta esse. Dubium tamen est [[Gaius Vettius Cossinius Rufinus|Cossinium Rufinum]] patrem esse Praetextati, quoniam [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefecturam urbi]] inter utram quinquaginta praeteriverunt anni (Praetextatus [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] fuit anno [[367]]), quod si pater filiusque fuissent, difficiliter evenire potuisset; est tum [[Gaius Vettius Cossinius Rufinus|Cossinium Rufinum]] fuisse patrem Vettii Rufini (qui consul anno [[323]] fuit) et hunc patrem Praetextati coniectatus.<ref>PLRE I, "Vettius Rufinus 24", [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/780/mode/2up pp. 781-782].</ref> Utcumque sint res, familia Praetextati prisca erat praeclaraque, quo Agorius utebatur multis nobilibus senatoribus familiariter. Cui, et commodis percipiendis uso, intererant certe [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]] paterque suus [[Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus]], [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus]] atque, quod verisimile est, senatores [[Volusius Venustus]] Minervusque.<ref name="kahlos12" /> Ex societatibus his gentium senatoriarum notandum est conubium Praetextati cum [[Aconia Fabia Paulina]], quod evenit circiter anno [[344]], si anno [[384]] praeteriverant quadriginta anni a matrimonio;<ref name="CIL61779" /> Paulina enim filia erat [[Fabius Aconius Catullinus Philomathius|Fabii Aconii Catullini Philomathii]], qui fuit [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] annis [[342]]-[[344]] atque [[consul]] anno [[349]].<ref>PLRE I, Catullinus 3, [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/186/mode/2up pp. 187-188].</ref> Coniuges filio quodam minime aucti sunt, qui commemoratus in carmine funebri est atque fecit in monumento inscribere dedicationem patri, statim e morte, in eorum domo [[Aventinus mons|Aventino monte]].<ref>{{CIL|06|01777}}</ref> Quamvis rerum scriptores dicant eum marem fuisse, licet et mulierem, fortasse illam a [[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus|Sophronio Eusebio Hieronymo]] commemoratam.<ref>[[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], epistula cvii,5.</ref> [[Consul]] anni [[527]], [[Vettius Agorius Basilius Mavortius|Vettium Agorium Basilium Mavortium]], qui non tantum cum Praetextato nomina, sed etiam amorem litterarum communicabat, licet eius fuisse pronepotem.<ref name="kahlos12"/> === Cursus honorum et sacerdotia === Ara funebris Praetextati uxorisque eius [[Aconia Fabia Paulina|Aconiae Fabiae Paulinae]], hodie apud [[Musea Capitolina]], commemorat cursum honorum eius. Suscepit ille munus [[pontifex Vestae|pontificis Vestae]] atque Solis, [[augur]]is, [[Taurobolium|tauroboliati]], [[Curialis|curialis Herculis]], neurocori, ierophantis, sacerdotis Liberi mysteriorumque Eleusinorum. Gessit [[Quaestor|quaesturam]], [[Corrector Tusciae et Umbriae|correcturam Tusciae et Umbriae]], [[Praefectus Lusitaniae|praefecturam Lusitaniae]], [[proconsul Achaiae|proconsulatum Achaiae]] et [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefecturam urbi]] anno [[384]].<ref>Confirmatum officium suum intra diem [[21 Maii]] (''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' VI.5.2a) et diem [[9 Septembris]] (''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' I.54.5a) est.</ref> fuit [[praefectus praetorio]] [[Praefectura Italiae|Italiae]] et Illyrici,<ref>Inscriptio commemorat duas praefecturas, sed rerum scriptores putant hoc esse errorem sculptoris (Jones).</ref> etiamque [[consul]] electus anni [[385]], quod munus numquam suscepit, quia mortuus sero anno [[384]] est. Gerente [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectura urbi]], [[Basilica|basilicam]] reddidit Sicinini episcopo [[Damasus I|Damaso]] [[Roma]]e<ref>''Collectio Avellana'', 6. Verisimile est hanc basilicam Sanctae Mariae Maioris illam esse; sectatoribus [[Damasus I|Damasi]] [[Ursinus|Ursinique]] pugnantibus, illi 137 hominum huius occiderunt ([[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], ''Temporum liber'', prolatus in [[Eduardus Gibbon|Eduardi Gibbon]], ''Historia occasus ruinaeque Imperii Romani'', cap. 25.</ref> et alterum episcopum expulit [[Ursinus|Ursinum]] a [[Roma]],<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], 27.9.9.</ref> rursusque conciliavit pacem,<ref>''Collectio Avellana'', 7; [[Sozomenus]], vi.23.</ref> tametsi sectatores eius salvos praestaret.<ref>''Collectio Avellana'', 5.</ref> Administratio sua iustitiae laudatior fuit; iussit ea quae sunt in templis gentilibus aedificatis a privatis tollere (podia, columnae, tabulata altiora dicta ''maeniana'') atque statuit ut omne Urbe pondera mensurasque inspecta equaliaque essent.<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], 27.9.10.</ref> Restituit [[Porticus Deorum Consentium|Porticum Deorum Consentium]] in [[Forum Romanum|Foro]]. Post mortem Praetextati, [[imperator]] petivit [[Senatus Romanus|Senatui]] exemplarem eius orationum.<ref>[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Relatio'' 24.</ref> cum [[Valentinianus I|Augusto]] [[Vestalis virgo|Vestales]] rogarent ut ei statuas ponerentur.<ref>[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Relatio'' 12.2.</ref> === Favor gentilium Romanorum === [[Fasciculus:Forum Portique Dii consentes.jpg|thumbnail|right|[[Porticus Deorum Consentium]] in [[Forum Romanum|Foro Romano]], restituta anno [[367]] a Praetextato, qui etiam constituit [[Dei Consentes|Deorum Consentium]] cultum rursus.]] Praetextatus fuit unus ex extremis defensoribus religionis Romanae, prius quam [[Medium Aevum]] inciperet. [[Proconsulatus Achaiae|Proconsulatu Achaiae]] gerente, provocavit contra [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] edictum prohibente sacrificia nocturna in Mysteriis, dicens id detrimento gentilibus futurum esse: tum [[Valentinianus I|Valentinianus]] illud abrogavit.<ref>[[Zosimus]], iv.3.2-3; edictum [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani]] est in [[Codex Theodosianus|Codice Theodosiano]] relatum ([[:la:s:Codex Theodosianus - Liber IX#XVI.7|ix.16.7]]).</ref> Gerente [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectura urbi]], curavit restitutionem [[Porticus Deorum Consentium]] in [[Forum Romanum|Foro Romano]], quae ultimum erat magnum deis monumentum dicatum [[Roma]]e;<ref>Legatur inscriptionem in monumento, {{CIL|06|00102}}.</ref> quamvis tantum esset restitutio aedum derutarum cultuumque renovatio, hoc maxime opertum erat, quoniam [[Dei Consentes]] protectores caelestes senatorii ordinis erant,<ref>[[Martianus Capella]], 1,42.</ref> et cum ita essent, sunt fortasse putati contra imperatorem niti.<ref>Kahlos, "Restauratio...".</ref> [[Praefectus praetorio|Praefectura praetorio]] gerente, incepit investigationes de templis a [[Christiani]]s derutis in [[Italia]]m.<ref>[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Relatio'' 21.</ref> Piissimus erga [[Vesta]]m erat, tamquam uxor sua.<ref name="lanciani">Lanciani.</ref> Amicus quoque fuit alterius praeclari optimatis gentilis [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Quinti Aurelii Symmachi]] commercium eo epistularum habentis, quod partim superest.<ref>Symmachus, ''Epistulae'', I.44-55.</ref> Quondam Praetextatus [[Damasus I|Damaso episcopo]]: «Facite me Romanae urbis episcopum» inquit «et ero protinus Christianus».<ref>[[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus]], ''Contra Johannem Hierosolymitanum'', 8.</ref> Praetextato et Paulinae erat domus apud [[Amphitheatrum Flavium]], pulchris cincta hortis dictis Vettianis,<ref>[http://www.museicapitolini.org/percorsi/percorsi_per_sale/museo_del_palazzo_dei_conservatori/sale_degli_horti_tauriani_vettiani Musei Capitolini]</ref> quae ad [[statio Roma Termini|stationem Romam Terminos]] usque pertinebant hodiernam. Hic sunt postea aliqua monumenta familiam revocantia Praetextati inventa. In his est ima statuae pars cuiusdam dicatae Caeliae Concordiae, ex ultimis unae [[Vestalis virgo|virginibus Vestalibus]], quae Praetextato post eius mortem erexerat statuam. Qua de re est maxime reprehensa a [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmacho]], qui scripsit epistulam Flaviano dicens se huic obsistere, quoniam numquam [[Vestalis virgo|Vestales]] ante monumentum viro, etsi pontifex maximus fuerit, erexerant.<ref name="lanciani" /> == Litterae == Praetextatus librum edidit [[Analytica|Analyticorum]] [[Aristoteles|Aristotelis]] a [[Themistius|Themistio]] emendatum philosopho. Praeterea socius [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Quinto Aurelio Symmacho]] [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus|Virioque Nicomacho Flaviano]] emendationis atque traditionis librorum moris Romani antiqui fuit. Praetextatus quoque primas partes in libris [[Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius|Ambrosii Theodosii Macrobii]] ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalium]]'' agit. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == ;Fontes * ''[[Collectio Avellana]]'' * [[Ammianus Marcellinus]], ''[[Res gestae (Ammianus)|Res gestae]]'' * [[Ioannes Lydus]], ''De mensibus'' * [[Sozomenus]], ''[[Historia Ecclesiastica]]'' *[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], libro primo ''Epistularum'' 44-55 * [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]], ''[[Historia nova]]'' ;Fontes secundae * Lanciani, Rodolphus, ''Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent Discoveries'', Houghton & Mifflin, Boston e New York, 1898, pp. 169-170. Relatus a [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/Lanciani/LANARD/6*.html ''LacusCurtius] * Thayer, Gulielmus, [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/museums/Museo_Nazionale_Romano/Palazzo_Altemps/inscriptions/Vettius_Praetextatus.html "Honorific Inscription of Vettius Agorius Praetextatus"], ''Lacus Curtius'' * {{PLRE}} vol. 1 [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/722/mode/2up pp.722-4] * Kahlos, Maijastina, ''Vettius Agorius Praetextatus. A senatorial life in between'', Institutum Romanum Finlandiae, Roma, 2002, ISBN 952-5323-05-6 (Acta Instituti Romani Finlandiae, 26). * Lellia Cracco Ruggini, ''Vettio Agorio Pretestato e la fondazione di Costantinopoli'', in ''Φιίας χάριν. Miscellanea in onore di E. Manni'', Roma, 1979, pp. 586-610. {{NexInt}} * [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]] * [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus]] == Ligamina externa == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071203062955/http://www.maijastinakahlos.net/b/kirjoituksia/praetextatus/125/ Kahlos, Maijastina, "Restitutio Religiosa Praetextati"] * [http://www.bartleby.com/245/353.html Anonimo, ''Titulus M. Vetii Agorii Praetextati et uxoris Paulinae suae'', 384] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071215171319/http://www.museicapitolini.org/percorsi/percorsi_per_sale/museo_capitolino/stanzette_terrene/ara_funeraria_di_vettius_agorius_praetextatus_e_aconia_fabia_paulina Ara funebris Vettii Agorii Praetextati et Aconiae Fabiae Paulinae], Musea Capitolina. {{DEFAULTSORT:Praetextatus, Agorius, Vettius}} [[Categoria:Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti Praetorio]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 4]] [[Categoria:Mortui 384]] kz2gcos7247o661ipsmy439tacakm21 3966102 3966101 2026-06-23T15:53:36Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Qui scripserint de vita eius */ 3966102 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} '''Vettius Agorius Praetextatus''' (natus circiter anno [[320]]- mortuus anno [[384]]) fuit vir publicus [[Roma antiqua|Romanus]] nobili genere natus. Unus fuit ex ultimis [[Senatus Romanus|senatoribus]] religionem avitam colentibus Romanam, quam conatus est a [[Christianitas|Christianae religionis]] progressu defendere; sacerdos fuit, sacris initiatus atque litterarum philosophiaeque doctus. == Qui scripserint de vita eius == Vita eius est nobis praesertim per scripta [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Quinti Aurelii Symmachi]], [[Ammianus Marcellinus|Ammiani Marcellini]] atque epigrammata manifesta. [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]] ([[320]] circiter-[[402]] circiter) gravis fuit princeps patricii ordinis atque maximus temporis sui orator. Multae eius permanent epistulae, orationes atque relationes; quibus legendis intellegitur alterum altero familiarissime usum esse. Censebat praeterea [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]] optimum Praetextatum magistratum esse et virum magna virtute praeditum. [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] ([[330]] circiter-[[390]] circiter) verba profert Praetextati tribus in locis suarum [[Res gestae (Ammianus)|"Rerum Gestarum"]];<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], 22.7.6; 27.9.8-10; 28.1.24.</ref> aliter ac alii senatores, adeo semper est iudicium Ammiani de Praetextato propitium, ut rerum multi scriptores eos esse amicos putent. Multae extant inscriptiones Praetextatum memorantes, quarum gravissima stat in funebri monumento Praetextato atque [[Aconia Fabia Paulina|Aconiae Fabiae Paulinae]] uxori dicato;<ref name="CIL61779">{{CIL|06|01779}}</ref> aliae famae sunt in legibus Vettio praefecto latis et in epistulis a [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniano imperatore]] scriptis de disputatione quadam religiosa. [[Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus]] ([[347]]-[[420]]), religiosus theologusque christianus, scripsit de Praetextato in duobus epistulis<ref> [[Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], epistulae xxiii e xxxix.</ref> atque in controversiam ''Contra Iohannem Hierosolymitanum'' ([[397]]); tam magna fuit aegritudo in Praetextati comitibus morte eius allata, ut [[Hieronymus]] statueret eum esse in [[Tartarus|Tartaro]], id est in [[Infernus|Inferno]], in quamdam epistulam scribere.<ref>[[Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], epistula xxiii.</ref> [[Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius]], aliter quam christianos, voluit Praetextatum primas agere partes in ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalium]]'' libris, qui imago sunt renovationis gentilis Romanae aetatis illius. Est tamen verisimile libros post mortem Praetextati quinquaginta annos scriptos esse, ubi iam eius imaginem perfectam effictam erat. [[Zosimus]], rerum scriptor [[Saeculum 6|VI saeculo]] florens, dicit Praetextatum defensorem in libris "Historiae novae" suae fuisse cultuum gentilium,<ref>[[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]], ''Historia nova'', IV 3 3.</ref> contra, [[Ioannes Lydus|Iohannes Lydus]] (floruit [[Saeculum 6|VI saeculo]]) memorat quendam virum magna auctoritate valentem, cui nomen erat Praetextatus <ref name="giovannilido">[[Iohannes Lidus]], ''De mensibus'', 4.2.</ref> (tamen nescimus utrum Vettius esset an non). == Vita == === Origines === Nescimus quando natus sit, tamen certum est ex multis scriptis Praetextatum fuisse aetatis Quinti Aurelii Symmachi et [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus|Virii Nicomachi Flaviani]] ([[334]]-[[394]]); praeterea, anno mortis eius [[384]] iam quadriginta circiter annis uxorem duxerat [[Aconia Fabia Paulina|Aconiam Fabiam Paulinam]].<ref name="CIL61779" /> Si uxor prima Paulina eius esset Praetextatusque eam in matrimonio inter vigesimum et vigesimum quintum annum duceret, quod erat mos optimatum Romanorum illo tempore, eius natio possit annis inter [[314]] et [[319]] collocari.<ref name="kahlos12">Kahlos, caput 1.2.</ref> Coniectatum tamen de hoc etiam aliter est et lati differentes sunt anni inter [[310]] atque [[324]], quorum firmitas quoque pendit ex altera re, a Iohanne referta Lido, qui Praetextatum adfuisse ierophantem [[Pontifex|pontificem]] ritui ''polismós'' dum urbs [[Constantinopolis]] conditur (anno circiter [[330]]) una cum [[Sopater Apameae|Sopatro Apameae]] philosopho narrat;<ref name="giovannilido" /> licuit enim optimatem munus suscipere sacerdotalem tum iuvenissimum et dein Praetextatum quoque ierophantem esse Vettium Agorium, qui haud dubie [[Vesta]]e fuit pontifex,<ref>{{CIL|06|01778}}</ref><ref name="CIL61779" /> quamquam hoc non certum est. Coniectatur de familiaribus Praetextati; [[Gaius Vettius Cossinius Rufinus|Gaium Vettium Cossinium Rufinum]] ([[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectum urbi Romae]] annis [[315]]-[[316]]) licet eius fuisse patrem, et quia simile nomen ei est, et quia complures magistratus, etiam a Praetextato postea gesti, suscepit ([[corrector Tusciae et Umbriae|correcturam Tusciae et Umbriae]], [[proconsulatus Achaiae|proconsulatum Achaiae]], [[pontifex Solis|pontificatum Solis]] [[Augur|auguratumque]]):<ref>{{CIL|10|05061}}</ref><ref name="kahlos12" /> gentibus nobilibus Romanis consuetudo erat saepe magistratus sacerdotiumque patribus et filiis postea gesta esse. Dubium tamen est [[Gaius Vettius Cossinius Rufinus|Cossinium Rufinum]] patrem esse Praetextati, quoniam [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefecturam urbi]] inter utram quinquaginta praeteriverunt anni (Praetextatus [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] fuit anno [[367]]), quod si pater filiusque fuissent, difficiliter evenire potuisset; est tum [[Gaius Vettius Cossinius Rufinus|Cossinium Rufinum]] fuisse patrem Vettii Rufini (qui consul anno [[323]] fuit) et hunc patrem Praetextati coniectatus.<ref>PLRE I, "Vettius Rufinus 24", [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/780/mode/2up pp. 781-782].</ref> Utcumque sint res, familia Praetextati prisca erat praeclaraque, quo Agorius utebatur multis nobilibus senatoribus familiariter. Cui, et commodis percipiendis uso, intererant certe [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]] paterque suus [[Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus]], [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus]] atque, quod verisimile est, senatores [[Volusius Venustus]] Minervusque.<ref name="kahlos12" /> Ex societatibus his gentium senatoriarum notandum est conubium Praetextati cum [[Aconia Fabia Paulina]], quod evenit circiter anno [[344]], si anno [[384]] praeteriverant quadriginta anni a matrimonio;<ref name="CIL61779" /> Paulina enim filia erat [[Fabius Aconius Catullinus Philomathius|Fabii Aconii Catullini Philomathii]], qui fuit [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] annis [[342]]-[[344]] atque [[consul]] anno [[349]].<ref>PLRE I, Catullinus 3, [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/186/mode/2up pp. 187-188].</ref> Coniuges filio quodam minime aucti sunt, qui commemoratus in carmine funebri est atque fecit in monumento inscribere dedicationem patri, statim e morte, in eorum domo [[Aventinus mons|Aventino monte]].<ref>{{CIL|06|01777}}</ref> Quamvis rerum scriptores dicant eum marem fuisse, licet et mulierem, fortasse illam a [[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus|Sophronio Eusebio Hieronymo]] commemoratam.<ref>[[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], epistula cvii,5.</ref> [[Consul]] anni [[527]], [[Vettius Agorius Basilius Mavortius|Vettium Agorium Basilium Mavortium]], qui non tantum cum Praetextato nomina, sed etiam amorem litterarum communicabat, licet eius fuisse pronepotem.<ref name="kahlos12"/> === Cursus honorum et sacerdotia === Ara funebris Praetextati uxorisque eius [[Aconia Fabia Paulina|Aconiae Fabiae Paulinae]], hodie apud [[Musea Capitolina]], commemorat cursum honorum eius. Suscepit ille munus [[pontifex Vestae|pontificis Vestae]] atque Solis, [[augur]]is, [[Taurobolium|tauroboliati]], [[Curialis|curialis Herculis]], neurocori, ierophantis, sacerdotis Liberi mysteriorumque Eleusinorum. Gessit [[Quaestor|quaesturam]], [[Corrector Tusciae et Umbriae|correcturam Tusciae et Umbriae]], [[Praefectus Lusitaniae|praefecturam Lusitaniae]], [[proconsul Achaiae|proconsulatum Achaiae]] et [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefecturam urbi]] anno [[384]].<ref>Confirmatum officium suum intra diem [[21 Maii]] (''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' VI.5.2a) et diem [[9 Septembris]] (''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' I.54.5a) est.</ref> fuit [[praefectus praetorio]] [[Praefectura Italiae|Italiae]] et Illyrici,<ref>Inscriptio commemorat duas praefecturas, sed rerum scriptores putant hoc esse errorem sculptoris (Jones).</ref> etiamque [[consul]] electus anni [[385]], quod munus numquam suscepit, quia mortuus sero anno [[384]] est. Gerente [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectura urbi]], [[Basilica|basilicam]] reddidit Sicinini episcopo [[Damasus I|Damaso]] [[Roma]]e<ref>''Collectio Avellana'', 6. Verisimile est hanc basilicam Sanctae Mariae Maioris illam esse; sectatoribus [[Damasus I|Damasi]] [[Ursinus|Ursinique]] pugnantibus, illi 137 hominum huius occiderunt ([[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], ''Temporum liber'', prolatus in [[Eduardus Gibbon|Eduardi Gibbon]], ''Historia occasus ruinaeque Imperii Romani'', cap. 25.</ref> et alterum episcopum expulit [[Ursinus|Ursinum]] a [[Roma]],<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], 27.9.9.</ref> rursusque conciliavit pacem,<ref>''Collectio Avellana'', 7; [[Sozomenus]], vi.23.</ref> tametsi sectatores eius salvos praestaret.<ref>''Collectio Avellana'', 5.</ref> Administratio sua iustitiae laudatior fuit; iussit ea quae sunt in templis gentilibus aedificatis a privatis tollere (podia, columnae, tabulata altiora dicta ''maeniana'') atque statuit ut omne Urbe pondera mensurasque inspecta equaliaque essent.<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], 27.9.10.</ref> Restituit [[Porticus Deorum Consentium|Porticum Deorum Consentium]] in [[Forum Romanum|Foro]]. Post mortem Praetextati, [[imperator]] petivit [[Senatus Romanus|Senatui]] exemplarem eius orationum.<ref>[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Relatio'' 24.</ref> cum [[Valentinianus I|Augusto]] [[Vestalis virgo|Vestales]] rogarent ut ei statuas ponerentur.<ref>[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Relatio'' 12.2.</ref> === Favor gentilium Romanorum === [[Fasciculus:Forum Portique Dii consentes.jpg|thumbnail|right|[[Porticus Deorum Consentium]] in [[Forum Romanum|Foro Romano]], restituta anno [[367]] a Praetextato, qui etiam constituit [[Dei Consentes|Deorum Consentium]] cultum rursus.]] Praetextatus fuit unus ex extremis defensoribus religionis Romanae, prius quam [[Medium Aevum]] inciperet. [[Proconsulatus Achaiae|Proconsulatu Achaiae]] gerente, provocavit contra [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] edictum prohibente sacrificia nocturna in Mysteriis, dicens id detrimento gentilibus futurum esse: tum [[Valentinianus I|Valentinianus]] illud abrogavit.<ref>[[Zosimus]], iv.3.2-3; edictum [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani]] est in [[Codex Theodosianus|Codice Theodosiano]] relatum ([[:la:s:Codex Theodosianus - Liber IX#XVI.7|ix.16.7]]).</ref> Gerente [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectura urbi]], curavit restitutionem [[Porticus Deorum Consentium]] in [[Forum Romanum|Foro Romano]], quae ultimum erat magnum deis monumentum dicatum [[Roma]]e;<ref>Legatur inscriptionem in monumento, {{CIL|06|00102}}.</ref> quamvis tantum esset restitutio aedum derutarum cultuumque renovatio, hoc maxime opertum erat, quoniam [[Dei Consentes]] protectores caelestes senatorii ordinis erant,<ref>[[Martianus Capella]], 1,42.</ref> et cum ita essent, sunt fortasse putati contra imperatorem niti.<ref>Kahlos, "Restauratio...".</ref> [[Praefectus praetorio|Praefectura praetorio]] gerente, incepit investigationes de templis a [[Christiani]]s derutis in [[Italia]]m.<ref>[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Relatio'' 21.</ref> Piissimus erga [[Vesta]]m erat, tamquam uxor sua.<ref name="lanciani">Lanciani.</ref> Amicus quoque fuit alterius praeclari optimatis gentilis [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Quinti Aurelii Symmachi]] commercium eo epistularum habentis, quod partim superest.<ref>Symmachus, ''Epistulae'', I.44-55.</ref> Quondam Praetextatus [[Damasus I|Damaso episcopo]]: «Facite me Romanae urbis episcopum» inquit «et ero protinus Christianus».<ref>[[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus]], ''Contra Johannem Hierosolymitanum'', 8.</ref> Praetextato et Paulinae erat domus apud [[Amphitheatrum Flavium]], pulchris cincta hortis dictis Vettianis,<ref>[http://www.museicapitolini.org/percorsi/percorsi_per_sale/museo_del_palazzo_dei_conservatori/sale_degli_horti_tauriani_vettiani Musei Capitolini]</ref> quae ad [[statio Roma Termini|stationem Romam Terminos]] usque pertinebant hodiernam. Hic sunt postea aliqua monumenta familiam revocantia Praetextati inventa. In his est ima statuae pars cuiusdam dicatae Caeliae Concordiae, ex ultimis unae [[Vestalis virgo|virginibus Vestalibus]], quae Praetextato post eius mortem erexerat statuam. Qua de re est maxime reprehensa a [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmacho]], qui scripsit epistulam Flaviano dicens se huic obsistere, quoniam numquam [[Vestalis virgo|Vestales]] ante monumentum viro, etsi pontifex maximus fuerit, erexerant.<ref name="lanciani" /> == Litterae == Praetextatus librum edidit [[Analytica|Analyticorum]] [[Aristoteles|Aristotelis]] a [[Themistius|Themistio]] emendatum philosopho. Praeterea socius [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Quinto Aurelio Symmacho]] [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus|Virioque Nicomacho Flaviano]] emendationis atque traditionis librorum moris Romani antiqui fuit. Praetextatus quoque primas partes in libris [[Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius|Ambrosii Theodosii Macrobii]] ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalium]]'' agit. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == ;Fontes * ''[[Collectio Avellana]]'' * [[Ammianus Marcellinus]], ''[[Res gestae (Ammianus)|Res gestae]]'' * [[Ioannes Lydus]], ''De mensibus'' * [[Sozomenus]], ''[[Historia Ecclesiastica]]'' *[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], libro primo ''Epistularum'' 44-55 * [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]], ''[[Historia nova]]'' ;Fontes secundae * Lanciani, Rodolphus, ''Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent Discoveries'', Houghton & Mifflin, Boston e New York, 1898, pp. 169-170. Relatus a [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/Lanciani/LANARD/6*.html ''LacusCurtius] * Thayer, Gulielmus, [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/museums/Museo_Nazionale_Romano/Palazzo_Altemps/inscriptions/Vettius_Praetextatus.html "Honorific Inscription of Vettius Agorius Praetextatus"], ''Lacus Curtius'' * {{PLRE}} vol. 1 [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/722/mode/2up pp.722-4] * Kahlos, Maijastina, ''Vettius Agorius Praetextatus. A senatorial life in between'', Institutum Romanum Finlandiae, Roma, 2002, ISBN 952-5323-05-6 (Acta Instituti Romani Finlandiae, 26). * Lellia Cracco Ruggini, ''Vettio Agorio Pretestato e la fondazione di Costantinopoli'', in ''Φιίας χάριν. Miscellanea in onore di E. Manni'', Roma, 1979, pp. 586-610. {{NexInt}} * [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]] * [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus]] == Ligamina externa == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071203062955/http://www.maijastinakahlos.net/b/kirjoituksia/praetextatus/125/ Kahlos, Maijastina, "Restitutio Religiosa Praetextati"] * [http://www.bartleby.com/245/353.html Anonimo, ''Titulus M. Vetii Agorii Praetextati et uxoris Paulinae suae'', 384] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071215171319/http://www.museicapitolini.org/percorsi/percorsi_per_sale/museo_capitolino/stanzette_terrene/ara_funeraria_di_vettius_agorius_praetextatus_e_aconia_fabia_paulina Ara funebris Vettii Agorii Praetextati et Aconiae Fabiae Paulinae], Musea Capitolina. {{DEFAULTSORT:Praetextatus, Agorius, Vettius}} [[Categoria:Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti Praetorio]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 4]] [[Categoria:Mortui 384]] c6k06penh1sczkryxdhrpcyqmjaqumw 3966103 3966102 2026-06-23T15:55:43Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Qui scripserint de vita eius */ 3966103 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} '''Vettius Agorius Praetextatus''' (natus circiter anno [[320]]- mortuus anno [[384]]) fuit vir publicus [[Roma antiqua|Romanus]] nobili genere natus. Unus fuit ex ultimis [[Senatus Romanus|senatoribus]] religionem avitam colentibus Romanam, quam conatus est a [[Christianitas|Christianae religionis]] progressu defendere; sacerdos fuit, sacris initiatus atque litterarum philosophiaeque doctus. == Qui scripserint de vita eius == Vita eius est nobis praesertim per scripta [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Quinti Aurelii Symmachi]], [[Ammianus Marcellinus|Ammiani Marcellini]] atque epigrammata manifesta. [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]] ([[320]] circiter-[[402]] circiter) gravis fuit princeps patricii ordinis atque maximus temporis sui orator. Multae eius permanent epistulae, orationes atque relationes; quibus legendis intellegitur alterum altero familiarissime usum esse. Censebat praeterea [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]] optimum Praetextatum magistratum esse et virum magna virtute praeditum. [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] ([[330]] circiter-[[390]] circiter) verba profert Praetextati tribus in locis suarum [[Res gestae (Ammianus)|"Rerum Gestarum"]];<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], 22.7.6; 27.9.8-10; 28.1.24.</ref> aliter ac alii senatores, adeo semper est iudicium Ammiani de Praetextato propitium, ut rerum multi scriptores eos esse amicos putent. Multae extant inscriptiones Praetextatum memorantes, quarum gravissima stat in funebri monumento Praetextato atque [[Aconia Fabia Paulina|Aconiae Fabiae Paulinae]] uxori dicato;<ref name="CIL61779">{{CIL|06|01779}}</ref> aliae famae sunt in legibus Vettio praefecto latis et in epistulis a [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniano imperatore]] scriptis de disputatione quadam religiosa. [[Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus]] ([[347]]-[[420]]), religiosus theologusque christianus, scripsit de Praetextato in duobus epistulis<ref> [[Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], epistulae xxiii e xxxix.</ref> atque in controversiam ''Contra Iohannem Hierosolymitanum'' ([[397]]); tam magna fuit aegritudo in Praetextati comitibus morte eius allata, ut [[Hieronymus]] statueret eum esse in [[Tartarus|Tartaro]], id est in [[Infernus|Inferno]], in quamdam epistulam scribere.<ref>[[Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], epistula xxiii.</ref> [[Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius]], aliter quam christianos, voluit Praetextatum primas agere partes in ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalium]]'' libris, qui imago sunt renovationis gentilis Romanae aetatis illius. Est tamen verisimile libros post mortem Praetextati quinquaginta annos scriptos esse, tum cum perfectam eius imaginem fingere licebat. [[Zosimus]], rerum scriptor [[Saeculum 6|VI saeculo]] florens, dicit Praetextatum defensorem in libris "Historiae novae" suae fuisse cultuum gentilium,<ref>[[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]], ''Historia nova'', IV 3 3.</ref> contra, [[Ioannes Lydus|Iohannes Lydus]] (floruit [[Saeculum 6|VI saeculo]]) memorat quendam virum magna auctoritate valentem, cui nomen erat Praetextatus <ref name="giovannilido">[[Iohannes Lidus]], ''De mensibus'', 4.2.</ref> (tamen nescimus utrum Vettius esset an non). == Vita == === Origines === Nescimus quando natus sit, tamen certum est ex multis scriptis Praetextatum fuisse aetatis Quinti Aurelii Symmachi et [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus|Virii Nicomachi Flaviani]] ([[334]]-[[394]]); praeterea, anno mortis eius [[384]] iam quadriginta circiter annis uxorem duxerat [[Aconia Fabia Paulina|Aconiam Fabiam Paulinam]].<ref name="CIL61779" /> Si uxor prima Paulina eius esset Praetextatusque eam in matrimonio inter vigesimum et vigesimum quintum annum duceret, quod erat mos optimatum Romanorum illo tempore, eius natio possit annis inter [[314]] et [[319]] collocari.<ref name="kahlos12">Kahlos, caput 1.2.</ref> Coniectatum tamen de hoc etiam aliter est et lati differentes sunt anni inter [[310]] atque [[324]], quorum firmitas quoque pendit ex altera re, a Iohanne referta Lido, qui Praetextatum adfuisse ierophantem [[Pontifex|pontificem]] ritui ''polismós'' dum urbs [[Constantinopolis]] conditur (anno circiter [[330]]) una cum [[Sopater Apameae|Sopatro Apameae]] philosopho narrat;<ref name="giovannilido" /> licuit enim optimatem munus suscipere sacerdotalem tum iuvenissimum et dein Praetextatum quoque ierophantem esse Vettium Agorium, qui haud dubie [[Vesta]]e fuit pontifex,<ref>{{CIL|06|01778}}</ref><ref name="CIL61779" /> quamquam hoc non certum est. Coniectatur de familiaribus Praetextati; [[Gaius Vettius Cossinius Rufinus|Gaium Vettium Cossinium Rufinum]] ([[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectum urbi Romae]] annis [[315]]-[[316]]) licet eius fuisse patrem, et quia simile nomen ei est, et quia complures magistratus, etiam a Praetextato postea gesti, suscepit ([[corrector Tusciae et Umbriae|correcturam Tusciae et Umbriae]], [[proconsulatus Achaiae|proconsulatum Achaiae]], [[pontifex Solis|pontificatum Solis]] [[Augur|auguratumque]]):<ref>{{CIL|10|05061}}</ref><ref name="kahlos12" /> gentibus nobilibus Romanis consuetudo erat saepe magistratus sacerdotiumque patribus et filiis postea gesta esse. Dubium tamen est [[Gaius Vettius Cossinius Rufinus|Cossinium Rufinum]] patrem esse Praetextati, quoniam [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefecturam urbi]] inter utram quinquaginta praeteriverunt anni (Praetextatus [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] fuit anno [[367]]), quod si pater filiusque fuissent, difficiliter evenire potuisset; est tum [[Gaius Vettius Cossinius Rufinus|Cossinium Rufinum]] fuisse patrem Vettii Rufini (qui consul anno [[323]] fuit) et hunc patrem Praetextati coniectatus.<ref>PLRE I, "Vettius Rufinus 24", [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/780/mode/2up pp. 781-782].</ref> Utcumque sint res, familia Praetextati prisca erat praeclaraque, quo Agorius utebatur multis nobilibus senatoribus familiariter. Cui, et commodis percipiendis uso, intererant certe [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]] paterque suus [[Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus]], [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus]] atque, quod verisimile est, senatores [[Volusius Venustus]] Minervusque.<ref name="kahlos12" /> Ex societatibus his gentium senatoriarum notandum est conubium Praetextati cum [[Aconia Fabia Paulina]], quod evenit circiter anno [[344]], si anno [[384]] praeteriverant quadriginta anni a matrimonio;<ref name="CIL61779" /> Paulina enim filia erat [[Fabius Aconius Catullinus Philomathius|Fabii Aconii Catullini Philomathii]], qui fuit [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] annis [[342]]-[[344]] atque [[consul]] anno [[349]].<ref>PLRE I, Catullinus 3, [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/186/mode/2up pp. 187-188].</ref> Coniuges filio quodam minime aucti sunt, qui commemoratus in carmine funebri est atque fecit in monumento inscribere dedicationem patri, statim e morte, in eorum domo [[Aventinus mons|Aventino monte]].<ref>{{CIL|06|01777}}</ref> Quamvis rerum scriptores dicant eum marem fuisse, licet et mulierem, fortasse illam a [[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus|Sophronio Eusebio Hieronymo]] commemoratam.<ref>[[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], epistula cvii,5.</ref> [[Consul]] anni [[527]], [[Vettius Agorius Basilius Mavortius|Vettium Agorium Basilium Mavortium]], qui non tantum cum Praetextato nomina, sed etiam amorem litterarum communicabat, licet eius fuisse pronepotem.<ref name="kahlos12"/> === Cursus honorum et sacerdotia === Ara funebris Praetextati uxorisque eius [[Aconia Fabia Paulina|Aconiae Fabiae Paulinae]], hodie apud [[Musea Capitolina]], commemorat cursum honorum eius. Suscepit ille munus [[pontifex Vestae|pontificis Vestae]] atque Solis, [[augur]]is, [[Taurobolium|tauroboliati]], [[Curialis|curialis Herculis]], neurocori, ierophantis, sacerdotis Liberi mysteriorumque Eleusinorum. Gessit [[Quaestor|quaesturam]], [[Corrector Tusciae et Umbriae|correcturam Tusciae et Umbriae]], [[Praefectus Lusitaniae|praefecturam Lusitaniae]], [[proconsul Achaiae|proconsulatum Achaiae]] et [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefecturam urbi]] anno [[384]].<ref>Confirmatum officium suum intra diem [[21 Maii]] (''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' VI.5.2a) et diem [[9 Septembris]] (''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' I.54.5a) est.</ref> fuit [[praefectus praetorio]] [[Praefectura Italiae|Italiae]] et Illyrici,<ref>Inscriptio commemorat duas praefecturas, sed rerum scriptores putant hoc esse errorem sculptoris (Jones).</ref> etiamque [[consul]] electus anni [[385]], quod munus numquam suscepit, quia mortuus sero anno [[384]] est. Gerente [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectura urbi]], [[Basilica|basilicam]] reddidit Sicinini episcopo [[Damasus I|Damaso]] [[Roma]]e<ref>''Collectio Avellana'', 6. Verisimile est hanc basilicam Sanctae Mariae Maioris illam esse; sectatoribus [[Damasus I|Damasi]] [[Ursinus|Ursinique]] pugnantibus, illi 137 hominum huius occiderunt ([[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], ''Temporum liber'', prolatus in [[Eduardus Gibbon|Eduardi Gibbon]], ''Historia occasus ruinaeque Imperii Romani'', cap. 25.</ref> et alterum episcopum expulit [[Ursinus|Ursinum]] a [[Roma]],<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], 27.9.9.</ref> rursusque conciliavit pacem,<ref>''Collectio Avellana'', 7; [[Sozomenus]], vi.23.</ref> tametsi sectatores eius salvos praestaret.<ref>''Collectio Avellana'', 5.</ref> Administratio sua iustitiae laudatior fuit; iussit ea quae sunt in templis gentilibus aedificatis a privatis tollere (podia, columnae, tabulata altiora dicta ''maeniana'') atque statuit ut omne Urbe pondera mensurasque inspecta equaliaque essent.<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], 27.9.10.</ref> Restituit [[Porticus Deorum Consentium|Porticum Deorum Consentium]] in [[Forum Romanum|Foro]]. Post mortem Praetextati, [[imperator]] petivit [[Senatus Romanus|Senatui]] exemplarem eius orationum.<ref>[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Relatio'' 24.</ref> cum [[Valentinianus I|Augusto]] [[Vestalis virgo|Vestales]] rogarent ut ei statuas ponerentur.<ref>[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Relatio'' 12.2.</ref> === Favor gentilium Romanorum === [[Fasciculus:Forum Portique Dii consentes.jpg|thumbnail|right|[[Porticus Deorum Consentium]] in [[Forum Romanum|Foro Romano]], restituta anno [[367]] a Praetextato, qui etiam constituit [[Dei Consentes|Deorum Consentium]] cultum rursus.]] Praetextatus fuit unus ex extremis defensoribus religionis Romanae, prius quam [[Medium Aevum]] inciperet. [[Proconsulatus Achaiae|Proconsulatu Achaiae]] gerente, provocavit contra [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] edictum prohibente sacrificia nocturna in Mysteriis, dicens id detrimento gentilibus futurum esse: tum [[Valentinianus I|Valentinianus]] illud abrogavit.<ref>[[Zosimus]], iv.3.2-3; edictum [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani]] est in [[Codex Theodosianus|Codice Theodosiano]] relatum ([[:la:s:Codex Theodosianus - Liber IX#XVI.7|ix.16.7]]).</ref> Gerente [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectura urbi]], curavit restitutionem [[Porticus Deorum Consentium]] in [[Forum Romanum|Foro Romano]], quae ultimum erat magnum deis monumentum dicatum [[Roma]]e;<ref>Legatur inscriptionem in monumento, {{CIL|06|00102}}.</ref> quamvis tantum esset restitutio aedum derutarum cultuumque renovatio, hoc maxime opertum erat, quoniam [[Dei Consentes]] protectores caelestes senatorii ordinis erant,<ref>[[Martianus Capella]], 1,42.</ref> et cum ita essent, sunt fortasse putati contra imperatorem niti.<ref>Kahlos, "Restauratio...".</ref> [[Praefectus praetorio|Praefectura praetorio]] gerente, incepit investigationes de templis a [[Christiani]]s derutis in [[Italia]]m.<ref>[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Relatio'' 21.</ref> Piissimus erga [[Vesta]]m erat, tamquam uxor sua.<ref name="lanciani">Lanciani.</ref> Amicus quoque fuit alterius praeclari optimatis gentilis [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Quinti Aurelii Symmachi]] commercium eo epistularum habentis, quod partim superest.<ref>Symmachus, ''Epistulae'', I.44-55.</ref> Quondam Praetextatus [[Damasus I|Damaso episcopo]]: «Facite me Romanae urbis episcopum» inquit «et ero protinus Christianus».<ref>[[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus]], ''Contra Johannem Hierosolymitanum'', 8.</ref> Praetextato et Paulinae erat domus apud [[Amphitheatrum Flavium]], pulchris cincta hortis dictis Vettianis,<ref>[http://www.museicapitolini.org/percorsi/percorsi_per_sale/museo_del_palazzo_dei_conservatori/sale_degli_horti_tauriani_vettiani Musei Capitolini]</ref> quae ad [[statio Roma Termini|stationem Romam Terminos]] usque pertinebant hodiernam. Hic sunt postea aliqua monumenta familiam revocantia Praetextati inventa. In his est ima statuae pars cuiusdam dicatae Caeliae Concordiae, ex ultimis unae [[Vestalis virgo|virginibus Vestalibus]], quae Praetextato post eius mortem erexerat statuam. Qua de re est maxime reprehensa a [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmacho]], qui scripsit epistulam Flaviano dicens se huic obsistere, quoniam numquam [[Vestalis virgo|Vestales]] ante monumentum viro, etsi pontifex maximus fuerit, erexerant.<ref name="lanciani" /> == Litterae == Praetextatus librum edidit [[Analytica|Analyticorum]] [[Aristoteles|Aristotelis]] a [[Themistius|Themistio]] emendatum philosopho. Praeterea socius [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Quinto Aurelio Symmacho]] [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus|Virioque Nicomacho Flaviano]] emendationis atque traditionis librorum moris Romani antiqui fuit. Praetextatus quoque primas partes in libris [[Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius|Ambrosii Theodosii Macrobii]] ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalium]]'' agit. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == ;Fontes * ''[[Collectio Avellana]]'' * [[Ammianus Marcellinus]], ''[[Res gestae (Ammianus)|Res gestae]]'' * [[Ioannes Lydus]], ''De mensibus'' * [[Sozomenus]], ''[[Historia Ecclesiastica]]'' *[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], libro primo ''Epistularum'' 44-55 * [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]], ''[[Historia nova]]'' ;Fontes secundae * Lanciani, Rodolphus, ''Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent Discoveries'', Houghton & Mifflin, Boston e New York, 1898, pp. 169-170. Relatus a [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/Lanciani/LANARD/6*.html ''LacusCurtius] * Thayer, Gulielmus, [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/museums/Museo_Nazionale_Romano/Palazzo_Altemps/inscriptions/Vettius_Praetextatus.html "Honorific Inscription of Vettius Agorius Praetextatus"], ''Lacus Curtius'' * {{PLRE}} vol. 1 [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/722/mode/2up pp.722-4] * Kahlos, Maijastina, ''Vettius Agorius Praetextatus. A senatorial life in between'', Institutum Romanum Finlandiae, Roma, 2002, ISBN 952-5323-05-6 (Acta Instituti Romani Finlandiae, 26). * Lellia Cracco Ruggini, ''Vettio Agorio Pretestato e la fondazione di Costantinopoli'', in ''Φιίας χάριν. Miscellanea in onore di E. Manni'', Roma, 1979, pp. 586-610. {{NexInt}} * [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]] * [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus]] == Ligamina externa == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071203062955/http://www.maijastinakahlos.net/b/kirjoituksia/praetextatus/125/ Kahlos, Maijastina, "Restitutio Religiosa Praetextati"] * [http://www.bartleby.com/245/353.html Anonimo, ''Titulus M. Vetii Agorii Praetextati et uxoris Paulinae suae'', 384] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071215171319/http://www.museicapitolini.org/percorsi/percorsi_per_sale/museo_capitolino/stanzette_terrene/ara_funeraria_di_vettius_agorius_praetextatus_e_aconia_fabia_paulina Ara funebris Vettii Agorii Praetextati et Aconiae Fabiae Paulinae], Musea Capitolina. {{DEFAULTSORT:Praetextatus, Agorius, Vettius}} [[Categoria:Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti Praetorio]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 4]] [[Categoria:Mortui 384]] sqrxjvejcxux678smi4gyvo7gc7erl0 3966104 3966103 2026-06-23T15:56:44Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Qui scripserint de vita eius */ 3966104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} '''Vettius Agorius Praetextatus''' (natus circiter anno [[320]]- mortuus anno [[384]]) fuit vir publicus [[Roma antiqua|Romanus]] nobili genere natus. Unus fuit ex ultimis [[Senatus Romanus|senatoribus]] religionem avitam colentibus Romanam, quam conatus est a [[Christianitas|Christianae religionis]] progressu defendere; sacerdos fuit, sacris initiatus atque litterarum philosophiaeque doctus. == Qui scripserint de vita eius == Vita eius est nobis praesertim per scripta [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Quinti Aurelii Symmachi]], [[Ammianus Marcellinus|Ammiani Marcellini]] atque epigrammata manifesta. [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]] ([[320]] circiter-[[402]] circiter) gravis fuit princeps patricii ordinis atque maximus temporis sui orator. Multae eius permanent epistulae, orationes atque relationes; quibus legendis intellegitur alterum altero familiarissime usum esse. Censebat praeterea [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]] optimum Praetextatum magistratum esse et virum magna virtute praeditum. [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] ([[330]] circiter-[[390]] circiter) verba profert Praetextati tribus in locis suarum [[Res gestae (Ammianus)|"Rerum Gestarum"]];<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], 22.7.6; 27.9.8-10; 28.1.24.</ref> aliter ac alii senatores, adeo semper est iudicium Ammiani de Praetextato propitium, ut rerum multi scriptores eos esse amicos putent. Multae extant inscriptiones Praetextatum memorantes, quarum gravissima stat in funebri monumento Praetextato atque [[Aconia Fabia Paulina|Aconiae Fabiae Paulinae]] uxori dicato;<ref name="CIL61779">{{CIL|06|01779}}</ref> aliae famae sunt in legibus Vettio praefecto latis et in epistulis a [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniano imperatore]] scriptis de disputatione quadam religiosa. [[Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus]] ([[347]]-[[420]]), religiosus theologusque christianus, scripsit de Praetextato in duobus epistulis<ref> [[Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], epistulae xxiii e xxxix.</ref> atque in controversiam ''Contra Iohannem Hierosolymitanum'' ([[397]]); tam magna fuit aegritudo in Praetextati comitibus morte eius allata, ut [[Hieronymus]] statueret eum esse in [[Tartarus|Tartaro]], id est in [[Infernus|Inferno]], in quamdam epistulam scribere.<ref>[[Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], epistula xxiii.</ref> [[Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius]], aliter quam christianos, voluit Praetextatum primas agere partes in ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalium]]'' libris, qui imago sunt renovationis gentilis Romanae aetatis illius. Est tamen verisimile libros post mortem Praetextati quinquaginta annos scriptos esse, tum cum perfectam eius imaginem fingere licebat. [[Zosimus]], rerum gestarum scriptor [[Saeculum 6|VI saeculo]] florens, dicit Praetextatum defensorem in libris "Historiae novae" suae fuisse cultuum gentilium,<ref>[[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]], ''[[Historia nova]]'', IV 3 3.</ref> contra, [[Ioannes Lydus|Iohannes Lydus]] (floruit [[Saeculum 6|VI saeculo]]) memorat quendam virum magna auctoritate valentem, cui nomen erat Praetextatus <ref name="giovannilido">[[Iohannes Lidus]], ''De mensibus'', 4.2.</ref> (tamen nescimus utrum Vettius esset an non). == Vita == === Origines === Nescimus quando natus sit, tamen certum est ex multis scriptis Praetextatum fuisse aetatis Quinti Aurelii Symmachi et [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus|Virii Nicomachi Flaviani]] ([[334]]-[[394]]); praeterea, anno mortis eius [[384]] iam quadriginta circiter annis uxorem duxerat [[Aconia Fabia Paulina|Aconiam Fabiam Paulinam]].<ref name="CIL61779" /> Si uxor prima Paulina eius esset Praetextatusque eam in matrimonio inter vigesimum et vigesimum quintum annum duceret, quod erat mos optimatum Romanorum illo tempore, eius natio possit annis inter [[314]] et [[319]] collocari.<ref name="kahlos12">Kahlos, caput 1.2.</ref> Coniectatum tamen de hoc etiam aliter est et lati differentes sunt anni inter [[310]] atque [[324]], quorum firmitas quoque pendit ex altera re, a Iohanne referta Lido, qui Praetextatum adfuisse ierophantem [[Pontifex|pontificem]] ritui ''polismós'' dum urbs [[Constantinopolis]] conditur (anno circiter [[330]]) una cum [[Sopater Apameae|Sopatro Apameae]] philosopho narrat;<ref name="giovannilido" /> licuit enim optimatem munus suscipere sacerdotalem tum iuvenissimum et dein Praetextatum quoque ierophantem esse Vettium Agorium, qui haud dubie [[Vesta]]e fuit pontifex,<ref>{{CIL|06|01778}}</ref><ref name="CIL61779" /> quamquam hoc non certum est. Coniectatur de familiaribus Praetextati; [[Gaius Vettius Cossinius Rufinus|Gaium Vettium Cossinium Rufinum]] ([[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectum urbi Romae]] annis [[315]]-[[316]]) licet eius fuisse patrem, et quia simile nomen ei est, et quia complures magistratus, etiam a Praetextato postea gesti, suscepit ([[corrector Tusciae et Umbriae|correcturam Tusciae et Umbriae]], [[proconsulatus Achaiae|proconsulatum Achaiae]], [[pontifex Solis|pontificatum Solis]] [[Augur|auguratumque]]):<ref>{{CIL|10|05061}}</ref><ref name="kahlos12" /> gentibus nobilibus Romanis consuetudo erat saepe magistratus sacerdotiumque patribus et filiis postea gesta esse. Dubium tamen est [[Gaius Vettius Cossinius Rufinus|Cossinium Rufinum]] patrem esse Praetextati, quoniam [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefecturam urbi]] inter utram quinquaginta praeteriverunt anni (Praetextatus [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] fuit anno [[367]]), quod si pater filiusque fuissent, difficiliter evenire potuisset; est tum [[Gaius Vettius Cossinius Rufinus|Cossinium Rufinum]] fuisse patrem Vettii Rufini (qui consul anno [[323]] fuit) et hunc patrem Praetextati coniectatus.<ref>PLRE I, "Vettius Rufinus 24", [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/780/mode/2up pp. 781-782].</ref> Utcumque sint res, familia Praetextati prisca erat praeclaraque, quo Agorius utebatur multis nobilibus senatoribus familiariter. Cui, et commodis percipiendis uso, intererant certe [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]] paterque suus [[Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus]], [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus]] atque, quod verisimile est, senatores [[Volusius Venustus]] Minervusque.<ref name="kahlos12" /> Ex societatibus his gentium senatoriarum notandum est conubium Praetextati cum [[Aconia Fabia Paulina]], quod evenit circiter anno [[344]], si anno [[384]] praeteriverant quadriginta anni a matrimonio;<ref name="CIL61779" /> Paulina enim filia erat [[Fabius Aconius Catullinus Philomathius|Fabii Aconii Catullini Philomathii]], qui fuit [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] annis [[342]]-[[344]] atque [[consul]] anno [[349]].<ref>PLRE I, Catullinus 3, [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/186/mode/2up pp. 187-188].</ref> Coniuges filio quodam minime aucti sunt, qui commemoratus in carmine funebri est atque fecit in monumento inscribere dedicationem patri, statim e morte, in eorum domo [[Aventinus mons|Aventino monte]].<ref>{{CIL|06|01777}}</ref> Quamvis rerum scriptores dicant eum marem fuisse, licet et mulierem, fortasse illam a [[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus|Sophronio Eusebio Hieronymo]] commemoratam.<ref>[[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], epistula cvii,5.</ref> [[Consul]] anni [[527]], [[Vettius Agorius Basilius Mavortius|Vettium Agorium Basilium Mavortium]], qui non tantum cum Praetextato nomina, sed etiam amorem litterarum communicabat, licet eius fuisse pronepotem.<ref name="kahlos12"/> === Cursus honorum et sacerdotia === Ara funebris Praetextati uxorisque eius [[Aconia Fabia Paulina|Aconiae Fabiae Paulinae]], hodie apud [[Musea Capitolina]], commemorat cursum honorum eius. Suscepit ille munus [[pontifex Vestae|pontificis Vestae]] atque Solis, [[augur]]is, [[Taurobolium|tauroboliati]], [[Curialis|curialis Herculis]], neurocori, ierophantis, sacerdotis Liberi mysteriorumque Eleusinorum. Gessit [[Quaestor|quaesturam]], [[Corrector Tusciae et Umbriae|correcturam Tusciae et Umbriae]], [[Praefectus Lusitaniae|praefecturam Lusitaniae]], [[proconsul Achaiae|proconsulatum Achaiae]] et [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefecturam urbi]] anno [[384]].<ref>Confirmatum officium suum intra diem [[21 Maii]] (''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' VI.5.2a) et diem [[9 Septembris]] (''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' I.54.5a) est.</ref> fuit [[praefectus praetorio]] [[Praefectura Italiae|Italiae]] et Illyrici,<ref>Inscriptio commemorat duas praefecturas, sed rerum scriptores putant hoc esse errorem sculptoris (Jones).</ref> etiamque [[consul]] electus anni [[385]], quod munus numquam suscepit, quia mortuus sero anno [[384]] est. Gerente [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectura urbi]], [[Basilica|basilicam]] reddidit Sicinini episcopo [[Damasus I|Damaso]] [[Roma]]e<ref>''Collectio Avellana'', 6. Verisimile est hanc basilicam Sanctae Mariae Maioris illam esse; sectatoribus [[Damasus I|Damasi]] [[Ursinus|Ursinique]] pugnantibus, illi 137 hominum huius occiderunt ([[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], ''Temporum liber'', prolatus in [[Eduardus Gibbon|Eduardi Gibbon]], ''Historia occasus ruinaeque Imperii Romani'', cap. 25.</ref> et alterum episcopum expulit [[Ursinus|Ursinum]] a [[Roma]],<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], 27.9.9.</ref> rursusque conciliavit pacem,<ref>''Collectio Avellana'', 7; [[Sozomenus]], vi.23.</ref> tametsi sectatores eius salvos praestaret.<ref>''Collectio Avellana'', 5.</ref> Administratio sua iustitiae laudatior fuit; iussit ea quae sunt in templis gentilibus aedificatis a privatis tollere (podia, columnae, tabulata altiora dicta ''maeniana'') atque statuit ut omne Urbe pondera mensurasque inspecta equaliaque essent.<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], 27.9.10.</ref> Restituit [[Porticus Deorum Consentium|Porticum Deorum Consentium]] in [[Forum Romanum|Foro]]. Post mortem Praetextati, [[imperator]] petivit [[Senatus Romanus|Senatui]] exemplarem eius orationum.<ref>[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Relatio'' 24.</ref> cum [[Valentinianus I|Augusto]] [[Vestalis virgo|Vestales]] rogarent ut ei statuas ponerentur.<ref>[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Relatio'' 12.2.</ref> === Favor gentilium Romanorum === [[Fasciculus:Forum Portique Dii consentes.jpg|thumbnail|right|[[Porticus Deorum Consentium]] in [[Forum Romanum|Foro Romano]], restituta anno [[367]] a Praetextato, qui etiam constituit [[Dei Consentes|Deorum Consentium]] cultum rursus.]] Praetextatus fuit unus ex extremis defensoribus religionis Romanae, prius quam [[Medium Aevum]] inciperet. [[Proconsulatus Achaiae|Proconsulatu Achaiae]] gerente, provocavit contra [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] edictum prohibente sacrificia nocturna in Mysteriis, dicens id detrimento gentilibus futurum esse: tum [[Valentinianus I|Valentinianus]] illud abrogavit.<ref>[[Zosimus]], iv.3.2-3; edictum [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani]] est in [[Codex Theodosianus|Codice Theodosiano]] relatum ([[:la:s:Codex Theodosianus - Liber IX#XVI.7|ix.16.7]]).</ref> Gerente [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectura urbi]], curavit restitutionem [[Porticus Deorum Consentium]] in [[Forum Romanum|Foro Romano]], quae ultimum erat magnum deis monumentum dicatum [[Roma]]e;<ref>Legatur inscriptionem in monumento, {{CIL|06|00102}}.</ref> quamvis tantum esset restitutio aedum derutarum cultuumque renovatio, hoc maxime opertum erat, quoniam [[Dei Consentes]] protectores caelestes senatorii ordinis erant,<ref>[[Martianus Capella]], 1,42.</ref> et cum ita essent, sunt fortasse putati contra imperatorem niti.<ref>Kahlos, "Restauratio...".</ref> [[Praefectus praetorio|Praefectura praetorio]] gerente, incepit investigationes de templis a [[Christiani]]s derutis in [[Italia]]m.<ref>[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Relatio'' 21.</ref> Piissimus erga [[Vesta]]m erat, tamquam uxor sua.<ref name="lanciani">Lanciani.</ref> Amicus quoque fuit alterius praeclari optimatis gentilis [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Quinti Aurelii Symmachi]] commercium eo epistularum habentis, quod partim superest.<ref>Symmachus, ''Epistulae'', I.44-55.</ref> Quondam Praetextatus [[Damasus I|Damaso episcopo]]: «Facite me Romanae urbis episcopum» inquit «et ero protinus Christianus».<ref>[[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus]], ''Contra Johannem Hierosolymitanum'', 8.</ref> Praetextato et Paulinae erat domus apud [[Amphitheatrum Flavium]], pulchris cincta hortis dictis Vettianis,<ref>[http://www.museicapitolini.org/percorsi/percorsi_per_sale/museo_del_palazzo_dei_conservatori/sale_degli_horti_tauriani_vettiani Musei Capitolini]</ref> quae ad [[statio Roma Termini|stationem Romam Terminos]] usque pertinebant hodiernam. Hic sunt postea aliqua monumenta familiam revocantia Praetextati inventa. In his est ima statuae pars cuiusdam dicatae Caeliae Concordiae, ex ultimis unae [[Vestalis virgo|virginibus Vestalibus]], quae Praetextato post eius mortem erexerat statuam. Qua de re est maxime reprehensa a [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmacho]], qui scripsit epistulam Flaviano dicens se huic obsistere, quoniam numquam [[Vestalis virgo|Vestales]] ante monumentum viro, etsi pontifex maximus fuerit, erexerant.<ref name="lanciani" /> == Litterae == Praetextatus librum edidit [[Analytica|Analyticorum]] [[Aristoteles|Aristotelis]] a [[Themistius|Themistio]] emendatum philosopho. Praeterea socius [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Quinto Aurelio Symmacho]] [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus|Virioque Nicomacho Flaviano]] emendationis atque traditionis librorum moris Romani antiqui fuit. Praetextatus quoque primas partes in libris [[Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius|Ambrosii Theodosii Macrobii]] ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalium]]'' agit. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == ;Fontes * ''[[Collectio Avellana]]'' * [[Ammianus Marcellinus]], ''[[Res gestae (Ammianus)|Res gestae]]'' * [[Ioannes Lydus]], ''De mensibus'' * [[Sozomenus]], ''[[Historia Ecclesiastica]]'' *[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], libro primo ''Epistularum'' 44-55 * [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]], ''[[Historia nova]]'' ;Fontes secundae * Lanciani, Rodolphus, ''Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent Discoveries'', Houghton & Mifflin, Boston e New York, 1898, pp. 169-170. Relatus a [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/Lanciani/LANARD/6*.html ''LacusCurtius] * Thayer, Gulielmus, [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/museums/Museo_Nazionale_Romano/Palazzo_Altemps/inscriptions/Vettius_Praetextatus.html "Honorific Inscription of Vettius Agorius Praetextatus"], ''Lacus Curtius'' * {{PLRE}} vol. 1 [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/722/mode/2up pp.722-4] * Kahlos, Maijastina, ''Vettius Agorius Praetextatus. A senatorial life in between'', Institutum Romanum Finlandiae, Roma, 2002, ISBN 952-5323-05-6 (Acta Instituti Romani Finlandiae, 26). * Lellia Cracco Ruggini, ''Vettio Agorio Pretestato e la fondazione di Costantinopoli'', in ''Φιίας χάριν. Miscellanea in onore di E. Manni'', Roma, 1979, pp. 586-610. {{NexInt}} * [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]] * [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus]] == Ligamina externa == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071203062955/http://www.maijastinakahlos.net/b/kirjoituksia/praetextatus/125/ Kahlos, Maijastina, "Restitutio Religiosa Praetextati"] * [http://www.bartleby.com/245/353.html Anonimo, ''Titulus M. Vetii Agorii Praetextati et uxoris Paulinae suae'', 384] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071215171319/http://www.museicapitolini.org/percorsi/percorsi_per_sale/museo_capitolino/stanzette_terrene/ara_funeraria_di_vettius_agorius_praetextatus_e_aconia_fabia_paulina Ara funebris Vettii Agorii Praetextati et Aconiae Fabiae Paulinae], Musea Capitolina. {{DEFAULTSORT:Praetextatus, Agorius, Vettius}} [[Categoria:Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti Praetorio]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 4]] [[Categoria:Mortui 384]] dvywevntiqycidrnn149rqf6uzkoe15 3966105 3966104 2026-06-23T15:58:24Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Qui scripserint de vita eius */ 3966105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} '''Vettius Agorius Praetextatus''' (natus circiter anno [[320]]- mortuus anno [[384]]) fuit vir publicus [[Roma antiqua|Romanus]] nobili genere natus. Unus fuit ex ultimis [[Senatus Romanus|senatoribus]] religionem avitam colentibus Romanam, quam conatus est a [[Christianitas|Christianae religionis]] progressu defendere; sacerdos fuit, sacris initiatus atque litterarum philosophiaeque doctus. == Qui scripserint de vita eius == Vita eius est nobis praesertim per scripta [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Quinti Aurelii Symmachi]], [[Ammianus Marcellinus|Ammiani Marcellini]] atque epigrammata manifesta. [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]] ([[320]] circiter-[[402]] circiter) gravis fuit princeps patricii ordinis atque maximus temporis sui orator. Multae eius permanent epistulae, orationes atque relationes; quibus legendis intellegitur alterum altero familiarissime usum esse. Censebat praeterea [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]] optimum Praetextatum magistratum esse et virum magna virtute praeditum. [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] ([[330]] circiter-[[390]] circiter) verba profert Praetextati tribus in locis suarum [[Res gestae (Ammianus)|"Rerum Gestarum"]];<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], 22.7.6; 27.9.8-10; 28.1.24.</ref> aliter ac alii senatores, adeo semper est iudicium Ammiani de Praetextato propitium, ut rerum multi scriptores eos esse amicos putent. Multae extant inscriptiones Praetextatum memorantes, quarum gravissima stat in funebri monumento Praetextato atque [[Aconia Fabia Paulina|Aconiae Fabiae Paulinae]] uxori dicato;<ref name="CIL61779">{{CIL|06|01779}}</ref> aliae famae sunt in legibus Vettio praefecto latis et in epistulis a [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniano imperatore]] scriptis de disputatione quadam religiosa. [[Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus]] ([[347]]-[[420]]), religiosus theologusque christianus, scripsit de Praetextato in duobus epistulis<ref> [[Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], epistulae xxiii e xxxix.</ref> atque in controversiam ''Contra Iohannem Hierosolymitanum'' ([[397]]); tam magna fuit aegritudo in Praetextati comitibus morte eius allata, ut [[Hieronymus]] statueret eum esse in [[Tartarus|Tartaro]], id est in [[Infernus|Inferno]], in quamdam epistulam scribere.<ref>[[Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], epistula xxiii.</ref> [[Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius]], aliter quam christianos, voluit Praetextatum primas agere partes in ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalium]]'' libris, qui imago sunt renovationis gentilis Romanae aetatis illius. Est tamen verisimile libros post mortem Praetextati quinquaginta annos scriptos esse, tum cum perfectam eius imaginem fingere licebat. [[Zosimus]], rerum gestarum scriptor [[Saeculum 6|VI saeculo]] florens, dicit Praetextatum defensorem in libris "[[Historia nova|Historiae novae]]" suae fuisse cultuum gentilium,<ref>[[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]], ''[[Historia nova]]'', IV 3 3.</ref> contra, [[Ioannes Lydus|Iohannes Lydus]] (floruit [[Saeculum 6|VI saeculo]]) memorat quendam virum magna auctoritate valentem, cui nomen erat Praetextatus <ref name="giovannilido">[[Iohannes Lidus]], ''De mensibus'', 4.2.</ref> (tamen nescimus utrum Vettius esset an non). == Vita == === Origines === Nescimus quando natus sit, tamen certum est ex multis scriptis Praetextatum fuisse aetatis Quinti Aurelii Symmachi et [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus|Virii Nicomachi Flaviani]] ([[334]]-[[394]]); praeterea, anno mortis eius [[384]] iam quadriginta circiter annis uxorem duxerat [[Aconia Fabia Paulina|Aconiam Fabiam Paulinam]].<ref name="CIL61779" /> Si uxor prima Paulina eius esset Praetextatusque eam in matrimonio inter vigesimum et vigesimum quintum annum duceret, quod erat mos optimatum Romanorum illo tempore, eius natio possit annis inter [[314]] et [[319]] collocari.<ref name="kahlos12">Kahlos, caput 1.2.</ref> Coniectatum tamen de hoc etiam aliter est et lati differentes sunt anni inter [[310]] atque [[324]], quorum firmitas quoque pendit ex altera re, a Iohanne referta Lido, qui Praetextatum adfuisse ierophantem [[Pontifex|pontificem]] ritui ''polismós'' dum urbs [[Constantinopolis]] conditur (anno circiter [[330]]) una cum [[Sopater Apameae|Sopatro Apameae]] philosopho narrat;<ref name="giovannilido" /> licuit enim optimatem munus suscipere sacerdotalem tum iuvenissimum et dein Praetextatum quoque ierophantem esse Vettium Agorium, qui haud dubie [[Vesta]]e fuit pontifex,<ref>{{CIL|06|01778}}</ref><ref name="CIL61779" /> quamquam hoc non certum est. Coniectatur de familiaribus Praetextati; [[Gaius Vettius Cossinius Rufinus|Gaium Vettium Cossinium Rufinum]] ([[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectum urbi Romae]] annis [[315]]-[[316]]) licet eius fuisse patrem, et quia simile nomen ei est, et quia complures magistratus, etiam a Praetextato postea gesti, suscepit ([[corrector Tusciae et Umbriae|correcturam Tusciae et Umbriae]], [[proconsulatus Achaiae|proconsulatum Achaiae]], [[pontifex Solis|pontificatum Solis]] [[Augur|auguratumque]]):<ref>{{CIL|10|05061}}</ref><ref name="kahlos12" /> gentibus nobilibus Romanis consuetudo erat saepe magistratus sacerdotiumque patribus et filiis postea gesta esse. Dubium tamen est [[Gaius Vettius Cossinius Rufinus|Cossinium Rufinum]] patrem esse Praetextati, quoniam [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefecturam urbi]] inter utram quinquaginta praeteriverunt anni (Praetextatus [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] fuit anno [[367]]), quod si pater filiusque fuissent, difficiliter evenire potuisset; est tum [[Gaius Vettius Cossinius Rufinus|Cossinium Rufinum]] fuisse patrem Vettii Rufini (qui consul anno [[323]] fuit) et hunc patrem Praetextati coniectatus.<ref>PLRE I, "Vettius Rufinus 24", [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/780/mode/2up pp. 781-782].</ref> Utcumque sint res, familia Praetextati prisca erat praeclaraque, quo Agorius utebatur multis nobilibus senatoribus familiariter. Cui, et commodis percipiendis uso, intererant certe [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]] paterque suus [[Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus]], [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus]] atque, quod verisimile est, senatores [[Volusius Venustus]] Minervusque.<ref name="kahlos12" /> Ex societatibus his gentium senatoriarum notandum est conubium Praetextati cum [[Aconia Fabia Paulina]], quod evenit circiter anno [[344]], si anno [[384]] praeteriverant quadriginta anni a matrimonio;<ref name="CIL61779" /> Paulina enim filia erat [[Fabius Aconius Catullinus Philomathius|Fabii Aconii Catullini Philomathii]], qui fuit [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] annis [[342]]-[[344]] atque [[consul]] anno [[349]].<ref>PLRE I, Catullinus 3, [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/186/mode/2up pp. 187-188].</ref> Coniuges filio quodam minime aucti sunt, qui commemoratus in carmine funebri est atque fecit in monumento inscribere dedicationem patri, statim e morte, in eorum domo [[Aventinus mons|Aventino monte]].<ref>{{CIL|06|01777}}</ref> Quamvis rerum scriptores dicant eum marem fuisse, licet et mulierem, fortasse illam a [[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus|Sophronio Eusebio Hieronymo]] commemoratam.<ref>[[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], epistula cvii,5.</ref> [[Consul]] anni [[527]], [[Vettius Agorius Basilius Mavortius|Vettium Agorium Basilium Mavortium]], qui non tantum cum Praetextato nomina, sed etiam amorem litterarum communicabat, licet eius fuisse pronepotem.<ref name="kahlos12"/> === Cursus honorum et sacerdotia === Ara funebris Praetextati uxorisque eius [[Aconia Fabia Paulina|Aconiae Fabiae Paulinae]], hodie apud [[Musea Capitolina]], commemorat cursum honorum eius. Suscepit ille munus [[pontifex Vestae|pontificis Vestae]] atque Solis, [[augur]]is, [[Taurobolium|tauroboliati]], [[Curialis|curialis Herculis]], neurocori, ierophantis, sacerdotis Liberi mysteriorumque Eleusinorum. Gessit [[Quaestor|quaesturam]], [[Corrector Tusciae et Umbriae|correcturam Tusciae et Umbriae]], [[Praefectus Lusitaniae|praefecturam Lusitaniae]], [[proconsul Achaiae|proconsulatum Achaiae]] et [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefecturam urbi]] anno [[384]].<ref>Confirmatum officium suum intra diem [[21 Maii]] (''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' VI.5.2a) et diem [[9 Septembris]] (''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' I.54.5a) est.</ref> fuit [[praefectus praetorio]] [[Praefectura Italiae|Italiae]] et Illyrici,<ref>Inscriptio commemorat duas praefecturas, sed rerum scriptores putant hoc esse errorem sculptoris (Jones).</ref> etiamque [[consul]] electus anni [[385]], quod munus numquam suscepit, quia mortuus sero anno [[384]] est. Gerente [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectura urbi]], [[Basilica|basilicam]] reddidit Sicinini episcopo [[Damasus I|Damaso]] [[Roma]]e<ref>''Collectio Avellana'', 6. Verisimile est hanc basilicam Sanctae Mariae Maioris illam esse; sectatoribus [[Damasus I|Damasi]] [[Ursinus|Ursinique]] pugnantibus, illi 137 hominum huius occiderunt ([[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], ''Temporum liber'', prolatus in [[Eduardus Gibbon|Eduardi Gibbon]], ''Historia occasus ruinaeque Imperii Romani'', cap. 25.</ref> et alterum episcopum expulit [[Ursinus|Ursinum]] a [[Roma]],<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], 27.9.9.</ref> rursusque conciliavit pacem,<ref>''Collectio Avellana'', 7; [[Sozomenus]], vi.23.</ref> tametsi sectatores eius salvos praestaret.<ref>''Collectio Avellana'', 5.</ref> Administratio sua iustitiae laudatior fuit; iussit ea quae sunt in templis gentilibus aedificatis a privatis tollere (podia, columnae, tabulata altiora dicta ''maeniana'') atque statuit ut omne Urbe pondera mensurasque inspecta equaliaque essent.<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], 27.9.10.</ref> Restituit [[Porticus Deorum Consentium|Porticum Deorum Consentium]] in [[Forum Romanum|Foro]]. Post mortem Praetextati, [[imperator]] petivit [[Senatus Romanus|Senatui]] exemplarem eius orationum.<ref>[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Relatio'' 24.</ref> cum [[Valentinianus I|Augusto]] [[Vestalis virgo|Vestales]] rogarent ut ei statuas ponerentur.<ref>[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Relatio'' 12.2.</ref> === Favor gentilium Romanorum === [[Fasciculus:Forum Portique Dii consentes.jpg|thumbnail|right|[[Porticus Deorum Consentium]] in [[Forum Romanum|Foro Romano]], restituta anno [[367]] a Praetextato, qui etiam constituit [[Dei Consentes|Deorum Consentium]] cultum rursus.]] Praetextatus fuit unus ex extremis defensoribus religionis Romanae, prius quam [[Medium Aevum]] inciperet. [[Proconsulatus Achaiae|Proconsulatu Achaiae]] gerente, provocavit contra [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] edictum prohibente sacrificia nocturna in Mysteriis, dicens id detrimento gentilibus futurum esse: tum [[Valentinianus I|Valentinianus]] illud abrogavit.<ref>[[Zosimus]], iv.3.2-3; edictum [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani]] est in [[Codex Theodosianus|Codice Theodosiano]] relatum ([[:la:s:Codex Theodosianus - Liber IX#XVI.7|ix.16.7]]).</ref> Gerente [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectura urbi]], curavit restitutionem [[Porticus Deorum Consentium]] in [[Forum Romanum|Foro Romano]], quae ultimum erat magnum deis monumentum dicatum [[Roma]]e;<ref>Legatur inscriptionem in monumento, {{CIL|06|00102}}.</ref> quamvis tantum esset restitutio aedum derutarum cultuumque renovatio, hoc maxime opertum erat, quoniam [[Dei Consentes]] protectores caelestes senatorii ordinis erant,<ref>[[Martianus Capella]], 1,42.</ref> et cum ita essent, sunt fortasse putati contra imperatorem niti.<ref>Kahlos, "Restauratio...".</ref> [[Praefectus praetorio|Praefectura praetorio]] gerente, incepit investigationes de templis a [[Christiani]]s derutis in [[Italia]]m.<ref>[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Relatio'' 21.</ref> Piissimus erga [[Vesta]]m erat, tamquam uxor sua.<ref name="lanciani">Lanciani.</ref> Amicus quoque fuit alterius praeclari optimatis gentilis [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Quinti Aurelii Symmachi]] commercium eo epistularum habentis, quod partim superest.<ref>Symmachus, ''Epistulae'', I.44-55.</ref> Quondam Praetextatus [[Damasus I|Damaso episcopo]]: «Facite me Romanae urbis episcopum» inquit «et ero protinus Christianus».<ref>[[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus]], ''Contra Johannem Hierosolymitanum'', 8.</ref> Praetextato et Paulinae erat domus apud [[Amphitheatrum Flavium]], pulchris cincta hortis dictis Vettianis,<ref>[http://www.museicapitolini.org/percorsi/percorsi_per_sale/museo_del_palazzo_dei_conservatori/sale_degli_horti_tauriani_vettiani Musei Capitolini]</ref> quae ad [[statio Roma Termini|stationem Romam Terminos]] usque pertinebant hodiernam. Hic sunt postea aliqua monumenta familiam revocantia Praetextati inventa. In his est ima statuae pars cuiusdam dicatae Caeliae Concordiae, ex ultimis unae [[Vestalis virgo|virginibus Vestalibus]], quae Praetextato post eius mortem erexerat statuam. Qua de re est maxime reprehensa a [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmacho]], qui scripsit epistulam Flaviano dicens se huic obsistere, quoniam numquam [[Vestalis virgo|Vestales]] ante monumentum viro, etsi pontifex maximus fuerit, erexerant.<ref name="lanciani" /> == Litterae == Praetextatus librum edidit [[Analytica|Analyticorum]] [[Aristoteles|Aristotelis]] a [[Themistius|Themistio]] emendatum philosopho. Praeterea socius [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Quinto Aurelio Symmacho]] [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus|Virioque Nicomacho Flaviano]] emendationis atque traditionis librorum moris Romani antiqui fuit. Praetextatus quoque primas partes in libris [[Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius|Ambrosii Theodosii Macrobii]] ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalium]]'' agit. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == ;Fontes * ''[[Collectio Avellana]]'' * [[Ammianus Marcellinus]], ''[[Res gestae (Ammianus)|Res gestae]]'' * [[Ioannes Lydus]], ''De mensibus'' * [[Sozomenus]], ''[[Historia Ecclesiastica]]'' *[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], libro primo ''Epistularum'' 44-55 * [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]], ''[[Historia nova]]'' ;Fontes secundae * Lanciani, Rodolphus, ''Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent Discoveries'', Houghton & Mifflin, Boston e New York, 1898, pp. 169-170. Relatus a [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/Lanciani/LANARD/6*.html ''LacusCurtius] * Thayer, Gulielmus, [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/museums/Museo_Nazionale_Romano/Palazzo_Altemps/inscriptions/Vettius_Praetextatus.html "Honorific Inscription of Vettius Agorius Praetextatus"], ''Lacus Curtius'' * {{PLRE}} vol. 1 [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/722/mode/2up pp.722-4] * Kahlos, Maijastina, ''Vettius Agorius Praetextatus. A senatorial life in between'', Institutum Romanum Finlandiae, Roma, 2002, ISBN 952-5323-05-6 (Acta Instituti Romani Finlandiae, 26). * Lellia Cracco Ruggini, ''Vettio Agorio Pretestato e la fondazione di Costantinopoli'', in ''Φιίας χάριν. Miscellanea in onore di E. Manni'', Roma, 1979, pp. 586-610. {{NexInt}} * [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]] * [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus]] == Ligamina externa == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071203062955/http://www.maijastinakahlos.net/b/kirjoituksia/praetextatus/125/ Kahlos, Maijastina, "Restitutio Religiosa Praetextati"] * [http://www.bartleby.com/245/353.html Anonimo, ''Titulus M. Vetii Agorii Praetextati et uxoris Paulinae suae'', 384] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071215171319/http://www.museicapitolini.org/percorsi/percorsi_per_sale/museo_capitolino/stanzette_terrene/ara_funeraria_di_vettius_agorius_praetextatus_e_aconia_fabia_paulina Ara funebris Vettii Agorii Praetextati et Aconiae Fabiae Paulinae], Musea Capitolina. {{DEFAULTSORT:Praetextatus, Agorius, Vettius}} [[Categoria:Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti Praetorio]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 4]] [[Categoria:Mortui 384]] 9kzkvmjt1r266jwx63pitr8y00llj6w 3966107 3966105 2026-06-23T15:59:08Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Qui scripserint de vita eius */ 3966107 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} '''Vettius Agorius Praetextatus''' (natus circiter anno [[320]]- mortuus anno [[384]]) fuit vir publicus [[Roma antiqua|Romanus]] nobili genere natus. Unus fuit ex ultimis [[Senatus Romanus|senatoribus]] religionem avitam colentibus Romanam, quam conatus est a [[Christianitas|Christianae religionis]] progressu defendere; sacerdos fuit, sacris initiatus atque litterarum philosophiaeque doctus. == Qui scripserint de vita eius == Vita eius est nobis praesertim per scripta [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Quinti Aurelii Symmachi]], [[Ammianus Marcellinus|Ammiani Marcellini]] atque epigrammata manifesta. [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]] ([[320]] circiter-[[402]] circiter) gravis fuit princeps patricii ordinis atque maximus temporis sui orator. Multae eius permanent epistulae, orationes atque relationes; quibus legendis intellegitur alterum altero familiarissime usum esse. Censebat praeterea [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]] optimum Praetextatum magistratum esse et virum magna virtute praeditum. [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] ([[330]] circiter-[[390]] circiter) verba profert Praetextati tribus in locis suarum [[Res gestae (Ammianus)|"Rerum Gestarum"]];<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], 22.7.6; 27.9.8-10; 28.1.24.</ref> aliter ac alii senatores, adeo semper est iudicium Ammiani de Praetextato propitium, ut rerum multi scriptores eos esse amicos putent. Multae extant inscriptiones Praetextatum memorantes, quarum gravissima stat in funebri monumento Praetextato atque [[Aconia Fabia Paulina|Aconiae Fabiae Paulinae]] uxori dicato;<ref name="CIL61779">{{CIL|06|01779}}</ref> aliae famae sunt in legibus Vettio praefecto latis et in epistulis a [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniano imperatore]] scriptis de disputatione quadam religiosa. [[Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus]] ([[347]]-[[420]]), religiosus theologusque christianus, scripsit de Praetextato in duobus epistulis<ref> [[Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], epistulae xxiii e xxxix.</ref> atque in controversiam ''Contra Iohannem Hierosolymitanum'' ([[397]]); tam magna fuit aegritudo in Praetextati comitibus morte eius allata, ut [[Hieronymus]] statueret eum esse in [[Tartarus|Tartaro]], id est in [[Infernus|Inferno]], in quamdam epistulam scribere.<ref>[[Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], epistula xxiii.</ref> [[Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius]], aliter quam christianos, voluit Praetextatum primas agere partes in ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalium]]'' libris, qui imago sunt renovationis gentilis Romanae aetatis illius. Est tamen verisimile libros post mortem Praetextati quinquaginta annos scriptos esse, tum cum perfectam eius imaginem fingere licebat. [[Zosimus]], rerum gestarum scriptor [[Saeculum 6|VI saeculo]] florens, dicit Praetextatum defensorem in libris "[[Historia nova|Historiae novae]]" suae fuisse cultuum gentilium,<ref>[[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]], ''[[Historia nova]]'', IV 3 3.</ref>, [[Ioannes Lydus|Iohannes vero Lydus]] (floruit [[Saeculum 6|VI saeculo]]) memorat quendam virum magna auctoritate valentem, cui nomen erat Praetextatus <ref name="giovannilido">[[Iohannes Lidus]], ''De mensibus'', 4.2.</ref> (tamen nescimus utrum Vettius esset an non). == Vita == === Origines === Nescimus quando natus sit, tamen certum est ex multis scriptis Praetextatum fuisse aetatis Quinti Aurelii Symmachi et [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus|Virii Nicomachi Flaviani]] ([[334]]-[[394]]); praeterea, anno mortis eius [[384]] iam quadriginta circiter annis uxorem duxerat [[Aconia Fabia Paulina|Aconiam Fabiam Paulinam]].<ref name="CIL61779" /> Si uxor prima Paulina eius esset Praetextatusque eam in matrimonio inter vigesimum et vigesimum quintum annum duceret, quod erat mos optimatum Romanorum illo tempore, eius natio possit annis inter [[314]] et [[319]] collocari.<ref name="kahlos12">Kahlos, caput 1.2.</ref> Coniectatum tamen de hoc etiam aliter est et lati differentes sunt anni inter [[310]] atque [[324]], quorum firmitas quoque pendit ex altera re, a Iohanne referta Lido, qui Praetextatum adfuisse ierophantem [[Pontifex|pontificem]] ritui ''polismós'' dum urbs [[Constantinopolis]] conditur (anno circiter [[330]]) una cum [[Sopater Apameae|Sopatro Apameae]] philosopho narrat;<ref name="giovannilido" /> licuit enim optimatem munus suscipere sacerdotalem tum iuvenissimum et dein Praetextatum quoque ierophantem esse Vettium Agorium, qui haud dubie [[Vesta]]e fuit pontifex,<ref>{{CIL|06|01778}}</ref><ref name="CIL61779" /> quamquam hoc non certum est. Coniectatur de familiaribus Praetextati; [[Gaius Vettius Cossinius Rufinus|Gaium Vettium Cossinium Rufinum]] ([[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectum urbi Romae]] annis [[315]]-[[316]]) licet eius fuisse patrem, et quia simile nomen ei est, et quia complures magistratus, etiam a Praetextato postea gesti, suscepit ([[corrector Tusciae et Umbriae|correcturam Tusciae et Umbriae]], [[proconsulatus Achaiae|proconsulatum Achaiae]], [[pontifex Solis|pontificatum Solis]] [[Augur|auguratumque]]):<ref>{{CIL|10|05061}}</ref><ref name="kahlos12" /> gentibus nobilibus Romanis consuetudo erat saepe magistratus sacerdotiumque patribus et filiis postea gesta esse. Dubium tamen est [[Gaius Vettius Cossinius Rufinus|Cossinium Rufinum]] patrem esse Praetextati, quoniam [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefecturam urbi]] inter utram quinquaginta praeteriverunt anni (Praetextatus [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] fuit anno [[367]]), quod si pater filiusque fuissent, difficiliter evenire potuisset; est tum [[Gaius Vettius Cossinius Rufinus|Cossinium Rufinum]] fuisse patrem Vettii Rufini (qui consul anno [[323]] fuit) et hunc patrem Praetextati coniectatus.<ref>PLRE I, "Vettius Rufinus 24", [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/780/mode/2up pp. 781-782].</ref> Utcumque sint res, familia Praetextati prisca erat praeclaraque, quo Agorius utebatur multis nobilibus senatoribus familiariter. Cui, et commodis percipiendis uso, intererant certe [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]] paterque suus [[Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus]], [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus]] atque, quod verisimile est, senatores [[Volusius Venustus]] Minervusque.<ref name="kahlos12" /> Ex societatibus his gentium senatoriarum notandum est conubium Praetextati cum [[Aconia Fabia Paulina]], quod evenit circiter anno [[344]], si anno [[384]] praeteriverant quadriginta anni a matrimonio;<ref name="CIL61779" /> Paulina enim filia erat [[Fabius Aconius Catullinus Philomathius|Fabii Aconii Catullini Philomathii]], qui fuit [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] annis [[342]]-[[344]] atque [[consul]] anno [[349]].<ref>PLRE I, Catullinus 3, [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/186/mode/2up pp. 187-188].</ref> Coniuges filio quodam minime aucti sunt, qui commemoratus in carmine funebri est atque fecit in monumento inscribere dedicationem patri, statim e morte, in eorum domo [[Aventinus mons|Aventino monte]].<ref>{{CIL|06|01777}}</ref> Quamvis rerum scriptores dicant eum marem fuisse, licet et mulierem, fortasse illam a [[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus|Sophronio Eusebio Hieronymo]] commemoratam.<ref>[[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], epistula cvii,5.</ref> [[Consul]] anni [[527]], [[Vettius Agorius Basilius Mavortius|Vettium Agorium Basilium Mavortium]], qui non tantum cum Praetextato nomina, sed etiam amorem litterarum communicabat, licet eius fuisse pronepotem.<ref name="kahlos12"/> === Cursus honorum et sacerdotia === Ara funebris Praetextati uxorisque eius [[Aconia Fabia Paulina|Aconiae Fabiae Paulinae]], hodie apud [[Musea Capitolina]], commemorat cursum honorum eius. Suscepit ille munus [[pontifex Vestae|pontificis Vestae]] atque Solis, [[augur]]is, [[Taurobolium|tauroboliati]], [[Curialis|curialis Herculis]], neurocori, ierophantis, sacerdotis Liberi mysteriorumque Eleusinorum. Gessit [[Quaestor|quaesturam]], [[Corrector Tusciae et Umbriae|correcturam Tusciae et Umbriae]], [[Praefectus Lusitaniae|praefecturam Lusitaniae]], [[proconsul Achaiae|proconsulatum Achaiae]] et [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefecturam urbi]] anno [[384]].<ref>Confirmatum officium suum intra diem [[21 Maii]] (''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' VI.5.2a) et diem [[9 Septembris]] (''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' I.54.5a) est.</ref> fuit [[praefectus praetorio]] [[Praefectura Italiae|Italiae]] et Illyrici,<ref>Inscriptio commemorat duas praefecturas, sed rerum scriptores putant hoc esse errorem sculptoris (Jones).</ref> etiamque [[consul]] electus anni [[385]], quod munus numquam suscepit, quia mortuus sero anno [[384]] est. Gerente [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectura urbi]], [[Basilica|basilicam]] reddidit Sicinini episcopo [[Damasus I|Damaso]] [[Roma]]e<ref>''Collectio Avellana'', 6. Verisimile est hanc basilicam Sanctae Mariae Maioris illam esse; sectatoribus [[Damasus I|Damasi]] [[Ursinus|Ursinique]] pugnantibus, illi 137 hominum huius occiderunt ([[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], ''Temporum liber'', prolatus in [[Eduardus Gibbon|Eduardi Gibbon]], ''Historia occasus ruinaeque Imperii Romani'', cap. 25.</ref> et alterum episcopum expulit [[Ursinus|Ursinum]] a [[Roma]],<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], 27.9.9.</ref> rursusque conciliavit pacem,<ref>''Collectio Avellana'', 7; [[Sozomenus]], vi.23.</ref> tametsi sectatores eius salvos praestaret.<ref>''Collectio Avellana'', 5.</ref> Administratio sua iustitiae laudatior fuit; iussit ea quae sunt in templis gentilibus aedificatis a privatis tollere (podia, columnae, tabulata altiora dicta ''maeniana'') atque statuit ut omne Urbe pondera mensurasque inspecta equaliaque essent.<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], 27.9.10.</ref> Restituit [[Porticus Deorum Consentium|Porticum Deorum Consentium]] in [[Forum Romanum|Foro]]. Post mortem Praetextati, [[imperator]] petivit [[Senatus Romanus|Senatui]] exemplarem eius orationum.<ref>[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Relatio'' 24.</ref> cum [[Valentinianus I|Augusto]] [[Vestalis virgo|Vestales]] rogarent ut ei statuas ponerentur.<ref>[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Relatio'' 12.2.</ref> === Favor gentilium Romanorum === [[Fasciculus:Forum Portique Dii consentes.jpg|thumbnail|right|[[Porticus Deorum Consentium]] in [[Forum Romanum|Foro Romano]], restituta anno [[367]] a Praetextato, qui etiam constituit [[Dei Consentes|Deorum Consentium]] cultum rursus.]] Praetextatus fuit unus ex extremis defensoribus religionis Romanae, prius quam [[Medium Aevum]] inciperet. [[Proconsulatus Achaiae|Proconsulatu Achaiae]] gerente, provocavit contra [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] edictum prohibente sacrificia nocturna in Mysteriis, dicens id detrimento gentilibus futurum esse: tum [[Valentinianus I|Valentinianus]] illud abrogavit.<ref>[[Zosimus]], iv.3.2-3; edictum [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani]] est in [[Codex Theodosianus|Codice Theodosiano]] relatum ([[:la:s:Codex Theodosianus - Liber IX#XVI.7|ix.16.7]]).</ref> Gerente [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectura urbi]], curavit restitutionem [[Porticus Deorum Consentium]] in [[Forum Romanum|Foro Romano]], quae ultimum erat magnum deis monumentum dicatum [[Roma]]e;<ref>Legatur inscriptionem in monumento, {{CIL|06|00102}}.</ref> quamvis tantum esset restitutio aedum derutarum cultuumque renovatio, hoc maxime opertum erat, quoniam [[Dei Consentes]] protectores caelestes senatorii ordinis erant,<ref>[[Martianus Capella]], 1,42.</ref> et cum ita essent, sunt fortasse putati contra imperatorem niti.<ref>Kahlos, "Restauratio...".</ref> [[Praefectus praetorio|Praefectura praetorio]] gerente, incepit investigationes de templis a [[Christiani]]s derutis in [[Italia]]m.<ref>[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Relatio'' 21.</ref> Piissimus erga [[Vesta]]m erat, tamquam uxor sua.<ref name="lanciani">Lanciani.</ref> Amicus quoque fuit alterius praeclari optimatis gentilis [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Quinti Aurelii Symmachi]] commercium eo epistularum habentis, quod partim superest.<ref>Symmachus, ''Epistulae'', I.44-55.</ref> Quondam Praetextatus [[Damasus I|Damaso episcopo]]: «Facite me Romanae urbis episcopum» inquit «et ero protinus Christianus».<ref>[[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus]], ''Contra Johannem Hierosolymitanum'', 8.</ref> Praetextato et Paulinae erat domus apud [[Amphitheatrum Flavium]], pulchris cincta hortis dictis Vettianis,<ref>[http://www.museicapitolini.org/percorsi/percorsi_per_sale/museo_del_palazzo_dei_conservatori/sale_degli_horti_tauriani_vettiani Musei Capitolini]</ref> quae ad [[statio Roma Termini|stationem Romam Terminos]] usque pertinebant hodiernam. Hic sunt postea aliqua monumenta familiam revocantia Praetextati inventa. In his est ima statuae pars cuiusdam dicatae Caeliae Concordiae, ex ultimis unae [[Vestalis virgo|virginibus Vestalibus]], quae Praetextato post eius mortem erexerat statuam. Qua de re est maxime reprehensa a [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmacho]], qui scripsit epistulam Flaviano dicens se huic obsistere, quoniam numquam [[Vestalis virgo|Vestales]] ante monumentum viro, etsi pontifex maximus fuerit, erexerant.<ref name="lanciani" /> == Litterae == Praetextatus librum edidit [[Analytica|Analyticorum]] [[Aristoteles|Aristotelis]] a [[Themistius|Themistio]] emendatum philosopho. Praeterea socius [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Quinto Aurelio Symmacho]] [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus|Virioque Nicomacho Flaviano]] emendationis atque traditionis librorum moris Romani antiqui fuit. Praetextatus quoque primas partes in libris [[Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius|Ambrosii Theodosii Macrobii]] ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalium]]'' agit. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == ;Fontes * ''[[Collectio Avellana]]'' * [[Ammianus Marcellinus]], ''[[Res gestae (Ammianus)|Res gestae]]'' * [[Ioannes Lydus]], ''De mensibus'' * [[Sozomenus]], ''[[Historia Ecclesiastica]]'' *[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], libro primo ''Epistularum'' 44-55 * [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]], ''[[Historia nova]]'' ;Fontes secundae * Lanciani, Rodolphus, ''Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent Discoveries'', Houghton & Mifflin, Boston e New York, 1898, pp. 169-170. Relatus a [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/Lanciani/LANARD/6*.html ''LacusCurtius] * Thayer, Gulielmus, [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/museums/Museo_Nazionale_Romano/Palazzo_Altemps/inscriptions/Vettius_Praetextatus.html "Honorific Inscription of Vettius Agorius Praetextatus"], ''Lacus Curtius'' * {{PLRE}} vol. 1 [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/722/mode/2up pp.722-4] * Kahlos, Maijastina, ''Vettius Agorius Praetextatus. A senatorial life in between'', Institutum Romanum Finlandiae, Roma, 2002, ISBN 952-5323-05-6 (Acta Instituti Romani Finlandiae, 26). * Lellia Cracco Ruggini, ''Vettio Agorio Pretestato e la fondazione di Costantinopoli'', in ''Φιίας χάριν. Miscellanea in onore di E. Manni'', Roma, 1979, pp. 586-610. {{NexInt}} * [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]] * [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus]] == Ligamina externa == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071203062955/http://www.maijastinakahlos.net/b/kirjoituksia/praetextatus/125/ Kahlos, Maijastina, "Restitutio Religiosa Praetextati"] * [http://www.bartleby.com/245/353.html Anonimo, ''Titulus M. Vetii Agorii Praetextati et uxoris Paulinae suae'', 384] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071215171319/http://www.museicapitolini.org/percorsi/percorsi_per_sale/museo_capitolino/stanzette_terrene/ara_funeraria_di_vettius_agorius_praetextatus_e_aconia_fabia_paulina Ara funebris Vettii Agorii Praetextati et Aconiae Fabiae Paulinae], Musea Capitolina. {{DEFAULTSORT:Praetextatus, Agorius, Vettius}} [[Categoria:Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti Praetorio]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 4]] [[Categoria:Mortui 384]] fhm4r0cr2gzbpgd3iw1osuatrzqzzxu 3966110 3966107 2026-06-23T16:03:24Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Litterae */ 3966110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} '''Vettius Agorius Praetextatus''' (natus circiter anno [[320]]- mortuus anno [[384]]) fuit vir publicus [[Roma antiqua|Romanus]] nobili genere natus. Unus fuit ex ultimis [[Senatus Romanus|senatoribus]] religionem avitam colentibus Romanam, quam conatus est a [[Christianitas|Christianae religionis]] progressu defendere; sacerdos fuit, sacris initiatus atque litterarum philosophiaeque doctus. == Qui scripserint de vita eius == Vita eius est nobis praesertim per scripta [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Quinti Aurelii Symmachi]], [[Ammianus Marcellinus|Ammiani Marcellini]] atque epigrammata manifesta. [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]] ([[320]] circiter-[[402]] circiter) gravis fuit princeps patricii ordinis atque maximus temporis sui orator. Multae eius permanent epistulae, orationes atque relationes; quibus legendis intellegitur alterum altero familiarissime usum esse. Censebat praeterea [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]] optimum Praetextatum magistratum esse et virum magna virtute praeditum. [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] ([[330]] circiter-[[390]] circiter) verba profert Praetextati tribus in locis suarum [[Res gestae (Ammianus)|"Rerum Gestarum"]];<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], 22.7.6; 27.9.8-10; 28.1.24.</ref> aliter ac alii senatores, adeo semper est iudicium Ammiani de Praetextato propitium, ut rerum multi scriptores eos esse amicos putent. Multae extant inscriptiones Praetextatum memorantes, quarum gravissima stat in funebri monumento Praetextato atque [[Aconia Fabia Paulina|Aconiae Fabiae Paulinae]] uxori dicato;<ref name="CIL61779">{{CIL|06|01779}}</ref> aliae famae sunt in legibus Vettio praefecto latis et in epistulis a [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniano imperatore]] scriptis de disputatione quadam religiosa. [[Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus]] ([[347]]-[[420]]), religiosus theologusque christianus, scripsit de Praetextato in duobus epistulis<ref> [[Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], epistulae xxiii e xxxix.</ref> atque in controversiam ''Contra Iohannem Hierosolymitanum'' ([[397]]); tam magna fuit aegritudo in Praetextati comitibus morte eius allata, ut [[Hieronymus]] statueret eum esse in [[Tartarus|Tartaro]], id est in [[Infernus|Inferno]], in quamdam epistulam scribere.<ref>[[Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], epistula xxiii.</ref> [[Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius]], aliter quam christianos, voluit Praetextatum primas agere partes in ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalium]]'' libris, qui imago sunt renovationis gentilis Romanae aetatis illius. Est tamen verisimile libros post mortem Praetextati quinquaginta annos scriptos esse, tum cum perfectam eius imaginem fingere licebat. [[Zosimus]], rerum gestarum scriptor [[Saeculum 6|VI saeculo]] florens, dicit Praetextatum defensorem in libris "[[Historia nova|Historiae novae]]" suae fuisse cultuum gentilium,<ref>[[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]], ''[[Historia nova]]'', IV 3 3.</ref>, [[Ioannes Lydus|Iohannes vero Lydus]] (floruit [[Saeculum 6|VI saeculo]]) memorat quendam virum magna auctoritate valentem, cui nomen erat Praetextatus <ref name="giovannilido">[[Iohannes Lidus]], ''De mensibus'', 4.2.</ref> (tamen nescimus utrum Vettius esset an non). == Vita == === Origines === Nescimus quando natus sit, tamen certum est ex multis scriptis Praetextatum fuisse aetatis Quinti Aurelii Symmachi et [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus|Virii Nicomachi Flaviani]] ([[334]]-[[394]]); praeterea, anno mortis eius [[384]] iam quadriginta circiter annis uxorem duxerat [[Aconia Fabia Paulina|Aconiam Fabiam Paulinam]].<ref name="CIL61779" /> Si uxor prima Paulina eius esset Praetextatusque eam in matrimonio inter vigesimum et vigesimum quintum annum duceret, quod erat mos optimatum Romanorum illo tempore, eius natio possit annis inter [[314]] et [[319]] collocari.<ref name="kahlos12">Kahlos, caput 1.2.</ref> Coniectatum tamen de hoc etiam aliter est et lati differentes sunt anni inter [[310]] atque [[324]], quorum firmitas quoque pendit ex altera re, a Iohanne referta Lido, qui Praetextatum adfuisse ierophantem [[Pontifex|pontificem]] ritui ''polismós'' dum urbs [[Constantinopolis]] conditur (anno circiter [[330]]) una cum [[Sopater Apameae|Sopatro Apameae]] philosopho narrat;<ref name="giovannilido" /> licuit enim optimatem munus suscipere sacerdotalem tum iuvenissimum et dein Praetextatum quoque ierophantem esse Vettium Agorium, qui haud dubie [[Vesta]]e fuit pontifex,<ref>{{CIL|06|01778}}</ref><ref name="CIL61779" /> quamquam hoc non certum est. Coniectatur de familiaribus Praetextati; [[Gaius Vettius Cossinius Rufinus|Gaium Vettium Cossinium Rufinum]] ([[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectum urbi Romae]] annis [[315]]-[[316]]) licet eius fuisse patrem, et quia simile nomen ei est, et quia complures magistratus, etiam a Praetextato postea gesti, suscepit ([[corrector Tusciae et Umbriae|correcturam Tusciae et Umbriae]], [[proconsulatus Achaiae|proconsulatum Achaiae]], [[pontifex Solis|pontificatum Solis]] [[Augur|auguratumque]]):<ref>{{CIL|10|05061}}</ref><ref name="kahlos12" /> gentibus nobilibus Romanis consuetudo erat saepe magistratus sacerdotiumque patribus et filiis postea gesta esse. Dubium tamen est [[Gaius Vettius Cossinius Rufinus|Cossinium Rufinum]] patrem esse Praetextati, quoniam [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefecturam urbi]] inter utram quinquaginta praeteriverunt anni (Praetextatus [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] fuit anno [[367]]), quod si pater filiusque fuissent, difficiliter evenire potuisset; est tum [[Gaius Vettius Cossinius Rufinus|Cossinium Rufinum]] fuisse patrem Vettii Rufini (qui consul anno [[323]] fuit) et hunc patrem Praetextati coniectatus.<ref>PLRE I, "Vettius Rufinus 24", [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/780/mode/2up pp. 781-782].</ref> Utcumque sint res, familia Praetextati prisca erat praeclaraque, quo Agorius utebatur multis nobilibus senatoribus familiariter. Cui, et commodis percipiendis uso, intererant certe [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]] paterque suus [[Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus]], [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus]] atque, quod verisimile est, senatores [[Volusius Venustus]] Minervusque.<ref name="kahlos12" /> Ex societatibus his gentium senatoriarum notandum est conubium Praetextati cum [[Aconia Fabia Paulina]], quod evenit circiter anno [[344]], si anno [[384]] praeteriverant quadriginta anni a matrimonio;<ref name="CIL61779" /> Paulina enim filia erat [[Fabius Aconius Catullinus Philomathius|Fabii Aconii Catullini Philomathii]], qui fuit [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] annis [[342]]-[[344]] atque [[consul]] anno [[349]].<ref>PLRE I, Catullinus 3, [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/186/mode/2up pp. 187-188].</ref> Coniuges filio quodam minime aucti sunt, qui commemoratus in carmine funebri est atque fecit in monumento inscribere dedicationem patri, statim e morte, in eorum domo [[Aventinus mons|Aventino monte]].<ref>{{CIL|06|01777}}</ref> Quamvis rerum scriptores dicant eum marem fuisse, licet et mulierem, fortasse illam a [[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus|Sophronio Eusebio Hieronymo]] commemoratam.<ref>[[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], epistula cvii,5.</ref> [[Consul]] anni [[527]], [[Vettius Agorius Basilius Mavortius|Vettium Agorium Basilium Mavortium]], qui non tantum cum Praetextato nomina, sed etiam amorem litterarum communicabat, licet eius fuisse pronepotem.<ref name="kahlos12"/> === Cursus honorum et sacerdotia === Ara funebris Praetextati uxorisque eius [[Aconia Fabia Paulina|Aconiae Fabiae Paulinae]], hodie apud [[Musea Capitolina]], commemorat cursum honorum eius. Suscepit ille munus [[pontifex Vestae|pontificis Vestae]] atque Solis, [[augur]]is, [[Taurobolium|tauroboliati]], [[Curialis|curialis Herculis]], neurocori, ierophantis, sacerdotis Liberi mysteriorumque Eleusinorum. Gessit [[Quaestor|quaesturam]], [[Corrector Tusciae et Umbriae|correcturam Tusciae et Umbriae]], [[Praefectus Lusitaniae|praefecturam Lusitaniae]], [[proconsul Achaiae|proconsulatum Achaiae]] et [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefecturam urbi]] anno [[384]].<ref>Confirmatum officium suum intra diem [[21 Maii]] (''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' VI.5.2a) et diem [[9 Septembris]] (''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' I.54.5a) est.</ref> fuit [[praefectus praetorio]] [[Praefectura Italiae|Italiae]] et Illyrici,<ref>Inscriptio commemorat duas praefecturas, sed rerum scriptores putant hoc esse errorem sculptoris (Jones).</ref> etiamque [[consul]] electus anni [[385]], quod munus numquam suscepit, quia mortuus sero anno [[384]] est. Gerente [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectura urbi]], [[Basilica|basilicam]] reddidit Sicinini episcopo [[Damasus I|Damaso]] [[Roma]]e<ref>''Collectio Avellana'', 6. Verisimile est hanc basilicam Sanctae Mariae Maioris illam esse; sectatoribus [[Damasus I|Damasi]] [[Ursinus|Ursinique]] pugnantibus, illi 137 hominum huius occiderunt ([[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], ''Temporum liber'', prolatus in [[Eduardus Gibbon|Eduardi Gibbon]], ''Historia occasus ruinaeque Imperii Romani'', cap. 25.</ref> et alterum episcopum expulit [[Ursinus|Ursinum]] a [[Roma]],<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], 27.9.9.</ref> rursusque conciliavit pacem,<ref>''Collectio Avellana'', 7; [[Sozomenus]], vi.23.</ref> tametsi sectatores eius salvos praestaret.<ref>''Collectio Avellana'', 5.</ref> Administratio sua iustitiae laudatior fuit; iussit ea quae sunt in templis gentilibus aedificatis a privatis tollere (podia, columnae, tabulata altiora dicta ''maeniana'') atque statuit ut omne Urbe pondera mensurasque inspecta equaliaque essent.<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], 27.9.10.</ref> Restituit [[Porticus Deorum Consentium|Porticum Deorum Consentium]] in [[Forum Romanum|Foro]]. Post mortem Praetextati, [[imperator]] petivit [[Senatus Romanus|Senatui]] exemplarem eius orationum.<ref>[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Relatio'' 24.</ref> cum [[Valentinianus I|Augusto]] [[Vestalis virgo|Vestales]] rogarent ut ei statuas ponerentur.<ref>[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Relatio'' 12.2.</ref> === Favor gentilium Romanorum === [[Fasciculus:Forum Portique Dii consentes.jpg|thumbnail|right|[[Porticus Deorum Consentium]] in [[Forum Romanum|Foro Romano]], restituta anno [[367]] a Praetextato, qui etiam constituit [[Dei Consentes|Deorum Consentium]] cultum rursus.]] Praetextatus fuit unus ex extremis defensoribus religionis Romanae, prius quam [[Medium Aevum]] inciperet. [[Proconsulatus Achaiae|Proconsulatu Achaiae]] gerente, provocavit contra [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] edictum prohibente sacrificia nocturna in Mysteriis, dicens id detrimento gentilibus futurum esse: tum [[Valentinianus I|Valentinianus]] illud abrogavit.<ref>[[Zosimus]], iv.3.2-3; edictum [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani]] est in [[Codex Theodosianus|Codice Theodosiano]] relatum ([[:la:s:Codex Theodosianus - Liber IX#XVI.7|ix.16.7]]).</ref> Gerente [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectura urbi]], curavit restitutionem [[Porticus Deorum Consentium]] in [[Forum Romanum|Foro Romano]], quae ultimum erat magnum deis monumentum dicatum [[Roma]]e;<ref>Legatur inscriptionem in monumento, {{CIL|06|00102}}.</ref> quamvis tantum esset restitutio aedum derutarum cultuumque renovatio, hoc maxime opertum erat, quoniam [[Dei Consentes]] protectores caelestes senatorii ordinis erant,<ref>[[Martianus Capella]], 1,42.</ref> et cum ita essent, sunt fortasse putati contra imperatorem niti.<ref>Kahlos, "Restauratio...".</ref> [[Praefectus praetorio|Praefectura praetorio]] gerente, incepit investigationes de templis a [[Christiani]]s derutis in [[Italia]]m.<ref>[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Relatio'' 21.</ref> Piissimus erga [[Vesta]]m erat, tamquam uxor sua.<ref name="lanciani">Lanciani.</ref> Amicus quoque fuit alterius praeclari optimatis gentilis [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Quinti Aurelii Symmachi]] commercium eo epistularum habentis, quod partim superest.<ref>Symmachus, ''Epistulae'', I.44-55.</ref> Quondam Praetextatus [[Damasus I|Damaso episcopo]]: «Facite me Romanae urbis episcopum» inquit «et ero protinus Christianus».<ref>[[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus]], ''Contra Johannem Hierosolymitanum'', 8.</ref> Praetextato et Paulinae erat domus apud [[Amphitheatrum Flavium]], pulchris cincta hortis dictis Vettianis,<ref>[http://www.museicapitolini.org/percorsi/percorsi_per_sale/museo_del_palazzo_dei_conservatori/sale_degli_horti_tauriani_vettiani Musei Capitolini]</ref> quae ad [[statio Roma Termini|stationem Romam Terminos]] usque pertinebant hodiernam. Hic sunt postea aliqua monumenta familiam revocantia Praetextati inventa. In his est ima statuae pars cuiusdam dicatae Caeliae Concordiae, ex ultimis unae [[Vestalis virgo|virginibus Vestalibus]], quae Praetextato post eius mortem erexerat statuam. Qua de re est maxime reprehensa a [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmacho]], qui scripsit epistulam Flaviano dicens se huic obsistere, quoniam numquam [[Vestalis virgo|Vestales]] ante monumentum viro, etsi pontifex maximus fuerit, erexerant.<ref name="lanciani" /> == Litterae == Praetextatus librum edidit [[Analytica|Analyticorum]] [[Aristoteles|Aristotelis]] a [[Themistius|Themistio]] emendatum philosopho. Praeterea socius [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Quinto Aurelio Symmacho]] [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus|Virioque Nicomacho Flaviano]] emendationis atque traditionis librorum moris Romani antiqui fuit. Praetextatus in libris [[Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius|Ambrosii Theodosii Macrobii]] ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalium]]'' hospes convivarum eruditorum inducitur quos ut dissererent de antiquis moribus Romanis invitavit. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == ;Fontes * ''[[Collectio Avellana]]'' * [[Ammianus Marcellinus]], ''[[Res gestae (Ammianus)|Res gestae]]'' * [[Ioannes Lydus]], ''De mensibus'' * [[Sozomenus]], ''[[Historia Ecclesiastica]]'' *[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], libro primo ''Epistularum'' 44-55 * [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]], ''[[Historia nova]]'' ;Fontes secundae * Lanciani, Rodolphus, ''Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent Discoveries'', Houghton & Mifflin, Boston e New York, 1898, pp. 169-170. Relatus a [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/Lanciani/LANARD/6*.html ''LacusCurtius] * Thayer, Gulielmus, [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/museums/Museo_Nazionale_Romano/Palazzo_Altemps/inscriptions/Vettius_Praetextatus.html "Honorific Inscription of Vettius Agorius Praetextatus"], ''Lacus Curtius'' * {{PLRE}} vol. 1 [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/722/mode/2up pp.722-4] * Kahlos, Maijastina, ''Vettius Agorius Praetextatus. A senatorial life in between'', Institutum Romanum Finlandiae, Roma, 2002, ISBN 952-5323-05-6 (Acta Instituti Romani Finlandiae, 26). * Lellia Cracco Ruggini, ''Vettio Agorio Pretestato e la fondazione di Costantinopoli'', in ''Φιίας χάριν. Miscellanea in onore di E. Manni'', Roma, 1979, pp. 586-610. {{NexInt}} * [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]] * [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus]] == Ligamina externa == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071203062955/http://www.maijastinakahlos.net/b/kirjoituksia/praetextatus/125/ Kahlos, Maijastina, "Restitutio Religiosa Praetextati"] * [http://www.bartleby.com/245/353.html Anonimo, ''Titulus M. Vetii Agorii Praetextati et uxoris Paulinae suae'', 384] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071215171319/http://www.museicapitolini.org/percorsi/percorsi_per_sale/museo_capitolino/stanzette_terrene/ara_funeraria_di_vettius_agorius_praetextatus_e_aconia_fabia_paulina Ara funebris Vettii Agorii Praetextati et Aconiae Fabiae Paulinae], Musea Capitolina. {{DEFAULTSORT:Praetextatus, Agorius, Vettius}} [[Categoria:Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti Praetorio]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 4]] [[Categoria:Mortui 384]] gd62a36e7i7qy3u9euo0ct6jxlbdtwq 3966111 3966110 2026-06-23T16:03:56Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Litterae */ 3966111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} '''Vettius Agorius Praetextatus''' (natus circiter anno [[320]]- mortuus anno [[384]]) fuit vir publicus [[Roma antiqua|Romanus]] nobili genere natus. Unus fuit ex ultimis [[Senatus Romanus|senatoribus]] religionem avitam colentibus Romanam, quam conatus est a [[Christianitas|Christianae religionis]] progressu defendere; sacerdos fuit, sacris initiatus atque litterarum philosophiaeque doctus. == Qui scripserint de vita eius == Vita eius est nobis praesertim per scripta [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Quinti Aurelii Symmachi]], [[Ammianus Marcellinus|Ammiani Marcellini]] atque epigrammata manifesta. [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]] ([[320]] circiter-[[402]] circiter) gravis fuit princeps patricii ordinis atque maximus temporis sui orator. Multae eius permanent epistulae, orationes atque relationes; quibus legendis intellegitur alterum altero familiarissime usum esse. Censebat praeterea [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]] optimum Praetextatum magistratum esse et virum magna virtute praeditum. [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] ([[330]] circiter-[[390]] circiter) verba profert Praetextati tribus in locis suarum [[Res gestae (Ammianus)|"Rerum Gestarum"]];<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], 22.7.6; 27.9.8-10; 28.1.24.</ref> aliter ac alii senatores, adeo semper est iudicium Ammiani de Praetextato propitium, ut rerum multi scriptores eos esse amicos putent. Multae extant inscriptiones Praetextatum memorantes, quarum gravissima stat in funebri monumento Praetextato atque [[Aconia Fabia Paulina|Aconiae Fabiae Paulinae]] uxori dicato;<ref name="CIL61779">{{CIL|06|01779}}</ref> aliae famae sunt in legibus Vettio praefecto latis et in epistulis a [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniano imperatore]] scriptis de disputatione quadam religiosa. [[Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus]] ([[347]]-[[420]]), religiosus theologusque christianus, scripsit de Praetextato in duobus epistulis<ref> [[Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], epistulae xxiii e xxxix.</ref> atque in controversiam ''Contra Iohannem Hierosolymitanum'' ([[397]]); tam magna fuit aegritudo in Praetextati comitibus morte eius allata, ut [[Hieronymus]] statueret eum esse in [[Tartarus|Tartaro]], id est in [[Infernus|Inferno]], in quamdam epistulam scribere.<ref>[[Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], epistula xxiii.</ref> [[Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius]], aliter quam christianos, voluit Praetextatum primas agere partes in ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalium]]'' libris, qui imago sunt renovationis gentilis Romanae aetatis illius. Est tamen verisimile libros post mortem Praetextati quinquaginta annos scriptos esse, tum cum perfectam eius imaginem fingere licebat. [[Zosimus]], rerum gestarum scriptor [[Saeculum 6|VI saeculo]] florens, dicit Praetextatum defensorem in libris "[[Historia nova|Historiae novae]]" suae fuisse cultuum gentilium,<ref>[[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]], ''[[Historia nova]]'', IV 3 3.</ref>, [[Ioannes Lydus|Iohannes vero Lydus]] (floruit [[Saeculum 6|VI saeculo]]) memorat quendam virum magna auctoritate valentem, cui nomen erat Praetextatus <ref name="giovannilido">[[Iohannes Lidus]], ''De mensibus'', 4.2.</ref> (tamen nescimus utrum Vettius esset an non). == Vita == === Origines === Nescimus quando natus sit, tamen certum est ex multis scriptis Praetextatum fuisse aetatis Quinti Aurelii Symmachi et [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus|Virii Nicomachi Flaviani]] ([[334]]-[[394]]); praeterea, anno mortis eius [[384]] iam quadriginta circiter annis uxorem duxerat [[Aconia Fabia Paulina|Aconiam Fabiam Paulinam]].<ref name="CIL61779" /> Si uxor prima Paulina eius esset Praetextatusque eam in matrimonio inter vigesimum et vigesimum quintum annum duceret, quod erat mos optimatum Romanorum illo tempore, eius natio possit annis inter [[314]] et [[319]] collocari.<ref name="kahlos12">Kahlos, caput 1.2.</ref> Coniectatum tamen de hoc etiam aliter est et lati differentes sunt anni inter [[310]] atque [[324]], quorum firmitas quoque pendit ex altera re, a Iohanne referta Lido, qui Praetextatum adfuisse ierophantem [[Pontifex|pontificem]] ritui ''polismós'' dum urbs [[Constantinopolis]] conditur (anno circiter [[330]]) una cum [[Sopater Apameae|Sopatro Apameae]] philosopho narrat;<ref name="giovannilido" /> licuit enim optimatem munus suscipere sacerdotalem tum iuvenissimum et dein Praetextatum quoque ierophantem esse Vettium Agorium, qui haud dubie [[Vesta]]e fuit pontifex,<ref>{{CIL|06|01778}}</ref><ref name="CIL61779" /> quamquam hoc non certum est. Coniectatur de familiaribus Praetextati; [[Gaius Vettius Cossinius Rufinus|Gaium Vettium Cossinium Rufinum]] ([[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectum urbi Romae]] annis [[315]]-[[316]]) licet eius fuisse patrem, et quia simile nomen ei est, et quia complures magistratus, etiam a Praetextato postea gesti, suscepit ([[corrector Tusciae et Umbriae|correcturam Tusciae et Umbriae]], [[proconsulatus Achaiae|proconsulatum Achaiae]], [[pontifex Solis|pontificatum Solis]] [[Augur|auguratumque]]):<ref>{{CIL|10|05061}}</ref><ref name="kahlos12" /> gentibus nobilibus Romanis consuetudo erat saepe magistratus sacerdotiumque patribus et filiis postea gesta esse. Dubium tamen est [[Gaius Vettius Cossinius Rufinus|Cossinium Rufinum]] patrem esse Praetextati, quoniam [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefecturam urbi]] inter utram quinquaginta praeteriverunt anni (Praetextatus [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] fuit anno [[367]]), quod si pater filiusque fuissent, difficiliter evenire potuisset; est tum [[Gaius Vettius Cossinius Rufinus|Cossinium Rufinum]] fuisse patrem Vettii Rufini (qui consul anno [[323]] fuit) et hunc patrem Praetextati coniectatus.<ref>PLRE I, "Vettius Rufinus 24", [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/780/mode/2up pp. 781-782].</ref> Utcumque sint res, familia Praetextati prisca erat praeclaraque, quo Agorius utebatur multis nobilibus senatoribus familiariter. Cui, et commodis percipiendis uso, intererant certe [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]] paterque suus [[Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus]], [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus]] atque, quod verisimile est, senatores [[Volusius Venustus]] Minervusque.<ref name="kahlos12" /> Ex societatibus his gentium senatoriarum notandum est conubium Praetextati cum [[Aconia Fabia Paulina]], quod evenit circiter anno [[344]], si anno [[384]] praeteriverant quadriginta anni a matrimonio;<ref name="CIL61779" /> Paulina enim filia erat [[Fabius Aconius Catullinus Philomathius|Fabii Aconii Catullini Philomathii]], qui fuit [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] annis [[342]]-[[344]] atque [[consul]] anno [[349]].<ref>PLRE I, Catullinus 3, [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/186/mode/2up pp. 187-188].</ref> Coniuges filio quodam minime aucti sunt, qui commemoratus in carmine funebri est atque fecit in monumento inscribere dedicationem patri, statim e morte, in eorum domo [[Aventinus mons|Aventino monte]].<ref>{{CIL|06|01777}}</ref> Quamvis rerum scriptores dicant eum marem fuisse, licet et mulierem, fortasse illam a [[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus|Sophronio Eusebio Hieronymo]] commemoratam.<ref>[[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], epistula cvii,5.</ref> [[Consul]] anni [[527]], [[Vettius Agorius Basilius Mavortius|Vettium Agorium Basilium Mavortium]], qui non tantum cum Praetextato nomina, sed etiam amorem litterarum communicabat, licet eius fuisse pronepotem.<ref name="kahlos12"/> === Cursus honorum et sacerdotia === Ara funebris Praetextati uxorisque eius [[Aconia Fabia Paulina|Aconiae Fabiae Paulinae]], hodie apud [[Musea Capitolina]], commemorat cursum honorum eius. Suscepit ille munus [[pontifex Vestae|pontificis Vestae]] atque Solis, [[augur]]is, [[Taurobolium|tauroboliati]], [[Curialis|curialis Herculis]], neurocori, ierophantis, sacerdotis Liberi mysteriorumque Eleusinorum. Gessit [[Quaestor|quaesturam]], [[Corrector Tusciae et Umbriae|correcturam Tusciae et Umbriae]], [[Praefectus Lusitaniae|praefecturam Lusitaniae]], [[proconsul Achaiae|proconsulatum Achaiae]] et [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefecturam urbi]] anno [[384]].<ref>Confirmatum officium suum intra diem [[21 Maii]] (''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' VI.5.2a) et diem [[9 Septembris]] (''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' I.54.5a) est.</ref> fuit [[praefectus praetorio]] [[Praefectura Italiae|Italiae]] et Illyrici,<ref>Inscriptio commemorat duas praefecturas, sed rerum scriptores putant hoc esse errorem sculptoris (Jones).</ref> etiamque [[consul]] electus anni [[385]], quod munus numquam suscepit, quia mortuus sero anno [[384]] est. Gerente [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectura urbi]], [[Basilica|basilicam]] reddidit Sicinini episcopo [[Damasus I|Damaso]] [[Roma]]e<ref>''Collectio Avellana'', 6. Verisimile est hanc basilicam Sanctae Mariae Maioris illam esse; sectatoribus [[Damasus I|Damasi]] [[Ursinus|Ursinique]] pugnantibus, illi 137 hominum huius occiderunt ([[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], ''Temporum liber'', prolatus in [[Eduardus Gibbon|Eduardi Gibbon]], ''Historia occasus ruinaeque Imperii Romani'', cap. 25.</ref> et alterum episcopum expulit [[Ursinus|Ursinum]] a [[Roma]],<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], 27.9.9.</ref> rursusque conciliavit pacem,<ref>''Collectio Avellana'', 7; [[Sozomenus]], vi.23.</ref> tametsi sectatores eius salvos praestaret.<ref>''Collectio Avellana'', 5.</ref> Administratio sua iustitiae laudatior fuit; iussit ea quae sunt in templis gentilibus aedificatis a privatis tollere (podia, columnae, tabulata altiora dicta ''maeniana'') atque statuit ut omne Urbe pondera mensurasque inspecta equaliaque essent.<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], 27.9.10.</ref> Restituit [[Porticus Deorum Consentium|Porticum Deorum Consentium]] in [[Forum Romanum|Foro]]. Post mortem Praetextati, [[imperator]] petivit [[Senatus Romanus|Senatui]] exemplarem eius orationum.<ref>[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Relatio'' 24.</ref> cum [[Valentinianus I|Augusto]] [[Vestalis virgo|Vestales]] rogarent ut ei statuas ponerentur.<ref>[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Relatio'' 12.2.</ref> === Favor gentilium Romanorum === [[Fasciculus:Forum Portique Dii consentes.jpg|thumbnail|right|[[Porticus Deorum Consentium]] in [[Forum Romanum|Foro Romano]], restituta anno [[367]] a Praetextato, qui etiam constituit [[Dei Consentes|Deorum Consentium]] cultum rursus.]] Praetextatus fuit unus ex extremis defensoribus religionis Romanae, prius quam [[Medium Aevum]] inciperet. [[Proconsulatus Achaiae|Proconsulatu Achaiae]] gerente, provocavit contra [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] edictum prohibente sacrificia nocturna in Mysteriis, dicens id detrimento gentilibus futurum esse: tum [[Valentinianus I|Valentinianus]] illud abrogavit.<ref>[[Zosimus]], iv.3.2-3; edictum [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani]] est in [[Codex Theodosianus|Codice Theodosiano]] relatum ([[:la:s:Codex Theodosianus - Liber IX#XVI.7|ix.16.7]]).</ref> Gerente [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectura urbi]], curavit restitutionem [[Porticus Deorum Consentium]] in [[Forum Romanum|Foro Romano]], quae ultimum erat magnum deis monumentum dicatum [[Roma]]e;<ref>Legatur inscriptionem in monumento, {{CIL|06|00102}}.</ref> quamvis tantum esset restitutio aedum derutarum cultuumque renovatio, hoc maxime opertum erat, quoniam [[Dei Consentes]] protectores caelestes senatorii ordinis erant,<ref>[[Martianus Capella]], 1,42.</ref> et cum ita essent, sunt fortasse putati contra imperatorem niti.<ref>Kahlos, "Restauratio...".</ref> [[Praefectus praetorio|Praefectura praetorio]] gerente, incepit investigationes de templis a [[Christiani]]s derutis in [[Italia]]m.<ref>[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Relatio'' 21.</ref> Piissimus erga [[Vesta]]m erat, tamquam uxor sua.<ref name="lanciani">Lanciani.</ref> Amicus quoque fuit alterius praeclari optimatis gentilis [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Quinti Aurelii Symmachi]] commercium eo epistularum habentis, quod partim superest.<ref>Symmachus, ''Epistulae'', I.44-55.</ref> Quondam Praetextatus [[Damasus I|Damaso episcopo]]: «Facite me Romanae urbis episcopum» inquit «et ero protinus Christianus».<ref>[[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus]], ''Contra Johannem Hierosolymitanum'', 8.</ref> Praetextato et Paulinae erat domus apud [[Amphitheatrum Flavium]], pulchris cincta hortis dictis Vettianis,<ref>[http://www.museicapitolini.org/percorsi/percorsi_per_sale/museo_del_palazzo_dei_conservatori/sale_degli_horti_tauriani_vettiani Musei Capitolini]</ref> quae ad [[statio Roma Termini|stationem Romam Terminos]] usque pertinebant hodiernam. Hic sunt postea aliqua monumenta familiam revocantia Praetextati inventa. In his est ima statuae pars cuiusdam dicatae Caeliae Concordiae, ex ultimis unae [[Vestalis virgo|virginibus Vestalibus]], quae Praetextato post eius mortem erexerat statuam. Qua de re est maxime reprehensa a [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmacho]], qui scripsit epistulam Flaviano dicens se huic obsistere, quoniam numquam [[Vestalis virgo|Vestales]] ante monumentum viro, etsi pontifex maximus fuerit, erexerant.<ref name="lanciani" /> == Litterae == Praetextatus librum edidit [[Analytica|Analyticorum]] [[Aristoteles|Aristotelis]] a [[Themistius|Themistio]] emendatum philosopho. Praeterea socius [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Quinto Aurelio Symmacho]] [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus|Virioque Nicomacho Flaviano]] emendationis atque traditionis librorum moris Romani antiqui fuit. Praetextatus in ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalium]]'' libris [[Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius|Ambrosii Theodosii Macrobii]] hospes convivarum eruditorum inducitur quos ut dissererent de antiquis moribus Romanis invitavit. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == ;Fontes * ''[[Collectio Avellana]]'' * [[Ammianus Marcellinus]], ''[[Res gestae (Ammianus)|Res gestae]]'' * [[Ioannes Lydus]], ''De mensibus'' * [[Sozomenus]], ''[[Historia Ecclesiastica]]'' *[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], libro primo ''Epistularum'' 44-55 * [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]], ''[[Historia nova]]'' ;Fontes secundae * Lanciani, Rodolphus, ''Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent Discoveries'', Houghton & Mifflin, Boston e New York, 1898, pp. 169-170. Relatus a [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/Lanciani/LANARD/6*.html ''LacusCurtius] * Thayer, Gulielmus, [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/museums/Museo_Nazionale_Romano/Palazzo_Altemps/inscriptions/Vettius_Praetextatus.html "Honorific Inscription of Vettius Agorius Praetextatus"], ''Lacus Curtius'' * {{PLRE}} vol. 1 [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/722/mode/2up pp.722-4] * Kahlos, Maijastina, ''Vettius Agorius Praetextatus. A senatorial life in between'', Institutum Romanum Finlandiae, Roma, 2002, ISBN 952-5323-05-6 (Acta Instituti Romani Finlandiae, 26). * Lellia Cracco Ruggini, ''Vettio Agorio Pretestato e la fondazione di Costantinopoli'', in ''Φιίας χάριν. Miscellanea in onore di E. Manni'', Roma, 1979, pp. 586-610. {{NexInt}} * [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]] * [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus]] == Ligamina externa == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071203062955/http://www.maijastinakahlos.net/b/kirjoituksia/praetextatus/125/ Kahlos, Maijastina, "Restitutio Religiosa Praetextati"] * [http://www.bartleby.com/245/353.html Anonimo, ''Titulus M. Vetii Agorii Praetextati et uxoris Paulinae suae'', 384] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071215171319/http://www.museicapitolini.org/percorsi/percorsi_per_sale/museo_capitolino/stanzette_terrene/ara_funeraria_di_vettius_agorius_praetextatus_e_aconia_fabia_paulina Ara funebris Vettii Agorii Praetextati et Aconiae Fabiae Paulinae], Musea Capitolina. {{DEFAULTSORT:Praetextatus, Agorius, Vettius}} [[Categoria:Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti Praetorio]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 4]] [[Categoria:Mortui 384]] t9qkolyz9o2ao2ne6hhrp5hogn80qc4 3966112 3966111 2026-06-23T16:04:26Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Litterae */ 3966112 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} '''Vettius Agorius Praetextatus''' (natus circiter anno [[320]]- mortuus anno [[384]]) fuit vir publicus [[Roma antiqua|Romanus]] nobili genere natus. Unus fuit ex ultimis [[Senatus Romanus|senatoribus]] religionem avitam colentibus Romanam, quam conatus est a [[Christianitas|Christianae religionis]] progressu defendere; sacerdos fuit, sacris initiatus atque litterarum philosophiaeque doctus. == Qui scripserint de vita eius == Vita eius est nobis praesertim per scripta [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Quinti Aurelii Symmachi]], [[Ammianus Marcellinus|Ammiani Marcellini]] atque epigrammata manifesta. [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]] ([[320]] circiter-[[402]] circiter) gravis fuit princeps patricii ordinis atque maximus temporis sui orator. Multae eius permanent epistulae, orationes atque relationes; quibus legendis intellegitur alterum altero familiarissime usum esse. Censebat praeterea [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]] optimum Praetextatum magistratum esse et virum magna virtute praeditum. [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] ([[330]] circiter-[[390]] circiter) verba profert Praetextati tribus in locis suarum [[Res gestae (Ammianus)|"Rerum Gestarum"]];<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], 22.7.6; 27.9.8-10; 28.1.24.</ref> aliter ac alii senatores, adeo semper est iudicium Ammiani de Praetextato propitium, ut rerum multi scriptores eos esse amicos putent. Multae extant inscriptiones Praetextatum memorantes, quarum gravissima stat in funebri monumento Praetextato atque [[Aconia Fabia Paulina|Aconiae Fabiae Paulinae]] uxori dicato;<ref name="CIL61779">{{CIL|06|01779}}</ref> aliae famae sunt in legibus Vettio praefecto latis et in epistulis a [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniano imperatore]] scriptis de disputatione quadam religiosa. [[Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus]] ([[347]]-[[420]]), religiosus theologusque christianus, scripsit de Praetextato in duobus epistulis<ref> [[Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], epistulae xxiii e xxxix.</ref> atque in controversiam ''Contra Iohannem Hierosolymitanum'' ([[397]]); tam magna fuit aegritudo in Praetextati comitibus morte eius allata, ut [[Hieronymus]] statueret eum esse in [[Tartarus|Tartaro]], id est in [[Infernus|Inferno]], in quamdam epistulam scribere.<ref>[[Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], epistula xxiii.</ref> [[Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius]], aliter quam christianos, voluit Praetextatum primas agere partes in ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalium]]'' libris, qui imago sunt renovationis gentilis Romanae aetatis illius. Est tamen verisimile libros post mortem Praetextati quinquaginta annos scriptos esse, tum cum perfectam eius imaginem fingere licebat. [[Zosimus]], rerum gestarum scriptor [[Saeculum 6|VI saeculo]] florens, dicit Praetextatum defensorem in libris "[[Historia nova|Historiae novae]]" suae fuisse cultuum gentilium,<ref>[[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]], ''[[Historia nova]]'', IV 3 3.</ref>, [[Ioannes Lydus|Iohannes vero Lydus]] (floruit [[Saeculum 6|VI saeculo]]) memorat quendam virum magna auctoritate valentem, cui nomen erat Praetextatus <ref name="giovannilido">[[Iohannes Lidus]], ''De mensibus'', 4.2.</ref> (tamen nescimus utrum Vettius esset an non). == Vita == === Origines === Nescimus quando natus sit, tamen certum est ex multis scriptis Praetextatum fuisse aetatis Quinti Aurelii Symmachi et [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus|Virii Nicomachi Flaviani]] ([[334]]-[[394]]); praeterea, anno mortis eius [[384]] iam quadriginta circiter annis uxorem duxerat [[Aconia Fabia Paulina|Aconiam Fabiam Paulinam]].<ref name="CIL61779" /> Si uxor prima Paulina eius esset Praetextatusque eam in matrimonio inter vigesimum et vigesimum quintum annum duceret, quod erat mos optimatum Romanorum illo tempore, eius natio possit annis inter [[314]] et [[319]] collocari.<ref name="kahlos12">Kahlos, caput 1.2.</ref> Coniectatum tamen de hoc etiam aliter est et lati differentes sunt anni inter [[310]] atque [[324]], quorum firmitas quoque pendit ex altera re, a Iohanne referta Lido, qui Praetextatum adfuisse ierophantem [[Pontifex|pontificem]] ritui ''polismós'' dum urbs [[Constantinopolis]] conditur (anno circiter [[330]]) una cum [[Sopater Apameae|Sopatro Apameae]] philosopho narrat;<ref name="giovannilido" /> licuit enim optimatem munus suscipere sacerdotalem tum iuvenissimum et dein Praetextatum quoque ierophantem esse Vettium Agorium, qui haud dubie [[Vesta]]e fuit pontifex,<ref>{{CIL|06|01778}}</ref><ref name="CIL61779" /> quamquam hoc non certum est. Coniectatur de familiaribus Praetextati; [[Gaius Vettius Cossinius Rufinus|Gaium Vettium Cossinium Rufinum]] ([[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectum urbi Romae]] annis [[315]]-[[316]]) licet eius fuisse patrem, et quia simile nomen ei est, et quia complures magistratus, etiam a Praetextato postea gesti, suscepit ([[corrector Tusciae et Umbriae|correcturam Tusciae et Umbriae]], [[proconsulatus Achaiae|proconsulatum Achaiae]], [[pontifex Solis|pontificatum Solis]] [[Augur|auguratumque]]):<ref>{{CIL|10|05061}}</ref><ref name="kahlos12" /> gentibus nobilibus Romanis consuetudo erat saepe magistratus sacerdotiumque patribus et filiis postea gesta esse. Dubium tamen est [[Gaius Vettius Cossinius Rufinus|Cossinium Rufinum]] patrem esse Praetextati, quoniam [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefecturam urbi]] inter utram quinquaginta praeteriverunt anni (Praetextatus [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] fuit anno [[367]]), quod si pater filiusque fuissent, difficiliter evenire potuisset; est tum [[Gaius Vettius Cossinius Rufinus|Cossinium Rufinum]] fuisse patrem Vettii Rufini (qui consul anno [[323]] fuit) et hunc patrem Praetextati coniectatus.<ref>PLRE I, "Vettius Rufinus 24", [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/780/mode/2up pp. 781-782].</ref> Utcumque sint res, familia Praetextati prisca erat praeclaraque, quo Agorius utebatur multis nobilibus senatoribus familiariter. Cui, et commodis percipiendis uso, intererant certe [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]] paterque suus [[Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus]], [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus]] atque, quod verisimile est, senatores [[Volusius Venustus]] Minervusque.<ref name="kahlos12" /> Ex societatibus his gentium senatoriarum notandum est conubium Praetextati cum [[Aconia Fabia Paulina]], quod evenit circiter anno [[344]], si anno [[384]] praeteriverant quadriginta anni a matrimonio;<ref name="CIL61779" /> Paulina enim filia erat [[Fabius Aconius Catullinus Philomathius|Fabii Aconii Catullini Philomathii]], qui fuit [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectus urbi]] annis [[342]]-[[344]] atque [[consul]] anno [[349]].<ref>PLRE I, Catullinus 3, [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/186/mode/2up pp. 187-188].</ref> Coniuges filio quodam minime aucti sunt, qui commemoratus in carmine funebri est atque fecit in monumento inscribere dedicationem patri, statim e morte, in eorum domo [[Aventinus mons|Aventino monte]].<ref>{{CIL|06|01777}}</ref> Quamvis rerum scriptores dicant eum marem fuisse, licet et mulierem, fortasse illam a [[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus|Sophronio Eusebio Hieronymo]] commemoratam.<ref>[[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], epistula cvii,5.</ref> [[Consul]] anni [[527]], [[Vettius Agorius Basilius Mavortius|Vettium Agorium Basilium Mavortium]], qui non tantum cum Praetextato nomina, sed etiam amorem litterarum communicabat, licet eius fuisse pronepotem.<ref name="kahlos12"/> === Cursus honorum et sacerdotia === Ara funebris Praetextati uxorisque eius [[Aconia Fabia Paulina|Aconiae Fabiae Paulinae]], hodie apud [[Musea Capitolina]], commemorat cursum honorum eius. Suscepit ille munus [[pontifex Vestae|pontificis Vestae]] atque Solis, [[augur]]is, [[Taurobolium|tauroboliati]], [[Curialis|curialis Herculis]], neurocori, ierophantis, sacerdotis Liberi mysteriorumque Eleusinorum. Gessit [[Quaestor|quaesturam]], [[Corrector Tusciae et Umbriae|correcturam Tusciae et Umbriae]], [[Praefectus Lusitaniae|praefecturam Lusitaniae]], [[proconsul Achaiae|proconsulatum Achaiae]] et [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefecturam urbi]] anno [[384]].<ref>Confirmatum officium suum intra diem [[21 Maii]] (''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' VI.5.2a) et diem [[9 Septembris]] (''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' I.54.5a) est.</ref> fuit [[praefectus praetorio]] [[Praefectura Italiae|Italiae]] et Illyrici,<ref>Inscriptio commemorat duas praefecturas, sed rerum scriptores putant hoc esse errorem sculptoris (Jones).</ref> etiamque [[consul]] electus anni [[385]], quod munus numquam suscepit, quia mortuus sero anno [[384]] est. Gerente [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectura urbi]], [[Basilica|basilicam]] reddidit Sicinini episcopo [[Damasus I|Damaso]] [[Roma]]e<ref>''Collectio Avellana'', 6. Verisimile est hanc basilicam Sanctae Mariae Maioris illam esse; sectatoribus [[Damasus I|Damasi]] [[Ursinus|Ursinique]] pugnantibus, illi 137 hominum huius occiderunt ([[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus|Hieronymus]], ''Temporum liber'', prolatus in [[Eduardus Gibbon|Eduardi Gibbon]], ''Historia occasus ruinaeque Imperii Romani'', cap. 25.</ref> et alterum episcopum expulit [[Ursinus|Ursinum]] a [[Roma]],<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], 27.9.9.</ref> rursusque conciliavit pacem,<ref>''Collectio Avellana'', 7; [[Sozomenus]], vi.23.</ref> tametsi sectatores eius salvos praestaret.<ref>''Collectio Avellana'', 5.</ref> Administratio sua iustitiae laudatior fuit; iussit ea quae sunt in templis gentilibus aedificatis a privatis tollere (podia, columnae, tabulata altiora dicta ''maeniana'') atque statuit ut omne Urbe pondera mensurasque inspecta equaliaque essent.<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], 27.9.10.</ref> Restituit [[Porticus Deorum Consentium|Porticum Deorum Consentium]] in [[Forum Romanum|Foro]]. Post mortem Praetextati, [[imperator]] petivit [[Senatus Romanus|Senatui]] exemplarem eius orationum.<ref>[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Relatio'' 24.</ref> cum [[Valentinianus I|Augusto]] [[Vestalis virgo|Vestales]] rogarent ut ei statuas ponerentur.<ref>[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Relatio'' 12.2.</ref> === Favor gentilium Romanorum === [[Fasciculus:Forum Portique Dii consentes.jpg|thumbnail|right|[[Porticus Deorum Consentium]] in [[Forum Romanum|Foro Romano]], restituta anno [[367]] a Praetextato, qui etiam constituit [[Dei Consentes|Deorum Consentium]] cultum rursus.]] Praetextatus fuit unus ex extremis defensoribus religionis Romanae, prius quam [[Medium Aevum]] inciperet. [[Proconsulatus Achaiae|Proconsulatu Achaiae]] gerente, provocavit contra [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani I]] edictum prohibente sacrificia nocturna in Mysteriis, dicens id detrimento gentilibus futurum esse: tum [[Valentinianus I|Valentinianus]] illud abrogavit.<ref>[[Zosimus]], iv.3.2-3; edictum [[Valentinianus I|Valentiniani]] est in [[Codex Theodosianus|Codice Theodosiano]] relatum ([[:la:s:Codex Theodosianus - Liber IX#XVI.7|ix.16.7]]).</ref> Gerente [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefectura urbi]], curavit restitutionem [[Porticus Deorum Consentium]] in [[Forum Romanum|Foro Romano]], quae ultimum erat magnum deis monumentum dicatum [[Roma]]e;<ref>Legatur inscriptionem in monumento, {{CIL|06|00102}}.</ref> quamvis tantum esset restitutio aedum derutarum cultuumque renovatio, hoc maxime opertum erat, quoniam [[Dei Consentes]] protectores caelestes senatorii ordinis erant,<ref>[[Martianus Capella]], 1,42.</ref> et cum ita essent, sunt fortasse putati contra imperatorem niti.<ref>Kahlos, "Restauratio...".</ref> [[Praefectus praetorio|Praefectura praetorio]] gerente, incepit investigationes de templis a [[Christiani]]s derutis in [[Italia]]m.<ref>[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Relatio'' 21.</ref> Piissimus erga [[Vesta]]m erat, tamquam uxor sua.<ref name="lanciani">Lanciani.</ref> Amicus quoque fuit alterius praeclari optimatis gentilis [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Quinti Aurelii Symmachi]] commercium eo epistularum habentis, quod partim superest.<ref>Symmachus, ''Epistulae'', I.44-55.</ref> Quondam Praetextatus [[Damasus I|Damaso episcopo]]: «Facite me Romanae urbis episcopum» inquit «et ero protinus Christianus».<ref>[[Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus]], ''Contra Johannem Hierosolymitanum'', 8.</ref> Praetextato et Paulinae erat domus apud [[Amphitheatrum Flavium]], pulchris cincta hortis dictis Vettianis,<ref>[http://www.museicapitolini.org/percorsi/percorsi_per_sale/museo_del_palazzo_dei_conservatori/sale_degli_horti_tauriani_vettiani Musei Capitolini]</ref> quae ad [[statio Roma Termini|stationem Romam Terminos]] usque pertinebant hodiernam. Hic sunt postea aliqua monumenta familiam revocantia Praetextati inventa. In his est ima statuae pars cuiusdam dicatae Caeliae Concordiae, ex ultimis unae [[Vestalis virgo|virginibus Vestalibus]], quae Praetextato post eius mortem erexerat statuam. Qua de re est maxime reprehensa a [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmacho]], qui scripsit epistulam Flaviano dicens se huic obsistere, quoniam numquam [[Vestalis virgo|Vestales]] ante monumentum viro, etsi pontifex maximus fuerit, erexerant.<ref name="lanciani" /> == Litterae == Praetextatus librum edidit [[Analytica|Analyticorum]] [[Aristoteles|Aristotelis]] a [[Themistius|Themistio]] emendatum philosopho. Praeterea socius [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Quinto Aurelio Symmacho]] [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus|Virioque Nicomacho Flaviano]] emendationis atque traditionis librorum moris Romani antiqui fuit. Praetextatus in ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnalium]]'' libris [[Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius|Ambrosii Theodosii Macrobii]] hospes convivarum eruditorum inducitur quos ut secum dissererent de antiquis moribus Romanis invitavit. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == ;Fontes * ''[[Collectio Avellana]]'' * [[Ammianus Marcellinus]], ''[[Res gestae (Ammianus)|Res gestae]]'' * [[Ioannes Lydus]], ''De mensibus'' * [[Sozomenus]], ''[[Historia Ecclesiastica]]'' *[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], libro primo ''Epistularum'' 44-55 * [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]], ''[[Historia nova]]'' ;Fontes secundae * Lanciani, Rodolphus, ''Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent Discoveries'', Houghton & Mifflin, Boston e New York, 1898, pp. 169-170. Relatus a [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/Lanciani/LANARD/6*.html ''LacusCurtius] * Thayer, Gulielmus, [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/museums/Museo_Nazionale_Romano/Palazzo_Altemps/inscriptions/Vettius_Praetextatus.html "Honorific Inscription of Vettius Agorius Praetextatus"], ''Lacus Curtius'' * {{PLRE}} vol. 1 [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/722/mode/2up pp.722-4] * Kahlos, Maijastina, ''Vettius Agorius Praetextatus. A senatorial life in between'', Institutum Romanum Finlandiae, Roma, 2002, ISBN 952-5323-05-6 (Acta Instituti Romani Finlandiae, 26). * Lellia Cracco Ruggini, ''Vettio Agorio Pretestato e la fondazione di Costantinopoli'', in ''Φιίας χάριν. Miscellanea in onore di E. Manni'', Roma, 1979, pp. 586-610. {{NexInt}} * [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]] * [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus]] == Ligamina externa == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071203062955/http://www.maijastinakahlos.net/b/kirjoituksia/praetextatus/125/ Kahlos, Maijastina, "Restitutio Religiosa Praetextati"] * [http://www.bartleby.com/245/353.html Anonimo, ''Titulus M. Vetii Agorii Praetextati et uxoris Paulinae suae'', 384] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071215171319/http://www.museicapitolini.org/percorsi/percorsi_per_sale/museo_capitolino/stanzette_terrene/ara_funeraria_di_vettius_agorius_praetextatus_e_aconia_fabia_paulina Ara funebris Vettii Agorii Praetextati et Aconiae Fabiae Paulinae], Musea Capitolina. {{DEFAULTSORT:Praetextatus, Agorius, Vettius}} [[Categoria:Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti Praetorio]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 4]] [[Categoria:Mortui 384]] 4ltg1d5sc79ie96up8pybk5v765uj2u 0 177984 3966199 3466213 2026-06-24T10:17:15Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3966199 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 87005.png|thumb|300px|Aureil: communis tabula]] ''' Aureil''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 877 incolarum (anno [[2008]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vigenna Superior|Vigennae Superioris]] in provincia [[Lemovicensis (regio Franciae)|Lemovicensi]] {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Vigennae Superioris]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Aureil|Aureil}} * {{INSEE commune|87005|de=Aureil}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200521061724/http://www.mairie-aureil.fr/ Aureil pagina interretialis] {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vigennae Superioris]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vigennae superioris]] 8ovquljcvx0acxzomp2sw05uhqcg9hc 0 178806 3966090 3879397 2026-06-23T14:48:44Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3966090 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Donna Nicole Gutierrez''', nomine histrionis '''Alexis Love''' appellata, nata [[Sacramentum (California)|Sacramenti]] [[California]]e die [[7 Aprilis]] [[1987]] vel 1988, est quondam [[pornographia|actrix pornographica]] et [[moda|modella erotica]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americana]].<ref name="IAFD">[http://www.iafd.com/person.rme/perfid=AlexisLove/gender=female Alexis Love] {{ling|Anglice}} in ''[[Internet Adult Film Database]]''.</ref> In periodo ab anno 2006 usque ad 2019 industria fuit quo in ca 300 [[pellicula|pelliculis]] egit.<ref name="IAFD"/> [[Maius|Maio]] 2008, Pet of the Month ("deliciae mensis") in ''[[Penthouse]],'' [[periodicum|periodico]] erotico, nominabatur.<ref>[http://www.myspace.com/penthouse Pagina interretialis MySpace officialis Penthouse Magazine] {{ling|Anglice}}.</ref><ref>[http://www.penthousemagazine.com/ Pagina interretialis officialis Penthouse Magazine] {{ling|Anglice}}.</ref> Eodem anno in ''[[The Howard Stern Show]]'' et ''[[The Maury Show]],'' [[televisio|spectaculis televisificis]], etiam apparuit. == Nominationes et pretia == Inter Love multas nominationes [[pretium|pretiis]] habemus: * 2008: [[Penthouse]]: Pet of the Month * 2008: [[AVN Award]]: Best New Starlet * 2008: [[AVN Award]]: Best Threeway Sex Scene de pellicula ''Facade'' * 2008: [[FAME Award]]: Favorite Female Rookie * 2008: [[XRCO Award]]: ''Cream Dream'' * 2009: [[AVN Award]]: Best All-Girl Couples Sex Scene de pellicula ''Girl Girl Studio 7''<ref>[http://avnawards.com/pdf/2009_AVN_NOMINATIONS_11_25_08.pdf Nominations 2009 AVN Adult Movie Awards] {{ling|Anglice}}, AVNAwards.com, 25 Novembris 2008.</ref> * 2009: [[FAME Award]]: Most Underrated Star * 2009: [[XRCO Award]]: ''Cream Dream''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150926074827/http://business.avn.com/articles/XRCO-Names-25th-Annual-Award-Nominees-305162.html XRCO Names 25th Annual Award Nominees] {{ling|Anglice}}, AVN, 26 Februarii 2009.</ref> == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Alexis Love|Alexem Love}} * {{IMDb name|2482469|Alexe Love}} {{Lifetime|1987||Love, Alexis}} [[Categoria:Actores pornographici]] [[Categoria:Actores Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Ostentatores]] mzlmbb17ca1rk9xcoggbb83d64j42id 0 179701 3966068 3466158 2026-06-23T13:26:45Z Kontributor 2K 172405 +{{capsa urbis Vicidata}} 3966068 wikitext text/x-wiki {{capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Map commune FR insee code 86239.png|thumb|upright=.7|left|Communis tabula.]] ''' Sainte-Radégonde''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 187 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vigenna (praefectura Franciae)|Vigennae]] in provincia occidentali [[Pictaviensis et Carantoni|Pictaviensi et Carantoni]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Vigennae]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Sainte-Radégonde|Sainte-Radégonde}} * {{INSEE commune|86239|de=Sainte-Radégonde}} {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vigennae]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vigennae]] f7pyfvdp2h13e9ddop81c3kcv92w9tr 0 192604 3966136 3807941 2026-06-23T20:45:54Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3966136 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Istaru, Ana.jpg|thumb|Anna Istarú in ''[[Miami Book Fair International]]'' [[Annus|anno]] [[2011]].]] '''Anna''', vulgo ''Ana'', '''Istarú''', vel specie '''Soto Marín'''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160425023832/http://www.culturacr.net/10/11/l17anaistarupublica101articulos.html ''Ana Istarú conquista a los lectores con 101 artículos''] in ''[[CulturaCR.NET]]''. A [[Iohannes Jiménez Salas|Iohanne Jiménez Salas]] scriptum die 17 Novembris 2010 {{ling|Hispanice}}.</ref> (nata [[Sanctus Iosephus (Ora Opulenta)|Sancti Iosephi]] die [[3 Februarii]] [[1960]]), est [[actrix]], [[poësis|poetria]], et [[scriptrix]] [[Costarica|Costaricensis]]. == Notae == <references/> {{bio-stipula}} {{Lifetime|1960||Istaru, Anna}} [[Categoria:Actores Costaricae]] [[Categoria:Auctores Hispanici]] [[Categoria:Poetae Costaricae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Costaricae]] m93gzsqxq7rw8jyrwfj80p74xa2n2r7 0 196520 3966128 3959202 2026-06-23T17:55:40Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3966128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Iranette Ferreira Barcellos''' (notissima cognomine '''Amita Surica''', [[Lingua Lusitana|Lusitane]]: ''Tia Surica''), nata in vico Madureirae, [[Urbs Fluminensis|Urbis Fluminensis]] in [[Brasilia]] die [[17 Novembris]] [[1940]], est celeberrima [[cantrix]] Brasiliensis cantiuncularum [[samba]]e ''Scholae Portelae'', quae etiam agit in pelliculis televisionis. == Biographia == Nata [[Urbs Fluminensis|Urbis Fluminensis]] anno [[1940]], cum puella semper cum familia in ''Schola sambae Portelae'' ivit. Anno [[1966]] cantiuncula [[Carnelevarium|carnelevarii]] ''Memórias de um Sargento de Milícias'' cecinit, quae ei dedit praeclara fama, usque ad [[2003]] cum publicavit prior [[CD]]. Hodie, semper in vico Madureirae vivet, et casa eius, ab amicis histrionibus et cantoribus ''Cafofo da Surica'' appellata est.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130927222426/http://www.rivalpetrobras.com.br/novo/?p=1094 ''Feijoada da Tia Surica'']</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130927213648/http://www.rioguiaoficial.com.br/dicas/detalhe/feijoada-da-tia-surica-no-teatro-rival-0 ''Feijoada da Tia Surica no Teatro Rival'']</ref>. == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references /></div> == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130927211051/http://www.tiasurica.com.br/ Pagina officialis] {{Ling|Lusitane}} * [http://odia.terra.com.br/carnaval/surica.asp O Dia na Folia] {{Ling|Lusitane}} * {{Allmusic|class=artist|id=mn0000333680}} * {{IMDb name|2055927|Tia Surica}} {{bio-stipula}} {{Lifetime|1940||Surica, Amita}} [[Categoria:Cantores Brasiliae]] [[Categoria:Actores Brasiliae]] [[Categoria:Mulieres]] 1yyx6jlp7kdmyugjctpydb6k9r5xqmw 0 197515 3966144 3787310 2026-06-23T23:47:30Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3966144 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Appsbar''' est [[programma computatrale]] ad [[aedificatio|aedificandas]] proferendasque [[applicatio]]nes dicatum ut in [[telephonum intellegens|telephonis intellegentibus]] et tabellis adhibeantur. Genus [[programmatura beta|beta]] die [[28 Aprilis]] [[2011]] prolatum est. <!-- ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references/></div>--> == Nexus externi == * [http://www.appsbar.com Appsbar,] www.appsbar.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131224202841/http://www.intomobile.com/2011/05/05/appsbar-lets-anyone-make-free-ios-and-android-apps-free/ Appsbar applicationes ios et android liberat,] www.intomobile.com * [http://www.informationweek.com/news/smb/mobile/229402446 Information Week,] www.informationweek.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131224202841/http://www.intomobile.com/2011/05/05/appsbar-lets-anyone-make-free-ios-and-android-apps-free/ Into Mobile,] www.intomobile.com * [http://www.masslive.com/business-news/index.ssf/2012/05/appsbar_tool_allows_anyone_to_build_mobi.html Mass Live,] www.masslive.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120320204425/http://manhattan.ny1.com/content/ny1_living/the_app_wrap/138348/app-wrap---appsbar--lets-anyone-create-an-app NY1,] www.manhattan.ny1.com * [http://www.pcmag.com/business/article/build-mobile-apps-for-free-wit ''PC Magazine,'']{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} www.pcmag.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120517074837/http://www.readwriteweb.com/mobile/2011/04/mobile-dev-news-round-up-ar-on-android-api-for-instant-apps-and-more.php ReadWriteWeb,] www.readwriteweb.com * [http://www.lasplash.com/publish/Technology_Gift_Guides/Technology_Products_Review_2011_-_Hot_New_Tech_Products_for_2011.php ''Splash Magazine,''] www.lasplash.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121011121921/http://www.thestreet.com/story/11095748/appsbar-launched-as-first-free-tool-to-build-and-publish-dynamic-professional-apps.html The Street,] www.thestreet.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120517012303/http://www.wired.com/underwire/tag/appsbar/ ''Wired Magazine,''] www.wired.com * [http://www.youngupstarts.com/2011/04/28/appsbar-make-your-own-mobile-app-theres-an-app-for-that/ Young Upstarts,] www.youngupstarts.com {{tech-stipula}} [[Categoria:Programmatura applicativa]] [[Categoria:Incepta 2011]] 03hkxeizqt6f2vxwwvrcjv5qpnb3qy8 0 200142 3966172 3711538 2026-06-24T06:04:14Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3966172 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Arusianus Messius''' fuit [[grammaticus]] [[Lingua Latina|Latinus]], qui [[saeculum 4|saeculo quarto]] [[floruit]]. == Opera== [[Liber|Librum]] ''Exempla elocutionum'' [[Flavius Anicius Hermogenianus Olybrius|Flavio Anicio Hermogeniano Olybrio]] [[Flavius Anicius Probinus|Flavioque Anicio Probino]], [[consul]]ibus anni [[395]], dedicavit. Quod opus allatos [[Vergilius|Vergilii]], [[Sallustius|Sallustii]], [[Terentius|Terentii]], [[Cicero]]nis locos profert. == Bibliographia == * {{DNP|2|67||Arusianus Messius|[[Petrus L. Schmidt]]}} ==Nexus externi== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090404051520/http://kaali.linguist.jussieu.fr/CGL/index.jsp Corpus Grammaticorum Latinorum.] {{scriptor-stipula}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|saeculo 4 aut 5|}} [[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]] [[Categoria:Grammatici]] [[Categoria:Philologi Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae antiquae]] he7ujres4qp999vkub4kim5d31aasnn 0 202134 3966135 3952195 2026-06-23T20:40:52Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3966135 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:annebradstreet.jpg|thumb|300px|Opinabilis Annae Bradstreet cogitantis effigies. [[Saeculum 19]].]] [[Fasciculus:The Tenth Muse by Anne Bradstreet.jpg|thumb|[[Pagina titularis]] [[liber|libri]] ''[[The Tenth Muse|The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America]],'' [[Londinium|Londinii]] anno [[1650]] prolati.]] [[Fasciculus:Bradstreet first edition.jpg|thumb|[[Pagina titularis]] editionis alterius poematum, [[1678]].]] [[Fasciculus:Anne Bradstreet Memorial N Andover Cem.jpg|thumb|[[Monumentum]] Annae Bradstreet in Old North Parish Burial Ground [[Andover Septentrionalis]] [[Massachusetta]]e dicatum.]] '''Anne Bradstreet''' (nata ''Anne Dudley''; circa 1612—[[16 Septembris]] [[1672]]) fuit [[colonia|colona]] [[Puritani|Puritana]] in [[Nova Anglia]] [[habitatio|habitans]], ac primus [[poeta]] et prima [[scriptrix]] in coloniis [[America Septentrionalis Britannica|Americae Septentrionalis Britannicae]] qui [[liber|librum]] protulit. Suum primum [[poema]]tum [[volumen]], ''[[The Tenth Muse|The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America]],'' anno [[1650]] prolatum, populo et [[Mundus Vetus|Mundi Veteris]] et [[Mundus Novus|Mundi Novi]] bene acceptum est.<ref>Kathleen De Grave, [http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=539 "Anne Bradstreet,"] ''The Literary Encyclopedia,'' 31 Maii 2006; situs accessus [[4 Novembris]] [[2013]].]</ref><ref>Heidi Nichols, ''Anne Bradstreet'' (Phillipsburg Novae Caesareae: P&R Publishing, 2006, ISBN 9780875526102).</ref> <!--PLUS IN EN:--> ==Ratio poetica== [[Educatio]] praestans ei opportunitates dedit quae ei [[civilitas|civilitatem]], [[historia]]m, [[medicina]]m, [[theologia]]m penitus contemplari siverunt. Traditur sua [[bibliotheca]] propria plus quam 800 [[liber|libros]] comprehendisse, quorum autem plurimi perditi sunt cum [[domus]] combureretur. Haec calamitas poema excitavit nomine "[[wikisource:Verses Upon the Burning of our House July 10th, 1666|Upon the Burning of Our House July 10th, 1666]]" ('De nostra domo combusta, 10 Iulii 1666'); quod attestatur eam, [[ira]]m vel maestitiam a casu quotidiano effectam reiciens, potius [[Deus|Deo]] confidere confirmationique [[caelum]] consolationem fore, dicens: :{| class="wikitable" !width="350"|Verba [[Lingua Anglica|Anglica]]:<br>From "Upon the Burning of Our House July 10th, 1666"!!width="350"|Verba [[Lingua Latina|Latina]] conversa:<br>Ex "De nostra domu combusta, 10 Iulii 1666" |- valign="top" | <poem> And when I could no longer look, I blest His grace that gave and took, That laid my goods now in the dust. Yea, so it was, and so 'twas just. It was his own; it was not mine. Far be it that I should repine. </poem> || <poem> Et cum aspicere non iam possem, [[gratia]]m quae dedit et dempsit benedixi, quae mea [[res mobiles|bona]] nunc in [[pulvis|pulvere]] posuit. Ita, hoc modo fuit, et ergo fuit [[iustitia|iusta]]. Fuit ipsius; mea non fuit. Minime sit ego ut conquerar.</poem> |} ===Progenies=== Inter progenies [[Simon Bradstreet|Simonis Bradstreet]] et Annae, filiae [[Thomas Dudleius|Thomae Dudleii]] et Dorotheae Yorke Dudleii, sunt: *[[Gulielmus Ellery Channing]]<ref name="WARGS"/><ref name="NEA"/> *[[Ricardus Henricus Dana (pater)]]<ref name="WARGS"/><ref name="NEA"/> *[[Ricardus Henricus Dana (filius)]]<ref name="WARGS"/><ref name="NEA"/> *[[Oliver Wendell Holmes (pater)]]<ref name="WARGS"/><ref name="NEA"/> *[[Oliver Wendell Holmes (filius)]]<ref name="WARGS"/><ref name="NEA"/> *[[Herbertus Hoover]]<ref name="WARGS">[http://www.wargs.com/political/kerry.html William Addams Reitwiesner Genealogical Services].</ref><ref name="NEA">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080320061041/http://www.newenglandancestors.org/education/articles/NEXUS/Nexus_10.2.3.asp New England Ancestors].</ref> *[[Sarah Orne Jewett]]<ref>“Jewett belonged to a succession of women writers, mostly New Englanders, that went back through Harriet Beecher Stowe and Rose Terry Cooke to colonial poet Anne Bradstreet—who, according to some accounts, was yet another of Jewett’s illustrious ancestors.” Paula Blachard. ''Sarah Orne Jewett: Her World and Her Work'' (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., c1994), 356–357.</ref> *[[Ioannes Kerry]]<ref name="WARGS"/> *[[David Souter]]<ref name="WARGS"/> *[[Eduardus Partridge]]<ref>[http://www.newenglandancestors.org/governor-thomas-dudley/]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref> *[[Elisha Williams]]<ref name="WARGS"/><ref name="NEA"/> ==Opera==<!-- {{Library resources box|by=yes|onlinebooks=yes|viaf=34473490}} {{Wikisource author}}--> {{wikiquote|Anne Bradstreet|Annam Bradstreet}} *''[[wikisource:Before the Birth of One of Her Children|Before the Birth of One of Her Children]]'' *''[[wikisource:A Dialogue between Old England and New|A Dialogue between Old England and New]]'' *''[[wikisource:A Letter to Her Husband, Absent upon Public Employment|A Letter to Her Husband, Absent upon Public Employment]]'' *''[[wikisource:Another|Another]]'' *''[[wikisource:Another (II)|Another (II)]]'' *''[[wikisource:For Deliverance From A Fever|For Deliverance From A Fever]]'' *''Deliverance from Another Sore Fit'' *''Contemplations'' *''In Honour of that High and Mighty Princess, Queen Elizabeth'' *''In Reference to her Children'', 23 Iunii 1659 *[[wikisource:The Author to Her Book|The Author to Her Book]] *''The Flesh and the Spirit'' * ''The Four Ages of Man'' ([[quaternio]]) * ''Four Seasons of the Year'' (quaternio) * ''Four Elements'' (quaternio) * ''Of The Four Ages of Man'' (quaternio) * ''The Four Monarchies '' (quaternium) *''[[wikisource:The Prologue|The Prologue]]'' *''To Her Father with Some Verses'' *''[[wikisource:To My Dear and Loving Husband|To My Dear and Loving Husband]]'' *''Upon a Fit of Sickness,'' anno 1632, aetatis suae 19 *''[[Upon My Son Samuel His Going For England, November 6, 1657]]'' *''Upon Some Distemper of Body'' *''[[Verses upon the Burning of our House]]'' *''[[The Tenth Muse]], Lately sprung up in America (1650) and, from the Manuscripts. Meditations Divine and Morall, Letters, and [[Occasional Poems]].'' Facsimile. 1965. Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints. ISBN 978-0-8201-1006-6. *''An Exact Epitome of the Three First Monarchies'' (1650) ==Adnotationes== <div class="references-small"><references/></div> ==Bibliographia== * Cook, Faith. [[2010]]. ''Anne Bradstreet: Pilgrim and Poet.'' Darlington: EP Books. ISBN 978-0-85234-714-0. *Gordon, Charlotte. [[2005]]. ''Mistress Bradstreet: The Untold Life of America's First Poet.'' Novi Eboraci: Little, Brown. ISBN 0-316-16904-8. *Nichols, Heidi. [[2006]]. ''Anne Bradstreet: A Guided Tour of the Life and Thought of a Puritan Poet.'' Phillipsburg Novae Caesareae: P&R Publishing. ISBN 9780875526102. ==Nexus externi== *[http://archive.org/details/worksofannebrads00brad ''The Works of Anne Bradstreet in Prose and Verse'' (1867),] archive.org *[http://annebradstreet.org/ Celebration of the 400th Birthday of Anne Dudley Bradstreet (March, 1612),] annebradstreet.org *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060831032643/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER%5CBradstreet%5Ccover.html Selected Works of Anne Bradstreet,] xroads.virginia.edu (Studia Americana Universitatis Virginiae) * [http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/bradstreet/1678/1678.html ''Several Poems Compiled with Great Variety of Wit and Learning'' (Bostoniae: John Foster, 1678),] digital.library.upenn.edu/women (A Celebration of Women Writers) * [http://www.wsu.edu/~campbelld/amlit/bradstreet.htm Nexus textus omnis,] www.wsu.edu (Societas Gulielmi Dean Howells) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081208134959/http://www.familysearch.org/Eng/search/AF/individual_record.asp?recid=6883751&frompage=99 Documenta genealogica,] www.familysearch.org * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090405173256/http://poemsoutloud.net/ Robertus Pinsky legit "To My Dear and Loving Husband,"] poemsoutloud.net * [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4616663 Carlotta Gordon de vita Annae Bradstreet disserit,] www.npr.org *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110708061310/http://quaternionpoetry.blogspot.com/ Quaterniones Annae Bradstreet,] quaternionpoetry.blogspot.com<!--Nulli commentarii exstant, 6 Novembris 2013--> {{bio-stipula}} {{lit-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bradstreet, Anna}} [[Categoria:Nati 1610]]<!--more or less--> [[Categoria:Mortui 1672]] [[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]] [[Categoria:Incolae Massachusettae]] [[Categoria:Mulieres]] [[Categoria:Poetae Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Puritani]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Civitatum Foederatarum]]<!-- + [[Category:American colonial women]] [[Category:British feminists]] [[Category:Colonial American poets]] [[Category:Dudley–Winthrop family]] [[Category:People from Northampton]] [[Category:English women writers]] [[Category:English women poets]] [[Category:Feminism and history]] [[Category:Feminist writers]] [[Category:17th-century women writers]] [[Category:American women writers]]--> b08jiwwaxwahgv5mzifoxap2c1r1wb2 0 219271 3966165 3711453 2026-06-24T03:49:08Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3966165 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus: Mairie_d%27Arni%C3%A8res-sur-Iton.JPG|thumb|250px |Arnières-sur-Iton: [[vici conciliabulum]] ]] [[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 27020.png|thumb|left|250px|Arnières-sur-Iton: communis tabula]] ''' Arnières-sur-Iton''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 1'593 incolarum (anno [[2011]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Ebura (praefectura Franciae)|Eburae]] in regione boreali [[Normannia Superior]]e. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Eburae|Indicem communium praefecturae Eburae]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Arnières-sur-Iton|Arnières-sur-Iton}} * {{INSEE commune|27020|de=Arnières-sur-Iton}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161002162036/http://arnieres-sur-iton.fr/ Arnières-sur-Iton pagina interretialis] {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Eburae]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Eburae]] puptal6mtqfjp1mcrwtoy2ekymnqmhs 0 225479 3966147 3901203 2026-06-24T00:19:05Z LilyKitty 18316 de linguistica historica 3966147 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Typologia linguistica''' est pars [[linguistica]]e quae [[lingua]]s per proprietates compositionis et potentiae investigat et describit. Propositum est describere et explicare proprietates communes et diversitatem structurae [[lingua]]rum [[tellus|orbis terrarum]]. Tres comprehendit disciplinas: typologiam [[qualitas|qualitativam]], quae linguas et variationes intra linguas comparat; typologiam [[quantitas|quantitativam]], quae distributionem exemplarium compositionis in linguis [[tellus|orbis terrarum]] tractat; et typologiam rationalem<!--theoretical-->, quae has distributiones explicat. == Positio subiectorum–verborum–obiectorum == Una copia typorum primos ordines [[subiectum (grammatica)|subiecti]], [[verbum (temporale)|verbi]], et [[obiectum rectum|obiecti recti]] in [[sententia (grammatica)|sententiis]] describit: * [[Subiectum–verbum–obiectum]] * [[Subiectum–obiectum–verbum]] * [[Verbum–subiectum–obiectum]] * [[Verbum–obiectum–subiectum]] * [[Obiectum–subiectum–verbum]] * [[Obiectum–verbum–subiectum]] Haec nomina usitate [[abbreviatio|imminuuntur]] ''SVO'' et cetera, et typologiae linguarum ad quas adhibentur sic appellari possunt.<ref>[http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Linguistic_typology.html Typologia linguistica,] www.princeton.edu.</ref> [[Lingua Latina]] usitate lingua SOV habetur. == Notae == <references/> {{NexInt}} *[[Grammatologia]] *[[Lingua synthetica]] *[[Linguistica comparativa]] *[[Linguistica historica]] == Bibliographia == * Bisang, W. [[2001]]. ''Aspects of Typology and Universals.'' Berolini: Akademie Verlag. ISBN 3-05-003559-5. * Comrie, B. [[1989]]. ''Language Universals and Linguistic Typology: Syntax and Morphology.'' Ed. 2a. Oxoniae: Blackwell. ISBN 0-226-11433-3. * Croft, W. [[2002]]. ''Typology and Universals.'' Ed. 2a. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-00499-3. * Cysouw, M. [[2005]]. [http://www.eva.mpg.de/~cysouw/pdf/cysouwQUANTTYP.pdf Quantitative methods in typology]. In ''Quantitative linguistics: An international handbook,'' ed. Gabriel Altmann, Reinhard Köhler, et R. Piotrowski. Berolini: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-015578-8. * Grijzenhout, J. [[2009]]. ''Phonological domains: universals and deviations.'' Berolini et Novi Eboraci: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-020540-8. * Nichols, J. [[1992]]. ''Linguistic diversity in space and time.'' Sicagi: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-58057-1. * Nichols, J. [[2007]]. [http://www.reference-global.com/doi/abs/10.1515/LINGTY.2007.017 What, if anything, is typology?] ''Linguistic Typology'' 11(1):231–238.<!--ISSN (Online) 1613-415X, ISSN (Print) 1430-0532, doi:10.1515/LINGTY.2007.017--> * Song, J. J. [[2001]]. ''Linguistic Typology: Morphology and Syntax.'' Harlow and London: Pearson Education (Longman). ISBN 0-582-31220-5. * Song, J. J., ed. [[2011]]. ''The Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Typology.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-928125-1. * Whaley, L. J. [[1997]]. ''Introduction to Typology: The Unity and Diversity of Language.'' Newbury Park: Sage. ISBN 0-8039-5963-X. == Nexus externi == * [http://www.linguistic-typology.org/ Association for Linguistic Typology,] www.linguistic-typology.org * Bickel, B. [[2001]]. What is typology? - a short note. [http://www.uni-leipzig.de/~bickel/research/papers/manifesto.pdf PDF] * Bickel, B. [[2005]]. Typology in the 21st century: major developments. [http://www.uni-leipzig.de/~bickel/research/papers/21century_typology_bickel_submitted.pdf PDF] * Eifring, Halvor, et Rolf Theil. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080227065034/http://www.uio.no/studier/emner/hf/ikos/EXFAC03-AAS/h05/larestoff/linguistics/Chapter%204.(H05).pdf Linguistic typology], capitulum 9 [https://web.archive.org/web/20170829061124/http://www.uio.no/studier/emner/hf/ikos/EXFAC03-AAS/h05/larestoff/linguistics/ ''Linguistics for Students of Asian and African Languages''] * Iliev, Ivan G. [http://ivanilievlogosmaster.blogspot.com/2011/11/casetypologyvocativeness.html ''On the Nature of Grammatical Case, Language Typology, and on the Origin of Cognate Objects and Subjects.''] * [http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/lity ''Linguistic Typology,''] www.degruyter.com * Plank, F. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120204095533/http://ling.uni-konstanz.de/pages/home/a20_11/plank/TypoThemesBib=2000.pdf Themes in Typology: Basic Reading List.] * [http://wals.info ''World Atlas of Language Structures,''] wals.info <!-- + [[Categoria:Language comparison]]--> [[Categoria:Typologia linguistica| ]] d69nntl1icevhy7v4bjs32ykmmyaw4t 0 242553 3966184 3951559 2026-06-24T09:03:27Z Flixq 188589 3966184 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:50 centuries of world history.jpg|thumb|Annotated ridgeline chart of territorial expansion with historical events.]] [[Fasciculus:Lascaux 04.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Pictura]] in [[spelunca]], [[Lascaux]] [[Francia]], prima [[ars]] nota.]] [[Fasciculus:Sumerian 26th c Adab.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Scriptura cuneiformis]], primum [[systema scribendi]] notum.]] '''Historia mundi''' describit '''historiam hominum''' secundum materias [[archaeologia|archaeologicas]] et [[scriptura|scriptas]] investigatas. [[Historia]] antiqua nota coepit cum [[historia scribendi|scriptura inveniretur]].<ref>Secundum David Diringer ("Writing", ''Encyclopedia Americana,'' (1986), 29: 558: "Writing gives permanence to men's knowledge and enables them to communicate over great distances. . . . The complex society of a higher civilization would be impossible without the art of writing."</ref><ref name="WebsterWH">H. Webster, (1921), [http://books.google.com/books?id=cboXAAAAIAAJ ''World history'']. Bostoniae: D.C. Heath. [http://books.google.com/books?id=cboXAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR5&pg=PA27 p. 27].</ref> Fundamenta autem [[civilizatio]]nis ad primam [[technologia]]m introductam et [[cultura]]m excogitatam retro extenduntur. [[Praehistoria]] Aevo [[Palaeolithicum|Palaeolithico]] ("Primo Aevo Lapidis") incipit, quod [[Aevum Neolithicum]] ("Novum Aevum Lapidis"), et [[Revolutio Neolithica]] (inter 8000 et 5000 a.C.n.) in [[Luna fertilis|Luna fertili]] secuta sunt. Illud aevum mutationem maximi momenti in historia hominum vidit, cum homines ordinatam [[planta]]rum et [[animal]]ium tutelam inciperent.<ref>Colin Tudge, ''Neanderthals, Bandits and Farmers: How Agriculture Really Began'' (Londinii: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1998, ISBN 0-297-84258-7).</ref><ref>Peter Bellwood, ''First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies'' (Blackwell Publishers, 2004, ISBN 0-631-20566-7).</ref><ref>Mark Nathan Cohen, ''The Food Crisis in Prehistory: Overpopulation and the Origins of Agriculture'' (Portu Novo et Londinii: Yale University Press, 1977, ISBN 0-300-02016-3).</ref> [[Agricultura]] progrediebatur, et plurimi [[homo|homines]] [[vita]]m [[nomades|nomadicam]] reliquerunt et [[agricola (munera)|agricolae]] in [[civilizatio|coloniis perennibus]] facti sunt. Nomadismus in nonnullis locis continuabat, praecipue in [[regio]]nibus secretis ubi erant paucae [[species]] plantarum quae domari poterant.<ref>Vide Jared Diamond, ''Guns, Germs and Steel.''</ref><!-- sed the relative security and increased productivity provided by farming allowed human communities to expand into increasingly larger units, fostered by advances in [[history of transport|transportation]].--> Ubi progrediebatur, agricultura [[divisio laborum|divisionem laborum]] incitavit ut cibus inter vera reservaretur. Inde divisio laborum ortum classis otiosae institutionemque urbium effecit. == Res historicae == {{div col|2}} * [[Cultus humanus]] * [[Demographia mediaevalis]] * [[Evolutio hominis]] * [[Historia agriculturae]] * [[Historia oeconomica mundi]] * [[Historia scientiae]] * [[Historia technologiae]] * [[Historiographia]] * [[Inundatio (mythologia)]] * [[Potestas ignis]] * [[Potestates historicae]]<!-- *[[Historic recurrence]] *[[Technological singularity]] *[[Development criticism]] *[[List of millennia]]--> {{div col end}}<!-- ==Historia per tempus== *[[List of archaeological periods]] *[[List of time periods]]--> == Historia per regionem == {{div col|2}} * [[Historia Africae]] * [[Historia Asiae]] ** [[Historia Asiae Mediae]] ** [[Historia Asiae Orientalis]] ** [[Historia Iaponiae]] ** [[Historia Asiae Meridianae]] ** [[Historia Asiae Meridiorientalis]] * [[Historia Europae]] ** [[Historia Athenarum]] **[[Historia Franciae]] * [[Historia Orientis Medii]] * [[Historia Oceaniae]] ** [[Historia Australiae]] ** [[Historia Novae Zelandiae]] ** [[Historiae Insularum Pacificarum]] * [[Historia Americarum]] ** [[Historia Americae Mediae]] ** [[Historia Civilizationis Maya]] ** [[Historia Americae Australis]] ** [[Historia Americae Septentrionalis]] ** [[Historia Caribicae]] * [[Historia Antarcticae]] {{div col end}} == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Ankerl, Guy. ''Coexisting Contemporary Civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western'', Geneva, INUPRESS, 2000, ISBN 2-88155-004-5. * ''The Biosphere'' (A ''Scientific American'' Book), San Francisco, W.H. Freeman and Co., 1970, ISBN 0-7167-0945-7. <!--This book, originally a 1970 ''Scientific American'' magazine issue, covered virtually every major concern and concept that has since been debated regarding materials and energy resources, population trends and environmental degradation.--> * Blainey, Geoffery. [[2000]]. ''A Short History of the World.'' Penguin Books, Victoria. ISBN 0-670-88036-1. * Braudel, Fernand. [[1974]]. ''Capitalism and Material Life, 1400–1800.'' Novi Eboraci: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-010454-6. * Braudel, Fernand. [[1996]]. ''The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II.'' Berkeleiae: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-20308-9. * Diamond, Jared. [[1996]]. ''Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies.'' Novi Eboraci: W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-03891-2. * Ebrey, Walthall, et Palais. [[2006]]. ''East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History.'' Bostoniae: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-618-13384-4. * ''Energy and Power.'' [[1971]]. A ''Scientific American'' Book. Franciscopoli: W. H. Freeman and Co. ISBN 0-7167-0938-4. * Fukuyama, Francis. [[1992]]. ''The End of History and the Last Man.'' Free Press. ISBN 0-02-910975-2. * Gombrich, Ernst H. [[2005]]. ''A Little History of the World.'' Yale University Press. * Hodgson, Marshall. [[1933]]. ''Rethinking World History: Essays on Europe, Islam, and World History.'' Cantabrigiae. * Nordhaus, William D. [[2015]]. A New Solution: The Climate Club. Recognitio Gernot Wagner et Martin L. Weitzman, ''Climate Shock: The Economic Consequences of a Hotter Planet'' (Princeton University Press), ''The New York Review of Books'' 62(10):36–39, 4 Iunii. * Kennedy, Paul. [[1987]]/ ''The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000'', Novi Eboraci: Random House. ISBN 0-394-54674-1. * Parker, G. [[1997]] ''The Times Atlas of World History.'' Londinii: Times Books. * Pomeranz, Kenneth. [[2000]]. ''The Great Divergence: China, Europe and the Making of the Modern World Economy.'' Princetoniae. * Ponting, Clive. [[2000]]. ''World History: a New Perspective.'' Londinii. * Reezs, Martin. interviewed by Erin Biba, "An Apocalypse Think Tank", ''Scientific American.'' * Spodek, Howard. [[2001]]. ''The World's History: combined volume.'' Upper Saddle River, NJ, Prentice Hall. * Trompf, G. W. [[1979]]. ''The Idea of Historical Recurrence in Western Thought, from Antiquity to the Reformation.'' Berkeleiae: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03479-1. * Wells, H. G. [[1920]]. ''The Outline of History.'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=-64EAAAAYAAJ Volume One.] Novi Eboraci: MacMillan. * Weech, W. N., ed. [[1944]]. ''History of the World.'' Londinii: Odhams, Long Acre.<!-- ?vol. 312, no. 6 (June 2015), p. 26.--> * Williams, H. S. [[1904]]. ''The historians' history of the world; a comprehensive narrative of the rise and development of nations as recorded by over two thousand of the great writers of all ages.'' Novi Eboraci: The Outlook Company. * Wright, Ronald. [[2004]]. ''A Short History of Progress.'' Toronti: Anansi ISBN 0-88784-706-4. == Bibliographia addita == * Fournet, Louis-Henri. [[1986]]. ''Diagrammatic Chart of World History.'' Editions Sides. ISBN 978-2-86861-096-6. * Gonick, Larry. [[1997]]. ''The Cartoon History of the Universe.'' Vol. 1, Main Street Books, 1997, ISBN 978-0-385-26520-1, Vol. 2, Main Street Books, 1994, ISBN 978-0-385-42093-8, Volume Three, W. W. Norton & Company, 2002, ISBN 978-0-393-32403-7. * Landes, David. [[1999]]. ''The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor.'' Novi Eboraci: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-31888-3. * Landes, David. [[2006]]. [http://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.20.2.3 "Why Europe and the West? Why Not China?"] ''Journal of Economic Perspectives'' 20:2. * McNeill, William H. [[1963]]. ''The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community.'' Sicagi: University of Chicago Press. == Nexus externi == * [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBDA2E52FB1EF80C9 "Crash Course World History,"] www.youtube.com * [http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/archaeology/photos/gobekli-tepe/ Gobekli Tepe,] science.nationalgeographic.com<!--World's known first temple 15000 BC--> * Museum Britannicum. [http://www.britishmuseum.org/channel/object_stories/a_history_of_the_world.aspx ''A History of the World,''] www.britishmuseum.org * Pella, John, et Erik Ringmar. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141226114621/http://69.164.215.25/irhistory/ ''History of International Relations Open Textbook Project,''] wayback.archive.org.<!--Cambridge: Open Book, forthcoming--> <!-- [[Category:Articles which contain graphical timelines]]--> {{Myrias|Historia}} [[Categoria:Cultuta]] [[Categoria:Historia]] [[Categoria:Terra]] bqtufmla6j63xo2vxwvsgspyevxbrek 3966185 3966184 2026-06-24T09:03:58Z Flixq 188589 3966185 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:50 centuries of world history.jpg|thumb|Tabula linearum iugorum annotata expansionis territorialis cum eventibus historicis.]] [[Fasciculus:Lascaux 04.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Pictura]] in [[spelunca]], [[Lascaux]] [[Francia]], prima [[ars]] nota.]] [[Fasciculus:Sumerian 26th c Adab.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Scriptura cuneiformis]], primum [[systema scribendi]] notum.]] '''Historia mundi''' describit '''historiam hominum''' secundum materias [[archaeologia|archaeologicas]] et [[scriptura|scriptas]] investigatas. [[Historia]] antiqua nota coepit cum [[historia scribendi|scriptura inveniretur]].<ref>Secundum David Diringer ("Writing", ''Encyclopedia Americana,'' (1986), 29: 558: "Writing gives permanence to men's knowledge and enables them to communicate over great distances. . . . The complex society of a higher civilization would be impossible without the art of writing."</ref><ref name="WebsterWH">H. Webster, (1921), [http://books.google.com/books?id=cboXAAAAIAAJ ''World history'']. Bostoniae: D.C. Heath. [http://books.google.com/books?id=cboXAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR5&pg=PA27 p. 27].</ref> Fundamenta autem [[civilizatio]]nis ad primam [[technologia]]m introductam et [[cultura]]m excogitatam retro extenduntur. [[Praehistoria]] Aevo [[Palaeolithicum|Palaeolithico]] ("Primo Aevo Lapidis") incipit, quod [[Aevum Neolithicum]] ("Novum Aevum Lapidis"), et [[Revolutio Neolithica]] (inter 8000 et 5000 a.C.n.) in [[Luna fertilis|Luna fertili]] secuta sunt. Illud aevum mutationem maximi momenti in historia hominum vidit, cum homines ordinatam [[planta]]rum et [[animal]]ium tutelam inciperent.<ref>Colin Tudge, ''Neanderthals, Bandits and Farmers: How Agriculture Really Began'' (Londinii: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1998, ISBN 0-297-84258-7).</ref><ref>Peter Bellwood, ''First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies'' (Blackwell Publishers, 2004, ISBN 0-631-20566-7).</ref><ref>Mark Nathan Cohen, ''The Food Crisis in Prehistory: Overpopulation and the Origins of Agriculture'' (Portu Novo et Londinii: Yale University Press, 1977, ISBN 0-300-02016-3).</ref> [[Agricultura]] progrediebatur, et plurimi [[homo|homines]] [[vita]]m [[nomades|nomadicam]] reliquerunt et [[agricola (munera)|agricolae]] in [[civilizatio|coloniis perennibus]] facti sunt. Nomadismus in nonnullis locis continuabat, praecipue in [[regio]]nibus secretis ubi erant paucae [[species]] plantarum quae domari poterant.<ref>Vide Jared Diamond, ''Guns, Germs and Steel.''</ref><!-- sed the relative security and increased productivity provided by farming allowed human communities to expand into increasingly larger units, fostered by advances in [[history of transport|transportation]].--> Ubi progrediebatur, agricultura [[divisio laborum|divisionem laborum]] incitavit ut cibus inter vera reservaretur. Inde divisio laborum ortum classis otiosae institutionemque urbium effecit. == Res historicae == {{div col|2}} * [[Cultus humanus]] * [[Demographia mediaevalis]] * [[Evolutio hominis]] * [[Historia agriculturae]] * [[Historia oeconomica mundi]] * [[Historia scientiae]] * [[Historia technologiae]] * [[Historiographia]] * [[Inundatio (mythologia)]] * [[Potestas ignis]] * [[Potestates historicae]]<!-- *[[Historic recurrence]] *[[Technological singularity]] *[[Development criticism]] *[[List of millennia]]--> {{div col end}}<!-- ==Historia per tempus== *[[List of archaeological periods]] *[[List of time periods]]--> == Historia per regionem == {{div col|2}} * [[Historia Africae]] * [[Historia Asiae]] ** [[Historia Asiae Mediae]] ** [[Historia Asiae Orientalis]] ** [[Historia Iaponiae]] ** [[Historia Asiae Meridianae]] ** [[Historia Asiae Meridiorientalis]] * [[Historia Europae]] ** [[Historia Athenarum]] **[[Historia Franciae]] * [[Historia Orientis Medii]] * [[Historia Oceaniae]] ** [[Historia Australiae]] ** [[Historia Novae Zelandiae]] ** [[Historiae Insularum Pacificarum]] * [[Historia Americarum]] ** [[Historia Americae Mediae]] ** [[Historia Civilizationis Maya]] ** [[Historia Americae Australis]] ** [[Historia Americae Septentrionalis]] ** [[Historia Caribicae]] * [[Historia Antarcticae]] {{div col end}} == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Ankerl, Guy. ''Coexisting Contemporary Civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western'', Geneva, INUPRESS, 2000, ISBN 2-88155-004-5. * ''The Biosphere'' (A ''Scientific American'' Book), San Francisco, W.H. Freeman and Co., 1970, ISBN 0-7167-0945-7. <!--This book, originally a 1970 ''Scientific American'' magazine issue, covered virtually every major concern and concept that has since been debated regarding materials and energy resources, population trends and environmental degradation.--> * Blainey, Geoffery. [[2000]]. ''A Short History of the World.'' Penguin Books, Victoria. ISBN 0-670-88036-1. * Braudel, Fernand. [[1974]]. ''Capitalism and Material Life, 1400–1800.'' Novi Eboraci: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-010454-6. * Braudel, Fernand. [[1996]]. ''The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II.'' Berkeleiae: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-20308-9. * Diamond, Jared. [[1996]]. ''Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies.'' Novi Eboraci: W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-03891-2. * Ebrey, Walthall, et Palais. [[2006]]. ''East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History.'' Bostoniae: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-618-13384-4. * ''Energy and Power.'' [[1971]]. A ''Scientific American'' Book. Franciscopoli: W. H. Freeman and Co. ISBN 0-7167-0938-4. * Fukuyama, Francis. [[1992]]. ''The End of History and the Last Man.'' Free Press. ISBN 0-02-910975-2. * Gombrich, Ernst H. [[2005]]. ''A Little History of the World.'' Yale University Press. * Hodgson, Marshall. [[1933]]. ''Rethinking World History: Essays on Europe, Islam, and World History.'' Cantabrigiae. * Nordhaus, William D. [[2015]]. A New Solution: The Climate Club. Recognitio Gernot Wagner et Martin L. Weitzman, ''Climate Shock: The Economic Consequences of a Hotter Planet'' (Princeton University Press), ''The New York Review of Books'' 62(10):36–39, 4 Iunii. * Kennedy, Paul. [[1987]]/ ''The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000'', Novi Eboraci: Random House. ISBN 0-394-54674-1. * Parker, G. [[1997]] ''The Times Atlas of World History.'' Londinii: Times Books. * Pomeranz, Kenneth. [[2000]]. ''The Great Divergence: China, Europe and the Making of the Modern World Economy.'' Princetoniae. * Ponting, Clive. [[2000]]. ''World History: a New Perspective.'' Londinii. * Reezs, Martin. interviewed by Erin Biba, "An Apocalypse Think Tank", ''Scientific American.'' * Spodek, Howard. [[2001]]. ''The World's History: combined volume.'' Upper Saddle River, NJ, Prentice Hall. * Trompf, G. W. [[1979]]. ''The Idea of Historical Recurrence in Western Thought, from Antiquity to the Reformation.'' Berkeleiae: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03479-1. * Wells, H. G. [[1920]]. ''The Outline of History.'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=-64EAAAAYAAJ Volume One.] Novi Eboraci: MacMillan. * Weech, W. N., ed. [[1944]]. ''History of the World.'' Londinii: Odhams, Long Acre.<!-- ?vol. 312, no. 6 (June 2015), p. 26.--> * Williams, H. S. [[1904]]. ''The historians' history of the world; a comprehensive narrative of the rise and development of nations as recorded by over two thousand of the great writers of all ages.'' Novi Eboraci: The Outlook Company. * Wright, Ronald. [[2004]]. ''A Short History of Progress.'' Toronti: Anansi ISBN 0-88784-706-4. == Bibliographia addita == * Fournet, Louis-Henri. [[1986]]. ''Diagrammatic Chart of World History.'' Editions Sides. ISBN 978-2-86861-096-6. * Gonick, Larry. [[1997]]. ''The Cartoon History of the Universe.'' Vol. 1, Main Street Books, 1997, ISBN 978-0-385-26520-1, Vol. 2, Main Street Books, 1994, ISBN 978-0-385-42093-8, Volume Three, W. W. Norton & Company, 2002, ISBN 978-0-393-32403-7. * Landes, David. [[1999]]. ''The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor.'' Novi Eboraci: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-31888-3. * Landes, David. [[2006]]. [http://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.20.2.3 "Why Europe and the West? Why Not China?"] ''Journal of Economic Perspectives'' 20:2. * McNeill, William H. [[1963]]. ''The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community.'' Sicagi: University of Chicago Press. == Nexus externi == * [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBDA2E52FB1EF80C9 "Crash Course World History,"] www.youtube.com * [http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/archaeology/photos/gobekli-tepe/ Gobekli Tepe,] science.nationalgeographic.com<!--World's known first temple 15000 BC--> * Museum Britannicum. [http://www.britishmuseum.org/channel/object_stories/a_history_of_the_world.aspx ''A History of the World,''] www.britishmuseum.org * Pella, John, et Erik Ringmar. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141226114621/http://69.164.215.25/irhistory/ ''History of International Relations Open Textbook Project,''] wayback.archive.org.<!--Cambridge: Open Book, forthcoming--> <!-- [[Category:Articles which contain graphical timelines]]--> {{Myrias|Historia}} [[Categoria:Cultuta]] [[Categoria:Historia]] [[Categoria:Terra]] cw0yandgli2oktez7hi0friysoxtero 0 242845 3966132 3808581 2026-06-23T19:16:26Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3966132 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Andrzej Duda podczas kampanii prezydenckiej.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Andreas Duda candidatus]] '''Andreas Duda''', vulgo plenius ''Andrzej Sebastian Duda'' ([[Cracovia]]e natus die [[16 Maii]] [[1972]]) est [[politicus]] iuristaque [[Polonia]]e. A die [[6 Augusti]] [[2015]] [[praeses]] patriae. Doctor iuris, annis 2006-2007 subsecretarius status in Supremo Consilio Publico Iustitiae (''Ministerstwo Sprawiedliwości''), annis 2008-2010 subsecretarius status in Cancellaria Praesidis Lechi Kaczyńskii, Tribunus Status praeteritus, legatus Comitiorum Reipublicae Polonae Septimi Temporis Magistratus (''Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej''), legatus Senatus Europaei Octavi Temporis Magistratus. == Curriculum vitae == Andreas Duda [[Cracovia]]e die 16 Maii 1972 natus est. Eius parentes Ioannes Thaddeus Duda et Ioannae Milewska-Duda sunt. Pater electrotechnicus, professor disciplinarum technicorum et consul conventiculi provinciae militaris Poloniae Minoris est atque mater professor disciplinarum chemicalium est. Ambo in Universitate Scientiae Technologiaeque in Cracovia laborant<ref>[Magdalena Rubaj, Piotr Bugajski: ''Andrzej Duda Prawdziwa historia.'' Varsovia: Ringier Axel Springer Polska, 2015, s. 14. ISBN 978-83-7813-924-9]</ref>. Andreas Duda duas sorores iuniores habet: Annam ac Dominicam<ref>Magdalena Rubaj, Piotr Bugajski: ''Andrzej Duda Prawdziwa historia.'' Varsovia: Ringier Axel Springer Polska, 2015, s. 19. ISBN 978-83-7813-924-9</ref>. Annis 1984-1990 Duda sodalis Motus Puerorum Exploratorum Poloniae (''Związek Harcerstwa Polskiego'') erat et actionem finivit sicut comes (''drużynnik'') Quintae Exploratoriae Sodalitatis Cracoviensis (''5. Krakowska Drużyna Harcerstwa'') nominatae ''Fulmen'' (''Piorun''). Haec Sodalitas pars Tribus ''Cataeges'' (''Wichry'') erat. == Educatio et labor == Annis 1987-1991 Duda discipulus conclavis scholaris [[Artes humaniores|litterarum humaniorum]] in [[lyceum Ioannis Sobieski (Cracovia)|Secundo Lyceo Encyclico regis Ioannis Tertii Sobieskii nominis Cracoviae]] erat; in hac schola examen maturale superavit<ref>[http://andrzejduda.pl/uploads/media/553e0c36265ab.pdf], Calendarium</ref>. Anno 1996 legum studia finivit in Facultate Legis Administrationisque [[Universitas Iagellonica|Universitatis Iagiellonicae]] studiis magistri nominatis ''Confiscatio praediorum aedificationi autoraedarum viarum solutarum'' (''Wywłaszczenie nieruchomości pod budowę autostrad płatnych'') protectis in Cathedra Administrationis Agendi Universitatis Iagiellonicae<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150525181726/http://www.prezydent.pl/archiwum/ludzie-prezydenta-lecha-kaczynskiego/ministrowie/andrzej-duda/], prezydent.pl</ref>. Studiis incumbente Certamine Academiarum Poloniae arte nartatoria Alpium modi interfuit<ref>[http://niezalezna.pl/64196-duda-story-historia-milosci-podboju-gor-i-niespodziewanego-wejscia-w-polityke], Piotr Lisiewicz: Duda story, niezależna.pl</ref>. Mense Februario 1997 laborem scientificum ac didacticum coeperat in Cathedra Administrationis Agendi UI, et a mense Octobri 2001 in Cathedra Legis Administrationis UI laboravit sicut assistans. Die 24 Ianuarii 2005 gradum doctoris disciplinarum legum adeptus est studiis nominatis ''Utilitas legalis in lege administrationis Poloniae'' (''Interes prawny w polskim prawie administracyjnym'') scriptis Ioanne Zimmermanno professore auctore, protectis die 6 Decembris 2004<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150525181726/http://www.prezydent.pl/archiwum/ludzie-prezydenta-lecha-kaczynskiego/ministrowie/andrzej-duda/], prezydent.pl</ref>. et libri publicationis forma positis in 2008<ref>Andrzej Duda, Interes prawny w polskim prawie administracyjnym, C.H. Beck, Warszawa 2008, ISBN 978-83-7483-883-2.</ref>. Vere anni 2005 Duda suam Cancellariam Legis condidit<ref>[http://andrzejduda.pl/uploads/media/553e0c36265ab.pdf], Calendarium</ref>. Etiam in Maiore Schola Pedagogicae et Administrationis Posnania docuit<ref>http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1019407,title,Andrzej-Duda-w-czasie-urlopu-na-UJ-pracowal-na-prywatnej-uczelni-w-Poznaniu,wid,17549129,wiadomosc.html?ticaid=115a1d</ref>. == Actio politica usque 2015 == Circa 2000 Duda erat homo politice actuosus partis Unio Libertatis<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150423090718/http://polska.newsweek.pl/andrzej-duda-byl-dzialaczem-unii-wolnosci,artykuly,359002,1.html#fp=nw, Michał Krzymowski, Anna Szulc: Andrzej Duda był działaczem Unii Wolności, newsweek.pl, 14 marca 2015</ref>. Post electionem comitiorum Reipublicae Polonae cooperationem cum parte [[Ius et Iustitia|Lex et Iustitia]] coepit. Sicut consultor in operibus parlamentaribus Seimi Senatusque participavit. Die 1 Augusti subsecretarius in Supremo Consilio Publico factus est a Iustitiae Administro Zbigniew Ziobro. Candidatus in electione parlamentari in 2007 fuerat sed legatus non factus est. Accipit 11 158 voces<ref>http://wybory2007.pkw.gov.pl/SJM/PL/WYN/W4/15.htm</ref>. Die 15 Octobris 2007 Tribunus Status factus erat et die 16 Februarii 2008 subsecretarius in Cancellaria Praesidis Reipublicae factus est a praeside Lecho Kaczyński<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160430200937/http://www.prezydent.pl/archiwum-lecha-kaczynskiego/aktualnosci/rok-2008/art,148,220,andrzej-duda-powolany-na-podsekretarza-stanu-w-kancelarii-prezydenta-rp.html</ref>. Renuntiavit officium post mortem Lechi Kaczyński in Smoleńsk et victoriam Bronislai Komorowski in electione praesidis in 2010. Ipso anno candidatus officii praesidis Urbis Cracoviae erat tertiam positionem obtenuit, exsistens consul Concilii Urbis<ref>[http://wybory2010.pkw.gov.pl/geo/pl/120000/126101.html#tabs-4]</ref>. Accepto 79 981 voces legatus Seimi Reipublicae Polonae factus est in anno 2011<ref>[http://wybory2011.pkw.gov.pl/wsw/pl/sjm-13.html]</ref>. Ex die 27 Novembris 2013 usque diem 9 Ianuarii 2014 erat dictor rerum diurnariarum Legis et Iustitiae fuit. In [[Comitia Parlamenti Europaei anni 2014|electionibus Senatus Europaei in 2014]] legatus factus est<ref>[http://pe2014.pkw.gov.pl/pl/]</ref>. Die 6 Decembris Concilium Politicum Legis et Iustitiae Dudam nominavit sicut candidatum in electione praesidis in 2015 <ref>[http://www.tvn24.pl/wiadomosci-z-kraju,3/andrzej-duda-oficjalnym-kandydatem-na-prezydenta,496188.html]</ref>. Die 30 Martii 2015 eius candidatura regestrata a Commissione Electorali Reipublicae est<ref>[http://prezydent2015.pkw.gov.pl/komitety/17_Komitet_Wyborczy_Kandydata_na_Prezydenta_Rzeczypospolitej_Polskiej_Andrzeja_Dudy]</ref>. Partes Lex et Iustitia, Polonia Solidaritas, Imperii Protectionis Legio, Simul Polonia et ''Piast'' atque unio professionum ''Solidaritas'' candidaturam Dudae approbavit. In prima computatione vocum die 10 Maii 2015 Duda accepit 5 179 092 voces (34,76% omnium) obtinens primam positionem. Eo ipso Duda et Bronislaus Komorowski (33,77%) transivere in alteram computationem. Computatione altera die 24 Maii 2015 praeses electus est accipiens 8 630 627 voces (51,55%). Post duas dies legatus Legis et Iustitiae esse cessavit. == Praeses Reipublicae Polonae == Die 6 Augusti 2015 iusiurandum dedit ante Conventum Nationalem in Seimo et summum imperium Exercitus Reipublicae Polonae accepit. == Vita propria == Ex die 21 Decembris 1994 Andreas Duda Agathae Kornhauseris maritus est. Habent filiam Kingam. Poeta Iulianus Kornhauser est Dudae socer. Andreas Duda catholicus est. == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references /></div> == Bibliographia == * "[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/05/24/andrzej-duda-elected-president-poland_n_7432554.html Andrzej Duda Elected Poland's New President, Incumbent Bronislaw Komorowski Concedes Defeat]" (24 Maii 2015) apud ''Huffington Post'' {{Duces civitatum Unionis Europaeae}} {{Praesides Poloniae}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Duda, Andreas}} [[Categoria:Nati 1972]] [[Categoria:Homines vivi]] [[Categoria:Politici Poloniae]] [[Categoria:Duces civitatum]] [[Categoria:Legati Parlamenti Europaei]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Cracoviensis]] [[Categoria:Alumni Lycei Ioannis Sobieski Cracoviensis]] 5gxph68evqr92xkr3znz5dzfswy328f 0 245441 3966137 3842083 2026-06-23T20:56:32Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3966137 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa principis Vicidata |principatus = [[1502]]—[[1506]] |predecessor = [[Beatrix Aragonensis]] |successor = [[Maria Austriaca (gubernator Nederlandiae)|Maria Austriaca]]}} [[File:Anne_de_Foix_2.jpg|thumb|Anna de Foix de Candalle anno 1502 ex Gallia in Hungariam (in medio)]] '''Anna de Fuxio de Candalle''' (nata [[1484]] – obiit [[Buda]]e [[26 Iulii]] [[1506]]) fuit regina consors [[Hungaria (regnum)|Hungariae]], [[Bohemia|Bohemiae]] et [[Regnum Croatiae|Croatiae]]. Erat uxor regis Hungariae Bohemiaeque [[Vladislaus II (rex Bohemiae et Hungariae)|Vladislai II]], mater reginae [[Anna Iagellonica|Annae Iagellonicae]] et regis Hungariae Bohemiaeque [[Ludovicus II (rex Hungariae)|Ludovici II]] et consobrina [[Anna Britanniae (regina Franciae)|Annae Britanniae]], reginae [[Francia]]e. == Vita == [[File:Anna_of_Foix-Candale.jpg|thumb|left|240px|Sigillum Reginae Annae: Anna Dei Graci(a) Regina Hungarie, Boemie et C(etera)]] Anna nata est anno 1484 et fuit filia comitis Candaliae [[Vedastus II Ioannes (comes Candaliae)|Vedasti II]] ([[francogallice]]: ''Gaston'') et uxoris eius infantis [[Regnum Navarrae|Regnis Navarrae]] [[Catharina de Fuxio (comitissa Candaliae)|Catharinae de Fuxio]], qui fuit filia reginae regnantis [[Regnum Navarrae|Navarrae]] [[Alienora (regina Navarrae)|Alienorae I]] et nepos reginae regnantis [[Regnum Navarrae|Navarrae]] [[Blanca I (regina Navarrae)|Blancae I]]. Die [[29 Septembris]] 1502 nupsit in [[Alba Regalis|Alba Regali]] regem [[Hungaria (regnum)|Hungariae]] [[Bohemia|Bohemiaeque]] [[Vladislaus II (rex Bohemiae et Hungariae)|Vladislaum II]]. Die [[29 Septembris]] 1502 coronata est [[Alba Regalis|Albae Regalis]] in reginam Hungarie. „Nos Uladislaus Dei Gratia Rex Hungariae &c. Memoriae commendamus tenore praesentium significantes universis, quibus expedit. Quod cum nos Divina dispotente clementia Illustrissimam Dominam '''Annam de Candalle''', ex vetusta '''stirpe Regia Fuxiorum''' oriundam, nobis in conjugem ritu Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae copulari, ac tandem adduci fecissemus, curassemusque eam in Civitate nostra Alba Regali, quo ex nostra invitatione multorum Principum Oratores, ac universi Domini, Praelati, Barones, Nobilique, Proceres, & universorum Comitatuum Regni nostri Electi convenerant, pro veteri consuetudine huus Regni, coronari, [...].”<ref>[http://books.google.hu/books?id=rhEVAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA289&lpg=PA289&dq=fuxiorum&source=bl&ots=k5hEQbxDjv&sig=Bb5ObBQJrNq_x5Z4Onqu4nLGmQw&hl=hu&sa=X&ei=LIQmVMLlBqqfygOkloCQCg&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=fuxiorum&f=false Georg Pray et Michael Maria Milliscich: ''Specimen Hierarchiae Hungaricae, complectens seriem chronologicam archiepiscoporum et episcoporum Hungariae cum rudi dioecesium delineatione adjectis, si quae sunt peculiares, preaerogativis, ut plurimum ex diplomatibus congestum, Pars I. De archiepiscopatu Strigoniensi et ejus suffraganeis'', Posonii et Cassoviae, 1776.]</ref> Anna obiit die 26 Iulii 1506 [[Buda]]e et sepulta est ibidem et die [[19 Martii]] 1516 in [[Alba Regalis|Alba Regali]] cum suo marito Vladislao II. Cum suo marito unico Vladislao duem liberos habebat: * [[Anna Iagellonica|Anna]] (nata [[1503]], obiit [[1547]]), uxor [[Ferdinandus I (imperator)|Ferdinandi I]] [[imperator]]is [[Sacrum Romanum Imperium|Sacri Romani Imperii]] et [[rex]] [[Bohemia]]e ac [[Hungaria (regnum)|Hungariae]], filii [[Ioanna (regina Castellae et Legionis)|Ioannae reginae Hispaniarum]] et [[Philippus I (rex Castellae)|Philippi IV domini Nederlandiae]]. * [[Ludovicus II (rex Hungariae)|Ludovicus II]] (nata [[1506]], obiit [[1526]]), [[rex]] [[Bohemia]]e ac [[Hungaria (regnum)|Hungariae]], maritus [[Maria Austriaca (gubernator Nederlandiae)|Mariae Austriacae]] archiducissae [[Austria]]e, infantis [[Hispania]]rum, reginae consortis [[Hungaria]]e [[Bohemia]]eque et gubernatoris [[Nederlandia]]e, filiae [[Ioanna (regina Castellae et Legionis)|Ioannae reginae Hispaniarum]] et [[Philippus I (rex Castellae)|Philippi IV domini Nederlandiae]]. == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references /></div> ==Bibliographia== * Andronico, Matteo: ''Epithalamium in nuptias Vladislai Pannoniarum ac Bohemiae regis et Annae Candaliae reginae'' / Matthaeus Andronicus Tragurinus (1502), In: László Juhász: Bibliotheca Scriptorum Medii Recentisque Aevorum : saecula XV–XVI., 18 pp., Teubner, [[Lipsia]]e, 1933. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Anna of Foix-Candale|Annam de Foix de Candalle}} * [http://mek.oszk.hu/03500/03543/03543.pdf Angelus Chabriel: Libellvs Hospitalis Mvnificentiae Venetorum Excipienda Anna Regina Hvngariae] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150923191735/http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/ILLUMIN.ASP?Size=mid&IllID=5418 Miniature of Anne de Foix in Discours des Ceremonies du Sacre et mariage d'Anne de Foix avec Ladislaus Roy de Hongrie (in 1502)] * [http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/bec_0373-6237_1861_num_22_1_445758? Persee/Pierre Choque: Discours des cérémonies du mariage d'Anne de Foix, de la maison de France, avec Ladislas VI, roi de Bohême..., (1502), /Premier article/] * [http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/bec_0373-6237_1861_num_22_1_461942? Persee/Pierre Choque: Discours des cérémonies du mariage d'Anne de Foix, de la maison de France, avec Ladislas VI, roi de Bohême..., (1502), /Second article/] * [http://books.google.hu/books?id=hZsFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA80&lpg=PA80&dq=anne+de+foix&source=web&ots=wMVr21gAxw&sig=p6oyEus8URLEtWvLJYckwtW9b6Q&hl=hu&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=8&ct=result#PPP1,M1 Chroniques de Jean d'Auton] *[http://www.navarra.es/appsext/bnd/GN_Ficheros_PDF_Binadi.aspx?Fichero=AGN00FBH_239800000000000000000410.pdf R. Anthony: ''Identification et Étude des Ossements des Rois de Navarre inhumés dans la Cathédrale de Lescar] * [http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/HUNGARY.htm#UlaszloIIdied1516 Charles Cawley: Foundation for Medieval Genealogy/Hungary Kings Genealogy] * [http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/TOULOUSE%20NOBILITY.htm#MargueriteFoixdied1486 Charles Cawley: Foundation for Medieval Genealogy/Foix Genealogy] * [http://dzt-isto.chez-alice.fr/foix_can.htm Les Foix-Candale] * [http://racineshistoire.free.fr/LGN/PDF/Grailly_captals-de-Buch.pdf Seigneurs de Grailly Généalogie] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120224105722/http://www.foixstory.com/data/genealogiq/foix/foix2/fxcandal.htm Foix-Grailly Généalogie] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210128095433/http://genealogy.euweb.cz/foix/albret2.html Euweb/Jagellonian Genealogy] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210114211845/http://genealogy.euweb.cz/foix/foix3.html#AG2 Euweb/Foix-Grailly Genealogy] {| border=2 align="center" |- |width="30%" align="center" rowspan="2"|Antecessor:<br />'''[[Barbara Brandenburgensis]]<br>[[Beatrix Aragonensis]]''' |width="40%" align="center"|'''[[Index reginarum Hungariae|Regina consors Hungariae]] [[File:Hungary Arms.svg|40px]]<br>[[1502]]—[[1506]]''' |width="30%" align="center" rowspan="2"|Successor:<br /> '''[[Maria Austriaca (gubernator Nederlandiae)|Maria Austriaca]]''' |- |} {| border=2 align="center" |- |width="30%" align="center" rowspan="2"|Antecessor:<br />'''[[Barbara Brandenburgensis]]<br>[[Beatrix Aragonensis]]''' |width="40%" align="center"|'''[[Index reginarum Croatiae|Regina consors Croatiae]] [[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg|40px]]<br>[[1502]]—[[1506]]''' |width="30%" align="center" rowspan="2"|Successor:<br /> '''[[Maria Austriaca (gubernator Nederlandiae)|Maria Austriaca]]''' |- |} {| border=2 align="center" |- |width="30%" align="center" rowspan="2"|Antecessor:<br />'''[[Barbara Brandenburgensis]]<br>[[Beatrix Aragonensis]]''' |width="40%" align="center"|'''[[Index reginarum Bohemiae|Regina consors Bohemiae]] [[File:Blason_Boheme.svg|40px]]<br>[[1502]]—[[1506]]''' |width="30%" align="center" rowspan="2"|Successor:<br /> '''[[Maria Austriaca (gubernator Nederlandiae)|Maria Austriaca]]''' |- |} [[Categoria:Reginae Hungariae]] [[Categoria:Nati 1484]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1506]] [[Categoria:Reginae Bohemiae]] 8w9nibxbdsz19im27z3rnshi7216yrn 0 248722 3966130 3710840 2026-06-23T18:17:03Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3966130 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Hybrid Assistive Limb, Cyberdyne.jpg|thumb|Haec synthesis<!--suit--> quasi [[exosceletus]] per [[vis|vim]] [[electricitas|electricam]] motus, ab investigatoribus in [[Universitas Tsukuba|Universitate Tsukuba]] in [[Iaponia]] excogitatur.]] '''Amplificatio humana''' est "ulla conatus ad circumscriptiones [[corpus humanum|corporis humani]] superandas per rationes [[natura]]les aut artificiosas, ad tempus aut perpetuo. Quae est usus rationum [[technologia|technologicarum]] ad proprietates et facultates humanas seligendas vel mutandas, utrum exitus proprietates et facultates efficat quae praeter [[virtus|virtutes]] humanas exstantes iacent, necne."<ref>[[Anglice]]: "any attempt to temporarily or permanently overcome the current limitations of the human body through natural or artificial means. It is the use of technological means to select or alter human characteristics and capacities, whether or not the alteration results in characteristics and capacities that lie beyond the existing human range" (Hughes 2004).</ref><ref>Moore 2008.</ref> {{NexInt}} *[[Immortalitas]] *[[Ingeniaria genetica]] *[[Personalitas]]<!-- *[[Posthumanus]]--> *[[Singularitas technologica]] *[[Therapia genetica]] *[[Transhumanismus]]<!-- *[[Cloning]] *[[Human-animal hybrid]] *[[Liberal eugenics]] *[[Life extension]] *[[Participant evolution]]--> ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references/></div> ==Bibliographia== *Hughes, James. [[2004]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20071011132924/http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/hughes20041101/ Human Enhancement on the Agenda.] Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies. *Moore, Pete. [[2008]]. ''Enhancing Me: The Hope and the Hype of Human Enhancement.'' Wiley. ISBN 9780470724095. ==Nexus externi== {{Wikiquote}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20151107030844/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucbtdag/bioethics/ Enhancement Technologies Group,] www.ucl.ac.uk *[http://ethics.calpoly.edu Ethics + Emerging Sciences Group,] ethics.calpoly.edu (California Polyechnic Institute, San Luis Obispo)] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20121002174414/http://www.humanenhance.com/NSF_report.pdf "Ethics of Human Enhancement: 25 Questions & Answers" (2009),] www.humanenhance.com *[http://ieet.org Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies,] ieet.org *[http://humanityplus.org/ Humanity+,] humanityplus.org *[http://www.europarl.europa.eu/stoa/publications/studies/stoa2007-13_en.pdf Human Enhancement Study,] www.europarl.europa.eu (European Parliament STOA 2009)] *[http://www.rte.ie/science/index.html RTÉ’s Big Science Debate 2007,] www.rte.ie [[Categoria:Bioethica]] [[Categoria:Evolutio humana]] [[Categoria:Transhumanismus]] 95dbhn7c7xve4it4vgryn0yj6dvurxf 0 258223 3966159 3711363 2026-06-24T01:44:50Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3966159 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Chaldean Catholic Cathedral of Saint Joseph in Ankawa near Erbil, Iraq.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Ecclesia cathedralis Arbilensis]] '''Archieparchia Arbilensis Chaldaeorum''' ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Arcieparchia di Arbil|Arcieparchia di Arbil]]'') est [[Eparchia|Eparchia Chaldaica]] [[Iracum|Iraci]] [[Ecclesia Chaldaeorum Catholica|Ecclesiae Chaldaeorum]], in [[Regio ecclesiastica Curdica|Regione ecclesiastica Curdica]] sita, cuius caput [[Arbela]]m est. == Episcopus == Dioecesis a S.B. Archieparca [[Bashar Matthaeus Warda|Bashar Matthaeo Warda]] a die [[24 Maii]] [[2010]] recta est. == Historia == Archieparchia Arbilensis Chaldaeorum [[7 Martii]] [[1968]] erecta est, et hodie 7 paroeciae habet. == Ecclesia cathedralis == Sedes archieparchiales cathedralis Sancti Iosephi in [[Ankawa]] est. == Eparchae et Archieparchae == * Stephanus Babaca † ([[1969]] - [[1994]]) * Hanna Markho † ([[1994]] - [[1996]]) * Iacobus Ishaq ([[1997]] - [[1999]]) * Iacobus Denha Scher † ([[2001]] - [[2005]]) ** ''Sedes vacans (2005-2010)'' * [[Bashar Matthaeus Warda]], [[Congregatio Sanctissimi Redemptoris|C.SS.R.]], a [[24 Maii]] [[2010]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy of Erbil|Archieparchiam Arbilensem Chaldaeorum}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150314153527/http://www.chaldean-church.com/ Pagina domestica] {{RC-stipula}} [[Categoria:Iraca]] [[Categoria:Oriens Christianus]] [[Categoria:Divisiones Christianorum]] [[Categoria:Religio Christiana]] c29u074peqiuvq8a8877s758wgv2zlw 0 266091 3966058 3960952 2026-06-23T12:48:43Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3966058 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Ion channel.png|thumb|300px|'''Canalis ionticus''' (descriptio simplex): '''1''' - canalis genera (imprimis quaterni), '''2''' - vestibulum externum, '''3''' - colum recensionis, '''4''' - ambitus coli recensionis, '''5''' - situs phosphorylationis, '''6''' - membrana cellularis]] '''Canalis ionticus''' est [[proteinum]] [[membrana cellulae|membranae cellulae]] [[ionophora|ionophoricum]] et porta [[ion]]tum ad aequilibria [[Membrana cellulae|membranae cellularis]] electrica conservanda seu mutanda aptum<ref> Hille, Bertil (2001). Ion Channels of Excitable Membranes (3rd ed.). Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Associates, Inc. p. 5. ISBN 0-87893-321-2</ref>. == Classificationes == Ad hoc tempus eruti sunt intra [[Cellula|cellulas]] plus quam trecenti canales iontici, qui sive secundum modum transitus sive ''[[ion]]te'' sive secundum positionem in cellula in plures categorias dividuntur. === Classificatio secundum modos transitantes === Canales iontici modo transitante (''gating'') describi possunt, id est quomodo canalis ionticus omnis aperitur clauditurve. * [[Canalis ionticus tensione reclusa|Tensione (electrica) transitus]] * [[Canalis ionticus ligando reclusa|Ligando transitus]] * Alii modi transitus === Classificatio secundum ionta === [[Chlorum|Chloro]], [[Kalium|potassio]], [[Natrium|natrio]], [[Calcium|calcio]] canales iontici sunt. * [[Canalis ionticus chloridi|Canales chloridi]] * [[Canalis ionticus kalii|Canales kalii]] * [[Canalis ionticus natrii|Canales natrii]] * [[Canalis ionticus calcii|Canales calcii]] === Classificatio secundum locos intracellulares === Canales iontici in [[membrana cellulae|membrana cellulari]] et structuris diversis internis cellularum (imprimis organellis) inveniuntur. == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} *[[Nodus Ranvier]] *[[Optogenetica]] {{Biologia-stipula}} [[Categoria:Systema nervosum]] [[Categoria:Neuroscientia]] [[Categoria:Canales iontici| ]] rk4dotf07qty1cofscn7f9zq7944v8q 3966060 3966058 2026-06-23T12:51:03Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3966060 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Ion channel.png|thumb|300px|'''Canalis ionticus''' (descriptio simplex): '''1''' - canalis genera (imprimis quaterni), '''2''' - vestibulum externum, '''3''' - colum recensionis, '''4''' - ambitus coli recensionis, '''5''' - situs phosphorylationis, '''6''' - membrana cellularis]] '''Canalis ionticus''' est [[proteina]] [[membrana cellulae|membranae cellulae]] [[ionophora|ionophorica]] et porta [[ion]]tum ad aequilibria [[Membrana cellulae|membranae cellularis]] electrica conservanda seu mutanda apta<ref> Hille, Bertil (2001). Ion Channels of Excitable Membranes (3rd ed.). Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Associates, Inc. p. 5. ISBN 0-87893-321-2</ref> dum certis temporibus meatum transmembraneum iontum selectorum sinit. == Classificationes == Ad hoc tempus eruti sunt intra [[Cellula|cellulas]] plus quam trecenti canales iontici, qui sive secundum modum transitus sive ''[[ion]]te'' sive secundum positionem in cellula in plures categorias dividuntur. === Classificatio secundum modos transitantes === Canales iontici modo transitante (''gating'') describi possunt, id est quomodo canalis ionticus omnis aperitur clauditurve. * [[Canalis ionticus tensione reclusa|Tensione (electrica) transitus]] * [[Canalis ionticus ligando reclusa|Ligando transitus]] * Alii modi transitus === Classificatio secundum ionta === [[Chlorum|Chloro]], [[Kalium|potassio]], [[Natrium|natrio]], [[Calcium|calcio]] canales iontici sunt. * [[Canalis ionticus chloridi|Canales chloridi]] * [[Canalis ionticus kalii|Canales kalii]] * [[Canalis ionticus natrii|Canales natrii]] * [[Canalis ionticus calcii|Canales calcii]] === Classificatio secundum locos intracellulares === Canales iontici in [[membrana cellulae|membrana cellulari]] et structuris diversis internis cellularum (imprimis organellis) inveniuntur. == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} *[[Nodus Ranvier]] *[[Optogenetica]] {{Biologia-stipula}} [[Categoria:Systema nervosum]] [[Categoria:Neuroscientia]] [[Categoria:Canales iontici| ]] emt9zx874re49xtmmnt9jwgzbstn787 3966061 3966060 2026-06-23T12:52:56Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3966061 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Ion channel.png|thumb|300px|'''Canalis ionticus''' (descriptio simplex): '''1''' - canalis genera (imprimis quaterni), '''2''' - vestibulum externum, '''3''' - colum recensionis, '''4''' - ambitus coli recensionis, '''5''' - situs phosphorylationis, '''6''' - membrana cellularis]] '''Canalis ionticus''' est [[proteina]] [[membrana cellulae|membranae cellulae]] [[ionophora|ionophorica]] et porta [[ion]]tum ad aequilibria [[Membrana cellulae|membranae cellularis]] electrica conservanda seu mutanda apta<ref> Hille, Bertil (2001). Ion Channels of Excitable Membranes (3rd ed.). Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Associates, Inc. p. 5. ISBN 0-87893-321-2</ref> dum certis temporibus meatum transmembraneum iontum selectorum sinit. Plerumque unum genus iontis tantum admittit. == Classificationes == Ad hoc tempus eruti sunt intra [[Cellula|cellulas]] plus quam trecenti canales iontici, qui sive secundum modum transitus sive ''[[ion]]te'' sive secundum positionem in cellula in plures categorias dividuntur. === Classificatio secundum modos transitantes === Canales iontici modo transitante (''gating'') describi possunt, id est quomodo canalis ionticus omnis aperitur clauditurve. * [[Canalis ionticus tensione reclusa|Tensione (electrica) transitus]] * [[Canalis ionticus ligando reclusa|Ligando transitus]] * Alii modi transitus === Classificatio secundum ionta === [[Chlorum|Chloro]], [[Kalium|potassio]], [[Natrium|natrio]], [[Calcium|calcio]] canales iontici sunt. * [[Canalis ionticus chloridi|Canales chloridi]] * [[Canalis ionticus kalii|Canales kalii]] * [[Canalis ionticus natrii|Canales natrii]] * [[Canalis ionticus calcii|Canales calcii]] === Classificatio secundum locos intracellulares === Canales iontici in [[membrana cellulae|membrana cellulari]] et structuris diversis internis cellularum (imprimis organellis) inveniuntur. == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} *[[Nodus Ranvier]] *[[Optogenetica]] {{Biologia-stipula}} [[Categoria:Systema nervosum]] [[Categoria:Neuroscientia]] [[Categoria:Canales iontici| ]] 6zek1jscd2biuno4von5mw5z50sdqnq 0 267244 3966151 3965685 2026-06-24T01:02:20Z Jondel 452 3966151 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Alanus Petrus Cayetano''', vulgo plene ''Alan Peter Schramm Cayetano'' (in oppido [[Taguig]] natus die [[28 Octobris]] [[1970]]) est politicus [[Philippinae|Philippinarum]]. Alumnus [[universitas Philippinarum|universitatis Philippinarum]] et scholae iuridicae [[Athenaeum Manilense|Athenaei Manilensis]], Cayetano e familia politicorum ortus est, patre senatore, sorore natu maiore olim senatrice hodieque legata populi; uxor etenim praefecta urbi natali meret. Ipse legatus populi a die [[30 Iunii]] [[1998]], deinde senator est a die [[30 Iunii]] [[2007]]. Dux minoritatis senatoriae die [[26 Iulii]] [[2010]] atque dux maioritatis die [[23 Iulii]] [[2013]] factus est usque [[17 Junii]], [[2026]. Abhinc est dux minoritatis. Candidatus est ad officium praesidis vicarii anno [[2016]], malo successu, collegá nihilominus [[Rodericus Duterte|Roderico Duterte]], qui officium praesidis petiverat, victore. A quo die [[10 Maii]] [[2017]] Cayetano ad munus secretarii rerum externarum convocatus est, loco ad interim tento a [[Perfectus Yasay|Perfecto Yasay]] et [[Henricus Manalo|Henrico Manalo]]. Abdicavit ut secretarius rerum externarum die [[17 Octobris]] et substitutus est a Teodoro Locsin.<ref>{{Cite news |work=Rappler|url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/213905-alan-cayetano-resigning-salvador-panelo-press-secretary/ |title=Abdicans ut secretarius rerum externarum – Duterte |access-date=October 14, 2018 |archive-date=October 14, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Bibliographia == * Rome Jorge, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20090703072500/http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2009/april/12/yehey/weekend/20090412week1.html Sen. Pia Cayetano: the independent]" in ''Sunday Times'' (Manila) (12 Aprilis 2009) [de sorore et familia] == Nexus externi == * "[https://web.archive.org/web/20130313221810/http://www.senate.gov.ph:80/senators/sen_bio/cayetano_alanpeter_resume.asp Senator Alan Peter "Compañero" S. Cayetano]" pagina olim a senatu Philippinarum divulgata * Eimor P. Santos, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20170513085530/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/05/10/Duterte-appoints-Alan-Cayetano-DFA.html Duterte appoints Cayetano as DFA chief]" (10 Maii 2017) apud ''CNN Philippines'' {{Secretarii rerum externarum Philippinenses}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cayetano, Alanus Petrus}} [[Categoria:Nati 1970]] [[Categoria:Homines vivi]] [[Categoria:Politici Philippinarum]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Philippinarum]] [[Categoria:Alumni Athenaei Manilensis]] tm8qluhbiii06mvkmrqlqp1eruuvabz 3966152 3966151 2026-06-24T01:03:02Z Jondel 452 3966152 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Alanus Petrus Cayetano''', vulgo plene ''Alan Peter Schramm Cayetano'' (in oppido [[Taguig]] natus die [[28 Octobris]] [[1970]]) est politicus [[Philippinae|Philippinarum]]. Alumnus [[universitas Philippinarum|universitatis Philippinarum]] et scholae iuridicae [[Athenaeum Manilense|Athenaei Manilensis]], Cayetano e familia politicorum ortus est, patre senatore, sorore natu maiore olim senatrice hodieque legata populi; uxor etenim praefecta urbi natali meret. Ipse legatus populi a die [[30 Iunii]] [[1998]], deinde senator est a die [[30 Iunii]] [[2007]]. Dux minoritatis senatoriae die [[26 Iulii]] [[2010]] atque dux maioritatis die [[23 Iulii]] [[2013]] factus est usque [[17 Iunii]], [[2026]]]. Abhinc est dux minoritatis. Candidatus est ad officium praesidis vicarii anno [[2016]], malo successu, collegá nihilominus [[Rodericus Duterte|Roderico Duterte]], qui officium praesidis petiverat, victore. A quo die [[10 Maii]] [[2017]] Cayetano ad munus secretarii rerum externarum convocatus est, loco ad interim tento a [[Perfectus Yasay|Perfecto Yasay]] et [[Henricus Manalo|Henrico Manalo]]. Abdicavit ut secretarius rerum externarum die [[17 Octobris]] et substitutus est a Teodoro Locsin.<ref>{{Cite news |work=Rappler|url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/213905-alan-cayetano-resigning-salvador-panelo-press-secretary/ |title=Abdicans ut secretarius rerum externarum – Duterte |access-date=October 14, 2018 |archive-date=October 14, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Bibliographia == * Rome Jorge, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20090703072500/http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2009/april/12/yehey/weekend/20090412week1.html Sen. Pia Cayetano: the independent]" in ''Sunday Times'' (Manila) (12 Aprilis 2009) [de sorore et familia] == Nexus externi == * "[https://web.archive.org/web/20130313221810/http://www.senate.gov.ph:80/senators/sen_bio/cayetano_alanpeter_resume.asp Senator Alan Peter "Compañero" S. Cayetano]" pagina olim a senatu Philippinarum divulgata * Eimor P. Santos, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20170513085530/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/05/10/Duterte-appoints-Alan-Cayetano-DFA.html Duterte appoints Cayetano as DFA chief]" (10 Maii 2017) apud ''CNN Philippines'' {{Secretarii rerum externarum Philippinenses}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cayetano, Alanus Petrus}} [[Categoria:Nati 1970]] [[Categoria:Homines vivi]] [[Categoria:Politici Philippinarum]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Philippinarum]] [[Categoria:Alumni Athenaei Manilensis]] 5lw8xrx6ue7qrlae67pmn10puqlcls4 3966153 3966152 2026-06-24T01:04:29Z Jondel 452 3966153 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Alanus Petrus Cayetano''', vulgo plene ''Alan Peter Schramm Cayetano'' (in oppido [[Taguig]] natus die [[28 Octobris]] [[1970]]) est politicus [[Philippinae|Philippinarum]]. Alumnus [[universitas Philippinarum|universitatis Philippinarum]] et scholae iuridicae [[Athenaeum Manilense|Athenaei Manilensis]], Cayetano e familia politicorum ortus est, patre senatore, sorore natu maiore olim senatrice hodieque legata populi; uxor etenim praefecta urbi natali meret. Ipse legatus populi a die [[30 Iunii]] [[1998]], deinde senator est a die [[30 Iunii]] [[2007]]. Dux minoritatis senatoriae die [[26 Iulii]] [[2010]] atque dux maioritatis die [[23 Iulii]] [[2013]] factus est usque [[17 Iunii]], [[2026]]. Abhinc est dux minoritatis. Candidatus est ad officium praesidis vicarii anno [[2016]], malo successu, collegá nihilominus [[Rodericus Duterte|Roderico Duterte]], qui officium praesidis petiverat, victore. A quo die [[10 Maii]] [[2017]] Cayetano ad munus secretarii rerum externarum convocatus est, loco ad interim tento a [[Perfectus Yasay|Perfecto Yasay]] et [[Henricus Manalo|Henrico Manalo]]. Abdicavit ut secretarius rerum externarum die [[17 Octobris]] et substitutus est a Teodoro Locsin.<ref>{{Cite news |work=Rappler|url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/213905-alan-cayetano-resigning-salvador-panelo-press-secretary/ |title=Abdicans ut secretarius rerum externarum – Duterte |access-date=October 14, 2018 |archive-date=October 14, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Bibliographia == * Rome Jorge, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20090703072500/http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2009/april/12/yehey/weekend/20090412week1.html Sen. Pia Cayetano: the independent]" in ''Sunday Times'' (Manila) (12 Aprilis 2009) [de sorore et familia] == Nexus externi == * "[https://web.archive.org/web/20130313221810/http://www.senate.gov.ph:80/senators/sen_bio/cayetano_alanpeter_resume.asp Senator Alan Peter "Compañero" S. Cayetano]" pagina olim a senatu Philippinarum divulgata * Eimor P. Santos, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20170513085530/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/05/10/Duterte-appoints-Alan-Cayetano-DFA.html Duterte appoints Cayetano as DFA chief]" (10 Maii 2017) apud ''CNN Philippines'' {{Secretarii rerum externarum Philippinenses}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cayetano, Alanus Petrus}} [[Categoria:Nati 1970]] [[Categoria:Homines vivi]] [[Categoria:Politici Philippinarum]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Philippinarum]] [[Categoria:Alumni Athenaei Manilensis]] 4v8ljh6tl605bqlur44x9rq32a3qwsm 3966154 3966153 2026-06-24T01:22:31Z Jondel 452 3966154 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Alanus Petrus Cayetano''', vulgo plene ''Alan Peter Schramm Cayetano'' (in oppido [[Taguig]] natus die [[28 Octobris]] [[1970]]) est politicus [[Philippinae|Philippinarum]]. Alumnus [[universitas Philippinarum|universitatis Philippinarum]] et scholae iuridicae [[Athenaeum Manilense|Athenaei Manilensis]], Cayetano e familia politicorum ortus est, patre senatore, sorore natu maiore olim senatrice hodieque legata populi; uxor etenim praefecta urbi natali meret. Ipse legatus populi a die [[30 Iunii]] [[1998]], deinde senator est a die [[30 Iunii]] [[2007]]. Civitatem [[CFA]] reliquit in [[1998]].<ref name="Asian Journal: Did Cayetano lose">{{cite news |last=Macabenta |first=Greg |title=Did Cayetano lose and then reacquire Philippine citizenship? — |url=https://asianjournal.com/features/opinion-editorial-columnists/did-cayetano-lose-and-then-reacquire-philippine-citizenship/|access-date=October 2, 2025|work=Asian Journal News |date=March 24, 2017}}</ref><ref name="PDI: Estne Cayetano Philipinae Civitis?">{{cite news |last=Rodis |first=Rodel E. |title=Is Cayetano a PH citizen? |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/102885/cayetano-ph-citizen |access-date=October 2, 2025 |work=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer|Inquirer.net]]|date=April 1, 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ephemeris PDI: Cayetano Damnans Ephemeridem Inquirer.net column">{{cite news|last=Avendaño|first=Christine O.|title=Cayetano Damnans Ephemeridem Inquirer.net column Interrogantem Suam Civitatem in Columna|url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/153393/cayetano-slams-inquirer-net-column-questioning-citizenship|access-date=October 2, 2025|work=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer|Inquirer.net]]|date=16 March 2017 |language=en}}</ref> Dux minoritatis senatoriae die [[26 Iulii]] [[2010]] atque dux maioritatis die [[23 Iulii]] [[2013]] factus est usque [[17 Iunii]], [[2026]]. Abhinc est solum dux minoritatis. Candidatus est ad officium praesidis vicarii anno [[2016]], malo successu, collegá nihilominus [[Rodericus Duterte|Roderico Duterte]], qui officium praesidis petiverat, victore. A quo die [[10 Maii]] [[2017]] Cayetano ad munus secretarii rerum externarum convocatus est, loco ad interim tento a [[Perfectus Yasay|Perfecto Yasay]] et [[Henricus Manalo|Henrico Manalo]]. Abdicavit ut secretarius rerum externarum die [[17 Octobris]] et substitutus est a Teodoro Locsin.<ref>{{Cite news |work=Rappler|url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/213905-alan-cayetano-resigning-salvador-panelo-press-secretary/ |title=Abdicans ut secretarius rerum externarum – Duterte |access-date=October 14, 2018 |archive-date=October 14, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Bibliographia == * Rome Jorge, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20090703072500/http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2009/april/12/yehey/weekend/20090412week1.html Sen. Pia Cayetano: the independent]" in ''Sunday Times'' (Manila) (12 Aprilis 2009) [de sorore et familia] == Nexus externi == * "[https://web.archive.org/web/20130313221810/http://www.senate.gov.ph:80/senators/sen_bio/cayetano_alanpeter_resume.asp Senator Alan Peter "Compañero" S. Cayetano]" pagina olim a senatu Philippinarum divulgata * Eimor P. Santos, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20170513085530/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/05/10/Duterte-appoints-Alan-Cayetano-DFA.html Duterte appoints Cayetano as DFA chief]" (10 Maii 2017) apud ''CNN Philippines'' {{Secretarii rerum externarum Philippinenses}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cayetano, Alanus Petrus}} [[Categoria:Nati 1970]] [[Categoria:Homines vivi]] [[Categoria:Politici Philippinarum]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Philippinarum]] [[Categoria:Alumni Athenaei Manilensis]] f4wjek0tnltw2gn01q19ayym0zvi1yr 3966155 3966154 2026-06-24T01:24:40Z Jondel 452 3966155 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Alanus Petrus Cayetano''', vulgo plene ''Alan Peter Schramm Cayetano'' (in oppido [[Taguig]] natus die [[28 Octobris]] [[1970]]) est politicus [[Philippinae|Philippinarum]]. Alumnus [[universitas Philippinarum|universitatis Philippinarum]] et scholae iuridicae [[Athenaeum Manilense|Athenaei Manilensis]], Cayetano e familia politicorum ortus est, patre senatore( Rene Cayetano), sorore( Pia) natu maiore olim senatrice hodieque legata populi; uxor etenim praefecta urbi natali meret. Ipse legatus populi a die [[30 Iunii]] [[1998]], deinde senator est a die [[30 Iunii]] [[2007]]. Civitatem [[CFA]] reliquit in [[1998]].<ref name="Asian Journal: Did Cayetano lose">{{cite news |last=Macabenta |first=Greg |title=Did Cayetano lose and then reacquire Philippine citizenship? — |url=https://asianjournal.com/features/opinion-editorial-columnists/did-cayetano-lose-and-then-reacquire-philippine-citizenship/|access-date=October 2, 2025|work=Asian Journal News |date=March 24, 2017}}</ref><ref name="PDI: Estne Cayetano Philipinae Civitis?">{{cite news |last=Rodis |first=Rodel E. |title=Is Cayetano a PH citizen? |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/102885/cayetano-ph-citizen |access-date=October 2, 2025 |work=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer|Inquirer.net]]|date=April 1, 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ephemeris PDI: Cayetano Damnans Ephemeridem Inquirer.net column">{{cite news|last=Avendaño|first=Christine O.|title=Cayetano Damnans Ephemeridem Inquirer.net column Interrogantem Suam Civitatem in Columna|url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/153393/cayetano-slams-inquirer-net-column-questioning-citizenship|access-date=October 2, 2025|work=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer|Inquirer.net]]|date=16 March 2017 |language=en}}</ref> Dux minoritatis senatoriae die [[26 Iulii]] [[2010]] atque dux maioritatis die [[23 Iulii]] [[2013]] factus est usque [[17 Iunii]], [[2026]]. Abhinc est solum dux minoritatis. Candidatus est ad officium praesidis vicarii anno [[2016]], malo successu, collegá nihilominus [[Rodericus Duterte|Roderico Duterte]], qui officium praesidis petiverat, victore. A quo die [[10 Maii]] [[2017]] Cayetano ad munus secretarii rerum externarum convocatus est, loco ad interim tento a [[Perfectus Yasay|Perfecto Yasay]] et [[Henricus Manalo|Henrico Manalo]]. Abdicavit ut secretarius rerum externarum die [[17 Octobris]] et substitutus est a Teodoro Locsin.<ref>{{Cite news |work=Rappler|url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/213905-alan-cayetano-resigning-salvador-panelo-press-secretary/ |title=Abdicans ut secretarius rerum externarum – Duterte |access-date=October 14, 2018 |archive-date=October 14, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Bibliographia == * Rome Jorge, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20090703072500/http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2009/april/12/yehey/weekend/20090412week1.html Sen. Pia Cayetano: the independent]" in ''Sunday Times'' (Manila) (12 Aprilis 2009) [de sorore et familia] == Nexus externi == * "[https://web.archive.org/web/20130313221810/http://www.senate.gov.ph:80/senators/sen_bio/cayetano_alanpeter_resume.asp Senator Alan Peter "Compañero" S. Cayetano]" pagina olim a senatu Philippinarum divulgata * Eimor P. Santos, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20170513085530/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/05/10/Duterte-appoints-Alan-Cayetano-DFA.html Duterte appoints Cayetano as DFA chief]" (10 Maii 2017) apud ''CNN Philippines'' {{Secretarii rerum externarum Philippinenses}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cayetano, Alanus Petrus}} [[Categoria:Nati 1970]] [[Categoria:Homines vivi]] [[Categoria:Politici Philippinarum]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Philippinarum]] [[Categoria:Alumni Athenaei Manilensis]] pn3eiv2kza03p14t7avk3i6tgiszyg3 0 273573 3966186 3851415 2026-06-24T09:14:46Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3966186 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Augustinus''' vulgo ''Austin'' '''Richardson''' (natus die [[21 Octobris]] [[1843]] in Ahmedmigur apud [[Mumbai|Bombainum]], mortuus die [[20 Augusti]] [[1913]] [[Bossetum|Bosseti]]) abbas, sacerdos catholicus et philologus [[anglia|Anglicus]] fuit. Insuper anno 1910 primus praeses [[Unio Internationalis Esperantistarum Catholicorum|Unionis Internationalis Esperantistarum Catholicorum]] (IKUE) creatus est. ==Vita== Parentes eius adhuc [[Anglicanismus|Anglicanismo]] adhaerebant. Patre subito mortuo - munere medici militaris functus erat - mater Catharina Ioanna Boye Cocheteux mox [[Anglia]]m repetivit. Cum annos XXI natus est Augustinus catholicam fidem accepit, anno 1873 vel sacerdos ordinatus est. Nonnullos menses ante sacerdotium magister in schola elementari Instituti Sancti Ludovici factus est. Tunc multam operam dabat in rebus oecumenicis promovendis, praesertim ad conciliandos Anglicanos cum fide [[ecclesia Catholica Romana|catholica]]. Facem [[pacifismus|pacifismi]] in altum tollebat et vetulus [[lingua Esperantica|motionis Esperanticae]] ideas pacificas ardue defendebat diffundebat dissipabat. Linguam istam mense Octobri 1906 ediscere coeperat. ==Contagio Esperanticorum== Quando [[Berna]]e anno 1913 [[congressus universalis Esperanticus|Congressum universalem]] [[Universalis Societas Esperantica |(UEA)]] frequentaturus fuit et [[Roma]]e conventus quidam catholicorum (IKUE) instabat, paucos dies Bosseti apud Mariam Mauritiam Milsom (1851-1933) degebat ad res necessarias parandas.<ref>Illa femina anno 1910 ad catholicismum conversa erat Esperanticis auxiliantibus et anno 1907 periodico "Espero Katolika" pecunia succurrebat. Ex anno 1906 in sodalitate esperantistarum [[genava|Genavensi]] operam navabat. Ipsa ex familia germanophona Helvetica (''Gruner'') oriunda est, quae cum multis aliis ad calvinismum pulsa erat.</ref> Augustinus ibi morans ex inopinatu mortuus est. [[requiem|Missa defunctiva]] Bernae die 19 Augusti celebrata [[Ludovicus Lazarus Zamenhof]] ipse participatus est. Richardson motioni catholicae Esperanticae variis modis inserviebat. Praeses fuit et sodalitatis ''IKUE'' et Associationis esperantistarum catholicorum Belgicae ''(Belga Katolika Ligo Esperantista)''; moderatus est periodicum "Espero Katolika"; propraeses Associationis Esperanticae Belgicae ''(Belga Ligo Esperantista)'' creatus est. [[Cantabrigia]]e anno 1907 in Congressu universali, cum permissu superiorum, homeliam habuit lingua Esperantica. Linguam Esperanticam pluries et animose adversus assectatores [[ido|linguae Ido]] defendebat. == Nexus externi == *[https://web.archive.org/web/20171226051145/http://www.ikue.org/estraro/prezidantoj.html#richardson Biographia maxima in pagina domestica IKUE] * Jean Amouroux: [https://web.archive.org/web/20080908064340/http://www.aleph.com.br/kce/historio-03-richardson.htm#selection-315.23-315.33 "Pastro A. Richardson - Apostolo de Katolikismo kaj de Esperanto"] - insuper de vita Mariae Milsom et cum utriusque photographematibus ==Notae== <references/> {{lifetime|1843|1913|Richardson, Austin}} [[categoria:Abbates]] [[categoria:Praesides IKUE]] [[categoria:Magistri]] [[categoria:Incolae Angliae]] [[categoria:Presbyteri catholici]] b1536ojlgjhdau8y6nrxoe61k0oestl 0 274697 3966138 3875481 2026-06-23T21:56:57Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3966138 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Textus correctus a Claude.ai: Emendationes grammaticae et orthographicae textus originalis de Antiquis ex opere televisifico "Stargate". Correctiones incluserunt casus, genera, numeros, et syntaxin Latinam appropriatam. --> {{Latinitas|-5}} In '''Antiqui''' (in sua lingua ''Anquietas'') sunt [[Species (taxinomia)|genus]] humanoidum in [[Stargate (series)|''Stargate'']] fictione. Hoc nomine in [[Via lactea|Via Lactea]] noti sunt, dum '''Maiores''' et '''Lantiani''' in Pegasi galaxia appellantur. Antiqui sunt una ex duabus partibus Alteranorum; altera est Ori, qui in ''[[Stargate SG-1]]'' posterius apparent. In ''Stargate'' universo, Antiqui sunt species maxime technologice progressa omnium notarum. Antiqui per decem milia annorum evolverunt et ad progressum [[Technologia|technologicum]] multo ante [[Gens humana|homines]] in [[Tellus (planeta)|Tellure]] pervenerunt. In Via Lactea et Pegasi galaxiis ante ascensionem habitaverunt. Notissimi sunt quod [[Stargate (machina)|Portas Stellares]] construxerunt; magnos anulos qui [[Foramen vermis|vermium foramina]] ad iter faciendum creant. Portae Stellares communiter a Terrae hominibus, [[Goa'uld|Goa'uldis]] et [[Wraith (species ficticia)|Wraith]] in ''Stargate'' seriebus televisificis ad Viam Lacteam et Pegasum explorandas utuntur. == Historia == === In Antiquis et Ori === Multis abhinc milibus annorum, prima hominum species ex evolutione orta, quae Alterani appellabantur (a [[Lingua Latina|Latinis]] ''alteri'', "alii", dicti, quamquam in canone ex Antiqua lingua ipsorum proficiscuntur), in longinqua et ignota galaxia vixerunt, dum gradatim ad ascensionem per evolutionem progrediebantur. Tempore procedente, hi, qui postea Ori atque Antiqui sunt vocati, in una societate morabantur neque inter se distinguebantur. Verum, exorta est dissensio philosophica. Progressu temporis, Ori in religione sua vehementius exarserunt, dum Antiqui potius scientiae favere coeperunt. Tandem adeo sententiae discrepabant, ut in duas factiones scissi inter se pugnare inciperent, quod in Oriorum conatu Antiquos delendi summum fastigium attigit. Proelium fugientes, Antiqui maluerunt galaxiam suam deserere novamque sedem quaerere. Ori autem, eorum discessu ad suos usus verso, in Libro Originis narraverunt Antiquos in monte infesto malum continuisse, quod, monte collapsu, sepultum esse.<ref name="The Fourth Horseman">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fourth_Horseman_(Stargate_SG-1) The Fourth Horseman]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1 Stargate SG-1]'')</ref> Multo post tempore, teste Daniele Jackson, creditur Antiquos milia annorum post "magnum cingulum stellarum" invenisse, "Auallonia" (Via Lactea) dictum, ubi imperium suum condiderunt. Ibidem etiam ''Astria Porta'' construxerunt, quae per totam Viam Lacteam distributae sunt.<ref name="Avalon">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalon_(Stargate_SG-1) Avalon]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1 Stargate SG-1]'')</ref> Insuper, Antiqui "naves seminales" miserunt, quibus Stargates ad alias galaxias disseminarent. Post eas missa est navis ''Fati'', quae in [[Cosmica radiatio micrometrica primordialis|Cosmica Radiatio Micrometrica Primordialis]] (Stargate Universi) exemplum ulterius investigaret. Inter planetas quos Antiqui inhabuerunt, erat Terra, quae ipsa ''Terra'' appellatur. Conditio Terrae in imperio Antiquorum ignota manet. Quoniam autem iste orbis primam Stargate habuit, postea in [[Antarctica]] reperta a [[Stargate SG-1|SG-1]], semper adfuisse videtur. Etiam cum genus humanum secundum in Terra denuo evolveretur, Terra fortasse inter vetustissimos planetas huius galaxiae fuit, si non vetustissimus.<ref name="Frozen">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_(Stargate_SG-1) Frozen]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1 Stargate SG-1]'')</ref> Porro, cum oratio novem-chevron navis Fati solum a Terra (quasi ex loco originis) dari posset, licet Stargate ibi clausus esset, constat Terram maximi fuisse ponderis, fortasse etiam caput imperii. Praeterea, olim ibi fuit una e magnis Urbibus Navibus Antiquorum, Atlantis, quae postea in Pegasi Galaxiam translata est, unde, post cladem per [[Wraith (species ficticia)|Wraith]] illatam, Antiqui ad Terram reversi sunt.<ref name="Rising">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rising_(Stargate_Atlantis) Rising]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_Atlantis Stargate Atlantis]'')</ref> Inter ceteros planetas notos sunt Praclarush Taonas,<ref name="Lost City">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_City_(Stargate_SG-1) Lost City]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1 Stargate SG-1]'')</ref> Dakara,<ref name="Reckoning">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reckoning_(Stargate_SG-1) Reckoning]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1 Stargate SG-1]'')</ref> et Valos Cor.<ref name="The Pegasus Project">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pegasus_Project_(Stargate_SG-1) The Pegasus Project]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1 Stargate SG-1]'')</ref> Quamquam in aliam galaxiam exulati, Antiqui cum suis fratribus remotis, Oribus, tamen aliquamdiu communicaverunt, quod ex inventione machinationis, quae cogitationes per ingentem spatium transmittebat, patet, tum in Via Lactea tum in eorum galaxia.<ref name="Origin">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_(Stargate_SG-1) Origin]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1 Stargate SG-1]'')</ref> Nihilominus, duae partes hostes acerrimae permanserunt. Tandem, Antiqui peste terribili perierunt, quae magnam partem culturae in Via Lactea ab eis aedificatae delevit.<ref name="Window of Opportunity">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_of_Opportunity_(Stargate_SG-1) Window of Opportunity]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1 Stargate SG-1]'')</ref> Postea repertum est hanc pestem morbo similem esse quem Ori Priores in non credentes immittere solerent, unde Daniel Jackson coniecit Orios, antequam ascenderent, huius pestilentiae auctores fuisse.<ref name="The Powers That Be">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Powers_That_Be_(Stargate_SG-1) The Powers That Be]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1 Stargate SG-1]'')</ref> Nonnulli Antiqui, tempore quodam iter in praeteritum facere conati, pestem fugere frustra temptaverunt. Multi alii, Via Lactea relicta, iter in Pegasi Galaxiam fecerunt. Creditur eos, qui in Via Lactea manserunt, aut ascendisse aut mortuos esse. Tamen Anubis narravit Antiquos vitam in Via Lactea, post pestem, rursus excitare voluisse instrumento Dakara Superweapon, quo facto, genus humanum in Terra postea effloruisset.<ref name="Threads">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threads_(Stargate_SG-1) Threads]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1 Stargate SG-1]'')</ref> === Pegasus Galaxia === Abhinc inter quinque et decem miliones annorum, nonnulli Antiqui e Terra recesserunt in navem suam, magnitudine civitatis, nomine "Atlantis," quae illo tempore in continente Antarctica posita erat. Causa discessionis eorum ignota manet, quamquam Daniel Jackson suspicatur eos, velut ceteros, effugisse pestem quae tum civilitatem eorum ad internecionem propellere videbatur. Alter ex Antiquis (a quibusdam investigatoribus postea "Ayiana" appellatus, quia in Antarctica perfecte conservatus inventus est) remansit. Cum Ayiana ipsa pestilentia Antiquorum infecta esset et, reviviscens, superesse visa sit, creditur hoc opinionem Jacksonianam confirmare. Postquam Antiqui in Pegasus Galaxiam pervenerunt, in tellure "Lantea" consederunt, seque "Lanteani" nominaverunt<ref name="The Defiant One">[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Defiant_One%23ep12 The Defiant One] ([//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_Atlantis_(season_1) Stargate Atlantis (season 1)])</ref>; nonnumquam etiam "Atlantei" appellati sunt a sociis Expeditionis Atlantis, qui et ipsi interdum ab incolis Pegasus "Atlantei" vocitantur. Cum initialiter incolarum rationalium vacuum videretur, Antiqui homines per novam galaxiam diffuserunt et Stargates disperserunt, novos planetas tutantes atque interdum habitantes, suam veram identitatem plerumque celantes. Homines a Lanteanis originem ducere se credebant eosque "Maiores" appellabant. Tandem offensi sunt organismo leech simili, "[[Wraith (species ficticia)|Iratus]]" dicto, quod eximia facultate sanandi et immunologica pollebat. Pascendo hominibus (atque per incrementa evolutionis) illud genus notitias geneticas ex eisdem assumpsit et sensim in lamia-similes [[Wraith (species ficticia)|Wraith]] evasit.<ref name="Instinct">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instinct_(Stargate_Atlantis) Instinct]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_Atlantis Stargate Atlantis]'')</ref> Etsi modus evolutionis eorum non plane clarus est, tamen Antiqui confessi sunt se quendam aditum praebuisse quo species illa oriri potuerit.<ref name="The Return">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Return_(Stargate_Atlantis) The Return]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_Atlantis Stargate Atlantis]'')</ref> Wraith, longissimo tempore progressi, societatem provectam sed violentam condiderunt, quod eorum ferox indoles atque pugnax animus cum immensa multitudine hominum coniunctus eos formidabiles adversarios effecit. Antiqui, cum primum Wraith conscios reperissent, sociam quandam legationem illuc miserunt, sed illae naves fraude oppressae et destructae sunt. Inde bellum coepit inter Antiquos et Wraith, et quamvis Antiqui scientia atque arte multo superiores essent, sola multitudine Wraith eos superaverunt. Post bellum per saecula actum, Wraith universos planetas Pegasus Galaxiae expugnaverunt nisi unam urbem arcemque eorum, Atlantis, cuius scuto potentissimo protegebatur. Antiqui Wraith impetus per complura saecula arcere potuerunt, sed tandem, defessis viribus, intra urbem se concluserunt et, cum scirent diutius obsidionem non posse sustinere, decreverunt se ex Pegasus Galaxia discessuros. Ultimis temporibus conati sunt desperatione magis audacia consilia adhibere, ut "Projectum Arcturus," qua inefficaciter nisus sunt nullam puncti industriam e natura rerum extrahere, sed calamitatem effecerunt, planeta Doranda una cum multis Antiquis everso.<ref name="Trinity">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_(Stargate_Atlantis) Trinity]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_Atlantis Stargate Atlantis]'')</ref> Paraverunt etiam nanita, quae Wraith in ipso cellularum gradu exstinguerent, his datis codicibus ferocibus quibus Wraith necari possent. Eadem nanita, in speciem humanam mutata, genus Asuranum creaverunt. Quamvis Antiqui eorum ferocitatem ex programmate tollere niterentur, cum intellexissent Asuranos numquam fideles fore, eos prope exstinxerunt. Ne tamen omnem memoriam eorum delerent, Antiqui in Atlantis indicia Asuranorum delevisse referuntur, excepta eorum porta stellari. Paucissimi naniti superfuerunt, qui, secunda evolutio facta, novam Asuranorum societatem iterum excitaverunt.<ref name="Progeny">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progeny_(Stargate_Atlantis) Progeny]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_Atlantis Stargate Atlantis]'')</ref> Creditur Asurani etiam nano-virus creavisse, quo genus humanum occiderent, sperantes Wraith cibariorum inopia vexari. Huiusce morbi exemplum, quod homines in hallucinationes agit et denique aneurysma cerebri generat, in laboratorio Atlantis reperiebatur. Ianus, quidam scientiarum peritus Antiquus, etiam instrumentum condidit "Attero" dictum, quod certa subspatii frequentia emissum naves Wraith in hyper-spatium intrare conantes frangeret. Demum, cum eadem frequentia explosiones in Stargates activis excitaret, illud consilium interdictum atque iussum est destruendum; Ianus autem, neglegentia officii, id non perfecit. Antiqui quoque rationes excogitaverunt, quibus se vel alios ad ascensionem celerius perducerent. Ante bellum ultimam desperationem attingeret, in quodam planeta hospitali, partem eius intra tempus-dilatationis agrum clauserunt, quo ibi degentes ad meditandum se conferrent in spem ascensionis, dum reliqua regio Wraith infestaretur.<ref name="Epiphany">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphany_(Stargate_Atlantis) Epiphany]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_Atlantis Stargate Atlantis]'')</ref> In Atlantis quoque machinam "DNA Resequencer" exstruxerunt, qua hominum DNA ita mutaretur, ut ascendendi partes physiologicas expleret, sed varii exitus ex hoc incepto secuti sunt.<ref name="Tao of Rodney">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao_of_Rodney_(Stargate_Atlantis) Tao of Rodney]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_Atlantis Stargate Atlantis]'')</ref> Denique, intellecta belli fortuna adversa, qui nondum ascenderant Antiqui decreverunt ad Terram reverti, ubi olim per miliones annorum habitaverant. Dum profectionem parabant, Dr. Elizabeth Weir ex futuro in "Desultore" mutato apparuit. Summus Concilium Atlantis, ne historia plus turbaretur, Ianum, qui machinam illam construxerat, iussit memoriam eius corrumpere. Praeterea, Weir oblata est facultas cum Antiquis ad Terram redire; at illa in tempus suum redire non potuit. Ianus, tamen, ut urbem servaret, trium ZPMs seriem ita instituit, ut Weir postea in stasi cyclo eas regereret. Antiqui ergo urbem per Stargate deseruerunt, sperantes posteros suos tandem inventuros.<ref name="Before I Sleep">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Before_I_Sleep_(Stargate_Atlantis) Before I Sleep]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_Atlantis Stargate Atlantis]'')</ref> Nonnulli, qui in Pegasus Galaxia relictis fortunis manserunt, reliquam vitam cum hominibus degere aut ascendere potuerunt. Saltem unum coetum trium hominum conatum esse dicunt ad Terram reverti, cum navis eorum hyperpropulsione deleta esset, sublux vectura celeritatem lucis prope attingente (99.9%) usi, sed eorum eventus incertus permanet. === Redire ad lacteum === Post Antiquis reversus est in Terram, et invenitur tantum dura environment et primitiva habitatores. Creditum est, quod non erat spes restituendi eorum priores cultu. Sic et expandi ad longinqua terrarum et adiuvetur ut frequentare eos. Alii, esset abire in tellure per Stargate sita in Antarctica, forte quaerens vivere diebus eorum in remotis mundi in Via Lactea. Reliquum elegit solitudo, in qua ad meditandum et quaerere fractal. Hoc tandem ducunt ad spiritualem ascensionem aliqua. Illis Antiquis, qui mansit in Terra, et interbred cum homines pertransiit, in Antiquis Technicae Actus gene quippe homines de Terra, sicut eorum "Secundo Evolutione" tam dare, cultus ad homines. Sunt etiam laicorum culturae fundamenta per viam Indo-Europaeae linguae. Per hoc culturae et linguae hereditatem multi Romani fabulis erant etiam permoti Antiquis, ut fabula "Antiqua sunt, ascendit ad Caelos". Secundum fabularis, Romanos didicit quam aedificare itineribus "Antiqua Sunt," in imitationis "astria porta" constructum est ab antiquis.<ref name="The Fifth Race">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fifth_Race_(Stargate_SG-1) The Fifth Race]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1 Stargate SG-1]'')</ref> Etenim, Daniel Jackson postea determinatur, quod Antiqua lingua quadam confusa similitudo [[Lingua Latina archaica|Vetus latina]]. Hoc erat primum inventa, cum Colonellus O'Neill totum database est Antiqua reconditorium scientia molestie in eius cerebro, post quam factus est impotens loquendo nihil aliud est, quam in Antiquis' lingua. Hanc vitalem intelligentiam, Dr. Jackson comparatur prius indecipherable Antiqua scripta, cum Vetus latina, factoring in millenniis de linguae egisse, et tandem potest producere eget translationibus multum. Post duos annos, Terra et a sinu circa spatium factus capti in repetita tempus ansa causatur a confusi sunt Antiqua tempus tellus. Tantum, O'Neill et Teal'c non erant afficitur, quia illi stabant iuxta consilium cum ansa coepit. Cum Dr. Jackson vulneribus ansam veniat, et non ad studium tempus tellus scriptis penitus ante eius memoria erat reset, solum electio erat enim, O'Neill et Teal'c discere Vetus latina/Antiqua lingua a Dr. Jackson in incrementum, gradus, usque dum didicit satis est reperire in natura fabrica. In Arthurian Fabulae erant etiam ostensum est moveri ab Antiquis, praesertim Antiquis Myrddin/[[Merlinus]], (dictus Moros, in Atlantis, ubi ipse virens Concilium ante Ascensionem), qui apparuit ascenderunt post reditum ex Atlantis, sed postea de-ascendit se ad creare telum qui potest perdere ascendit entia, quae speravit esset usus contra Ori. Merlini factus est Arthur' veneficus consiliarius in fabulae, et telum ipse succrevit factus est Sangraal vel Sancti Grail. Ipse etiam commissa sua secreta parva coetus nobiles, quae constabat ex [[Arthurus (rex)|Arthurus]] et Equites de [[Mensa Rotunda]]<ref name="Camelot">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelot_(Stargate_SG-1) Camelot]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1 Stargate SG-1]'')</ref> Quidam ex Antiquis, scilicet qui reliquit Terram, posuit in Societatem Quatuor Magna Gentibus possidet in se, Nox, Furlings et Asgard. Simul, qui creavit "verum" universalis lingua. Secundum scripta inventa in Heliopolis, hoc morsus duravit saecula.<ref name="The Torment of Tantalus">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Torment_of_Tantalus_(Stargate_SG-1) The Torment of Tantalus]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1 Stargate SG-1]'')</ref> === Recenti historia === Post Antiquis' ascension et permansit opponere eorum priores nemesi, Ori, qui etiam pervenit Fractal. Quamvis duae factiones erant deadlocked in fortitudine, Ori adhuc flectitur in perditione in Antiquis, et semel, et pro omnibus. In Antiquis probabiliter outnumbered et Ori, ut in agmine ascendit Ori non erant swelled per novum ascendants, potius se maluit hoard industria et ex sua mortali cultores, fossura potentia, ex hoc secundo evolutione hominis creavit, in suo galaxia colligere satis viribus, tandem, impetum in Antiquis. In responsione, in Antiquis elegit abscondere sua secunda evolutione creavit in Lactea Via ab Ori cum sola causa protegens Via Lactea homines esse coerced in magnis religiosam servitutem Ori, et sic usus est, ut a resource pro Ori ad talem se. Ad hunc finem etiam fortasse adducti consociationis [[ignis]], centralis icon Ori religio, cum daemonum simulacri. Adhuc, et noluit accipere directa actio propter suum stricte sui impositarum edictum sui determinationem. est etiam verisimile est, quod in Antiquis cognovit lubrico fastigio adjectio ad posse per viam cultus `Demittit` et intelligi, quod erat periculum, in hoc fiducia, dans Ori et postea Adria infirmitate non obstante `Deus`, sicut virtutes. Plures sunt exempla "demittit" orans et gratias agens est Antiquis/Maiores in Pegasus Galaxia. Ut "Turrim", etiam Antiquis exul in tellure, ubi populus adorare ei, ut "Athar" ''[[Stargate Atlantis]]'' episode, "Sanctuary." Primo ascendit esse semper congressi per Tau'ri erat Oma Desala, cum [[Stargate SG-1|SG-1]] pervenit in tellure Kheb in eorum quaerere Shifu, iuvenis filius Apophis et Sha're. In suis manere, dolor inventa a [[Buddhismus|Buddhist templum]], ubi unus monachus apparuit mansionem. Monachus locutus est in riddles, sed locutus est de ente dicitur ''Oma Desala'', nomen Daniel Jackson interpretatur "Naturae". Tandem, cum quadrigis parabat ad defendendum templum ex pluribus Jaffa bellatores, Daniel inventa non corporali esse viventem in Kheb.<ref name="Maternal Instinct">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_Instinct_(Stargate_SG-1) Maternal Instinct]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1 Stargate SG-1]'')</ref> Ipse tandem formavit alio vinculo cum Oma Desala, qui etiam auxiliatus est ei, ut ascendat in bis.<ref name="Meridian">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian_(Stargate_SG-1) Meridian]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1 Stargate SG-1]'')</ref> Tribus post annis, Antiqua mulier, Ayiana, inventus gelida in Antarctica prope location of Antarctica Stargate. Illa revixit se cum acris, sed erat adhuc infectus peste, et mortuus est, lassus ex sanitatem SG-1, et alii ex Plaga. Videtur, esset relictus, in Antiquis quartus in Antarctica, portans in plaga, cum Atlantis reliqui Pegasus Galaxia. Cum Aurora genus fidelitas esset denudatum ab Daedalus, inter Pegasus et Via Lactea galaxia, in turba adhuc viveret. Ut navis erat permensus inter-galactic spatia inter Pegasus et Via Lactea Galaxies, prope [[Celeritas lucis|lucis celeritate]], nautas, nisi expertus, a paucis annis, quia tempus dilatationem effectum prope celeritas lucis iter, cum decedere Atlantis. Post cognita est, quod Atlantis superfuerant in Wraith, reposcis civitatem. Cum Asurans reversus est, et cepit civitatem, omnibus reliquis Antiquis erant. Post Daniel Jackson, et Vala Mal Doran imprudenter alerted Ori ad existentiam alius galaxia repleti homines, incipiens Ori incursio de Lactea Via, milia hominum erant conversi ad gravis Ori religio, pascens eos tantum magis potentia. Secundum Ori se, totam conversionem in Via Lactea, forte det illis satis vires perdere in Antiquis quondam peregrinus erat. Adhuc, maxime in Antiquis noluit intercedere, quamvis suum esse, est comminatus. Exceptiones etiam Morgan le Fey et Merlini. [[Stargate SG-1|SG-1]] tandem inventa Merlinus in stasis intra spelunca, in planeta sterilis. Erat et revixit per ipsum, et adiuuarent eos cum construens Sangraal, telum haberet disposuerat ad pugnam Ori. Quamvis ille ante mortuus potuit perficere consilium, ipse molestie necessaria notitia in a Armarium Scientiae.<ref name="The Quest">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Quest_(Stargate_SG-1) The Quest]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1 Stargate SG-1]'')</ref> Tandem, cum Sangraal erat completum, est Antiquis non intercedere divulgationem et licet ire ad Ori galaxia. In Sangraal fecit officium suum, et perdidit, quamvis Daniel Jackson, inquit, melius translationem esset "tollens ex vel neutralized", Ori.<ref name="Line in the Sand">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_in_the_Sand_(Stargate_SG-1) Line in the Sand]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1 Stargate SG-1]'')</ref> Adria, de facto dux Ori exercitu ascendit, accipiens in plena pallio defunctorum Ori. Cum homines de Lactea Via, iter ad Ori galaxia, et reperta in Arca Veritatis, Adria virtus erat signanter reducitur, cum Arca solebat "ostendo" verum ad Doci, et postea omnes Priors in domum suam, galaxia, quae posset Morgan, qui fuit exul ab Aliis, ad dimicandum Adria in aeternum bellum. == Lingua et scribendi ratio == [[Fasciculus:Ancient_alpahabet.png|thumb|Scriptum et numeralis ratio de Antiquis.]] In Antiquis' [[lingua]] est praecursor [[Lingua Latina|latine]], sed tamen est distincta. Multa sunt similitudines inter duas linguas, et aliquis cum honestam scientiam linguae latinae, ut, dato tempore et usu, posse intelligere, Antiqua ut. In Antiqua lingua et scribendi ratio est quoque adsuesco assuesco per Ori , et eorum imitatores, qui in eadem ancestry. Cum [[Wraith (species ficticia)|Wraiths]] creata sunt ab [[Wraith (species ficticia)|Iratus]] absorbuit Antiqua [[DNA]], Wraiths' lingua esse videtur inde Antiqua lingua, et duo eadem scribendi ratio. In Wraiths' lingua est ergo relative facilis ad transferendum a peritis Antiquis oratoribus.<ref name="The Gift">"[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gift_(Stargate_Atlantis) The Gift]" (''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_Atlantis Stargate Atlantis]'')</ref> == Persona == Quamquam pleraque ex Antiquis perventum ad ascensionem diu ante aurora tempor nisl in Terra, Tau'ri venit in contactum cum Antiquis pluries, tum ascendit, et corporali forma. Maxime corporali Antiquis erant congressi in Pegasus Galaxia, ubi eorum imperio, concidisse, nisi quidam 10,000 annis. Item, quidam Antiquis auxiliatus homines in inferioribus planis esse ascendere, sicut Oma Desala auxiliatus Daniel Jackson. == References == <references/> == Nexus externi == * [http://stargate.wikia.com/wiki/Ancients The Ancients] at ''Stargate'' Wiki * [http://www.stargate-sg1-solutions.com/wiki/Ancients The Ancients] at ''Stargate'' Wiki * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130127061001/http://gateworld.net/omnipedia/races/links/ancients.shtml The Ancients] at GateWorld Omnipedia * [[iarchive:Matthaeum-AncientTextStargate|"The Gospel of Matthew, translated into 'Ancient'"]] at Archive.org [[Categoria:Species e Stargate]] 2dydkp8ysf0kcr7t9hbhkx81bkkilxt 0 277495 3966124 3890780 2026-06-23T17:37:30Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3966124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Ambrosius''', vulgo ''Ambrose'' '''Mandvulo Dlamini''' (die [[5 Martii]] [[1968]] natus; die [[13 Decembris]] [[2020]]) fuit negotiator [[Swazia]]e. Alumnus est [[universitas Swaziensis|universitatis Swaziensis]]. Gubernator factus est divisionis Swaziensis societatis telephonicae ''[[MTN Group]]''. Die [[27 Octobris]] [[2018]] a rege [[Mswati III]] ad officium primi ministri Swaziae convocatus fuit, antecessore [[Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini|Barnaba Sibusiso Dlamini]] recenter mortuo. == Bibliographia == * "[https://web.archive.org/web/20191122074900/http://new.observer.org.sz/details.php?id=7171/ Ambrose Dlamini is prime minister]" (28 Octobris 2018) apud ''New Observer'' {{Primi ministri Swaziae}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dlamini, Ambrosius Mandvulo}} [[Categoria:Nati 1968]] [[Categoria:Mortui 2020]] [[Categoria:Incolae Swaziae]] [[Categoria:Gubernatores civitatum]] [[Categoria:Mercatores]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Swaziensis]] kgr3ihs5pgjn88h0mt2a7jqnw612yr1 0 281580 3966160 3758943 2026-06-24T01:48:36Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3966160 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Papua new guinea milne bay province.png|thumb|[[Tabula geographica]] [[Papua Nova Guinea|Papuae Novae Guineae]]. Archipelagus Ludovicianus est regio rubra ad imam tabulam sita.]] [[Fasciculus:Karta PG Louisiade isl.PNG|thumb|upright=0.8|Archipelagus Ludovicianus.]] [[Fasciculus:Louisiade archipelago.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Despectus in archipelagum ex aere.<!--Moving westward from eastern end of the chain are the islands of [[Rossel Island|Rossel]] and [[Vanatinai|Vanatinai (Tagula)]]. [[Misima Island]], which harbors the largest village in the region, is obscured by a patch of clouds northeast of image center-->]] '''Archipelagus Ludovicianus'''{{FD ref}} est catena decem maiorum [[insula]]rum [[mons ignifer|vulcanicarum]] plerumque [[scopulus curalii|scopulis curalii]] circumiacentibus, et nonaginta minorum insularum [[curalium|curalinarum]] in [[Papua Nova Guinea]] sita. Ad [[meridies|australes]] [[Mare Salomonis|Maris Salomonis]] fines iacet, ubi aperitur [[Mare Curalinum]]. [[Archipelagus]] circa 200 chiliometra ad meridiorientem insulae [[Nova Guinea|Novae Guineae]] situs est, plus quam 160 chiliometra extendens et in [[oceanus|oceano]] cuius [[area (geometria)|area]] inter [[Mare Salomonis]] ad septentriones et [[Mare Curalinum]] ad australem est 26&thinsp;000 [[chiliometrum quadratum|chiliometra quadrata]]. Area harum insularum una computata 1871 chiliometra quadrata fere est, [[Vanatinai|Vanatinai (Tagula)]] insula maxima. [[Rogeia Insula|Rogeia]], [[Samarai Insula|Samarai]], et [[Sariba Insula|Sariba]] ad Novam Guineam proxime iacent, cum [[Misima Insula|Misima]], [[Vanatinai]], et [[Rossel Insula|Rossel]] longius ad orientem iacent. ==Notae== <references/> ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Louisiade Archipelago|Archipelagum Ludovicianum}} *"Louisiade Archipelago." ''Encyclopaaedia Britannica,'' 17. *{{WWF ecoregion|name=Louisiade Archipelago rain forests|id=aa0110}}<!-- *[http://www.pngec.gov.pg/ElectionInfo2007/PollSched-MilneBay.pdf Milne Bay Province Polling list with place names (2007)]{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}--> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070707223606/http://eusoils.jrc.it/esdb_archive/EuDASM/Asia/maps/PG2001_2LU.htm "Detailed geology/soils map (1:1.000.000)."] Eusoils.jrc.it. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20200814104443/https://louisiades.net/ "Information and advice for yachts and travellers visiting the Louisiade Archipelago islands."] Louisiades.net. {{coord|11|12|S|153|00|E|region:PG_type:isle|display=inline,title}}<!-- [[Categoria:Archipelagus Ludovicianus| ]]--> [[Categoria:Insulae Papuae Novae Guineae]] [[Categoria:Papua Nova Guinea]]<!-- [[Category:Ecoregions of New Guinea]] [[Category:Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests]] [[Category:Geography of Milne Bay Province]] [[Category:Volcanoes of Papua New Guinea]]--> 20eda8vb68n0dnntzyovakxmq3xjjf2 0 283975 3966177 3768522 2026-06-24T08:24:52Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3966177 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Scout Girl in Concentration.jpg|thumb|Attentio.]] '''Attentio,''' sive '''animus attentus,'''<ref>D. P. Simpson, ''Cassell's Latin Dictionary,'' ed. quinta (Novi Eboraci: Wiley, 1968), 663, s.v. ''attention.''</ref><ref>John C. Traupman, ''The New College Latin and English Dictionary,'' ed. tertia (Novi Eboraci: Bantam Books, 2007), 470, s.v. ''attentus animus.''</ref> sive '''animi intentio,'''<ref>D. P. Simpson, ''Cassell's Latin Dictionary,'' ed. quinta (Novi Eboraci: Wiley, 1968), 663, s.v. ''attention.''</ref><ref>Etiam ''animi attentio,'' (Traupman 2007: 470).</ref><ref>In eodem fere campo semantico haec versantur: ''diligentia,'' ''audientia,'' ''cultus,'' ''cura.''</ref> est [[ratio]] [[cognitio|cognitiva]] et [[mores|moralis]] cum homo [[animus|animum]] in certam [[informatio]]nis proprietatem intendit, aut [[subiectivitas|subiectivam]] aut [[obiectivitas|obiectivam]], alias informationes quae [[perceptio|percipi possunt]] neglegens. Quod est status [[excitatio]]nis, cum [[mens]] unicam [[res|rem]] inter varias res aut [[cogitatio]]nes possidet, in quo [[focalizatio]], intentio [[conscientia]]e, actio maximi momenti est. Attentio etiam describitur [[oeconomia attentionis|allocatio]] finitorum rationum cognitivarum fontium.<ref>Anderson 2004.</ref> [[Fasciculus:US Army 52300 "Tell Me A Story" promotes academic, emotional connections.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|[[Coniuncta attentio|Coniuncti animi attenti]].]] Attentio maior manet provincia investigationis intra [[educatio]]nem, [[psychologia]]m, [[neuroscientia]]m, [[neuroscientia cognitiva|neuroscientiam cognitivam]], et [[neuropsychologia]]. Inter provincias investigationis magni momenti sunt origo indiciorum [[signum|signorumque]] sensoriorum quae attentionem generant, effectus horum indiciorum signorumque in proprietatibus [[accommodatio neuronalis|accommodationis]]<!--?tuning--> [[neuronum|neuronorum]] sensoriorum, et coniunctio attentionis aliarumque rationum cognitivarum et moralium, sicut [[memoria laborans]]{{dubsig}}<!--working m?--> et [[vigilantia (psychologia)|vigilantia psychologica]]. Novum investigationis corpus, quod priores investigationes intra [[psychopathologia]]m evolvit, [[symptoma]]s [[diagnosis|diagnosticas]] cum [[iniuria cerebri traumatica]]<!--?vulnus c. t.?--> et eius effectibus in animos attentos consociatas investigat. Patefactiones attentionis praeterea inter [[cultura]]s variant.<ref name="Chavajay 1999 1079–1090">Chavajay et Rogoff 1999.</ref> Coniunctiones attentionis et [[conscientia]]e sunt tam multiplices quam perennem explorationem [[philosophia|philosophicam]] generant. Quae exploratio est ambo antiqua et hodie apposita, quia effectus in provinciis [[scientia (ratio)|scientificis]] et [[medicina|medicis]] a [[valetudo mentis|valetudine mentis]] ad studium [[morbus conscientiae|morbi conscientiae]] et [[intellegentia artificialis|intellegentiae artificialis]] eiusque provinciarum investigationis producere potest. {{NexInt}} [[Fasciculus:Wikipedia-spotlight.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Exemplar attentionis luminum scaenicorum appellatum.]] [[Fasciculus:Aufmerksam Betrachten-1-.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Lepidoptera|Papilio]] extremum attentionis exemplum movet.]] {{div col|3}} * [[Alacritas]]<!--= alterness--> * [[Cogitatio]] * [[Communicatio nonverbalis]] * [[Coniuncta attentio]] * [[Conscientia]] * [[Dementia]] * [[Distractio animi]] * [[Experientia]] * [[Focus]] * [[Incitamentum]] * [[Inhibitio cognitiva]] * [[Ipse]]<!--self--> * [[Meditatio]] * [[Memoria]] * [[Memoria fungens]]<!--working m.--> * [[Miratio]] * [[Morbus hyperactivitatis attentionis deficientis]]<!--?Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder--> * [[Perceptio]] * [[Philosophia]] * [[Psychologia cognitiva]] * [[Scientia (declarativa)|Scientia]] * [[Sensus]] * [[Vigilantia]]<!-- * [[Mindfulness]]--> {{div col end}} ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== ===Opera veteriora=== *Bleuler, Eigen. [[1983]]. ''Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie.'' Ed. 15a. Ed. Manfred Bleuler sub editione J. Angst et aliorum. Berolini: Springer Verlag. *Broadbent, Donald E. [[1954]]. "The role of auditory localization in attention and memory span." ''Journal of Experimental Psychology'' 47: 191–96. *Broadbent, Donald E. [[1958]]. ''Perception and Communication.'' Londinii: Pergamon Press. *Cherry, E. C. [[1953]]. "Some experiments on the recognition of speech, with one and with two ears." ''Journal of the Acoustical Society of America'' 25: 975–79. *Deutsch, J., et D. Deutsch. [[1967]]. "Attention: Some theoretical considerations." ''Psychological Review'' 70: 80–90. *Henning. H. [[1925]]. "Die Untersuchung der Aufmerksamkeit." In ''Handbuch der biologischen Arbeitsmethoden'' 6 (3), ed. E. Abderhalden. Berolini: Urban & Schwarzenberg. *Henning, H. [[1925]]. ''Die Aufmerksamkeit.'' Berolini: Urban & Schwarzenberg. *Neisser, Ulrich. [[1967]]. ''Cognitive Psychology.'' *Pauli, R. [[1914]]. ''Über eine Methode zur Untersuchung und Demonstration der Enge des Bewußtseins sowie zur Messung der Geschwindigkeit der Aufmerksamkeitswanderung.'' Münchener Studien zur Psychologie und Philosophie, 1. Stutagrtiae: Spemann. *Welford, A. T. [[1952]]. "The ‘psychological refractory period’ and the timing of high-speed performance: a review and a theory." ''British Journal of Psychology'' 43: 2–19. ===Opera recentiora=== *Bundesen, C. [[1990]]. "A theory of visual attention." ''Psychological Review'' 97: 523–47. *Brefczynski, J. A., et E. A. DeYoe. [[1999]]. "A physiological correlate of the spotlight of visual attention." ''Nature Neuroscience'' 370–74. *Chavajay P., et B. Rogoff. [[1999]]. "Cultural variation in management of attention by children and their caregivers." ''Developmental Psychology'' 35, no. 4 (Iulius): 1079–90. PMID 10442876. {{doi|10.1037/0012-1649.35.4.1079}}. *Goleman, Daniel. [[2013]]. ''Focus: The Hidden Driver of Excellence.'' Novi Eboraci: Harper. ISBN 978-0062114860. *Lachaux, Jean-Philippe. [[2011]]. ''Le cerveau attentif: Contrôle, maîtrise, lâcher-prise.'' Lutetiae: Éditions Odile Jacob. *Posner, Michael I. [[1980]]. "Orienting of attention." ''Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology'' 32 (1): 3–25. *Scolari, M., K. N. Seidl-Rathkopf, et S. Kastner. [[2015]]. "Functions of the human frontoparietal attention network: Evidence from neuroimaging." ''Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences'' 1 (Februarius): 32–39. PMID 27398396. PMC 4936532. {{doi|10.1016/j.cobeha.2014.08.003}}. *Styles, E. A. (1997) [[2006]]. ''Psychology of Attention.'' Psychology Press. *Trautmann, M. et F. D. Zepf. [[2012]]. "Attentional Performance, Age and Scholastic Achievement in Healthy Children." ''PLoS ONE'' 7 (3): e32279. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032279. *Wickens, Christopher D., et Jason S. McCarley. [[2008]]. ''Applied attention theory.'' Boca Raton Floridae: CRC Press. ISBN 9780805859836, ISBN 0805859837. ===Generalia=== *Anderson, John R. [[2004]]. ''Cognitive Psychology and Its Implications.'' Ed. sexta. Worth Publishers [https://books.google.com/?id=9P4p6eAULMoC Google Books.] ISBN 978-0-7167-0110-1. *Chokron, Sylvie. [[2009]]. ''Pourquoi et comment fait-on attention?'' Les Petites Pommes du Savoir. Lutetiae: Éditions Le Pommier. *Fortin, Claudette, et Robert Rousseau. [[1989]]. ''Psychologie cognitive: une approche de traitement de l'information.'' Télé-université. *Hartmann, Dirk. [[1998]]. "Aufmerksamkeit." ''Philosophische Grundlagen der Psychologie.'' Die Grundlagen der Allgemeinen Psychologie, 2. Darmstadtiae: WBG. *Merten, K. [[2006]]. "Aufmerksamkeit." In ''Das große Lexikon Medien und Kommunikation: Kompendium interdisziplinärer Konzepte,'' ed. Leon R. Tsvasman. Würzburg" Ergon. *Mialet, Jean-Paul. [[1999]]. ''L'attention.'' Que sais-je? Lutetiae: PUF. *Müsseler, J., et W. Prinz, eds. [[2002]]. ''Allgemeine Psychologie: Spektrum Akademischer Verlag.'' Heidelbergae. *Myers, David G.. [[2014]]. ''Psychologie.'' Ed. tertia. Berolini et Heidelbergae: Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-40781-9. *Waldenfels, Bernhard. [[2004]]. ''Phänomenologie der Aufmerksamkeit.'' Francofurti: Suhrkamp. *Whitman, R. Douglas. [[2011]]. ''Cognition.'' Hoboken Novae Caesareae: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780471715665, ISBN 0471715662. ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Attention|attentionem}} {{wikiquote|Attention|attentionem}} *Kittel, Ingo-Wolf. [[2008]]. "Zum Wesen von Aufmerksamkeit und Achtsamkeit." ''Connection spirit'' Iulius: 16–19. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120619182345/http://www.connection.de/magazintexte/spirit/aufmerksamkeit-und-achtsamkeit.html Archivum.] Etiam: [http://www.mbsr-deutschland.de/forum/achtsamkeit-ein-vieldeutig-gewordener-begriff hic.]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *Mole, Christophers. [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/attention/ "Attention."] Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,'' ed. Edward N. Zalta. *Ward, Lawrence M. [http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Attention "Attention."] ''Scholarpedia'' 3 (10): 1538. {{doi|10.4249/scholarpedia.1538}}. *[https://www.wissenschaft.de/umwelt-natur/was-erotische-bilder-mit-der-aufmerksamkeit-anstellen/ "Was erotische Bilder mit der Aufmerksamkeit anstellen."] ''Wissenschaft.de,'' 13 Augusti 2005. [[Categoria:Attentio| ]] [[Categoria:Psychologia cognitiva]]<!-- [[Category:Neuropsychological assessment]] [[Category:Behavioral concepts]] [[Category:Unsolved problems in neuroscience]] [[Category:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] [[Category:Mental processes]]--> {{Myrias|Anthropologia}} pf2yi1gje7hfci0fl6ujztmobaby8ys 0 289431 3966133 3574902 2026-06-23T19:25:49Z ~2026-36593-78 211318 Haec veritas est. 3966133 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable floatright" ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | Systema skeletale hominis<br />Sceletus humanus<br />''Ossa humana'' |- ! colspan="2" | Cognitores |- | style="font-size: 85%" | [[Terminologia Anatomica|TA]] || style="font-size: 85%" | [http://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/02.0.00.000%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm A02.0.00.000] |- ! colspan="2" | Anatomia |- | colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | <div style="position: relative;">[[Fasciculus:Bkklske1.jpg|300px|Sceletus humanus]]</div> |- | colspan="3" style="font-size: 85%; width:300px" | '''Systema skeletale hominis''' cum sceleto humano a fronte viso. |} '''Systema skeletale hominis''' sive '''sceletus humanus''' sive '''skeleton humanum''' ad tota ossa humana valet. Constitutum est de [[os (anatomia ossis)|ossibus]]<ref>[https://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/Public/EntryPage/ViewTH/THh301.html Terminologia histologia specialis]</ref> et [[cartilago|cartilaginibus]] et [[ligamentum (anatomia)|ligamentis]]. ''Deminuit nummerus'' ossium 270 sub [[partus|partu]] ad 206 in adultis, imprimis ossium ''fusionibus'' causa. Ossium densitas est maxima circum aetatem 21 annorum. In [[anatomia]] skeleton ''appendiculare'' ab skeletono ''axiali'' separatur: * [[Skeleton appendiculare]] est: [[Cingulum pectorale]] et [[pelvis|ossa pelvis]] velut ossa membrorum et superiori et inferiori. * [[Skeleton axiale]] est: [[Columna vertebralis]] et [[cavea thoracis]] et [[calvaria]]. == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Osteoporosis]] * [[Sceletus]] == Nexus externi == * ''visiblebody.com'' cum [https://www.visiblebody.com/learn/skeleton/overview-of-skeleton conspectu skeletoni humani] {{Ling|Anglice}} {{biologia-stipula}} {{Ossa humana}} [[Categoria:Ossa]] q810qt86ktd9l1e4f9jvwk19fuvajs6 0 297231 3966145 3787307 2026-06-24T00:16:53Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3966145 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:3Falls Niagara.jpg|thumb|Aquae cadentes Niagarenses.]] [[Fasciculus:Canadian Horseshoe Falls with city of Niagara Falls, Ontario in background.jpg|thumb|[[Aquae Cadentes Soleae]] Canadienses.]] '''Aquae cadentes Niagarenses,'''<ref>Etiam ''cadentes aquae Niagarenses'' (Egger S. L. 101).</ref><ref>[[Nomen adiectivum]] in [[binomen|binominibus]] [[animal]]ium inveniuntur, inter quae ''[[Bumastus niagarensis]]'' et ''[[Calymene niagarensis]]'' classis [[Trilobita|Trilobitorum]].</ref> vel '''Niagarae cataracta'''<ref>P. J. Hollman, [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Quo_tendimus/f7hnAAAAcAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=aquae+cadentes+niagara*&pg=PA55&printsec=frontcover ''Quo tendimus? Studium historicum''] (Alcmariae: 1893), 55.</ref><ref>Vide etiam [[binomen]] ''[[Stephanodiscus niagarae|Stephanodiscum niagarae]]'' cuiusdam [[bacillariophyceae|bacillariophyceae]] [[phylum|phyli]] [[Ochrophyta|Ochrophytorum]].</ref> ([[Anglice]] ''Niagara Falls''; [[Francogallice]] ''Chutes du Niagara''), sunt trium [[aquae cadentes|aquarum cadentium]] [[grex]], in [[meridies|meridianis]] [[Angustiae Niagarenses|Angustiis Niagarensibus]] iacentes, [[fines Canadae et Civitatum Foederatarum|fines]] [[provinciae et territoria Canadae|provinciae]] [[Ontario]]nis in [[Canada]] et [[Civitatum Foederatarum civitas|civitatis]] [[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]] in [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatibus Foederatis]] coniungunt. [[Aquae cadentes Soleae]] (''Horseshoe Falls''), maximae ex quibus, etiam aquae cadentes Canadienses appellati, internationales harum [[civitas sui iuris|civitatum]] fines coniungunt.<ref>USGS 1995 Niagara Falls Map.</ref> [[Aquae cadentes Americanae]] et [[Aquae Cadentes Flammei (Aquae cadentes Niagarenses)|aquae cadentes Flammei]], minores, plane intra Civitates Foederatas iacent. Aquae cadentes Flammei ab aquis cadentibus Soleae ab [[Insula Caprina (Novum Eboracum)|Insula Caprina]] et ab aquis cadentibus Americanis a [[Luna Insula]] separantur, ambabus [[insula|insulis]] in Novo Eboraco omnino patentibus. Quae aquae cadentes, partes [[Flumen Niagarense|Fluminis Niagarensis]] ad [[septentrio]]nes una fluentes, ex [[Lacus Erieus|Lacu Erieo]] in [[Lacus Ontario|Lacum Ontarionem]] defluunt, et maximam [[proportio fluendi|proportionem fluendi]] habent ullius [[Cataracta (angustium)|cataracta]]e in [[America Septentrionalis|America Septentrionali]] quae plus 50 [[metrum|metra]] cadit. Maximis [[peregrinator]]um [[hora|horis]] diurnis, plus 168&thinsp;000 [[metrum cubicum|metrorum cubicorum]] aquae quoque [[minutus|minuto]] cadunt.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.niagaraparks.com/visit-niagara-parks/plan-your-visit/niagara-falls-geology-facts-figures/|title=Niagara Falls Geology Facts and Figures|work=Niagara Parks|access-date=18 Octobris 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002171821/https://www.niagaraparks.com/visit-niagara-parks/plan-your-visit/niagara-falls-geology-facts-figures/|archive-date=2 Octobris 2017|url-status=dead}}.</ref> Aquae cadentes Soleae sunt validissimae aquae cadentes in America Septentrionali, per proportionem fluendi aestimatam.<ref name="Niagafallstravelguide">{{cite web |url=http://gocanada.about.com/od/niagarafalls/tp/niagara_falls_travel_guide.htm| title=City Profile for Niagara Falls, Ontario| access-date=6 Octobris 2008 }}.</ref> Aquae cadentes Niagarenses [[pulchritudo|pulchritudine]] [[natura]]li clarissimae sunt, atque [[energia hydroelectrica|energiae hydroelectricae]] magni momenti prosunt. Librare [[oblectatio]]nem, [[commercium]], [[industria]]m desilientium aquarum [[ingeniarius|ingeniarios]] aliosque cataractae administratores e [[saeculum 19|saeculo undevicensimo]] magnopere tenet. Aquae cadentes Niagarenses 27 [[chiliometrum|chiliometra]] ad [[septentrio]]nes et [[occidens|occidentem]] versus [[Buffalo]] Novi Eboraci, et 121 chiliometra ad meridiem et [[oriens|orientem]] versus [[Toronto]]nis, inter [[urbes gemellae|urbes gemellas]] [[Aquae Cadentes Niagarenses (urbs Canadae)|Aquas Cadentis Niagarenses]] Ontarionis et [[Aquae Cadentes Niagarenses (urbs Civitatum Foederatarum)|Aquas Cadentis Niagarenses]] Novi Eboraci iacent. Quae cataracta genita et conformata est cum [[moles conglaciata]]e recederent, [[glaciatio Visconsiniensis|glaciatione Visconsiniensi]] ([[tempus glaciale recentissimum|ultimae aetatis glacie]]) exeunte, et [[aqua]] ex [[Lacus Magni|Lacubus Magnis]], nuper formatis, [[via]]m supra et per [[Escarpamentum Niagarense]]{{dubsig}} ad [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceanum Atlanticum]] fluens eroderet. ==[[Bellae artes]]== Aquae cadentes Niagarenses [[artifex|artifices]] ad se tam allicebant ut, secundum Ioannem Howat, fiebant "[[res]] populo gratissima, saepissime tractata, maximeque trita, quae in [[pictura topiaria]] [[Europa]]ea et Americana [[saeculum|saeculis]] [[saeculum 18|duodevicensimo]] et [[saeculum 19|undevicensimo]] apparuit."<ref>[[Anglice]] "the most popular, the most often treated, and the tritest single item of subject matter to appear in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century European and American landscape painting."</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Frederic Church |last1=Howat |first1=John K. |last2=Church |first2=Frederic Edwin |date=2005 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=0-300-10988-1 |page=69}}.</ref> <gallery> A General View of the Falls of Niagara, 1820, by Alvan Fisher - SAAM - DSC00862.JPG|''A General View of the Falls of Niagara.'' [[Alvan Fisher]], 1820. Distant View of Niagara Falls 1830 Thomas Cole.jpg|''Distant View of Niagara Falls.'' [[Thomas Cole]], 1830. Karl Bodmer Travels in America (72c).jpg|''Niagara Fälle. Les chûtes du Niagara. Niagara Falls.'' [[Carolus Bodmer]], circa 1832. "Voute sous la Chute du Niagara - Niagara Falls" by Jacques-Hippolyte van der Burch.jpg|''Voute sous la Chute du Niagara – Niagara Falls.'' Circa 1841. Frederic Edwin Church - Niagara Falls - WGA04867.jpg|''Niagara.'' [[Fridericus Eduinus Church]], 1857. Underneath Niagara Falls.jpg|''Underneath Niagara Falls.'' [[Ferdinandus Richardt]], 1862. Brooklyn Museum - Niagara - Louis Rémy Mignot - overall.jpg|''Niagara.'' [[Ludovicus Remigius Mignot]], circa 1866. Bierstadt Albert Falls of Niagara from Below.jpg|''Falls of Niagara from Below.'' [[Albertus Bierstadt]], 1869. Hunt - Niagara Falls.jpg|''Niagara Falls.'' [[Gulielmus Morris Hunt]], 1878. Brooklyn Museum - Niagara Falls - Arthur Parton - overall.jpg|''Niagara Falls.'' Circa 1880. </gallery> ==[[Panorama]]ta== [[Fasciculus:Panoramic of Niagara Falls (c. 1921).jpg|thumb|upright=3|center|Aquae cadentes Niagarenses, circa [[1921]].]] [[Fasciculus:Niagara 01.jpg|thumb|upright=3|center|Despectus in [[Pons|Pontem]] [[Arcus Pluvius|Arcus Pluvii]], aquas cadentis [[Aquae Cadentes Americanae|Americanas]], [[Aquae Cadentes Flammei)|Flammei]], et [[Aquae Cadentes Soleae|Soleae]] ex [[Turris Skylon|Turri Skylon]] anno [[2016]].]] {{NexInt}} *[[Niagara Comitatus]] *[[Insula Cayuga]] ==Notae== <references/> == Bibliographia == ===Generalia=== * Noyes, T. W. [[1926]]. "The World's Great Waterfalls." ''National Geographic Magazine'' 50: 29–59. * Schwarzbach, Martinus. [[1967]]. "Isländische Wasserfälle und eine genetische Systematik der Wasserfälle überhaupt." ''Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie'' Novae series 11: 377–417. * Young, R. W. [[1985]]. ''Waterfalls, Form and Progress.'' ''Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie'' supplementum, novae series 55: 81–95. ===Res praecipuae=== *Berton, Pierre. [[1992]]. [https://books.google.ca/books?id=tJHBIj--SkcC&dq=editions:fFc2Mspn69sC ''Niagara: A History of the Falls.''] Toronti: McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 978-1-4384-2928-1. *Dubinsky, Karen, [[1999]]. [https://books.google.ca/books?id=NxkE2wRfjAQC&dq ''The Second Greatest Disappointment: Honeymooning and Tourism at Niagara Falls.''] Between the Lines. ISBN 9781896357232. *Grant, John, et Ray Jones. [[2006]]. [https://books.google.ca/books?id=ct1BvgAACAAJ&dq ''Niagara Falls: An Intimate Portrait.''] Globe Pequot Press. ISBN 9780762740253. *Gromosiak, Paul, et Christopher Stoianoff. [[2012]]. [https://books.google.ca/books?id=kcy4nidZ1-oC&dq ''Niagara Falls: 1850–2000.''] Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738576954. *Holley, George Washington. [[1882]]. [https://books.google.ca/books?id=BjtHAQAAMAAJ&dq ''The Falls of Niagara and Other Famous Cataracts.''] Londinii: Hodder and Stoughton. *Macfarlane, Daniel. [[2020]]. [https://www.ubcpress.ca/fixing-niagara-falls ''Fixing Niagara Falls: Environment, Energy, and Engineers at the World's Most Famous Waterfall.''] UBC Press. ISBN 9780774864237. *McGreevy, Patrick. [[1994]]. [https://books.google.ca/books?id=vLGsfZjf-jYC&dq ''Imagining Niagara: The Meaning and Making of Niagara Falls.''] University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 9780870239168. *Strand, Ginger. [[2008]]. [https://books.google.ca/books?id=obXliU3-7WcC&dq ''Inventing Niagara: Beauty, Power, and Lies.''] Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781416564812. ===Mythistoriae=== *Buchanan, Cathy Marie. [[2009]]. [http://cathymariebuchanan.com/the-day-the-falls-stood-still ''The Day the Falls Stood Still.''] Voice. *Urquhart, Jane. [[1990]]. [http://www.mcclelland.com/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780771034763 ''The Whirlpool.''] David R. Godine. ==Nexus externi== {{fontes geographici}} {{CommuniaCat|Niagara Falls|pinacothecam imaginum Aquarum Cadentium Niagarensium}} {{Wikiquote|Niagara Falles|Aquas cadentes Niagarenses}} * Balon, Frank. [[1999]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080228083429/http://www.hq.usace.army.mil/cepa/pubs/nov99/story16.htm Corps turned Niagara Falls off, on again."] ''Engineer Update'' 23, no. 11 (November). * [http://www.nflibrary.ca/nfplindex/ "Historic Niagara Digital Collections."] Niagara Falls Library. * [http://www.history.com/topics/niagara-falls "Niagara Falls."] History.com. * "[https://books.google.com/books?id=ytwDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA115&dq=1954+Popular+Mechanics+January&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HR6mT6nEIsb5ggf8ovSZAQ&ved=0CDoQ6AEwATgy#v=onepage&q&f=true "Niagara's Power Goes Underground."] [[1952]]. ''Popular Mechanics'' Aprili: 115–117. * [http://niagarafallsupclose.com/american-attractions/niagara-power-vista/ "Niagara Power Vista."] Niagara Falls Up Close. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120113234919/http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/english/exhibits/freeland/index.html Panorama.] Conspectus Aquarum cadentium Niagarensium in [[Queen's Park (Toronto)|Queen's Park]] Toronti. [[Categoria:Aquae cadentes Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Res geographicae Canadae]] [[Categoria:Res geographicae Novi Eboraci]] [[Categoria:Novum Eboracum]] [[Categoria:Ontario]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Niagarenses, aquae cadentes}} {{Myrias|Geographia}} aofe2mg17tworntfdt69ksp3pg5nlsc 0 302410 3966113 3744030 2026-06-23T16:20:17Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3966113 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Alois Schmaus, Nemački u 100 lekcija (Deutsch in 100 Übungseinheiten).jpg|thumb|Cursus Theodiscae linguae Serbis paratus]] '''Aloysius''' vulgo ''Alois'' '''Schmaus''' (natus Neualbenreuth-Maiersreuth in [[palatinatus Superior|Palatinatu Superiore]] die [[28 Octobris]] [[1901]]; mortuus [[Monacum|Monaci]] die [[27 Iulii]] [[1970]]) fuit [[philologus]] [[Germania|Germanicus]]. Ei cordi erant [[linguae Slavicae]] meridianae et [[paeninsula Balcanica|Balcanica]]. == Vita == Absolutorio scholastico Metten in [[bavaria Inferior|Bavaria Inferiore]] recepto philologiae generali et [[linguae Indoeuropaeae|Indoeuropaeis]] studebat. [[Praga]]e et Monaci rebus Slavicis, [[linguae Romanicae|Romanicis]], Anglicis inflammatus est ut anno 1923 Monaci [[Henricus Berneker|Henrico Berneker]] dissertationem ante oculos poneret cui titulus ''Die Entwicklung der konjunktionalen Hypotaxe im Čechischen''. Postea Schmaus usque annum 1928 anni [[belgradum|Albae Graecae]] rebus Balcanicis orientalibusque vacabat. Annis inter 1928 et 1940 in [[universitas Belgradensis|Alma Matre Singidunensi]] studiosos linguam Theodiscam docebat. Annis inter 1939 et 1944 Albae Graecae in instituto Germanico culturali operam dabat, cuius rectionem mense Augusto 1941 suscepit. Tunc [[Iugoslavia]] iam ab exercitu Germanico occupata erat. Singiduni professoris munus deserendum erat anno 1944, quo schola superior clausa est. Anno autem 1948 habilitatio Monacensis secuta est, qua in urbe Schmaus docens privatus creatus est. Anno 1951 in [[universitas Monacensis|universitate Monacensi]] professor extraordinarius, sex annis post autem ordinarius de philologiis Slavica et Balcanica declaratus est. In [[Academia scientiarum Boica|Academiam scientiarum Boicam]] anno 1963 cooptatus est.<ref>[http://www.badw.de/de/akademie/mitglieder/historisch/mitglied/index.html?per-id=2760 tabula in elenchis academicis]{{Nexus deficit|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Gravetudo== Schmaus in plebe notus erat [[liber definitivus|libris definitivis]] idiomatum Theodisci et [[lingua Serbica|Serbici]] discendorum.<ref>''Nemački u 100 lekcija'', 1954/1971; ''Serbokroatisch für Deutsche'' (Lehrbuch der serbischen Sprache, 1944; Lehrbuch der serbokroatischen Sprache, 1961).</ref> Disciplinas universitarias implens folia "Welt der Slaven", "Zeitschrift für Balkanologie" et "Slavistischen Beiträge" una cum collegarum turba edidit. Lucubrationes sat multas pepigit de Slavorum meridionalium linguis, habitu, cultu, consuetudinibus, spiritu. Praesertim paedagogus [[Dositheus Obradović]] et episcopus et princeps [[Petrus II Petrović Njegoš]]<ref>Eius opus ''Gorski Vijenac'' a Schmaus anno 1963 editum est.</ref> Aloysio Schmaus cordi erant. Insuper scripta vetustiora Serbica et carmina popularia antiqua edebantur vulgabanturque et verba [[lingua Turcica|Turcica]] a Slavis adhibita bene explicabantur. Schmaus plures symbolas [[lingua Serbocroatica|Serbocroatice]] exaravit. Annis inter 1971 et 1979 anthologia quattuor in tomis in lucem proferri potuit praetitulata ''Gesammelte slavistische und balkanologische Abhandlungen''. == Bibliographia == * M. Mojašević: Schmaus, Alois. Apud: Miroslav Krleža (red.): ''Enciklopedija Jugoslavije''. Tomus 7, R–Srbija. JLZ, Agrani 1968, p. 173. * H. Birnbaum: Schmaus, Alois. Apud: Mathias Bernath, Karl Nehring (ed.): ''Biographisches Lexikon zur Geschichte Südosteuropas''. [http://books.google.com/books?id=lJI5TFUumYIC Tomus IV, R–Z.]{{Nexus deficitur|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (=Südosteuropäische Arbeiten, 75/4). Oldenbourg, Monaci 1981, p. 92–93. * Frank-Rutger Hausmann: ''"Auch im Krieg schweigen die Musen nicht": die Deutschen Wissenschaftlichen Institute im Zweiten Weltkrieg'', Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2001, ISBN 3-525-35357-X. == Nexus externi == * {{DNB-Portal|118759485}} * [http://opac.regesta-imperii.de/lang_de/suche.php?qs=Alois+Schmaus&ts=&ps=&tags=&sprache=&objektart=alle&pagesize=20&sortierung=d&ejahr= Res a Schmaus editae] == Notae== <references /><!-- {{Normdaten|TYP=p|GND=118759485|LCCN=n/83/147141|VIAF=72189660}}--> {{Lifetime|1901|1970|Schmaus, Aloysius}} [[Categoria:Balcania]] [[Categoria:Eruditi Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Lingua Serbica]] [[Categoria:Slavistae]] [[Categoria:Universitas Monacensis]] mm5nfekih7ao2ahfn48emr311bkmp5j 10 308295 3966123 3965409 2026-06-23T17:35:24Z Grufo 64423 Minora 3966123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis|proprietas=distributa}} {{Formula substituibilis|...}} Formula {{Fn|Usor}} vel {{Fn|Ustrix}} nomen usoris ustricisve cum nexu ostendit. Formula {{Fn|Usores}} vel {{Fn|Ustrices}} plura nomina usorum scribere sinit. Formula {{Fn|Usores in colloquio}} omnes usores cuiusvis disputationis participes invocat. Usores sic vocati nuntium recipiet. == De usu == === {{[[Formula:Usor|Usor]]}} === {{Compendium formulae|u}} * <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>Gratias tibi ago, {{Usor|Alexander}}</syntaxhighlight> *: ↳ Gratias tibi ago, {{Usor|Alexander}} * <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>Gratias tibi ago, {{Usor|Marcus|Marce}}</syntaxhighlight> *: ↳ Gratias tibi ago, {{Usor|Marcus|Marce}} * <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>Gratias tibi ago, {{Ustrix|Lavinia}}</syntaxhighlight> *: ↳ Gratias tibi ago, {{Ustrix|Lavinia}} * <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>Gratias tibi ago, {{u|Flavia1966}}</syntaxhighlight> *: ↳ Gratias tibi ago, {{u|Flavia1966}} * <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>Gratias tibi ago, {{subst:u|Alix99}}</syntaxhighlight> *: ↳ Gratias tibi ago, {{u|Alix99}} * (Sine argumentis – '''in substitutione tantum''') <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>Nomen meum est {{subst:u}}</syntaxhighlight> *: ↳ Nomen meum est &#91;TUUM NOMEN HIC SUBSTITUETUR&#93; {{vsep|2}} === {{[[Formula:Usores|Usores]]}} === {{Lua|Modulus:Params}} {{Compendium formulae|uu}} {{Videantur etiam|Formula:Collaboratio|Formula:Collaboratio gratulans}} * <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Usores|Alexander|Marcus|Lavinia|Flavia1966|Alix99}}</syntaxhighlight> *: ↳ {{Usores|Alexander|Marcus|Lavinia|Flavia1966|Alix99}} * <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{Usores|Alexander|Marcus|Lavinia|Flavia1966|Alix99|praefixum=@}}</syntaxhighlight> *: ↳ {{Usores|Alexander|Marcus|Lavinia|Flavia1966|Alix99|praefixum=@}} {{vsep|2}} === {{[[Formula:Usores in colloquio|subst:Usores in colloquio]]}} === {{Formula semper substituenda|inspectio=propria|...}} {{Lua|Modulus:Params}} {{Compendium substitutionis|uc}} * <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:uc|Disputatio Vicipaediae:Pagina mensis/Tabularium 6|2020/2021}}</syntaxhighlight> *: ↳ {{uc|Disputatio Vicipaediae:Pagina mensis/Tabularium 6|2020/2021|propositum=exhibitio}} * <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:uc|Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 2|[[Theoria musicae]]}}</syntaxhighlight> *: ↳ {{uc|Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 2|[[Theoria musicae]]|propositum=exhibitio}} * <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:uc|Disputatio Vicipaediae:Pagina prima/Tabularium 6|Declinatio falsa sive neglecta|praefixum=@}}</syntaxhighlight> *: ↳ {{uc|Disputatio Vicipaediae:Pagina prima/Tabularium 6|Declinatio falsa sive neglecta|praefixum=@|propositum=exhibitio}} * <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:uc|Disputatio Vicipaediae:Pagina prima/Tabularium 6|Declinatio falsa sive neglecta|excluditur1=Andrew Dalby|excluditur2=Giorno2|additur1=Grufo|additur2=Frontfrog}}</syntaxhighlight> *: ↳ {{uc|Disputatio Vicipaediae:Pagina prima/Tabularium 6|Declinatio falsa sive neglecta|excluditur1=Andrew Dalby|excluditur2=Giorno2|additur1=Grufo|additur2=Frontfrog|propositum=exhibitio}} {{vsep}} {{Nota bene}} Haec [[Auxilium:Substitutio|substitutio]] non solum usores numerat qui in sectione scripserunt, sed etiam eos qui per nexum appellati sunt ({{*eg}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>@[[Usor:Alix99|Alix99]]</syntaxhighlight>). Nomen tuum, si in colloquio, excludetur. {{vsep|2}} {{#switch:{{BASEPAGENAME}} | Usores = == Synonyma == * {{Fn|Ustrices}} * {{Fn|Uu}} | Usores in colloquio = == De argumentis == <templatedata>{ "description": "Formula {{subst:Usores in colloquio}} omnes usores cuiusvis disputationis participes invocat. Usores sic vocati nuntium recipient.", "format": "inline", "params": { "1": { "label": "Pagina disputationis", "description": "Nomen paginae disputationis", "type": "string", "required": true, "example": "Disputatio Vicipaediae:Pagina mensis/Tabularium 6" }, "2": { "label": "Sectio paginae", "description": "Sectio paginae disputatoriae quae colloquium continet", "type": "string", "required": true, "example": "2020/2021" }, "additur 1": { "aliases": [ "additur1" ], "label": "Additur 1", "description": "Nomen primi usoris manu addendi", "type": "string", "required": false }, "additur 2": { "aliases": [ "additur2" ], "label": "Additur 2", "description": "Nomen secundi usoris manu addendi", "type": "string", "required": false }, "additur 3": { "aliases": [ "additur3" ], "label": "Additur 3", "description": "Etc.", "type": "string", "required": false }, "excluditur 1": { "aliases": [ "excluditur1" ], "label": "Excluditur 1", "description": "Nomen primi usoris manu excludendi", "type": "string", "required": false }, "excluditur 2": { "aliases": [ "excluditur2" ], "label": "Excluditur 2", "description": "Nomen secundi usoris manu excludendi", "type": "string", "required": false }, "excluditur 3": { "aliases": [ "excluditur3" ], "label": "Excluditur 3", "description": "Etc.", "type": "string", "required": false }, "praefixum": { "label": "Praefixum", "description": "Praefixum omnium nominum", "type": "content", "required": false, "example": "@" } } }</templatedata> == Synonyma == * {{Fsn|Uc}} | #default = == De argumentis == <templatedata>{ "description": "Formula {{Usor}} nomen usoris ustricisve cum nexu scribit. Usor sic vocatus nuntium recipiet", "format": "inline", "params": { "1": { "label": "Usor", "description": "Nomen usoris", "example": "Marcus", "type": "string", "required": false }, "2": { "label": "Verba ostendenda", "description": "Nomen usoris casu vocativo aut alio casu", "example": "Marce", "type": "string", "required": false } } }</templatedata> == Synonyma == * {{Fn|Ustrix}} * {{Fn|U}} }} == Ulteriora si cupis == * {{Fsn|Collaboratio}} * {{Fsn|Collaboratio gratulans}} * {{Fn|Ping}} * {{Fn|Voco}} * {{Fn|Re}} * {{Fn|Cc}} * {{Fn|Subscriptio exemplaris}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi||2= <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae administrationis Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae nexuales|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae disputationis|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae nexus ad usores praebent|{{PAGENAME}}]] {{#ifeq:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|Usores|[[Categoria:Formulae variadicae|{{PAGENAME}}]]}} }}</includeonly> 1dl2c66hjxhw19ypwwdpbf07lng1gsn 10 320926 3966120 3965422 2026-06-23T17:18:52Z Grufo 64423 Redundantiam vitavi 3966120 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{safesubst:<noinclude />#if:{{{#instantia-iam-creata|}}} | {{safesubst:<noinclude />#if: {{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{safesubst:<noinclude />ucfirst:{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}}}|{{{#instantia-iam-creata}}}|/|{{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{safesubst:<noinclude />#invoke:redirection|get_target_page|{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}}}|{{{#instantia-iam-creata|}}}|/}}}} | {{safesubst:<noinclude />#if:{{{#verba-ostendenda|}}} | {{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{safesubst:<noinclude />ucfirst:{{{#verba-ostendenda}}}}}|{{{#pagina-desiderata}}} | [[{{{#verba-ostendenda}}}]] | [[{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}|{{{#verba-ostendenda}}}]] }} | [[{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}]] }} | {{safesubst:<noinclude />#if:{{{#verba-ostendenda|}}} | {{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{safesubst:<noinclude />ucfirst:{{{#verba-ostendenda}}}}}|{{{#instantia-iam-creata}}} | [[{{{#verba-ostendenda}}}]] | [[{{{#instantia-iam-creata}}}|{{{#verba-ostendenda}}}]] }} | [[{{{#instantia-iam-creata}}}|{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}]] }} }}{{safesubst:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{{#propositum|}}}|exhibitio||{{safesubst:<noinclude />Si in substitutione||{{Recensio vacua exspectatur|summarium=Formulam {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve]]}} detraxi, quia pagina creata est.}}}}}} | {{safesubst:<noinclude />#if:{{safesubst:<noinclude />Si in substitutione|/}} | <noinclude />{<noinclude />{<noinclude />safesubst:<noinclude />Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve{{safesubst:<noinclude />!}}{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}{{safesubst:<noinclude />!}}{{safesubst:<noinclude />#if:{{{#verba-ostendenda|}}}|{{{#verba-ostendenda}}}}}{{safesubst:<noinclude />#if:{{{#qid|}}} | {{safesubst:<noinclude />#invoke:params| with_name_not_matching|^#| entering_substack| excluding_numeric_names| detaching_substack| mapping_by_mixing|$#| leaving_substack| renaming_by_mixing|$@| flushing| discarding|| all_sorted| for_each|{{safesubst:<noinclude />!}}$#}}{{safesubst:<noinclude />!}}qid{{safesubst:<noinclude />=}}{{{#qid}}} | {{safesubst:<noinclude />#invoke:params| excluding_numeric_names| with_name_not_matching|^#| with_value_not_matching||strict| all_sorted| setting|hi/p|{{safesubst:<noinclude />!}}|{{safesubst:<noinclude />=}}| list }} }}<noinclude />}<noinclude />}<noinclude /> | {{#if:{{{#qid|}}} | {{#if:{{{#verba-ostendenda|}}} | [[{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}|{{{#verba-ostendenda|}}}]] | [[{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}]] }}{{Sin secus | 1 = {{#invoke:params| with_name_not_matching|^#| entering_substack| excluding_numeric_names| detaching_substack| leaving_substack| renaming_by_mixing|$@| flushing| discarding|| entering_substack|new| pulling|d| detaching_substack| mapping_by_calling|Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve/nexus| names_only_as|lingua| let|pagina|{{{#qid}}}#sitelinks-wikipedia| let|latine|{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}| leaving_substack| mapping_by_calling|Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve/legatio|names_only| let|#qid|{{{#qid}}}| let|#latine|{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}| flushing| all_sorted| list_values }} | 2 = <sup style="font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">[[:d:{{{#qid}}}#sitelinks-wikipedia|(d)]]</sup> | 3 = <sup style="font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"> | 4 = </sup> }}{{#if:{{{#titulus-iam-creatus|}}}|{{Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve/nectenda|qid={{{#qid}}}|propositum={{{#propositum}}}}}}} | {{#if:{{{#verba-ostendenda|}}} | [[{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}|{{{#verba-ostendenda|}}}]] | [[{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}]] }}{{#invoke:params| excluding_numeric_names| with_name_not_matching|^#| all_sorted| with_value_not_matching||strict| mapping_by_calling|Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve/nexus| names_and_values_as|lingua|pagina| let|latine|{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}| setting|h/f/n|<sup style{{=}}"font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">|</sup>{{#if:{{{#titulus-iam-creatus|}}} | {{Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve/nectenda|qid=|propositum={{{#propositum}}}}} | {{#ifeq:{{{#propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae quae ad paginas interviciales sine Vicidatis nectuntur]]}} }}|<sup style{{=}}"padding-left: 1px; font-size: .75em; cursor: help; color: #090;" title{{=}}"Significatio huius nexus rubri non intellegitur; adde nexum intervicialem si potes (e.g. ‘…&#124;en&#61;{{Textus planus|{{{#pagina-desiderata}}}}}’).">&#91;<i>nexus intervicialis desideratur ([[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|auxilium]])</i>&#93;</sup>{{#ifeq:{{{#propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae quae nexus internos obscuros exhibent]]}}| list_values }} }} }} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio|contenta={{Formula machinaria}}}}</noinclude> 96fw5ig7oxftqpmuyo1anjkswylwfep 0 321892 3966215 3931015 2026-06-24T10:42:30Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3966215 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Plaque Vladimir Jankélévitch, 1A quai aux Fleurs, Paris 4.jpg|thumb|Monumentum Vladimiri Jankélévitch [[Lutetia]]e]] '''Vladimirus Jankélévitch''' (natus [[Avaricum Biturigum|Avarici]] die [[31 Augusti]] [[1903]] et mortuus [[Lutetia]]e [[6 Iunii]] [[1985]]) fuit [[philosophus]] et [[musicologia|musicologus]] [[Francia|Francicus]]. In familia [[Aschenates|Aschenatis]] natus fuit Alumnus [[Schola Normalis Superior (Lutetia)|Scholae Normalis Superioris]]<ref>[https://www.academie-sciences-lettres-toulouse.fr/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Jankelevitch.pdf De Vladimiro Jankélévitch]</ref> et anno [[1923]], [[Henricus Bergson|Henricum Bergson]] scit et anno [[1936]], professor [[Universitas Tolosana|Universitatis Tolosanae]] deinde [[Universitas Insulensis|Insulensis]] factus fuit. Dum [[secundum bellum mundanum]] fit, Jankélévitch oppressus sub regimen [[Nazismus|Nazismi]] ratione ethnous [[Iudaei]] sed [[Repugnatio Francica|Repugnationem Francicam]] participavit. Post secundum bellum mundanum, ab anno 1951 ad annum 1979, professor [[Universitas Parisiensis|Universitatis Parisiensis]] [[ethica|philosophiae moralis]] factus fuit. Scelos Nacismi [[crimen contra humanitatem]] iudicavit at etiam bellum ab Israël oppositus fuit. == Oprae == *''Henri Bergson'' (anno 1931) *''L'[[ironia|ironie]]'' (anno 1936) *''L'alternative'' (anno 1938) *''Du mensonge'' (anno 1942) *''Traité des vertus'' (anno 1949) *''La [[Mors|Mort]] '' (anno 1966) *''Le Je-ne-sais-quoi et presque rien'' (anno 1980) *''Le [[paradoxum|paradoxe]] de la morale'' (anno 1981) == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Vladimir Jankélévitch|Vladimirus Jankélévitch}} [[Categoria:Philosophi Franciae]] [[Categoria:Alumni Scholae Normalis Superioris (Lutetia)]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Tolosanae]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Insulensis]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Parisiensis]] [[Categoria:Nati 1903]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1985]] je48c4rwn1zzsle9eqfiix9s33wi8pq 3966216 3966215 2026-06-24T10:44:01Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3966216 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Plaque Vladimir Jankélévitch, 1A quai aux Fleurs, Paris 4.jpg|thumb|Monumentum Vladimiri Jankélévitch [[Lutetia]]e]] '''Vladimirus Jankélévitch''' (natus [[Avaricum Biturigum|Avarici]] die [[31 Augusti]] [[1903]] et mortuus [[Lutetia]]e [[6 Iunii]] [[1985]]) fuit [[philosophus]] et [[musicologia|musicologus]] [[Francia|Francicus]]. In familia [[Aschenates|Aschenatis]] natus fuit Alumnus [[Schola Normalis Superior (Lutetia)|Scholae Normalis Superioris]]<ref>[https://www.academie-sciences-lettres-toulouse.fr/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Jankelevitch.pdf De Vladimiro Jankélévitch]</ref> et anno [[1923]], [[Henricus Bergson|Henricum Bergson]] scit et anno [[1936]], professor [[Universitas Tolosana|Universitatis Tolosanae]] deinde [[Universitas Insulensis|Insulensis]] factus fuit. Dum [[secundum bellum mundanum]] fit, Jankélévitch oppressus sub regimen [[Nazismus|Nazismi]] ratione ethnous [[Iudaei]] sed [[Repugnatio Francica|Repugnationem Francicam]] participavit. Post secundum bellum mundanum, ab anno 1951 ad annum 1979, professor [[Universitas Parisiensis|Universitatis Parisiensis]] [[ethica|philosophiae moralis]] factus fuit. Scelera [[Nazismus|Nazismi]] [[crimen contra humanitatem]] iudicavit at etiam bellum ab Israël oppositus fuit. == Oprae == *''Henri Bergson'' (anno 1931) *''L'[[ironia|ironie]]'' (anno 1936) *''L'alternative'' (anno 1938) *''Du mensonge'' (anno 1942) *''Traité des vertus'' (anno 1949) *''La [[Mors|Mort]] '' (anno 1966) *''Le Je-ne-sais-quoi et presque rien'' (anno 1980) *''Le [[paradoxum|paradoxe]] de la morale'' (anno 1981) == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Vladimir Jankélévitch|Vladimirus Jankélévitch}} [[Categoria:Philosophi Franciae]] [[Categoria:Alumni Scholae Normalis Superioris (Lutetia)]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Tolosanae]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Insulensis]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Parisiensis]] [[Categoria:Nati 1903]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1985]] f8wm1e4gapswgg9n3b5udkrgultdn7s 4 322505 3966063 3965083 2026-06-23T13:04:42Z MediaWiki message delivery 62628 /* Tech News: 2026-26 */ nova pars 3966063 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__<nowiki />[[Categoria:Vicipaedia]][[Categoria:Fora Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]]{{Capsa paginae|1= Haec pagina nuntios technicos qui e [[MediaVici]] proveniunt praebet. Vide etiam [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2016|nuntios anni 2016]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2017|nuntios anni 2017]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2018|nuntios anni 2018]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2019|nuntios anni 2019]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2020|nuntios anni 2020]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2021|nuntios anni 2021]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2022|nuntios anni 2022]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2023|nuntios anni 2023]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2024|nuntios anni 2024]] et [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2025|nuntios anni 2025]]. }} == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-03</span> == {{Accepta|Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2025|Tech News: 2026-03|Nuntia ad novum annum mota --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]}} <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * As part of the current work of Community Tech team on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W372|Multiple watchlists]] project, the display of [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]] will be updated as a first step towards multiple watchlists. Additionally, the pagination on [[Special:Search|Search]] will be updated too, as a part of the work on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W186|Revamp pagination / page navigation]] wish. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411596] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] is a MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that lets you see your watchlists from different wikis on the same page. It was recently updated to look more like the regular [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]], such as preparing it for temporary accounts in IP masking (including rerouting user links to contributions pages), making page titles bold, and opening links in edit summaries and tags in new browser tabs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398361][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298919][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273526][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286309] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where global blocks did not have the option to disable sending emails, has now been fixed, and will be available for use in the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401293] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Citation tool|VisualEditor citation tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] now support "map" as a reference type. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411083] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]/[[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.11|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W03"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:32, 12 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29907192 --> == Thank You for Last Year – Join Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 == {{Accepta|Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2025|Thank You for Last Year – Join Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Nuntium ad novum annum motum --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]}} Dear Wikimedia communities, We hope you are doing well, and we wish you a happy New Year. ''Last year, we captured light. This year, we’ll capture legacy.'' In 2025, communities around the world shared the glow of Ramadan nights and the warmth of collective iftars. In 2026, ''Wiki Loves Ramadan'' is expanding, bringing more stories, more cultures, and deeper global connections across Wikimedia projects. We invite you to explore the ''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026'' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Meta page]] to learn how you can participate and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/Participating communities|sign up]] your community. 📷 ''Photo campaign on '' [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Wikimedia Commons]] If you have questions about the project, please refer to the FAQs: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ/|Meta-Wiki]] * [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ|Wikimedia Commons]] ''Early registration for updates is now open via the '''[[m:Special:RegisterForEvent/2710|Event page]]''''' ''Stay connected and receive updates:'' * [https://t.me/WikiLovesRamadan Telegram channel] * [https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/wikilovesramadan.lists.wikimedia.org/ Mailing list] We look forward to collaborating with you and your community. '''The Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 Organizing Team''' 19:45, 16 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29879549 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> ;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 Dear Wiki Community, We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia. The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects. ;About the Campaign '''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices. ;What Can Participants Write About? Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to: * Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations * Folk dances, music, and traditional performances * Women and queer figures in folklore * Women in mythology and oral traditions * Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives * Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends * Folk games, sports, and cultural practices Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools. ;How to Sign Up as an Organizer Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community: # Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] # Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool # Prepare a local article list and clearly mention: #* Campaign timeline #* Local and international prizes # Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]] # Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]''' ;Campaign Tools The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants: * '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats. * '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]''' ;Learn More & Get Support For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''. If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via: * '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]''' * Email us using details on the contact page. ;Join Us We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia. Thank you and best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]''' ---- ''Stay connected:'' [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> == Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 in Your Country == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Hello everyone, We are delighted to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and community organizations worldwide to participate in '''Wiki Loves Folklore 2026''', an international initiative dedicated to documenting and celebrating folk culture across the globe. ;About Wiki Loves Folklore '''Wiki Loves Folklore''' is an annual international photography competition hosted on Wikimedia Commons. The campaign runs from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and encourages photographers, cultural enthusiasts, and community members to contribute photographs that highlight: * Folk traditions and rituals * Cultural festivals and celebrations * Traditional attire and crafts * Performing arts, music, and dance * Everyday practices rooted in folk heritage Through this campaign, we aim to preserve and promote diverse folk cultures and make them freely accessible to the world. [[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026|Project page on Wikimedia Commons]] ; Host a Local Edition As we celebrate the '''eight edition''' of Wiki Loves Folklore, we warmly invite communities to organize a local edition in their country or region. Hosting a local campaign is a great opportunity to: * Increase visibility of your region’s folk culture * Engage new contributors in your community * Enrich Wikimedia Commons with high-quality cultural content '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026/Organize|Sign up to organize]]:''' If your team prefers to organize the competition in ''either February or March only'', please feel free to let us know. If you are unable to organize, we encourage you to share this opportunity with other interested groups or organizations in your region. ;Get in Touch If you have any questions, need support, or would like to explore collaboration opportunities, please feel free to contact us via: * The project Talk pages * Email: '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org''' We are also happy to connect via an online meeting if your team would like to discuss planning or coordination in more detail. Warm regards, '''The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team''' </div> [[Usor:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:MediaWiki message delivery|disputatio]]) 13:21, 18 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=29228188 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-04</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The tray shown on [[Special:Diff|Special:Diff]] in mobile view has been redesigned. It is now collapsed by default, and incorporates a link to undo the edit being viewed, making it easier for mobile editors and reviewers to take action while keeping the interface uncluttered. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402297] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now automatically determines the text direction (ensuring correct display of sites with unusual domain names) and shows detailed descriptions for log actions. Later this week, a new permanent link for page creations and CSS classes for each entry element will be added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T412505][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287929][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262768][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414135] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the previously observed issue in Vector 2022, where anchor link targets were obscured by the sticky header, has now been addressed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406114] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As mentioned in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|October 2025 deprecation announcement]], MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin sunsetting all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the MediaWiki REST API the week of January 26. Changes are expected to roll out to all wikis on or before January 30th. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found, compared, and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox]. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in Phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board]. * Interactive reference documentation for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia REST API|Wikimedia REST API]] has moved. Requests to API docs previously hosted through [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase|RESTBase]] (e.g.: <code dir=ltr>https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/</code>) are now redirected to the [[w:en:Special:RestSandbox|REST Sandbox]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|WMF Wikidata Platform team]] (WDP) has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|January 2026 newsletter]]. It includes updates on the legacy full-graph endpoint decommissioning, the User-Agent policy change, the monthly Blazegraph migration office hours, and efforts to reduce regressions caused by the legacy endpoint shutdown. As a reminder, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/WDP team updates|subscribe to the WDP newsletter]]! * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.12|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications opened mid-December and will close soon or when capacity is reached. It's a two-day, technically oriented hackathon bringing together Wikimedians from the region. Hope to see you there! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W04"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:29, 19 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29943403 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Annual review of the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 9 February 2026. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]])<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> 21:01, 19 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29905753 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-05</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia Foundation invites comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Year1 Reflections and Proposed Way Forward 2026 Update|proposed future]] of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] until 28 February. * All users with registered accounts can now use passkeys for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). Passkeys are a simple way to log in without using a second device. They verify the user's identity using a fingerprint, face scan, or a PIN code. To set up a passkey, first set up a regular 2FA method. Currently, to log in with a passkey, users must also use a password. Later this quarter, passwordless login will allow users to log in with a single click and a passkey. Users with advanced rights will also be required to have 2FA enabled. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project. * Unregistered contributors on blocked IPs or blocked IP ranges can now interact on-wiki to appeal a block by creating a temporary account to appeal a block on the user talk page, unless the "prevent this user from editing their own talk page" is enabled. This solves the problem of logged-out users unable to use the default unblock process via user talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398673] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) methods description on the management page has been updated. It is now clearer and easier for users to understand and make use of. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332385] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new AbuseFilter variable, <code>account_type</code>, has been added to provide a reliable way to determine the account type being created in the <code>createaccount</code> and <code>autocreateaccount</code> actions. As part of this change, the variable <code>accountname</code> has been renamed to <code>account_name</code>, and <code>accountname</code> is now deprecated. Edit filter managers should update any filters that use hardcoded account type checks or the deprecated variable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414049] * Image thumbnails that are requested in non-standard sizes, and using non-standard methods such as direct requests to <code dir=ltr><nowiki>upload.wikimedia.org/…</nowiki></code> will stop working in the near future. This change is to prevent ongoing external abuse by web-scrapers and bots. Some users with custom CSS/JS, Interface Admins who can fix gadgets and local skins, and Tool-authors, will need to update their code to use standard thumbnail sizes. [[phab:T414805|Details, search-links, and examples of how to fix them, are available in the task]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.13|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W05"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:17, 26 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29969530 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-06</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The "{{int:pageinfo-toolboxlink}}" feature, which gives validating information about a page ([{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=info}} example]), now automatically includes a table of contents. If there is a local [[{{ns:8}}:Pageinfo-header]] page created by individual users, it can now be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363726] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, VisualEditor previously added bold or italic formatting inside link descriptions, making the wikicode complex. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409669] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * There was no XML dump on 20 January. Additionally, from now on, dumps will be generated once per month only. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414389] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team removed support for all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/API:REST%20API MediaWiki REST API]. All API users currently calling those endpoints are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''Weekly highlight''' * Users are reminded that the Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W06"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:43, 2 Februarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30000986 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-07</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Logged-in contributors who manage large or complex watchlists can now organise and filter watched pages in ways that improve their workflows with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|Watchlist labels]] feature. By adding custom labels (for example: pages you created, pages being monitored for vandalism, or discussion pages) users can more quickly identify what needs attention, reduce cognitive load, and respond more efficiently. This improves watchlist usability, especially for highly active editors. * A new feature available on [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] shows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] that are likely operated by the same person, and so makes patrolling less time-consuming. Upon checking contributions of a temporary account, users with access to temporary account IP addresses can now see a view of contributions from the related temporary accounts. The feature looks up all the IPs associated with a given temporary account within the data retention period and shows all the contributions of all temporary accounts that have used these IPs. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts#February 2026: Improvements to the patroller tooling|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415674] * When editors preview a wikitext edit, the reminder box that they are only seeing a preview (which is shown at the top), now has a grey/neutral background instead of a yellow/warning background. This makes it easier to distinguish preview notes from actual warnings (for example, edit conflicts or problematic redirect targets), which will now be shown in separate warning or error boxes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414742] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now properly supports more than one Wikibase site, for example both [[d:|Wikidata]] and [[testwikidata:|testwikidata]]. In addition, issues regarding text direction have been fixed for users who prefer Wikidata or other Wikibase sites in right-to-left (RTL) languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415440][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415458] * The automatic "magic links" for ISBN, RFC, and PMID numbers have been [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic links|deprecated in wikitext since 2021]] due to inflexibility and difficulties with localization. Several wikis have successfully replaced RFC and PMID magic links with equivalent external links, but a template was often required to replace the functionality of the ISBN magic link. There is now a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#isbn|built-in parser function]] <code dir=ltr><nowiki>{{#isbn}}</nowiki></code> available to replace the basic functionality of the ISBN magic link. This makes it easier for wikis who wish to migrate off of the deprecated magic link functionality to do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T145604] * Two new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35401|Jju]] ([[w:kaj:|<code>w:kaj:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413283] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q1186896|Nawat]] ([[w:ppl:|<code>w:ppl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413273] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new global user group has been created: [[{{int:grouppage-local-bot}}|{{int:group-local-bot}}]]. It will be used internally by the software to allow community bots to bypass rate limits that are applied to abusive [[w:en:Web scraping|web scrapers]]. Accounts that are approved as bots on at least one Wikimedia wiki will be automatically added to this group. It will not change what user permissions the bot has. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415588] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Spring 2026|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Spring 2026]] will be held March 25–27 in Salt Lake City, USA. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AZBWVI46SDEB65PGR5J6E4TYOQQEZXM7/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W07"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:29, 9 Februarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30026671 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-08</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Team]] will be performing a cleanup of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Etherpad|Etherpad]] instance, the web-based editor for real-time collaborative document editing. All pads will be permanently deleted after 30 April, 2026 – if there are still migration projects in progress at that point the team can revisit the date on a case by case basis. Please create local backups of any content you wish to keep, as deleted data cannot be recovered. This cleanup helps reduce database size and minimize infrastructure footprint. Etherpad will continue to support real-time collaboration, but long-term storage should not be expected. Additional cleanups may occur in the future without prior notice. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415237] '''Updates for editors''' * The Information Retrieval team will be launching an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|Android mobile app experiment]] that tests hybrid search capabilities which can handle both semantic and keyword queries. The improvement of on-platform search will enable readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. The experiment will first be launched on Greek Wikipedia in late February, followed by English, French, and Portuguese in March. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/08/semantic-search-making-it-easier-to-find-the-information-readers-want/ Read more] on Diff blog. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Information_Retrieval] * The Reader Growth team will run [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.10.2 Mobile Table of Contents|an experiment]] for mobile web users, that adds a table of contents and automatically expands all article sections, to learn more about navigation issues they face. The test will be available on Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. * Previously, site notices ([[{{ns:8}}:Sitenotice]] and [[{{ns:8}}:Anonnotice]]) would only render on the desktop site. Now, they will render on all platforms. Users on mobile web will now see these notices and be informed. Site administrators should be prepared to test and fix notices on mobile devices to avoid interference with articles. To opt out, interface admins can add <code dir="ltr">#siteNotice { display: none; }</code> to [[{{ns:8}}:Minerva.css]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138572][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416644] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue on [[Special:RecentChanges|Special:RecentChanges]] has been fixed. Previously, clicking hide in the active filters caused the "view new changes since…" button to disappear, though it should have remained visible. The button now behaves as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406339] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * New documentation is now available to help editors debug on-site search features. It supports troubleshooting when pages do not appear in results, when ranking seems unexpected, and when you need to inspect what content is being indexed, helping make search behavior easier to understand and analyze. [[mw:Help:CirrusSearch/Debug|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411169] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W08"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:16, 16 Februarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30086330 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-09</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Reference Check|Reference Check]] has been deployed to English Wikipedia, completing its rollout across all Wikipedias. The feature prompts newcomers to add a citation before publishing new content, helping reduce common citation-related reverts and improve verifiability. In A/B testing, the impact was substantial: newcomers shown Reference Check were approximately 2.2 times more likely to include a reference on desktop and about 17.5 times more likely on mobile web. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/reference_check_ab_test_report_final_2025.html] '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:InterwikiSorting|InterwikiSorting extension]], which allowed for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interwiki sorting order|sorting of interwiki links]], has been undeployed from Wikipedia. As a result, editors who had enabled interwiki link sorting in non-compact mode (full list format) will now see links reordered. The links moving forward will be listed in the alphabetical order of language code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253764] * Later this week, people who are editing a page-section using the mobile visual editor, will notice a new "Edit full page" button. When tapped, you will be able to edit the entire article. This helps when the change you want to make is outside the section you initially opened. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409112] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|The Reader Experience team]] is inviting editors to assess whether dark mode should still be considered "beta" on their wiki, based on their experience of how well it functions on desktop and mobile. If the feature is deemed mature, editors can update the interface messages in <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:skin-theme-description</code> and <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Vector-night-mode-beta-tag</code> to indicate that dark mode is ready and no longer considered beta. * The improved [[mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Activity_Tab|Activity tab]] which displays user-insights is now available to all users of the Wikipedia iOS app (version 7.9.0 and later). Following earlier A/B testing that showed higher account creation among users with access to the feature, it has been rolled out to 100% of users along with some updates. The Activity tab now shows your edited articles in the timeline, offers editing impact insights like contribution counts and article view trends, and customization options to improve in-app experience for users. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug that prevented [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] from working on mobile has now been fixed, restoring full functionality. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415303] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that makes this possible continues to improve. The latest upgrade is the inclusion of a [[mw:Extension:GlobalWatchlist#hook|new hook]], <code dir=ltr>ext.globalwatchlist.rebuild</code>, which fires after each watchlist rebuild. This allows you to run gadgets and user scripts for the Special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275159] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W09"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:03, 23 Februarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30119102 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-10</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikipedia 25 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments|Birthday mode]] is now live on Betawi, Breton, Chinese, Czech, Dutch, English, French, Gorontalo, Indonesian, Italian, Luxembourgish, Madurese, Sicilian, Spanish, Thai, and Vietnamese Wikipedias! This limited-time campaign feature celebrates 25 years of Wikipedia with a birthday mascot, Baby Globe. When turned on, Baby Globe is shown on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments/article configuration|~2,500 articles]], waiting to be discovered by readers. Communities can choose to turn Birthday mode on by getting consensus from their community and asking an admin to enable the feature and customize it via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments#Community Configuration Demo|community configuration]] on the local wiki. '''Updates for editors''' * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to Swedish Wikipedia, Polish Wikipedia and [[:phab:T418209|a couple of other wikis]]. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|try the feature]] on these projects or on testwiki and [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing betawiki]. Learnings from the first pilot wiki German Wikipedia have been [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Learnings|published in a report]]. Reach out to the Wikimedia Deutschland team if you are [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|interested in becoming a pilot wiki]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Paste check|Paste Check]] will become available at all Wikipedias this week. The feature prompts newcomers who are pasting text they are not likely to have written into VisualEditor to consider whether doing so risks a copyright violation. Paste Check [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tags|tags]] all edits where it is shown for potential review. Local administrators can configure various aspects of the feature via [[{{#special:EditChecks}}]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Paste Check#A/B Experiment|Research]] across 22 wikis found that Paste Check resulted in an 18% decrease in relative reverted-edits compared to the control group. Translators can [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw-editcheck&filter=&optional=1&action=translate help to localize] this and related features. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] will be standardizing the user menu in the top right for all mobile users so that it is closer to the desktop experience. Currently this user menu is only visible to users with Advanced Mobile Controls (AMC) turned on. The only change is that a couple buttons previously in the left-side menu will move to the top right for users who do not have AMC turned on. This change is expected to go out March 9 and seeks to improve the user interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413912] * Starting in the week of March 2, the emails sent out when an email address was added, removed, or changed for an account will switch to a substantially nicer and clearer HTML email from the prior plaintext one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410807] * Notifications are currently limited to 2,000 historic entries per user, and extend back to 2013 when the feature was released. This is going to be changed to only store Notifications from the last 5 years, but up to 10,000 of them. This will help with long-term infrastructure health and help to prevent more recent notifications from disappearing too soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page continues to see improvements. The latest update improves label usage experience. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] now allows activating the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback languages|language fallback system]] for Wikidata items without labels in the viewed language, and showing those labels in the user’s preferred Wikidata language if no <code dir=ltr>uselang=</code> URL parameter is provided. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373686][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416111] * The Wikipedia Android team has started a beta test of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|hybrid search]] on Greek Wikipedia. Hybrid search capabilities can handle both semantic and keyword queries enabling readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. * For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Currently, 2FA is required to use the group, but not to be a member of it. Given that this model still has some vulnerabilities, the situation will [[phab:T418580|gradually change in March]]. Members of these groups will be unable to disable last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the second half of March, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. This applies to: CentralNotice administrators, checkusers, interface administrators, suppressors, Wikidata staff, Wikifunctions staff, WMF Office IT and WMF Trust & Safety. Nothing will change for other users. See the linked task for deployment schedule. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418580] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue preventing users from creating an instance in [https://www.wikibase.cloud/ Wikibase.cloud] has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416807] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], over the next month the Wikimedia Foundation will implement global API rate limits across our APIs. In early March, stricter limits will be applied to unidentified requests from outside Toolforge/WMCS and API requests that are made from web browsers. In April, higher limits will be applied to identified traffic. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * The Wikidata Query Service Linked Data Fragment (LDF) endpoint will be decommissioned in February. This endpoint served limited traffic, which was successfully migrated to other data access methods that were better suited to support existing use cases. The hardware used to support the LDF endpoint will be reallocated to support the ongoing backend migration efforts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415696] * The new Parsoid parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], improving platform sustainability and making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. Parsoid is now the default parser on 488 WMF wikis (268 Wikipedias), now covering more than 10% of all Wikipedia page views. * The process and criteria for [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise#Access|requesting exceptional access]] to the high volume feed of the ''Wikimedia Enterprise'' APIs (at no cost for mission-aligned usecases), [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Enterprise#Exceptional access criteria|have now been published]]. This is to provide more thorough and clearer documentation for users. * [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Tech Blog], the blog dedicated to the Wikimedia technical community [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2026/02/24/a-tech-blog-diff/ will be migrating] to [[diffblog:|Diff]], the community news and event blog. The migration should be complete in April 2026, after which new posts will be accepted for publishing. Readers will be able to access posts – old and new – on the landing page at https://diff.wikimedia.org/techblog. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W10"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:51, 2 Martii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30137798 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-11</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. * Last week, all wikis had 2 hours of read-only time, and extended unavailability for user-scripts and gadgets. This was due to a security incident which has since been resolved. Work is ongoing to prevent re-occurrences. For current information please see the [[m:Steward's noticeboard#Statement on Meta about today's user script security incident|post on the Stewards' noticeboard]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Product Safety and Integrity/March 2026 User Script Incident|translations]]). '''Updates for editors''' * Users facing multiple blocks on mobile will now see the reasons for each block separately, instead of a generic message. This helps them understand why they are blocked and what steps they can take to resolve the issue. For example, users affected for using common VPNs (such as [[Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|iCloud Private Relay]]) will receive clearer guidance on what they need to do to start editing again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357118] * Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] will become available as a beta feature within the visual editor at all Wikipedias. This feature proactively suggests various types of actions that people can consider taking to improve Wikipedia articles, and learn about related guidelines. The feature is locally configurable, and can also be locally expanded with custom Suggestions. Current settings can be seen at [[Special:EditChecks]] and there are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators %E2%80%93 local customization|instructions for how administrators can customize]] the links to point to local guidelines. The feature is connected to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit check]] which suggests improvements while someone is writing new content. In the future, the Editing team plans to evaluate the feature's impact with newcomers through a controlled experiment. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404600] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where the cursor became misaligned during the use of CodeMirror’s syntax highlighting, which makes wikitext and code easier to read, has now been fixed. This problem specifically affected users who defined a font rule in a custom stylesheet while creating a new topic with DiscussionTools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418793] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * API rate limiting update: To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], global API rate limits will be applied this week to requests without a compliant User-Agent that originate from outside Toolforge/WMCS and to unauthenticated requests made from web browsers. Higher limits will be applied to identified traffic in April. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * The new GraphQL API has been released. The API was developed as a flexible alternative to select features of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS), to improve developer experience and foster adaptability, and efficient data access. Try it out and [[d:Wikidata:Wikibase GraphQL#Feedback and development|give feedback]]. You can also [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/GraphQLAPI/apply sign up for usability tests]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|PTAC Unsupported Tools Working Group]] continued improvements to [[commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons#|Video2Commons]] in February, with fixes addressing authentication errors, large-file handling, task queue visibility, and clearer upload behavior. Work is still ongoing in some areas, including changes related to deprecated server-side uploads. Read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group#February 2026|this update]] to learn more. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Article Guidance team invites experienced Wikipedia editors from selected [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators#Collaborators|pilot wikis]] and interested contributors from other Wikipedias to fill out this questionnaire which is available in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfmLeVWnxmsCbPoI_UF2jyRcn73WRGWCVPHzerXb4Cz97X_Ag/viewform English], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd6rzr4XXQw8r4024fE3geTPFe13M_6w7Mitj-YJi0sOlWTAw/viewform?usp=header Arabic], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdok3-RfB18lcugYTUMGkpwmqG_8p760Wv4dCXitOXOszjUDw/viewform?usp=header Bengali], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfjTfYp4jEo0akA4B1e-Nfg3QZPCudUjhJzHzzDi6AHyAaMGA/viewform?usp=header Japanese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScteVoI29Aue4xc72dekk-6RYtvmMgQxzMI900UOawrFrSTWg/viewform?usp=header Portuguese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSetdxnYwL3ub2vqA7awCg5hJZPMIYcDPaiTe12rY9h0GYnVlw/viewform?usp=header Persian], and [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScNvfJF-Ot-4pzA4qAN771_0QDJ4Li19YcUsaTgSKW8Nc7U_Q/viewform?usp=header Turkish]. Your answers will help the team customize guidance for less experienced editors and help them learn community policies and practices while creating an article. Learn more [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|on the project page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W11"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:52, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30213008 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-12</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature, also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], has been used for wikitext syntax highlighting since November 2024. It will be promoted out of beta by May 2026 in order to bring improvements and new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Features|features]] to all editors who use the standard syntax highlighter. If you have any questions or concerns about promoting the feature out of beta, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|please share]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * Some changes to local user groups are performed by stewards on Meta-Wiki and logged there only. Now, interwiki rights changes will be logged both on Meta-Wiki and the wiki of the target user to make it easier to access a full record of user's rights changes on a local wiki. Past log entries for such changes will be backfilled in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6055] * On wikis using [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]], the number of pending changes shown on [[{{#Special:PendingChanges}}]] previously counted pages which were no longer pending review, because they have been removed from the system without being reviewed, e.g. due to being deleted, moved to a different namespace, or due to wiki configuration changes. The count will be correct now. On some wikis the number shown will be much smaller than before. There should be no change to the list of pages itself. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413016] * Wikifunctions composition language has been rewritten, resulting in a new version of the language. This change aims to increase service stability by reducing the orchestrator's memory consumption. This rewrite also enables substantial latency reduction, code simplification, and better abstractions, which will open the door to later feature additions. Read more about [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-11|the changes]]. * Users can now sort search results alphabetically by page title. The update gives an additional option to finding pages more easily and quickly. Previously, results could be sorted by Edit date, Creation date, or Relevance. To use the new option, open 'Advanced Search' on the search results page and select 'Alphabetically' under 'Sorting Order'. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403775] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons from importing files from Flickr has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419263] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new special page, [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}]], has been created to list transcluded pages that are flagged as containing lint errors to help users discover them easily. The list is sorted by the number of transclusions with errors. For example: [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}/night-mode-unaware-background-color]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170874] * Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature have been using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages, for some time now. Along with promoting CodeMirror 6 out of beta, the plan is to replace CodeEditor as the standard editor for these content models by May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|Feedback or concerns are welcome]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] JavaScript modules will soon be upgraded to CodeMirror 6. Leading up to the upgrade, loading the <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror</code> or <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.lib</code> modules from gadgets and user scripts was deprecated in July 2025. The use of the <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.switch</code> hook was also deprecated in March 2025. Contributors can now make their scripts or gadgets compatible with CodeMirror 6. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror#Gadgets and user scripts|migration guide]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373720] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team is expanding coverage of REST API module definitions to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API/Extensions|extension APIs]]. REST API modules are groups of related endpoints that can be independently managed and versioned. Modules now exist for [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414470 GrowthExperiments] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419053 Wikifunctions] APIs. As we migrate extension APIs to this structure, documentation will move out of the main MediaWiki OpenAPI spec and REST Sandbox view, and will instead be accessible via module-specific options in the dropdown on the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox] (i.e., [[{{#Special:RestSandbox}}]], available on all wiki projects). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] extension provides different pieces of information about the wiki where the module is being used via the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual|mw.site]] library. Starting last week, the library also provides a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.site.wikiId|way]] of accessing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Wiki ID|wiki ID]] that can be used to facilitate cross-wiki module maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146616] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|2026 Coolest Tool Award]] celebrating outstanding community tools, is now open for nominations! Nominate your favorite tool using the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/435684?lang=en nomination survey] form by 23 March 2026. For more information on privacy and data handling, please see the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Coolest_Tool_Award_2026_Survey_Privacy_Statement|survey privacy statement]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W12"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:35, 16 Martii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30260505 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-13</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikimedia site users can now log in without a password using passkeys. This is a secure method supported by fingerprint, facial recognition, or PIN. With this change, all users who opt for passwordless login will find it easier, faster, and more secure to log in to their accounts using any device. The new passkey login option currently appears as an autofill suggestion in the username field. An additional [[phab:T417120|"Log in with passkey" button]] will soon be available for users who have already registered a passkey. This update will improve security and user experience. The [[c:File:Passwordless_login_screencast.webm|screen recording]] demonstrates the passwordless login process step by step. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia site users can now export their notifications older than 5 years using a [[toolforge:echo-chamber|new Toolforge tool]]. This will ensure that users retain their important notifications and avoid them being lost based on the planned change to delete notifications older than 5 years, as previously announced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * Wikipedia editors in Indonesian, Thai, Turkish, and Simple English now have access to Special:PersonalDashboard. This is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Dashboard|early version of an experience]] that introduces newer editors to patrolling workflows, making it easier for them to move from making edits to participating in more advanced moderation work on their project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402647] * The [[Special:Block]] now has two minor interface changes. Administrators can now easily perform indefinite blocks through a dedicated radio button in the expiry section. Also, choosing an indefinite expiry provides a different set of common reasons to select from, which can be changed at: [[MediaWiki:Ipbreason-indef-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401823] * Mobile editors [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Logged-out|at several wikis]] can now see an improved logged-out edit warning, thanks to the recent updates from the Growth team. These changes released last week are part of ongoing efforts and tests to enhance [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|account creation experience on mobile]] and then increase participation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408484] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented mobile web users from seeing the block information when affected by multiple blocks has been fixed. They can now see messages of all the blocks currently affecting them when they access Wikipedia. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Images built using Toolforge will soon get the upgraded buildpacks version, bringing support for newer language versions and other upstream improvements and fixes. If you use Toolforge Build Service, review the recent [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EMYTA32EV2V5SQ2JIEOD2CL66YFIZEKV/ cloud-announce email] and update your build configuration as necessary to ensure your tools are compatible. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Toolforge/Building_container_images&oldid=2392097#Buildpack_environment_upgrade_process][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380127] * The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal] documentation wiki will shut down in June 2026. API keys created on the API Portal will continue to work normally. api.wikimedia.org endpoints will be deprecated gradually starting in July 2026. Documentation on the API Portal is moving to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is considering improvements to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|automatically generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Please check out the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|proposed solutions]] and participate in the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|request for comment]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W13"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:50, 23 Martii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30268305 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-14</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Beta version of [[abstract:|Abstract Wikipedia]] a new Wikimedia project which is language-independent, was launched last week. The project allows communities to build Wikipedia articles in their native language, which can be readily accessed by other users in their own languages. The wiki is powered by instructions from Wikifunctions and also based on structured content from Wikidata. [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-26|Read more]]. '''Updates for editors''' * The Growth team is running an A/B test to evaluate a clearer, more user-friendly message that promotes account creation on wikis. Currently when logged-out mobile users begin editing, they see a jarring warning message that can feel abrupt and discouraging. This also presents temporary account editing as the default rather than encouraging account creation. The test is running on ten Wikipedias, including Arabic, French, Spanish and German. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#2. Improve logged-out warning message (T415160)|Read more]]. * The Wikimedia Apps team is inviting feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|how editing should work on the Wikipedia mobile apps]]. The discussion focuses on improving how users access editing tools when they tap "Edit". This is part of a broader effort to convert readers who develop an interest in editing, to access a more user-friendly pathway to start contributing. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:45}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:45|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where citation fetching from the large newspaper archive [https://www.newspapers.com Newspapers.com] was no longer working, due to a block in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|Citoid]] requests, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419903] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W14"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:25, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30329462 --> == Join the sixth Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia 2026.png|right|250px|thumb|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%27s_Cultural_Diplomacy_Month_2026|Join our campaign!]] {{int:please-translate}} Dear Wikipedians! [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the sixth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from '''1st April''' until '''30th April 2026'''. The initiative aims to promote knowledge about Ukrainian culture abroad by creating and improving Wikipedia articles in multiple languages. This year marks the sixth edition of the campaign, which will focus on contemporary culture, making today’s artistic voices and practices more visible to international audiences. 🧩'''How to participate?''' Choose an article from the suggested list → Write an article in your language, or improve an existing one according to the rules → Add your contribution to the contest page and calculate your points → Win prizes and receive a certificate of participation → Become a promoter of truthful knowledge about Ukraine. 🧩'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Check our main page for more information]]'''. '''If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.''' If not, then we encourage you to translate the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|landing page of the contest]] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCDM2026banner&messages=&language=en&x=D banner] into your own language. Also, we set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in this challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) 04:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:OlesiaLukaniuk_(WMUA)/list_of_wikis&oldid=28552112 --> == Action Required: Update templates/modules for electoral maps (Migrating from P1846 to P14226) == Hello everyone, This is a notice regarding an ongoing data migration on Wikidata that may affect your election-related templates and Lua modules (such as <code>Module:Itemgroup/list</code>). '''The Change:'''<br /> Currently, many templates pull electoral maps from Wikidata using the property [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]], combined with the qualifier [[:d:Property:P180|P180]]: [[:d:Q19571328|Q19571328]]. We are migrating this data (across roughly 4,000 items) to a newly created, dedicated property: '''[[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]]'''. '''What You Need To Do:'''<br /> To ensure your templates and infoboxes do not break or lose their maps, please update your local code to fetch data from [[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]] instead of the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] + [[:d:Property:P180|P180]] structure. A [[m:Wikidata/Property Migration: P1846 to P14226/List|list of pages]] was generated using Wikimedia Global Search. '''Deadline:'''<br /> We are temporarily retaining the old data on [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] to allow for a smooth transition. However, to complete the data cleanup on Wikidata, the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] statements will be removed after '''May 1, 2026'''. Please update your modules and templates before this date to prevent any disruption to your wiki's election articles. Let us know if you have any questions or need assistance with the query logic. Thank you for your help! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] using [[Usor:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:MediaWiki message delivery|disputatio]]) 17:11, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29941252 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] now includes a new group goal-setting feature, enabling organizers to set and track event goals such as the number of articles created and participating contributors in real time. Similarly, participants can work toward shared targets and see their collective impact as the event unfolds. The feature is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Learn more in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Collaborative contributions#Goal setting|the documentation]]. * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|watchlist labels]] feature (announced in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Tech News 2026-07]]) is now available via VisualEditor, the source editor, and the 'watchstar' (or watch link, for skins that don't have a star icon). Previously it was only possible to assign labels via [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]]. In all three places it is a new field following the expiry field. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where talk pages on mobile with Parsoid are unusable after empty section headers, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419171] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]], which lets editors add details to an existing reference without duplicating it, will be gradually rolled out to [[phab:T414094|more wikis]] later this year. Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] gadget are encouraged to update their version (typically at [[m:MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js|MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]] as shown [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1344408362 here]) to ensure compatibility. Other reference-related gadgets may also be affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416304] * All Wikinews editions will be closed and switched to read-only mode on 4 May 2026. Content will remain accessible, but no new edits or articles can be added. This closure was approved by the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation following extended discussions. [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard#Board of Trustees Approves Closure of Wikinews|Read more]]. * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Action API|Action API]] has had several formats for requested output. One of them, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>format=php</nowiki></code></bdi>, is being removed soon. Please ensure your scripts or bots use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Data formats#Output|JSON format]]. This removal should affect very few scripts and bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T118538] * The [[Special:NamespaceInfo|Special:NamespaceInfo]] page now includes namespace aliases. For example "WP" for the "Project" ("Wikipedia") namespace on the German Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381455] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W15"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:18, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30362761 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-16</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Experienced editors are invited to [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Main_Page test] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature, designed to help less-experienced editors create well-structured, policy-compliant Wikipedia articles. Testing instructions are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide|available]]. Also, after reviewing [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance the outlines], please provide feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Article guidance|project talk page]]. Based on your input, the feature will be refined and transferred to the pilot Wikipedias to translate and adapt. Check out [[c:File:Article Guidance workflow demo - April 2026.webm|the video]] explaining the feature. '''Updates for editors''' * On most wikis, all autoconfirmed users can now use [[Special:ChangeContentModel|Special:ChangeContentModel]] page to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|create new pages with custom content models]], such as mass message lists, making custom page formats more accessible. Check [[Special:ListGroupRights|Special:ListGroupRights]] for the status of your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248294] * The Growth team has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account_Creation_Experiments|account creation experiment]] to evaluate whether adding an account creation button to the mobile web header increases new account registrations and encourages more mobile users to contribute to the wikis. The experiment is currently live on Hindi, Indonesian, Bengali, Thai, and Hebrew Wikipedia, and targets 10% of logged-out mobile web users. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where VisualEditor could get stuck loading on Windows devices with animations turned off, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382856] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting later this week, {{int:group-abusefilter}} who have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature enabled will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] as the editor at [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]]. This is part of the broader effort to make the user experience more consistent across all editors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399673][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * Tools and bots that access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications/API|Notifications API]] (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=query&meta=notifications</nowiki></code></bdi>) will need to update their OAuth or BotPassword grants to also include access to private notifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421991] * Due to a library upgrade, listings on category pages may be displayed out of order starting on Monday, 20th April. A migration script will be run to correct this, and will take hours to days depending on the size of the wiki (up to a week for English Wikipedia). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T422544] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W16"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:18, 13 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30380527 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * After two years of development, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]], also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], is to be promoted out of beta on Tuesday, April 21. It brings better code and wikitext readability, reduction in typing errors, and other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|benefits]] to all users of the standard syntax highlighter. A huge thank you to volunteer [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/p/Bhsd/ Bhsd] who developed many of the new features, including [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Code folding|code folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linting]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * A major update to the Wikipedia app for iOS is now rolling out, redesigning the interface to align with Apple's latest "Liquid Glass" visual design. [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia/id324715238 Download the latest version] and explore the update. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading lists]] is a feature which allows readers to save articles to a list for reading later. This feature is now in beta on Arabic, French, Indonesian, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and by default for all new accounts on all Wikipedias. * An experiment which explores extending [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Page Previews to mobile web]] will be launched in the week of April 20 on Arabic, English, French, Italian, Polish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. Page Previews are pop-ups that display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and a link to open the full article of a blue link, thereby improving content discovery. The feature is already available on desktop and in the apps. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology#Template|Read more about this experiment and others]]. * On several wikis, logged-in editors who haven't [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email confirmation|confirmed their email addresses]] can now see a banner encouraging them to do so. Having the email address confirmed allows a user to restore access to the account if they lose it. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Encouraging users to confirm their email addresses|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421366] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:15}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:15|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where editing very large wiki pages in the 2017 wikitext editor caused slow loading, preview and scrolling lag, and performance issues when selecting, cutting, or pasting content, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184857] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As part of the promotion of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] from a beta feature, all users will use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * The <code>mirrors.wikimedia.org</code> service for Debian and Ubuntu users will sunset and stop working on May 15. The resources for the service will be replaced with new and better options. Some users may need to switch to a different server which should take about a minute. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LJYRIS4WB66HIRCAO4GIDTXCMDVZRBMA/ You can read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416707] * The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> table will be removed from [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|wikireplicas]]. If your tools or queries access <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> directly, please update them to use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>file</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>filerevision</nowiki></code></bdi> table before 28 May. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T28741] * Following the recent implementation of global API rate limits on unidentified traffic, the Wikimedia Foundation will continue efforts to ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]] by applying global limits to identified API traffic beginning the last week of April. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Attribution API|Attribution API]] is now available as a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Stability policy|beta]]. The API fetches information for crediting Wikimedia articles and media files wherever they are used. Reference documentation is available through the REST Sandbox special page available on all Wikimedia wikis (such as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=attribution.v0-beta&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST sandbox on English Wikipedia]). Share your feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Attribution API|project talk page]]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W17"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14:59, 20 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30432763 --> == Request for comment (global AI policy) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. {{int:Please-translate}} A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[Usor:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:MediaWiki message delivery|disputatio]]) 00:58, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) </bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30424282 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * There is a change in how new users are autoconfirmed that will improve anti-vandalism protection. Currently, users who have had an account for a few days and made a few edits are automatically added to the [[{{int:grouppage-autoconfirmed/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}|{{int:group-autoconfirmed}}]] group. This configuration tends to be exploited by some vandals, who create accounts and start to use them only after some time. To mitigate this, the configuration will be updated next week so that – for the purpose of becoming autoconfirmed – the account age will be counted from their first edit, instead of registration date. The numeric value of the age threshold will remain the same. This change will be deployed only to wikis which require at least one edit as part of the autoconfirmation conditions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418484] * All Wikipedia users with new accounts and those who activated the "automatically enable most beta features" option in their preference can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|reading lists]] beta feature to save articles for later reading. This helps organize reading interests in one place for convenient access. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where infobox images have huge padding in Firefox, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As a reminder, the global API rate limits will be applied this week to identified API traffic. This is to help ensure [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]]. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, including the actual rate limits, see [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.26|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:05, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30458046 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] team invites experienced editors of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators|pilot Wikipedias]]—Arabic, Bangla, Japanese, Portuguese, Persian, Turkish, Simple English, Spanish, and French—to help translate and adapt [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance sample outlines]. These outlines will guide editors in creating clear, well-structured, and policy-compliant articles when using [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Special:NewArticle the feature] once it is launched in May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|Simple instructions]] on how to translate and adapt the outlines are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has published [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|draft recommendations]] on a model that affiliates can follow when contributing to the technical space. Community members are invited to provide feedback on the recommendation until May 8th [[:m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|on the talk page]]. * The number of available thumbnail size preferences in MediaWiki is being reduced to three standardized options—Small (180px), Regular (250px), and Large (400px), as part of ongoing efforts to improve performance and reduce strain on thumbnail services. As a result, existing preferences will be mapped to the nearest new size (for example, smaller selections like 120px or 150px will render at 180px, while larger ones like 300px or 360px will render at 400px). The preferences interface will soon be updated to reflect these changes, and users who wish to opt out or provide feedback can do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424909] * From now on, even when a permission expires automatically, users will receive an Echo notification similar to the standard notification for permission changes. There is a difference between this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]] in that the latter reminds users a week ''before'' the rights are due to expire, so that they can renew the rights. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the problem where the ULS language selector in [[m:Special:Translate|Special:Translate]] would scroll vertically when it shouldn't, has been resolved. Previously, when users opened the "Translate to English" dropdown and typed certain inputs, the dialog would scroll vertically by a few pixels even when there was enough space to display all results. The dropdown no longer shifts unnecessarily when filtering languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358864] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]], which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page, continues to improve. For example, watchlists for Wikibase sites such as [[:d:|Wikidata]] now support [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EntitySchema|EntitySchema]] elements for better tracking. The Live Updates mode now refreshes the special page every 60 seconds to comply with the updated [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] for improved real-time responsiveness. Additionally, a directionality bug that displayed links as "changes 3" instead of "3 changes" in mixed-direction lists has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415450][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424422][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418091] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The second phase of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] has been rolled out to reduce the [[diffblog:2026/03/26/quo-vadis-crawlers-progress-and-whats-next-on-safeguarding-our-infrastructure/|impact of AI crawlers]] and ensure fair, sustainable access to Wikimedia resources, prioritising human and mission-aligned traffic. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits#Limits|Limits]] have been shifted from per-hour to per-minute, producing smoother traffic patterns and more predictable API load. Community users are not expected to be affected, and no action is required. Early indications show some User-Agent-based requestors are adjusting behaviour, and around 64% of automated API traffic has been identified. Monitoring continues, and Wikimedia Enterprise remains available for commercial support. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.27|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W19"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:42, 4 Maii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30498077 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-20</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Community Tech has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/How to write a good wish|new guidance]] explaining how wishes on Community Wishlist are triaged and prioritized. The documentation is intended to help contributors write stronger proposals by clarifying the factors that influence prioritization decisions. Beyond vote counts, the guidance highlights considerations such as potential impact on the community when determining which wishes move forward. '''Updates for editors''' * The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment to test a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Share_Card|Share Card feature]] that allows readers to create visually engaging cards from Wikipedia articles or selected article sections and share them online, with each card linking back to the original article to help expand readership and article discovery. The mobile-only A/B test will be available to a portion of readers on Arabic, Chinese, French, Vietnamese, and English Wikipedia to better understand reading and sharing habits, and is scheduled to begin the week of May 18 and run for four weeks. * The Android and iOS Wikipedia apps recently released the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/25th_Birthday_Reading_Challenge|25-day reading challenge]] into Beta, as part of efforts to drive reader engagement by encouraging users to complete reading milestones. To track their reading streak during the challenge, App users can add a widget featuring Baby Globe to their home screen. The challenge officially begins May 11. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:17}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:17|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the global preference for enabling syntax highlighting in wikitext could unexpectedly disable itself after being turned on, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425286] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader module <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.ui.input</nowiki></code></bdi>, deprecated since [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|September 2023]], will be removed this week. There is a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420125] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W20"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:20, 11 Maii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30524429 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-21</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Abstract Wikipedia team has identified five potential pilot wikis to assess their interest in adopting abstract articles on their wikis. The pilots are Malayalam, Bengali, Dagbani, Arabic, and Indonesian Wikipedia. The feedback period will be open until May 22. If your community is interested in becoming a pilot, [[m:Talk:Abstract Wikipedia|let us know on Meta]]. '''Updates for editors''' * An experiment to show [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] to logged-out readers on mobile web will launch on May 18 across German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu Wikipedias, and will run for one month. The effort supports broader goals of helping readers save and organize articles for later reading, while encouraging habits that could lead to future Wikipedia contributions. * To support a bookmark button in the Reading List beta feature, the "Tools > Action" menu has been updated to display icons, including the watch star indicator that helps editors identify temporarily watched articles. The icons now also match those used on mobile, improving consistency across platforms. The change is currently limited to the actions menu and mainly affects editors with privileged user rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T426008] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] was released as an [[w:en:A/B test|A/B test]] for newcomer editors on the mobile website at [[phab:T421189|~15 Wikipedias]]. The experiment will measure the impact that Suggestion Mode has on the proportion of newcomer mobile web edit sessions that result in constructive (un-reverted) article edits. The experiment will also evaluate the feature's impact on editor retention, and monitor changes in revert and block rates. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue in the Wikipedia Android app where images could sometimes fail to load after opening a recommended reading list notification, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418231] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|Wikidata Platform team]] has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/Backend Replacement|backend replacement recommendation]] and accompanying [[wikitech:Wikidata Query Service/WDQS Architecture re-design|technical architecture]] for the migration of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) away from Blazegraph. Feedback is invited until May 25th 2026, especially on potential gaps and impacts on advanced use cases. Wikidata community members and WDQS users are also encouraged to help identify high-impact tools and workflows that may need attention on [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/High-Impact Use Cases|this page]]. Feedback can be shared on the [[d:Wikidata talk:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update|Migration talk page]] or during the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Blazegraph Migration Office Hours|next office hour]]. See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|WDP team newsletter]] for more details. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * On English, French, Japanese, and a few other Wikipedias, there was a [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|trial of hCaptcha]], a third-party bot detection service. The trial showed that hCaptcha effectively detects and deters some bad-faith automated activity, on its own and by giving [[w:en:Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)/Archive 225#Introducing SuggestedInvestigations|checkusers and stewards]] signals to look into. Because the results were positive, hCaptcha will be rolled out across all wikis over the next few weeks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|See the hCaptcha project page]] for technical information about the implementation and privacy protections. [[diffblog:2026/05/04/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha-part-2/|Learn more]]. * The latest Community Tech update is now available, with progress across several Community Wishlist initiatives, including Reading Lists expansion from the mobile app to the website, new language support for "Who Wrote That" and the Personal Dashboard, improvements to 3D rendering and Charts, and upcoming work on talk page sorting, audio playback, and editing workflows. The update also shares current priorities, wishlist status trends, and opportunities for community feedback on future focus areas and the Wikimedia Foundation’s 2026–2027 Annual Plan. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 13, 2026: Latest updates from the Community Tech team|Read the full newsletter for details]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W21"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:21, 18 Maii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30539262 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-22</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Following a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#LOWM|successful account creation experiment]], an improved logged-out edit warning message will be deployed to all Wikimedia wikis in the first week of June. The change will only affect logged-out users on mobile web who open an editing session. The updated experience is designed to encourage account creation more clearly, while still allowing users to edit with temporary accounts. Results from the experiment showed a significant increase in account creation, with a 27% relative lift among users shown the updated message. As expected, as more people funnel into account creation, temporary accounts decreased by a relative 16%. The experiment did not show any significant changes in constructive edit rates or other monitored contributor metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424595] '''Updates for editors''' * For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Members of these groups will be unable to disable the last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the next few weeks, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. Notably, this applies to bureaucrats. See the linked tasks for deployment schedules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423119][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423120] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] will run an [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on [[:phab:T415904|10 wikis]], testing [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/Reference Previews|potential improvements for Reference Previews]]. The experiment will run for ~2 weeks at the end of May / beginning of June and will affect 10% of desktop readers on the participating wikis. * After two successful experiments, the Reader Growth team is rolling out an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature for all Wikipedias on mobile on May 25. This means that anyone who has all beta features on by default will start to see this feature, and others can check the box to turn it on in their preferences. The beta feature will include a carousel of all an article's images at the top of the article, with controls for editors to [[mw:Readers/Reader_Growth/Image_Browsing#Phase_2.1_beta_feature|exclude images from the article's carousel or to exclude an article from the feature entirely]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, three dimensional STL files were being rendered incorrectly by the media viewer 3D extension which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416723] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The legacy CSS classes <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tright</nowiki></code></bdi> have been replaced with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatright</nowiki></code></bdi> as the former do not work consistently across all MediaWiki platforms, notably mobile web and mobile apps. Projects relying on these classes are encouraged to review related usage and plan for migration. Please note that <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatright</nowiki></code></bdi> may also be deprecated in future, although there are currently no plans to do so. [[phab:T426452|Read more]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W22"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:51, 25 Maii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30584502 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Vote now in the 2026 U4C election</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 2 June 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 14 June 2026. -- In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17:14, 27 Maii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-23</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] is conducting an experiment to show the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|reading lists]] feature, which is still in development, to logged-out mobile readers to test whether it encourages account creation at a higher rate compared to the watchstar button. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists#Experiment timeline|experiment]] was launched on May 18th on German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu wikis, and it will run for a month. * The Wikimedia Apps team released [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|Phase 1]] of the redesigned Home Feed to the Android Beta app. The new Home Feed includes a refreshed "Community" tab and a personalized "For You" tab featuring daily updated reading recommendations. The redesign is part of a broader effort to improve content discovery and create more engaging learning experiences in the Wikipedia apps. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where images could fail to load for some suggested edits on [[w:Special:Homepage|Special:Homepage]], leaving the thumbnail stuck in a loading state, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424048] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W23"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:08, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30613639 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-24</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/24|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikimedia Enterprise has increased the free usage limits for its API offerings. The monthly request limit for the On-demand API has increased from 5,000 to 50,000 requests, while the Snapshot API limit has increased from 15 to 30 requests per month. In addition, Structured Contents snapshots are now available for free accounts. These changes expand access to Wikimedia Enterprise data for developers, researchers, and organizations using Wikimedia content. [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/enhanced-free-api] '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|refreshed Explore Feed]], now called the Home Feed, is rolling out to 50% of users of the Wikipedia Android app. The Home Feed helps readers discover relevant content through two new tabs: ''Community'' and ''For You''. The Community tab provides a scrollable feed of curated content and updates from the broader Wikimedia community and movement, while the ''For You'' tab offers a full-screen, swipeable experience that shows content tailored to a user's interests. The redesign is part of a broader effort to improve discovery and enhance the learning experience in the Wikipedia app. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/"Which came first?" Game|Which came first?]] daily trivia game is now available in the beta version of the Wikipedia iOS app in English, German, French, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, and Turkish. The game uses historical events from Wikipedia's "On This Day" content and challenges readers to guess which of two events happened first. The game was previously released on Android. Communities interested in making the game available in their languages can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Games#Game availability by language|read the instructions and requirements]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new MediaWiki feature that allows editors to reuse references with different details, will begin rolling out to Wikimedia wikis following a successful pilot phase. Deployment will start on 8 June for most [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Wednesday|Group 1 wikis]] and French Wikipedia, with additional Wikipedia language editions receiving the feature over the coming months. Communities are encouraged to prepare by checking for [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-cite&language=en&action_source=search&filter=%21translated&optional=1&action=translate untranslated Cite extension messages] in their language and reviewing any use of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]], which may require [[:phab:T416304#11668731|updates]] to support the new functionality. Wikis using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] do not need to take any action. Communities may also wish to create the ''cite-tracking-category-ref-details'' [[Special:TrackingCategories|tracking category]] as a hidden category using <code><nowiki>__HIDDENCAT__</nowiki></code> (or a dedicated template), and connect it to the corresponding Wikidata item [[d:Q129764848]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425662] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews#Experimentation|Page Previews experiment]] on mobile web has concluded. The team decided not to roll out the feature after the results showed no statistically significant impact on reader retention, as the primary success metric was retention improvement. Page Previews, which are already available on desktop and in the apps, display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and link to the full article when readers tap a blue link. The experiment tested this experience on mobile web across six Wikipedias. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Design/Icons|user interface icon library]] will be [[phab:T399175|updated later this week or next week]]. Most of the ~300 icons have been slightly refined and ~30 new icons have been added. These changes improve the icons to make them more consistent and comprehensible, and provide more visual balance when they are used in groups. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector|Universal Language Selector]] (ULS) interface in MediaWiki, which helps users select content in other languages, has been updated. The new version improves speed and accessibility, and users of Wikimedia projects can now pin languages for quicker language switching. The deployment to Wikimedia sites will happen gradually in the coming weeks. You can test it now as a beta feature by selecting [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features]] in your profile preferences and share your feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector/New ULS|the project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the Pageviews Analysis dashboard on pageviews.wmcloud.org stopped updating graph data in May 2026, affecting all users, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427171] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The function signature for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mw.util.addPortletLink()</nowiki></code></bdi> has been simplified. Developers can now pass a configuration object instead of a list of positional parameters when creating portlet links. The previous function signature remains supported for backwards compatibility. For example, instead of: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mw.util.addPortletLink('p-cactions', '#', 'Stub', 'ca-stubtag', 'Add a stub tag to this page');</nowiki></code></bdi> use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mw.util.addPortletLink('p-cactions', { href: '#', text: 'Stub', id: 'ca-stubtag', tooltip: 'Add a stub tag to this page' });</nowiki></code></bdi>. Script maintainers are encouraged to review existing uses of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>addPortletLink()</nowiki></code></bdi> and update them where appropriate. This change will be available on all wikis from 11 June. Thanks to community volunteer Gerges for contributing this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427945] * '''Community Wishlist discussion''': Product & Technology [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 20, 2026: Community Tech becomes a program|introduced changes]] meant to increase the number and complexity of wishes fulfilled, including the disbanding of the Community Tech team. They are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|engaging in discussions]] about a [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist#Proposed direction for Wishlist|proposed direction for the wishlist]] from community members. Includes ways to structure annual voting, better tracking of wishes, removing focus areas, and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|staffing updates]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.6|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W24"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:29, 8 Iunii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30650573 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-25</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth|Reader Growth team]] has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature on the mobile web version of all Wikipedias. The feature shows an image carousel at the top of articles with 3 or more images. Editors can configure this feature with the following controls: to hide a specific image from a page, either use <code>class=notpageimage</code> excluding it from thumbnail previews, or <code>class=noviewer</code> excluding it from MediaViewer. The carousel can also be disabled from a page entirely, with the magic word <code><nowiki>__NOMEDIAVIEWERCAROUSEL__</nowiki></code>. To submit feedback or flag bugs, please visit the [[mw:Talk:Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|project page]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tables#class="wikitable"|Wikitables]] can now be [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Sortable tables#Forcing the initial sort direction|sorted in descending order]] on the first click by adding <code dir=ltr>data-sort-order="desc"</code> to the header cell. Previously, by default, clicking a column header for the first time sorts it in ascending order. This addition to a Wikitable gives it more control and flexibility, while the default behavior for subsequent clicks remains unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398416] '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature is currently being tested with some editors creating new articles on the Simple English, French, and Turkish Wikipedias. The experiment will soon begin on the Arabic and Bangla Wikipedias as well. [[w:simple:Special:NewArticle|This feature]] gives editors community-curated guidance to help them create articles that follow community standards. Experienced editors can continue creating or adapting outlines for specific article types that are commonly created by less experienced contributors. The outlines guide less experienced editors in creating high-quality articles. A quick guide to markups used in outlines can be found on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide#Markups in outlines|this page]]. [[w:simple:Wikipedia:Article Guidance|Example outlines]] that can be adapted and instructions for how to adapt them are on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|this section]] of the project page. * Wikis that wish to replace the "indefinitely" button in Special:Block for temporary accounts (for example, wikis that block temporary users only until account expiration) will be able to do so by creating [[MediaWiki:ipb-indefinite-expiry-temporary-account]] with the block duration they want. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427125] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:41}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:41|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * By the end of June, a valid user-agent string will be required for automated dumps downloads from the dumps.wikimedia.org website. Automated requests that provide a generic or empty user-agent will be blocked. This [[phab:T400119|extends enforcement]] of the long standing [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|user-agent policy]]. Access to dumps through Wikimedia Cloud Services will not change. * The roll out of global [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|API rate limits]] is now complete, with limits enforced across all APIs and at the documented levels for all groups. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki remain exempt. All bots should continue to follow the documented best practices to avoid being rate limited. * The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal wiki] will be read only starting this week (June 15-18). The following week (June 22-25), all API Portal wiki URLs will redirect to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|Wikimedia APIs on mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.7|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * On June 17th at 6pm UTC the WMF will be holding Discord call focused on a code review. We've heard through the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Developer Satisfaction Survey/2026|Developer Satisfaction Survey]] that volunteers are struggling with code review and we'd like to discuss these experiences with the goal of surfacing workable solutions. You can join the call [https://discord.gg/wikipedia?event=1514727511102062664 via the Wikimedia Community Discord server]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Conferencia Wikimedia de América Latina 2026|Latin American Wikimedia Conference]] will host a regional hackathon that will bring together the Wikimedia movement’s technical community including developers, system administrators, data scientists, and users with extended rights. Interested technical contributors can [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSf4osJzTHBJjQbYJk7TMVEJjTEQv7IgtsUDfP-o-qTgeRQQxw/viewform apply for a scholarship] to participate until June 21 at midnight (Bolivia time, UTC-4). * Sign up for Wikimania Team Challenges to join this special event. The Team challenges will take place online and in person from July 21 to 22, before Wikimania conference. Everyone is welcome, regardless of skills or Wikimania registration. Teams will work on 10 important challenges supporting the Wikimedia community. For details, visit [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2026:Team challenges|the Team Challenges page]] and [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/wm/teamchallenges/ register there]. Registration closes on June 20th at 11pm UTC. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W25"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:48, 15 Iunii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30689604 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-26</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/26|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth features]] are [[phab:T418115|now available at Wikidata]]. This update enables access to Mentorship ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|if configured]]), Impact module, the Help Panel, and a simplified Newcomer Homepage (without Suggested Edits). Wikidata administrators are still configuring the features through Community Configuration. '''Updates for editors''' * The special page [[{{#special:RangeCalculator}}]] has been created. It allows users to find an IP range without needing to rely on external tools. Until now, this tool was only available to CheckUsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T268429] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]] is a new MediaWiki feature that allows editors to reuse references with different details. It will be deployed to most small and medium-sized Wikipedia language versions on June 23. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#deployment|FAQ]] lists possible actions to take on your wiki to support the deployment. Check the [[:phab:T414094|rollout plan]] for the next deployment steps. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428902] * Starting next week, users will get a notification when they are blocked or unblocked from editing, or if this block changes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100974] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting next week, abuse filters that are set to "require CAPTCHA verification" will begin to also affect users with the <code>skipcaptcha</code> right, which includes most autoconfirmed users. Bots are exempted. This change only affects edits that trigger an abuse filter. The <code>skipcaptcha</code> right will continue to exempt users from having to solve CAPTCHAs in the ordinary course of using the wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402595] * Reference documentation for the [[wikitech:Machine_Learning/LiftWing/API|Lift Wing API]] has moved from the API Portal to the interactive [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?api=lift-wing&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST Sandbox]. * The API Portal wiki is now closed. For API documentation, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_APIs|Wikimedia APIs on mediawiki.org]]. All API Portal wiki URLs (https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/) will redirect to the mediawiki.org page starting June 22. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427537] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.8|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * Join an online call on 25 June at 2:30pm UTC to meet the current Wikimedia interns for [[mw:Google_Summer_of_Code/2026|Google Summer of Code]] and [[mw:Outreachy/Round_32|Outreachy]]. Interns will provide an overview of their projects and a brief demo of their work so far. Attendees are encouraged to [[mw:event:Google_Summer_of_Code/Summer_2026_June_Internship_open_session|share ideas and connections in their community]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W26"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 13:04, 23 Iunii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30722494 --> gg6313883ft9i7ietd5mdsistemcxzq 3966118 3966063 2026-06-23T17:11:44Z MediaWiki message delivery 62628 /* RFC about AI-generated content in Wikimedia Commons */ nova pars 3966118 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__<nowiki />[[Categoria:Vicipaedia]][[Categoria:Fora Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]]{{Capsa paginae|1= Haec pagina nuntios technicos qui e [[MediaVici]] proveniunt praebet. Vide etiam [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2016|nuntios anni 2016]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2017|nuntios anni 2017]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2018|nuntios anni 2018]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2019|nuntios anni 2019]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2020|nuntios anni 2020]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2021|nuntios anni 2021]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2022|nuntios anni 2022]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2023|nuntios anni 2023]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2024|nuntios anni 2024]] et [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2025|nuntios anni 2025]]. }} == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-03</span> == {{Accepta|Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2025|Tech News: 2026-03|Nuntia ad novum annum mota --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]}} <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * As part of the current work of Community Tech team on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W372|Multiple watchlists]] project, the display of [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]] will be updated as a first step towards multiple watchlists. Additionally, the pagination on [[Special:Search|Search]] will be updated too, as a part of the work on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W186|Revamp pagination / page navigation]] wish. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411596] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] is a MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that lets you see your watchlists from different wikis on the same page. It was recently updated to look more like the regular [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]], such as preparing it for temporary accounts in IP masking (including rerouting user links to contributions pages), making page titles bold, and opening links in edit summaries and tags in new browser tabs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398361][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298919][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273526][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286309] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where global blocks did not have the option to disable sending emails, has now been fixed, and will be available for use in the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401293] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Citation tool|VisualEditor citation tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] now support "map" as a reference type. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411083] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]/[[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.11|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W03"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:32, 12 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29907192 --> == Thank You for Last Year – Join Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 == {{Accepta|Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2025|Thank You for Last Year – Join Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Nuntium ad novum annum motum --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]}} Dear Wikimedia communities, We hope you are doing well, and we wish you a happy New Year. ''Last year, we captured light. This year, we’ll capture legacy.'' In 2025, communities around the world shared the glow of Ramadan nights and the warmth of collective iftars. In 2026, ''Wiki Loves Ramadan'' is expanding, bringing more stories, more cultures, and deeper global connections across Wikimedia projects. We invite you to explore the ''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026'' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Meta page]] to learn how you can participate and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/Participating communities|sign up]] your community. 📷 ''Photo campaign on '' [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Wikimedia Commons]] If you have questions about the project, please refer to the FAQs: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ/|Meta-Wiki]] * [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ|Wikimedia Commons]] ''Early registration for updates is now open via the '''[[m:Special:RegisterForEvent/2710|Event page]]''''' ''Stay connected and receive updates:'' * [https://t.me/WikiLovesRamadan Telegram channel] * [https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/wikilovesramadan.lists.wikimedia.org/ Mailing list] We look forward to collaborating with you and your community. '''The Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 Organizing Team''' 19:45, 16 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29879549 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> ;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 Dear Wiki Community, We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia. The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects. ;About the Campaign '''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices. ;What Can Participants Write About? Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to: * Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations * Folk dances, music, and traditional performances * Women and queer figures in folklore * Women in mythology and oral traditions * Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives * Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends * Folk games, sports, and cultural practices Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools. ;How to Sign Up as an Organizer Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community: # Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] # Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool # Prepare a local article list and clearly mention: #* Campaign timeline #* Local and international prizes # Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]] # Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]''' ;Campaign Tools The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants: * '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats. * '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]''' ;Learn More & Get Support For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''. If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via: * '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]''' * Email us using details on the contact page. ;Join Us We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia. Thank you and best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]''' ---- ''Stay connected:'' [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> == Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 in Your Country == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Hello everyone, We are delighted to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and community organizations worldwide to participate in '''Wiki Loves Folklore 2026''', an international initiative dedicated to documenting and celebrating folk culture across the globe. ;About Wiki Loves Folklore '''Wiki Loves Folklore''' is an annual international photography competition hosted on Wikimedia Commons. The campaign runs from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and encourages photographers, cultural enthusiasts, and community members to contribute photographs that highlight: * Folk traditions and rituals * Cultural festivals and celebrations * Traditional attire and crafts * Performing arts, music, and dance * Everyday practices rooted in folk heritage Through this campaign, we aim to preserve and promote diverse folk cultures and make them freely accessible to the world. [[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026|Project page on Wikimedia Commons]] ; Host a Local Edition As we celebrate the '''eight edition''' of Wiki Loves Folklore, we warmly invite communities to organize a local edition in their country or region. Hosting a local campaign is a great opportunity to: * Increase visibility of your region’s folk culture * Engage new contributors in your community * Enrich Wikimedia Commons with high-quality cultural content '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026/Organize|Sign up to organize]]:''' If your team prefers to organize the competition in ''either February or March only'', please feel free to let us know. If you are unable to organize, we encourage you to share this opportunity with other interested groups or organizations in your region. ;Get in Touch If you have any questions, need support, or would like to explore collaboration opportunities, please feel free to contact us via: * The project Talk pages * Email: '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org''' We are also happy to connect via an online meeting if your team would like to discuss planning or coordination in more detail. Warm regards, '''The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team''' </div> [[Usor:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:MediaWiki message delivery|disputatio]]) 13:21, 18 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=29228188 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-04</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The tray shown on [[Special:Diff|Special:Diff]] in mobile view has been redesigned. It is now collapsed by default, and incorporates a link to undo the edit being viewed, making it easier for mobile editors and reviewers to take action while keeping the interface uncluttered. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402297] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now automatically determines the text direction (ensuring correct display of sites with unusual domain names) and shows detailed descriptions for log actions. Later this week, a new permanent link for page creations and CSS classes for each entry element will be added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T412505][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287929][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262768][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414135] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the previously observed issue in Vector 2022, where anchor link targets were obscured by the sticky header, has now been addressed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406114] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As mentioned in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|October 2025 deprecation announcement]], MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin sunsetting all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the MediaWiki REST API the week of January 26. Changes are expected to roll out to all wikis on or before January 30th. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found, compared, and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox]. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in Phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board]. * Interactive reference documentation for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia REST API|Wikimedia REST API]] has moved. Requests to API docs previously hosted through [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase|RESTBase]] (e.g.: <code dir=ltr>https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/</code>) are now redirected to the [[w:en:Special:RestSandbox|REST Sandbox]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|WMF Wikidata Platform team]] (WDP) has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|January 2026 newsletter]]. It includes updates on the legacy full-graph endpoint decommissioning, the User-Agent policy change, the monthly Blazegraph migration office hours, and efforts to reduce regressions caused by the legacy endpoint shutdown. As a reminder, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/WDP team updates|subscribe to the WDP newsletter]]! * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.12|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications opened mid-December and will close soon or when capacity is reached. It's a two-day, technically oriented hackathon bringing together Wikimedians from the region. Hope to see you there! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W04"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:29, 19 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29943403 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Annual review of the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 9 February 2026. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]])<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> 21:01, 19 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29905753 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-05</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia Foundation invites comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Year1 Reflections and Proposed Way Forward 2026 Update|proposed future]] of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] until 28 February. * All users with registered accounts can now use passkeys for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). Passkeys are a simple way to log in without using a second device. They verify the user's identity using a fingerprint, face scan, or a PIN code. To set up a passkey, first set up a regular 2FA method. Currently, to log in with a passkey, users must also use a password. Later this quarter, passwordless login will allow users to log in with a single click and a passkey. Users with advanced rights will also be required to have 2FA enabled. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project. * Unregistered contributors on blocked IPs or blocked IP ranges can now interact on-wiki to appeal a block by creating a temporary account to appeal a block on the user talk page, unless the "prevent this user from editing their own talk page" is enabled. This solves the problem of logged-out users unable to use the default unblock process via user talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398673] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) methods description on the management page has been updated. It is now clearer and easier for users to understand and make use of. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332385] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new AbuseFilter variable, <code>account_type</code>, has been added to provide a reliable way to determine the account type being created in the <code>createaccount</code> and <code>autocreateaccount</code> actions. As part of this change, the variable <code>accountname</code> has been renamed to <code>account_name</code>, and <code>accountname</code> is now deprecated. Edit filter managers should update any filters that use hardcoded account type checks or the deprecated variable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414049] * Image thumbnails that are requested in non-standard sizes, and using non-standard methods such as direct requests to <code dir=ltr><nowiki>upload.wikimedia.org/…</nowiki></code> will stop working in the near future. This change is to prevent ongoing external abuse by web-scrapers and bots. Some users with custom CSS/JS, Interface Admins who can fix gadgets and local skins, and Tool-authors, will need to update their code to use standard thumbnail sizes. [[phab:T414805|Details, search-links, and examples of how to fix them, are available in the task]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.13|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W05"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:17, 26 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29969530 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-06</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The "{{int:pageinfo-toolboxlink}}" feature, which gives validating information about a page ([{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=info}} example]), now automatically includes a table of contents. If there is a local [[{{ns:8}}:Pageinfo-header]] page created by individual users, it can now be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363726] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, VisualEditor previously added bold or italic formatting inside link descriptions, making the wikicode complex. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409669] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * There was no XML dump on 20 January. Additionally, from now on, dumps will be generated once per month only. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414389] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team removed support for all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/API:REST%20API MediaWiki REST API]. All API users currently calling those endpoints are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''Weekly highlight''' * Users are reminded that the Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W06"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:43, 2 Februarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30000986 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-07</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Logged-in contributors who manage large or complex watchlists can now organise and filter watched pages in ways that improve their workflows with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|Watchlist labels]] feature. By adding custom labels (for example: pages you created, pages being monitored for vandalism, or discussion pages) users can more quickly identify what needs attention, reduce cognitive load, and respond more efficiently. This improves watchlist usability, especially for highly active editors. * A new feature available on [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] shows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] that are likely operated by the same person, and so makes patrolling less time-consuming. Upon checking contributions of a temporary account, users with access to temporary account IP addresses can now see a view of contributions from the related temporary accounts. The feature looks up all the IPs associated with a given temporary account within the data retention period and shows all the contributions of all temporary accounts that have used these IPs. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts#February 2026: Improvements to the patroller tooling|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415674] * When editors preview a wikitext edit, the reminder box that they are only seeing a preview (which is shown at the top), now has a grey/neutral background instead of a yellow/warning background. This makes it easier to distinguish preview notes from actual warnings (for example, edit conflicts or problematic redirect targets), which will now be shown in separate warning or error boxes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414742] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now properly supports more than one Wikibase site, for example both [[d:|Wikidata]] and [[testwikidata:|testwikidata]]. In addition, issues regarding text direction have been fixed for users who prefer Wikidata or other Wikibase sites in right-to-left (RTL) languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415440][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415458] * The automatic "magic links" for ISBN, RFC, and PMID numbers have been [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic links|deprecated in wikitext since 2021]] due to inflexibility and difficulties with localization. Several wikis have successfully replaced RFC and PMID magic links with equivalent external links, but a template was often required to replace the functionality of the ISBN magic link. There is now a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#isbn|built-in parser function]] <code dir=ltr><nowiki>{{#isbn}}</nowiki></code> available to replace the basic functionality of the ISBN magic link. This makes it easier for wikis who wish to migrate off of the deprecated magic link functionality to do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T145604] * Two new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35401|Jju]] ([[w:kaj:|<code>w:kaj:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413283] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q1186896|Nawat]] ([[w:ppl:|<code>w:ppl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413273] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new global user group has been created: [[{{int:grouppage-local-bot}}|{{int:group-local-bot}}]]. It will be used internally by the software to allow community bots to bypass rate limits that are applied to abusive [[w:en:Web scraping|web scrapers]]. Accounts that are approved as bots on at least one Wikimedia wiki will be automatically added to this group. It will not change what user permissions the bot has. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415588] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Spring 2026|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Spring 2026]] will be held March 25–27 in Salt Lake City, USA. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AZBWVI46SDEB65PGR5J6E4TYOQQEZXM7/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W07"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:29, 9 Februarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30026671 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-08</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Team]] will be performing a cleanup of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Etherpad|Etherpad]] instance, the web-based editor for real-time collaborative document editing. All pads will be permanently deleted after 30 April, 2026 – if there are still migration projects in progress at that point the team can revisit the date on a case by case basis. Please create local backups of any content you wish to keep, as deleted data cannot be recovered. This cleanup helps reduce database size and minimize infrastructure footprint. Etherpad will continue to support real-time collaboration, but long-term storage should not be expected. Additional cleanups may occur in the future without prior notice. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415237] '''Updates for editors''' * The Information Retrieval team will be launching an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|Android mobile app experiment]] that tests hybrid search capabilities which can handle both semantic and keyword queries. The improvement of on-platform search will enable readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. The experiment will first be launched on Greek Wikipedia in late February, followed by English, French, and Portuguese in March. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/08/semantic-search-making-it-easier-to-find-the-information-readers-want/ Read more] on Diff blog. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Information_Retrieval] * The Reader Growth team will run [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.10.2 Mobile Table of Contents|an experiment]] for mobile web users, that adds a table of contents and automatically expands all article sections, to learn more about navigation issues they face. The test will be available on Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. * Previously, site notices ([[{{ns:8}}:Sitenotice]] and [[{{ns:8}}:Anonnotice]]) would only render on the desktop site. Now, they will render on all platforms. Users on mobile web will now see these notices and be informed. Site administrators should be prepared to test and fix notices on mobile devices to avoid interference with articles. To opt out, interface admins can add <code dir="ltr">#siteNotice { display: none; }</code> to [[{{ns:8}}:Minerva.css]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138572][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416644] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue on [[Special:RecentChanges|Special:RecentChanges]] has been fixed. Previously, clicking hide in the active filters caused the "view new changes since…" button to disappear, though it should have remained visible. The button now behaves as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406339] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * New documentation is now available to help editors debug on-site search features. It supports troubleshooting when pages do not appear in results, when ranking seems unexpected, and when you need to inspect what content is being indexed, helping make search behavior easier to understand and analyze. [[mw:Help:CirrusSearch/Debug|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411169] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W08"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:16, 16 Februarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30086330 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-09</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Reference Check|Reference Check]] has been deployed to English Wikipedia, completing its rollout across all Wikipedias. The feature prompts newcomers to add a citation before publishing new content, helping reduce common citation-related reverts and improve verifiability. In A/B testing, the impact was substantial: newcomers shown Reference Check were approximately 2.2 times more likely to include a reference on desktop and about 17.5 times more likely on mobile web. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/reference_check_ab_test_report_final_2025.html] '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:InterwikiSorting|InterwikiSorting extension]], which allowed for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interwiki sorting order|sorting of interwiki links]], has been undeployed from Wikipedia. As a result, editors who had enabled interwiki link sorting in non-compact mode (full list format) will now see links reordered. The links moving forward will be listed in the alphabetical order of language code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253764] * Later this week, people who are editing a page-section using the mobile visual editor, will notice a new "Edit full page" button. When tapped, you will be able to edit the entire article. This helps when the change you want to make is outside the section you initially opened. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409112] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|The Reader Experience team]] is inviting editors to assess whether dark mode should still be considered "beta" on their wiki, based on their experience of how well it functions on desktop and mobile. If the feature is deemed mature, editors can update the interface messages in <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:skin-theme-description</code> and <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Vector-night-mode-beta-tag</code> to indicate that dark mode is ready and no longer considered beta. * The improved [[mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Activity_Tab|Activity tab]] which displays user-insights is now available to all users of the Wikipedia iOS app (version 7.9.0 and later). Following earlier A/B testing that showed higher account creation among users with access to the feature, it has been rolled out to 100% of users along with some updates. The Activity tab now shows your edited articles in the timeline, offers editing impact insights like contribution counts and article view trends, and customization options to improve in-app experience for users. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug that prevented [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] from working on mobile has now been fixed, restoring full functionality. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415303] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that makes this possible continues to improve. The latest upgrade is the inclusion of a [[mw:Extension:GlobalWatchlist#hook|new hook]], <code dir=ltr>ext.globalwatchlist.rebuild</code>, which fires after each watchlist rebuild. This allows you to run gadgets and user scripts for the Special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275159] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W09"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:03, 23 Februarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30119102 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-10</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikipedia 25 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments|Birthday mode]] is now live on Betawi, Breton, Chinese, Czech, Dutch, English, French, Gorontalo, Indonesian, Italian, Luxembourgish, Madurese, Sicilian, Spanish, Thai, and Vietnamese Wikipedias! This limited-time campaign feature celebrates 25 years of Wikipedia with a birthday mascot, Baby Globe. When turned on, Baby Globe is shown on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments/article configuration|~2,500 articles]], waiting to be discovered by readers. Communities can choose to turn Birthday mode on by getting consensus from their community and asking an admin to enable the feature and customize it via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments#Community Configuration Demo|community configuration]] on the local wiki. '''Updates for editors''' * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to Swedish Wikipedia, Polish Wikipedia and [[:phab:T418209|a couple of other wikis]]. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|try the feature]] on these projects or on testwiki and [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing betawiki]. Learnings from the first pilot wiki German Wikipedia have been [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Learnings|published in a report]]. Reach out to the Wikimedia Deutschland team if you are [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|interested in becoming a pilot wiki]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Paste check|Paste Check]] will become available at all Wikipedias this week. The feature prompts newcomers who are pasting text they are not likely to have written into VisualEditor to consider whether doing so risks a copyright violation. Paste Check [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tags|tags]] all edits where it is shown for potential review. Local administrators can configure various aspects of the feature via [[{{#special:EditChecks}}]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Paste Check#A/B Experiment|Research]] across 22 wikis found that Paste Check resulted in an 18% decrease in relative reverted-edits compared to the control group. Translators can [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw-editcheck&filter=&optional=1&action=translate help to localize] this and related features. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] will be standardizing the user menu in the top right for all mobile users so that it is closer to the desktop experience. Currently this user menu is only visible to users with Advanced Mobile Controls (AMC) turned on. The only change is that a couple buttons previously in the left-side menu will move to the top right for users who do not have AMC turned on. This change is expected to go out March 9 and seeks to improve the user interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413912] * Starting in the week of March 2, the emails sent out when an email address was added, removed, or changed for an account will switch to a substantially nicer and clearer HTML email from the prior plaintext one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410807] * Notifications are currently limited to 2,000 historic entries per user, and extend back to 2013 when the feature was released. This is going to be changed to only store Notifications from the last 5 years, but up to 10,000 of them. This will help with long-term infrastructure health and help to prevent more recent notifications from disappearing too soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page continues to see improvements. The latest update improves label usage experience. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] now allows activating the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback languages|language fallback system]] for Wikidata items without labels in the viewed language, and showing those labels in the user’s preferred Wikidata language if no <code dir=ltr>uselang=</code> URL parameter is provided. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373686][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416111] * The Wikipedia Android team has started a beta test of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|hybrid search]] on Greek Wikipedia. Hybrid search capabilities can handle both semantic and keyword queries enabling readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. * For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Currently, 2FA is required to use the group, but not to be a member of it. Given that this model still has some vulnerabilities, the situation will [[phab:T418580|gradually change in March]]. Members of these groups will be unable to disable last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the second half of March, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. This applies to: CentralNotice administrators, checkusers, interface administrators, suppressors, Wikidata staff, Wikifunctions staff, WMF Office IT and WMF Trust & Safety. Nothing will change for other users. See the linked task for deployment schedule. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418580] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue preventing users from creating an instance in [https://www.wikibase.cloud/ Wikibase.cloud] has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416807] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], over the next month the Wikimedia Foundation will implement global API rate limits across our APIs. In early March, stricter limits will be applied to unidentified requests from outside Toolforge/WMCS and API requests that are made from web browsers. In April, higher limits will be applied to identified traffic. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * The Wikidata Query Service Linked Data Fragment (LDF) endpoint will be decommissioned in February. This endpoint served limited traffic, which was successfully migrated to other data access methods that were better suited to support existing use cases. The hardware used to support the LDF endpoint will be reallocated to support the ongoing backend migration efforts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415696] * The new Parsoid parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], improving platform sustainability and making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. Parsoid is now the default parser on 488 WMF wikis (268 Wikipedias), now covering more than 10% of all Wikipedia page views. * The process and criteria for [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise#Access|requesting exceptional access]] to the high volume feed of the ''Wikimedia Enterprise'' APIs (at no cost for mission-aligned usecases), [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Enterprise#Exceptional access criteria|have now been published]]. This is to provide more thorough and clearer documentation for users. * [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Tech Blog], the blog dedicated to the Wikimedia technical community [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2026/02/24/a-tech-blog-diff/ will be migrating] to [[diffblog:|Diff]], the community news and event blog. The migration should be complete in April 2026, after which new posts will be accepted for publishing. Readers will be able to access posts – old and new – on the landing page at https://diff.wikimedia.org/techblog. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W10"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:51, 2 Martii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30137798 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-11</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. * Last week, all wikis had 2 hours of read-only time, and extended unavailability for user-scripts and gadgets. This was due to a security incident which has since been resolved. Work is ongoing to prevent re-occurrences. For current information please see the [[m:Steward's noticeboard#Statement on Meta about today's user script security incident|post on the Stewards' noticeboard]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Product Safety and Integrity/March 2026 User Script Incident|translations]]). '''Updates for editors''' * Users facing multiple blocks on mobile will now see the reasons for each block separately, instead of a generic message. This helps them understand why they are blocked and what steps they can take to resolve the issue. For example, users affected for using common VPNs (such as [[Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|iCloud Private Relay]]) will receive clearer guidance on what they need to do to start editing again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357118] * Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] will become available as a beta feature within the visual editor at all Wikipedias. This feature proactively suggests various types of actions that people can consider taking to improve Wikipedia articles, and learn about related guidelines. The feature is locally configurable, and can also be locally expanded with custom Suggestions. Current settings can be seen at [[Special:EditChecks]] and there are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators %E2%80%93 local customization|instructions for how administrators can customize]] the links to point to local guidelines. The feature is connected to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit check]] which suggests improvements while someone is writing new content. In the future, the Editing team plans to evaluate the feature's impact with newcomers through a controlled experiment. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404600] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where the cursor became misaligned during the use of CodeMirror’s syntax highlighting, which makes wikitext and code easier to read, has now been fixed. This problem specifically affected users who defined a font rule in a custom stylesheet while creating a new topic with DiscussionTools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418793] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * API rate limiting update: To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], global API rate limits will be applied this week to requests without a compliant User-Agent that originate from outside Toolforge/WMCS and to unauthenticated requests made from web browsers. Higher limits will be applied to identified traffic in April. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * The new GraphQL API has been released. The API was developed as a flexible alternative to select features of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS), to improve developer experience and foster adaptability, and efficient data access. Try it out and [[d:Wikidata:Wikibase GraphQL#Feedback and development|give feedback]]. You can also [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/GraphQLAPI/apply sign up for usability tests]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|PTAC Unsupported Tools Working Group]] continued improvements to [[commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons#|Video2Commons]] in February, with fixes addressing authentication errors, large-file handling, task queue visibility, and clearer upload behavior. Work is still ongoing in some areas, including changes related to deprecated server-side uploads. Read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group#February 2026|this update]] to learn more. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Article Guidance team invites experienced Wikipedia editors from selected [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators#Collaborators|pilot wikis]] and interested contributors from other Wikipedias to fill out this questionnaire which is available in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfmLeVWnxmsCbPoI_UF2jyRcn73WRGWCVPHzerXb4Cz97X_Ag/viewform English], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd6rzr4XXQw8r4024fE3geTPFe13M_6w7Mitj-YJi0sOlWTAw/viewform?usp=header Arabic], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdok3-RfB18lcugYTUMGkpwmqG_8p760Wv4dCXitOXOszjUDw/viewform?usp=header Bengali], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfjTfYp4jEo0akA4B1e-Nfg3QZPCudUjhJzHzzDi6AHyAaMGA/viewform?usp=header Japanese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScteVoI29Aue4xc72dekk-6RYtvmMgQxzMI900UOawrFrSTWg/viewform?usp=header Portuguese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSetdxnYwL3ub2vqA7awCg5hJZPMIYcDPaiTe12rY9h0GYnVlw/viewform?usp=header Persian], and [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScNvfJF-Ot-4pzA4qAN771_0QDJ4Li19YcUsaTgSKW8Nc7U_Q/viewform?usp=header Turkish]. Your answers will help the team customize guidance for less experienced editors and help them learn community policies and practices while creating an article. Learn more [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|on the project page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W11"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:52, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30213008 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-12</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature, also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], has been used for wikitext syntax highlighting since November 2024. It will be promoted out of beta by May 2026 in order to bring improvements and new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Features|features]] to all editors who use the standard syntax highlighter. If you have any questions or concerns about promoting the feature out of beta, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|please share]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * Some changes to local user groups are performed by stewards on Meta-Wiki and logged there only. Now, interwiki rights changes will be logged both on Meta-Wiki and the wiki of the target user to make it easier to access a full record of user's rights changes on a local wiki. Past log entries for such changes will be backfilled in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6055] * On wikis using [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]], the number of pending changes shown on [[{{#Special:PendingChanges}}]] previously counted pages which were no longer pending review, because they have been removed from the system without being reviewed, e.g. due to being deleted, moved to a different namespace, or due to wiki configuration changes. The count will be correct now. On some wikis the number shown will be much smaller than before. There should be no change to the list of pages itself. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413016] * Wikifunctions composition language has been rewritten, resulting in a new version of the language. This change aims to increase service stability by reducing the orchestrator's memory consumption. This rewrite also enables substantial latency reduction, code simplification, and better abstractions, which will open the door to later feature additions. Read more about [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-11|the changes]]. * Users can now sort search results alphabetically by page title. The update gives an additional option to finding pages more easily and quickly. Previously, results could be sorted by Edit date, Creation date, or Relevance. To use the new option, open 'Advanced Search' on the search results page and select 'Alphabetically' under 'Sorting Order'. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403775] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons from importing files from Flickr has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419263] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new special page, [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}]], has been created to list transcluded pages that are flagged as containing lint errors to help users discover them easily. The list is sorted by the number of transclusions with errors. For example: [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}/night-mode-unaware-background-color]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170874] * Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature have been using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages, for some time now. Along with promoting CodeMirror 6 out of beta, the plan is to replace CodeEditor as the standard editor for these content models by May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|Feedback or concerns are welcome]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] JavaScript modules will soon be upgraded to CodeMirror 6. Leading up to the upgrade, loading the <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror</code> or <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.lib</code> modules from gadgets and user scripts was deprecated in July 2025. The use of the <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.switch</code> hook was also deprecated in March 2025. Contributors can now make their scripts or gadgets compatible with CodeMirror 6. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror#Gadgets and user scripts|migration guide]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373720] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team is expanding coverage of REST API module definitions to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API/Extensions|extension APIs]]. REST API modules are groups of related endpoints that can be independently managed and versioned. Modules now exist for [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414470 GrowthExperiments] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419053 Wikifunctions] APIs. As we migrate extension APIs to this structure, documentation will move out of the main MediaWiki OpenAPI spec and REST Sandbox view, and will instead be accessible via module-specific options in the dropdown on the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox] (i.e., [[{{#Special:RestSandbox}}]], available on all wiki projects). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] extension provides different pieces of information about the wiki where the module is being used via the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual|mw.site]] library. Starting last week, the library also provides a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.site.wikiId|way]] of accessing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Wiki ID|wiki ID]] that can be used to facilitate cross-wiki module maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146616] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|2026 Coolest Tool Award]] celebrating outstanding community tools, is now open for nominations! Nominate your favorite tool using the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/435684?lang=en nomination survey] form by 23 March 2026. For more information on privacy and data handling, please see the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Coolest_Tool_Award_2026_Survey_Privacy_Statement|survey privacy statement]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W12"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:35, 16 Martii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30260505 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-13</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikimedia site users can now log in without a password using passkeys. This is a secure method supported by fingerprint, facial recognition, or PIN. With this change, all users who opt for passwordless login will find it easier, faster, and more secure to log in to their accounts using any device. The new passkey login option currently appears as an autofill suggestion in the username field. An additional [[phab:T417120|"Log in with passkey" button]] will soon be available for users who have already registered a passkey. This update will improve security and user experience. The [[c:File:Passwordless_login_screencast.webm|screen recording]] demonstrates the passwordless login process step by step. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia site users can now export their notifications older than 5 years using a [[toolforge:echo-chamber|new Toolforge tool]]. This will ensure that users retain their important notifications and avoid them being lost based on the planned change to delete notifications older than 5 years, as previously announced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * Wikipedia editors in Indonesian, Thai, Turkish, and Simple English now have access to Special:PersonalDashboard. This is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Dashboard|early version of an experience]] that introduces newer editors to patrolling workflows, making it easier for them to move from making edits to participating in more advanced moderation work on their project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402647] * The [[Special:Block]] now has two minor interface changes. Administrators can now easily perform indefinite blocks through a dedicated radio button in the expiry section. Also, choosing an indefinite expiry provides a different set of common reasons to select from, which can be changed at: [[MediaWiki:Ipbreason-indef-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401823] * Mobile editors [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Logged-out|at several wikis]] can now see an improved logged-out edit warning, thanks to the recent updates from the Growth team. These changes released last week are part of ongoing efforts and tests to enhance [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|account creation experience on mobile]] and then increase participation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408484] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented mobile web users from seeing the block information when affected by multiple blocks has been fixed. They can now see messages of all the blocks currently affecting them when they access Wikipedia. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Images built using Toolforge will soon get the upgraded buildpacks version, bringing support for newer language versions and other upstream improvements and fixes. If you use Toolforge Build Service, review the recent [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EMYTA32EV2V5SQ2JIEOD2CL66YFIZEKV/ cloud-announce email] and update your build configuration as necessary to ensure your tools are compatible. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Toolforge/Building_container_images&oldid=2392097#Buildpack_environment_upgrade_process][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380127] * The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal] documentation wiki will shut down in June 2026. API keys created on the API Portal will continue to work normally. api.wikimedia.org endpoints will be deprecated gradually starting in July 2026. Documentation on the API Portal is moving to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is considering improvements to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|automatically generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Please check out the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|proposed solutions]] and participate in the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|request for comment]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W13"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:50, 23 Martii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30268305 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-14</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Beta version of [[abstract:|Abstract Wikipedia]] a new Wikimedia project which is language-independent, was launched last week. The project allows communities to build Wikipedia articles in their native language, which can be readily accessed by other users in their own languages. The wiki is powered by instructions from Wikifunctions and also based on structured content from Wikidata. [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-26|Read more]]. '''Updates for editors''' * The Growth team is running an A/B test to evaluate a clearer, more user-friendly message that promotes account creation on wikis. Currently when logged-out mobile users begin editing, they see a jarring warning message that can feel abrupt and discouraging. This also presents temporary account editing as the default rather than encouraging account creation. The test is running on ten Wikipedias, including Arabic, French, Spanish and German. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#2. Improve logged-out warning message (T415160)|Read more]]. * The Wikimedia Apps team is inviting feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|how editing should work on the Wikipedia mobile apps]]. The discussion focuses on improving how users access editing tools when they tap "Edit". This is part of a broader effort to convert readers who develop an interest in editing, to access a more user-friendly pathway to start contributing. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:45}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:45|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where citation fetching from the large newspaper archive [https://www.newspapers.com Newspapers.com] was no longer working, due to a block in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|Citoid]] requests, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419903] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W14"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:25, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30329462 --> == Join the sixth Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia 2026.png|right|250px|thumb|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%27s_Cultural_Diplomacy_Month_2026|Join our campaign!]] {{int:please-translate}} Dear Wikipedians! [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the sixth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from '''1st April''' until '''30th April 2026'''. The initiative aims to promote knowledge about Ukrainian culture abroad by creating and improving Wikipedia articles in multiple languages. This year marks the sixth edition of the campaign, which will focus on contemporary culture, making today’s artistic voices and practices more visible to international audiences. 🧩'''How to participate?''' Choose an article from the suggested list → Write an article in your language, or improve an existing one according to the rules → Add your contribution to the contest page and calculate your points → Win prizes and receive a certificate of participation → Become a promoter of truthful knowledge about Ukraine. 🧩'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Check our main page for more information]]'''. '''If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.''' If not, then we encourage you to translate the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|landing page of the contest]] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCDM2026banner&messages=&language=en&x=D banner] into your own language. Also, we set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in this challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) 04:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:OlesiaLukaniuk_(WMUA)/list_of_wikis&oldid=28552112 --> == Action Required: Update templates/modules for electoral maps (Migrating from P1846 to P14226) == Hello everyone, This is a notice regarding an ongoing data migration on Wikidata that may affect your election-related templates and Lua modules (such as <code>Module:Itemgroup/list</code>). '''The Change:'''<br /> Currently, many templates pull electoral maps from Wikidata using the property [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]], combined with the qualifier [[:d:Property:P180|P180]]: [[:d:Q19571328|Q19571328]]. We are migrating this data (across roughly 4,000 items) to a newly created, dedicated property: '''[[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]]'''. '''What You Need To Do:'''<br /> To ensure your templates and infoboxes do not break or lose their maps, please update your local code to fetch data from [[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]] instead of the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] + [[:d:Property:P180|P180]] structure. A [[m:Wikidata/Property Migration: P1846 to P14226/List|list of pages]] was generated using Wikimedia Global Search. '''Deadline:'''<br /> We are temporarily retaining the old data on [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] to allow for a smooth transition. However, to complete the data cleanup on Wikidata, the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] statements will be removed after '''May 1, 2026'''. Please update your modules and templates before this date to prevent any disruption to your wiki's election articles. Let us know if you have any questions or need assistance with the query logic. Thank you for your help! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] using [[Usor:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:MediaWiki message delivery|disputatio]]) 17:11, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29941252 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] now includes a new group goal-setting feature, enabling organizers to set and track event goals such as the number of articles created and participating contributors in real time. Similarly, participants can work toward shared targets and see their collective impact as the event unfolds. The feature is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Learn more in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Collaborative contributions#Goal setting|the documentation]]. * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|watchlist labels]] feature (announced in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Tech News 2026-07]]) is now available via VisualEditor, the source editor, and the 'watchstar' (or watch link, for skins that don't have a star icon). Previously it was only possible to assign labels via [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]]. In all three places it is a new field following the expiry field. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where talk pages on mobile with Parsoid are unusable after empty section headers, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419171] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]], which lets editors add details to an existing reference without duplicating it, will be gradually rolled out to [[phab:T414094|more wikis]] later this year. Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] gadget are encouraged to update their version (typically at [[m:MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js|MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]] as shown [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1344408362 here]) to ensure compatibility. Other reference-related gadgets may also be affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416304] * All Wikinews editions will be closed and switched to read-only mode on 4 May 2026. Content will remain accessible, but no new edits or articles can be added. This closure was approved by the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation following extended discussions. [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard#Board of Trustees Approves Closure of Wikinews|Read more]]. * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Action API|Action API]] has had several formats for requested output. One of them, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>format=php</nowiki></code></bdi>, is being removed soon. Please ensure your scripts or bots use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Data formats#Output|JSON format]]. This removal should affect very few scripts and bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T118538] * The [[Special:NamespaceInfo|Special:NamespaceInfo]] page now includes namespace aliases. For example "WP" for the "Project" ("Wikipedia") namespace on the German Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381455] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W15"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:18, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30362761 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-16</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Experienced editors are invited to [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Main_Page test] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature, designed to help less-experienced editors create well-structured, policy-compliant Wikipedia articles. Testing instructions are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide|available]]. Also, after reviewing [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance the outlines], please provide feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Article guidance|project talk page]]. Based on your input, the feature will be refined and transferred to the pilot Wikipedias to translate and adapt. Check out [[c:File:Article Guidance workflow demo - April 2026.webm|the video]] explaining the feature. '''Updates for editors''' * On most wikis, all autoconfirmed users can now use [[Special:ChangeContentModel|Special:ChangeContentModel]] page to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|create new pages with custom content models]], such as mass message lists, making custom page formats more accessible. Check [[Special:ListGroupRights|Special:ListGroupRights]] for the status of your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248294] * The Growth team has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account_Creation_Experiments|account creation experiment]] to evaluate whether adding an account creation button to the mobile web header increases new account registrations and encourages more mobile users to contribute to the wikis. The experiment is currently live on Hindi, Indonesian, Bengali, Thai, and Hebrew Wikipedia, and targets 10% of logged-out mobile web users. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where VisualEditor could get stuck loading on Windows devices with animations turned off, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382856] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting later this week, {{int:group-abusefilter}} who have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature enabled will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] as the editor at [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]]. This is part of the broader effort to make the user experience more consistent across all editors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399673][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * Tools and bots that access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications/API|Notifications API]] (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=query&meta=notifications</nowiki></code></bdi>) will need to update their OAuth or BotPassword grants to also include access to private notifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421991] * Due to a library upgrade, listings on category pages may be displayed out of order starting on Monday, 20th April. A migration script will be run to correct this, and will take hours to days depending on the size of the wiki (up to a week for English Wikipedia). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T422544] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W16"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:18, 13 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30380527 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * After two years of development, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]], also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], is to be promoted out of beta on Tuesday, April 21. It brings better code and wikitext readability, reduction in typing errors, and other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|benefits]] to all users of the standard syntax highlighter. A huge thank you to volunteer [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/p/Bhsd/ Bhsd] who developed many of the new features, including [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Code folding|code folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linting]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * A major update to the Wikipedia app for iOS is now rolling out, redesigning the interface to align with Apple's latest "Liquid Glass" visual design. [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia/id324715238 Download the latest version] and explore the update. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading lists]] is a feature which allows readers to save articles to a list for reading later. This feature is now in beta on Arabic, French, Indonesian, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and by default for all new accounts on all Wikipedias. * An experiment which explores extending [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Page Previews to mobile web]] will be launched in the week of April 20 on Arabic, English, French, Italian, Polish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. Page Previews are pop-ups that display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and a link to open the full article of a blue link, thereby improving content discovery. The feature is already available on desktop and in the apps. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology#Template|Read more about this experiment and others]]. * On several wikis, logged-in editors who haven't [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email confirmation|confirmed their email addresses]] can now see a banner encouraging them to do so. Having the email address confirmed allows a user to restore access to the account if they lose it. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Encouraging users to confirm their email addresses|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421366] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:15}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:15|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where editing very large wiki pages in the 2017 wikitext editor caused slow loading, preview and scrolling lag, and performance issues when selecting, cutting, or pasting content, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184857] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As part of the promotion of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] from a beta feature, all users will use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * The <code>mirrors.wikimedia.org</code> service for Debian and Ubuntu users will sunset and stop working on May 15. The resources for the service will be replaced with new and better options. Some users may need to switch to a different server which should take about a minute. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LJYRIS4WB66HIRCAO4GIDTXCMDVZRBMA/ You can read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416707] * The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> table will be removed from [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|wikireplicas]]. If your tools or queries access <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> directly, please update them to use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>file</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>filerevision</nowiki></code></bdi> table before 28 May. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T28741] * Following the recent implementation of global API rate limits on unidentified traffic, the Wikimedia Foundation will continue efforts to ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]] by applying global limits to identified API traffic beginning the last week of April. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Attribution API|Attribution API]] is now available as a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Stability policy|beta]]. The API fetches information for crediting Wikimedia articles and media files wherever they are used. Reference documentation is available through the REST Sandbox special page available on all Wikimedia wikis (such as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=attribution.v0-beta&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST sandbox on English Wikipedia]). Share your feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Attribution API|project talk page]]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W17"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14:59, 20 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30432763 --> == Request for comment (global AI policy) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. {{int:Please-translate}} A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[Usor:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:MediaWiki message delivery|disputatio]]) 00:58, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) </bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30424282 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * There is a change in how new users are autoconfirmed that will improve anti-vandalism protection. Currently, users who have had an account for a few days and made a few edits are automatically added to the [[{{int:grouppage-autoconfirmed/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}|{{int:group-autoconfirmed}}]] group. This configuration tends to be exploited by some vandals, who create accounts and start to use them only after some time. To mitigate this, the configuration will be updated next week so that – for the purpose of becoming autoconfirmed – the account age will be counted from their first edit, instead of registration date. The numeric value of the age threshold will remain the same. This change will be deployed only to wikis which require at least one edit as part of the autoconfirmation conditions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418484] * All Wikipedia users with new accounts and those who activated the "automatically enable most beta features" option in their preference can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|reading lists]] beta feature to save articles for later reading. This helps organize reading interests in one place for convenient access. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where infobox images have huge padding in Firefox, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As a reminder, the global API rate limits will be applied this week to identified API traffic. This is to help ensure [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]]. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, including the actual rate limits, see [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.26|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:05, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30458046 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] team invites experienced editors of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators|pilot Wikipedias]]—Arabic, Bangla, Japanese, Portuguese, Persian, Turkish, Simple English, Spanish, and French—to help translate and adapt [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance sample outlines]. These outlines will guide editors in creating clear, well-structured, and policy-compliant articles when using [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Special:NewArticle the feature] once it is launched in May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|Simple instructions]] on how to translate and adapt the outlines are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has published [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|draft recommendations]] on a model that affiliates can follow when contributing to the technical space. Community members are invited to provide feedback on the recommendation until May 8th [[:m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|on the talk page]]. * The number of available thumbnail size preferences in MediaWiki is being reduced to three standardized options—Small (180px), Regular (250px), and Large (400px), as part of ongoing efforts to improve performance and reduce strain on thumbnail services. As a result, existing preferences will be mapped to the nearest new size (for example, smaller selections like 120px or 150px will render at 180px, while larger ones like 300px or 360px will render at 400px). The preferences interface will soon be updated to reflect these changes, and users who wish to opt out or provide feedback can do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424909] * From now on, even when a permission expires automatically, users will receive an Echo notification similar to the standard notification for permission changes. There is a difference between this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]] in that the latter reminds users a week ''before'' the rights are due to expire, so that they can renew the rights. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the problem where the ULS language selector in [[m:Special:Translate|Special:Translate]] would scroll vertically when it shouldn't, has been resolved. Previously, when users opened the "Translate to English" dropdown and typed certain inputs, the dialog would scroll vertically by a few pixels even when there was enough space to display all results. The dropdown no longer shifts unnecessarily when filtering languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358864] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]], which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page, continues to improve. For example, watchlists for Wikibase sites such as [[:d:|Wikidata]] now support [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EntitySchema|EntitySchema]] elements for better tracking. The Live Updates mode now refreshes the special page every 60 seconds to comply with the updated [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] for improved real-time responsiveness. Additionally, a directionality bug that displayed links as "changes 3" instead of "3 changes" in mixed-direction lists has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415450][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424422][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418091] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The second phase of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] has been rolled out to reduce the [[diffblog:2026/03/26/quo-vadis-crawlers-progress-and-whats-next-on-safeguarding-our-infrastructure/|impact of AI crawlers]] and ensure fair, sustainable access to Wikimedia resources, prioritising human and mission-aligned traffic. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits#Limits|Limits]] have been shifted from per-hour to per-minute, producing smoother traffic patterns and more predictable API load. Community users are not expected to be affected, and no action is required. Early indications show some User-Agent-based requestors are adjusting behaviour, and around 64% of automated API traffic has been identified. Monitoring continues, and Wikimedia Enterprise remains available for commercial support. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.27|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W19"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:42, 4 Maii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30498077 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-20</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Community Tech has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/How to write a good wish|new guidance]] explaining how wishes on Community Wishlist are triaged and prioritized. The documentation is intended to help contributors write stronger proposals by clarifying the factors that influence prioritization decisions. Beyond vote counts, the guidance highlights considerations such as potential impact on the community when determining which wishes move forward. '''Updates for editors''' * The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment to test a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Share_Card|Share Card feature]] that allows readers to create visually engaging cards from Wikipedia articles or selected article sections and share them online, with each card linking back to the original article to help expand readership and article discovery. The mobile-only A/B test will be available to a portion of readers on Arabic, Chinese, French, Vietnamese, and English Wikipedia to better understand reading and sharing habits, and is scheduled to begin the week of May 18 and run for four weeks. * The Android and iOS Wikipedia apps recently released the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/25th_Birthday_Reading_Challenge|25-day reading challenge]] into Beta, as part of efforts to drive reader engagement by encouraging users to complete reading milestones. To track their reading streak during the challenge, App users can add a widget featuring Baby Globe to their home screen. The challenge officially begins May 11. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:17}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:17|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the global preference for enabling syntax highlighting in wikitext could unexpectedly disable itself after being turned on, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425286] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader module <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.ui.input</nowiki></code></bdi>, deprecated since [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|September 2023]], will be removed this week. There is a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420125] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W20"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:20, 11 Maii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30524429 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-21</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Abstract Wikipedia team has identified five potential pilot wikis to assess their interest in adopting abstract articles on their wikis. The pilots are Malayalam, Bengali, Dagbani, Arabic, and Indonesian Wikipedia. The feedback period will be open until May 22. If your community is interested in becoming a pilot, [[m:Talk:Abstract Wikipedia|let us know on Meta]]. '''Updates for editors''' * An experiment to show [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] to logged-out readers on mobile web will launch on May 18 across German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu Wikipedias, and will run for one month. The effort supports broader goals of helping readers save and organize articles for later reading, while encouraging habits that could lead to future Wikipedia contributions. * To support a bookmark button in the Reading List beta feature, the "Tools > Action" menu has been updated to display icons, including the watch star indicator that helps editors identify temporarily watched articles. The icons now also match those used on mobile, improving consistency across platforms. The change is currently limited to the actions menu and mainly affects editors with privileged user rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T426008] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] was released as an [[w:en:A/B test|A/B test]] for newcomer editors on the mobile website at [[phab:T421189|~15 Wikipedias]]. The experiment will measure the impact that Suggestion Mode has on the proportion of newcomer mobile web edit sessions that result in constructive (un-reverted) article edits. The experiment will also evaluate the feature's impact on editor retention, and monitor changes in revert and block rates. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue in the Wikipedia Android app where images could sometimes fail to load after opening a recommended reading list notification, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418231] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|Wikidata Platform team]] has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/Backend Replacement|backend replacement recommendation]] and accompanying [[wikitech:Wikidata Query Service/WDQS Architecture re-design|technical architecture]] for the migration of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) away from Blazegraph. Feedback is invited until May 25th 2026, especially on potential gaps and impacts on advanced use cases. Wikidata community members and WDQS users are also encouraged to help identify high-impact tools and workflows that may need attention on [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/High-Impact Use Cases|this page]]. Feedback can be shared on the [[d:Wikidata talk:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update|Migration talk page]] or during the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Blazegraph Migration Office Hours|next office hour]]. See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|WDP team newsletter]] for more details. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * On English, French, Japanese, and a few other Wikipedias, there was a [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|trial of hCaptcha]], a third-party bot detection service. The trial showed that hCaptcha effectively detects and deters some bad-faith automated activity, on its own and by giving [[w:en:Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)/Archive 225#Introducing SuggestedInvestigations|checkusers and stewards]] signals to look into. Because the results were positive, hCaptcha will be rolled out across all wikis over the next few weeks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|See the hCaptcha project page]] for technical information about the implementation and privacy protections. [[diffblog:2026/05/04/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha-part-2/|Learn more]]. * The latest Community Tech update is now available, with progress across several Community Wishlist initiatives, including Reading Lists expansion from the mobile app to the website, new language support for "Who Wrote That" and the Personal Dashboard, improvements to 3D rendering and Charts, and upcoming work on talk page sorting, audio playback, and editing workflows. The update also shares current priorities, wishlist status trends, and opportunities for community feedback on future focus areas and the Wikimedia Foundation’s 2026–2027 Annual Plan. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 13, 2026: Latest updates from the Community Tech team|Read the full newsletter for details]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W21"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:21, 18 Maii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30539262 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-22</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Following a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#LOWM|successful account creation experiment]], an improved logged-out edit warning message will be deployed to all Wikimedia wikis in the first week of June. The change will only affect logged-out users on mobile web who open an editing session. The updated experience is designed to encourage account creation more clearly, while still allowing users to edit with temporary accounts. Results from the experiment showed a significant increase in account creation, with a 27% relative lift among users shown the updated message. As expected, as more people funnel into account creation, temporary accounts decreased by a relative 16%. The experiment did not show any significant changes in constructive edit rates or other monitored contributor metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424595] '''Updates for editors''' * For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Members of these groups will be unable to disable the last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the next few weeks, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. Notably, this applies to bureaucrats. See the linked tasks for deployment schedules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423119][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423120] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] will run an [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on [[:phab:T415904|10 wikis]], testing [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/Reference Previews|potential improvements for Reference Previews]]. The experiment will run for ~2 weeks at the end of May / beginning of June and will affect 10% of desktop readers on the participating wikis. * After two successful experiments, the Reader Growth team is rolling out an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature for all Wikipedias on mobile on May 25. This means that anyone who has all beta features on by default will start to see this feature, and others can check the box to turn it on in their preferences. The beta feature will include a carousel of all an article's images at the top of the article, with controls for editors to [[mw:Readers/Reader_Growth/Image_Browsing#Phase_2.1_beta_feature|exclude images from the article's carousel or to exclude an article from the feature entirely]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, three dimensional STL files were being rendered incorrectly by the media viewer 3D extension which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416723] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The legacy CSS classes <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tright</nowiki></code></bdi> have been replaced with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatright</nowiki></code></bdi> as the former do not work consistently across all MediaWiki platforms, notably mobile web and mobile apps. Projects relying on these classes are encouraged to review related usage and plan for migration. Please note that <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatright</nowiki></code></bdi> may also be deprecated in future, although there are currently no plans to do so. [[phab:T426452|Read more]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W22"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:51, 25 Maii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30584502 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Vote now in the 2026 U4C election</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 2 June 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 14 June 2026. -- In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17:14, 27 Maii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-23</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] is conducting an experiment to show the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|reading lists]] feature, which is still in development, to logged-out mobile readers to test whether it encourages account creation at a higher rate compared to the watchstar button. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists#Experiment timeline|experiment]] was launched on May 18th on German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu wikis, and it will run for a month. * The Wikimedia Apps team released [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|Phase 1]] of the redesigned Home Feed to the Android Beta app. The new Home Feed includes a refreshed "Community" tab and a personalized "For You" tab featuring daily updated reading recommendations. The redesign is part of a broader effort to improve content discovery and create more engaging learning experiences in the Wikipedia apps. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where images could fail to load for some suggested edits on [[w:Special:Homepage|Special:Homepage]], leaving the thumbnail stuck in a loading state, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424048] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W23"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:08, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30613639 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-24</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/24|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikimedia Enterprise has increased the free usage limits for its API offerings. The monthly request limit for the On-demand API has increased from 5,000 to 50,000 requests, while the Snapshot API limit has increased from 15 to 30 requests per month. In addition, Structured Contents snapshots are now available for free accounts. These changes expand access to Wikimedia Enterprise data for developers, researchers, and organizations using Wikimedia content. [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/enhanced-free-api] '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|refreshed Explore Feed]], now called the Home Feed, is rolling out to 50% of users of the Wikipedia Android app. The Home Feed helps readers discover relevant content through two new tabs: ''Community'' and ''For You''. The Community tab provides a scrollable feed of curated content and updates from the broader Wikimedia community and movement, while the ''For You'' tab offers a full-screen, swipeable experience that shows content tailored to a user's interests. The redesign is part of a broader effort to improve discovery and enhance the learning experience in the Wikipedia app. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/"Which came first?" Game|Which came first?]] daily trivia game is now available in the beta version of the Wikipedia iOS app in English, German, French, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, and Turkish. The game uses historical events from Wikipedia's "On This Day" content and challenges readers to guess which of two events happened first. The game was previously released on Android. Communities interested in making the game available in their languages can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Games#Game availability by language|read the instructions and requirements]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new MediaWiki feature that allows editors to reuse references with different details, will begin rolling out to Wikimedia wikis following a successful pilot phase. Deployment will start on 8 June for most [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Wednesday|Group 1 wikis]] and French Wikipedia, with additional Wikipedia language editions receiving the feature over the coming months. Communities are encouraged to prepare by checking for [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-cite&language=en&action_source=search&filter=%21translated&optional=1&action=translate untranslated Cite extension messages] in their language and reviewing any use of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]], which may require [[:phab:T416304#11668731|updates]] to support the new functionality. Wikis using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] do not need to take any action. Communities may also wish to create the ''cite-tracking-category-ref-details'' [[Special:TrackingCategories|tracking category]] as a hidden category using <code><nowiki>__HIDDENCAT__</nowiki></code> (or a dedicated template), and connect it to the corresponding Wikidata item [[d:Q129764848]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425662] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews#Experimentation|Page Previews experiment]] on mobile web has concluded. The team decided not to roll out the feature after the results showed no statistically significant impact on reader retention, as the primary success metric was retention improvement. Page Previews, which are already available on desktop and in the apps, display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and link to the full article when readers tap a blue link. The experiment tested this experience on mobile web across six Wikipedias. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Design/Icons|user interface icon library]] will be [[phab:T399175|updated later this week or next week]]. Most of the ~300 icons have been slightly refined and ~30 new icons have been added. These changes improve the icons to make them more consistent and comprehensible, and provide more visual balance when they are used in groups. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector|Universal Language Selector]] (ULS) interface in MediaWiki, which helps users select content in other languages, has been updated. The new version improves speed and accessibility, and users of Wikimedia projects can now pin languages for quicker language switching. The deployment to Wikimedia sites will happen gradually in the coming weeks. You can test it now as a beta feature by selecting [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features]] in your profile preferences and share your feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector/New ULS|the project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the Pageviews Analysis dashboard on pageviews.wmcloud.org stopped updating graph data in May 2026, affecting all users, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427171] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The function signature for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mw.util.addPortletLink()</nowiki></code></bdi> has been simplified. Developers can now pass a configuration object instead of a list of positional parameters when creating portlet links. The previous function signature remains supported for backwards compatibility. For example, instead of: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mw.util.addPortletLink('p-cactions', '#', 'Stub', 'ca-stubtag', 'Add a stub tag to this page');</nowiki></code></bdi> use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mw.util.addPortletLink('p-cactions', { href: '#', text: 'Stub', id: 'ca-stubtag', tooltip: 'Add a stub tag to this page' });</nowiki></code></bdi>. Script maintainers are encouraged to review existing uses of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>addPortletLink()</nowiki></code></bdi> and update them where appropriate. This change will be available on all wikis from 11 June. Thanks to community volunteer Gerges for contributing this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427945] * '''Community Wishlist discussion''': Product & Technology [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 20, 2026: Community Tech becomes a program|introduced changes]] meant to increase the number and complexity of wishes fulfilled, including the disbanding of the Community Tech team. They are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|engaging in discussions]] about a [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist#Proposed direction for Wishlist|proposed direction for the wishlist]] from community members. Includes ways to structure annual voting, better tracking of wishes, removing focus areas, and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|staffing updates]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.6|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W24"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:29, 8 Iunii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30650573 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-25</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth|Reader Growth team]] has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature on the mobile web version of all Wikipedias. The feature shows an image carousel at the top of articles with 3 or more images. Editors can configure this feature with the following controls: to hide a specific image from a page, either use <code>class=notpageimage</code> excluding it from thumbnail previews, or <code>class=noviewer</code> excluding it from MediaViewer. The carousel can also be disabled from a page entirely, with the magic word <code><nowiki>__NOMEDIAVIEWERCAROUSEL__</nowiki></code>. To submit feedback or flag bugs, please visit the [[mw:Talk:Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|project page]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tables#class="wikitable"|Wikitables]] can now be [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Sortable tables#Forcing the initial sort direction|sorted in descending order]] on the first click by adding <code dir=ltr>data-sort-order="desc"</code> to the header cell. Previously, by default, clicking a column header for the first time sorts it in ascending order. This addition to a Wikitable gives it more control and flexibility, while the default behavior for subsequent clicks remains unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398416] '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature is currently being tested with some editors creating new articles on the Simple English, French, and Turkish Wikipedias. The experiment will soon begin on the Arabic and Bangla Wikipedias as well. [[w:simple:Special:NewArticle|This feature]] gives editors community-curated guidance to help them create articles that follow community standards. Experienced editors can continue creating or adapting outlines for specific article types that are commonly created by less experienced contributors. The outlines guide less experienced editors in creating high-quality articles. A quick guide to markups used in outlines can be found on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide#Markups in outlines|this page]]. [[w:simple:Wikipedia:Article Guidance|Example outlines]] that can be adapted and instructions for how to adapt them are on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|this section]] of the project page. * Wikis that wish to replace the "indefinitely" button in Special:Block for temporary accounts (for example, wikis that block temporary users only until account expiration) will be able to do so by creating [[MediaWiki:ipb-indefinite-expiry-temporary-account]] with the block duration they want. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427125] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:41}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:41|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * By the end of June, a valid user-agent string will be required for automated dumps downloads from the dumps.wikimedia.org website. Automated requests that provide a generic or empty user-agent will be blocked. This [[phab:T400119|extends enforcement]] of the long standing [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|user-agent policy]]. Access to dumps through Wikimedia Cloud Services will not change. * The roll out of global [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|API rate limits]] is now complete, with limits enforced across all APIs and at the documented levels for all groups. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki remain exempt. All bots should continue to follow the documented best practices to avoid being rate limited. * The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal wiki] will be read only starting this week (June 15-18). The following week (June 22-25), all API Portal wiki URLs will redirect to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|Wikimedia APIs on mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.7|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * On June 17th at 6pm UTC the WMF will be holding Discord call focused on a code review. We've heard through the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Developer Satisfaction Survey/2026|Developer Satisfaction Survey]] that volunteers are struggling with code review and we'd like to discuss these experiences with the goal of surfacing workable solutions. You can join the call [https://discord.gg/wikipedia?event=1514727511102062664 via the Wikimedia Community Discord server]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Conferencia Wikimedia de América Latina 2026|Latin American Wikimedia Conference]] will host a regional hackathon that will bring together the Wikimedia movement’s technical community including developers, system administrators, data scientists, and users with extended rights. Interested technical contributors can [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSf4osJzTHBJjQbYJk7TMVEJjTEQv7IgtsUDfP-o-qTgeRQQxw/viewform apply for a scholarship] to participate until June 21 at midnight (Bolivia time, UTC-4). * Sign up for Wikimania Team Challenges to join this special event. The Team challenges will take place online and in person from July 21 to 22, before Wikimania conference. Everyone is welcome, regardless of skills or Wikimania registration. Teams will work on 10 important challenges supporting the Wikimedia community. For details, visit [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2026:Team challenges|the Team Challenges page]] and [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/wm/teamchallenges/ register there]. Registration closes on June 20th at 11pm UTC. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W25"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:48, 15 Iunii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30689604 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-26</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/26|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth features]] are [[phab:T418115|now available at Wikidata]]. This update enables access to Mentorship ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|if configured]]), Impact module, the Help Panel, and a simplified Newcomer Homepage (without Suggested Edits). Wikidata administrators are still configuring the features through Community Configuration. '''Updates for editors''' * The special page [[{{#special:RangeCalculator}}]] has been created. It allows users to find an IP range without needing to rely on external tools. Until now, this tool was only available to CheckUsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T268429] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]] is a new MediaWiki feature that allows editors to reuse references with different details. It will be deployed to most small and medium-sized Wikipedia language versions on June 23. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#deployment|FAQ]] lists possible actions to take on your wiki to support the deployment. Check the [[:phab:T414094|rollout plan]] for the next deployment steps. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428902] * Starting next week, users will get a notification when they are blocked or unblocked from editing, or if this block changes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100974] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting next week, abuse filters that are set to "require CAPTCHA verification" will begin to also affect users with the <code>skipcaptcha</code> right, which includes most autoconfirmed users. Bots are exempted. This change only affects edits that trigger an abuse filter. The <code>skipcaptcha</code> right will continue to exempt users from having to solve CAPTCHAs in the ordinary course of using the wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402595] * Reference documentation for the [[wikitech:Machine_Learning/LiftWing/API|Lift Wing API]] has moved from the API Portal to the interactive [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?api=lift-wing&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST Sandbox]. * The API Portal wiki is now closed. For API documentation, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_APIs|Wikimedia APIs on mediawiki.org]]. All API Portal wiki URLs (https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/) will redirect to the mediawiki.org page starting June 22. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427537] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.8|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * Join an online call on 25 June at 2:30pm UTC to meet the current Wikimedia interns for [[mw:Google_Summer_of_Code/2026|Google Summer of Code]] and [[mw:Outreachy/Round_32|Outreachy]]. Interns will provide an overview of their projects and a brief demo of their work so far. Attendees are encouraged to [[mw:event:Google_Summer_of_Code/Summer_2026_June_Internship_open_session|share ideas and connections in their community]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W26"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 13:04, 23 Iunii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30722494 --> == RFC about AI-generated content in Wikimedia Commons == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English, please help translate this message to your language. You are invited to participate in a [[c:Commons:Requests for comment/Policy update for AI content|request for comment on Wikimedia Commons about a policy update for AI content]]. This may affect files that are uploaded to Wikimedia Commons for use on this project. Thank you. [[m:User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[m:User talk:Codename Noreste|disputatio]])</bdi> 17:11, 23 Iunii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> tofzbodow9f4g779oj7dwg9mk7ceiq2 2 324266 3966114 3955648 2026-06-23T17:05:23Z Pseudo-philodoxia 207639 additur nuntiola de «wikibreak» 3966114 wikitext text/x-wiki Magis curiosa sunt mihi mathematica (quod abstractis de structuris spectat, non de astris), philosophia, et philologia. Magis intendo editare his in partibus Vicimediae, quae mihimetipsi magis delectabiles sunt: praecipue hac in *Vicipædia*, in Victionariis, et fortasse in Vicifonte. Recentissimis in temporibus non multa recensui, ne digitos meos nimis fatigam. su6t64xightu9396jy2z3iksvrhpuen 3966115 3966114 2026-06-23T17:06:05Z Pseudo-philodoxia 207639 minora 3966115 wikitext text/x-wiki Magis curiosa sunt mihi mathematica (quod abstractis de structuris spectat, non de astris), philosophia, et philologia. Magis intendo editare his in partibus Vicimediae, quae mihimetipsi magis delectabiles sunt: praecipue hac in *Vicipædia*, in Victionariis, et fortasse in Vicifonte. Recentissimis in temporibus non multa recensui, ne digitos meos nimis fatigarem. gvu3lyhlmdbs6fun43kmkplfq45xt18 3966116 3966115 2026-06-23T17:09:06Z Pseudo-philodoxia 207639 additur nexus Vicidatae 3966116 wikitext text/x-wiki Magis curiosa sunt mihi mathematica (quod abstractis de structuris spectat, non de astris), philosophia, et philologia. Magis intendo editare his in partibus Vicimediae, quae mihimetipsi magis delectabiles sunt: praecipue hac in *Vicipædia*, in Victionariis, et fortasse in Vicifonte. Recentissimis in temporibus non multa recensui, ne {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|injuria iterati contentionis|digitos meos nimis fatigarem|qid=Q33919267}}. hwt0cn58v00sjrpwxaf1calll0ekx7q 3966117 3966116 2026-06-23T17:10:31Z Pseudo-philodoxia 207639 minora 3966117 wikitext text/x-wiki Magis curiosa sunt mihi mathematica (quod abstractis de structuris spectat, non de astris), philosophia, et philologia. Magis intendo editare his in partibus Vicimediae, quae mihimetipsi magis delectabiles sunt: praecipue hac in ''Vicipaedia'', in Victionariis, et fortasse in Vicifonte. Recentissimis in temporibus non multo potui recensere, ne {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|injuria iterati contentionis|digitos meos nimis fatigarem|qid=Q33919267}}. tnk4dka8q5fkbhs0fpiv8zm9zkzey9x 3966119 3966117 2026-06-23T17:12:38Z Pseudo-philodoxia 207639 corrigitur (?) nomen morbi 3966119 wikitext text/x-wiki Magis curiosa sunt mihi mathematica (quod abstractis de structuris spectat, non de astris), philosophia, et philologia. Magis intendo editare his in partibus Vicimediae, quae mihimetipsi magis delectabiles sunt: praecipue hac in ''Vicipaedia'', in Victionariis, et fortasse in Vicifonte. Recentissimis in temporibus non multo potui recensere, ne {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|morbus cumulati traumatos|digitos meos nimis fatigarem|qid=Q33919267}}. pd3wi18wmxjf3g3dudhouewqh7nm8fd 0 324365 3966122 3965849 2026-06-23T17:31:49Z Grufo 64423 Minora 3966122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | titulus = | imago = | descriptio = | categoria = | numerus = | auctor = | argumenta = | tempus = | lingua = | contextus = | praecedens = | sequens = }} {{lres|Bonum est confidere}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XXVII reperitur.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-26-28">{{Opus | titulus = De correctione hominum 26-28 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo2.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| Bonum est confidere in dominorum Domino, bonum est spem ponere in spei nostre termino. qui de regum potentia, non de Dei clementia spem concipis, te decipis et excipis ab aula summi principis. quid in opum aggere exaggeras peccatum? in Deo cogitatum tuum iacta, prius acta studeas corrigere, in labore manuum et sudore vultuum pane tuo vescere! Carnis ab ergastulo liber eat spiritus, ne peccati vinculo vinciatur et trahatur ad inferni gemitus, ubi locus flentium, ubi stridor dentium, ubi pena gehennali affliguntur omnes mali in die novissimo, in die gravissimo, quando iudex venerit, ut trituret aream et exstirpet vineam, que fructum non fecerit. sic granum a palea separabit, congregabit triticum in horrea. O beati mundo corde, quos peccati tersa sorde vitium non inquinat, scelus non examinat, nec arguunt peccata, qui Domini mandata custodiunt et sitiunt! beati qui esuriunt et confidunt in Domino nec cogitant de crastino! beati qui non implicant se curis temporalibus, qui talentum multiplicant et verbum Dei predicant omissis secularibus!<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-26-28" /> }} == Descriptio == In hoc carmine, cuius auctor [[Philippus Cancellarius]] esse videtur, [[thema]] principale est fiducia in Deo ponenda potius quam in mundanis opibus vel regum potentia. Scriptor hortatur homines ut cogitata sua in Dominum iactent et vitam corrigant, admonens fallacem esse spem quae tantum in superbia humana nititur. Labor propriarum manuum ac [[paenitentia]] proponuntur ut viae ad rectam vitam sequendam.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-26-28" /> Secunda pars carminis de [[eschatologia]] Christiana agit, spiritum exhortans ut se a “[[Caro|carnis]] ergastulo” et [[Peccatum|peccati]] vinculis liberet. Descriptio suppliciorum [[Infernus|infernorum]], ubi est “stridor dentium” et poena gehennalis, adhibetur ad momentum [[Iudicium Extremum|Iudicii Extremi]] illustrandum. Iudex divinus tunc granum a palea separabit, [[Metaphora|metaphoris]] [[Biblia|biblicis]] de area et vinea utens ad iustos ab impiis discernendos.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-26-28" /> In ultima parte, carmen [[Beatitudines]] [[Evangelium|evangelicas]] celebrat, praesertim illos qui mundo corde sunt et a vitiis inquinati non sunt. Beati dicuntur qui curis temporalibus se non implicant, sed [[talentum]] sibi creditum multiplicant et verbum Dei praedicant. Haec exhortatio [[Moralitas|moralis]] ad vitam [[Ascesis|asceticam]] et [[Spiritualitas|spiritalem]] spectat, quae saecularia neglegit ut aeterna praemia in Domino inveniat.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-26-28" /> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] bm83v1v7z8qdsriqd0s7vsol9h8u1jb 0 324366 3966062 3954605 2026-06-23T13:00:47Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Descriptio */ 3966062 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | Titulus = | Imago = | Descriptio = | Categoria = | Numerus = | Auctor = | Argumenta = | Datum = | Lingua = | Album = | Praecedi = | Sequi = }} {{lres|Laudat rite deum}} est initium carminis moralis [[latina mediaevalis]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XXVIII reperitur.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-26-28">{{Opus | titulus = De correctione hominum 26-28 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo2.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| Laudat rite Deum, qui vere diligit illum. Lumbos precingit, qui carnis vota restringit. Maxime querendum, quod semper erit retinendum. Nil peccant oculi, si mens velit his dominari. Ne tardare velis, si quem convertere possis. Nisus stultorum par semper erit sociorum. Omne, quod est iustum, merito dici valet unum. Os, quod mentitur, animam iugulare probatur. O quantis curis mens indiget omnibus horis! Peccans cottidie studeat se mox reparare.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-26-28" /> }} == Descriptio == Hoc carmen, [[Otloh Ratisbonensis|Othloni Ratisbonensis]] ascriptum, est collectio [[Sententia (gnome)|sententiarum]] [[Moralitas|moralium]] quae [[Regula (discretiva)|regulas]] vitae Christianae breviter et per versus leoninos exponit. Primus versus fundamentum totius [[Ethica|ethicae]] ponit: laudem Dei non in verbis tantum, sed in vero amore consistere. Sequuntur praecepta de continentia [[caro|carnis]] et de custodia sensuum, ubi auctor docet oculos non [[Peccatum|peccare]] si mens eos sapienter regat.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-26-28" /> In secunda parte, carmen ad vitam socialem et [[Spiritualitas|spiritualem]] convertitur. Auctor hortatur ad [[Conversio religiosa|conversionem]] proximi et ad iustitiam colendam, quae cum unitate divina comparatur. Gravissima admonitio contra mendacium profertur, quod "animam iugulare" dicitur, efferens momentum veritatis in sermone humano. Haec series monitorum ostendit sollicitudinem [[Goliardia|goliardicam]] de salute animae in mundo periculis pleno.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-26-28" /> Conclusio carminis fragilitatem humanam agnoscit. Quoniam mens "quantis curis" continenter indiget et homo "cottidie" peccat, auctor ad paenitentiam festinandam invitat. Sensus est emendationem vitae (reparatio) non differendam esse, sed statim suscipiendam ut ordo spiritualis restituatur. Textus sic evadit parva epitome [[doctrina|doctrinae]] [[Ascesis|asceticae]] mediaevalis.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-26-28" /> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] jl41o5nj1aqn6sxfflx2724hwy6v8gm 3966121 3966062 2026-06-23T17:30:37Z Grufo 64423 Minora 3966121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | titulus = | imago = | descriptio = | categoria = | numerus = | auctor = | argumenta = | tempus = | lingua = | contextus = | praecedens = | sequens = }} {{lres|Laudat rite deum}} est initium carminis moralis [[latina mediaevalis]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XXVIII reperitur.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-26-28">{{Opus | titulus = De correctione hominum 26-28 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo2.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| Laudat rite Deum, qui vere diligit illum. Lumbos precingit, qui carnis vota restringit. Maxime querendum, quod semper erit retinendum. Nil peccant oculi, si mens velit his dominari. Ne tardare velis, si quem convertere possis. Nisus stultorum par semper erit sociorum. Omne, quod est iustum, merito dici valet unum. Os, quod mentitur, animam iugulare probatur. O quantis curis mens indiget omnibus horis! Peccans cottidie studeat se mox reparare.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-26-28" /> }} == Descriptio == Hoc carmen, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Otloh Ratisbonensis|Othloni Ratisbonensis|en|qid=Q90628}} ascriptum, est collectio [[Sententia (gnome)|sententiarum]] [[Moralitas|moralium]] quae [[Regula (discretiva)|regulas]] vitae Christianae breviter et per versus leoninos exponit. Primus versus fundamentum totius [[Ethica|ethicae]] ponit: laudem Dei non in verbis tantum, sed in vero amore consistere. Sequuntur praecepta de continentia [[caro|carnis]] et de custodia [[sensus (biologia)|sensuum]], ubi auctor docet oculos non [[Peccatum|peccare]] si mens eos sapienter regat.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-26-28" /> In secunda parte, carmen ad vitam socialem et [[Spiritualitas|spiritualem]] convertitur. Auctor hortatur ad [[Conversio religiosa|conversionem]] proximi et ad [[iustitia]]m colendam, quae cum unitate divina comparatur. Gravissima admonitio contra mendacium profertur, quod “animam iugulare” dicitur, momentum efferens veritatis in sermone humano. Haec series monitorum ostendit sollicitudinem [[Goliardia|goliardicam]] de salute animae in mundo periculis pleno.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-26-28" /> Conclusio carminis fragilitatem humanam agnoscit. Quoniam mens “quantis curis” continenter indiget et homo “cottidie” peccat, auctor ad paenitentiam festinandam invitat. Sensus est emendationem vitae (reparatio) non differendam esse, sed statim suscipiendam ut ordo spiritualis restituatur. Textus sic evadit parva epitome [[doctrina|doctrinae]] [[Ascesis|asceticae]] mediaevalis.<ref name="de-correctione-hominum-26-28" /> == Notae == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] 7i18w5pt8kv7lx4h3v75srwnuxqft36 0 325687 3966179 3965634 2026-06-24T08:37:27Z Andries Van den Abeele 19499 /* Notae */ 3966179 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vicificanda}} [[Fasciculus:Postcard of the North Facade.jpg|thumb|Facies septentrionalis Castelli Posidonis.]] '''Castellum Posidonis'''{{FD ref}} ([[Francogallice]]''Château de la Borde'' et ab anno [[2025]] ''Château Poséidon'') est [[castellum]] [[stilo Neo-Renaissance]]{{dubsig}} [[saeculum 19| saeculo undevicensimo]] aedificatum et in communitate [[Val-Fouzon]] situm, in praefectura [[Inger (praefectura Franciae)|Ingeris]] in [[regio]]ne [[Centrum et Vallis Ligeris|Centro et Valle Ligeris]]. Est proprietas privata. == Situs == Castrum situm est in vico La Borde, in communa Varennes-sur-Fouzon, quae est communa delegata intra novam communam Vallis-Fouzonis, in cantone Sancti Christophori in Bazella departimenti Indrae. Praedium situm est in fine longi aditus, qui a compitu viae RD4, versus Chabris, devertit. Paulo infra, ex altera parte viae, est lactarium Varennense. == Historia == === Origines === Castrum aedificatum est inter 1860 et 1865, secundum descriptiones ab architecto [[Alfred Dauvergne]] factas<ref>[https://france3-regions. franceinfo.fr/centre-val-de-loire/loiret/orleans/centre-Val-de-Loire-5-chateaux-en-ruine-sauves-par-un-travail-de-restauration-acharne-3296277.html Centre-Val de Loire: 5 ruined castles saved by relentless restoration work], 29 Martii 2026.</ref> per [[Secundum Imperium]], tempore prosperitatis agrariae et industrialis pro pago Indrensi, qui [[ferrovia]] ab 1847 serviebatur. Aedificatio demolitionem villae munitae secuta est, cuius turris solitaria paucis passibus ante aedificium hodiernum manet. Plerique alii partes huius villae evanuerunt. Rudera ex demolitu huius aedificii primi adhibita sunt ad fundamenta et basim novi castri. === Familia Boullet === Ludovicus Gustavus Boullet ([[Valençay]], (7 August 1814 –date 3 March 1867) <ref>Pater eius, Ludovicus Augustus Boullet, in tabulis publicis relatus est ut vectigal collector et mercator.</ref> et uxor eius Gabrielle Picot d'Agard (1826–1905) Castellum de Laborde aedificari curaverunt et primi in eo habitaverunt. Fuit ex familia agricolarum et mercatorum<ref>In nuptiis eius testes erant: pro eo, Iulius Boullet, avunculus eius et agricola, et Antonius Martin, consobrinus eius et notarius; pro uxore eius, Antonius Picot, praefectus sanitatis publicae et consobrinus eius, et Franciscus Desfosses, notarius et consobrinus eius.</ref>. Coniuges tres liberos habuerunt: Henricum Augustinum Ludovicum Boullet (1847–1907)<ref>Hic Ludovicus Boullet socius Societatis Agricolarum Galliae anno MDCCCXC fuit, habitans in 'Château Neuf' in Graves ([[Léognan]]) et in 'Château de la Borde-Varennes' [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bd6t5844723p/f1013.image.r=boullet Online], {{p.|1007}}, ''Gallica''.</ref>, Gabrielle Boullet (1851–1923) et Gustave Boullet (1863–1884). Ludovicus Boullet praedium Laborde a matre mortua hereditate accepit; uxorem duxit Leoniam Mariam Ludovicam Conilh de Beyssac (1858–1934), et tres liberos habuerunt: Martam Paillet-Boullet (1886–1963), Petrus Boullet (1889–1956) et Eugenius Boullet (1890–1940)<ref>Vidua Ludovici Boullet et tres eius liberi in indice 'Tout Sud-Ouest' anni MCMXI referuntur [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96264929/f277.image.r=boullet Online], {{p.|163}}.</ref>. == Series Dominorum == Anno MCMXXV, castellum a familia Boullet venditum est Iacobo Borel (nato Fort-de-France anno MDCCCLX, mortuo Lutetiae anno MCMXLV), qui in commercio rumi [[Martinique rum|Martiniquensis]] divitias fecerat. Videtur eum castrum filio suo, Marie Joseph Jacques Borel (Pointe-à-Pitre 1896 – Lutetia 1970), qui, postquam Iohannam Agoin in matrimonium duxit, ibi habitare coepit, emisse; eorum filius, Jacques Marie Lionel Borel (Varennes-sur-Fouzon, 1927 – Jouy 2011), ibi natus est. Inter duas bellas mundanas, castellum adhibitum esse videtur pro sede lactariae et caseificii interretiali "Laiterie de Varennes" praebita affirmat: 'Post Primum Bellum Mundanum, Ludovicus Trougnou caseum "Je suis de France" produxit et Castellum de la Borde a comitissa Anglica emit. Ibi lactarium suum casearium instituit.' Imago Castelli de la Borde in operculis capsarum Coulommiers apparet Historia interretialis loci caseificii. Villa a Petro Boullet et uxore eius et consobrina, Maria Aemilia Margarita Conilh de Beyssac (1885–1973), occupata est<ref>Maria Aemilia Margarita Conilh de Beyssac neptis erat Mariae Ludovicae Conilh et soror Ioannis Iacobi Conilh de Beyssac (1890–1918).</ref>. Petrus et Margarita in castrum inter annos MCMXV et MCMXXV commigraverunt<ref>Census anni MCMXXVI ad relationem XII, 'castrum de la Borde', aperte 'Nullos' declarat. [https://www.geneanet.org/registres/view/1217485/16 Online].</ref>, ubi familiam constituerunt<ref>Tres filiae, quarum natu maximae—geminae Solange (1918–2010) et Geneviève (1918–2018)—in [[Caudéran]] natae sunt. Minimus, Franciscus Boullet (1925–1981), natus in [[Issac]], Mariam-Franciscam Le Goüais (1934–2022), filiam [[Yves Le Goüais]] (1902–1962) et Maria de [[Familia Dieuleveult|Dieuleveult]] (1911–1997). </ref>Filius eorum natu maximus, Ludovicus Boullet (1916–1997), qui postea sacerdos factus est, et filia natu minima, Iacquelina (1919–1976), in castello nati sunt. A tempore incerto usque ad annum MCMXLIX, castellum fuit dominium Eliae Granat (1889–1969), qui in [[École supérieure d'électricité]] eruditus erat, machinator et inventor, qui ob egregia merita sua ad gradum Commendatoris [[Legionis Honoris]] anno MCMLVII promotus est<ref name="Léonore-169429">[https://www.leonore.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/ui/notice/169429# ex Tabulario Léonore, fasciculus 169429.</ref>. Ad honorem eius, communitas Varennes-sur-Fouzon unam ex viis suis principalibus (via comitatuum D4) nomine eius appellavit, et Granat civis honorarius anno MCMLII creatus est<ref name="Léonore-169429" />. Castrum postea factum est proprietatem "Cooperativae Agricolae et Pecuariae Beriacae", quae in inseminatio artificialis boum praecipue incumbebat. Administratio in castrum commigravit, dum exedra laboratorium continebat quod semen a tauris, in horreis custoditis, colligebat. Post paucos annos, negotia retardata sunt et tandem cessaverunt. Anno MCMLXXX, praedium a quodam Germano emptum est, qui ibi sumptuose vivebat, clientes suos spolians. Postquam decoctus nuntiatus est, iudicia curaverunt ut praedium quinque annis post in publico auctionem venderetur. Una ex victimis Castellum de la Borde acquisivit et frustra consilium cepit ut id in deversorium converteret. In 1989-1990 societas publica per tabulas limitata cum consilio administrationis et consilio inspectorio condita est, nomine 'Château de la Borde Golf and Country Club'. Socii etiam agros vicinos acquisiverunt, quibus possessione 200 ha<ref>Societas, capitali actionum {{currency|250000|FRF}}, ex Registro Societatum die 15 Novembris 2012 deleta est. [https://www.pappers.fr/entreprise/chateau-de-la-borde-golf-et-country-club-401687843].</ref>. Consilia de deversorio luxurioso exploraverunt, quod plus quam quingentis hospitibus receptaculum et campum pilamallei duodeviginti foraminum praebiturum erat. Haec consilia irrita evaserunt, quia pecuniam necessariam comparare non potuerunt. Animo fracti, domini consilium deseruerunt et praedium vendere conati sunt. Quam ob rem, castrum per circiter quadraginta annos desertum mansit. Hoc tempore, aedificium in ruinam venit et supellectilem (camini, opera ferrea, candelabra) subrepta sunt. Nihilominus, castellum satis bene munitum manebat, propter systema signorum et vigilantiam vicini attenti. Castrum anno MMXXV a duobus Quebecensibus emptum est<ref>{{Nexus interretialis|lingua=fr|auctor=Jean-Philippe Elme & Cécile Mette|titulus=Video. "Somnium quoddam verum fit": Duo Quebecenses ex Canada discedunt ut novam vitam castello quadraginta annos deserto restituant|url=https://france3-regions. franceinfo.fr/centre-val-de-loire/indre/video-un-reve-devient-realite-deux-quebecois-quittent-le-canada-pour-redonner-vie-a-un-chateau-abandonne-depuis-40-ans -3202739.html|format=html|site=franceinfo.fr|date=17 August 2025|accessed=29 March 2026}}.</ref>. Progressus in renovatione praedii in canali eius proprio YouTube spectari potest<ref>{ {Nexus interretialis |lingua=fr-FR |titulus=Château Poséidon |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHNqQGGz8U320jXRNbKC_Pw<nowiki> |situs=YouTube |accessum die=29 Martii 2026}}.</nowiki></ref>. == Descriptio == Aedificium constat ex parte media et imponenti, quattuor turribus symmetricis cincta. Frontis principalis pars prominens est, turribus angularibus speculatoribus ornata. Haec facies divite ornatur modulis stringarum, pilastris, capitibus, et cornicibus magnificis in summo. Solarium fenestris tecti ad modum Renascentiae illuminatur{{sfn|Du Pouget|1999|p=25|id=du_Pouget1999}}. Sectio media et ampla per quinque tabulata patet: * cellaria, quae culinas veteres et systema calefactionis continent; * tabulatum nobile cum conclavibus sollemnibus et diaetis; * primum tabulatum, cum parva capella, necnon compluribus cubiculis cum balneis annexis; * secundum tabulatum, cum cubiculis sub tecto ministris destinatis; * solaria cum compagibus tecti ligneis. Complura cubicula fenestris vitreis coloratis ornantur, a magistro vitrario Iuliano-Leopoldo Lobin (1814–1864) vel a filio eius Luciano-Leopoldo Lobin (1837–1892) factis. Praeterea servata sunt ianua principalis, scaenae monumentalis, tabulata et ianuæ ligneae, laquearia sculpta et pavimenta lignea in multis conclavibus, picturae in parietibus conclavis venatorii, mensae focales in tabulato superiore, pavimenta lignea et tessellata, scala ministrorum, atque structurae tecti. Facies et tecta plerumque in bono statu manserunt. Arcēnum ab exploratoribus urbanis nomine {{Citation|Poseidon}} appellatur, ex sculptura quae scalam aedificii mediam ornât<ref name="Le Monde">{{Web link|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/m-perso/article/2026/01/31/ sane-insani-sumus-ut-credamus-nos-hoc-provocamentum-partim-partim-superare- posse-neo-castellani-sunt-ingeniosi-et-domini-renovationis_6664836_4497916. html|title=Castellum emere, id ipse reficere, et ibi inter ruinas habitare: 'Neochâtelains', artifices sollertiae|date=31 Ianuarii 2026|author=Catharina Rollot|accessed=2 Martii 2026|site=[[Le Monde|lemonde.fr]]}}.</ref>. Novi incolae hoc nomen sibi adsumpserunt ut se ab aliis decem circiter castellis et aedificiis commercialibus Gallicis nomine Laborde gerentibus distinguerent{{sfn|Verin|2025}}. Inceptum restitutionis comprehendit, praeter castellum, donjonem veteris castelli, domum custodis (anno MCMLX aedificatam), portam aditus et murum finis praedii, hortos et silvam {{nobr|15 hectare}}<ref name="Le Monde" /> amplam, domum dirutam in silva sitam, et vestigia archaeologica. == Restauratio == Villa mense Iulio MMXXV empta est a coniugibus Canadensibus, ambo anno MCMXC natis: Thomas Garneau-Bertrand, assecuratore, et Damiano Verhaegen, negotiatore rerum luxuriosarum 'vintage' et accessoriorum<ref name="Le Monde" />. In aedem die Julius 2025 commigrantes, propositum est eis castellum ad pristinum splendorem restituere et id domicilium suum facere. In animo habent tabulato principali ad eventus, cubiculis autem superioribus ad hospitium periegeticum uti. Sibi tempus quinque ad decem annorum statuerunt ad omnem partem somnii sui perficiendam.. A 2025-2026 domum custodis penitus refecerunt, ut eam sibi pro habitatione temporaria facerent, iuxta castellum quod reficiebatur. == Bibliographia == * « <small> [archive]</small> », sur ''Archives départementales de l'Indre'', 2024-2025. * Marc du Pouget (<abbr>dir.</abbr>) et Association Promotion Patrimoine, , Chauray-Niort, Éditions Patrimoines et médias, 1999, 414 <abbr>p.</abbr> <small>(<nowiki>ISBN 2-910137-32-5</nowiki>, présentation en ligne [archive])</small>. * Flore Mabilleau, «  », ''La Nouvelle République'',‎ 12 mai 2024 <small>(lire en ligne [archive] )</small>. * Martine Roy, «  », ''La Nouvelle République'',‎ 20 juillet 2025 <small>(lire en ligne [archive] )</small>. * Cécile Verin, «  », ''Ouest-France'',‎ 30 juillet 2025 <small>(lire en ligne [archive])</small>. * Maude Larin-Kieran, «  », ''TVA Nouvelles'',‎ 18 juillet 2025 <small>(lire en ligne [archive])</small>. * Christian Panvert, «  », ''Le Parisien'',‎ 22 octobre 2025 <small>(lire en ligne [archive] , consulté le 24 octobre 2025)</small>. * A vicinis salutata, coniuges Canadenses castellum derelictum in Indra reficiunt. |datum=22 Octobris 2025|accessum=24 Octobris 2025|url=https://www.leparisien.fr/indre-36/adoube-par-les-villageois-un-couple-de-canadiens-restaure-un-chateau-abandonne-dans-lindre<nowiki> -22-10-2025-IBOZ4Z7FBRGPJD2K4NQ5BDMIZU.php|author = Christian Panvert|access url=paywall}}.</nowiki> == Notae et fontes == === Notae === <references /> == Nexus externi == {{Fontes geographici}} [[Categoria:Castella]] [[Categoria:Aedificia Franciae]] [[Categoria:Confecta saeculo 19]] [[Categoria:Inger (praefectura Franciae)]] gca86oprg23hfq7tdl0ac1hkvmslal1 3966180 3966179 2026-06-24T08:38:48Z Andries Van den Abeele 19499 /* Descriptio */ 3966180 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vicificanda}} [[Fasciculus:Postcard of the North Facade.jpg|thumb|Facies septentrionalis Castelli Posidonis.]] '''Castellum Posidonis'''{{FD ref}} ([[Francogallice]]''Château de la Borde'' et ab anno [[2025]] ''Château Poséidon'') est [[castellum]] [[stilo Neo-Renaissance]]{{dubsig}} [[saeculum 19| saeculo undevicensimo]] aedificatum et in communitate [[Val-Fouzon]] situm, in praefectura [[Inger (praefectura Franciae)|Ingeris]] in [[regio]]ne [[Centrum et Vallis Ligeris|Centro et Valle Ligeris]]. Est proprietas privata. == Situs == Castrum situm est in vico La Borde, in communa Varennes-sur-Fouzon, quae est communa delegata intra novam communam Vallis-Fouzonis, in cantone Sancti Christophori in Bazella departimenti Indrae. Praedium situm est in fine longi aditus, qui a compitu viae RD4, versus Chabris, devertit. Paulo infra, ex altera parte viae, est lactarium Varennense. == Historia == === Origines === Castrum aedificatum est inter 1860 et 1865, secundum descriptiones ab architecto [[Alfred Dauvergne]] factas<ref>[https://france3-regions. franceinfo.fr/centre-val-de-loire/loiret/orleans/centre-Val-de-Loire-5-chateaux-en-ruine-sauves-par-un-travail-de-restauration-acharne-3296277.html Centre-Val de Loire: 5 ruined castles saved by relentless restoration work], 29 Martii 2026.</ref> per [[Secundum Imperium]], tempore prosperitatis agrariae et industrialis pro pago Indrensi, qui [[ferrovia]] ab 1847 serviebatur. Aedificatio demolitionem villae munitae secuta est, cuius turris solitaria paucis passibus ante aedificium hodiernum manet. Plerique alii partes huius villae evanuerunt. Rudera ex demolitu huius aedificii primi adhibita sunt ad fundamenta et basim novi castri. === Familia Boullet === Ludovicus Gustavus Boullet ([[Valençay]], (7 August 1814 –date 3 March 1867) <ref>Pater eius, Ludovicus Augustus Boullet, in tabulis publicis relatus est ut vectigal collector et mercator.</ref> et uxor eius Gabrielle Picot d'Agard (1826–1905) Castellum de Laborde aedificari curaverunt et primi in eo habitaverunt. Fuit ex familia agricolarum et mercatorum<ref>In nuptiis eius testes erant: pro eo, Iulius Boullet, avunculus eius et agricola, et Antonius Martin, consobrinus eius et notarius; pro uxore eius, Antonius Picot, praefectus sanitatis publicae et consobrinus eius, et Franciscus Desfosses, notarius et consobrinus eius.</ref>. Coniuges tres liberos habuerunt: Henricum Augustinum Ludovicum Boullet (1847–1907)<ref>Hic Ludovicus Boullet socius Societatis Agricolarum Galliae anno MDCCCXC fuit, habitans in 'Château Neuf' in Graves ([[Léognan]]) et in 'Château de la Borde-Varennes' [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bd6t5844723p/f1013.image.r=boullet Online], {{p.|1007}}, ''Gallica''.</ref>, Gabrielle Boullet (1851–1923) et Gustave Boullet (1863–1884). Ludovicus Boullet praedium Laborde a matre mortua hereditate accepit; uxorem duxit Leoniam Mariam Ludovicam Conilh de Beyssac (1858–1934), et tres liberos habuerunt: Martam Paillet-Boullet (1886–1963), Petrus Boullet (1889–1956) et Eugenius Boullet (1890–1940)<ref>Vidua Ludovici Boullet et tres eius liberi in indice 'Tout Sud-Ouest' anni MCMXI referuntur [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96264929/f277.image.r=boullet Online], {{p.|163}}.</ref>. == Series Dominorum == Anno MCMXXV, castellum a familia Boullet venditum est Iacobo Borel (nato Fort-de-France anno MDCCCLX, mortuo Lutetiae anno MCMXLV), qui in commercio rumi [[Martinique rum|Martiniquensis]] divitias fecerat. Videtur eum castrum filio suo, Marie Joseph Jacques Borel (Pointe-à-Pitre 1896 – Lutetia 1970), qui, postquam Iohannam Agoin in matrimonium duxit, ibi habitare coepit, emisse; eorum filius, Jacques Marie Lionel Borel (Varennes-sur-Fouzon, 1927 – Jouy 2011), ibi natus est. Inter duas bellas mundanas, castellum adhibitum esse videtur pro sede lactariae et caseificii interretiali "Laiterie de Varennes" praebita affirmat: 'Post Primum Bellum Mundanum, Ludovicus Trougnou caseum "Je suis de France" produxit et Castellum de la Borde a comitissa Anglica emit. Ibi lactarium suum casearium instituit.' Imago Castelli de la Borde in operculis capsarum Coulommiers apparet Historia interretialis loci caseificii. Villa a Petro Boullet et uxore eius et consobrina, Maria Aemilia Margarita Conilh de Beyssac (1885–1973), occupata est<ref>Maria Aemilia Margarita Conilh de Beyssac neptis erat Mariae Ludovicae Conilh et soror Ioannis Iacobi Conilh de Beyssac (1890–1918).</ref>. Petrus et Margarita in castrum inter annos MCMXV et MCMXXV commigraverunt<ref>Census anni MCMXXVI ad relationem XII, 'castrum de la Borde', aperte 'Nullos' declarat. [https://www.geneanet.org/registres/view/1217485/16 Online].</ref>, ubi familiam constituerunt<ref>Tres filiae, quarum natu maximae—geminae Solange (1918–2010) et Geneviève (1918–2018)—in [[Caudéran]] natae sunt. Minimus, Franciscus Boullet (1925–1981), natus in [[Issac]], Mariam-Franciscam Le Goüais (1934–2022), filiam [[Yves Le Goüais]] (1902–1962) et Maria de [[Familia Dieuleveult|Dieuleveult]] (1911–1997). </ref>Filius eorum natu maximus, Ludovicus Boullet (1916–1997), qui postea sacerdos factus est, et filia natu minima, Iacquelina (1919–1976), in castello nati sunt. A tempore incerto usque ad annum MCMXLIX, castellum fuit dominium Eliae Granat (1889–1969), qui in [[École supérieure d'électricité]] eruditus erat, machinator et inventor, qui ob egregia merita sua ad gradum Commendatoris [[Legionis Honoris]] anno MCMLVII promotus est<ref name="Léonore-169429">[https://www.leonore.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/ui/notice/169429# ex Tabulario Léonore, fasciculus 169429.</ref>. Ad honorem eius, communitas Varennes-sur-Fouzon unam ex viis suis principalibus (via comitatuum D4) nomine eius appellavit, et Granat civis honorarius anno MCMLII creatus est<ref name="Léonore-169429" />. Castrum postea factum est proprietatem "Cooperativae Agricolae et Pecuariae Beriacae", quae in inseminatio artificialis boum praecipue incumbebat. Administratio in castrum commigravit, dum exedra laboratorium continebat quod semen a tauris, in horreis custoditis, colligebat. Post paucos annos, negotia retardata sunt et tandem cessaverunt. Anno MCMLXXX, praedium a quodam Germano emptum est, qui ibi sumptuose vivebat, clientes suos spolians. Postquam decoctus nuntiatus est, iudicia curaverunt ut praedium quinque annis post in publico auctionem venderetur. Una ex victimis Castellum de la Borde acquisivit et frustra consilium cepit ut id in deversorium converteret. In 1989-1990 societas publica per tabulas limitata cum consilio administrationis et consilio inspectorio condita est, nomine 'Château de la Borde Golf and Country Club'. Socii etiam agros vicinos acquisiverunt, quibus possessione 200 ha<ref>Societas, capitali actionum {{currency|250000|FRF}}, ex Registro Societatum die 15 Novembris 2012 deleta est. [https://www.pappers.fr/entreprise/chateau-de-la-borde-golf-et-country-club-401687843].</ref>. Consilia de deversorio luxurioso exploraverunt, quod plus quam quingentis hospitibus receptaculum et campum pilamallei duodeviginti foraminum praebiturum erat. Haec consilia irrita evaserunt, quia pecuniam necessariam comparare non potuerunt. Animo fracti, domini consilium deseruerunt et praedium vendere conati sunt. Quam ob rem, castrum per circiter quadraginta annos desertum mansit. Hoc tempore, aedificium in ruinam venit et supellectilem (camini, opera ferrea, candelabra) subrepta sunt. Nihilominus, castellum satis bene munitum manebat, propter systema signorum et vigilantiam vicini attenti. Castrum anno MMXXV a duobus Quebecensibus emptum est<ref>{{Nexus interretialis|lingua=fr|auctor=Jean-Philippe Elme & Cécile Mette|titulus=Video. "Somnium quoddam verum fit": Duo Quebecenses ex Canada discedunt ut novam vitam castello quadraginta annos deserto restituant|url=https://france3-regions. franceinfo.fr/centre-val-de-loire/indre/video-un-reve-devient-realite-deux-quebecois-quittent-le-canada-pour-redonner-vie-a-un-chateau-abandonne-depuis-40-ans -3202739.html|format=html|site=franceinfo.fr|date=17 August 2025|accessed=29 March 2026}}.</ref>. Progressus in renovatione praedii in canali eius proprio YouTube spectari potest<ref>{ {Nexus interretialis |lingua=fr-FR |titulus=Château Poséidon |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHNqQGGz8U320jXRNbKC_Pw<nowiki> |situs=YouTube |accessum die=29 Martii 2026}}.</nowiki></ref>. == Descriptio == Aedificium constat ex parte media et imponenti, quattuor turribus symmetricis cincta. Frontis principalis pars prominens est, turribus angularibus speculatoribus ornata. Haec facies divite ornatur modulis stringarum, pilastris, capitibus, et cornicibus magnificis in summo. Solarium fenestris tecti ad modum Renascentiae illuminatur{{sfn|Du Pouget|1999|p=25|id=du_Pouget1999}}. Sectio media et ampla per quinque tabulata patet: * cellaria, quae culinas veteres et systema calefactionis continent; * tabulatum nobile cum conclavibus sollemnibus et diaetis; * primum tabulatum, cum parva capella, necnon compluribus cubiculis cum balneis annexis; * secundum tabulatum, cum cubiculis sub tecto ministris destinatis; * solaria cum compagibus tecti ligneis. Complura cubicula fenestris vitreis coloratis ornantur, a magistro vitrario Iuliano-Leopoldo Lobin (1814–1864) vel a filio eius Luciano-Leopoldo Lobin (1837–1892) factis. Praeterea servata sunt ianua principalis, scaenae monumentalis, tabulata et ianuæ ligneae, laquearia sculpta et pavimenta lignea in multis conclavibus, picturae in parietibus conclavis venatorii, mensae focales in tabulato superiore, pavimenta lignea et tessellata, scala ministrorum, atque structurae tecti. Facies et tecta plerumque in bono statu manserunt. Arcēnum ab exploratoribus urbanis nomine {{Citation|Poseidon}} appellatur, ex sculptura quae scalam aedificii mediam ornât<ref name="Le Monde">{{Web link|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/m-perso/article/2026/01/31/ sane-insani-sumus-ut-credamus-nos-hoc-provocamentum-partim-partim-superare- posse-neo-castellani-sunt-ingeniosi-et-domini-renovationis_6664836_4497916. html|title=Castellum emere, id ipse reficere, et ibi inter ruinas habitare: 'Neochâtelains', artifices sollertiae|date=31 Ianuarii 2026|author=Catharina Rollot|accessed=2 Martii 2026|site=[[Le Monde|lemonde.fr]]}}.</ref>. Novi incolae hoc nomen sibi adsumpserunt ut se ab aliis decem circiter castellis et aedificiis commercialibus Gallicis nomine Laborde gerentibus distinguerent <ref>Verin|2025</ref>. Inceptum restitutionis comprehendit, praeter castellum, donjonem veteris castelli, domum custodis (anno MCMLX aedificatam), portam aditus et murum finis praedii, hortos et silvam {{nobr|15 hectare}}<ref name="Le Monde" /> amplam, domum dirutam in silva sitam, et vestigia archaeologica. == Restauratio == Villa mense Iulio MMXXV empta est a coniugibus Canadensibus, ambo anno MCMXC natis: Thomas Garneau-Bertrand, assecuratore, et Damiano Verhaegen, negotiatore rerum luxuriosarum 'vintage' et accessoriorum<ref name="Le Monde" />. In aedem die Julius 2025 commigrantes, propositum est eis castellum ad pristinum splendorem restituere et id domicilium suum facere. In animo habent tabulato principali ad eventus, cubiculis autem superioribus ad hospitium periegeticum uti. Sibi tempus quinque ad decem annorum statuerunt ad omnem partem somnii sui perficiendam.. A 2025-2026 domum custodis penitus refecerunt, ut eam sibi pro habitatione temporaria facerent, iuxta castellum quod reficiebatur. == Bibliographia == * « <small> [archive]</small> », sur ''Archives départementales de l'Indre'', 2024-2025. * Marc du Pouget (<abbr>dir.</abbr>) et Association Promotion Patrimoine, , Chauray-Niort, Éditions Patrimoines et médias, 1999, 414 <abbr>p.</abbr> <small>(<nowiki>ISBN 2-910137-32-5</nowiki>, présentation en ligne [archive])</small>. * Flore Mabilleau, «  », ''La Nouvelle République'',‎ 12 mai 2024 <small>(lire en ligne [archive] )</small>. * Martine Roy, «  », ''La Nouvelle République'',‎ 20 juillet 2025 <small>(lire en ligne [archive] )</small>. * Cécile Verin, «  », ''Ouest-France'',‎ 30 juillet 2025 <small>(lire en ligne [archive])</small>. * Maude Larin-Kieran, «  », ''TVA Nouvelles'',‎ 18 juillet 2025 <small>(lire en ligne [archive])</small>. * Christian Panvert, «  », ''Le Parisien'',‎ 22 octobre 2025 <small>(lire en ligne [archive] , consulté le 24 octobre 2025)</small>. * A vicinis salutata, coniuges Canadenses castellum derelictum in Indra reficiunt. |datum=22 Octobris 2025|accessum=24 Octobris 2025|url=https://www.leparisien.fr/indre-36/adoube-par-les-villageois-un-couple-de-canadiens-restaure-un-chateau-abandonne-dans-lindre<nowiki> -22-10-2025-IBOZ4Z7FBRGPJD2K4NQ5BDMIZU.php|author = Christian Panvert|access url=paywall}}.</nowiki> == Notae et fontes == === Notae === <references /> == Nexus externi == {{Fontes geographici}} [[Categoria:Castella]] [[Categoria:Aedificia Franciae]] [[Categoria:Confecta saeculo 19]] [[Categoria:Inger (praefectura Franciae)]] eq5ebatza4f1j2suunimk7nxkjzk0ir 3966181 3966180 2026-06-24T08:41:26Z Andries Van den Abeele 19499 3966181 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vicificanda}} [[Fasciculus:Postcard of the North Facade.jpg|thumb|Facies septentrionalis Castelli Posidonis.]] '''Castellum Posidonis'''{{FD ref}} ([[Francogallice]]''Château de la Borde'' et ab anno [[2025]] ''Château Poséidon'') est [[castellum]] [[stilo Neo-Renaissance]]{{dubsig}} [[saeculum 19| saeculo undevicensimo]] aedificatum et in communitate [[Val-Fouzon]] situm, in praefectura [[Inger (praefectura Franciae)|Ingeris]] in [[regio]]ne [[Centrum et Vallis Ligeris|Centro et Valle Ligeris]]. Est proprietas privata. == Situs == Castrum situm est in vico La Borde, in communa Varennes-sur-Fouzon, quae est communa delegata intra novam communam Vallis-Fouzonis, in cantone Sancti Christophori in Bazella departimenti Indrae. Praedium situm est in fine longi aditus, qui a compitu viae RD4, versus Chabris, devertit. Paulo infra, ex altera parte viae, est lactarium Varennense. == Historia == === Origines === Castrum aedificatum est inter 1860 et 1865, secundum descriptiones ab architecto [[Alfred Dauvergne]] factas<ref>[https://france3-regions. franceinfo.fr/centre-val-de-loire/loiret/orleans/centre-Val-de-Loire-5-chateaux-en-ruine-sauves-par-un-travail-de-restauration-acharne-3296277.html Centre-Val de Loire: 5 ruined castles saved by relentless restoration work], 29 Martii 2026.</ref> per [[Secundum Imperium]], tempore prosperitatis agrariae et industrialis pro pago Indrensi, qui [[ferrovia]] ab 1847 serviebatur. Aedificatio demolitionem villae munitae secuta est, cuius turris solitaria paucis passibus ante aedificium hodiernum manet. Plerique alii partes huius villae evanuerunt. Rudera ex demolitu huius aedificii primi adhibita sunt ad fundamenta et basim novi castri. === Familia Boullet === Ludovicus Gustavus Boullet ([[Valençay]], (7 August 1814 –date 3 March 1867) <ref>Pater eius, Ludovicus Augustus Boullet, in tabulis publicis relatus est ut vectigal collector et mercator.</ref> et uxor eius Gabrielle Picot d'Agard (1826–1905) Castellum de Laborde aedificari curaverunt et primi in eo habitaverunt. Fuit ex familia agricolarum et mercatorum<ref>In nuptiis eius testes erant: pro eo, Iulius Boullet, avunculus eius et agricola, et Antonius Martin, consobrinus eius et notarius; pro uxore eius, Antonius Picot, praefectus sanitatis publicae et consobrinus eius, et Franciscus Desfosses, notarius et consobrinus eius.</ref>. Coniuges tres liberos habuerunt: Henricum Augustinum Ludovicum Boullet (1847–1907)<ref>Hic Ludovicus Boullet socius Societatis Agricolarum Galliae anno MDCCCXC fuit, habitans in 'Château Neuf' in Graves ([[Léognan]]) et in 'Château de la Borde-Varennes' [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bd6t5844723p/f1013.image.r=boullet Online], {{p.|1007}}, ''Gallica''.</ref>, Gabrielle Boullet (1851–1923) et Gustave Boullet (1863–1884). Ludovicus Boullet praedium Laborde a matre mortua hereditate accepit; uxorem duxit Leoniam Mariam Ludovicam Conilh de Beyssac (1858–1934), et tres liberos habuerunt: Martam Paillet-Boullet (1886–1963), Petrus Boullet (1889–1956) et Eugenius Boullet (1890–1940)<ref>Vidua Ludovici Boullet et tres eius liberi in indice 'Tout Sud-Ouest' anni MCMXI referuntur [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96264929/f277.image.r=boullet Online], {{p.|163}}.</ref>. == Series Dominorum == Anno MCMXXV, castellum a familia Boullet venditum est Iacobo Borel (nato Fort-de-France anno MDCCCLX, mortuo Lutetiae anno MCMXLV), qui in commercio rumi [[Martinique rum|Martiniquensis]] divitias fecerat. Videtur eum castrum filio suo, Marie Joseph Jacques Borel (Pointe-à-Pitre 1896 – Lutetia 1970), qui, postquam Iohannam Agoin in matrimonium duxit, ibi habitare coepit, emisse; eorum filius, Jacques Marie Lionel Borel (Varennes-sur-Fouzon, 1927 – Jouy 2011), ibi natus est. Inter duas bellas mundanas, castellum adhibitum esse videtur pro sede lactariae et caseificii interretiali "Laiterie de Varennes" praebita affirmat: 'Post Primum Bellum Mundanum, Ludovicus Trougnou caseum "Je suis de France" produxit et Castellum de la Borde a comitissa Anglica emit. Ibi lactarium suum casearium instituit.' Imago Castelli de la Borde in operculis capsarum Coulommiers apparet Historia interretialis loci caseificii. Villa a Petro Boullet et uxore eius et consobrina, Maria Aemilia Margarita Conilh de Beyssac (1885–1973), occupata est<ref>Maria Aemilia Margarita Conilh de Beyssac neptis erat Mariae Ludovicae Conilh et soror Ioannis Iacobi Conilh de Beyssac (1890–1918).</ref>. Petrus et Margarita in castrum inter annos MCMXV et MCMXXV commigraverunt<ref>Census anni MCMXXVI ad relationem XII, 'castrum de la Borde', aperte 'Nullos' declarat. [https://www.geneanet.org/registres/view/1217485/16 Online].</ref>, ubi familiam constituerunt<ref>Tres filiae, quarum natu maximae—geminae Solange (1918–2010) et Geneviève (1918–2018)—in Caudéran natae sunt. Minimus, Franciscus Boullet (1925–1981), natus in [[Issac]], Mariam-Franciscam Le Goüais (1934–2022), filiam Yves Le Goüais (1902–1962) et Maria de Dieuleveult (1911–1997). </ref>Filius eorum natu maximus, Ludovicus Boullet (1916–1997), qui postea sacerdos factus est, et filia natu minima, Iacquelina (1919–1976), in castello nati sunt. A tempore incerto usque ad annum MCMXLIX, castellum fuit dominium Eliae Granat (1889–1969), qui in [[École supérieure d'électricité]] eruditus erat, machinator et inventor, qui ob egregia merita sua ad gradum Commendatoris [[Legionis Honoris]] anno MCMLVII promotus est<ref name="Léonore-169429">[https://www.leonore.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/ui/notice/169429# ex Tabulario Léonore, fasciculus 169429.</ref>. Ad honorem eius, communitas Varennes-sur-Fouzon unam ex viis suis principalibus (via comitatuum D4) nomine eius appellavit, et Granat civis honorarius anno MCMLII creatus est<ref name="Léonore-169429" />. Castrum postea factum est proprietatem "Cooperativae Agricolae et Pecuariae Beriacae", quae in inseminatio artificialis boum praecipue incumbebat. Administratio in castrum commigravit, dum exedra laboratorium continebat quod semen a tauris, in horreis custoditis, colligebat. Post paucos annos, negotia retardata sunt et tandem cessaverunt. Anno MCMLXXX, praedium a quodam Germano emptum est, qui ibi sumptuose vivebat, clientes suos spolians. Postquam decoctus nuntiatus est, iudicia curaverunt ut praedium quinque annis post in publico auctionem venderetur. Una ex victimis Castellum de la Borde acquisivit et frustra consilium cepit ut id in deversorium converteret. In 1989-1990 societas publica per tabulas limitata cum consilio administrationis et consilio inspectorio condita est, nomine 'Château de la Borde Golf and Country Club'. Socii etiam agros vicinos acquisiverunt, quibus possessione 200 ha<ref>Societas, capitali actionum {{currency|250000|FRF}}, ex Registro Societatum die 15 Novembris 2012 deleta est. [https://www.pappers.fr/entreprise/chateau-de-la-borde-golf-et-country-club-401687843].</ref>. Consilia de deversorio luxurioso exploraverunt, quod plus quam quingentis hospitibus receptaculum et campum pilamallei duodeviginti foraminum praebiturum erat. Haec consilia irrita evaserunt, quia pecuniam necessariam comparare non potuerunt. Animo fracti, domini consilium deseruerunt et praedium vendere conati sunt. Quam ob rem, castrum per circiter quadraginta annos desertum mansit. Hoc tempore, aedificium in ruinam venit et supellectilem (camini, opera ferrea, candelabra) subrepta sunt. Nihilominus, castellum satis bene munitum manebat, propter systema signorum et vigilantiam vicini attenti. Castrum anno MMXXV a duobus Quebecensibus emptum est<ref>{{Nexus interretialis|lingua=fr|auctor=Jean-Philippe Elme & Cécile Mette|titulus=Video. "Somnium quoddam verum fit": Duo Quebecenses ex Canada discedunt ut novam vitam castello quadraginta annos deserto restituant|url=https://france3-regions. franceinfo.fr/centre-val-de-loire/indre/video-un-reve-devient-realite-deux-quebecois-quittent-le-canada-pour-redonner-vie-a-un-chateau-abandonne-depuis-40-ans -3202739.html|format=html|site=franceinfo.fr|date=17 August 2025|accessed=29 March 2026}}.</ref>. Progressus in renovatione praedii in canali eius proprio YouTube spectari potest<ref>{ {Nexus interretialis |lingua=fr-FR |titulus=Château Poséidon |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHNqQGGz8U320jXRNbKC_Pw<nowiki> |situs=YouTube |accessum die=29 Martii 2026}}.</nowiki></ref>. == Descriptio == Aedificium constat ex parte media et imponenti, quattuor turribus symmetricis cincta. Frontis principalis pars prominens est, turribus angularibus speculatoribus ornata. Haec facies divite ornatur modulis stringarum, pilastris, capitibus, et cornicibus magnificis in summo. Solarium fenestris tecti ad modum Renascentiae illuminatur{{sfn|Du Pouget|1999|p=25|id=du_Pouget1999}}. Sectio media et ampla per quinque tabulata patet: * cellaria, quae culinas veteres et systema calefactionis continent; * tabulatum nobile cum conclavibus sollemnibus et diaetis; * primum tabulatum, cum parva capella, necnon compluribus cubiculis cum balneis annexis; * secundum tabulatum, cum cubiculis sub tecto ministris destinatis; * solaria cum compagibus tecti ligneis. Complura cubicula fenestris vitreis coloratis ornantur, a magistro vitrario Iuliano-Leopoldo Lobin (1814–1864) vel a filio eius Luciano-Leopoldo Lobin (1837–1892) factis. Praeterea servata sunt ianua principalis, scaenae monumentalis, tabulata et ianuæ ligneae, laquearia sculpta et pavimenta lignea in multis conclavibus, picturae in parietibus conclavis venatorii, mensae focales in tabulato superiore, pavimenta lignea et tessellata, scala ministrorum, atque structurae tecti. Facies et tecta plerumque in bono statu manserunt. Arcēnum ab exploratoribus urbanis nomine {{Citation|Poseidon}} appellatur, ex sculptura quae scalam aedificii mediam ornât<ref name="Le Monde">{{Web link|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/m-perso/article/2026/01/31/ sane-insani-sumus-ut-credamus-nos-hoc-provocamentum-partim-partim-superare- posse-neo-castellani-sunt-ingeniosi-et-domini-renovationis_6664836_4497916. html|title=Castellum emere, id ipse reficere, et ibi inter ruinas habitare: 'Neochâtelains', artifices sollertiae|date=31 Ianuarii 2026|author=Catharina Rollot|accessed=2 Martii 2026|site=[[Le Monde|lemonde.fr]]}}.</ref>. Novi incolae hoc nomen sibi adsumpserunt ut se ab aliis decem circiter castellis et aedificiis commercialibus Gallicis nomine Laborde gerentibus distinguerent <ref>Verin|2025</ref>. Inceptum restitutionis comprehendit, praeter castellum, donjonem veteris castelli, domum custodis (anno MCMLX aedificatam), portam aditus et murum finis praedii, hortos et silvam {{nobr|15 hectare}}<ref name="Le Monde" /> amplam, domum dirutam in silva sitam, et vestigia archaeologica. == Restauratio == Villa mense Iulio MMXXV empta est a coniugibus Canadensibus, ambo anno MCMXC natis: Thomas Garneau-Bertrand, assecuratore, et Damiano Verhaegen, negotiatore rerum luxuriosarum 'vintage' et accessoriorum<ref name="Le Monde" />. In aedem die Julius 2025 commigrantes, propositum est eis castellum ad pristinum splendorem restituere et id domicilium suum facere. In animo habent tabulato principali ad eventus, cubiculis autem superioribus ad hospitium periegeticum uti. Sibi tempus quinque ad decem annorum statuerunt ad omnem partem somnii sui perficiendam.. A 2025-2026 domum custodis penitus refecerunt, ut eam sibi pro habitatione temporaria facerent, iuxta castellum quod reficiebatur. == Bibliographia == * « <small> [archive]</small> », sur ''Archives départementales de l'Indre'', 2024-2025. * Marc du Pouget (<abbr>dir.</abbr>) et Association Promotion Patrimoine, , Chauray-Niort, Éditions Patrimoines et médias, 1999, 414 <abbr>p.</abbr> <small>(<nowiki>ISBN 2-910137-32-5</nowiki>, présentation en ligne [archive])</small>. * Flore Mabilleau, «  », ''La Nouvelle République'',‎ 12 mai 2024 <small>(lire en ligne [archive] )</small>. * Martine Roy, «  », ''La Nouvelle République'',‎ 20 juillet 2025 <small>(lire en ligne [archive] )</small>. * Cécile Verin, «  », ''Ouest-France'',‎ 30 juillet 2025 <small>(lire en ligne [archive])</small>. * Maude Larin-Kieran, «  », ''TVA Nouvelles'',‎ 18 juillet 2025 <small>(lire en ligne [archive])</small>. * Christian Panvert, «  », ''Le Parisien'',‎ 22 octobre 2025 <small>(lire en ligne [archive] , consulté le 24 octobre 2025)</small>. * A vicinis salutata, coniuges Canadenses castellum derelictum in Indra reficiunt. |datum=22 Octobris 2025|accessum=24 Octobris 2025|url=https://www.leparisien.fr/indre-36/adoube-par-les-villageois-un-couple-de-canadiens-restaure-un-chateau-abandonne-dans-lindre<nowiki> -22-10-2025-IBOZ4Z7FBRGPJD2K4NQ5BDMIZU.php|author = Christian Panvert|access url=paywall}}.</nowiki> == Notae et fontes == === Notae === <references /> == Nexus externi == {{Fontes geographici}} [[Categoria:Castella]] [[Categoria:Aedificia Franciae]] [[Categoria:Confecta saeculo 19]] [[Categoria:Inger (praefectura Franciae)]] 61rv8lctoaydsni8r3fc05tqu0dk3ic 3966182 3966181 2026-06-24T08:42:45Z Andries Van den Abeele 19499 3966182 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vicificanda}} [[Fasciculus:Postcard of the North Facade.jpg|thumb|Facies septentrionalis Castelli Posidonis.]] '''Castellum Posidonis'''{{FD ref}} ([[Francogallice]]''Château de la Borde'' et ab anno [[2025]] ''Château Poséidon'') est [[castellum]] stilo [[Neo-Renaissance]] [[saeculum 19| saeculo undevicensimo]] aedificatum et in communitate Val-Fouzon situm, in praefectura [[Inger (praefectura Franciae)|Ingeris]] in [[regio]]ne [[Centrum et Vallis Ligeris|Centro et Valle Ligeris]]. Est proprietas privata. == Situs == Castrum situm est in vico La Borde, in communa Varennes-sur-Fouzon, quae est communa delegata intra novam communam Vallis-Fouzonis, in cantone Sancti Christophori in Bazella departimenti Indrae. Praedium situm est in fine longi aditus, qui a compitu viae RD4, versus Chabris, devertit. Paulo infra, ex altera parte viae, est lactarium Varennense. == Historia == === Origines === Castrum aedificatum est inter 1860 et 1865, secundum descriptiones ab architecto [[Alfred Dauvergne]] factas<ref>[https://france3-regions. franceinfo.fr/centre-val-de-loire/loiret/orleans/centre-Val-de-Loire-5-chateaux-en-ruine-sauves-par-un-travail-de-restauration-acharne-3296277.html Centre-Val de Loire: 5 ruined castles saved by relentless restoration work], 29 Martii 2026.</ref> per [[Secundum Imperium]], tempore prosperitatis agrariae et industrialis pro pago Indrensi, qui [[ferrovia]] ab 1847 serviebatur. Aedificatio demolitionem villae munitae secuta est, cuius turris solitaria paucis passibus ante aedificium hodiernum manet. Plerique alii partes huius villae evanuerunt. Rudera ex demolitu huius aedificii primi adhibita sunt ad fundamenta et basim novi castri. === Familia Boullet === Ludovicus Gustavus Boullet ([[Valençay]], (7 August 1814 –date 3 March 1867) <ref>Pater eius, Ludovicus Augustus Boullet, in tabulis publicis relatus est ut vectigal collector et mercator.</ref> et uxor eius Gabrielle Picot d'Agard (1826–1905) Castellum de Laborde aedificari curaverunt et primi in eo habitaverunt. Fuit ex familia agricolarum et mercatorum<ref>In nuptiis eius testes erant: pro eo, Iulius Boullet, avunculus eius et agricola, et Antonius Martin, consobrinus eius et notarius; pro uxore eius, Antonius Picot, praefectus sanitatis publicae et consobrinus eius, et Franciscus Desfosses, notarius et consobrinus eius.</ref>. Coniuges tres liberos habuerunt: Henricum Augustinum Ludovicum Boullet (1847–1907)<ref>Hic Ludovicus Boullet socius Societatis Agricolarum Galliae anno MDCCCXC fuit, habitans in 'Château Neuf' in Graves ([[Léognan]]) et in 'Château de la Borde-Varennes' [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bd6t5844723p/f1013.image.r=boullet Online], {{p.|1007}}, ''Gallica''.</ref>, Gabrielle Boullet (1851–1923) et Gustave Boullet (1863–1884). Ludovicus Boullet praedium Laborde a matre mortua hereditate accepit; uxorem duxit Leoniam Mariam Ludovicam Conilh de Beyssac (1858–1934), et tres liberos habuerunt: Martam Paillet-Boullet (1886–1963), Petrus Boullet (1889–1956) et Eugenius Boullet (1890–1940)<ref>Vidua Ludovici Boullet et tres eius liberi in indice 'Tout Sud-Ouest' anni MCMXI referuntur [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96264929/f277.image.r=boullet Online], {{p.|163}}.</ref>. == Series Dominorum == Anno MCMXXV, castellum a familia Boullet venditum est Iacobo Borel (nato Fort-de-France anno MDCCCLX, mortuo Lutetiae anno MCMXLV), qui in commercio rumi [[Martinique rum|Martiniquensis]] divitias fecerat. Videtur eum castrum filio suo, Marie Joseph Jacques Borel (Pointe-à-Pitre 1896 – Lutetia 1970), qui, postquam Iohannam Agoin in matrimonium duxit, ibi habitare coepit, emisse; eorum filius, Jacques Marie Lionel Borel (Varennes-sur-Fouzon, 1927 – Jouy 2011), ibi natus est. Inter duas bellas mundanas, castellum adhibitum esse videtur pro sede lactariae et caseificii interretiali "Laiterie de Varennes" praebita affirmat: 'Post Primum Bellum Mundanum, Ludovicus Trougnou caseum "Je suis de France" produxit et Castellum de la Borde a comitissa Anglica emit. Ibi lactarium suum casearium instituit.' Imago Castelli de la Borde in operculis capsarum Coulommiers apparet Historia interretialis loci caseificii. Villa a Petro Boullet et uxore eius et consobrina, Maria Aemilia Margarita Conilh de Beyssac (1885–1973), occupata est<ref>Maria Aemilia Margarita Conilh de Beyssac neptis erat Mariae Ludovicae Conilh et soror Ioannis Iacobi Conilh de Beyssac (1890–1918).</ref>. Petrus et Margarita in castrum inter annos MCMXV et MCMXXV commigraverunt<ref>Census anni MCMXXVI ad relationem XII, 'castrum de la Borde', aperte 'Nullos' declarat. [https://www.geneanet.org/registres/view/1217485/16 Online].</ref>, ubi familiam constituerunt<ref>Tres filiae, quarum natu maximae—geminae Solange (1918–2010) et Geneviève (1918–2018)—in Caudéran natae sunt. Minimus, Franciscus Boullet (1925–1981), natus in [[Issac]], Mariam-Franciscam Le Goüais (1934–2022), filiam Yves Le Goüais (1902–1962) et Maria de Dieuleveult (1911–1997). </ref>Filius eorum natu maximus, Ludovicus Boullet (1916–1997), qui postea sacerdos factus est, et filia natu minima, Iacquelina (1919–1976), in castello nati sunt. A tempore incerto usque ad annum MCMXLIX, castellum fuit dominium Eliae Granat (1889–1969), qui in [[École supérieure d'électricité]] eruditus erat, machinator et inventor, qui ob egregia merita sua ad gradum Commendatoris [[Legionis Honoris]] anno MCMLVII promotus est<ref name="Léonore-169429">[https://www.leonore.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/ui/notice/169429# ex Tabulario Léonore, fasciculus 169429.</ref>. Ad honorem eius, communitas Varennes-sur-Fouzon unam ex viis suis principalibus (via comitatuum D4) nomine eius appellavit, et Granat civis honorarius anno MCMLII creatus est<ref name="Léonore-169429" />. Castrum postea factum est proprietatem "Cooperativae Agricolae et Pecuariae Beriacae", quae in inseminatio artificialis boum praecipue incumbebat. Administratio in castrum commigravit, dum exedra laboratorium continebat quod semen a tauris, in horreis custoditis, colligebat. Post paucos annos, negotia retardata sunt et tandem cessaverunt. Anno MCMLXXX, praedium a quodam Germano emptum est, qui ibi sumptuose vivebat, clientes suos spolians. Postquam decoctus nuntiatus est, iudicia curaverunt ut praedium quinque annis post in publico auctionem venderetur. Una ex victimis Castellum de la Borde acquisivit et frustra consilium cepit ut id in deversorium converteret. In 1989-1990 societas publica per tabulas limitata cum consilio administrationis et consilio inspectorio condita est, nomine 'Château de la Borde Golf and Country Club'. Socii etiam agros vicinos acquisiverunt, quibus possessione 200 ha<ref>Societas, capitali actionum {{currency|250000|FRF}}, ex Registro Societatum die 15 Novembris 2012 deleta est. [https://www.pappers.fr/entreprise/chateau-de-la-borde-golf-et-country-club-401687843].</ref>. Consilia de deversorio luxurioso exploraverunt, quod plus quam quingentis hospitibus receptaculum et campum pilamallei duodeviginti foraminum praebiturum erat. Haec consilia irrita evaserunt, quia pecuniam necessariam comparare non potuerunt. Animo fracti, domini consilium deseruerunt et praedium vendere conati sunt. Quam ob rem, castrum per circiter quadraginta annos desertum mansit. Hoc tempore, aedificium in ruinam venit et supellectilem (camini, opera ferrea, candelabra) subrepta sunt. Nihilominus, castellum satis bene munitum manebat, propter systema signorum et vigilantiam vicini attenti. Castrum anno MMXXV a duobus Quebecensibus emptum est<ref>{{Nexus interretialis|lingua=fr|auctor=Jean-Philippe Elme & Cécile Mette|titulus=Video. "Somnium quoddam verum fit": Duo Quebecenses ex Canada discedunt ut novam vitam castello quadraginta annos deserto restituant|url=https://france3-regions. franceinfo.fr/centre-val-de-loire/indre/video-un-reve-devient-realite-deux-quebecois-quittent-le-canada-pour-redonner-vie-a-un-chateau-abandonne-depuis-40-ans -3202739.html|format=html|site=franceinfo.fr|date=17 August 2025|accessed=29 March 2026}}.</ref>. Progressus in renovatione praedii in canali eius proprio YouTube spectari potest<ref>{ {Nexus interretialis |lingua=fr-FR |titulus=Château Poséidon |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHNqQGGz8U320jXRNbKC_Pw<nowiki> |situs=YouTube |accessum die=29 Martii 2026}}.</nowiki></ref>. == Descriptio == Aedificium constat ex parte media et imponenti, quattuor turribus symmetricis cincta. Frontis principalis pars prominens est, turribus angularibus speculatoribus ornata. Haec facies divite ornatur modulis stringarum, pilastris, capitibus, et cornicibus magnificis in summo. Solarium fenestris tecti ad modum Renascentiae illuminatur{{sfn|Du Pouget|1999|p=25|id=du_Pouget1999}}. Sectio media et ampla per quinque tabulata patet: * cellaria, quae culinas veteres et systema calefactionis continent; * tabulatum nobile cum conclavibus sollemnibus et diaetis; * primum tabulatum, cum parva capella, necnon compluribus cubiculis cum balneis annexis; * secundum tabulatum, cum cubiculis sub tecto ministris destinatis; * solaria cum compagibus tecti ligneis. Complura cubicula fenestris vitreis coloratis ornantur, a magistro vitrario Iuliano-Leopoldo Lobin (1814–1864) vel a filio eius Luciano-Leopoldo Lobin (1837–1892) factis. Praeterea servata sunt ianua principalis, scaenae monumentalis, tabulata et ianuæ ligneae, laquearia sculpta et pavimenta lignea in multis conclavibus, picturae in parietibus conclavis venatorii, mensae focales in tabulato superiore, pavimenta lignea et tessellata, scala ministrorum, atque structurae tecti. Facies et tecta plerumque in bono statu manserunt. Arcēnum ab exploratoribus urbanis nomine {{Citation|Poseidon}} appellatur, ex sculptura quae scalam aedificii mediam ornât<ref name="Le Monde">{{Web link|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/m-perso/article/2026/01/31/ sane-insani-sumus-ut-credamus-nos-hoc-provocamentum-partim-partim-superare- posse-neo-castellani-sunt-ingeniosi-et-domini-renovationis_6664836_4497916. html|title=Castellum emere, id ipse reficere, et ibi inter ruinas habitare: 'Neochâtelains', artifices sollertiae|date=31 Ianuarii 2026|author=Catharina Rollot|accessed=2 Martii 2026|site=[[Le Monde|lemonde.fr]]}}.</ref>. Novi incolae hoc nomen sibi adsumpserunt ut se ab aliis decem circiter castellis et aedificiis commercialibus Gallicis nomine Laborde gerentibus distinguerent <ref>Verin|2025</ref>. Inceptum restitutionis comprehendit, praeter castellum, donjonem veteris castelli, domum custodis (anno MCMLX aedificatam), portam aditus et murum finis praedii, hortos et silvam {{nobr|15 hectare}}<ref name="Le Monde" /> amplam, domum dirutam in silva sitam, et vestigia archaeologica. == Restauratio == Villa mense Iulio MMXXV empta est a coniugibus Canadensibus, ambo anno MCMXC natis: Thomas Garneau-Bertrand, assecuratore, et Damiano Verhaegen, negotiatore rerum luxuriosarum 'vintage' et accessoriorum<ref name="Le Monde" />. In aedem die Julius 2025 commigrantes, propositum est eis castellum ad pristinum splendorem restituere et id domicilium suum facere. In animo habent tabulato principali ad eventus, cubiculis autem superioribus ad hospitium periegeticum uti. Sibi tempus quinque ad decem annorum statuerunt ad omnem partem somnii sui perficiendam.. A 2025-2026 domum custodis penitus refecerunt, ut eam sibi pro habitatione temporaria facerent, iuxta castellum quod reficiebatur. == Bibliographia == * « <small> [archive]</small> », sur ''Archives départementales de l'Indre'', 2024-2025. * Marc du Pouget (<abbr>dir.</abbr>) et Association Promotion Patrimoine, , Chauray-Niort, Éditions Patrimoines et médias, 1999, 414 <abbr>p.</abbr> <small>(<nowiki>ISBN 2-910137-32-5</nowiki>, présentation en ligne [archive])</small>. * Flore Mabilleau, «  », ''La Nouvelle République'',‎ 12 mai 2024 <small>(lire en ligne [archive] )</small>. * Martine Roy, «  », ''La Nouvelle République'',‎ 20 juillet 2025 <small>(lire en ligne [archive] )</small>. * Cécile Verin, «  », ''Ouest-France'',‎ 30 juillet 2025 <small>(lire en ligne [archive])</small>. * Maude Larin-Kieran, «  », ''TVA Nouvelles'',‎ 18 juillet 2025 <small>(lire en ligne [archive])</small>. * Christian Panvert, «  », ''Le Parisien'',‎ 22 octobre 2025 <small>(lire en ligne [archive] , consulté le 24 octobre 2025)</small>. * A vicinis salutata, coniuges Canadenses castellum derelictum in Indra reficiunt. |datum=22 Octobris 2025|accessum=24 Octobris 2025|url=https://www.leparisien.fr/indre-36/adoube-par-les-villageois-un-couple-de-canadiens-restaure-un-chateau-abandonne-dans-lindre<nowiki> -22-10-2025-IBOZ4Z7FBRGPJD2K4NQ5BDMIZU.php|author = Christian Panvert|access url=paywall}}.</nowiki> == Notae et fontes == === Notae === <references /> == Nexus externi == {{Fontes geographici}} [[Categoria:Castella]] [[Categoria:Aedificia Franciae]] [[Categoria:Confecta saeculo 19]] [[Categoria:Inger (praefectura Franciae)]] 853dch3zxguo55a1lh64iz92tehjcsk 3966183 3966182 2026-06-24T08:43:36Z Andries Van den Abeele 19499 /* Origines */ 3966183 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vicificanda}} [[Fasciculus:Postcard of the North Facade.jpg|thumb|Facies septentrionalis Castelli Posidonis.]] '''Castellum Posidonis'''{{FD ref}} ([[Francogallice]]''Château de la Borde'' et ab anno [[2025]] ''Château Poséidon'') est [[castellum]] stilo [[Neo-Renaissance]] [[saeculum 19| saeculo undevicensimo]] aedificatum et in communitate Val-Fouzon situm, in praefectura [[Inger (praefectura Franciae)|Ingeris]] in [[regio]]ne [[Centrum et Vallis Ligeris|Centro et Valle Ligeris]]. Est proprietas privata. == Situs == Castrum situm est in vico La Borde, in communa Varennes-sur-Fouzon, quae est communa delegata intra novam communam Vallis-Fouzonis, in cantone Sancti Christophori in Bazella departimenti Indrae. Praedium situm est in fine longi aditus, qui a compitu viae RD4, versus Chabris, devertit. Paulo infra, ex altera parte viae, est lactarium Varennense. == Historia == === Origines === Castrum aedificatum est inter 1860 et 1865, secundum descriptiones ab architecto Alfred Dauvergne factas<ref>[https://france3-regions. franceinfo.fr/centre-val-de-loire/loiret/orleans/centre-Val-de-Loire-5-chateaux-en-ruine-sauves-par-un-travail-de-restauration-acharne-3296277.html Centre-Val de Loire: 5 ruined castles saved by relentless restoration work], 29 Martii 2026.</ref> per Secundum Imperium, tempore prosperitatis agrariae et industrialis pro pago Indrensi, qui [[ferrovia]] ab 1847 serviebatur. Aedificatio demolitionem villae munitae secuta est, cuius turris solitaria paucis passibus ante aedificium hodiernum manet. Plerique alii partes huius villae evanuerunt. Rudera ex demolitu huius aedificii primi adhibita sunt ad fundamenta et basim novi castri. === Familia Boullet === Ludovicus Gustavus Boullet ([[Valençay]], (7 August 1814 –date 3 March 1867) <ref>Pater eius, Ludovicus Augustus Boullet, in tabulis publicis relatus est ut vectigal collector et mercator.</ref> et uxor eius Gabrielle Picot d'Agard (1826–1905) Castellum de Laborde aedificari curaverunt et primi in eo habitaverunt. Fuit ex familia agricolarum et mercatorum<ref>In nuptiis eius testes erant: pro eo, Iulius Boullet, avunculus eius et agricola, et Antonius Martin, consobrinus eius et notarius; pro uxore eius, Antonius Picot, praefectus sanitatis publicae et consobrinus eius, et Franciscus Desfosses, notarius et consobrinus eius.</ref>. Coniuges tres liberos habuerunt: Henricum Augustinum Ludovicum Boullet (1847–1907)<ref>Hic Ludovicus Boullet socius Societatis Agricolarum Galliae anno MDCCCXC fuit, habitans in 'Château Neuf' in Graves ([[Léognan]]) et in 'Château de la Borde-Varennes' [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bd6t5844723p/f1013.image.r=boullet Online], {{p.|1007}}, ''Gallica''.</ref>, Gabrielle Boullet (1851–1923) et Gustave Boullet (1863–1884). Ludovicus Boullet praedium Laborde a matre mortua hereditate accepit; uxorem duxit Leoniam Mariam Ludovicam Conilh de Beyssac (1858–1934), et tres liberos habuerunt: Martam Paillet-Boullet (1886–1963), Petrus Boullet (1889–1956) et Eugenius Boullet (1890–1940)<ref>Vidua Ludovici Boullet et tres eius liberi in indice 'Tout Sud-Ouest' anni MCMXI referuntur [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96264929/f277.image.r=boullet Online], {{p.|163}}.</ref>. == Series Dominorum == Anno MCMXXV, castellum a familia Boullet venditum est Iacobo Borel (nato Fort-de-France anno MDCCCLX, mortuo Lutetiae anno MCMXLV), qui in commercio rumi [[Martinique rum|Martiniquensis]] divitias fecerat. Videtur eum castrum filio suo, Marie Joseph Jacques Borel (Pointe-à-Pitre 1896 – Lutetia 1970), qui, postquam Iohannam Agoin in matrimonium duxit, ibi habitare coepit, emisse; eorum filius, Jacques Marie Lionel Borel (Varennes-sur-Fouzon, 1927 – Jouy 2011), ibi natus est. Inter duas bellas mundanas, castellum adhibitum esse videtur pro sede lactariae et caseificii interretiali "Laiterie de Varennes" praebita affirmat: 'Post Primum Bellum Mundanum, Ludovicus Trougnou caseum "Je suis de France" produxit et Castellum de la Borde a comitissa Anglica emit. Ibi lactarium suum casearium instituit.' Imago Castelli de la Borde in operculis capsarum Coulommiers apparet Historia interretialis loci caseificii. Villa a Petro Boullet et uxore eius et consobrina, Maria Aemilia Margarita Conilh de Beyssac (1885–1973), occupata est<ref>Maria Aemilia Margarita Conilh de Beyssac neptis erat Mariae Ludovicae Conilh et soror Ioannis Iacobi Conilh de Beyssac (1890–1918).</ref>. Petrus et Margarita in castrum inter annos MCMXV et MCMXXV commigraverunt<ref>Census anni MCMXXVI ad relationem XII, 'castrum de la Borde', aperte 'Nullos' declarat. [https://www.geneanet.org/registres/view/1217485/16 Online].</ref>, ubi familiam constituerunt<ref>Tres filiae, quarum natu maximae—geminae Solange (1918–2010) et Geneviève (1918–2018)—in Caudéran natae sunt. Minimus, Franciscus Boullet (1925–1981), natus in [[Issac]], Mariam-Franciscam Le Goüais (1934–2022), filiam Yves Le Goüais (1902–1962) et Maria de Dieuleveult (1911–1997). </ref>Filius eorum natu maximus, Ludovicus Boullet (1916–1997), qui postea sacerdos factus est, et filia natu minima, Iacquelina (1919–1976), in castello nati sunt. A tempore incerto usque ad annum MCMXLIX, castellum fuit dominium Eliae Granat (1889–1969), qui in [[École supérieure d'électricité]] eruditus erat, machinator et inventor, qui ob egregia merita sua ad gradum Commendatoris [[Legionis Honoris]] anno MCMLVII promotus est<ref name="Léonore-169429">[https://www.leonore.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/ui/notice/169429# ex Tabulario Léonore, fasciculus 169429.</ref>. Ad honorem eius, communitas Varennes-sur-Fouzon unam ex viis suis principalibus (via comitatuum D4) nomine eius appellavit, et Granat civis honorarius anno MCMLII creatus est<ref name="Léonore-169429" />. Castrum postea factum est proprietatem "Cooperativae Agricolae et Pecuariae Beriacae", quae in inseminatio artificialis boum praecipue incumbebat. Administratio in castrum commigravit, dum exedra laboratorium continebat quod semen a tauris, in horreis custoditis, colligebat. Post paucos annos, negotia retardata sunt et tandem cessaverunt. Anno MCMLXXX, praedium a quodam Germano emptum est, qui ibi sumptuose vivebat, clientes suos spolians. Postquam decoctus nuntiatus est, iudicia curaverunt ut praedium quinque annis post in publico auctionem venderetur. Una ex victimis Castellum de la Borde acquisivit et frustra consilium cepit ut id in deversorium converteret. In 1989-1990 societas publica per tabulas limitata cum consilio administrationis et consilio inspectorio condita est, nomine 'Château de la Borde Golf and Country Club'. Socii etiam agros vicinos acquisiverunt, quibus possessione 200 ha<ref>Societas, capitali actionum {{currency|250000|FRF}}, ex Registro Societatum die 15 Novembris 2012 deleta est. [https://www.pappers.fr/entreprise/chateau-de-la-borde-golf-et-country-club-401687843].</ref>. Consilia de deversorio luxurioso exploraverunt, quod plus quam quingentis hospitibus receptaculum et campum pilamallei duodeviginti foraminum praebiturum erat. Haec consilia irrita evaserunt, quia pecuniam necessariam comparare non potuerunt. Animo fracti, domini consilium deseruerunt et praedium vendere conati sunt. Quam ob rem, castrum per circiter quadraginta annos desertum mansit. Hoc tempore, aedificium in ruinam venit et supellectilem (camini, opera ferrea, candelabra) subrepta sunt. Nihilominus, castellum satis bene munitum manebat, propter systema signorum et vigilantiam vicini attenti. Castrum anno MMXXV a duobus Quebecensibus emptum est<ref>{{Nexus interretialis|lingua=fr|auctor=Jean-Philippe Elme & Cécile Mette|titulus=Video. "Somnium quoddam verum fit": Duo Quebecenses ex Canada discedunt ut novam vitam castello quadraginta annos deserto restituant|url=https://france3-regions. franceinfo.fr/centre-val-de-loire/indre/video-un-reve-devient-realite-deux-quebecois-quittent-le-canada-pour-redonner-vie-a-un-chateau-abandonne-depuis-40-ans -3202739.html|format=html|site=franceinfo.fr|date=17 August 2025|accessed=29 March 2026}}.</ref>. Progressus in renovatione praedii in canali eius proprio YouTube spectari potest<ref>{ {Nexus interretialis |lingua=fr-FR |titulus=Château Poséidon |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHNqQGGz8U320jXRNbKC_Pw<nowiki> |situs=YouTube |accessum die=29 Martii 2026}}.</nowiki></ref>. == Descriptio == Aedificium constat ex parte media et imponenti, quattuor turribus symmetricis cincta. Frontis principalis pars prominens est, turribus angularibus speculatoribus ornata. Haec facies divite ornatur modulis stringarum, pilastris, capitibus, et cornicibus magnificis in summo. Solarium fenestris tecti ad modum Renascentiae illuminatur{{sfn|Du Pouget|1999|p=25|id=du_Pouget1999}}. Sectio media et ampla per quinque tabulata patet: * cellaria, quae culinas veteres et systema calefactionis continent; * tabulatum nobile cum conclavibus sollemnibus et diaetis; * primum tabulatum, cum parva capella, necnon compluribus cubiculis cum balneis annexis; * secundum tabulatum, cum cubiculis sub tecto ministris destinatis; * solaria cum compagibus tecti ligneis. Complura cubicula fenestris vitreis coloratis ornantur, a magistro vitrario Iuliano-Leopoldo Lobin (1814–1864) vel a filio eius Luciano-Leopoldo Lobin (1837–1892) factis. Praeterea servata sunt ianua principalis, scaenae monumentalis, tabulata et ianuæ ligneae, laquearia sculpta et pavimenta lignea in multis conclavibus, picturae in parietibus conclavis venatorii, mensae focales in tabulato superiore, pavimenta lignea et tessellata, scala ministrorum, atque structurae tecti. Facies et tecta plerumque in bono statu manserunt. Arcēnum ab exploratoribus urbanis nomine {{Citation|Poseidon}} appellatur, ex sculptura quae scalam aedificii mediam ornât<ref name="Le Monde">{{Web link|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/m-perso/article/2026/01/31/ sane-insani-sumus-ut-credamus-nos-hoc-provocamentum-partim-partim-superare- posse-neo-castellani-sunt-ingeniosi-et-domini-renovationis_6664836_4497916. html|title=Castellum emere, id ipse reficere, et ibi inter ruinas habitare: 'Neochâtelains', artifices sollertiae|date=31 Ianuarii 2026|author=Catharina Rollot|accessed=2 Martii 2026|site=[[Le Monde|lemonde.fr]]}}.</ref>. Novi incolae hoc nomen sibi adsumpserunt ut se ab aliis decem circiter castellis et aedificiis commercialibus Gallicis nomine Laborde gerentibus distinguerent <ref>Verin|2025</ref>. Inceptum restitutionis comprehendit, praeter castellum, donjonem veteris castelli, domum custodis (anno MCMLX aedificatam), portam aditus et murum finis praedii, hortos et silvam {{nobr|15 hectare}}<ref name="Le Monde" /> amplam, domum dirutam in silva sitam, et vestigia archaeologica. == Restauratio == Villa mense Iulio MMXXV empta est a coniugibus Canadensibus, ambo anno MCMXC natis: Thomas Garneau-Bertrand, assecuratore, et Damiano Verhaegen, negotiatore rerum luxuriosarum 'vintage' et accessoriorum<ref name="Le Monde" />. In aedem die Julius 2025 commigrantes, propositum est eis castellum ad pristinum splendorem restituere et id domicilium suum facere. In animo habent tabulato principali ad eventus, cubiculis autem superioribus ad hospitium periegeticum uti. Sibi tempus quinque ad decem annorum statuerunt ad omnem partem somnii sui perficiendam.. A 2025-2026 domum custodis penitus refecerunt, ut eam sibi pro habitatione temporaria facerent, iuxta castellum quod reficiebatur. == Bibliographia == * « <small> [archive]</small> », sur ''Archives départementales de l'Indre'', 2024-2025. * Marc du Pouget (<abbr>dir.</abbr>) et Association Promotion Patrimoine, , Chauray-Niort, Éditions Patrimoines et médias, 1999, 414 <abbr>p.</abbr> <small>(<nowiki>ISBN 2-910137-32-5</nowiki>, présentation en ligne [archive])</small>. * Flore Mabilleau, «  », ''La Nouvelle République'',‎ 12 mai 2024 <small>(lire en ligne [archive] )</small>. * Martine Roy, «  », ''La Nouvelle République'',‎ 20 juillet 2025 <small>(lire en ligne [archive] )</small>. * Cécile Verin, «  », ''Ouest-France'',‎ 30 juillet 2025 <small>(lire en ligne [archive])</small>. * Maude Larin-Kieran, «  », ''TVA Nouvelles'',‎ 18 juillet 2025 <small>(lire en ligne [archive])</small>. * Christian Panvert, «  », ''Le Parisien'',‎ 22 octobre 2025 <small>(lire en ligne [archive] , consulté le 24 octobre 2025)</small>. * A vicinis salutata, coniuges Canadenses castellum derelictum in Indra reficiunt. |datum=22 Octobris 2025|accessum=24 Octobris 2025|url=https://www.leparisien.fr/indre-36/adoube-par-les-villageois-un-couple-de-canadiens-restaure-un-chateau-abandonne-dans-lindre<nowiki> -22-10-2025-IBOZ4Z7FBRGPJD2K4NQ5BDMIZU.php|author = Christian Panvert|access url=paywall}}.</nowiki> == Notae et fontes == === Notae === <references /> == Nexus externi == {{Fontes geographici}} [[Categoria:Castella]] [[Categoria:Aedificia Franciae]] [[Categoria:Confecta saeculo 19]] [[Categoria:Inger (praefectura Franciae)]] 3snwgxnvrzewx8mrvr6dvr5pnrp12wn 0 325696 3966164 3965926 2026-06-24T03:44:51Z Bartholomite 116968 3966164 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Seekirchen (Pfarrkirche - Friedhof - Kollegiatstift - 2).jpg|thumb|Conventus collegialis apud [[Seekirchen]]; habitatio Iosephi Haslinger usque 1988]] {{res|Iosephus Haslinger}} (vulgo ''Josef''; natus die [[10 Decembris]] [[1904]] apud [[Sankt Georgen an der Gusen]] in [[Austria Superior]]e<ref>Personalschematismus der Erzdiözese Salzburg 1995. Eigenverlag des Erzbischöflichen Ordinariates Salzburg. Salzburg 1995, p. 408</ref>; mortuus die [[24 Februarii]] [[1994]] in Bad Mühllacken<ref>[[Lentia]]e, secundum [https://www.dioezese-linz.at/dl/nursJmoJmOmJqx4KJKJKJNmLn/Linzer_Dioezesanblatt_1994_04_01_pdf ''Linzer Diözesanblatt''] - 1 Aprilis 1994, p. 52-53</ref>) fuit [[presbyter|parochus]] et [[missionarius]] [[Austria|Austriacus]]. ==Vita== Haslinger Collegium Aloisianum [[lentia|Lentiense]] frequentavit et maturitatis examen in [[Liesing (Vindobona)|Kalksburg (Liesing)]] habuit<ref>[https://eplus.uni-salzburg.at/theologische/content/titleinfo/12185017 Iosephi Haslinger promissa de cursibus universitariis sequendis] - apud: ''Archivum universitarium Iuvavense''; 1930-34</ref>. Tunc ex autumno 1929 philosophiae et theologiae in [[universitas Salisburgensis|Alma Mater Paridiana]] studuit. Quibus annis in Collegio sacerdotali vitam degebat. Die 13 Iulii 1933 in [[Ecclesia Cathedralis Salisburgensis| Ecclesia Cathedrali Iuvavensi]] sacerdotalis ordinatio eius facta est. Capellanus creatus est in Berndorf (1934-37) et Sankt Johann im Pongau necnon secretarius Sodalitatis Universitariae Catholicae. Tunc beneficiatus fuit in Hopfgarten (in [[tirolis (civitas Austriae)|Tiroli]]). Die 9 Ianuarii 1939 En la 9.1.1939 la [[nazismus|socialistae nationales]] eius veniam religiosorum in scholis docendorum ademerunt.<ref>AT-AES 2.17.1 12/10 (Rp2) - elenchus clericorum a scholis expulsorum (in Archidioesesi Iuvavensi)</ref> Die autem 17 Marii 1939, cum pueri et puellae mox communicaturi confessionem dedissent, agentes in rebus [[Gestapo]] eum comprehenderunt. Anno 1941 exeunte denique Haslinger carcere liberatus est. Causa abductionis fuerat homilia die 25 Martii 1939 ex ambone habita de falsis prophetis<ref>''Attendite a falsis prophetis, qui veniunt ad vos in vestimentis ovium, intrinsecus autem sunt lupi rapaces.'' - Matth 7,15</ref> quae in contumeliam regentium haberi potuit.<ref>AT-AES 19/3, [[Andreas Rohracher|Andreae Rohracher]] archiepiscopi Iuvavensis elenchus de sacerdotibus qui annis inter 1938 et 1945 ex causis politicis persecutionem perpessi sint</ref><ref>AT-AES 2.17.A2.1.527, epistula [[Paulus Rusch|Paulo Rusch]] episcopo Aenipontano die 19 Maii 1939 data; Haslinger post [[secundum Bellum Mundanum|bellum pancosmicum]] scriptis rationem de omnibus istis rebus reddens in "Krieg gegen Gott wird zum Krieg gegen Menschen"</ref> Tunc capellanus fuit in parochiis Unternberg, Böckstein, Hopfgarten et Goldegg. Annis inter 1949 et 1962 in [[Civitas Bahiensis|Civitate Bahiensi]] missionarii munere functus est.<ref>In Brasilia eum nuncupaverunt ''Iosephum Leopoldum''.</ref> In patriam reversus Haslinger animas in nosocomio Sancti Ioannis ([[Salisburgum|Iuvavi]]) curavit antequam parochus in Straßwalchen (1962-64) et catechizans in Seekirchen fieret. Annis 1969 et 1970 subsidiarius in Elixhausen fuit. Saepe iter fecit cum peregrinantibus, qui loca apparitionis Mariae visitabant. Anno 1988, sorore decessa, in gerontocomium catholicum ad Bad Mühllacken transeundum erat; nonnullos annos illinc Lentiam petebat ad missas celebrandas in fano Fratrum Minorum. Tumba eius in canonicorum sepulcreto in Seekirchen invenitur. Anno 1987, quando spes erat de aliquo consensu perpetrando inter [[Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Pii X|Fraternitatem Sacerdotalem Sancti Pii X]] et [[sancta Sedes|Sanctam Sedem]], [[marcellus Lefebvre|Marcellum Lefebvre]] Iuvavi convenit (in sacramento confirmationis dando) eumque [[Anisia]]e revisit.<ref>[https://fsspx.at/de/events/52-jahrestag-des-ersten-besuches-von-erzbischof-lefebvre-oesterreich-47973 "52. Jahrestag des ersten Besuches von Erzbischof Lefebvre in Österreich"] - apud: ''fsspx.at'' - cum photographia</ref><ref>Iosephus Haslinger: [https://fsspx.at/de/news/vor-40-jahren-wurde-der-erste-oesterreicher-unserer-bruderschaft-zum-priester-geweiht-26263 nuntius de primitiis sacerdotis Ioannis Walderdorff] - apud: ''Salzburger Nachrichten,'' 22.7.1981</ref> Haslinger quoque in [[latinitas viva|Latinitate viva]] provehenda operam dabat. In pluribus septimanis [[Opus Fundatum Latinitas|Operis Fundati Latinitas]], quae ''Feriae Latinae'' inscribebantur, adfuit et moderatori auxiliabatur. Haslinger linguas Anglicam, Francicam, Graecam, Hebraicam, Hispanicam, Italicam, Latinam, Lusitanicam callebat. == Fontes == * Rinnerthaler, Alfred: "Aus der Chronik des Vikariates und der Pfarre Elixhausen" - apud: Robert Wintersteiger kaj Gertraud Lürzer: ''Chronik der Gemeinde Elixhausen,'' Gemeinde Elixhausen 1991, p. 83 * [https://res.icar-us.eu/index.php/Haslinger,_Josef_(1904-1994) "Haslinger, Josef (1904-1994)"] - apud: ''Regesta Ecclesiastica Salisburgensia (RES) *[https://wiki.sn.at/wiki/Josef_Haslinger_(Priester) "Haslinger, Josef (Priester)"] - apud: ''SalzburgWiki'' ==Notae== <references /> {{Lifetime|1904|1994|Haslinger, Iosephus}} [[Categoria:Incarcerati]] [[Categoria:Incolae Austriae]] [[Categoria:Latinitas viva]] [[Categoria:Missionarii]] [[Categoria:Presbyteri catholici]] 6tambvflrv6juueiodoyo15nzt3ujpw 0 325698 3966074 2026-06-23T13:45:05Z Andrew Dalby 1084 nova 3966074 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} {{res|Hadrianus Castellensis}}, cui titulus '''cardinalis S. Chrysogoni''' in libris Latinis attribui solet ([[Tarquinii|Corneti]] natus anno [[1461]]; [[Venetiae|Venetiis]] die [[]] mortuus) fuit legatus Sanctae Sedis et scriptor [[Latine|Latinus]]. == Scripta == * == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * == Nexus externi == ((Fontes biographici}} {{Anni vitae|1461|1521|Hadrianus C}} ku3wmvxvl0x49p0saqtukm1vnjwviwk 3966081 3966074 2026-06-23T14:26:49Z Andrew Dalby 1084 + 3966081 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Hadrianus card S Chrysogoni Iter 1506 prima pagina.jpg|thumb|Prima pagina carminis 1508, titulo ''Iter sanctissimi domini nostri Iulii papae II'']] {{res|Hadrianus Castellensis}}, cui titulus '''cardinalis S. Chrysogoni''' in libris Latinis attribui solet ([[Tarquinii|Corneti]] natus anno [[1461]]; [[Venetiae|Venetiis]] die [[]] mortuus) fuit legatus Sanctae Sedis et scriptor [[Latine|Latinus]]. == Scripta == * 1496 : ''Oratio super foedere inter Alexandrum VI ac Romanorum, Hispaniae et Anglie reges'' * 1505 : ''Venatio'', plene ''De venatione ad Ascanium Sforzam''; [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/bsb00005107/images/ Textus] * 1506 : ''Iter Iulii II cum Bononiam contendit'', aliter ''Iter sanctissimi domini nostri Iulii papae II'' {{Google Books|DPLqzrgTn50C|prima pagina carente, sed vide imaginem nostram}} * 1507 : ''De vera philosophia ex quattuor doctoribus ecclesiae'' * 1515 : ''De sermone latino; De modis latine loquendi'' == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Alessandro Ferrajoli, "Il matrimonio di Adriano Castellesi, poi cardinale, e il suo annullamento" in ''Archivio della Società Romana di storia patria'' vol. 42 (1919) * Girolamo Ferri, Ambrogio Simpliciano de Schreck, ''La biografia del celebre cardinale Adriano da Corneto, vescovo di Bath''. Tridenti: Monauni, 1837 {{Google Books|l9w5AAAAcAAJ}} * {{DBI|https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/adriano-castellesi_(Dizionario-Biografico)/|Castellesi, Adriano|Gigliola Fragnito|1978|21}} == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biographici}} {{Vicifons|Scriptor:Hadrianus Castellensis|Hadrianum Castellensem}} {{Anni vitae|1461|1521|Hadrianus C}} 5vsvn25no4ufhx26zkydutsadpwtbmc 3966082 3966081 2026-06-23T14:28:31Z Andrew Dalby 1084 3966082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Hadrianus card S Chrysogoni Iter 1506 prima pagina.jpg|thumb|Prima pagina carminis 1508, titulo ''Iter sanctissimi domini nostri Iulii papae II'']] {{res|Hadrianus Castellensis}}, cui titulus '''cardinalis S. Chrysogoni''' in libris Latinis attribui solet ([[Tarquinii|Corneti]] natus anno [[1461]]; [[Venetiae|Venetiis]] mense Decembri [[1521]] mortuus) fuit legatus Sanctae Sedis et scriptor [[Latine|Latinus]]. == Scripta == * 1496 : ''Oratio super foedere inter Alexandrum VI ac Romanorum, Hispaniae et Anglie reges'' * 1505 : ''Venatio'', plene ''De venatione ad Ascanium Sforzam''; [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/bsb00005107/images/ Textus] * 1506 : ''Iter Iulii II cum Bononiam contendit'', aliter ''Iter sanctissimi domini nostri Iulii papae II'' {{Google Books|DPLqzrgTn50C|prima pagina carente, sed vide imaginem nostram}} * 1507 : ''De vera philosophia ex quattuor doctoribus ecclesiae'' * 1515 : ''De sermone latino; De modis latine loquendi'' == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Alessandro Ferrajoli, "Il matrimonio di Adriano Castellesi, poi cardinale, e il suo annullamento" in ''Archivio della Società Romana di storia patria'' vol. 42 (1919) * Girolamo Ferri, Ambrogio Simpliciano de Schreck, ''La biografia del celebre cardinale Adriano da Corneto, vescovo di Bath''. Tridenti: Monauni, 1837 {{Google Books|l9w5AAAAcAAJ}} * {{DBI|https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/adriano-castellesi_(Dizionario-Biografico)/|Castellesi, Adriano|Gigliola Fragnito|1978|21}} == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biographici}} {{Vicifons|Scriptor:Hadrianus Castellensis|Hadrianum Castellensem}} {{Anni vitae|1461|1521|Hadrianus C}} t36211rq5q67x6gugftj3xybsbzqxaw 3966083 3966082 2026-06-23T14:29:16Z Andrew Dalby 1084 /* Scripta */ 3966083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Hadrianus card S Chrysogoni Iter 1506 prima pagina.jpg|thumb|Prima pagina carminis 1508, titulo ''Iter sanctissimi domini nostri Iulii papae II'']] {{res|Hadrianus Castellensis}}, cui titulus '''cardinalis S. Chrysogoni''' in libris Latinis attribui solet ([[Tarquinii|Corneti]] natus anno [[1461]]; [[Venetiae|Venetiis]] mense Decembri [[1521]] mortuus) fuit legatus Sanctae Sedis et scriptor [[Latine|Latinus]]. == Scripta == * 1496 : ''Oratio super foedere inter Alexandrum VI ac Romanorum, Hispaniae et Anglie reges'' * 1505 : ''Venatio'', plene ''De venatione ad Ascanium Sforzam''; [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/bsb00005107/images/ Textus] * 1506 : ''Iter Iulii II cum Bononiam contendit'', aliter ''Iter sanctissimi domini nostri Iulii papae II'' {{Google Books|DPLqzrgTn50C}} -- (prima pagina carente, sed vide imaginem nostram) * 1507 : ''De vera philosophia ex quattuor doctoribus ecclesiae'' * 1515 : ''De sermone latino; De modis latine loquendi'' == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Alessandro Ferrajoli, "Il matrimonio di Adriano Castellesi, poi cardinale, e il suo annullamento" in ''Archivio della Società Romana di storia patria'' vol. 42 (1919) * Girolamo Ferri, Ambrogio Simpliciano de Schreck, ''La biografia del celebre cardinale Adriano da Corneto, vescovo di Bath''. Tridenti: Monauni, 1837 {{Google Books|l9w5AAAAcAAJ}} * {{DBI|https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/adriano-castellesi_(Dizionario-Biografico)/|Castellesi, Adriano|Gigliola Fragnito|1978|21}} == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biographici}} {{Vicifons|Scriptor:Hadrianus Castellensis|Hadrianum Castellensem}} {{Anni vitae|1461|1521|Hadrianus C}} ck9hc3lnnyx3inkm7yx37dku2qfv3sf 3966084 3966083 2026-06-23T14:30:12Z Andrew Dalby 1084 /* Scripta */ 3966084 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Hadrianus card S Chrysogoni Iter 1506 prima pagina.jpg|thumb|Prima pagina carminis 1508, titulo ''Iter sanctissimi domini nostri Iulii papae II'']] {{res|Hadrianus Castellensis}}, cui titulus '''cardinalis S. Chrysogoni''' in libris Latinis attribui solet ([[Tarquinii|Corneti]] natus anno [[1461]]; [[Venetiae|Venetiis]] mense Decembri [[1521]] mortuus) fuit legatus Sanctae Sedis et scriptor [[Latine|Latinus]]. == Scripta == * 1496 : ''Oratio super foedere inter Alexandrum VI ac Romanorum, Hispaniae et Anglie reges'' * 1505 : ''Venatio'', plene ''De venatione ad Ascanium Sforzam''; [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/bsb00005107/images/ Textus] * 1506 : ''Iter Iulii II cum Bononiam contendit'', aliter ''Iter sanctissimi domini nostri Iulii papae II'' {{Google Books|DPLqzrgTn50C}} * 1507 : ''De vera philosophia ex quattuor doctoribus ecclesiae'' * 1515 : ''De sermone latino; De modis latine loquendi'' == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Alessandro Ferrajoli, "Il matrimonio di Adriano Castellesi, poi cardinale, e il suo annullamento" in ''Archivio della Società Romana di storia patria'' vol. 42 (1919) * Girolamo Ferri, Ambrogio Simpliciano de Schreck, ''La biografia del celebre cardinale Adriano da Corneto, vescovo di Bath''. Tridenti: Monauni, 1837 {{Google Books|l9w5AAAAcAAJ}} * {{DBI|https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/adriano-castellesi_(Dizionario-Biografico)/|Castellesi, Adriano|Gigliola Fragnito|1978|21}} == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biographici}} {{Vicifons|Scriptor:Hadrianus Castellensis|Hadrianum Castellensem}} {{Anni vitae|1461|1521|Hadrianus C}} 2uvlmuit5919h4xo11kwim93qjwjooz 3966085 3966084 2026-06-23T14:31:01Z Andrew Dalby 1084 [[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: +[[Categoria:Episcopi Bathonienses et Wellenses]] 3966085 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Hadrianus card S Chrysogoni Iter 1506 prima pagina.jpg|thumb|Prima pagina carminis 1508, titulo ''Iter sanctissimi domini nostri Iulii papae II'']] {{res|Hadrianus Castellensis}}, cui titulus '''cardinalis S. Chrysogoni''' in libris Latinis attribui solet ([[Tarquinii|Corneti]] natus anno [[1461]]; [[Venetiae|Venetiis]] mense Decembri [[1521]] mortuus) fuit legatus Sanctae Sedis et scriptor [[Latine|Latinus]]. == Scripta == * 1496 : ''Oratio super foedere inter Alexandrum VI ac Romanorum, Hispaniae et Anglie reges'' * 1505 : ''Venatio'', plene ''De venatione ad Ascanium Sforzam''; [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/bsb00005107/images/ Textus] * 1506 : ''Iter Iulii II cum Bononiam contendit'', aliter ''Iter sanctissimi domini nostri Iulii papae II'' {{Google Books|DPLqzrgTn50C}} * 1507 : ''De vera philosophia ex quattuor doctoribus ecclesiae'' * 1515 : ''De sermone latino; De modis latine loquendi'' == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Alessandro Ferrajoli, "Il matrimonio di Adriano Castellesi, poi cardinale, e il suo annullamento" in ''Archivio della Società Romana di storia patria'' vol. 42 (1919) * Girolamo Ferri, Ambrogio Simpliciano de Schreck, ''La biografia del celebre cardinale Adriano da Corneto, vescovo di Bath''. Tridenti: Monauni, 1837 {{Google Books|l9w5AAAAcAAJ}} * {{DBI|https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/adriano-castellesi_(Dizionario-Biografico)/|Castellesi, Adriano|Gigliola Fragnito|1978|21}} == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biographici}} {{Vicifons|Scriptor:Hadrianus Castellensis|Hadrianum Castellensem}} {{Anni vitae|1461|1521|Hadrianus C}} [[Categoria:Episcopi Bathonienses et Wellenses]] jtsp6ppqjoz39iq1eu0d52j0nfxyoca 3966086 3966085 2026-06-23T14:31:15Z Andrew Dalby 1084 [[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: +[[Categoria:Episcopi Herefordienses]] 3966086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Hadrianus card S Chrysogoni Iter 1506 prima pagina.jpg|thumb|Prima pagina carminis 1508, titulo ''Iter sanctissimi domini nostri Iulii papae II'']] {{res|Hadrianus Castellensis}}, cui titulus '''cardinalis S. Chrysogoni''' in libris Latinis attribui solet ([[Tarquinii|Corneti]] natus anno [[1461]]; [[Venetiae|Venetiis]] mense Decembri [[1521]] mortuus) fuit legatus Sanctae Sedis et scriptor [[Latine|Latinus]]. == Scripta == * 1496 : ''Oratio super foedere inter Alexandrum VI ac Romanorum, Hispaniae et Anglie reges'' * 1505 : ''Venatio'', plene ''De venatione ad Ascanium Sforzam''; [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/bsb00005107/images/ Textus] * 1506 : ''Iter Iulii II cum Bononiam contendit'', aliter ''Iter sanctissimi domini nostri Iulii papae II'' {{Google Books|DPLqzrgTn50C}} * 1507 : ''De vera philosophia ex quattuor doctoribus ecclesiae'' * 1515 : ''De sermone latino; De modis latine loquendi'' == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Alessandro Ferrajoli, "Il matrimonio di Adriano Castellesi, poi cardinale, e il suo annullamento" in ''Archivio della Società Romana di storia patria'' vol. 42 (1919) * Girolamo Ferri, Ambrogio Simpliciano de Schreck, ''La biografia del celebre cardinale Adriano da Corneto, vescovo di Bath''. Tridenti: Monauni, 1837 {{Google Books|l9w5AAAAcAAJ}} * {{DBI|https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/adriano-castellesi_(Dizionario-Biografico)/|Castellesi, Adriano|Gigliola Fragnito|1978|21}} == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biographici}} {{Vicifons|Scriptor:Hadrianus Castellensis|Hadrianum Castellensem}} {{Anni vitae|1461|1521|Hadrianus C}} [[Categoria:Episcopi Bathonienses et Wellenses]] [[Categoria:Episcopi Herefordienses]] fm9nan3c33il3t4och7ej4yhgjnar1q 3966087 3966086 2026-06-23T14:31:41Z Andrew Dalby 1084 [[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: +[[Categoria:Cardinales]] 3966087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Hadrianus card S Chrysogoni Iter 1506 prima pagina.jpg|thumb|Prima pagina carminis 1508, titulo ''Iter sanctissimi domini nostri Iulii papae II'']] {{res|Hadrianus Castellensis}}, cui titulus '''cardinalis S. Chrysogoni''' in libris Latinis attribui solet ([[Tarquinii|Corneti]] natus anno [[1461]]; [[Venetiae|Venetiis]] mense Decembri [[1521]] mortuus) fuit legatus Sanctae Sedis et scriptor [[Latine|Latinus]]. == Scripta == * 1496 : ''Oratio super foedere inter Alexandrum VI ac Romanorum, Hispaniae et Anglie reges'' * 1505 : ''Venatio'', plene ''De venatione ad Ascanium Sforzam''; [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/bsb00005107/images/ Textus] * 1506 : ''Iter Iulii II cum Bononiam contendit'', aliter ''Iter sanctissimi domini nostri Iulii papae II'' {{Google Books|DPLqzrgTn50C}} * 1507 : ''De vera philosophia ex quattuor doctoribus ecclesiae'' * 1515 : ''De sermone latino; De modis latine loquendi'' == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Alessandro Ferrajoli, "Il matrimonio di Adriano Castellesi, poi cardinale, e il suo annullamento" in ''Archivio della Società Romana di storia patria'' vol. 42 (1919) * Girolamo Ferri, Ambrogio Simpliciano de Schreck, ''La biografia del celebre cardinale Adriano da Corneto, vescovo di Bath''. Tridenti: Monauni, 1837 {{Google Books|l9w5AAAAcAAJ}} * {{DBI|https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/adriano-castellesi_(Dizionario-Biografico)/|Castellesi, Adriano|Gigliola Fragnito|1978|21}} == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biographici}} {{Vicifons|Scriptor:Hadrianus Castellensis|Hadrianum Castellensem}} {{Anni vitae|1461|1521|Hadrianus C}} [[Categoria:Episcopi Bathonienses et Wellenses]] [[Categoria:Episcopi Herefordienses]] [[Categoria:Cardinales]] bsdovqukrc848659mgevlj6f0oo2pkr 3966088 3966087 2026-06-23T14:32:00Z Andrew Dalby 1084 [[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: +[[Categoria:Auctores Latini Renascentiae]] 3966088 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Hadrianus card S Chrysogoni Iter 1506 prima pagina.jpg|thumb|Prima pagina carminis 1508, titulo ''Iter sanctissimi domini nostri Iulii papae II'']] {{res|Hadrianus Castellensis}}, cui titulus '''cardinalis S. Chrysogoni''' in libris Latinis attribui solet ([[Tarquinii|Corneti]] natus anno [[1461]]; [[Venetiae|Venetiis]] mense Decembri [[1521]] mortuus) fuit legatus Sanctae Sedis et scriptor [[Latine|Latinus]]. == Scripta == * 1496 : ''Oratio super foedere inter Alexandrum VI ac Romanorum, Hispaniae et Anglie reges'' * 1505 : ''Venatio'', plene ''De venatione ad Ascanium Sforzam''; [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/bsb00005107/images/ Textus] * 1506 : ''Iter Iulii II cum Bononiam contendit'', aliter ''Iter sanctissimi domini nostri Iulii papae II'' {{Google Books|DPLqzrgTn50C}} * 1507 : ''De vera philosophia ex quattuor doctoribus ecclesiae'' * 1515 : ''De sermone latino; De modis latine loquendi'' == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Alessandro Ferrajoli, "Il matrimonio di Adriano Castellesi, poi cardinale, e il suo annullamento" in ''Archivio della Società Romana di storia patria'' vol. 42 (1919) * Girolamo Ferri, Ambrogio Simpliciano de Schreck, ''La biografia del celebre cardinale Adriano da Corneto, vescovo di Bath''. Tridenti: Monauni, 1837 {{Google Books|l9w5AAAAcAAJ}} * {{DBI|https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/adriano-castellesi_(Dizionario-Biografico)/|Castellesi, Adriano|Gigliola Fragnito|1978|21}} == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biographici}} {{Vicifons|Scriptor:Hadrianus Castellensis|Hadrianum Castellensem}} {{Anni vitae|1461|1521|Hadrianus C}} [[Categoria:Episcopi Bathonienses et Wellenses]] [[Categoria:Episcopi Herefordienses]] [[Categoria:Cardinales]] [[Categoria:Auctores Latini Renascentiae]] no78jvnfbybo8wiw0182usk5jp7adsu 3966089 3966088 2026-06-23T14:32:17Z Andrew Dalby 1084 [[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: +[[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae]] 3966089 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Hadrianus card S Chrysogoni Iter 1506 prima pagina.jpg|thumb|Prima pagina carminis 1508, titulo ''Iter sanctissimi domini nostri Iulii papae II'']] {{res|Hadrianus Castellensis}}, cui titulus '''cardinalis S. Chrysogoni''' in libris Latinis attribui solet ([[Tarquinii|Corneti]] natus anno [[1461]]; [[Venetiae|Venetiis]] mense Decembri [[1521]] mortuus) fuit legatus Sanctae Sedis et scriptor [[Latine|Latinus]]. == Scripta == * 1496 : ''Oratio super foedere inter Alexandrum VI ac Romanorum, Hispaniae et Anglie reges'' * 1505 : ''Venatio'', plene ''De venatione ad Ascanium Sforzam''; [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/bsb00005107/images/ Textus] * 1506 : ''Iter Iulii II cum Bononiam contendit'', aliter ''Iter sanctissimi domini nostri Iulii papae II'' {{Google Books|DPLqzrgTn50C}} * 1507 : ''De vera philosophia ex quattuor doctoribus ecclesiae'' * 1515 : ''De sermone latino; De modis latine loquendi'' == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Alessandro Ferrajoli, "Il matrimonio di Adriano Castellesi, poi cardinale, e il suo annullamento" in ''Archivio della Società Romana di storia patria'' vol. 42 (1919) * Girolamo Ferri, Ambrogio Simpliciano de Schreck, ''La biografia del celebre cardinale Adriano da Corneto, vescovo di Bath''. Tridenti: Monauni, 1837 {{Google Books|l9w5AAAAcAAJ}} * {{DBI|https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/adriano-castellesi_(Dizionario-Biografico)/|Castellesi, Adriano|Gigliola Fragnito|1978|21}} == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biographici}} {{Vicifons|Scriptor:Hadrianus Castellensis|Hadrianum Castellensem}} {{Anni vitae|1461|1521|Hadrianus C}} [[Categoria:Episcopi Bathonienses et Wellenses]] [[Categoria:Episcopi Herefordienses]] [[Categoria:Cardinales]] [[Categoria:Auctores Latini Renascentiae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae]] l3ugbglvmp0n2i1ayvv6vlgi6277hsl 3966094 3966089 2026-06-23T15:20:34Z Andrew Dalby 1084 3966094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Hadrianus card S Chrysogoni Iter 1506 prima pagina.jpg|thumb|Prima pagina carminis 1506, titulo ''Iter sanctissimi domini nostri Iulii papae II'']] {{res|Hadrianus Castellensis}}, cui titulus '''cardinalis S. Chrysogoni''' in libris Latinis attribui solet ([[Tarquinii|Corneti]] natus anno [[1461]]; [[Venetiae|Venetiis]] mense Decembri [[1521]] mortuus) fuit legatus Sanctae Sedis et scriptor [[Latine|Latinus]]. == Scripta == * 1496 : ''Oratio super foedere inter Alexandrum VI ac Romanorum, Hispaniae et Anglie reges'' * 1505 : ''Venatio'', plene ''De venatione ad Ascanium Sforzam''; [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/bsb00005107/images/ Textus] * 1506 : ''Iter Iulii II cum Bononiam contendit'', aliter ''Iter sanctissimi domini nostri Iulii papae II'' {{Google Books|DPLqzrgTn50C}} * 1507 : ''De vera philosophia ex quattuor doctoribus ecclesiae'' * 1515 : ''De sermone latino; De modis latine loquendi''; [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k596015 Textus], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k8707461j editio 1517 apud Gallica] == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Alessandro Ferrajoli, "Il matrimonio di Adriano Castellesi, poi cardinale, e il suo annullamento" in ''Archivio della Società Romana di storia patria'' vol. 42 (1919) * Girolamo Ferri, Ambrogio Simpliciano de Schreck, ''La biografia del celebre cardinale Adriano da Corneto, vescovo di Bath''. Tridenti: Monauni, 1837 {{Google Books|l9w5AAAAcAAJ}} * {{DBI|https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/adriano-castellesi_(Dizionario-Biografico)/|Castellesi, Adriano|Gigliola Fragnito|1978|21}} == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biographici}} {{Vicifons|Scriptor:Hadrianus Castellensis|Hadrianum Castellensem}} *[ https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bd6t53799377/f396 De epistula quadam Hadriani Castellensis] {{Anni vitae|1461|1521|Hadrianus C}} [[Categoria:Episcopi Bathonienses et Wellenses]] [[Categoria:Episcopi Herefordienses]] [[Categoria:Cardinales]] [[Categoria:Auctores Latini Renascentiae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae]] h1jxg9pnfdyorc6vytsg630wnv2f1fy 3966095 3966094 2026-06-23T15:21:00Z Andrew Dalby 1084 /* Nexus externi */ 3966095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Hadrianus card S Chrysogoni Iter 1506 prima pagina.jpg|thumb|Prima pagina carminis 1506, titulo ''Iter sanctissimi domini nostri Iulii papae II'']] {{res|Hadrianus Castellensis}}, cui titulus '''cardinalis S. Chrysogoni''' in libris Latinis attribui solet ([[Tarquinii|Corneti]] natus anno [[1461]]; [[Venetiae|Venetiis]] mense Decembri [[1521]] mortuus) fuit legatus Sanctae Sedis et scriptor [[Latine|Latinus]]. == Scripta == * 1496 : ''Oratio super foedere inter Alexandrum VI ac Romanorum, Hispaniae et Anglie reges'' * 1505 : ''Venatio'', plene ''De venatione ad Ascanium Sforzam''; [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/bsb00005107/images/ Textus] * 1506 : ''Iter Iulii II cum Bononiam contendit'', aliter ''Iter sanctissimi domini nostri Iulii papae II'' {{Google Books|DPLqzrgTn50C}} * 1507 : ''De vera philosophia ex quattuor doctoribus ecclesiae'' * 1515 : ''De sermone latino; De modis latine loquendi''; [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k596015 Textus], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k8707461j editio 1517 apud Gallica] == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Alessandro Ferrajoli, "Il matrimonio di Adriano Castellesi, poi cardinale, e il suo annullamento" in ''Archivio della Società Romana di storia patria'' vol. 42 (1919) * Girolamo Ferri, Ambrogio Simpliciano de Schreck, ''La biografia del celebre cardinale Adriano da Corneto, vescovo di Bath''. Tridenti: Monauni, 1837 {{Google Books|l9w5AAAAcAAJ}} * {{DBI|https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/adriano-castellesi_(Dizionario-Biografico)/|Castellesi, Adriano|Gigliola Fragnito|1978|21}} == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biographici}} {{Vicifons|Scriptor:Hadrianus Castellensis|Hadrianum Castellensem}} * [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bd6t53799377/f396 De epistula quadam Hadriani Castellensis] {{Anni vitae|1461|1521|Hadrianus C}} [[Categoria:Episcopi Bathonienses et Wellenses]] [[Categoria:Episcopi Herefordienses]] [[Categoria:Cardinales]] [[Categoria:Auctores Latini Renascentiae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae]] odie0jpgdrof617eh25mlksbm70m95x 3966108 3966095 2026-06-23T15:59:34Z Andrew Dalby 1084 [[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: +[[Categoria:Nuntii Apostolici]] 3966108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Hadrianus card S Chrysogoni Iter 1506 prima pagina.jpg|thumb|Prima pagina carminis 1506, titulo ''Iter sanctissimi domini nostri Iulii papae II'']] {{res|Hadrianus Castellensis}}, cui titulus '''cardinalis S. Chrysogoni''' in libris Latinis attribui solet ([[Tarquinii|Corneti]] natus anno [[1461]]; [[Venetiae|Venetiis]] mense Decembri [[1521]] mortuus) fuit legatus Sanctae Sedis et scriptor [[Latine|Latinus]]. == Scripta == * 1496 : ''Oratio super foedere inter Alexandrum VI ac Romanorum, Hispaniae et Anglie reges'' * 1505 : ''Venatio'', plene ''De venatione ad Ascanium Sforzam''; [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/bsb00005107/images/ Textus] * 1506 : ''Iter Iulii II cum Bononiam contendit'', aliter ''Iter sanctissimi domini nostri Iulii papae II'' {{Google Books|DPLqzrgTn50C}} * 1507 : ''De vera philosophia ex quattuor doctoribus ecclesiae'' * 1515 : ''De sermone latino; De modis latine loquendi''; [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k596015 Textus], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k8707461j editio 1517 apud Gallica] == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Alessandro Ferrajoli, "Il matrimonio di Adriano Castellesi, poi cardinale, e il suo annullamento" in ''Archivio della Società Romana di storia patria'' vol. 42 (1919) * Girolamo Ferri, Ambrogio Simpliciano de Schreck, ''La biografia del celebre cardinale Adriano da Corneto, vescovo di Bath''. Tridenti: Monauni, 1837 {{Google Books|l9w5AAAAcAAJ}} * {{DBI|https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/adriano-castellesi_(Dizionario-Biografico)/|Castellesi, Adriano|Gigliola Fragnito|1978|21}} == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biographici}} {{Vicifons|Scriptor:Hadrianus Castellensis|Hadrianum Castellensem}} * [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bd6t53799377/f396 De epistula quadam Hadriani Castellensis] {{Anni vitae|1461|1521|Hadrianus C}} [[Categoria:Episcopi Bathonienses et Wellenses]] [[Categoria:Episcopi Herefordienses]] [[Categoria:Cardinales]] [[Categoria:Auctores Latini Renascentiae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae]] [[Categoria:Nuntii Apostolici]] 6809usdaav0r9qoemny9dgm74dxrd3w 3966109 3966108 2026-06-23T16:02:37Z Andrew Dalby 1084 3966109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Hadrianus card S Chrysogoni Iter 1506 prima pagina.jpg|thumb|Prima pagina carminis 1506, titulo ''Iter sanctissimi domini nostri Iulii papae II'']] {{res|Hadrianus Castellensis}}, cui titulus '''cardinalis S. Chrysogoni''' in libris Latinis attribui solet ([[Tarquinii|Corneti]] natus anno fere [[1461]]; [[Venetiae|Venetiis]] mense Decembri [[1521]] mortuus) fuit nuntius apostolicus Sanctae Sedis, in [[Anglia]]m missus, et scriptor [[Latine|Latinus]]. == Scripta == * 1496 : ''Oratio super foedere inter Alexandrum VI ac Romanorum, Hispaniae et Anglie reges'' * 1505 : ''Venatio'', plene ''De venatione ad Ascanium Sforzam''; [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/bsb00005107/images/ Textus] * 1506 : ''Iter Iulii II cum Bononiam contendit'', aliter ''Iter sanctissimi domini nostri Iulii papae II'' {{Google Books|DPLqzrgTn50C}} * 1507 : ''De vera philosophia ex quattuor doctoribus ecclesiae'' * 1515 : ''De sermone latino; De modis latine loquendi''; [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k596015 Textus], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k8707461j editio 1517 apud Gallica] == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Alessandro Ferrajoli, "Il matrimonio di Adriano Castellesi, poi cardinale, e il suo annullamento" in ''Archivio della Società Romana di storia patria'' vol. 42 (1919) * Girolamo Ferri, Ambrogio Simpliciano de Schreck, ''La biografia del celebre cardinale Adriano da Corneto, vescovo di Bath''. Tridenti: Monauni, 1837 {{Google Books|l9w5AAAAcAAJ}} * {{DBI|https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/adriano-castellesi_(Dizionario-Biografico)/|Castellesi, Adriano|Gigliola Fragnito|1978|21}} == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biographici}} {{Vicifons|Scriptor:Hadrianus Castellensis|Hadrianum Castellensem}} * [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bd6t53799377/f396 De epistula quadam Hadriani Castellensis] {{Anni vitae|1461|1521|Hadrianus C}} [[Categoria:Episcopi Bathonienses et Wellenses]] [[Categoria:Episcopi Herefordienses]] [[Categoria:Cardinales]] [[Categoria:Auctores Latini Renascentiae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae]] [[Categoria:Nuntii Apostolici]] bjseyfbq8e68t1n9ovpc4cmuyzcket6 3966178 3966109 2026-06-24T08:26:07Z Andrew Dalby 1084 /* Scripta */ 3966178 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Hadrianus card S Chrysogoni Iter 1506 prima pagina.jpg|thumb|Prima pagina carminis 1506, titulo ''Iter sanctissimi domini nostri Iulii papae II'']] {{res|Hadrianus Castellensis}}, cui titulus '''cardinalis S. Chrysogoni''' in libris Latinis attribui solet ([[Tarquinii|Corneti]] natus anno fere [[1461]]; [[Venetiae|Venetiis]] mense Decembri [[1521]] mortuus) fuit nuntius apostolicus Sanctae Sedis, in [[Anglia]]m missus, et scriptor [[Latine|Latinus]]. == Scripta == * 1496 : ''Oratio super foedere inter Alexandrum VI ac Romanorum, Hispaniae et Anglie reges''<ref>[https://www.mirabileweb.it/title/oratio-super-foedere-inter-alexandrum-vi-ac-romano-title/22672 Citationes bibliographicae]</ref> * 1505 : ''Venatio'', plene ''De venatione ad Ascanium Sforzam''; [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/bsb00005107/images/ Textus] * 1506 : ''Iter Iulii II cum Bononiam contendit'', aliter ''Iter sanctissimi domini nostri Iulii papae II'' {{Google Books|DPLqzrgTn50C}} * 1507 : ''De vera philosophia ex quattuor doctoribus ecclesiae'' * 1515 : ''De sermone latino; De modis latine loquendi''; [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k596015 Textus], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k8707461j editio 1517 apud Gallica] == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Alessandro Ferrajoli, "Il matrimonio di Adriano Castellesi, poi cardinale, e il suo annullamento" in ''Archivio della Società Romana di storia patria'' vol. 42 (1919) * Girolamo Ferri, Ambrogio Simpliciano de Schreck, ''La biografia del celebre cardinale Adriano da Corneto, vescovo di Bath''. Tridenti: Monauni, 1837 {{Google Books|l9w5AAAAcAAJ}} * {{DBI|https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/adriano-castellesi_(Dizionario-Biografico)/|Castellesi, Adriano|Gigliola Fragnito|1978|21}} == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biographici}} {{Vicifons|Scriptor:Hadrianus Castellensis|Hadrianum Castellensem}} * [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bd6t53799377/f396 De epistula quadam Hadriani Castellensis] {{Anni vitae|1461|1521|Hadrianus C}} [[Categoria:Episcopi Bathonienses et Wellenses]] [[Categoria:Episcopi Herefordienses]] [[Categoria:Cardinales]] [[Categoria:Auctores Latini Renascentiae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae]] [[Categoria:Nuntii Apostolici]] r6kviqiu82ffv2kvhs8jwixfa5f4zdz 3966191 3966178 2026-06-24T10:05:40Z Andrew Dalby 1084 /* Scripta */ 3966191 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Hadrianus card S Chrysogoni Iter 1506 prima pagina.jpg|thumb|Prima pagina carminis 1506, titulo ''Iter sanctissimi domini nostri Iulii papae II'']] {{res|Hadrianus Castellensis}}, cui titulus '''cardinalis S. Chrysogoni''' in libris Latinis attribui solet ([[Tarquinii|Corneti]] natus anno fere [[1461]]; [[Venetiae|Venetiis]] mense Decembri [[1521]] mortuus) fuit nuntius apostolicus Sanctae Sedis, in [[Anglia]]m missus, et scriptor [[Latine|Latinus]]. == Scripta == * 1496 : ''Oratio super foedere inter Alexandrum VI ac Romanorum, Hispaniae et Anglie reges''<ref>[https://www.mirabileweb.it/title/oratio-super-foedere-inter-alexandrum-vi-ac-romano-title/22672 Citationes bibliographicae]</ref> * 1505 : ''Venatio'', plene ''De venatione ad Ascanium Sforzam''; [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/bsb00005107/images/ Textus] * 1506 : ''Iter Iulii II cum Bononiam contendit'', aliter ''Iter sanctissimi domini nostri Iulii papae II'' {{Google Books|DPLqzrgTn50C}} * 1507 : ''De vera philosophia ex quattuor doctoribus ecclesiae''; [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb11231798?page=1 Textus], [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10173491?page=1 editio 1540 apud Monacenses] * 1515 : ''De sermone latino; De modis latine loquendi''; [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k596015 Textus], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k8707461j editio 1517 apud Gallica] == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Alessandro Ferrajoli, "Il matrimonio di Adriano Castellesi, poi cardinale, e il suo annullamento" in ''Archivio della Società Romana di storia patria'' vol. 42 (1919) * Girolamo Ferri, Ambrogio Simpliciano de Schreck, ''La biografia del celebre cardinale Adriano da Corneto, vescovo di Bath''. Tridenti: Monauni, 1837 {{Google Books|l9w5AAAAcAAJ}} * {{DBI|https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/adriano-castellesi_(Dizionario-Biografico)/|Castellesi, Adriano|Gigliola Fragnito|1978|21}} == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biographici}} {{Vicifons|Scriptor:Hadrianus Castellensis|Hadrianum Castellensem}} * [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bd6t53799377/f396 De epistula quadam Hadriani Castellensis] {{Anni vitae|1461|1521|Hadrianus C}} [[Categoria:Episcopi Bathonienses et Wellenses]] [[Categoria:Episcopi Herefordienses]] [[Categoria:Cardinales]] [[Categoria:Auctores Latini Renascentiae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae]] [[Categoria:Nuntii Apostolici]] sva8x4uoza2ji3oaal8mw52t545a5ey 3966194 3966191 2026-06-24T10:07:58Z Andrew Dalby 1084 bibl 3966194 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Hadrianus card S Chrysogoni Iter 1506 prima pagina.jpg|thumb|Prima pagina carminis 1506, titulo ''Iter sanctissimi domini nostri Iulii papae II'']] {{res|Hadrianus Castellensis}}, cui titulus '''cardinalis S. Chrysogoni''' in libris Latinis attribui solet ([[Tarquinii|Corneti]] natus anno fere [[1461]]; [[Venetiae|Venetiis]] mense Decembri [[1521]] mortuus) fuit nuntius apostolicus Sanctae Sedis, in [[Anglia]]m missus, et scriptor [[Latine|Latinus]]. == Scripta == * 1496 : ''Oratio super foedere inter Alexandrum VI ac Romanorum, Hispaniae et Anglie reges''<ref>[https://www.mirabileweb.it/title/oratio-super-foedere-inter-alexandrum-vi-ac-romano-title/22672 Citationes bibliographicae]</ref> * 1505 : ''Venatio'', plene ''De venatione ad Ascanium Sforzam''; [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/bsb00005107/images/ Textus] * 1506 : ''Iter Iulii II cum Bononiam contendit'', aliter ''Iter sanctissimi domini nostri Iulii papae II'' {{Google Books|DPLqzrgTn50C}} * 1507 : ''De vera philosophia ex quattuor doctoribus ecclesiae''; [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb11231798?page=1 Textus], [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10173491?page=1 editio 1540 apud Monacenses] * 1515 : ''De sermone latino; De modis latine loquendi''; [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k596015 Textus], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k8707461j editio 1517 apud Gallica] == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Bruno Gebhardt, ''Adrian von Corneto''. Breslau: Preuss & Jünger, 1886; [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb11570466?page=5 Textus] * Alessandro Ferrajoli, "Il matrimonio di Adriano Castellesi, poi cardinale, e il suo annullamento" in ''Archivio della Società Romana di storia patria'' vol. 42 (1919) * Girolamo Ferri, Ambrogio Simpliciano de Schreck, ''La biografia del celebre cardinale Adriano da Corneto, vescovo di Bath''. Tridenti: Monauni, 1837 {{Google Books|l9w5AAAAcAAJ}} * {{DBI|https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/adriano-castellesi_(Dizionario-Biografico)/|Castellesi, Adriano|Gigliola Fragnito|1978|21}} == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biographici}} {{Vicifons|Scriptor:Hadrianus Castellensis|Hadrianum Castellensem}} * [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bd6t53799377/f396 De epistula quadam Hadriani Castellensis] {{Anni vitae|1461|1521|Hadrianus C}} [[Categoria:Episcopi Bathonienses et Wellenses]] [[Categoria:Episcopi Herefordienses]] [[Categoria:Cardinales]] [[Categoria:Auctores Latini Renascentiae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae]] [[Categoria:Nuntii Apostolici]] d8qkczpa90cf7i3421rygqmkdokmej0 0 325699 3966106 2026-06-23T15:58:59Z Andrew Dalby 1084 Redirigens ad [[Hadrianus (cardinalis S. Chrysogoni)]] 3966106 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Hadrianus (cardinalis S. Chrysogoni)]] i5yw4jib0s5eo1sqyb9l2yrhpxc8pzo 0 325700 3966149 2026-06-24T00:51:52Z Jondel 452 Paginam instituit, scribens '# REDIRECT [[Fanum]]' 3966149 wikitext text/x-wiki # REDIRECT [[Fanum]] 6nfe42udd6cm845yc1rrg5pdta2k9c3 3966163 3966149 2026-06-24T03:39:54Z Bartholomite 116968 Redirigens ad [[Fanum]] 3966163 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Fanum]] btlg74nhosazozdpirqrc6k6sb1s3rl 0 325701 3966158 2026-06-24T01:40:53Z Jondel 452 Paginam instituit, scribens '# REDIRECT [[Lingua franca]]' 3966158 wikitext text/x-wiki # REDIRECT [[Lingua franca]] 375plm8rntubkm4vq2ddwykd94j91pn 3966162 3966158 2026-06-24T03:39:30Z Bartholomite 116968 Redirigens ad [[Lingua franca]] 3966162 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Lingua franca]] bvrikvkp7smnyij7zhuo1txbf2g3y9r 0 325702 3966166 2026-06-24T03:56:41Z Jondel 452 Paginam instituit, scribens '{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Ph_map_taguig.svg|thumb|Urbis [[tabula geographica]].]] '''Taguig''' est [[urbs]] circiter 1&thinsp;308&thinsp;085 incolarum [[Philippinae|Philippinarum]], quod ad [[litus|litorem]] [lacuna]]e [[Laguna de Bay]] iacet.<!-- Iam vetere tempore est emporium vigens, nam Manila [[dies|die]] [[10 Iunii]] [[1574]] a [[Legazpus|Legazpi]] rite condita est.--> [[Comarchus|Comarcha]] est [[Lani Cayetano]].<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=Phil...' 3966166 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Ph_map_taguig.svg|thumb|Urbis [[tabula geographica]].]] '''Taguig''' est [[urbs]] circiter 1&thinsp;308&thinsp;085 incolarum [[Philippinae|Philippinarum]], quod ad [[litus|litorem]] [lacuna]]e [[Laguna de Bay]] iacet.<!-- Iam vetere tempore est emporium vigens, nam Manila [[dies|die]] [[10 Iunii]] [[1574]] a [[Legazpus|Legazpi]] rite condita est.--> [[Comarchus|Comarcha]] est [[Lani Cayetano]].<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=Philippine Statistics Authority|title=2024 Census of Population (POPCEN) Population Counts Declared Official by the President|access-date=18 July 2025|date=17 July 2025|url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/2024-census-population-popcen-population-counts-declared-official-president}}</ref> <!-- == Historia == [[Antiquitas|Antiquissimis temporibus]] Manila erat parva urbs. Castra ibi posuit [[Michael López de Legazpi]] anno [[1571]], quae mox [[fortalitia]] [[intramuros]] facta sunt.<ref>[http://www.philippinehistory.net/first50/manila.htm De Manila debellata] ex opere Legazpi ''[[Cartas (Legazpi)|Cartas al Rey Don Felipe II]]''.</ref> == [[Ecclesia Catholica]] == Manila est [[sedes episcopalis metropolitana]] ([[Archidioecesis Manilensis]]). Praesens [[archiepiscopus]] (a die [[24 Novembris]] [[2012]] [[cardinalis]]) est [[Aloysius Antonius Tagle]]. == Universitas == [[Universitas Urbis Manilae]] anno [[1965]] condita est. --> == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} <!--* [[Tondo]] * [[Universitas Civica Bulacanensis]] {{urbs-stipula}}--> {{Urbes Asiae maximae}} {{Urbes Asiae capitales}} [[Categoria:Capita]] [[Categoria:Condita 1587]] [[Categoria:Manila|!]]<!---- [[Categoria:Portus maris Sinensis australis]]--> [[Categoria:Urbes milies milium incolarum]] {{Myrias|Geographia}} caej15vdq4dh7l0iu774nha3fd1yrmn 3966167 3966166 2026-06-24T03:57:03Z Jondel 452 3966167 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Ph_map_taguig.svg|thumb|Urbis [[tabula geographica]].]] '''Taguig''' est [[urbs]] circiter 1&thinsp;308&thinsp;085 incolarum [[Philippinae|Philippinarum]], quod ad [[litus|litorem]] [[lacuna]]e [[Laguna de Bay]] iacet.<!-- Iam vetere tempore est emporium vigens, nam Manila [[dies|die]] [[10 Iunii]] [[1574]] a [[Legazpus|Legazpi]] rite condita est.--> [[Comarchus|Comarcha]] est [[Lani Cayetano]].<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=Philippine Statistics Authority|title=2024 Census of Population (POPCEN) Population Counts Declared Official by the President|access-date=18 July 2025|date=17 July 2025|url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/2024-census-population-popcen-population-counts-declared-official-president}}</ref> <!-- == Historia == [[Antiquitas|Antiquissimis temporibus]] Manila erat parva urbs. Castra ibi posuit [[Michael López de Legazpi]] anno [[1571]], quae mox [[fortalitia]] [[intramuros]] facta sunt.<ref>[http://www.philippinehistory.net/first50/manila.htm De Manila debellata] ex opere Legazpi ''[[Cartas (Legazpi)|Cartas al Rey Don Felipe II]]''.</ref> == [[Ecclesia Catholica]] == Manila est [[sedes episcopalis metropolitana]] ([[Archidioecesis Manilensis]]). Praesens [[archiepiscopus]] (a die [[24 Novembris]] [[2012]] [[cardinalis]]) est [[Aloysius Antonius Tagle]]. == Universitas == [[Universitas Urbis Manilae]] anno [[1965]] condita est. --> == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} <!--* [[Tondo]] * [[Universitas Civica Bulacanensis]] {{urbs-stipula}}--> {{Urbes Asiae maximae}} {{Urbes Asiae capitales}} [[Categoria:Capita]] [[Categoria:Condita 1587]] [[Categoria:Manila|!]]<!---- [[Categoria:Portus maris Sinensis australis]]--> [[Categoria:Urbes milies milium incolarum]] {{Myrias|Geographia}} dfrdfg4b3czv8mkvwlinusmichzink2 3966170 3966167 2026-06-24T04:20:48Z Bartholomite 116968 3966170 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} {{res|Taguig}}{{Nomen desideratum}} est [[urbs]] circiter 1&thinsp;308&thinsp;085 incolarum [[Philippinae|Philippinarum]], quod ad [[litus|litorem]] [[lacuna]]e [[Laguna de Bay]] iacet.<!-- Iam vetere tempore est emporium vigens, nam Manila [[dies|die]] [[10 Iunii]] [[1574]] a [[Legazpus|Legazpi]] rite condita est.--> [[Comarchus|Comarcha]] est [[Lani Cayetano]].<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=Philippine Statistics Authority|title=2024 Census of Population (POPCEN) Population Counts Declared Official by the President|access-date=18 July 2025|date=17 July 2025|url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/2024-census-population-popcen-population-counts-declared-official-president}}</ref> <!-- == Historia == [[Antiquitas|Antiquissimis temporibus]] Manila erat parva urbs. Castra ibi posuit [[Michael López de Legazpi]] anno [[1571]], quae mox [[fortalitia]] [[intramuros]] facta sunt.<ref>[http://www.philippinehistory.net/first50/manila.htm De Manila debellata] ex opere Legazpi ''[[Cartas (Legazpi)|Cartas al Rey Don Felipe II]]''.</ref> == [[Ecclesia Catholica]] == Manila est [[sedes episcopalis metropolitana]] ([[Archidioecesis Manilensis]]). Praesens [[archiepiscopus]] (a die [[24 Novembris]] [[2012]] [[cardinalis]]) est [[Aloysius Antonius Tagle]]. == Universitas == [[Universitas Urbis Manilae]] anno [[1965]] condita est. --> == Notae == <references /> <!--{{NexInt}} * [[Tondo]] * [[Universitas Civica Bulacanensis]] {{urbs-stipula}}--> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat}} {{Fontes geographici}} {{geo-stipula}} {{Urbes Asiae maximae}} [[Categoria:Capita]] [[Categoria:Condita 1587]] [[Categoria:Manila|!]]<!---- [[Categoria:Portus maris Sinensis australis]]--> [[Categoria:Urbes milies milium incolarum]] {{Myrias|Geographia}} bc3b65w98l41zyrx3yiulo68aqw0rkl 0 325703 3966175 2026-06-24T08:15:42Z Pippobuono 54500 creatio a francica documentatione 3966175 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Rouvres-en-Xaintois, Église Saint-Élophe.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Ruvera in Sanctesio: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Eliphius|Sancto Eliphio]] dicata.]] {{res|Ruvera in Sanctesio}} seu '''Ruvrum'''<ref>{{Graesse}}, t. 3, p. 297.</ref> ([[Francogallice]]: ''Rouvres-en-Xaintois'') est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 259 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Rouvres-en-Xaintois|Ruvera in Sanctesio}} {{Fontes geographici}} == Notae == <references /> {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]] mzk8mertolxffmlg8wjq31a046v0awf 3966188 3966175 2026-06-24T10:01:57Z Pippobuono 54500 +cives 3966188 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Rouvres-en-Xaintois, Église Saint-Élophe.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Ruvera in Sanctesio: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Eliphius|Sancto Eliphio]] dicata.]] {{res|Ruvera in Sanctesio}} seu '''Ruvrum'''<ref>{{Graesse}}, t. 3, p. 297.</ref> ([[Francogallice]]: ''Rouvres-en-Xaintois'') est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 259 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]]. == Cives notabiles == * Nicolaus Franciscus Laprevotte (1796-?), Eques Legionis Honoris anno 1847 creatus, hic natus est. * [[Andreas Gueslin]] (1950-2023), historicus, hic natus est. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Rouvres-en-Xaintois|Ruvera in Sanctesio}} {{Fontes geographici}} == Notae == <references /> {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]] 38hhgl3iwlp0xj572vi2o6fep2sxoah 1 325704 3966176 2026-06-24T08:17:22Z Pippobuono 54500 attributio 3966176 wikitext text/x-wiki {{attributio|fr|Rouvres-en-Xaintois|237275750}} e1weadhgbvua310ldcefcg86qvcvtfk 0 325705 3966192 2026-06-24T10:05:46Z Pippobuono 54500 creatio a francica documentatione 3966192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Le Roulier, Mairie-école.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Le Roulier: [[vici conciliabulum]] et [[schola]].]] {{res|Le Roulier}} est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 208 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Le Roulier|Le Roulier}} {{Fontes geographici}} == Notae == <references /> {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]] rjodqg398xweye1c1oasef7wbzv7ens 3966193 3966192 2026-06-24T10:06:46Z Pippobuono 54500 clavis 3966193 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Le Roulier, Mairie-école.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Le Roulier: [[vici conciliabulum]] et [[schola]].]] {{res|Le Roulier}} est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 208 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Le Roulier|Le Roulier}} {{Fontes geographici}} {{geo-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Roulier, Le}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]] b1si9icdsx0xr01gdru357v3wvrdfq7 1 325706 3966195 2026-06-24T10:08:01Z Pippobuono 54500 attributio 3966195 wikitext text/x-wiki {{attributio|fr|Le Roulier|237275686}} fn1ztonrh86ycusqcuwdhcfd6y3bl9v 0 325707 3966200 2026-06-24T10:17:16Z Pippobuono 54500 creatio a francica documentatione 3966200 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Les Rouges-Eaux-Eglise.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Les Rouges-Eaux: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Ioannes Baptista|Sancto Ioanni Baptistae]] dicata.]] {{res|Les Rouges-Eaux}} est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 80 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Les Rouges-Eaux|Les Rouges-Eaux}} {{Fontes geographici}} {{geo-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rouges Eaux, Les}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]] hpw4yr7hgcay9fegyt5fjycnejhgca9 1 325708 3966201 2026-06-24T10:18:57Z Pippobuono 54500 attributio 3966201 wikitext text/x-wiki {{attributio|fr|Les Rouges-Eaux|237304659}} 37ypxukm9vjgj8pypou9gqfvy68g9og 0 325709 3966204 2026-06-24T10:25:24Z Pippobuono 54500 creatio a francica documentatione 3966204 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Romont, Église Saint-Mathieu.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Rotmundum: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Matthaeus|Sancto Matthaeo]] dicata.]] {{res|Rotmundum}} seu '''Ruffus Mons'''<ref>{{Graesse}}, t. 3, p. 284.</ref> ([[Francogallice]]: ''Romont'') est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 358 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Romont|Rotmundum}} {{Fontes geographici}} == Notae == <references /> {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]] dxjxgb32gickqn8cfuyj71dwvhazyov 3966206 3966204 2026-06-24T10:26:05Z Pippobuono 54500 /* Nexus externi */ nexus 3966206 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Romont, Église Saint-Mathieu.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Rotmundum: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Matthaeus|Sancto Matthaeo]] dicata.]] {{res|Rotmundum}} seu '''Ruffus Mons'''<ref>{{Graesse}}, t. 3, p. 284.</ref> ([[Francogallice]]: ''Romont'') est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 358 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Romont (Vosges)|Rotmundum}} {{Fontes geographici}} == Notae == <references /> {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]] 3rtcw8y4zelhj40e44108ygiedas4p5 1 325710 3966207 2026-06-24T10:27:08Z Pippobuono 54500 attributio 3966207 wikitext text/x-wiki {{attributio|fr|Romont (Vosges)|237275076}} kqf49t2iwu125id1uxmbimp50socunl