Vicipaedia lawiki https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicipaedia:Pagina_prima MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.11 first-letter Media Specialis Disputatio Usor Disputatio Usoris Vicipaedia Disputatio Vicipaediae Fasciculus Disputatio Fasciculi MediaWiki Disputatio MediaWiki Formula Disputatio Formulae Auxilium Disputatio Auxilii Categoria Disputatio Categoriae Porta Disputatio Portae Adumbratio Disputatio Adumbrationis TimedText TimedText talk Modulus Disputatio Moduli Event Event talk 0 1000 3972590 3970880 2026-07-17T23:31:23Z LilyKitty 18316 de pectine 3972590 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|inspecta1}} {{Vehicula}} [[Fasciculus:Tractor-Automobile-plow-1905.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Tractrum ab Ivel, societate Britannica, fabricatum [[aratrum]] trahit.]] {{res|Tractorium}},<ref name=PE>{{PONS-Egger}}.</ref> plenius {{res|automatum tractorium}}<ref name=PE/> vel {{res|tractorium automatum}},<ref name=NSLO>[[Ebbe Vilborg]], ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok'', editio secunda (2009).</ref> sive {{res|tractrum}}<ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Gross | nomen auctoris = Nicolaus | commentatio de auctore = Nicolaus Gross | titulus = Recensio Orbis Picti Albertiani | contextus = Epistulae Leoninae | tempus = 2023-05-19 | tempus inspectionis = 2025-07-09 | volumen = 277 | pagina = 24 | url contextus = https://ephemerisnuntii.eu/leonina/EL%20277.pdf | retrospectio contextus = 20240814134058 }}.</ref> vel {{res|machina tractoria}}<ref name=PE/><ref name="NSLO" />{{LLHL25 ref|Traktor|374}} vel {{res|currus tractorius}},{{MLAL ref|tractor|124}} est [[vehiculum]] [[instrumentum rusticum|rusticum]]<!--agricultural--> et genus [[machina]]e, quo onera pertrahuntur aut ad altitudinem sublata collocantur. [[Agricola (munus)|Agricolae]] eo utentes [[carrus|carros]] et [[aratrum|aratra]] trahunt ad [[sementis|sementim]] efficiendam et [[messis|messim]] colligendam, sicut et melior potestate quam [[pecten (instrumentum)|pectinem]]. Olim tractra [[vis|vi]] [[vapor]]ica, nostra autem aetate [[motrum|motro]] [[diesel]]ico impelluntur. Abhinc annos [[centum]], tractra vi [[equus|equorum]] quinque vel etiam decem trahebant; nostra autem aetate ope maiore quam equis centu;m niti possunt. ==Societates tractra fabricantes== [[Fasciculus:TraktorStLorenzen.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|Machina tractoria [[Fanum Sancti Laurentii|Fani Sancti Laurentii]].]] Haec sunt nomina [[collegium (ius)|societatum]] quae tractra fabricant: *David Brown Ltd.<!-- * [[Al-Ghazi]] * [[Carraro]] * [[Claas]] * [[Fendt]] ([[AGCOius]]) * [[HMT]] * [[Holder]] * [[Industrija Masina Traktora]] * [[Industrija Motora Rakovica]]--> * [[John Deere]]<!-- * [[JSC Vladimir]] * [[Kharkiv]] * [[Kirovetz]]--> * [[Lamborghini]]<!-- ([[Same Deutz-Fahr]]-ius) * [[Lanz]] (usucapio [[John Deere]]) * [[Lindner]] * [[Mahindra & Mahindra]]--> * [[Massey Ferguson]]<!-- ([[AGCOius]]) * [[MTZ Belarus]] * [[New Holland]] (Case New Hollandius) * [[Pauny]] * [[Pronar]] * [[Punjab Tractors]] * [[Reform]] * [[Rigitrac]] * [[Same Deutz-Fahr]]--> * [[Shandong]] * [[Sonalika]] * [[Ursus (tractorium)|Ursus]]<!-- * [[Valtra]] ([[AGCOius]]) * [[Vandel]]--> * [[Zetor]] ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Ertel, Patrick W. [[2001]]. ''The American Tractor: A Century of Legendary Machines.'' Osceolae Visvonciniae: MBI. ISBN 978-0-7603-0863-9. [https://books.google.com/books?id=vQenXMGgRc4C&pg=PP1 Google Books.]{{Nexus deficitur|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *Klancher, Lee, Randy Leffingwell, Andrew Morland, et Robert N. Pripps. [[2003]]. ''Farm Tractors.'' Osceolae Visconsiniae: Crestline (impressio MBI). ISBN 978-0-7603-1776-1. [https://books.google.com/books?id=b1U8tvBEEDMC Google Books.]{{Nexus deficitur|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *Leffingwell, Randy. [[2004]]. ''Ford Farm Tractors.'' Motorbooks Classics Series. Osceolae Visconsiniae: MBI. ISBN 978-0-7603-1919-2.[https://books.google.com/books?id=A1GzJ_Hyj1kC Google Books.]{{Nexus deficitur|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *Miller, Orrin E. [[2003]]. "John Froelich: The Story of a Man and a Tractor." In ''The John Deere Tractor Legacy,'' ed. Don Macmillan. Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-0-89658-619-2. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3cJeffKoriEC&pg=PA41 Google Books.] *Pripps, Robert N., et Andrew Morland (photographus). [[1993]]. ''Farmall Tractors: History of International McCormick-Deering Farmall Tractors.'' Farm Tractor Color History Series. Osceolae Visconsiniae: MBI. ISBN 978-0-87938-763-1. [https://books.google.com/books?id=y6FKAAAAYAAJ Google Books.] *Rumeley, Edward A. [[1910]]. "The Passing of The Man with the Hoe." ''World's Work'' 20 (Augustus): 13246–13258. [https://books.google.com/books?id=HsrkfU461xAC&pg=PA13246 Google Books.] ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Tractors|tractoria}} [[Categoria:Messis]] [[Categoria:Vehicula]] {{Myrias|Technologia}} ne4lz5fm6g3d5hsvasmgbvapx9qlybw 3972604 3972590 2026-07-18T05:18:05Z Jondel 452 centu;m=>centum,ope =>opere 3972604 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|inspecta1}} {{Vehicula}} [[Fasciculus:Tractor-Automobile-plow-1905.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Tractrum ab Ivel, societate Britannica, fabricatum [[aratrum]] trahit.]] {{res|Tractorium}},<ref name=PE>{{PONS-Egger}}.</ref> plenius {{res|automatum tractorium}}<ref name=PE/> vel {{res|tractorium automatum}},<ref name=NSLO>[[Ebbe Vilborg]], ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok'', editio secunda (2009).</ref> sive {{res|tractrum}}<ref>{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Gross | nomen auctoris = Nicolaus | commentatio de auctore = Nicolaus Gross | titulus = Recensio Orbis Picti Albertiani | contextus = Epistulae Leoninae | tempus = 2023-05-19 | tempus inspectionis = 2025-07-09 | volumen = 277 | pagina = 24 | url contextus = https://ephemerisnuntii.eu/leonina/EL%20277.pdf | retrospectio contextus = 20240814134058 }}.</ref> vel {{res|machina tractoria}}<ref name=PE/><ref name="NSLO" />{{LLHL25 ref|Traktor|374}} vel {{res|currus tractorius}},{{MLAL ref|tractor|124}} est [[vehiculum]] [[instrumentum rusticum|rusticum]]<!--agricultural--> et genus [[machina]]e, quo onera pertrahuntur aut ad altitudinem sublata collocantur. [[Agricola (munus)|Agricolae]] eo utentes [[carrus|carros]] et [[aratrum|aratra]] trahunt ad [[sementis|sementim]] efficiendam et [[messis|messim]] colligendam, sicut et melior potestate quam [[pecten (instrumentum)|pectinem]]. Olim tractra [[vis|vi]] [[vapor]]ica, nostra autem aetate [[motrum|motro]] [[diesel]]ico impelluntur. Abhinc annos [[centum]], tractra vi [[equus|equorum]] quinque vel etiam decem trahebant; nostra autem aetate opere maiore quam equis centum niti possunt. ==Societates tractra fabricantes== [[Fasciculus:TraktorStLorenzen.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|Machina tractoria [[Fanum Sancti Laurentii|Fani Sancti Laurentii]].]] Haec sunt nomina [[collegium (ius)|societatum]] quae tractra fabricant: *David Brown Ltd.<!-- * [[Al-Ghazi]] * [[Carraro]] * [[Claas]] * [[Fendt]] ([[AGCOius]]) * [[HMT]] * [[Holder]] * [[Industrija Masina Traktora]] * [[Industrija Motora Rakovica]]--> * [[John Deere]]<!-- * [[JSC Vladimir]] * [[Kharkiv]] * [[Kirovetz]]--> * [[Lamborghini]]<!-- ([[Same Deutz-Fahr]]-ius) * [[Lanz]] (usucapio [[John Deere]]) * [[Lindner]] * [[Mahindra & Mahindra]]--> * [[Massey Ferguson]]<!-- ([[AGCOius]]) * [[MTZ Belarus]] * [[New Holland]] (Case New Hollandius) * [[Pauny]] * [[Pronar]] * [[Punjab Tractors]] * [[Reform]] * [[Rigitrac]] * [[Same Deutz-Fahr]]--> * [[Shandong]] * [[Sonalika]] * [[Ursus (tractorium)|Ursus]]<!-- * [[Valtra]] ([[AGCOius]]) * [[Vandel]]--> * [[Zetor]] ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Ertel, Patrick W. [[2001]]. ''The American Tractor: A Century of Legendary Machines.'' Osceolae Visvonciniae: MBI. ISBN 978-0-7603-0863-9. [https://books.google.com/books?id=vQenXMGgRc4C&pg=PP1 Google Books.]{{Nexus deficitur|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *Klancher, Lee, Randy Leffingwell, Andrew Morland, et Robert N. Pripps. [[2003]]. ''Farm Tractors.'' Osceolae Visconsiniae: Crestline (impressio MBI). ISBN 978-0-7603-1776-1. [https://books.google.com/books?id=b1U8tvBEEDMC Google Books.]{{Nexus deficitur|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *Leffingwell, Randy. [[2004]]. ''Ford Farm Tractors.'' Motorbooks Classics Series. Osceolae Visconsiniae: MBI. ISBN 978-0-7603-1919-2.[https://books.google.com/books?id=A1GzJ_Hyj1kC Google Books.]{{Nexus deficitur|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *Miller, Orrin E. [[2003]]. "John Froelich: The Story of a Man and a Tractor." In ''The John Deere Tractor Legacy,'' ed. Don Macmillan. Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-0-89658-619-2. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3cJeffKoriEC&pg=PA41 Google Books.] *Pripps, Robert N., et Andrew Morland (photographus). [[1993]]. ''Farmall Tractors: History of International McCormick-Deering Farmall Tractors.'' Farm Tractor Color History Series. Osceolae Visconsiniae: MBI. ISBN 978-0-87938-763-1. [https://books.google.com/books?id=y6FKAAAAYAAJ Google Books.] *Rumeley, Edward A. [[1910]]. "The Passing of The Man with the Hoe." ''World's Work'' 20 (Augustus): 13246–13258. [https://books.google.com/books?id=HsrkfU461xAC&pg=PA13246 Google Books.] ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Tractors|tractoria}} [[Categoria:Messis]] [[Categoria:Vehicula]] {{Myrias|Technologia}} c7l8fjd9qvte0g1b8q2adjhorfcvn79 0 6026 3972568 3925825 2026-07-17T20:08:32Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3972568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} {{res|Fridericus Nietzsche}}, [[Theodisce]] plenius ''Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche'' (natus die [[15 Octobris]] [[1844]]; mortuus [[Vimaria]]e die [[25 Augusti]] [[1900]]), fuit [[philologus]], [[res classicae|linguis antiquis]] eruditus, [[humanista]], et [[philosophia|philosophus]] [[Germania|Germanus]]. Ingeniosissimus et perspicacissimus temporum modernorum criticus habetur, antiquarum et recentiorum litterarum perquam sciens, simul laudator et detractor rationis et [[veritas|veritatis]]. [[Fasciculus:Nietzsche 1862b.JPG|thumb|upright=0.6|left|Nietzsche septendecim annorum.]] Fridericus Nietzsche, Caroli Ludovici Nietzsche [[pastor]]is [[Lutheranismus|Lutherani]] [[uxor]]isque Franciscae Oehler [[filius]], natus est [[Röcken]] in [[oppidum|oppido]] [[Saxonia]]e (eo tempore [[provincia]]e [[regnum|regni]] [[Borussia]]e) die natali regis [[Fridericus Gulielmus IV (Rex Borussiae)|Friderici Gulielmi]], cuius praenomina accepit. [[Pater|Patrem]] ob morbum cerebri annum quintum agens amisit. [[Mater]] cum [[familia]] ad [[urbs|urbem]] [[Naumburgum ad Salam]] migravit, ubi iuvenis ab anno [[1858]] [[gymnasium]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Portam Scholae||en|qid=Q162494}} frequentavit. Anno [[1864]] apud [[Universitas Bonnensis|universitatem Bonnensem]], [[professor]]e [[Fridericus Gulielmus Ritschl|Friderico Gulielmo Ritschl]], annisque insequentibus [[Lipsia]]e eodem tutore qui cum discipulo se ad hanc [[Alma Mater Lipsiensis|Almam Matrem]] commovit, profunde [[litterae Graecae|litteris Graecis]] [[litterae Latinae|Latinisque]] institutus est. Ad munus professoris earundem litterarum in [[Universitas Basiliensis|Universitate Basiliensi]] annum vicesimum quartum agens convitatus est; ibi lectionem inauguralem anno [[1869]] proposuit, titulo ''[[Homer und die klassische Philologie]]''. His annis varia [[philologia|philologica]] divulgavit de [[Theognis|Theognide]], de [[Homerus|Homero]], de ''[[Certamen Homeri et Hesiodi|Certamine Homeri et Hesiodi]]'', de [[Diogenes Laertius|Diogene Laertio]], [[biographia|biographo]] [[philosophus|philosophorum]]. Sed iam anno circiter [[1865]], [[David Fridericus Strauss|Davidis Strauss]] ''[[Das Leben Jesu, kritisch bearbeitet]]'' [[historia|libro historico]] perlecto, [[fides|fidem]] [[Christianitas|Christianam]] abiecit; iam operibus philosophorum recentiorum studere incipiebat, imprimis [[Arthurus Schopenhauer|Arthuri Schopenhauer]] ''[[Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung]]'', mox [[Fridericus Albertus Lange|Friderici Alberti Lange]] ''[[Geschichte des Materialismus]]'', e quo opere nuper divulgato de philosophia [[Immanuel Kantius|Immanuelis Kantii]], de musica [[Richardus Wagner|Richardi Wagner]], de litteris [[Theodorus Dostoevskij|Theodori Dostoevskij]] atque de [[scientia (ratio)|scientia]] [[Carolus Darwin|Caroli Darwin]] didicit. Scripsit aliquot [[liber (litterae)|libros]] potentissimos qui totum saeculum et expresserunt et affecerunt. Carmina quoque philosophica nonnulla composuit quae ad caput et caudam operum ''[[Die fröhliche Wissenschaft|Ars iucunda]]'' ac ''[[Jenseits von Gut und Böse|Ultra bonum malumque]]'' adponuntur. Notissimum est opus suum ''[[Also sprach Zarathustra|Sic dixit Zoroaster]]'' in quo sententias suas [[poesis|poetica]] lingua docet. Nietzsche est maxime insignis auctor sententiarum brevium et gravium, verbi causa, “{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Deus mortuus est||en|qid=Q192614}}.” Inimicus [[Christianitas|Christanitati]] fuit et “[[superhomo|superhominem]]” postulavit (vide etiam [[Homo dominus]]). Et contra [[nihilismus|nihilismum]] “amorem [[fors|fati]]” proposuit, id est, suae vitae in omnibus particulis affirmationem. Anno [[1889]] cum [[Augusta Taurinorum|Augustae Taurinorum]] in [[urbs|urbe]] [[Italia|Italica]] esset, [[insania|vesanus]] factus est, et postea sub cura [[mater|matris]] [[soror|sororis]]&#xfeff;que usque ad mortem anno [[1900]] iacebat. == Cogitata philosophica == In [[omnia|rerum natura]], certamen profundum inter [[vis|vires]] [[Apollo|Apollinis]] [[Bacchus|Bacchi]]&#xfeff;que vidit. Apollo ei [[lex|legem]] et frenum, rationem et ordinem et contemplationem significavit, Bacchus autem [[natura]]m profundissimam et intimam humanam, id est vim [[vegetabilia|vegetabilem]], suae potentiae maximae appetentissimam etiam usque ad exitium suum. Nietzsche defectum impulsus Bacchici in [[humanitas|humanitate]] [[Europa]]e per saecula recentia amariter lamentavit et deploravit. [[Christianitas|Christianitatem]] culpavit quod [[deus|deos]] [[antiquitas|antiquos]] necavit, postea tamen querebatur “Deus mortuus est. Deus mortuus manet. Et nos ipsi eum necavimus” (''Ars iucunda'', 125). Sed vim vitalem [[Socrates]] ipse iam delere coeperat quod vires rationales (et sic regnum Apollinis) coluerat. == Opera == * 1867 : ''Zur Geschichte der Theognideischen Spruchsammlung'' * 1868-1869 : ''De Laertii Diogenis fontibus'' * 1869 : ''[[Homer und die klassische Philologie]]'' ([[:s:de:Homer und die klassische Philologie|Textus apud Vicifontem Theodiscam]]) * 1870 : ''Das florentinische Tractat über Homer und Hesiod'' * 1870 : “Analecta Laertiana” in ''Rheinisches Museum'' n.s. vol. 25 (1870) pp. 217-231 ([[:s:Analecta Laertiana|Textus apud Vicifontem]]) * 1872 : ''[[Fünf Vorreden zu fünf ungeschriebenen Büchern]]'' * 1872 : ''[[Die Geburt der Tragödie aus dem Geiste der Musik]]'' (“De natu [[tragoedia]]e ex rerum musicarum spiritu”) * 1873-1876 : ''[[Unzeitgemäße Betrachtungen]]'' (“Meditationes Intempestivae”) * 1878 : ''[[Menschliches, Allzumenschliches]]'' (“Humanum, pernimium humanum”) * 1881 : ''[[Morgenröthe (Nietzsche)|Morgenröthe]]'' (“Diluculum”) * 1882, 1887 : ''[[Die fröhliche Wissenschaft]]'' (“Ars iucunda” seu “''Le gai savoir''”) * 1883-5 : ''[[Also sprach Zarathustra]]'' (“Sic ait Zoroaster”) * 1886 : ''[[Jenseits von Gut und Böse]]'' (“Ultra bonum malumque”) * 1887 : ''[[Zur Genealogie der Moral]]'' (“De rerum moralium genealogia”) * 1888 : ''[[Götzen-Dämmerung]]'' (“Crepusculum idolorum”) * 1888 : ''[[Der Antichrist (Nietzsche)|Der Antichrist]]'' (“Anti-Christus”) * 1888 : ''[[Der Fall Wagner]]'' (“Casus Wagner”) * 1888 : ''[[Ecce homo (Nietzsche)|Ecce homo]]'' (opus autobiographicum) == Citationes == * ''Deus mortuus est.'' (''Gott ist tot.'') * ''Quod me non necat, me reddit fortiorem.'' (''Was mich nicht umbringt, macht mich stärker''.) * ''Tu si diu in abyssum spectabis, in te spectabit ipsa.'' * ''Sine rebus musicis, vita erratum esset.'' (''Ohne Musik wäre das Leben ein Irrtum.'') * ''In vero vinitas.'' * ''[[Reditus aeternus]], forma altissima positiva.'' == Bibliographia == ; Encyclopaedica * Keith Ansell-Pearson, ''A companion to Nietzsche''. Wiley, 2006 {{Google Books|YMepXRZxDMsC|Paginae selectae}} * Bernd Magnus, Kathleen Marie Higgins, edd., ''The Cambridge Companion to Nietzsche''. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-521-36767-0 {{Google Books|Xeb80itrlRIC|Paginae selectae}} ; Editiones operum * Hans Joachim Mette, Karl Schlechta, Carl Hoch, edd., ''Friedrich Nietzsche: Frühe Schriften''. 5 voll. Monaci: Beck ; Vita et opus * Ansell-Pearson, Keith. [[1994]]. ''An Introduction to Nietzsche as Political Thinker''. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-41722-8. {{Google Books|EBgbT96bPQQC|Paginae selectae}}. * {{Cite book|last = Benson | first = Bruce Ellis | title = Pious Nietzsche: Decadence and Dionysian Faith | publisher = Indiana University Press | year = 2007 | page = 296 |url= |doi=|id=| isbn=}}. * Chamberlain, Lesley. [[1996]]. ''Nietzsche in Turin: the end of the future''. Londinii: Quartet. ISBN 0-7043-8028-5. * {{Cite book|last=Deleuze|first=Gilles|title=Nietzsche and Philosophy|publisher=Athlone Press|year=1983|others=trans. Hugh Tomlinson|isbn=0485112337}}. * [[Ken Gemes|Gemes, Ken]] and Simon May (Editors) (2002) ''Nietzsche on Freedom and Autonomy'', Oxford University Press. * {{Cite book|last=Kaufmann|first=Walter|title=Nietzsche: Philosopher, Psychologist, Antichrist|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1974|isbn=0691019835}}. * Kierans, Kenneth. [[2010]]. On the Unity of Nietzsche's Philosophy. ''Animus'' 14. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111003192327/http://www2.swgc.mun.ca/animus/Articles/Volume%2014/9_Kierans.pdf PDF.] ISSN 1209-0689. * Bernd Magnus, Kathleen Marie Higgins, “Nietzsche's works and their themes”, in Bernd Magnus, Kathleen Marie Higgins, edd., ''The Cambridge Companion to Nietzsche'' (Cantabrigiae, 1996. ISBN 0-521-36767-0) pp. 21-58 {{Google Books|Xeb80itrlRIC|Paginae selectae}}. * O'Flaherty, James C., Timothy F. Sellner, et Robert M. Helm. [[1979]]. ''Studies in Nietzsche and the Classical Tradition.'' University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-8085-X. * O'Flaherty, James C., Timothy F. Sellner, et Robert M. Helm. [[1985]]. ''Studies in Nietzsche and the Judaeo-Christian Tradition.'' University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-8104-X. * Porter, James I. [[2000]]. ''Nietzsche and the Philology of the Future.'' Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-3698-7. * Seung, T. K. [[2005]]. ''Nietzsche's Epic of the Soul: Thus Spoke Zarathustra.'' Lanham Terrae Mariae: Lexington Books. ISBN 0-7391-1130-2. * {{Cite book|author=Tanner, Michael|title=Nietzsche|location=Oxoniae|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=[[1994]]|isbn=0192876805}}. * Young, Julian. [[2010]]. ''Friedrich Nietzsche: A Philosophical Biography.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. * von Vacano, Diego. [[2007]]. ''The Art of Power: Machiavelli, Nietzsche and the Making of Aesthetic Political Theory.'' Lanham Terrae Mariae: Lexington. * [[Robertus Salomon Wistrich|Wistrich Robert S.]] [[2002]]. ''Nietzsche: Godfather of Fascism?'' Princetoniae: Princeton University Press. ; De operibus singulis * Corriero, Emilio Carlo. [[2007]]. ''Nietzsche olter l'abisso: Declinazioni italiane della 'morte di Dio.''' Turini: Marco Valerio. * {{Cite book|last=Lampert|first=Laurence|title=Nietzsche's Teaching: An Interpretation of “Thus Spoke Zarathustra”|publisher=New Haven: Yale University Press|year=1986|isbn=0300044305}}. * Porter, James I. [[2000]]. ''The Invention of Dionysus: An Essay on The Birth of Tragedy.'' Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-3700-2. ; Fortuna * Aschheim, Steven E. [[1992]]. ''The Nietzsche Legacy in Germany, 1890-1990.'' Berkeleiae: University of California Press. {{Google Books|cms8TKJcbVgC|Paginae selectae.}} * Martin, Nicholas. [[1994]]. Nietzsche Under Fire. ''[[Times Literary Supplement]],'' 5 Augusti, 11-12. ; Aliae encyclopaediae * {{Stanford|http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nietzsche/|Friedrich Nietzsche|Robert Wicks|2012}} {{NexInt}} *[[7014 Nietzsche]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Friedrich Nietzsche|Fridericum Nietzsche}} * [http://www.nietzschesource.org/ Textus operum et documentorum] apud nietzschesource.org * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210514094631/http://www.lexido.com/ Lexido] ''the full and free Nietzsche portal'' * [http://www.gutenberg.org/browse/authors/n#a779 Opera] apud gutenberg.org {{Ling|Theodisce|Francogallice|Anglice}} * ''[http://www.brianleiternietzsche.blogspot.com/ Brian Leiter's Nietzsche Blog]'' {{Lifetime|1844|1900|Nietzsche, Fridericus}} [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Lipsiensis]] [[Categoria:Atheistae Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Auctores Theodisci]] [[Categoria:Deterministae]] [[Categoria:Existentialistae]] [[Categoria:Fridericus Nietzsche|!]] [[Categoria:Hermeneutica]]<!--melius: en:Hermeneutistae?--> [[Categoria:Nihilismus]] [[Categoria:Ontologi]] [[Categoria:Philosophi Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Basiliensis]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Germaniae]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Homines}} jrw9ewe5fw1kzeiko66af3r6p3ybdr6 0 6919 3972561 3744037 2026-07-17T19:32:04Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3972561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bellum |proelium= Bella Coalitionum |imago=[[Fasciculus:La bataille d'Austerlitz. 2 decembre 1805 (François Gérard).jpg|300px|Proelium ad Slaukoviam]] |descriptio=[[Pugna apud Slaucoviam|Proelium]] ad [[Slaukovia]]m |annus=[[1792]]–[[1815]] |locus=[[Europa]], [[Aegyptus]], et [[Oceanus Atlanticus]] |consequentia=Victoria sociis |exercitus1='''Socii''':<br /> • [[Britanniarum Regnum]]<br /> • [[Prussia]] <br /> • [[Austria]] <br /> • [[Suecia]] <br /> • [[Imperium Russicum|Russia]] <br /> • et alii |exercitus2=<br /> • [[Francogallia]] <br /> • [[Dania]]-[[Norvegia]] <br /> • [[Polonia]] |dux1= |dux2= |copia1= |copia2= |mortuisauciique1= |mortuisauciique2= |mortuisauciique3= |notae= }} '''Bella revolutionaria Francica et Napoleonica''',<ref>"Diagramma epicum belli revolutionis Gallicae epitomen ..." {{Google Books|EokFAAAAQAAJ|col. 559}}; "... ut bello revolutionis erumpente anno 1793 ..." {{Google Books|8xFEAAAAcAAJ|p. 70}}; "De Gallico revolutionis bello ..." {{Google Books|eqFWAAAAcAAJ|p. xv}}</ref><ref>Forrest 2004: 196–211.</ref> aliquando '''Magnum Bellum Francicum'''{{FD ref}} appellata, fuerunt series certaminum inter [[Franci|Francos]] et aliquot [[monarchia]]s [[Europa]]eas ab anno [[1792]] ad annum [[1815]] pugnatorum. Quae primum comprehendunt [[Bella Revolutionaria Francica]] contra novam [[Prima res publica (Francia)|Rem Publicam Francicam]] et deinde ex [[1803]] [[Bella Napoleonica]] contra [[Napoleo Bonaparte|Napoleonem]] primum consulem et tum [[imperator]]em.<ref>Grab 2003.</ref><ref name="Encarta coalitieoorlogen"> Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "coalitieoorlogen". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.</ref> Inter bella Napoleonica numerantur septem bella distincta. Coniunctionibus vertentibus bellorum sex contra [[Francia]]m [[res publica|rem publicam]] aut [[Napoleo]]nem gesta sunt: * Primum Bellum Coalitionum [[1792]]–[[1797]] * Secundum Bellum Coalitionum [[1798]]–[[1801]]/[[1802]] * Tertium Bellum Coalitionum [[1805]] * Quartum Bellum Coalitionum [[1806]]/[[1807]] * Quintum Bellum Coalitionum [[1809]] * Sextum Bellum Coalitionum [[1812]]–[[1814]] * Septimum Bellum Coalitionum [[1815]] <!--Vicificanda infra--> == Prima Coalitio == Prima Coalitio ([[1792]] – [[1797]]) ex [[Austria]], [[Prussia]], [[Britanniarum Regnum]], [[Hispania]], [[Pedemontium|Pedemontio]] contra [[Francia]]m temptabat, ut obstrueret novas res [[Francia]]e [[Prima Respublica (Francia)|Rei publicae]]. Borussia et Hispania iam [[5 Aprilis]] [[1795]] [[Pax Basiliensis|Pace Basiliensi]] bellum cum Francia finiverunt. In Italia septentrionali [[14 Maii]] [[1797]] milites [[Francia|Francici]] [[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleonis Bonaparte]] duce [[Respublica Veneta|Rempublicam Venetam]] occupaverunt, [[Ludovicus Manin|Ludovicum Manin]], postremum [[Index ducum Reipublicae Venetae|Ducem]] deposuerunt atque rempublicam oboleverunt. [[Pax Campi Formii|Pax]] ad Campumformium [[17 Octobris]] [[1797]] inter [[Francia]]m et [[Austria]]m bellum composuit. Est [[Austria]] coacta, ut magnas dimitteret partes [[Italia]]e superioris, quae facta [[Res Publica Cisalpina]] sunt, et ut nonnullas hodiernae [[Helvetia]]e regiones, Nederlandiam Austriacam et [[Insulae Ioniae|Insulas Ionias]] [[Francia]]e traderet. Ex altera parte Austria [[Respublica Veneta|Reipublicae Venetae]] provincias ad [[Athesis|Athesem]] flumen, [[Histria]]m, [[Dalmatia]]m atque sinum [[Catharum|Cathari]] accepit. Naves longae Venetiae Austriacis cessae robur erant novae classis Imperii Austriaci. == Secunda Coalitio == Secunda Coalitio ([[1798]]–[[1802]]) e [[Russia]], [[Britanniarum Regnum]], [[Austria]], [[Imperium Othomanum|Imperio Othomano]], [[Lusitania]], [[Regnum Neapolitanum|Neapoli]], [[Civitas Ecclesiae|Civitate Ecclesiae]] item ruebat. [[Napoleo]], qui [[Francia]]m a [[1799]] rexerat, [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanniam]] oppugnare potenti [[aestas|aestate]] anni [[1798]] [[Aegyptus|Aegyptum]] invasit et expeditionem in [[Hibernia]]m<!--? (Iberiam?)--> misit; at classis [[Francia]]e [[1 Augusti|primo die Augusti]] naumachia in [[Nilus|Nilo]] fluvio ab [[Horatius Nelson|Horatio Nelson]] victa est, atque [[Hibernia]]<!--?--> mox pacata est. Qua re [[Napoleo]] est coactus, ut Aegyptum abiret. [[Napoleo]]ne reditu [[Austria]]ci cum eo [[Proelium ad Marenginem|proelio ad Marenginem]] die [[14 Iunii]] [[1800]] et proelio ad oppidum quod Theotisce ''Hohenlinden'' appellatur, [[3 Decembris|tertio die Decembris]] eodem anno solum obstiterunt et graviter victi sunt. [[Pax Samarobrivensis|Pacto ad Ambianum]] die [[25 Martii]] [[1802]] ad pacem interim inter [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britannos]] et [[Francia|Francos]], item finis erat Secundae Coalitionis. Sed iam die [[18 Maii]] [[1803]] Bellum iterum coepit. [[28 Maii|Die 28 Maii]] [[1804]], imperium Francorum a Napoleone evocatum est; qui [[2 Decembris|secundo die Decembris]] eodem anno [[Lutetia]]e ab ipso imperatorem [[coronatus]] est. == Tertia Coalitio == Anno [[1805]], formabant [[Austria]], [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britannia]], [[Russia]], [[Suecia]] Tertiam Coalitionem in Franciam. Francis Britanniam invadere excogitantibus [[exercitus]] virorum 150 000 conlocatus est. [[Petrus de Villeneuve|Petro de Villeneuve]] duce classis Franca-Hispanica [[Gades|Gadem]] navigavit. A qua Neapolim navigatura fuit, sed ab [[Horatius Nelson|Horatio Nelson]] [[Trafalgaris Pugna|naumachia ad Trafalgarem]] die [[21 Octobris]] 1805 gravissime superata est. Hinc principatus [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanniae]] super maria coepit. Mense Aprili anno [[1805]], [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britannia]] et [[Russia]] pactum signabant, ut [[Nederlandia|Bataviam]] et [[Helvetia]]m liberaturae essent. [[Res publica Liguria|Re Publica Liguria]] subacta et Napoleone rege [[Regnum Italiae (1805–1814)|Italiae]] appellato [[Austria]] huius pacti particeps fuit. Francus exercitus maximis itineribus in [[Germania]]m venit. [[Pugna apud Ulmam]] urbem Francici 70 000 [[Austria]]cos vicerunt. [[Pugna apud Slaucoviam|Proelio]] ad [[Slaukovia]]m [[2 Decembris]] iterum Russicae-Austriacae copiae amiserunt. Ad [[Pax Posonii (1805)|pacem]] signandam die [[26 Decembris]] 1805 alligati coacti sunt. == Quarta Coalitio == Quarta Coalitio inter [[Borussia]]m, [[Saxonia]]m, [[Russia]]m, [[Suecia]]m, atque [[Britanniarum Regnum]] anno [[1806]] decreta est. Napoleo [[Borussia]] et [[Saxonia]] [[Proelium Ienense|Proelio Ienensi]] die [[14 Octobris]] eiusdem anni celeriter victae sunt, et in [[Borussia orientalis|Borussiam Orientalem]] se receperunt. Napoleo die [[27 Octobris]] [[Berolinum]] occupavit. Ibi die [[21 Novembris]] Napoleo in castris imperiali [[Berolinum|Berolini]] [[Obsidio Continentalis|Obsidionem Continentalem]] contra [[Regnum Unitum]] decrevit. Saxonia in fine anni [[1806]] celeriter [[Pax Posnaniae (1806)|Pacem Posnaniae]] cum Napoleone signavit, coalitionem reliquit, et ad [[Confoederatio Germanica|Confoederationem Germanicam]] accessit. Die [[7 Februarii]] [[1807]] [[Pugna apud Eylau]] in Borussia orientali incerto eventu, sed multis caesis et apud Francicos et apud [[Russia]]m et [[Borussia]]m alligatas, facta est. Napoleo quidem [[Regiomontium]], caput provinciae, expugnare non potuit. Die [[14 Iunii]] [[1807]] exercitus [[Russia|Russicus]] et [[Borussia|Borussicus]] [[Proelium Friedlandiense|Proelio Friedlandiensi]] a Francicis [[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleone I]] imperatore et marescalco [[Michael Ney|Michaele Ney]] ducibus pervicti sunt. Borussia et Russia anno [[1807]] [[Pax Tilsae (1807)|Pacem Tilsae]] cum Franciae imperatore adeptae sunt. Qua pace Germania tota in dicionem Napoleonis venit. Praeterea, novae civitates [[Ducatus Varsoviae]] et [[Regnum Westphaliae]] conditae sunt, quae a Napoleone omnino pendebant. == Quinta Coalitio == Quinta constitit Coalitio e [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britannia]] et [[Austria]] anno [[1809]]. [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britannis]] contigerunt solum victoriae parvae. Naumachia ad [[Hafnia]]m victa est Septembro [[1807]]. Pugna contra Franciam hinc obsidione [[oeconomia|oeconomica]] perrecta est. Maria occupabantur. Napoleone in [[Hispania|Hispaniá]] pugnante, [[Austria]] paravit bellum in [[Bavaria|Bavariá]]. Aprili [[1809]] exercitus sub [[archidux|archiduce]] Carolo [[Bavaria]]m invasit et una pars Ratisbonam profecta est, altera ad [[Isara]]m. Sed Napoleo, ex Hispaniá advolans, [[Austria]]cos e [[Bavaria|Bavariá]] expulit, [[Ratisbona]]m expugnavit ac incendit, sed vulneratus est pugna. Praeclarum proelium ad ''Eggmühl'' pugnatum est cum [[Austria]]cis. Napoleo sequace primo pugna ad [[Proelium apud Aspern|Aspern-Essling]] victus est, sed tunc [[Proelium apud Wagram|proelio ad ''Wagram'']] Carolum graviter superavit. [[Pax Palatii Belli Fontis|Pax]] facta est [[14 Octobris]] [[1809]] in [[Palatium Belli Fontis|Palatio Belli Fontis]]. Dein imperium Francorum habebat fines maximas. == Sexta Coalitio == Sub nomine Sextae Coalitionis sunt expeditio in [[Russia]] ac bella liberantia, quamquam expeditione in Russia incepta haud omnes participes coalitionis ([[Britanniarum Regnum|Britannia]], [[Russia]], [[Prussia]], [[Suecia]], [[Austria]], magnusque parvarum civitatum [[Germania|Germanicarum]] numerus adversariis [[Francia]]e participes erant. Magnus Exercitus, 600 000 milites, quorum 270 000 Franci, transiit fluvium qui ''Memel'' appellatur [[23 Iunii|vicensimo tertio die Iunii]] anni [[1812]]. Copiis [[Russia|Russicis]] tantum lente cedentibus terram ustam reliquerunt. Nullum victorem habet proelium ad [[Borodino|Borodininem]], sed multos mortuos. [[Moscua]] subacta [[14 Septembris|quarto decimo die Septembris]] est. [[Alexander I]] [[tsar]] recusavit se cum [[Napoleo]]ne agere. Napoleo cum exercitu redire coactus est. Circa 275 000 mortuos captivosque 200 000 tenuit Magnus Exercitus. Novembri solum 10&thinsp; 000 militum restiterunt. Proelio ad Victoriam 21 Iunii [[1813]] potestas Francica in [[Hispania]] fracta est. Francicorum est redire domum. [[Austria]] et [[Prussia]] rursum bello interfuerunt. Proeliis ad urbes [[Lucena (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Lucenam]] [[2 Maii|secundo die Maii]] et [[Budissa]]m 20–21 diebus Maii exercitui contigerunt Francico victoriae parvae, sed proelio ad [[Pugna Lipsiensis|Lipsiam]] (16–19 Octobris [[1813]]) copiae coalitionis atque [[Bavaria]]e (circiter 350 000 milites) vicerunt Francicos (circiter 195 000). Interfecti sunt 110 000. Die [[31 Martii]] [[1814]], [[Lutetia|Lutetiá]] coalitionis exercitu subactá, Napoleo se imperio [[Foedus Fontis Bleaudi (1814)|abdicavit]] die [[6 Aprilis]], qui tunc [[Ilva]]m in exilio missus est. Die [[30 Maii]] 1814, [[Pax Prima Lutetiae]] cum [[Ludovicus XVIII|Ludovico XVIII]] rege Franciae reducto signatum est. == Septima Coalitio == Anno autem [[1815]], postquam Napoleo ex exilio Ilvae redisset et Ludovicum XVIII regem pepulerat, coalitio septima convenit, ut imperatorem postremo a regno amoveret. [[Proelium Waterlooense|Proelio Waterlooense]] die [[18 Iunii]] [[1815]] victus et in [[Sancta Helena (insula)|Sanctam Helenam]] [[insula]]m remotam latus est. Deinde [[Pax Secunda Lutetiae]] [[20 Novembris]] 1815 bella coalitionum composuit. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == *Black, Jeremy. [[2022]]. ''The French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars: Strategies for a World War.'' Lanhamiae in Terra Mariae: Rowman & Littlefield. *Connelly, Owen. [[2006]]. ''The Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon, 1792-1815.'' Londinii: Routledge. *Forrest, Alan. [[2004]]. ''Early Modern Military History, 1450–1815.'' Palgrave Macmillan UK. ISBN 978-1-4039-0697-7. {{doi|10.1057/9780230523982_12}}. [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230523982_12 Capitulum 10, pp. 196–211. *Grab, Alexander. [[2003]]. ''Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe.'' Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781403937575. [https://books.google.com/books?id=d48dBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 Prima pagibna.]{{Nexus deficitur|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *James, Leighton S. [[2013]]. ''Witnessing the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars in German Central Europe.'' Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. * Padiyar, Satish, Philip Shaw, et Philippa Simpson, moderatores. [[2017]]. ''Visual Culture and the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.'' Londinii: Routledge. {{NexInt}} * [[Bella Napoleonica]] [[Categoria:Bella Coalitionum|!]] qx9qp89u2xy0ov7z6kdav0hwwi9ermk 0 9721 3972536 3948654 2026-07-17T15:53:29Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3972536 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Serena''' (nata circa [[365]]; mortua anno [[408]]) fuit filia [[Honorius (imperator)|Honorii]], fratris [[Theodosius I|Theodosii I]], [[Imperatores Romani|imperatoris]] [[Imperium Romanum|Romani]]. Erudita Serena fuit Theodosii neptis dilectissima. Anno [[384]], [[Stilicho]]ni [[Magister militum|magistro militum]] nupsit, ex quo tris [[liberi|liberos]] peperit: [[Maria (filia Serenae)|Mariam]] et [[Eucherium]] et [[Thermantia]]m. [[Honorius (imperator)|Honorium]] Iuvenem imperatorem fideliter secuta est. Una tamen cum Stichilone anno [[408]] [[civitas Romana|civibus Romanis]] displicuit, et eodem anno [[poena capitalis|supplicium]] sumptum est de ea. == Fontes == *[[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]], ''Laus Serenae'' {{Lifetime|365|408|Serena}} [[Categoria:Morte damnati]] l705okyr5u9sepzg3gnhj7geb8ozznz 3972538 3972536 2026-07-17T15:55:40Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Fontes */ 3972538 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Serena''' (nata circa [[365]]; mortua anno [[408]]) fuit filia [[Honorius (imperator)|Honorii]], fratris [[Theodosius I|Theodosii I]], [[Imperatores Romani|imperatoris]] [[Imperium Romanum|Romani]]. Erudita Serena fuit Theodosii neptis dilectissima. Anno [[384]], [[Stilicho]]ni [[Magister militum|magistro militum]] nupsit, ex quo tris [[liberi|liberos]] peperit: [[Maria (filia Serenae)|Mariam]] et [[Eucherium]] et [[Thermantia]]m. [[Honorius (imperator)|Honorium]] Iuvenem imperatorem fideliter secuta est. Una tamen cum Stichilone anno [[408]] [[civitas Romana|civibus Romanis]] displicuit, et eodem anno [[poena capitalis|supplicium]] sumptum est de ea. == Fontes == *[[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]], ''Laus Serenae'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:latinLit:stoa0089.stoa001.perseus-lat1:30 Textus apud Perseus] {{Lifetime|365|408|Serena}} [[Categoria:Morte damnati]] 0o5r8t7bmvhn6x7j8sw76nlc3yqwcl8 3972543 3972538 2026-07-17T16:11:53Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Fontes */ 3972543 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Serena''' (nata circa [[365]]; mortua anno [[408]]) fuit filia [[Honorius (imperator)|Honorii]], fratris [[Theodosius I|Theodosii I]], [[Imperatores Romani|imperatoris]] [[Imperium Romanum|Romani]]. Erudita Serena fuit Theodosii neptis dilectissima. Anno [[384]], [[Stilicho]]ni [[Magister militum|magistro militum]] nupsit, ex quo tris [[liberi|liberos]] peperit: [[Maria (filia Serenae)|Mariam]] et [[Eucherium]] et [[Thermantia]]m. [[Honorius (imperator)|Honorium]] Iuvenem imperatorem fideliter secuta est. Una tamen cum Stichilone anno [[408]] [[civitas Romana|civibus Romanis]] displicuit, et eodem anno [[poena capitalis|supplicium]] sumptum est de ea. == Fontes == *[[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]], ''Laus Serenae'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:latinLit:stoa0089.stoa001.perseus-lat1:30 Textus apud Perseus] == Plura legere si cupis == *Alberto Magnani, ''Serena: l'ultima romana'', JacaBook, 2002 [https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&lr=&id=ISvrMPzWOIUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA11&dq=serena+stilichonis&ots=zI3Cy3BbRD&sig=NUB7iI2AxamAYQgJTDmQHXOKV9o&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] {{Lifetime|365|408|Serena}} [[Categoria:Morte damnati]] 8u9txacgi92mw7cnb7l64kw6quxagyt 3972548 3972543 2026-07-17T16:29:30Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3972548 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Serena''' (nata circa [[365]]; mortua anno [[408]]) fuit filia [[Honorius (imperator)|Honorii]], fratris [[Theodosius I|Theodosii I]], [[Imperatores Romani|imperatoris]] [[Imperium Romanum|Romani]]. Erudita Serena fuit Theodosii neptis dilectissima. Anno [[384]], [[Stilicho]]ni [[Magister militum|magistro militum]] nupsit, ex quo tris [[liberi|liberos]] peperit: [[Maria (filia Serenae)|Mariam]] et [[Eucherium]] et [[Thermantia]]m. [[Honorius (imperator)|Honorium]] Iuvenem imperatorem fideliter secuta est. Una tamen cum Stilichone anno [[408]] [[civitas Romana|civibus Romanis]] displicuit, et eodem anno [[poena capitalis|supplicium]] sumptum est de ea. == Fontes == *[[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]], ''Laus Serenae'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:latinLit:stoa0089.stoa001.perseus-lat1:30 Textus apud Perseus] == Plura legere si cupis == *Alberto Magnani, ''Serena: l'ultima romana'', JacaBook, 2002 [https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&lr=&id=ISvrMPzWOIUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA11&dq=serena+stilichonis&ots=zI3Cy3BbRD&sig=NUB7iI2AxamAYQgJTDmQHXOKV9o&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] {{Lifetime|365|408|Serena}} [[Categoria:Morte damnati]] 09temp53hdfll5sonfwj3tkekb3enw8 0 13941 3972598 3923587 2026-07-18T02:45:19Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3972598 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Manilius crater 4097 h2.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Manilius (crater)|Manilius]], [[crater]] [[luna]]ris, ex Lunar Orbiter 4 visus.]] '''Marcus Manilius''' [[poeta]] quis fuerit parum constat, ut qui nihil praeter [[Astronomica (Manilius)|carmen illud de astronomia]] scriptum reliquerit: in quo pauca auctoris vestigia invenias. Quodsi nemo veterum eius videtur mentionem fecisse, id propterea fieri potuisse docemur, quod Manilius invidiae metu, qua semel atque iterum [[mathematicus|mathematici]] opprimerentur, opera sua in lucem non edidisset. [[Octavianus Augustus|Augustus]] anno [[12 a.C.n.]] adhuc plus quam duo milia librorum de divinatione scriptorum colligi comburique iussit. Quae cum ita sint, nomen ipsum, quo utimur, poetae, quod duo tantum codices exhibent, incertum est. Quod autem omnium huius aevi doctiorum consensu Marcus Manilius appellatur, ad [[Plinius|Plinium]] referimus, qui in [[Naturalis historia (Plinius)|historia naturali]] Manilium quendam Antiochum saeculo primo servum [[Antiochia]] [[Roma]]m advectum esse videri et [[astrologia]]e in urbe auctorem fuisse dixit. Itaque astronomicorum scriptor illius aut filius aut nepos forsitan fuerit, cuius utique versus ingenium vere Romanum redolent. == Bibliographia == * {{Fabricius Latina}} pp. 292-298 == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081025011721/http://manilius.webng.com/ Pagina ad Marcum Manilium relata] * [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/manilius.html ''Astronomica'' ] apud [[The Latin Library]] * Liber manuscriptus ''Astronomicon'' M. Manilii Matritensis 3678: [https://web.archive.org/web/20260108065200/https://bnedigital.bne.es/bd/card?oid=0000100797 series imaginum] {{Lifetime|saeculo 1 a.C.n.|saeculo 1|Manilius, Marcus}} [[Categoria:Gens Manilia]] [[Categoria:Poetae Italiae]] [[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]] [[Categoria:Scriptores mythologici]] [[Categoria:Poetae didactici]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Imperii Romani]] mougr6ihqvgakrwqbwmqspiwuy35l0u 0 14211 3972515 3899186 2026-07-17T15:06:45Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Nexus externi */ 3972515 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}}{{capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{Res|Claudius Claudianus}} fuit [[poësis|poëta]] auctor [[carmen heroicum|carminum heroicorum]] [[panegyricus|panegyricorum]]<nowiki />que, saepe mira arte conflatorum, qui inter annos [[395]] et [[405]] [[Roma]]e et [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] cum summis honoribus tum inter illustrissimos [[litterae Latinae|litterarum Latinarum]] [[poeta]]s numeratus est. == Vita et opera == Claudianus quo loco quove anno natus sit non satis constat. Apparet autem eum incolam [[Aegyptus|Aegypti]] et quidem [[Alexandria]]e fuisse, qui litteris linguaque Graeca non secus atque Latina institutus erat. Variis autem [[imperium Romanum|imperii Romani]] provinciis peragratis annos triginta circiter natus in [[Italia]]m denique pervenit, ubi cito maximam omnium eruditorum admirationem [[patronus|patronosque]] potentissimos sibi comparavit. === Quid in Italia egerit === Anno enim [[394]] Claudianum Mediolani fuisse perspicuum est, quo anno [[Theodosius I.|Theodosius Augustus]] Eugenium usurpatorem superavit, ut (id quod postea contigit nemini) totius et indivisi imperii capax fieret. Claudianus autem [[panegyricus|panegyricum]] conscripsit, quo [[consul]]es posterioris anni [[versus heroicus|versu heroico]] laudaret. Quae res innotescendi facultatem praebuit optimam, cum inaudito exemplo fratres adulescentes nobilissima [[gens Anicia|Aniciorum]] gente orti consulatu eius anni ornarentur. Hoc panegyrico (vel carmine primo quod in editionibus Claudiani numeratur) tantam suae artis notitiam laudemque effecit, ut a [[Stilicho]]ne [[magister militum|magistro militum]] amicorum in numerum reciperetur, qui Theodosio mortuo pro [[Honorius|Honorio Augusto]] filio eius adulescentulo rei publicae partibus imperavit ad occidentem solem spectantibus. Quamobrem per decem annos Claudianus Stilichonis imprimis laudibus cantatis studuit, ut patroni sui auctoritatem augeret. Qui labor intermissus est anno [[401]], quo anno Claudianus, postquam effigie sua Romae in [[forum Traiani|foro Traiani]] posita maximo honore affectus est, in [[Africa]]m navigasse uxoremque videtur in matrimonium duxisse. Quod autem anno denique [[404]] sexto Honorii Augusti consulatu carmine inaugurato conticuit, veri simile est Claudianum eo tempore mortuum esse. === Opera === * Carmina Graeca ** [[Gigantomachia]]e fragmenta duo ** [[Epigramma]]ta septem * Carmina Maiora ** c.1. Panegyricus dictus [[Flavius Anicius Hermogenianus Olybrius|Olybrio]] et [[Flavius Anicius Probinus|Probino]] coss. ** cc.2. – 5. In [[Flavius Rufinus|Rufinum]] ** cc.6. – 7. Panegyricus dictus Honorio Augusto tertium cos. ** c.8. Panegyricus dictus Honorio Augusto quartum cos. ** cc.9. – 14. [[Epithalamium]] dictum Honorio Augusto et [[Maria filia Stilichonis|Mariae]] et [[Fescennina]] ** c.15. In [[Gildo]]nem ** cc.16. – 17. Panegyricus dictus [[Flavius Mallius Theodorus|Mallio Theodoro cos]]. ** cc.18. – 20. In [[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropium]] ** cc.21. – 24. De consulatu [[Flavius Stilicho|Stilichonis]] ** cc.25. – 26. ''[[De bello Gothico]]'' ** cc.27. – 28. Panegyricus dictus Honorio Augusto sextum cos. * De raptu [[Proserpina]]e libri tres * Carmina minora. Carminum minorum corpus ex epigrammatibus, [[elegia|elegiis]], fragmentis maxima ex parte consistit. Insunt etiam ** c.m.25. Epithalamium dictum [[Palladius|Palladio]] et [[Celerina]]e ** c.m.27. [[Phoenix]] ** c.m.30. Laus [[Serena]]e quae inter maiora etiam numerare possis. == De arte Claudiani == Claudianum [[Alanus Cameron]] vir doctissimus unum ex eis fuisse demonstravit, qui arte poetica eruditi saeculis p.C.n. quarto et quinto eis r.p. partibus, ubi Graece loquebantur homines, per omnes civitates vagati carmina sua recitaverunt, ut lucrum facerent. In Claudiano autem id mirandum est, quod non Graeca tantum, sed Latina quoque carmina faciendi peritus erat. Qui quod ad genus scribendi pertinet, a poetis [[Latinitas argentea|argenteae latinitatis]] profectus est, ex quibus [[Statius]] illi gravissimo exemplo fuit. == Iudicia de Claudiano facta == Claudianus in titulo signi illius in foro Traiano positi tamquam ''praegloriosissimus poetarum'' laudatus est ([[Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum|CIL VI 1710]]). Quod cum constet eum ab eis, qui eodem tempore fuerunt, maxima admiratione cultum esse, id ipsum [[Christiani]]s displicuisse apparet, qui moleste ferrent poetam illustrem non in suorum numero haberi. [[Augustinus]] enim in libro ''De Civitate Dei'' quinto, paragrapho vicesima sexta, Claudianum in eo reprehendit, quod "a [[Iesus|Christi]] nomine alienus" fuisset, [[Orosius]] autem ''paganum'' eum ''pervicacissimum'' appellavit. == Nexus externi == {{vicicitatio|Claudius Claudianus|Claudianum}} {{fontes biographici}} *[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Claudian/home.html Opera (uchicago.edu)] (Latine, Anglice) *[https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Scriptor:Claudius_Claudianus Vicifons] == Bibliographia == * "[http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0771.html Claudianus, Claudius]" in {{Smith-bio}} vol. 1 pp. 762-765 [[Categoria:Poetae Italiae]] [[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Imperii Romani]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Africae antiquae]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 4]] [[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 5]] [[Categoria:Gens Claudia]] 1ocs4mre9c8mwucqltc68hq979sl26b 0 17392 3972499 3972376 2026-07-17T13:10:37Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3972499 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} '''Saxonia et Anhaltium'''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120707123044/http://www.hab.de/bibliothek/kataloge/index-la.htm Herzog August Bibliothek Wolfenbüttel, Catalogi et Thesauri electronici].</ref> est [[res publica foederalis Germaniae]]. == Historia == Terra post finem [[Bellum Orbis Terrarum II|Belli Orbis Terarum II]] in Zona ab [[Unio Sovietica|Unione Sovietica]] occupata e terra [[Anhaltum|Anhaltium]] et provincia Saxonia [[Borussia]]e constituta est. [[23 Iulii]] [[1952]] cum aliis terris [[Res publica Democratica Germanica|Rei publicae Democraticae Germanicae]] dissoluta et in duos pagos divisa est. Postquam Germania anno [[1990]] iterum unita est, et Saxonia et Anhaltium iterum condita est. == Praesides ministrorum == Adhuc hi praesides ministrorum terram duxerunt: * [[Erhardus Hübener]] (LDP) 1946 - 1949 * [[Wernerus Bruschke]] (SED) 1949 - 1952 * [[Gerhardus Gies]] (CDU) 1990 - 1991 * [[Wernerus Münch]] (CDU) 1991 - 1993 * [[Christopherus Bergner]] (CDU) 1993 - 1994 * [[Reinhardus Höppner]] (SPD) 1994 - 2002 * [[Gualphangus Böhmer]] (CDU) 2002 - 2011 * [[Reinerus Haseloff]] (CDU) 2011 - == Geographia == === Urbes === * [[Aquae Saxonicae]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> (''Aken'') * [[Arctopolis (Saxoniae et Anhaltium)|Arctopolis]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (''Bernburg'') * [[Arnburgum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> (''Arneburg'') * [[Ascaria]]<ref name="Graesse"/> * [[Barbium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (''Barby'') * [[Bitterfeldia-Wolfna]]<ref name="Dicasterium 2008">Dicasterium de Divino Cultū: ''Notitiae: Commentarium ad nuntia de re liturgica edenda''. [[Civitas Vaticana|Civitate Vaticanā]]: Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis, 2008.</ref> (''Bitterfeld-Wolfen'') * [[Burgum (prope Magdeburgum)|Burgum]]<ref name="Israel & Möllenberg 1937">Israel, F., & Möllenberg, W. (Ed.) (1937). ''Urkundenbuch des Erzstifts Magdeburg'' (Band I). Selbstverlag der Historischen Kommission für die Provinz Sachsen und für Anhalt.</ref> (''Burg'') * [[Calba ad Salam]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> (''Calbe (Saale)'') * [[Cicis]] (''Zeitz'') * [[Cothena]] * [[Cosvigium (Anhaltium)|Cosvigium]]<ref name="Mencken 1728">Mencken, J. B. (1728). ''Scriptores rerum Germanicarum, praecipue Saxonicarum, in quibus scriptores aliquot rariotes nusquam adhuc editi'' (Tomus I). Ioannes Christianus Martinus.</ref> (''Coswig (Anhalt)'') * [[Cumfordia]] (''Querfurt'') * [[Dessavia-Rozelauia]]<ref name="Egli 1893">Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.</ref> <small>([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Dessau-Roßlau'')</small> (''Dessau-Roßlau'') *[[Genthinum]]<ref name="Thal 1588">Thal, J. (1588). ''Sylva Hercynia: Sive Catalogus plantarum sponte nascentium in montibus et locis vicinis Hercyniae''. In ''Opera Botanica''. Apud Joannem Maior.</ref> (''Genthin'') * [[Halberstadium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (''Halberstadt'') * [[Ierichowa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913?p=249&cq=Ludwigshafen%20u.a.&lang=en ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit // 2. E-M''].</ref> (''Jerichow'') * [[Islebia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (''Lutherstadt Eisleben'') * [[Leucopetra]] * [[Magdeburgum]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> (''Magdeburg'') * [[Marsipolis]] (''Merseburg'') * [[Neviri villa]] * [[Naumburgum]] ad Salam * [[Quedlinburgum]] * [[Salinae Saxonicae]]<ref>Carolus Ludovicus Oesfeld, Topographische Beschreibung des Herzogthums Magdeburg und der Grafschaft Mansfeld, Berolini, anno 1780.</ref> * [[Sangerhusa]] (''Sangerhausen'') * [[Senabecum]] (''Schönebeck (Elbe)'') * [[Soltwidele]]<ref name="Soltwidele">Vide [https://www.tourbee.de/sachsen-anhalt/altmark_salzwedel/salzwedel.html ''Sachsen-Anhalt besuchen''], ubi dicitur "1233 erste urkundliche Erwähnung als "civitas soltwidele"."</ref> * [[Sorbiga]] (''Zörbig'') * [[Stasfurtum]]<ref name="Israel & Möllenberg 1937">Israel, F., & Möllenberg, W. (Ed.) (1937). ''Urkundenbuch des Erzstifts Magdeburg'' (Band I). Selbstverlag der Historischen Kommission für die Provinz Sachsen und für Anhalt.</ref> (''Staßfurt'') * [[Stendalia]] * [[Svanabecum]] (''Schwanebeck'') * [[Verlitia]] (''Wörlitz'') * [[Vitinum]] (''Wettin'') * [[Werningroda]] (''Wernigerode'') * [[Wittenberga]] === Alia === * [[Mons Serenus]] == Nota == <references /> {{Germania}} [[Categoria:Saxonia et Anhaltium|!]] [[Categoria:Condita 1946]] 2hw6bph5n9eiqkaf4gprjn4mu1016my 0 17801 3972556 3696240 2026-07-17T19:20:53Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 /* Eventa */ 3972556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Decennium|164|MDCXXXII}} == Eventa == *Ignoto die - [[Universitas Tartuensis]] [[Tarbatum|Tarbati]] a [[rex|rege]] [[Gustavus II Adolphus (rex Sueciae)|Gustavo II Adolpho]] condita est. *[[16 Novembris]] - [[Lucena (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Lucenae]] (Theodisce ''Lützen'') [[Gustavus II Adolphus (rex Sueciae)|Gustavus II Adolphus]] rex [[Suecia]]e necatus est. == Nati == * [[24 Maii]] [[Ioannes Foy-Vaillant]], numismatista Gallicus. * [[8 Augusti]] [[Ioannes Carolus Loth]], pictor [[Germania|Germanus]] Baroci; mortuus [[1698]]. * [[29 Augusti]] - [[Ioannes Lockius]], philosophus [[Anglia|Anglicus]], mortuus [[1704]]. * [[23 Novembris]] - [[Ioannes Mabillon]], [[Francia|Francicus]] [[monachus]] [[Ordo Sancti Benedicti|Benedictinus]], doctus et conditor [[Scientia ad historiam scribendam pertinens|scientiae ad historiam scribendam pertinentis]]; mortuus est anno [[1707]]. * [[28 Novembris]] - [[Ioannes Baptista Lully]], [[compositor]] [[Italia|Italicus]] qui in [[Francia]]m migravit (mortuus [[1687]]). == Mortui == *[[16 Novembris]] - [[Gustavus II Adolphus (rex Sueciae)|Gustavus II Adolphus]], rex [[Suecia]]e; natus est anno [[1594]]. mpvf0cjywlbugex94w1l533gv621kxs 0 17884 3972617 3732328 2026-07-18T11:10:20Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3972617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{disambig2|Sancto Norberto archiepiscopo Magdeburgensi|alium hominem, cui est nomen Norberti,|Norbertus (discretiva)}} [[Fasciculus:Norbert xanten.JPG|thumb|[[Sanctus Augustinus]] regulam ordinis Sancto Norberto tradit, ex "Vita Sancti Norberti" (circiter [[1140]] picta) ]] '''Norbertus''' (natus circa annum [[1080]] [[Gennapium|Gennapii]] aut [[Xantum|Xanti]]; mortuus die [[6 Iunii]] [[1134]] [[Magdeburgum|Magdeburgi]]) fuit fundator [[Ordo Praemonstratensis|ordinis Praemonstratensis]] et episcopus [[Dioecesis Magdeburgensis]]. Ab [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana]] ab anno [[1582]] [[sancti|sanctus]] colitur. [[Patronus]] est [[Dioecesis Magdeburgensis]] et terrae Magdeburgensis necnon unus e patronis [[Bohemia]]e, ubi in [[Monasterium Strahoviense|Monasterio Strahoviensi]] sepulcrum habet. Duae conversiones vitam eius significant: Dives canonicus asceta factus est, qui huc illuc vagans poenitentiam praedicabat et [[ordo religiosus|ordinem]] condidit; postremo autem archiepiscopus Magdeburgensis in mundum revertit. == Vita == === Canonicus et capellanus aulicus === Norbertus, filius Heriberti de Gennapio cum Hedviga uxore, iam puer [[collegiata]]m [[Ecclesia cathedralis Sancti Victoris|Sancti Victoris]] [[Xantum|Xanti]] ingressus ibi educatus est. Vitam iucundam [[praebenda]] copiosa fultam exspectare potuit. Archiepiscopum [[Colonia Agrippina|Coloniensem]] [[Friedericus I de Schwarzenburg|Fridericum I]] (1100–1131) comitatus Norbertus [[Canonici Regulares|canonicus]], qui tum erat [[subdiaconus]], ad aulam regiam pervenit. Norbertus capellanus aulicus expeditionis imperatoris [[Henricus V (imperator)|Henrici V]] particeps Romam iter fecit, ubi Henricus anno [[1111]] imperator coronatus est. Anno [[1113]] imperator ei dioecesim [[Archidioecesis Cameracensis|Cameracensem]] praebuit, sed Norbertus recusavit. Forsitan [[investitura]]m e manibus imperatoris respuebat partibus [[papa]]libus inclinans, quod papam cum [[cardinalis|cardinalibus]] ab imperatore duos annos captum vidisset. Anno [[1115]] conversio subitanea accidisse traditur: Norbertum fulmine ictum de equo concidisse et verba [[David]]is "Converte a malo et fac bonum" audivisse duae vitae (Vita A et Vita B) [[saeculum 12|saeculo duodecimo]] medio conscriptae narrant. Multae res singulares tantum ex his fontibus [[hagiographia|hagiographicis]] notae sunt nec aliter exquiri possunt. === Eremita, praedicator migrans, fundator ordinis === Norbertus vitam moribus saecularem aversatus [[sacerdos]] ordinatus est. Veste [[sericum|serica]] pro cilicina commutata frustra collegiatam Xantensem reformare studuit. Vitam [[Eremita|eremiticam]] sibi elegit (cella eius fuit in ''Fürstenberg'' colle prope [[Xantum]]), sed etiam concionator paenitentiae huc illuc vagabatur, quare ecclesiae [[haeresis|haeresim]] timenti in suspicionem venit. In [[Synodus Frislariensis|Synodo Frislariensi]] anno [[1118]] Norbertus efficaciter se contra crimen haereseos defendit, quod autem reconciliatio minus successit, [[praebenda]]e Xantensi recusans patriam reliquit. In [[Francia]] meridiana papam [[Gelasius II|Gelasium II]] repperit, qui ei veniam in peregrinatione praedicandi dedit. Norbertus quoddam tempus in Francia septentrionali occidentalique praedicabat. Anno [[1119]] in concilio [[Durocortorum|Remis]] habito prodibat. Ecclesia hominem sibi molestum, sed ad allieciendos audientium animos aptum officio vincire conata est: [[Laudunum|Lauduni]] Norberto Collegiata Sancti Martini reformanda mandata est, sed sicut Xanti invitisssimis canonicis conatum ad irritum cecidit. Norbertus fideles ad imitationem [[Iesus|Christi]] [[apostolus|apostolorumque]] vocavit. Exemplum [[Prima communitas Hierosolymitana|primae communitatis Hierosolymitanae]] sive vitam apostolicam praedicans et vitia ecclesiastica vituperans multos, qui viam novam quaererent, alliciebat. Forsitan papa [[Calixtus II|Calixto II]] incitante [[episcopus]] [[Dioecesis Laudunensis|Laudunensis]] [[Bartholomaeus de Iur]] Norberto occasionem monasterii condendi dedit. Qui primo obnitens denique "fundator invitus"<ref>Stephanus Weinfurter: Norbert von Xanten und die Entstehung des Prämonstratenserordens, in: Barbarossa und die Prämonstratenser, Goppingae 1989, ISBN 3-929776-03-0, p. 71</ref> exstitit. Anno [[1120]] locis desertis [[Francia]]e, quae tum episcopo [[Laudunum|Laudunensi]] erant quaeque litteris fundatoriis ''Præmonstratus'' sive ''Pratum monstratum'' ([[Francice]]: ''Prémontré'') appellabantur, [[Praemonstratensis abbatia|Praemontratensem abbatiam]] fundavit, ut vita narrat, postquam visionem [[Iesus|Iesu Christi]] habuisset, qui ibi monasterium condi iussisset. Traditio antiqua episcopum Laudunensem ibi die [[25 Ianuarii]], qui est dies festus [[Conversio Sancti Pauli apostoli|conversionis Sancti Pauli apostoli]], Norbertum visitavisse vult, ut illi [[habitus (ordo monasticus)|habitum]] album traderet. E monasterio Praemonstratensi [[Ordo Praemonstratensis]] ortus est, qui est ordo [[Canonici Regulares|Canonicorum Regularium]] regulam Sancti [[Augustinus|Augustini]] sequens. Anno [[1126]] papa [[Honorius II]] ordinem confirmavit. Usque ad annum [[1137]]/[[1140]] etiam conventus feminarum abbatiae Praemonstratensi adiunctus erat. Abbatia Praemontratensis ergo sicut multa alia monasteria Praemonstratensia erat [[monasterium duplex]]. Norbertus talem statum monasteriorum [[ius|iuridicum]] voluit, qualis a ''Stephano Weinfurter'' "libertas Norbertina" appellatur<ref>ibidem, p. 73</ref>. Sibi iura cuiusque monasterii propria dari coegit, ipse administrationem assumpsit et "zonam episcopo liberam"<ref>ibidem, p. 72</ref> appetivit. Pro suis in multis collegiatis distributis asseclis pariter erat pater, abbas et episcopus. Cum tota communitas imprimis exemplum suum secuta esset, discrimen magnum effectum est, ubi archiepiscopus Magdeburgum discessit (vide infra). Cui discrimini discipulus eius [[Hugo Fossensis]] (1128–1161) ordine consuetudinibus confirmando respondit, ne amplius ordo in uno homine ennixus sit. === Archiepiscopus Magdeburgensis === Hieme anni [[1125]] Norbertus [[Roma]]m iter fecit, ubi a [[papa]] honorifice salutatus est. Archiepiscopo ''Ruotger'' Magdeburgensi mortuo secunda Norberti vitae conversio accidit. Confratribus obstupescentibus Norbertus sivit, ut a papa [[Honorius II|Honorio II]] et [[Lotharius III (imperator)|Lothario III]] rege in [[Dieta Imperii (Sacrum Romanum Imperium)|dieta]] [[Spira|Spirensi]] [[archiepiscopus]] [[Dioecesis Magdeburgensis|Magdeburgensis]] fieret. Die [[18 Iulii]] anni [[1126]] [[Magdeburgum]] ingressus est, secundum legendas nudipes et vestibus pauperculis indutus. Sine mora dioecesim emendare coepit: Presbyteros simplices [[caelibatus|caelibatum]] observare coegit; anno [[1129]] [[Canonici Regulares]] collegiatae Sanctae Mariae Magdeburgensis [[Ordo Praemonstratensis|Praemonstratensibus]] explevit. Bis insidiis capitis periclitatus esse traditur; etiam cives contra archiepiscopum, qui sibi nimis severus videretur, seditionem fecerunt, ut ei urbe fugiendus esset; [[interdictum|interdicto]] eos domuit. Norbertus alias collegiatas condidit, sed in gentes trans [[Albis|Albim]] habitantes convertendo necnon in iura archidioeceseos Magdeburgensis trans [[Polonia]]m extendendo parum processit. Norbertus inter familiares [[Lotharius III (imperator)|Lotharii III]] erat, quem anno [[1132]]/[[1133]] in [[Italia]]m comitatus est, ubi Lotharius imperator coronatus est. Ad tempus, dum archiepiscopus Coloniensis abest, etiam munere cancellarii Italiae fungebatur. Ex Italia reversus primo in aula imperatoris manebat. Anno [[1134]] ineunte Magdeburgum rediit, ubi die [[6 Iunii]] anni eiusdem anni mortuus est, forsitan ob [[malaria]]m. Praedicator asceticus et fundator ordinis reformationem ecclesiasticam appetens princeps imperii et homo aulicus factus est. Comes [[Godefridus Cappenbergensis]], qui Norberto opes suas tradiderat et ipse se ordini adiunxerat, narrat se ab aulico splendore, cum Norbertum Magdeburgi visitavisset, adeo abhorruisse, ut ilico rursus discessit. == Mors, sepulcrum, canonizatio == [[Fasciculus:Norbert Missale.JPG|thumb|Missale Praemonstratense, Argentorati circa annum 1502/04]] Norbertus die [[6 Iunii]] anni [[1134]] [[Magdeburgum|Magdeburgi]] mortuus est. Die [[11 Iunii]] in ecclesia collegiatae Sanctae Mariae sepultus est. Nobertus [[Medium Aevum|Medio Aevo]] canonizatus non est, quare nescimus. Anno [[1582]] papa [[Gregorius XIII]] ordini ab illo condito concessit, ut die [[6 Iunii]] episcopus sanctus et confessor celebraretur. Anno [[1621]] veneratio in totam [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiam]] extenta est. Anno [[1982]] Norbertus a papa [[Ioannes Paulus II|Ioanne Paulo II]] patronus terrae Magedeburgensis dictus est. Abbate ''Caspare de Questerberg'' Pragensi auctore reliquiae Norberti anno [[1626]] consilio civibusque Magdeburgensibus, qui tum iam erant [[Lutherus|Lutherani]], resistentibus in monasterium Praemonstratense [[monasterium Strahoviense|Strahoviense]] [[Praga]]m tranlatae sunt, ubi adhuc requiescunt. Translationis fons maximi momenti est ''Narratio translati e Saxonia in Boemiam sacri corporis … Norberti …'' (Pragae 1627). Anno [[1709]] ''Franciscus Büttner'' (''Pseudonorbertus ex narratione Pragensi translati e Saxonia in Boioemiam corporis Norberti'') ostendere studuit reliquias falsas Pragam translatas esse. Etiam [[Protestantes]] Magdeburgi memoriam Norberti colebant. Anno [[1975]] Magdeburgi Norberti sepulcrum, quod post sancti translationem superaedificatum erat, apertum est. Quod litterae ad pervestigationem pertinentes ab archaeologo, qui tum sepulcrum aperuit, adhuc retinentur<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305130553/http://www.tdh-online.de/archiv_2008_bis_2011/tdh_artikel_14394.php Tag des Herrn], periodicum ecclesiasticum Germaniae orientalis anni 2010</ref>, finis non liquet. == Notae == <references/> == Fontes == * Vita Norberti archiepiscopi Magdeburgensis, in: G. H. Pertz et alii (Ed.): Scriptores 12: Historiae aevi Salici. Hannoverae 1856, p. 663–706 (in interrete: [https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_12/index.htm#page/663/mode/1up Vita Norberti]) * Vita Norberti archiepiscopi Magdeburgensis. Leben des heiligen Norbert, Erzbischofs von Magdeburg. Transl. a G. Hertel. Die Geschichtsschreiber der deutschen Vorzeit 64. 2. ed. Lipsiae: Lorentz [et al.], 1941. * Narratio translati e Saxonia in Boëmiam sacri corporis beatissimi viri, Norberti, Parthenopolitani olim archiepiscopi, Germaniae primatis, conditoris et patriarchae ordinis Praemonstratensis, cui compendiosa vitae rerumque ipsius s. Norberti historia, commentariolus item de transferendis sanctorum reliquiis, praemittuntur. Referentibus fratribus monasterii Strahoviensis, ejusdem ordinis, in superiore Praga siti … Pragae: Sessius, 1627. == Bibliographia == * D. Salewsky: Norbert von Xanten/Magdeburg – eine vielschichtige Persönlichkeit des Mittelalters. In: M. Puhle / R. Hagedorn (Ed.): Prémontré des Ostens. Das Kloster Unser Lieben Frauen Magdeburg vom 11. bis 17. Jahrhundert. Ziethen, [[Osacaria]]e 1996, ISBN 3-932090-05-5, S. 29–42. * L. Horstkötter: Norbert von Xanten († 1134), erst Ordensmann, dann Erzbischof von Magdeburg. In: M. Puhle / R. Hagedorn (Ed.): Kloster Unser Lieben Frauen Magdeburg. Stift, Pädagogium, Museum. Ziethen, [[Oscaria]]e 1995, ISBN 3-928703-77-3, S. 43–49. * K. Elm: Norbertus triumphans. In: ibidem p. 57–66 * K. Elm (Ed.): Norbert von Xanten. Adliger, Ordensstifter, Kirchenfürst. Coloniae Agrippinae 1984, ISBN 3-87909-133-1 * K. Elm: Norbert von Xanten, in: Theologische Realenzyklopädie 24 (1994), p. 608–612 * W. M. Grauwen: Norbertus Aartsbisschop van Maagdenburg (1126–1134), Bruxellis 1978 * S. Weinfurter: Norbert von Xanten und die Entstehung des Prämonstratenserordens, in: Barbarossa und die Prämonstratenser, Goppingae 1989, ISBN 3-929776-03-0, p. 67–100 * S. Weinfurter: Norbert von Xanten im Urteil seiner Zeitgenossen (Xantener Vorträge zur Geschichte des Niederrheins 5), Thuiscoburgi: Universität, 1992 * L. Horstkötter: Norbert von Xanten. In: Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche, 7 (1998), ISBN 3-451-22012-1, Coll. 903–905 * H. Binder (Ed.): 850 Jahre Prämonstratenserabtei Weißenau 1145–1995. Thorbecke, Sigmaringae 1995, ISBN 3-7995-0414-1 (commentationes ad iconographiam p. 331–406) * E. Poche: Norbert von Magdeburg, in: W. Braunfels (Ed.): Lexikon der christlichen Ikonographie – Vol. 8. Herder, Friburgi 1976, ISBN 3-451-22568-9 * B. Gehle: Die Prämonstratenser in Köln und Dünnwald. Grüner, Amstelodami 1978, ISBN 90-6032-106-5. {{NexInt}} * [[Abbatia Sancti Martini Laudunensis]] [[Categoria:Sancti]] [[Categoria:Archiepiscopi]] [[Categoria:Episcopi Magdeburgenses]] [[Categoria:Praemonstratenses]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1134]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 11]] kpzgwdhmdsi2zqiaonf13hh39fyu7jz 0 18046 3972619 3972185 2026-07-18T11:11:47Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3972619 wikitext text/x-wiki {{latinitas}} {{Scientia dubia}} {{Pagina polienda|Vicipaedia Theodisca hic addita est fons. Sodes, dele [[Specialis:Diff/3771201/last|notiones nuper additas]].}} [[Fasciculus:Kfz-Kennzeichen in Deutschland.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Tabula geographica]] [[Germania]]e.]] Hic index omnia '''[[nota autocineti|notacula]]''' continet quae hoc tempore in [[Germania]] in usu sunt. Primum litterae notaculi dicuntur. Deinde [[Circulus Germaniae|Circulus]] vel [[Circulus urbanus|municipium]] quae hoc notaculum habent. Si nomen differt a nomine capitis pagi, nomen capitis extra nominatur. In columna dextera explicatur a quo nomine litterae notaculi derivantur. Numerus litterarum, quae in notaculo sunt, [[numerus incolarum|numerum incolarum]] pagi sequitur. Maximae urbes unam litteram habent. [[Stuttgartum]] exempli gratia solum litteram S habet, quod maxima urbs est cuius nomen littera S incipit. Notacula quae et ad [[municipium (Germania)|municipium]] et ad pagum pertinent amplius explicantur. Numeri et litterae differunt prout ad municipium aut ad pagum pertinent. (X unam litteram indicat, XX duas etc., 9 unam numerum indicat, 99 duos etc. == Index notaculorum Germaniae == === 0-9 === {| class="wikitable" |- !width="9.1%" bgcolor=#BBCCFF align=left| Nota !width="90.9%" bgcolor=#BBCCFF align=left| Institutio |- | rowspan="5" | '''0''' | '''0-1''' [[autocinetum|autocineta]] [[Praesidens Foederalis Germaniae|Praesidentis Foederalis]] |- | '''0-2''' autocinetum [[cancellarius foederalis|cancellarii]] |- | '''0-3''' autocinetum [[Administer Foederalis Rerum Exterarum|administri rerum exterarum]] |- | '''0-4''' autocinetum [[secretarius rei publicae|secretarii rei publicae]] in [[officium rerum exterarum|officio rerum exterarum]] |- | '''0-xx-x(xx)''' vel '''0-xxx-x(xx)''' autocinetum membri [[Consilium Foederale Germaniae|Consilii Foederalis Germaniae]] |- | '''1''' | '''1-1''' autocinetum [[Index Praesidum Consilii Foederalis Germaniae|Praesidentis consilii foederalis]] |- |} === A === {| class="wikitable" |- | rowspan="2" | '''A''' | Urbs Augusta Vindelicorum (XX 100-999 et 5000-9999) | rowspan="2" | [[Augusta Vindelicorum]] |- | [[Circulus Augustanus Vindelicorum]] |- | '''AA''' | [[Circulus Iurae Orientalis]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Iurae Orientalis" -Theodisce ''Ostalbkreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum suffixum ''-kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo), Latinum toponymum "[[Iura (mons)|Iura]] [[Suebia|Suevica]]" Theodiscum ''(Schwäbische) Alb'' -hic lexemate -alb-, et denique Latinum adiectivum "orientalis-e" Theodiscum suffixum ''Ost-'' vertit. Quo de toponymo, vide [http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/biographiae.php?id=358 ''Ephemeris''], ubi dicitur "(...) Hanc tibiam praeterito autumno repertam in spelunca neolithica Hohle Fels (in Iura Suevica Germanorum) (...)". De Latinā huius circuli versione, confer aliarum linguarum versiones ''Distrito dos Alpes Orientais'' et Восточный Альб.</ref>, Sedes magistratus in oppido [[Ala (Germania)|Ala]] est. | [[Ala (Germania)|Ala]] |- | rowspan="2" | '''AB''' | [[Circulus Aschaffenburgensis]] (XX 999) | rowspan="2" | [[Aschaffenburgum]] |- | Oppidum [[Aschaffenburgum]] (Reliquae notae) |- | '''ABG''' | [[Circulus terrae Altenburgensis]] | [[Altenburgum]] |- | rowspan="2" | '''AC''' | Urbs Aquisgranum | rowspan="2" | [[Aquisgranum]] |- | [[Circulus Aquisgranensis]]: Sedes magistratus ''[[Aquisgranum|Aquisgrani]]'' est. |- | '''AIC''' | ''[[Circulus Aechensis et Frewbergensis]]'', Sedes in oppido [[Aecha]] | [[Aecha|Aecha - ''Aichach'']] <ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | '''AK''' | ''[[Circulus Altenkirchen]]'' | ''[[Altenkirchen]]'' |- | '''AM''' | ''Urbs [[Amberga]]'' | [[Amberga|Amberga - ''Amberg'']] <ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | '''AN''' | ''[[Circulus Onoldensis]]'' (AA-ZZ 100-999) | rowspan="2" | [[Onoldum]] - ''Ansbach'' |- | ''Urbs [[Onoldum]]'' <ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> (reliquae notae quae sunt: A-Z 1-999 et AA-ZZ 1-99) |- | '''ANA''' | [[Circulus Annabergensis]]. Sedes magistratus est [[Annaberga-Buchholzia|Annabergae-Buchholziae]]<ref name="Egli 1893">Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.</ref> | [[Annaberga|Annaberga -''Annaberg'']] <ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | '''AÖ''' | [[Circulus Oetingae Veteris]] | [[Oetinga Vetus]] <ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | '''AP''' | [[Circulus Terra Vimariana]]. Sedes magistratus est [[Apoldia]]e | [[Apolda|Apoldia - ''Apolda'']] <ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | '''AS''' | ''[[Circulus Ambergensis et Solisbacensis]]''. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Amberga]] | Amberga et [[Solisbacum]]<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> - ''Amberg-Sulzbach'' |- | '''ASL''' | ''[[Circulus Ascanensis et Stassfurtensis]]''. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Ascania]] | [[Ascania]] |- | '''ASZ''' | ''[[Circulus Owensis et Nigrensis Monensis]]''. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Owa]] | Owa et [[Niger Mons in Fergunna]] - ''Aue-Schwarzenberg'' |- | '''AUR''' | [[Circulus terrae Auriacensis]] | [[Auriacum|Auriacum - ''Aurich'']] <ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | '''AW''' | ''[[Circulus Aerwilrensis]]''. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Aerwilra]]'' | [[Aerwilra|Aerwilra - ''Ahrweiler'']] <ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | '''AZ''' | ''[[Circulus Alceiensis et Vormatiensis]]''. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Alceia]] | [[Alceia]] <ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> et [[Vormatia]] - [[Alceia]] et [[Wormatia]] |- | '''AZE''' | ''[[Circulus Servestinus Anhaltinus]]''. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Servesta Anhaltina|Servesta Anhaltina- ''Zerbst/Anhalt'']] | [[Servesta Anhaltina|Servesta Anhaltina - ''Zerbst/Anhalt'']] |- |} === B === {| class="wikitable" |- | rowspan="2" | '''B''' | Urbs [[Berolinum]] | rowspan="2" | Berolinum |- | [[Legatorum Domus Berolini]] et [[Senatus Berolini]] |- | rowspan="2" | '''BA''' | [[Circulus terrae Bambergensis]] (AA-ZZ 100-9999 / apud numeros infra 100 litterae B,G,F,I,O,Q in nota esse debent.) | rowspan="2" | [[Bamberga|Bamberga - ''Bamberg'']] <ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | Urbs [[Bamberga]] (A-Z 1-9999, AA usque ad ZZ 1-99, sine litteris B,G,F,I,O,Q (Circulus)) |- | '''BAD''' | Urbs [[Badena]]<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | Baden-Baden |- | '''BAR''' | [[Circulus terrae Barnimensis]].<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Barnimensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Barnim'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo), et de Latino gentilicio "Barnimensis-e" -quod ad toponymum "Barnimia" refertur-, vide [https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/XNMCGCCPE3Z4YSUNTOVAQCP3IS2HPNUW ''D. Joh. Dan. Gohlii, Medici Provincialis circuli Barnimensis superioris'' (...)], ubi dicitur "(...) D. Joh. Dan. Gohlii, Medici Provincialis circuli Barnimensis superioris (...)". De toponymo "Barnimia", vide: Bekmann, J. C. (1751). ''Historische Beschreibung der Chur und Mark Brandenburg''. Berolini: Vossische Buchhandlung.<</ref> Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Neustadium Eberswaldum]].<ref>[https://books.google.de/books?id=KRg_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=b&soernoaurce=bl&ots=4brJFBorwj&sig=XY6QC0w1kGJeOjrx3OFX9A3-Yks&hl=de&sa=X&ei=op4iVdnuIIH2sgGc7YH4Dw&sqi=2&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Neustadium&f=false google books: Scriptorum De Rebus Marchiae Brandenburgensis Maxime Celebrium Nicolai ...]</ref> | [[Barnimia]]<ref name="Bekmann 1751">Bekmann, J. C. (1751). ''Historische Beschreibung der Chur und Mark Brandenburg''. Berolini: Vossische Buchhandlung.</ref> |- | '''BB''' | [[Circulus terrae Biboniensis]] | [[Bibonium]]<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> - ''Böblingen'' |- | '''BBG''' | [[Circulus Ursopolensis]] | * [[Arctopolis]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bernburg'')</small> - ''Bernburg'' |- | '''BBL''' | [[Senatus Terrae Brandenburgensis]] et regimine terrae | [[Brandenburg]]ensis [[senatus terrae]] |- | '''BC''' | [[Circulus Biberacensis]] | [[Biberacum]]<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> - ''Biberach'' |- | '''BD''' | Autocineta [[Organum Constitutionale|organorum constitutionalium]] ([[Senatus Foederalis Germaniae]], [[Consilium Foederale Germaniae|Consilium Foederale]], [[Regimen Foederale (Germania)|Regimen Foederale]], [[Officium Praesidentis Foederalis]] et [[Iudices Constitutionales Foederales]]) | [[Germania|Res Publica Foederalis]] |- | '''BGL''' | [[Circulus Terrae Berchtesgadenensis|Terra Berchtesgadenensis]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Terrae Berchtesgadenensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Berchtesgadener Land'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum "terra-ae" Theodiscum ''Land'' vertit et Latinum gentilicum "Berchtesgadenensis-e" ad [[Berchtesgaden]] refertur.</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Halla Bavarica]]<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Berchtesgaden]]er Land |- | '''BI''' | [[Bilivelda]] | Bilivelda - ''Bielefeld'' |- | '''BIR''' | [[Circulus Bircofeldensis]] | [[Bircofelda]]<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> - ''Birkenfeld'' |- | '''BIT''' | [[Circulus Eiflensis Bedensis et Prumiensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Bedense]]''<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | Bedense et Pruma - ''Bitburg-Prüm'' |- | '''BL''' | [[Circulus Montium Zolnerensium]].<ref>''Alb'' sunt montes, ''(Hohen)zollern'' de Graesse Zolnerum appellatus.</ref> Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Balinga]] | Montes Zolnerenses |- | '''BLK''' | [[Circulus Terrae Castellorum]].<ref>''Burg'' est castellum, ''Land'' est terra.</ref> Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Naumburgum]]''<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | ''Burgenlandkreis'' |- | '''BM''' | [[Circulus Rhenanus et Arnefensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Tiberiacum]]''<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | ''Rhein-Erft-Kreis'' |- | '''BN''' | Urbs [[Bonna]] | ''Bonn'' |- | '''BO''' | Urbs [[Baucum (Germania)|Baucum]] | Baucum - ''Bochum'' |- | '''BÖ''' | [[Bördekreis]]. Sedes magistratus est [[Oscaria]]e | [[Magdeburger Börde|Börde]] |- | '''BOR''' | [[Circulus Burkenensis|Burkena]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Burkenensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Borken'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo), et de Latino toponymo "[[Burkena]]" -ad quod gentilicium "Burkenensis-e" refertur-, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=21&cq=d&lang=en ''bavarikon.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Burkena:''' Borken, Kr,. preuss. (...)".</ref><ref name="Burkena">Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=21&cq=d&lang=en ''bavarikon.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Burkena:''' Borken, Kr,. preuss. (...)".</ref> | [[Burkena]]<ref name="Burkena"/> |- | '''BOT''' | Urbs [[Bottrop]] | Bottrop |- | '''BP''' | [[Aediles Foederales (Germania)|Aediles Foederales]] – usque ab 30. Aprilis 2006 | Aediles Foederales (olim: Cursus Publicus Germanus Foederalis) |- | '''BRA''' | [[Circulus Alluvionis Visurgensis]].<ref>''Marsch'' est alluvio, vide etiam [[Visurgis]].</ref> Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Brake]]''<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | ''Wesermarschkreis'' |- | '''BRB''' | Oppidum [[Brandenburgum (oppidum)]] | ''Brandenburg'' |- | '''BS''' | [[Brunsvicum]] | Brunsvicum - ''Braunschweig'' |- | rowspan="2" | '''BT''' | [[Circulus terrae Baruthensis]] (AA-ZZ 100-9999, B,F,G etiam singulariter) | rowspan="2" | Baruthum - ''Bayreuth'' |- | Urbs [[Baruthum]] (A-Z 1-9999, AA-ZZ 1-99, sine litteris B,F,G (Circulus)) |- | '''BTF''' | [[Circulus Agri Amarensis]] | [[Ager Amarensis]]<ref>''bitter'' amarus est, ''Feld'' est ager.</ref> - ''Bitterfeld'' |- | '''BÜS''' | [[Commune]] [[Büsingen am Hochrhein]] (Commune in circulo [[Constantia (Germania)| terrae Constantiensis]]) | ''Büsingen'' |- | '''BW''' | [[Magistratus Aquarum et Navium Foederalis]] | Magistratus Aquarum et Navium Foederalis |- | '''BWL''' | [[Senatus Badeniae-Virtembergiae|Senatus Terrae Foederalis]] et [[Regimen Badeniae-Virtembergiae]] | [[Badenia-Virtembergia|Badeniae-Virtembergiae]] [[Senatus Terrae Foederalis]] |- | '''BYL''' | [[Senatus Bavariae]] et [[Rerum Politicarum Curatores Rei Publicae Bavariae]] | [[Bavaria]]e [[Senatus Terrae Foederalis]] |- | '''BZ''' | [[Circulus terrae Budissensis]] | [[Budissa]] |- |} === C === {| class="wikitable" |- | '''C''' | Urbs [[Chemnicium]] | [[Chemnicium]] |- | '''CB''' | [[Urbs]] [[Cotbusium]] | [[Cotbusium]] |- | '''CE''' | [[Circulus Cellensis]] | [[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | '''CHA''' | [[Circulus terrae Camblensis]] | [[Cambla]]<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | '''CLP''' | [[Circulus Cloppenburgensis]] | [[Cloppenburgum]] |- | rowspan="2" | '''CO''' | [[Circulus terrae Coburgenis|Circulus Coburgensis]] (AA-ZZ 100-999) | rowspan="2" | [[Coburgus]] |- | Urbs [[Coburgus]] (alia) |- | '''COC''' | [[Circulus terrae Cochemiensis et Cellensis]].<ref name = Graesse/> Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Cochemium]]<ref name = Graesse/> | [[Cochemium]]-[[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]<ref name="Graesse"/> |- | '''COE''' | [[Circulus Cosfeldiensis]] | [[Cosfeldia]] |- | '''CUX''' | [[Circulus Cuxhavensis]] | [[Cuxhavia]]<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | '''CW''' | [[Circulus terrae Calewensis]] | [[Calewa]] |- |} === D === {| class="wikitable" |- | '''D''' | Urbs [[Dusseldorpium]] | [[Dusseldorpium]] |- | rowspan="2" | '''DA''' | [[Darmstadium]] (AA-ZZ 100-999) | rowspan="2" | Darmstadium |- | [[Circulus terrae Darmstadiensis et Dieburgensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido Darmstadio (cetera) |- | '''DAH''' | [[Circulus Tachoviensis]] | [[Tachovia (Bavaria)]]<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | '''DAN''' | [[Circulus terrae Luchoviensis et Danebergensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Luchovia]]'' | [[Daneberga]]<ref name="Hofmannus">{{Hofmannus}}</ref> |- | '''DAU''' | [[Circulus Dumno]] | [[Dumno]]<ref name="Graesse"/> |- | '''DBR''' | [[Circulus Doberanum|Circulus Aquarum Doberanarum]] | [[Doberanum|Aquae Doberanae]] |- | '''DD''' | Urbs [[Dresda]] | Dresda |- | '''DE''' | Urbs [[Dessavia]] | Dessau |- | '''DEG''' | [[Circulus terrae Deggendorfensis|Circulus Deggendorfensis]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Deggendorfensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Deggendorf'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo "[[Deggendorfium]]" -ad quod Latinum gentilicium "Deggendorfensis-e" refertur-, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10372085?p=485&cq=Candidus,%20Pantaleon&lang=de ''Chronica Bavaricae Capucinorum Provinciae : in brevem summam collecta a religionis institutione usque ad eius resuscitationem''], ubi dicitur "(...) P. Ludovicus Sedlmair Deggendorfensis confessarius semper ei propre esse debuit (...) Testes erant Monachium, Straubinga, Deggendorfium, Bulsanum (...)".</ref><ref name="Deggendorfium">Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10372085?p=485&cq=Candidus,%20Pantaleon&lang=de ''Chronica Bavaricae Capucinorum Provinciae : in brevem summam collecta a religionis institutione usque ad eius resuscitationem''], ubi dicitur "(...) P. Ludovicus Sedlmair Deggendorfensis confessarius semper ei propre esse debuit (...) Testes erant Monachium, Straubinga, Deggendorfium, Bulsanum (...)".</ref> |- | '''DEL''' | Oppidum [[Delmenhorstium]]<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | Delmenhorstium |- | '''DGF''' | [[Circulus Dingolfingensis et Landaviensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Dingolfinga]]<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | Dingolfinga et Landavia |- | '''DH''' | [[Circulus terrae Diepholtia]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/> | [[Diepholtia]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/> |- | '''DL''' | [[Circulus Debelensis]] | [[Debelum]]<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> - ''Debeln'' |- | '''DLG''' | [[Circulus terrae Dilingensis]] | [[Dilinga]] |- | '''DM''' | [[Circulus Demmiensis]] | [[Demmium]]<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> - ''Demmin'' |- | '''DN''' | | [[Circulus Marcodurensis]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Marcodurensis" -Theodisce ''Kreis Düren'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et et Latinum gentilicium "Marcodurensis-e" ad [[Marcodurum]] refertur.</ref> | [[Marcodurum]]<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> - ''Düren'' |- | '''DO''' | Urbs [[Tremonia]] | [[Tremonia]] |- | '''DON''' | [[Retiensis pagus]].<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Donaverda]]<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | ''Donau-Ries'' |- | '''DU''' | Urbs [[Thuiscoburgum]] | [[Thuiscoburgum]] |- | '''DÜW''' | [[Circulus terrae Turingensis]] | [[Turingum]]<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> ad vini viam Germanam - ''Bad Dürkheim'' |- | '''DW''' | [[Circulus Albulensis]].<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Dippoldiswalde]]'' | ''Weißeritzkreis'' |- | '''DZ''' | [[Circulus Delitiensis]] | [[Delitium]] |- |} === E === {| class="wikitable" |- | '''E''' | [[Urbs]] [[Assindia]] | Assindia |- | '''EA''' | Urbs [[Ysenacum]] | Ysenacum |- | '''EBE''' | [[Circulus terrae Ebersbergensis]] | [[Ebersberga]]<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | '''ED''' | [[Circulus terrae Ariodunensis]] | [[Ariodunum]]<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | '''EE''' | [[Circulus terrae Albis et Elstrae]].<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Hertzberga]]''<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | ''[[Albis]]-[[Elstra]]'' |- | '''EF''' | Urbs [[Erfordia]] | Erfordia |- | '''EI''' | [[Circulus terrae Astanienis]] | [[Astania]]<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | '''EIC''' | [[Circulus terrae Eichsfeldiensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in ''[[Sanctorum Urbs]]''<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Eichsfeldia]]<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | '''EL''' | [[Circulus Terrae Emesensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Meppea]]''<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | ''Emsland'' |- | '''EM''' | [[Circulus terrae Emmendingensis]] | [[Emmendinga]]<ref name=de.wiki>De Germanica Vicipaedia</ref> |- | '''EMD''' | Urbs [[Emda]]<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | ''Emden'' |- | '''EMS''' | [[Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Embasis]]''<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> * Urbs [[Lahnstein]] ("VA 1 - ZZ 999") * Reliqua pagi ("A 1 - Z 999" et "AA 1 - UZ 999") | Bad Ems |- | '''EN''' | [[Empere-Rura-Pagus-Terrestris]]. Sedes magistratus est [[Schwelma]]e<ref>Wernherus Teschenmacher, ''Annales Cliviae, Iuliae, Montiae, Marchiae, Ravensburgiae Antiquae et Modernae'' {{Google Books|OQxlAAAAcAAJ|pag. 301}}.</ref> (Theodisce ''Schwelm'') | [[Empere]] |- | '''ER''' | Urbs [[Erlanga]]<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | ''Erlangen'' |- | '''ERB''' | [[Circulus Ottenicus]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Ottenicus" -Theodisce ''Odenwaldkreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum suffixum ''-kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo "Ottenica silva" -ad quod adiectivum "Ottenicus-a-um'' refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="Graesse"/>.<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Erpachium]] | ''Odenwaldkreis'' |- | '''ERH''' | [[Circulus terrae Erlangensis et Hoechstensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Erlanga]]'' | ''Erlangen-Höchstadt'' |- | '''ES''' | [[Circulus terrae Eslingensis]] | [[Eslinga]] |- | '''ESW''' | [[Pagus Verrae Visnerique]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Scuvegia]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/> | ''Werra-Meißner-Kreis'' |- | '''EU''' | [[Circulus Euskirchensis]] | [[Euskircha]]<ref name="Euskircha">Vide [https://archive.org/stream/archivdergesell00dngoog/archivdergesell00dngoog_djvu.txt ''Archiv der Gesellschaft für Ältere Deutsche Geschichtskunde zur Beförderung einer Gesammtausgabe der Quellenschriften Deutscher Geschichten der Mittelalters''], ubi dicitur "(...) Chronica Tilmanni (Tilmans rocati de Euskircha canonici ecclesie S. Crisanti et Mariae monasterii Eyffliae) (...)".</ref> |- |} === F === {| class="wikitable" |- | '''F''' | Urbs [[Francofurtum ad Moenum]] | Francofurtum |- | '''FB''' | [[Circulus Wetterauensis]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Wetterauensis" -Theodisce ''Wetteraukreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum suffixum ''-kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et Latinum gentilicium "Wetterauensis-e" ad [[Weteraiba]]m refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}; et quo de gentilicio, hoc derivatur ex epitheto [[binomen|binominali]] "wetterauensis". De hoc epitheto, confer, v.gr. "Melanochelys mossoczyi wetterauensis".</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Friedberga]]'' | [[Weteraiba]]<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | '''FD''' | [[Circulus terrae Fuldensis]] | [[Fulda]] |- | '''FDS''' | [[Circulus terrae Freudenstadiensis]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Freudenstadiensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Freudenstadt'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Freudenstadiensis-e" ad [[Freudenstadium]] refertur. Quod de toponymo, vide [https://archive.org/stream/p3nuovodizionari02vene/p3nuovodizionari02vene_djvu.txt ''Nuovo dizionario geografico universale, statistico, storico, commerciale. Compilato sulle grandi opere di Arrowsmith et al.''], ubi dicitur "(...) FREUDENSTADT o FREDESTADT Fridericistadium o Freudenstadium (...)". De gentilicio "Freudenstadiensis-e", vide [https://wellcomecollection.org/works/rdsczp6s ''wellcomecollection.org''], ubi dicitur "(...) Disputatio medica inauguralis, sistens aegrum dysentericum ... / praeside D. Rudolpho Jacobo Camerario, ... pro licentia ... publico eruditorum examini submittit Johannes Andreas Planer, Freudenstadiensis (...)</ref><ref name="Freudenstadium">Vide [https://archive.org/stream/p3nuovodizionari02vene/p3nuovodizionari02vene_djvu.txt ''Nuovo dizionario geografico universale, statistico, storico, commerciale. Compilato sulle grandi opere di Arrowsmith et al.''], ubi dicitur "(...) FREUDENSTADT o FREDESTADT Fridericistadium o Freudenstadium (...)"</ref> | [[Freudenstadium]]<ref name="Freudenstadium"/> |- | '''FF''' | Urbs [[Francofortum ad Oderam]] | Francofortum ad Oderam |- | '''FFB''' | [[Circulus terrae Pontis Campi Principis|Pons Campi Principi]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Onoldum" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Fürstenfeldbruck'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) Latinum substantivum "pons pontis" Theodiscum lexema ''-bruck'' vertit et de Latino toponymo casū genetivo "Campi Principis" ad monasterium Campum Principis refertur. Quo de monasterio, vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloster_F%C3%BCrstenfeld articulum eius apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "Das '''Kloster Fürstenfeld''' (lateinisch ''Monasterium Campus-Principis'') (...).</ref><ref name="Pons Campi Principis">Fingitur nomen "Pons Campi Principis" -Theodisce ''Fürstenfeldbruck'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "pons pontis" Theodiscum lexema ''-bruck'' vertit et de Latino toponymo casū genetivo "Campi Principis" ad monasterium Campum Principis refertur. Quo de monasterio, vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloster_F%C3%BCrstenfeld articulum eius apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "Das '''Kloster Fürstenfeld''' (lateinisch ''Monasterium Campus-Principis'') (...).</ref> | [[Pons Campi Principis]]<ref name="Pons Campi Principis"/> - ''Fürstenfeldbruck'' |- | '''FG''' | [[Circulus Fribergensis]] | [[Friberga]] |- | '''FL''' | Urbs [[Flensburgum]] | Flensburg |- | '''FN''' | [[Circulus Lacus Bodamici]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Friderici Portus]] | ''Bodenseekreis'' |- | '''FO''' | [[Circulus terrae Forchemiensis]] | [[Forchemium]]<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | '''FR''' | Urbs [[Friburgum Brisgoviae]] (XX 999) | rowspan="2" | [[Friburgum Brisgoviae|Friburgum]] |- | [[Circulus Brisgoviensis et Hercynienis]].<ref>cf. [[Nigra Silva]]</ref> Sedes magistratus est in oppido Friburgum Brisgoviae |- | '''FRG''' | [[Circulus Freyung-Grafenau]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Freyung]]'' | Freyung |- | '''FRI''' | [[Circulus Frisicus]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Geverae]]''<ref name=de.wiki>De Germanica Vicipaedia</ref> | ''Friesland'' |- | '''FS''' | [[Circulus terrae Frisingensis]] | [[Frisinga]] |- | '''FT''' | Urbs [[Francodalia]]<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | ''Frankenthal'' |- | rowspan="2" | '''FÜ''' | Urbs [[Furtha]]<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> (XX 999) | rowspan="2" | Furtha - ''Fürth'' |- | [[Circulus terrae Furthensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Zirndorf]]'' (reliqua) |- |} === G === {| class="wikitable" |- | '''G''' | Urbs [[Gerapolis]] | [[Gerapolis]] |- | '''GAP''' | [[Circulus terrae Germagensis et Parthanensis]] | [[Germagae et Parthanum]] - ''Garmisch-Partenkirchen'' |- | '''GC''' | [[Circulus Terrae Chemniciensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Glaucha]]''<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | ''Chemnitzer Land'' |- | '''GE''' | Urbs [[Gelsenkircha]]<!--nomen latinum: https://www.uni-due.de/collcart/matrikel/1730-39/080-1734/1734.htm et https://books.google.be/books?id=WtJKAAAAcAAJ&lpg=RA1-PT1&ots=ysdf7qp3yh&dq=Gelſenkircha&hl=de&pg=RA1-PT1#v=onepage&q=Gelſenkircha&f=false --> | [[Gelsenkircha]] - ''Gelsenkirchen'' |- | '''GER''' | [[Circulus terrae Iulius Vicus]] | [[Iulius Vicus]]<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> - ''Germersheim'' |- | '''GF''' | [[Circulus Gifhorn]] | [[Gifhorn]] |- | '''GG''' | [[Circulus terrae Gerahensis]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Gerahensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Groß-Gerau'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Gerahensis-e" ad [[Geraha]]m refertur. Quod de toponymo, vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9F-Gerau#Geschichte articulum huius toponymi apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Geraha (1002/09/13) (...).</ref> | [[Geraha]]<ref name="Geraha">Vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9F-Gerau#Geschichte articulum huius toponymi apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Geraha (1002/09/13) (...).</ref> - ''Groß-Gerau'' |- | '''GI''' | [[Circulus terrae Gissensis]] | [[Gissa Hassorum]]<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> - ''Gießen'' |- | '''GL''' | [[Circulus Rhenanus et Bergensis]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Rhenanus et Bergensis" -Theodisce ''Rheinisch-Bergischer Kreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum ''Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia "Rhenanus-a-um" et "Bergensis-e" ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] et ad locum Bergam referuntur. Quibus de toponymis, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Ducatus Montensis|Gladbacum Montensis]]''<ref>[http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/BEC_BER/BERG_Ducatus_Montensis_.html Ducatus Montensis]</ref> | ''Rheinisch-Bergischer Kreis'' |- | '''GM''' | [[Circulus Terrae Montensis Superioris]]<ref name="CTMS">Fingitur nomen huius [[Circulus terrae|circuli]], qui Theodisce ''Oberbergischer Kreis'' nuncupatur, ex Latino adiectivo "superior-ius" -Theodiscum praefixum ''Ober-'' vertens- et toponymico syntagmate genetivo "Terrae Montensis". Hoc de syntagmate, vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergisches_Land#Historisch-geographisch articulum apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam de Terrā Montensi], ubi dicitur "(...) Der adjektivische lateinische Begriff ''terre Montensis'', also ''des Bergischen Landes'' wird erstmals in einer Schuldverschreibungsurkunde der bergischen Grafen vom 6. September 1363 schriftlich festgehalten, wobei aber schon in früheren Urkunden ''terra de Monte'' oder ''Land von Berg'' erscheinen (...)".</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Gumeresbraht]]''<ref name=de.wiki>De Germanica Vicipaedia</ref> | ''Oberbergischer Kreis'' |- | '''GÖ''' | [[Circulus Gottingae]] * Circulus alius (XX 999) * [[Gottinga]] (alia) | Gottinga |-<ref>nota</ref> | '''GP''' | [[Circulus terrae Goppingensis]] | [[Goppinga]]<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> - ''Göppingen'' |- | '''GR''' | Urbs [[Gorlicium Germaniae|Gorlicium]] | Gorlicium |- | '''GRZ''' | [[Circulus Gradecensis]] | [[Gradec]]<ref name=de.wiki>De Germanica Vicipaedia</ref> - ''Greiz'' |- | '''GS''' | [[Circulus Goslariensis]] | [[Goslaria]] |- | '''GT''' | [[Circulus Guterslohensis]] | [[Gutersloha]] |- | '''GTH''' | [[Circulus Gotensis]] | [[Gota]]<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | '''GÜ''' | [[Circulus Gustroviensis]] | [[Gustrovium]]<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | '''GZ''' | [[Circulus Guntiensis]] | [[Guntia]] |- |} === H === {| class="wikitable" |- | '''H''' | [[Regio Hannoverae]] * [[Hannovera]] (XX 999, B,F,G,I,O et Q 999 vel -X 99) * Alia regio (alia) | Hannovera |- | '''HA''' | Urbs [[Hagenium]] | Hagenium |- | '''HAL''' | Urbs [[Halla Saxonum]] | Halla Saxonum |- | '''HAM''' | Urbs [[Hammona]] | Hammona |- | '''HAS''' | [[Circulus terrae Hassorum montium]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Hasfurtum]]''<ref>Vide [https://www.e-rara.ch ''Lexicum geographicum''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Hasfurtum'',. Hasfurt , ''ad Moenum fluvium'' (...)".</ref> | ''Haßberge'' |- | rowspan="3" | '''HB''' | Urbs [[Bremae Portus]] (A-Z 1000-9999) | rowspan="3" | [[Hansa|Hanseatica]] Civitas Brema |- | Urbs [[Brema]] * Brema borealis (AA-ZZ 1-99 et A-Z 1-999) * Civitas reliqua (AA-ZZ 100-999) |- | [[Civitas Bremensis]] et senatus Bremensis |- | '''HBN''' | [[Circulus Hilperusiensis]] | [[Hilperusia]]<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | '''HBS''' | [[Circulus Halberstadensis]] | [[Halberstadium]]<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> - ''Halberstadt'' |- | rowspan="2" | '''HD''' | [[Circulus Rhenanus ac Nicerinus]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Heidelberga]] (''AA-ZZ 100-9999'') | rowspan="2" | Heidelberga |- | Urbs Heidelberga (alio) |- | '''HDH''' | [[Circulus terrae Heidenheimensis|Heidenheimium]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Heidenheimensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Heidenheim'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Heidenheimensis-e" ad [[Heidenheimium]] refertur. Et quo de gentilicio et quo de toponymo, vide [https://www.heiligenlexikon.de/ActaSanctorum/25.Februar.html ''Acta Sanctorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) Walburgis Virgo, Abbatissa Heidenheimensis in Germania (...) Eystadio, qua versus Mœnum & Franconiam itur, est Heidenheimium (...)".</ref> | [[Aquileia Sueviae]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080626045931/http://www.abklex.de/ursel/rom.php Index nominum Latinorum loci (Theodisce)]</ref> - |- | '''HE''' | [[Circulus Helmstadiensis]] | [[Helmstadium]] |- | '''HEF''' | [[Circulus Herocampiensis et Rotenburgensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Herocampia]]<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | ''Hersfeld-Rotenburg'' |- | '''HEI''' | [[Dithmarsia|Circulus Dithmarsiensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Heida]] | '' |- | '''HEL''' | [[Senatus Hassiae]] et [[Hassiae regimen]] | [[Hassia]]e [[Senatus]] |- | '''HER''' | Urbs [[Haranni Villa]] | Herne |- | '''HF''' | [[Circulus Herfordiensis]] | [[Herfordia Vestfaliae]] |- | '''HG''' | [[Circulus Tauni Superioris]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Homburgum ad clivum]]<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | ''Hochtaunuskreis'' |- | '''HGW''' | Urbs [[Gryphiswalda]] | [[Hansa|Hanseatica]] Civitas Gryphiswalda |- | rowspan="2" | '''HH''' | Urbs [[Hamburgum]] * [[Hamburgum-Medium]] (AA-ZZ 100-9999) * Hamburgum-Meridionale/[[Hamburg-Harburg|Harburg]] (AA-ZZ 1-99, A-S 1000-9999) * [[Bille]]/[[Hamburg-Bergedorf|Bergedorf]] (A-Z 1-999, U-Z 1000-9999) | rowspan="2" | [[Hansa|Hanseatica]] Civitas Hamburgum |- | [[Civitas Hamburgensis]] et Senatus Hamburgensis |- | '''HI''' | [[Circulus Hildesiensis]] | [[Hildesia]] |- | '''HL''' | Urbs [[Lubeca]] | [[Hansa|Hanseatica]] Civitas Lubeca |- | '''HM''' | [[Circulus Hamelensis et Petrimontensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Hamala]]<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | ''Hameln-Pyrmont'' |- | rowspan="2" | '''HN''' | [[Circulus terrae Hailprunna (Badenia et Virtembergia)|Circulus terrae Hailprunna]] (XX 999) | rowspan="2" | [[Hailprunna]] |- | Urbs [[Hailprunna]]<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> (alio) |- | rowspan="2" | '''HO''' | Urbs [[Hofium Variscorum]] | rowspan="2" | Hofium Variscorum |- | [[Circulus terrae Curiae Variscorum]] |- | '''HOL''' | [[Circulus Holtisminnensis]] | [[Holtisminni]]<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> - ''Holzminden'' |- | '''HOM''' | [[Circulus Saravi et Palatinatus|Saravus et Palatinatus]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Saravi et Palatinatūs" -Theodisce ''Saarpfalz-Kreis' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum suffixum ''-Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit; de Latino toponymo "[[Palatinatus]]", Theodiscum lexema ''-pfalz'' vertente, et de Latino toponymo "[[Saravus]]", vide {{Graesse}}. De Latinā huius circuli versione, confer aliarum linguarum versiones ''Distrito de Sarre-Palatinado'' et ''Arrondissement de Sarre-Palatinat'' et ''Sarre-Palatinado'' et ''Zemský okres Sárská Falc''.</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Homburgum ad Saravum]] (sine [[Oppido St. Ingbert]]) | ''Saarpfalzkreis'' |- | '''HP''' | [[Circulus terrae Viae Montanae]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Viae Montanae" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Bergstraße'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum "viae-ae" Theodiscum lexema ''-straße'' et Latinum adiectivum "montanus-a-um" Theodiscum lexema ''Berg-'' vertit.</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Heppenheim]]<ref name="Heppenheim">Vide [file:///C:/Users/34622/Downloads/Amico%20lectori%20salutem!.pdf ''Amico lectori salutem!''], ubi dicitur "(...) facta donatio Ecclesiae parochialis in ''Heppenheim'' (...)".</ref> | ''Bergstraße'' |- | '''HR''' | [[Circulus Sualmanahensis et Adranensis]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Sualmanahensis et Adranensis" -Theodisce ''Schwalm-Eder-Kreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia "Sualmanahensis-e" et "Adranensis-e" ad flumina [[Sualmanaha]]m et [[Adrana]]m respective referuntur. Primo de hydronymo, vide [https://www.hna.de/lokales/schwalmstadt/schwalmstadt-ort68394/der-nebelfluss-und-seine-geschichte-90881979.html hna.de], ubi dicitur "(...) In der älteren Wissenschaft wird behauptet, im 8. und 9. Jahrhundert habe der Fluss „Sualmanaha“, „Suualmanaha“ und „Swalmanaha“ gelautet, was Dampfwasser oder Nebelfluss oder Nebelgewässer bedeutete (...)"; de secundo, vide [https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Ab_excessu_divi_Augusti_(Annales)/Liber_I#LVI Taciti ''Ab excessū dovo Augusti/Liber I, caput LVI] ubi dicitur "(...) iuventus flumen Adranam nando tramiserat (...)".</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Homberga (Effese)|Homberga]]'' | ''Schwalm-Eder-Kreis'' |- | '''HRO''' | Urbs [[Rostochium]] | [[Hansa|Hanseatica]] Civitas Rostochium |- | '''HS''' | [[Circulus Heinsbergensis]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Heinsbergensis" -Theodisce ''Kreis Heinsberg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Heinsberga]]" -ad quod gentilicium "Heinsbergensis-e" refertur-, vide [https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/krit002anna02_01/krit002anna02_01_0062.php ''Annales Gangeltenses''], ubi dicitur "(...) et Heinsbergenses nostrosque dominos ex bonis authoribus investigatum imus (...) Heinsberga vel quod Henrici mons sit vel ab equo et aggesto nomen habet (...)".</ref><ref name="Heinsberga">Vide [https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/krit002anna02_01/krit002anna02_01_0062.php ''Annales Gangeltenses''], ubi dicitur "(...) et Heinsbergenses nostrosque dominos ex bonis authoribus investigatum imus (...) Heinsberga vel quod Henrici mons sit vel ab equo et aggesto nomen habet (...)".</ref> | ''Heinsberga''<ref name="Heinsberga"/> |- | '''HSK''' | |[[Circulus terrae Sauerlandiae Superioris]]<ref name="Hochsauerlandkreis">Fingitur nomen huius circuli, Theodisce ''Hochsauerlandkreis'' nucupati, sic: substantivum Latinum "circulus-i" Theodiscum suffixum ''-kreis'', toponymum Latinum "[[Sauerlandia]]" Theodiscum lexema ''-sauerland-'' et Latinum adiectivum "superior-ius" Theodiscum praefixum ''Hoch-'' vertit. De hoc toponymo, vide [[Ioannes Tomka Szászky]], Introductio in orbis hodierni geographiam, Posonii, anno 1748 {{Google Books|L3ZYAAAAcAAJ|pag. 329}}; Godofredus Hoberg, De flexione, Bonnae, anno 1885 {{Google Books|Jl4pAAAAYAAJ|pag. 31}}.</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Medocabus]]''<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | ''[[Hochsauerland]]kreis'' |- | '''HST''' | Urbs [[Stralsunda]] | [[Hansa|Hanseatica]] Civitas Stralsunda |- | '''HU''' | Urbs [[Hanovia]]<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> (Urbs state separate in [[Circulus Moenensis et Kincichensis|Circulo Moenensi et Kincichensi]])<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Moenensis et Kincichensis" -Theodisce ''Main-Kinzig-Kreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum suffixum ''-Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia "Moenensis-e" et "Kincichensis-e" ad flumina [[Moenus|Moenum]] et [[Kincicha]]m respective referuntur. Quibus de hydronymis, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> | ''Main-Kinzig-Kreis'' |- | '''HVL''' | [[Circulus Terrae Habalae]].<ref>[[Habala]]</ref> Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Ratenovia]] | ''Havelland'' |- | '''HWI''' | Urbs [[Vismaria]]<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Hansa|Hanseatica]] Civitas Vismaria |- | '''HX''' | [[Circulus Hoxariensis]] | Hoxaria<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> - ''Höxter'' |- | '''HY''' | Urbs [[Hoyerswerda]] | Hoyerswerda |- |} === I === {| class="wikitable" |- | '''IGB''' | Urbs [[St. Ingbert]] in [[Circulus Saravipalatinensis|Circulo Saravipalatinensi]] | St. Ingbert |- | '''IK''' | [[Circulus Ilmenensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Arnstadium]]'' | ''Ilm-Kreis'' |- | '''IN''' | Urbs [[Ingolstadium]]<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Ingolstadium]] |- | '''IZ''' | [[Circulus Steinburgensis]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Steinburgensis" -Theodisce ''Kreis Steinburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Steinburgum]]" -ad quod gentilicium "Steinburgensis-e" refertur-, vide [https://pau.krakow.pl/Elementa/tomy/Elementa_XX_1969.pdf ''Elementa ad fontium editiones XX''], ubi dicitur "(...) Steinburgum (Stenburgum) (...)". Denique, de gentilicio, invenitur passim apud [https://www.google.com/search?q=%22Steinburgensis%22&client=firefox-b-d&sca_esv=b5d146501cb8d5e6&ei=E0tkaOrKDPXU7M8PhP72gA8&ved=0ahUKEwiqoLfUxZyOAxV1KvsDHQS_HfAQ4dUDCA8&uact=5&oq=%22Steinburgensis%22&gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiECJTdGVpbmJ1cmdlbnNpcyIyBRAAGO8FMgUQABjvBTIFEAAY7wUyBRAAGO8FMgUQABjvBUjBiQFQgwdYkRxwAngAkAEAmAGaAaABgQSqAQMwLjS4AQPIAQD4AQGYAgagAuQEwgILEAAYgAQYsAMYogTCAggQABiwAxjvBZgDAIgGAZAGBZIHAzIuNKAHvQqyBwMwLjS4B8kEwgcHMi0yLjMuMcgHUw&sclient=gws-wiz-serp Gugulam].</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Itzehoa]]<ref name="Itzehoa">Vide [mg.sub.uni-hamburg.de/kitodo/PPN656894008/PDF/00000097.pdf ''Der Lamberischen Geschichte von Hamburg''], ubi dicitur "(...) totaque Stormariae ditio cum Itzehoa et Osterhauia (...)".</ref> | Circulus Steinburgensis |- |} === J === {| class="wikitable" |- | '''J''' | Urbs [[Iena]] | [[Jena]] |- | '''JL''' | | [[Circulus Ierichoviensis]]<ref>Vide [https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN791499162 ''Dissertationem De Aeris In Praxi Medica Usu''], ubi dicitur "(...) Doctor, Medicus Elect. Brandenb. Circuli Jerichoviensis. (...)".</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Burgum Saxoniae]]''<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Burgum Saxoniae]]''<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | | [[Circulus Ierichoviensis]]<ref>Vide [https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN791499162 ''Dissertationem De Aeris In Praxi Medica Usu''], ubi dicitur "(...) Doctor, Medicus Elect. Brandenb. Circuli Jerichoviensis. (...)".</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Burgum Saxoniae]]''<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- |} === K === {| class="wikitable" |- | '''K''' | Urbs [[Colonia Agrippina]] | [[colonia Agrippina|Colonia]] |- | rowspan="2" | '''KA''' | Urbs [[Carolsruha]] (''XX 999'') | rowspan="2" | [[Carolsruha]] |- | [[Circulus terrae Carolsruhensis]] (aliter) |- | '''KB''' | [[Circulus terrae Waldeccensis et Francoburgensis]]<ref name="CWEF">Fingitur nomen huius circuli, Theodisce ''Landkreis Waldeck-Frankenberg'' nucupati, sic: "Waldeccensis" est gentilicium quod ad oppidum [[Waldeccum]] refertur (de hoc oppido, vide {{Lexicon Universale}}); et "Francoburgensis" est gentilicium quod ad oppidum [[Francoburgum]] refertur (de hoc oppido, vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20241109062021/https://www.argosybooks.com/advSearchResults.php?authorField=Georg+BRAUN&action=search Argosy Book Store], ubi dicitur "(...) Francenbergum, vel ut alij Francoburgum Hassiae (...)"). Denique, Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit.</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Corbachium]]<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | Corbachium |- | '''KC''' | [[Circulus terrae Cranensis]] | [[Crana]]<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> - ''Kronach'' |- | '''KE''' | Urbs [[Cambodunum]] |[[Cambodunum]] |- | '''KEH''' | [[Circulus terrae Kelhemiensis]] | [[Kelhemium]] |- | '''KF''' | Urbs [[Kaufbeura]]<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Kaufbeura]] - ''Kaufbeuren'' |- | '''KG''' | [[Circulus terrae Cussingensis]] | [[Cussingum]]<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> - ''Bad Kissingen'' |- | '''KH''' | [[Circulus Cruciniacensis]] * Urbs [[Cruciniacum]] (''X 9999'') * alio (''XX 999'') | [[Cruciniacum]] |- | '''KI''' | Urbs [[Kielia]] | Kielia |- | '''KIB''' | [[Circulus Montis Iovis|Mons Iovis]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Montis Iovis" -Theodisce ''Donnersbergkreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus" Theodiscum lexema ''-kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo "Mons Iovis", vide [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnersberg articulum de monte eponymo apud Vicipaediam Anglicam], ubi dicitur "(...) he name Donnersberg is thought to refer to Donar, the Germanic god of thunder, a theory supported by the fact that the Romans dubbed the Donnersberg ''Mons Jovis'' after their god of thunder, Jupiter (...)"</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Kirchemium et Bolandia]]''<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | Mons Jovis<ref name=de.wiki>De Germanica Vicipaedia</ref> - ''Donnersbergkreis'' |- | rowspan="2" | '''KL''' | [[Circulus terrae Caesareo-Lutrensis]] (''XX 999'') | rowspan="2" | [[Caesarea Lutra]]<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> - ''Kaiserslautern'' |- | Urbs [[Caesarea Lutra]] (alia) |- | '''KLE''' | [[Circulus Cliviensis]] | [[Clivia]]<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> - ''Kleve'' |- | '''KM''' | [[Circulus Camentiensis]] | [[Camentia]]<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> - ''Kamenz'' |- | '''KN''' | [[Circulus terrae Constantiae]] (sine communi [[Büsingen am Hochrhein]]) | [[Constantia (Germania)|Constantia]] |- | '''KO''' | Urbs [[Confluentes]] | Confluentes |- | '''KÖT''' | [[Circulus Cothenensis]] | [[Cothena]] |- | '''KR''' | Urbs [[Crefeldia]] | ''Crefeldia'' |- | rowspan="2" | '''KS''' | Urbs [[Cassella]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/> (''XX 999'', alia cum ''BFGIOQ'') | rowspan="2" | [[Cassela]] |- | [[Circulus terrae Casselensis]] (''X 9999'', alia sine ''BFGIOQ'') |- | '''KT''' | [[Circulus terrae Kitzingensis]] | [[Kitzinga]] |- | '''KU''' | [[Circulus terrae Culmbacensis]] | [[Culmbacum]]<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> - ''Kulmbach'' |- | '''KÜN''' | [[Circulus Holacheus]].<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Künzelsau]]'' | ''Hohenlohekreis'' |- | '''KUS''' | [[Circulus terrae Coslensis]] | [[Cosla]]<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | '''KYF''' | [[Circulus Cuphese]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Sondershusa]]e'' | [[Cuphese]]<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> - ''Kyffhäuser'' |- |} === L === {| class="wikitable" |- | rowspan="2" | '''L''' | Urbs [[Lipsia]] (A-T) | rowspan="2" | [[Lipsia]] (usque ad 31. Oktobris 1990 L fuit pro Lahn-Dill-circulus, quod nunc est LDK)'' |- | [[Circulus terrae Lipsiensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Bornis]]''<ref>{{Graesse}}</ref> (U-Z) |- | rowspan="2" | '''LA''' | [[Circulus Landishutensis]] (''XX 999'') | rowspan="2" | [[Landishutum]] |- | Urbs [[Landishutum]] (reliquia) |- | '''LAU''' | [[Circulus Terrae Norimbergensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Laufium|Laufio]]''<ref>Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/thou1/t1/Thuanus_historiae_1_2.html ''IAC. AVG. THVANI HISTORIARVM SVI TEMPORIS LIBRI CXX''], ubi dicitur "(...) quod cum nuper Altorfium et Laufium suae ditionis oppida occupasset (...).</ref> | ''Nürnberger Land'' |- | '''LB''' | [[Circulus Ludoviciburgi]] | [[Ludoviciburgum]] |- | rowspan="2" | '''LD''' | Urbs [[Landavia]].<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> (''X 9999'') | rowspan="2" | [[Landavia]] - ''Landau'' |- | [[Circulus ad Vini Viam Australim]] Sedes magistratus est in oppido Landavia (''XX 999'', excernantur) |- | '''LDK''' | [[Circulus Lauganensis et Dillenensis]].<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Wetzlaria]] | ''Lahn-Dill-Kreis'' |- | '''LDS''' | [[Circulus terrae Damis et Silvae Sprehae|Circulus Damis et Silvae Sprehae]]<ref name="CDSS">Fingitur nomen huius circuli provincialis, Theodisce ''Landkreis Dahme-Spreewald'' nucupati, sic: "Damis" est genetivus Latini hydronymi "Dame", Theodisce ''Dahme'', (Latino de hoc hydronymo, vide [https://books.google.de/books?id=rqboBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA86#v=snippet&q=1440&f=false Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch] de regione homonymā, ubi dicitur "(...) provincia, que Dame dicitur (...)); Latinum substantivum "Silva-ae" Theodiscum suffixum ''-wald'' vertit; et denique "Sprehae" est genetivus Latini hydronymi "[[Spreha]]", Theodisce ''Spree'', (Latino de hoc hydronymo, vide {{Graesse}}).</ref> Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Lubena]] | ''Kreis Dahme-Spreewald'' |- | '''LER''' | [[Circulus Lerensis]] | [[Leri]]<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> - ''Leer'' |- | '''LEV''' | Urbs [[Leverkusen]] | Leverkusen |- | '''LG''' | [[Circulus Luneburgensis]] | [[Luneburgum]] - ''Lüneburg'' |- | '''LI''' | [[Circulus terrae Lindaviensis]] | [[Lindavia]]<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> - ''Lindau am Bodensee'' |- | '''LIF''' | [[Circulus terrae Lichtenfelsensis]] | [[Lichtenfelsum]]<ref name="Lichtenfelsum">Vide [https://www.heiligenlexikon.de/ASJuli/Otto_von_Bamberg.html ''Acta Sanctorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) inter oppida Lichtenfelsum & Staphelsteinium siti (...)".</ref> |- | '''LIP''' | [[Circulus ad Lupiam]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Detmolda]] | ''Kreis [[Lupia|Lippe]]'' |- | '''LL''' | [[Circulus terrae Landsbergensis]] | [[Lantsberga]]<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> - ''Landsberg am Lech'' |- | '''LM''' | [[Circulus terrae Limburgensis et Weilburgensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Limburgum ad Lauganam]]'' | ''Limburg-Weilburg'' |- | '''LÖ''' | [[Circulus terrae Lorrachensis]] | [[Lorracho]]<ref name="Lorracho">Vide [https://www.e-rara.ch/download/pdf/14117362.pdf ''Verzeicliniss der für diesen Zeitraum benutzten Chronisten''], ubi dicitur "(...) Lorracho, cum ecclesia cum omnibusque suis appendicibus (...)".</ref> - ''Lörrach'' |- | '''LOS''' | [[Circulus terrae Viadri et Sprehae]]<ref name="CVES">Fingitur nomen huius circuli, Theodisce ''Landkreis Oder-Spree'' nucupati, sic: "Viadri" est genetivus Latini hydronymi "[[Viadrus]]", Theodisce ''Oder'', et "Sprehae" est genetivus Latini hydronymi "[[Spreha]]", Theodisce ''Spree''. Latinis de ambobus hydronymis, vide {{Graesse}}). Denique, Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit.</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Bescovia]]''<ref name="Beeskow">Vide [https://biblioscout.net/book/chapter/10.35998/9783830556107/00033 ''Sammlung der im Aktenband enthaltenen Zusatzdokumente''], ubi dicitur "(...) Beschreibung der Stadt Beeskow bis zum Ende des 16. Jahrhunderts nach verschiedenen frühneuzeitlichen Quellen (...) Reinhardus Strelius Dominus Bescoviæ, à Marchione Sigismundo Marchiæ locum tenens constitutus (...)".</ref> | ''Landkreis Oder-Spree'' |- | '''LSA''' | [[Senatus Terrae Saxonia-Anhaltiensis]] et regimine terrae | [[Saxonia-Anhaltium|Saxonia-Anhaltiensis]] [[senatus terrae]] |- | '''LSN''' | [[Senatus Terrae Saxonicus]] et regimine terrae | [[Saxonia|Saxonicus]] [[senatus terrae]] |- | '''LU''' | Urbs [[Ludovicus Portus Rhenanus]] | [[Ludovici Portus Rhenanus]] |- | '''LWL''' | [[Circulus terrae Ludovici Gaudii et Parchimensis]] | [[Ludovici Gaudium]] - ''Ludwigslust'' |- |} === M === {| class="wikitable" |- | rowspan="2" | '''M''' | Urbs [[Monacum]] (''XX 999'' und ''XX 9999'') | rowspan="2" | [[Monacum]] |- | [[Circulus terrae Monacensis]] (alia) |- | '''MA''' | Urbs [[Manhemium]] | [[Manhemium]] |- | '''MB''' | [[Circulus terrae Miesbachensis]]<ref name="CpMiesbachensis">Fingitur nomen huius circuli terrae, Theodisce ''Landkreis Miesbach'' nucupati, sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et "Miesbachensis-e" est gentilicium ex epitheto [[binomen|binominali]] "Miesbachensis". De hoc epitheto, confer, v.gr. "Margaritifera geyeri miesbachensis".</ref> | [[Miesbach]] |- | '''MD''' | Urbs [[Magdeburgum]] | Magdeburgum |- | '''ME''' | [[Circulus Medamanensis]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Medamanensis" -Theodisce ''Kreis Mettmann'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Medamanensis-e" ad [[Medamana]]m refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913?p=249&cq=Ludwigshafen%20u.a.&lang=en ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E - M''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Medamana, Medemenum:''' Mettmann, preuss. Rheinprovinz (...)".</ref> | [[Medamana]]<ref name="Medamana">Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913?p=249&cq=Ludwigshafen%20u.a.&lang=en ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E - M''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Medamana, Medemenum:''' Mettmann, preuss. Rheinprovinz (...)".</ref> |- | '''MEI''' | [[Circulus terrae Misniensis]] | [[Misnia]] |- | '''MEK''' | [[Circulus Medius Fergunnensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Mariae mons Saxoniae]]'' | ''Mittlerer Erzgebirgskreis'' |- | '''MG''' | Urbs [[Gladbacum Monachorum]] | ''Mönchengladbach'' |- | '''MH''' | Urbs [[Mulhemium ad Ruram]] | ''Mülheim'' |- | '''MI''' | [[Circulus Mindensis et Lübbeckensis]] | [[Minda]]<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> - ''Minden'' |- | '''MIL''' | [[Circulus terrae Mildenburgensis]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Mildenburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Miltenberg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Mildenburgensis-e" ad urbem [[Mildenburgum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide [https://www.tha.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost16/Drunck/dru_intr.html ''Bibliotheca Augustana''] , ubi dicitur "(...) Philipp Drunck (Philippus Haustulus), monachus ordinis cisterciensis, poeta, natus est anno 1491 in oppido Mildenburgo (Bavaria) (...)".</ref> | [[Mildenburgum]]<ref name="Mildenburgum">Vide[https://www.tha.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost16/Drunck/dru_intr.html ''Bibliotheca Augustana''] , ubi dicitur "(...) Philipp Drunck (Philippus Haustulus), monachus ordinis cisterciensis, poeta, natus est anno 1491 in oppido Mildenburgo (Bavaria) (...)".</ref> |- | '''MK''' | [[Circulus Marchiensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Liudolvescetha]]''<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | ''Märkischer Kreis'' |- | '''MKK''' | [[Circulus Moenensis et Kincichensis|Moenus et Kincicha]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Moenensis et Kincichensis" -Theodisce ''Main-Kinzig-Kreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum suffixum ''-Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia "Moenensis-e" et "Kincichensis-e" ad flumina [[Moenus|Moenum]] et [[Kincicha]]m respective referuntur. Quibus de hydronymis, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Gelnhusia]]''<ref name="Gelnhusia">Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/hofmann/hof4/Hofmann_lexicon_t4_1250_vranvm.html ''JOH. JACOBI HOFMANNI SS. Th. Doct. Profess. Histor. et Graec. Ling. in Academ Basil. LEXICON VNIVERSALE''], ubi dicitur "(...) Iam sub Electore Brandeburgico. Friberga Veteraviae, ''Fridberg''. Frislaria Hassiae, ''Fritzlar''. Gelnhusia Franconiae, ''Gelnhausen'' (...)".</ref> (sine urbe [[Hanovia]]) | ''Main-Kinzig-Kreis'' |- | '''ML''' | [[Circulus Mansfeldaeterrensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Islebia]]'' | ''Mansfelder Land'' |- | '''MM''' | Urbs [[Memminga]]<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Memminga]] - ''Memmingen'' |- | '''MN''' | [[Circulus terrae Algoviae Inferioris]]<ref name="Circulus terrae Algoviae Inferioris">Fingitur nomen huius circuli, Theodisce ''Landkreis Unterallgäu'' nucupati, sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit; ceterum, "Algoviae" est genetivus Latini toponymi "Algovia", Theodisce ''Allgäu'', (Latino de hoc toponymo, vide {{Lexicon Universale}}); et Latinum adiectivum "inferior-ius" Theodiscum praefixum ''Unter-'' vertit. De Latinā huius circuli versione, confer aliarum linguarum versiones ''Distrito de Baja Algovia'' et ''Baixa Algóvia'' et ''Circondario della Bassa Algovia'' et Нижний Алльгой.</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Mindelhemium]]<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | Algovia Inferior |- | '''MOL''' | [[Circulus Marchiensis et Terrae Viadri]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Seelow]]'' | ''Märkisch-Oderland'' |- | '''MOS''' | [[Circulus Nicrensis et Ottenicus]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Mosbacum]]'' | ''Neckar-Odenwald-Kreis'' |- | '''MQ''' | [[Circulus Merseburgensis et Quernofurtensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Merseburga]]'' | Merseburga et Quernofurtum<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | '''MR''' | [[Circulus terrae Marburgensis et Biedencaphensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Marburgum]]'' | [[Marburgum]] et [[Biedencaph]]<ref name=de.wiki>De Germanica Vicipaedia</ref> |- | '''MS''' | Urbs [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterium]] | urbs Monasterium |- | '''MSP''' | [[Circulus terrae Moenensis et Spessartus]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Moenensis et Spessartensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Main-Spessart'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia "Moenensis-e" et "Spessartus-a-um" ad flumen [[Moenus|Moenum]] et ad [[Spessartus mons|Spessartum montem]] respective referuntur. Quo de hydronymo, vide {{Graesse}}; sed quo de monti, vide [https://books.google.de/books?id=n_ROAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA2641&lpg=PA2641&dq=mons+spessart&source=bl&ots=pu4xavwPVI&sig=bcZAw4LzXuV5E2yvOxw4XaIPovs&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiVtrfdqdXRAhXBtxQKHb7jBpkQ6AEIKjAD#v=onepage&q=mons%20spessart&f=false ''Lateinisch-deutsches Wörterbuch''].</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Carolostadium Bavariae]]'' | Main-Spessart-Kreis |- | '''MST''' | [[Circulus Megapolensis Streliciensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Strelicia nova]]''<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | ''Mecklenburg-Strelitz'' |- | '''MTK''' | [[Circulus Moenensis et Taunus]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Moenensis et Taunus" -Theodisce ''Main-Taunus-Kreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum suffixum ''-Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia "Moenensis-e" et "Taunus-a-um" ad flumen [[Moenus|Moenum]] et ad [[Taunus mons|Taunum montem]] respective referuntur. Quo de hydronymo, vide {{Graesse}}; sed quo de monti, vide {{Hofmannus}}.</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Hofhemium ad Taunum]]'' | ''Main-Taunus-Kreis'' |- | '''MTL''' | [[Circulus in Muldae vallem]] . Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Crema (Germania)|Crema]]''<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | ''Muldentalkreis'' |- | '''MÜ''' | [[Circulus Muhldorpiensis ad Aenum]] | [[Muhldorpium ad Aenum]] - ''Mühldorf am Inn'' |- | '''MÜR''' | [[Circulus Müritz]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Varenum]]''<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | ''Müritz'' |- | '''MVL''' | [[Senatus Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris]] et [[Regimen Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerior]] | [[Megapolis et Pomerania Citerior|Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris]] [[senatus terrae]] |- | '''MW''' | [[Circulus Mittweidensis]] | [[Mittweida]] |- | '''MYK''' | [[Circulus terrae Magniacensis et Confluentensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Confluentes]]'' * Urbs [[Anternacum]]<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> (A-Z 1-999) sine B,F,G,I,O,Q et (AA-ZZ 1-99) | ''Mayen-Koblenz'' |- | rowspan="2" | '''MZ''' | Urbs [[Moguntiacum]] (''XX 999'', sive ''AA ad KY 9999'') | rowspan="2" | [[Moguntiacum]] |- | [[Circulus Moguntiacensis et Bingensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Angulisamum]] (reliquae) |- | '''MZG''' | [[Circulus terrae Marciensis et Waderellensis]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Marciensis et Waderellensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Merzig-Wadern'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia "Marciensis-e" et "Wanderellensis-e" ad communia [[Marcia]]m et [[Wanderella]]m respective referuntur. Primo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}; secundo de toponymo, vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/wikiling/index.php?f=gold&page=3247 ''wikiling'']{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) Wadern, 10. Jh. (...) (in villa) Waderella (...)".</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Marcia]]<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | ''Merzig-Wadern'' |- |} === N === {| class="wikitable" |- | '''N''' | Urbs [[Norimberga]] | Norimberga |- | '''NB''' | Urbs [[Brandeburgum Novum]]<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | ''Neubrandenburg'' |- | '''ND''' | [[Circulus terrae Neoburgensis et Schrobenhausensis]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Neoburgensis et Schrobenhausensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Neuburg-Schrobenhausen'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia "Neoburgensis-e" et "Schrobenhausensis-e" ad [[Neoburgum Cattorum]] et [[Schrobenhausen]] respective referuntur. Primo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}, sed secundo de gentilicio, vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_DbEOAAAAQAAJ/bub_gb_DbEOAAAAQAAJ_djvu.txt ''Album Academiæ Vitebergensis ab a. Ch. MDII usque ad a. MDLX. Ed. C.E. Foerstemann''], ubi dicitur "(...) 5. Johannes Knotz Schrobenhausensis (...)".</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Neoburgum Cattorum]]<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | ''[[Neoburgum Cattorum]]''<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | '''NDH''' | [[Circulus Northusensis]] | [[Northusa]]<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | '''NE''' | [[Circulus Rhenanus Novaesiensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Novaesium]] | [[Novaesium]] - ''Neuss'' |- | '''NEA''' | [[Circulus terrae Novae Civitatis apud Eisch et Vintshaemensis]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Novae Civitatis apud Eisch et Vintshaemensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Neustadt an der Aisch-Bad Windsheim'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum toponymicum syntagma "Novae Civitatis apud Eisch" Theodiscum toponymum ''Neustadt an der Aisch'' vertit. Quo de toponymo, vide [https://adw-goe.de/fileadmin/forschungsprojekte/resikom/dokumente/pdfs/HBI/C_7_Neustadt_am_Ruebenberge.pdf ''Metropolis Ecclesiae Trevericae''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''NEUSTADT AN DER AISCH [C.7.] I'''. ''Nivenstat (1285); de nova civitate (1294); iuxta Novam civitatem apud Eisch'' (...)". Ceterum, Latinum gentilicium "Vintshaemensis-e" ad oppidum [[Vintshaemum]] refertur. Quo de oppido, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Nova Civitas apud Eisch]]''<ref name="Nova Civitas apud Eisch">Vide [https://adw-goe.de/fileadmin/forschungsprojekte/resikom/dokumente/pdfs/HBI/C_7_Neustadt_am_Ruebenberge.pdf ''Metropolis Ecclesiae Trevericae''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''NEUSTADT AN DER AISCH [C.7.] I'''. ''Nivenstat (1285); de nova civitate (1294); iuxta Novam civitatem apud Eisch'' (...)".</ref> | [[Nova Civitas apud Eisch]]<ref name="Nova Civitas apud Eisch"/> |- | '''NES''' | [[Circulus Rhön-Grabfeld]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Neoburgum ad Salam]] | ''Bad Neustadt an der [[Sala|Saale]]'' |- | '''NEW''' | [[Circulus terrae Novae Civitatis]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Novae Civitatis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Neustadt an der Waldnaab'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum toponymicum syntagma "Novae Civitatis" genetivo singulari Theodiscum toponymum ''Neustadt an der Waldnaab'' vertit. Quo de toponymo, vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neustadt_an_der_Waldnaab#Geschichte eius oppidi articulum apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Neustadt wurde 1218 anlässlich der Verpfändung der „nova civitas“ an Heinrich von Ortenburg erstmals urkundlich erwähnt (...)".</ref> | [[Nova Civitas (apud Nabam Silvaticam)|Nova Civitas]]<ref name="Nova Civitas apud Nabam Silvaticam">Vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neustadt_an_der_Waldnaab#Geschichte eius oppidi articulum apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Neustadt wurde 1218 anlässlich der Verpfändung der „nova civitas“ an Heinrich von Ortenburg erstmals urkundlich erwähnt (...)".</ref> - ''Neustadt an der Waldnaab'' |- | '''NF''' | [[Circulus Frisicus Septentrionalis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Hosemum]]<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Frisia Septentrionalis]] - ''Nordfriesland'' |- | '''NI''' | [[Circulus Neoburgensis Visurgensis]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Neoburgensis Visurgensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Nienburg/Weser'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia "Neoburgensis-e" et "Visurgensis-e" ad commune [[Nova Urbs (Saxonia Inferior)|Novam Urbem]] et flumen [[Visurgis|Visurgem]] respective referuntur. Quibus de toponymis, vide {{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Nova Urbs (Saxonia Inferior)|Nova Urbs]]<ref name=Graesse/> - ''Nienburg an der Weser'' |- | '''NK''' | [[Circulus terrae Novem Ecclesiarum]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Novem Ecclesiarum" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Neunkirchen'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum toponymicum syntagma "Novem Ecclesiarum" genetivo plurali Theodiscum toponymum ''Neunkirchen'' vertit. Quo de toponymo, vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_H7RDAAAAYAAJ/bub_gb_H7RDAAAAYAAJ_djvu.txt ''Metropolis Ecclesiae Trevericae''], ubi dicitur "(...) Novem ecclesiae , quam Neukirchen dicunt (...)".</ref> | ''Novem Ecclesiae''<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_H7RDAAAAYAAJ/bub_gb_H7RDAAAAYAAJ_djvu.txt ''Metropolis Ecclesiae Trevericae''], ubi dicitur "(...) Novem ecclesiae , quam Neukirchen dicunt (...)"</ref> |- | '''NL''' | [[Senatus Terrae Saxoniensis Inferiorensis]] et [[Regimen Saxoniae Inferioris]] | [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[senatus terrae]] |- | '''NM''' | [[Circulus terrae Novoforensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Noviforum in Palatinatu Superiore]] | [[Noviforum in Palatinatu Superiore]] - ''Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz'' |- | '''NMS''' | Urbs [[Novum Monasterium]] | Novum Monasterium |- | '''NOH''' | [[Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi]].<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Northornon]]<ref name=de.wiki>De Germanica Vicipaedia</ref> | ''Grafschaft Bentheim'' |- | '''NOL''' | [[Circulus Superiolusatiensis et Inferiosiliensis]]. Sedes magistratus est [[Baxum|Baxi]]<ref name="Cranz 1771">Cranz, D. (1771). ''Alte und neue Brüder-Historie oder kurz gefasste Geschichte der evangelischen Brüder-Unität auf den Schweizerischen und sächsischen Kolonien''. Barbeiae: Heinrich Detlef Ebers. Theodisce ''Niesky''.</ref> | ''Niederschlesische Oberlausitz'' |- | '''NOM''' | [[Circulus terrae Northemiensis]] | [[Northemium]] |- | '''NR''' | [[Circulus terrae Neowidensis]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Neowidensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Neuwied'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Neowidensis-e" Theodiscum toponymum ''Neuwied'' vertit. Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.rheinische-geschichte.lvr.de/Persoenlichkeiten/maximilian-alexander-philipp-prinz-zu-wied-neuwied-/DE-2086/lido/57c92ef68392a6.35258846 ], ubi dicitur "(...) Sein Ma­nu­skript „Fau­na Neo­wi­den­sis“, 1847 voll­endet, ist die ers­te Re­gio­nal­fau­na für den Mit­tel­rhein. Die Ver­öf­fent­li­chung ein­zel­ner Er­kennt­nis­se über­ließ er je­doch an­de­ren, vor al­lem dem Neu­wie­der Apo­the­ker Franz Pe­ter Brahts (...)". Latinum toponymum "Neowida-ae" e suo gentilicio fingitur.</ref> * Urbs [[Neoweda]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> ("A 1 - Z 9999") * Circulus reliquius ("AA 1 - ZZ 999") | ''Neoweda''<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> |- | '''NRW''' | [[Senatus Terrae Rhenaniae Septentrionalis-Guestfaliae]] et [[Regimen Rhenaniae Septentrionalis-Guestfaliae]] | [[Rhenania Septentrionalis-Guestfalia|Rhenaniae Septentrionalis-Guestfaliae]] [[senatus terrae]] |- | '''NU''' | [[Circulus terrae Novae Ulmae]] | [[Nova Ulma (Bavaria)|Nova Ulma]] |- | '''NVP''' | [[Circulus Citeriopomeraniensis Boreus]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Grimus]]<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | ''Nordvorpommern'' |- | '''NW''' | Urbs [[Neapolis Palatinorum]]<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | ''Neustadt an der Weinstraße'' |- | '''NWM''' | [[Circulus terrae Megapolitanus Boreoccidentalis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Gnevismolae]]''<ref name=de.wiki>De Germanica Vicipaedia</ref> | ''Nordwest[[Megapolis et Pomerania Citerior|mecklenburg]]'' |- |} === O === {| |- | '''OA''' | [[Circulus terrae Algoviae Superioris]]<ref name="Circulus terrae Algoviae Superioris">Fingitur nomen huius circuli, Theodisce ''Landkreis Oberallgäu'' nucupati, sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit; ceterum, "Algoviae" est genetivus Latini toponymi "Algovia", Theodisce ''Allgäu'', (Latino de hoc toponymo, vide {{Lexicon Universale}}); et Latinum adiectivum "superior-ius" Theodiscum praefixum ''Ober-'' vertit. De Latinā huius circuli versione, confer aliarum linguarum versiones ''Distrito de Alta Algovia'' et ''Alta Algóvia'' et ''Circondario dell'Alta Algovia''.</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Sunthofen]]''<ref>Vide [https://www.e-rara.ch › download ''Monuments de l'histoire de l'ancien évêché de Bâle'], ubi dicitur "(...) Item Rector in Sunthofen (...) Item Sunthofen (...)".</ref> | [[Algovia]] Superior |- | '''OAL''' | [[Circulus terrae Algoviae Orientalis]]<ref name="Circulus terrae Algoviae Orientalis">Fingitur nomen huius circuli, Theodisce ''Landkreis Ostallgäu'' nucupati, sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit; ceterum, "Algoviae" est genetivus Latini toponymi "Algovia", Theodisce ''Allgäu'', (Latino de hoc toponymo, vide {{Lexicon Universale}}); et Latinum adiectivum "orientalis-e" Theodiscum praefixum ''Ost-'' vertit. De Latinā huius circuli versione, confer aliarum linguarum versiones ''distrito de Algovia Oriental'' et ''Algóvia Oriental'' et ''Circondario dell'Algovia Orientale'' et Восточный Алльгой.</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Marktoberdorfium|Marktoberdorfio]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> | Algovia Orientalis |- | '''OB''' | Urbs [[Overhusa]] | Overhusa |- | '''OD''' | [[Circulus Sturmarius|Sturmaria]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Sturmarius" -Theodisce ''Kreis Stormarn'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Sturmarius-a-um" ad regionem [[Sturmaria]]m refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}. Denique, de gentilicio, vide [https://www.jassa.org/?p=1432 ''In Nomine Jassa''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Tres autem sunt Nordalbingorum populi, Sturmarii, Holzati, Thetmarzi'' (...)".</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Oldeslovia]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/> | [[Oldeslovia]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/> |- | '''OE''' | [[Circulus Olpensis]] | [[Olpa]]<ref name="Buno 1661">Buno, Ioannes; ''Introductio in Ptolomaei Geographiam''. Guelpherbyti: Sumptibus Conradi Bunonis, 1661.</ref> (Theodisce ''Olpe'') |- | rowspan="2" | '''OF''' | Urbs [[Offenbachium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (X 9-9999, xx 9-99 außer Buchst. BFGIOQ nur vierstellig) | rowspan="2" | Offenbachium<ref name="Graesse"/> |- | [[Circulus terrae Offenbachiensis]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Offenbachiensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Offenbach'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo "[[Offenbachium]]" -ad quod gentilicium "Offenbachiensis-e" redertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Dicenbah]]''<ref>[https://arcinsys.hessen.de/arcinsys/showArchivalDescriptionDetails?archivalDescriptionId=5012528 ''HStAD Fonds A 1 No 181/1''].</ref> (XX 999 Buchst. AA-AZ vierstellig; BFGIOQ als Einzelbuchst bis 999) |- | '''OG''' | [[Circulus Mordenaugia]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Mordenaugia" -Theodisce ''Ortenaukreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum suffixum ''-kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo "[[Mordenaugia]]", Theodiscum toponymicum lexema ''Ortenau-'' vertens, vide [https://francia.ahlfeldt.se/page/documents/39 ''Regnum Francorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''quicquid in Alsacense et in Mordenaugia habere visus est'' (...)".</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Offenburgum]]'' | Offenburg |- | '''OH''' | [[Circulus Holsatiae Orientalis]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Holsatiae Orientalis" -Theodisce ''Kreis Ostholstein'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Holsatia|Holsatia-ae]]", vide {{Graesse}}. Denique Latinum adiectivum "orientalis-e" Theodiscum suffixum ''Ost-'' vertit. De Latinā huius circuli versione, confer aliarum linguarum versiones ''Distrito de Holstein Oriental'' et ''Arrondissement du Holstein-de-l'Est'' et ''Holsácia Oriental'' et ''Circondario dell'Holstein Orientale'' et ''Zemský okres Východní Holštýnsko'' et Восточный Гольштейн et ''Kreis Østholsten''.</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Utina]] | [[Holsatia]] Orientalis |- | '''OHA''' | [[Circulus Osteroda ad Harthicos montes]] | [[Osteroda ad Harthicos montes]] |- | '''OHV''' | [[Circulus terrae Habalae Superioris]]<ref name="CHS">Fingitur nomen huius circuli, Theodisce ''Landkreis Oberhavel'' nucupati, e flumine [[Habala|Habalā]], Theodisce ''Havel'', et adiectivo "superior-ius", quod Theodiscum praefixum ''Ober-'' vertit. Denique, Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit.</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Arausionis castrum]] | [[Habala]] Superior |- | '''OHZ''' | [[Circulus terrae Astanholteremarki|Astanholteremarki]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Astanienis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Osterholz'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo "Astanholteremarki", vide {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="Graesse"/>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Astanholteremarki-Scirnbeki|Astanholteremarkis-Scirnbekis]]''<ref name="Graesse"/> | Astanholteremarki |- | '''OK''' | [[Ohrekreis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Hahaldeslevo]]<ref name="Hahaldeslevo">Vide [articulum de hoc oppido apud Vicipaediam Anglicam], ubi dicitur "(...) The Saxon fortress of ''hahaldeslevo'' in Eastphalia was first mentioned in a 966 deed of donation issued by Emperor Otto I. (...)".</ref> | [[Ohre]]kreis |- | rowspan="2" | '''OL''' | Urbs [[Oldenburg (Oldb)]] (XX 999) | rowspan="2" | Oldenburg |- | [[Circulus Oldenburgum]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Vildhusia]]''<ref name="Hofmannus"/> (sonst) |- | '''OPR''' | [[Circulus terrae Pregnitianae Orientalis et Rupinensis]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Pregnitianae Orientalis et Rupinensis" -Theodisce ''Ostprignitz-Ruppin'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia "Pregnitianus-a-um" et "Rupinensis-e" ad loca Pregnitiam et [[Novirupinum|Rupinum]] respective referuntur. Primo de gentilicio, vide: Bekmann, J. C., auctore (1751). ''Historische Beschreibung der Chur und Mark Brandenburg''. Berolini: Christian Friedrich Voß; primo de toponymo, vide: Riedel, A. F., auctore (1841). ''Codex Diplomaticus Brandenburgensis''. Berolini: F. H. Morin; secundo de toponymum vide [https://books.google.de/books?id=qnoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA140&lpg=PA140&dq=Novirupinum&source=bl&ots=NQa5Zw-i7h&sig=S-V1byTw4W_k7bfntkjPbrhCPWY&hl=de&sa=X&ei=KX4xVYznO5WwaZjigNgP&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Novirupinum&f=false google books: Scriptores Rerum Brandenburgensium: Quibus Historia Marchiae Brandenburgensis Eiusque Variae Mutationes Et Transitus Rerum Ab Origine Gentis Ad Nostra Usque Tempora Recensentur Et Illustrantur, Francofurti/Viadrum: Kleybe, 1741-1753]. Denique Latinum adiectivum "orientalis-e" Theodiscum suffixum ''Ost-'' vertit. De Latinā huius circuli versione, confer aliarum linguarum versiones ''Distrito de Prignitz Oriental-Ruppin'' et ''Arrondissement de Prignitz-de-l'Est-Ruppin'' et ''Prignitz Oriental-Ruppin'' et ''Zemský okres Východní Prignitz-Ruppin'' et Восточный Пригниц-Руппин.</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Rupina]]'' | Pregnitia Orientalis et Rupinum |- | rowspan="2" | '''OS''' | [[Circulus Osnabrugae]] (''XX 999'') | rowspan="2" | [[Osnabrugensis|Osnabruga]] |- | Urbs [[Osnabrugensis|Osnabruga]] (alia) |- | '''OSL''' | [[Circulus provincialis Silvae Sprehae Superioris et Lusatiae]]<ref name="CpSSSeL">Fingitur nomen huius circuli provincialis, Theodisce ''Landkreis Oberspreewald-Lausitz'' nucupati, sic: Latinum adiectivum "superior-ius" Theodiscum praefixum ''Ober-,'' Latinum hydronymum "[[Spreha]]" Theodiscum lexema''-spree-,'' Latinum substantivum "silva-ae" Theodiscum lexema ''-wald'' et Latinum toponymum "[[Lusatia]]" Theodiscum ''Lausitz'' vertit.</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Senftenbergum]]''<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_pharma_res005374/BIUSante_pharma_res005374_djvu.txt ''Georgii Agricolae De ortu & causis subterraneorum, lib. V''], ubi dicitur "(...) prope Senftenbergum, quas cinereo colore iunt (...)".</ref> | Silva [[Spreha]]e Superioris et [[Lusatia]]e |- | '''OVP''' | [[Circulus Ostvorpommern]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Anclamum|Anclami]]<ref name="Hofmannus">{{Hofmannus}}</ref> | Ost[[vorpommern]] |- |} === P === {| |- | '''P''' | Urbs [[Potestampium]] | Potestampium |- | rowspan="2" | '''PA''' | Urbs [[Batavia (Bavaria)|Batavia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> | rowspan="2" | [[Batavia (Bavaria)|Batavia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> |- | [[Circulus terrae Batavus]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Batavus" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Passau'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Batavia (Bavaria)|Batavia]]" -ad quod gentilicium "Batavus-a-um" refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> |- | '''PAF''' | [[Circulus terrae Pfaffenhofium ad Ilmam]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Pfaffenhofium ad Ilma" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Pfaffenhofium ad Ilmam|Pfaffenhofium]]", vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/pareus1/Pareus_historia.html ''DANIELIS PAREI HISTORIA BAVARICO- PALATINA''], ubi dicitur "(...) cladem hosti tum prope Pfaffenhofium (...)". Latinum syntagma "ad Ilmam" ad flumen [[Ilma (Bavaria)|Ilmam]] refertur ut distinguatur haec urbs homonymis ex urbibus. Quo de hydronymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> | [[Pfaffenhofium ad Ilmam]]<ref name="Pfaffenhofium ad Ilmam">de Latino toponymo "[[Pfaffenhofium ad Ilmam|Pfaffenhofium]]", vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/pareus1/Pareus_historia.html ''DANIELIS PAREI HISTORIA BAVARICO- PALATINA''], ubi dicitur "(...) cladem hosti tum prope Pfaffenhofium (...)". Latinum syntagma "ad Ilmam" ad flumen [[Ilma (Bavaria)|Ilmam]] refertur ut distinguatur haec urbs homonymis ex urbibus. Quo de hydronymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> |- | '''PAN''' | [[Circulus terrae Vallis Rotae et Aeni|Valles Rotae et Aenus]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Vallis Rotae et Aeni" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Rottal-Inn'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum substantivum "[[Valles|Valles-is]]" Theodiscum suffixum ''-tal'' vertit et de Latinis hydronymis "[[Rota (Aenus)|Rota]]" et "[[Aenus]]", vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Pharrachiricha]]''<ref name="Pharrachiricha">Vide [https://werkstatt.formulae.uni-hamburg.de/texts/urn:cts:formulae:passau.heuwieser0086.lat001/passage/all ''Die Traditionen des Hochstifts Passau (Ed. Heuwieser) Nr. 86''], ubi dicitur "(...) proprietate tradiderunt in loco qui dicitur Pharrachiricha iugera XX (...)".</ref> | [[Pharrachiricha]]<ref name="Pharrachiricha"/> |- | '''PB''' | [[Circulus Paderbronnensis]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Paderbronnensis" -Theodisce ''Kreis Paderborn'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Paderbronna]]" -ad quod gentilicium "Paderbronnensis-e" refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> | [[Paderbronna]] |- | '''PCH''' | [[Circulus Parchimensis]] | [[Parchimum]] |- | '''PE''' | [[Circulus terrae Poynensis]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Poynensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Peine'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo "[[Poynum]]" -ad quod gentilicium "Poynensis-e" redertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> | [[Poynum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> |- | rowspan="2" | '''PF''' | Urbs [[Phorca]] | rowspan="2" | Phorca |- | [[Circulus Enzensis]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Enzensis" -Theodisce ''Enzkreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum suffixum ''-kreis'' vertit (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum gentilicium "Enzensis-e" ad flumen [[Enze]] refertur. De hoc hydronymo, vide [https://ia601601.us.archive.org/23/items/bub_gb_G-4IAAAAQAAJ/bub_gb_G-4IAAAAQAAJ.pdf ''Beiträge zur gallo-keltisch... Namenkunde''], ubi dicitur "(...) die ''Enz'' (in den Neckar), c. 1150 Enze fluvius (d i. *Antia) (...)".</ref><ref name="Enze">Vide [https://ia601601.us.archive.org/23/items/bub_gb_G-4IAAAAQAAJ/bub_gb_G-4IAAAAQAAJ.pdf ''Beiträge zur gallo-keltisch... Namenkunde''], ubi dicitur "(...) die ''Enz'' (in den Neckar), c. 1150 Enze fluvius (d i. *Antia) (...)".</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Phorca]]'' |- | '''PI''' | [[Circulus Pinnebergensis]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Pinnebergensis" -Theodisce ''Kreis Pinneberg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo "[[Pinneberga]]" -ad quod gentilicium "Pinnebergensis-e" refertur-, vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/hofmann/hof4/Hofmann_lexicon_t4_1125_sthenocrates.html ''LEXICON VNIVERSALE''], ubi dicitur "(...) Eius urbes sunt Glucstadium, Crempa et Pinneberga, tractus cognominis caput (...)". Denique, de gentilicio, vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20250628191122/https://lib.ugent.be/nl/catalog/ebk01:4330000001201687 ''In Iure & facto probe fundata Remonstratio''], ubi dicitur "(...) neque vigore Recessus Pinnebergensis, cuius titulus Interim (...)".</ref> | [[Pinneberga]]<ref name="Pinneberga">Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/hofmann/hof4/Hofmann_lexicon_t4_1125_sthenocrates.html ''LEXICON VNIVERSALE''], ubi dicitur "(...) Eius urbes sunt Glucstadium, Crempa et Pinneberga, tractus cognominis caput (...)".</ref> |- | '''PIR''' | [[Circulus Sächsische Schweiz]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Pirna]]'' | Pirna |- | '''PL''' | Urbs [[Plavia Variscorum]] | Plauen |- | '''PLÖ''' | [[Circulus Plunensis]]<ref name="Graesse"/> | [[Ploena]]<ref name="Graesse"/> |- | '''PM''' | [[Circulus terrae Potestampii et Mediae Marchiae]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Potestampii et Mediae Marchiae" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Potsdam-Mittelmark'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo "[[Potestampium|Potestampium-i]]", vide {{Graesse}}; et Latino de toponymico syntagma "Media Marchia", vide {{Hofmannus}}, sub lemmate "MARCHIA Brandeburgica", ubi dicitur "(...) & media Marchia, ''Mittel-Marck'', quae in medio duarum (...)".</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Belizi]]''<ref name="Belizi">Vide [https://svarogi.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/154877538-rex-germanorum-populus-sclavorum-ivo-vukcevic.pdf ''Rex Germanorum, 'populos Sclavorum'], ubi dicitur "(...) Belici— '''''burguuwardium Belizi''''', 997 (...) '''''Burguuardium Belizi... in provincia Bloni,''''' 997 (...) erhaps centered at Belzig (Belici) (...) in this area, ''Belizi'' (Belici), modern Beelitz(...)".</ref> | [[Potestampium]] et Media Marchia |- | '''PR''' | [[Circulus terrae Pregnitianae]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Pregnitianae" -Theodisce ''Prignitz'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Pregnitianus-a-um" ad locum Pregnitiam refertur. Quo de gentilicio, vide: Bekmann, J. C., auctore (1751). ''Historische Beschreibung der Chur und Mark Brandenburg''. Berolini: Christian Friedrich Voß; et quo de toponymo, vide: Riedel, A. F., auctore (1841). ''Codex Diplomaticus Brandenburgensis''. Berolini: F. H. Morin.</ref> | [[Pregnitia]]<ref name="Pregnitia">Riedel, A. F., auctore (1841). ''Codex Diplomaticus Brandenburgensis''. Berolini: F. H. Morin.</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | '''PS''' | [[Pirminisensna]] | rowspan="2" | Pirminisensna |- | [[Circulus Südwestpfalz]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido Pirminisensna |- |} === Q === {| class="wikitable" |- | '''QLB''' | [[Circulus Quedlinburgensis]] | [[Quedlinburgum]] |- |} === R === {| |- | rowspan="2" | '''R''' | Urbs [[Ratisbona]] (''XX 999'') | rowspan="2" | Regensburg |- | [[Circulus terrae Ratisbonensis]] (sonst) |- | '''RA''' | [[Circulus terrae Rastattensis]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Rastattensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Rastatt'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Rastattensis-e" ad [[Rastatt]]m refertur. Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://wiki.genealogy.net/Hochschulschriften/Herkunft_latein_deutsch ''Hochschulschriften/Herkunft latein deutsch''], ubi dicitur "(...) Rastattensis (...)".</ref> | [[Rastatt]] |- | '''RD''' | [[Circulus Rendesburgensis et Ekerenfordensis]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Rendesburgensis et Ekerenfordensis" -Theodisce ''Kreis Rendsburg-Eckernförde'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum ''Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia "Rendesburgensis-e" et "Ekerenfordensis-e" ad urbes [[Rendesburgum]] et [[Ekerenforda]]m referuntur. Primo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}; secundo de toponymo, vide [[Ekerenforda|eius articulum apud Vicipaediam Latinam]].</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Rendesburgum]]''<ref name="Graesse"/> | Rendsburg |- | '''RE''' | [[Circulus Recklinghusiensis]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Recklinghusiensis" -Theodisce ''Kreis Recklinghausen'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Recklinghusium]]" -ad quod gentilicium "Recklinghusiensis-e" refertur-, vide [http://www.archive.org/stream/itinerariumthom00kerngoog/itinerariumthom00kerngoog_djvu.txt Itinerarium Thomæ Carve, Tipperariensis ... cum historia facti Butleri, Gordon, Lesly et aliorum (1859)].</ref> | [[Recklinghusium]] |- | '''REG''' | [[Circulus terrae Regenensis]] | [[Regen (Urbs)|Regen]] |- | '''RG''' | [[Circulus Riesa-Großenhain]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Großenhain]]'' | [[Riesa]]-Großenhain |- | '''RH''' | [[Circulus terrae Rotensis]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Rotensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Roth'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo "[[Rota (Bavaria)|Rota]]" -ad quod Latinum gentilicium "Rotensis-e" refertur-, vide homonymas urbes apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> | [[Rota (Bavaria)|Rota]] |- | rowspan="2" | '''RO''' | Urbs [[Rosenheimium]] (''X 999'' oder ''XX 99'') | rowspan="2" | Rosenheimium |- | [[Circulus terrae Rosenheimiensis]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Rosenheimiensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Rosenheim'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo "[[Rosenheimium]]" -ad quod Latinum gentilicium "Rosenheimiensis-e" refertur-, vide Ioannes Adlzreitter, ''Boicae gentis annalium, pars III'' in ''Historiis Bavaricis'' (Monachii: Schell, 1662), [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ue9k0Hd26tQC&pg=PA561 p. 561].</ref>(sonst) |- | '''ROW''' | [[Circulus terrae Rotenburgensis ad Wemmam]] | [[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]] |- | '''RP''' | [[Circulus Palatinatus ad Rhenum]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Palatinatūs ad Rhenum" -Theodisce ''Rhein-Pfalz-Kreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum suffixum ''-Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit; de Latino toponymico syntagmate "[[Palatinatus]] ad [[Rhenus|Rhenum]]", vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Ludwigshafen am Rhein]]'' | [[Rhein]]-[[Pfalz (Region)|Pfalz]] |- | '''RPL''' | [[Rheinland-Pfälzischer Landtag]] und [[Landesregierung von Rheinland-Pfalz]] | [[Rheinland-Pfalz|Rheinland-Pfälzischer]] [[Landtag]] |- | '''RS''' | Urbs [[Remscheidium]] | Remscheid |- | '''RT''' | [[Circulus terrae Reutlingensis]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Reutlingensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Reutlingen'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum gentilicium "Reutlingensis-e" ad [[Reutlinga]]m refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Hofmannus}}.</ref> | [[Reutlinga]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/> |- | '''RÜD''' | [[Circulus Pagi Rhenani et Tauni]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Pagi Rhenani et Tauni" -Theodisce ''Rheingau-Taunus-Kreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum suffixum ''-Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit; de Latino toponymico syntagmate [[Pagus Rheni|Pagus Rhenanus]] vide [https://books.google.de/books?id=kppGAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA146&lpg=PA146&dq=pagus+Rhenanus&source=bl&ots=PF-rfPl9hI&sig=1bgp04aYlbOIBBnBwaHfdsPk09g&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwir8fbkv-TPAhVEaRQKHTxlBSgQ6AEIKDAB#v=onepage&q=pagus%20Rhenanus&f=false Isagoge In Elementa Ivris Pvblici, Qvo Vtvntvr Nobiles Immediati In Imperio Rom. Germ, auctore Io. Ludovico Klüber, Erlangae 1793]; denique de Latino toponymo [[Taunus mons|Taunus-i]], vide {{Hofmannus}}.</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Bad Schwalbach]]'' | [[Rüdesheim am Rhein|Rüdesheim]] |- | '''RÜG''' | [[Circulus Rugiae]]. Sedes magistratus est [[Montes in Ruya|Montibus in Ruya]]'''<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M">Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913?p=249&cq=Ludwigshafen%20u.a.&lang=en ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E - M''].</ref> (Theodisce ''Bergen auf Rügen'') | [[Rugia]] |- | '''RV''' | [[Circulus terrae Ravenspurgensis]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Ravenspurgensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Ravensburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Ravenspurgensis-e" ad [[Ravenspurgum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Hofmannus}}.</ref> | [[Ravenspurgum]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/> |- | '''RW''' | [[Circulus Rotovillaa]] | [[Rotovilla]] |- | '''RZ''' | [[Ducatus Lauenburgicus]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Raceburgum|Raceburgo]]'' | Raceburgum |- |} === S === {| class="wikitable" |- | '''S''' | Urbs [[Stutgardia]] | [[Stutgardia]] - ''Stuttgart'' |- | '''SAD''' | [[Circulus terrae Schwandorfensis]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Schwandorfensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Schwandorf'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo "[[Schwandorfium]]" -ad quod Latinum gentilicium "Schwandorfensis-e" refertur-, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10373625?p=85&cq=Neoburgum&lang=de ''Brevis Bavariae geographia''], ubi dicitur "(...) Schwandorfium, Schwandorf (...)". De gentilicio, confer [[binomen]] "Holzbergia schwandorfensis".</ref> | ''[[Schwandorfium]]''<ref name="Schwandorfium">Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10373625?p=85&cq=Neoburgum&lang=de ''Brevis Bavariae geographia''], ubi dicitur "(...) Schwandorfium, Schwandorf (...)".</ref> |- | '''SAL''' | [[Senatus Terrae Saraviensis]] et [[Regimen Saraviae]] | [[Saravia]]e [[senatus terrae]] |- | '''SAW''' | [[Circulus Solisurbensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Solis Urbs]]<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | ''Salzwedel'' |- | '''SB''' | [[Coniunctio urbana Saravipontensis]] (sine urbe ''[[Völklingen]]'') * Urbs [[Saravipons]] <!--Hier gibt's auch unterschiedliche--> * alia <!--Nummernzuornungen. Wer's weiß, bitte nachtragen--> | Saravipons |- | '''SBK''' | [[Circulus Sconebekensis]] | [[Sconebeke]]<ref name=de.wiki>De Germanica Vicipaedia</ref> - ''Schönebeck'' |- | '''SC''' | Urbs [[Swabacum]]<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | ''Schwabach'' |- | '''SDL''' | [[Circulus terrae Stendaliensis]] | [[Stendalia]] |- | '''SE''' | [[Circulus Segebergensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Segebega]]''<ref name="Segeberga">Vide [https://www.historicpictoric.com/products/map-pars-meridionalis-wagriae-cum-partes-stormariae?srsltid=AfmBOopRo9bnNv-nGC9RnMONsiyHXPkBdc680bFHbAFYk0G-0NCnynTe Historic Pictoric], ubi dicitur "(...) et Praefectura Segebergensis (...)". Quo de toponymo, vide [https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/braun1594bd4/0074/image,info ], ubi "(...) Segeberga. Holsatiae Ducatum à nemoribus syluisq. appellationem fortitum, & nuncupatum (...)".</ref> | ''Bad Segeberg'' |- | '''SFA''' | [[Circulus Soltau-Vastulingeburstalle]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Vastulingeburstalle]]''<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_U3ILAAAAYAAJ/bub_gb_U3ILAAAAYAAJ_djvu.txt ], ubi dicitur "(...) Voleward de Vastulingeburstalle, Bernhard Bidonis filius de Ondertunun, Poppo et Aedthelhard de Thurnithi, Hrothger de Glethingi (...)".</ref> | [[Soltau]]-[[Vastulingeburstalle]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_U3ILAAAAYAAJ/bub_gb_U3ILAAAAYAAJ_djvu.txt ], ubi dicitur "(...) Voleward de Vastulingeburstalle, Bernhard Bidonis filius de Ondertunun, Poppo et Aedthelhard de Thurnithi, Hrothger de Glethingi (...)".</ref> |- | '''SG''' | Urbs [[Salingiacum]] | ''Solingen'' |- | '''SGH''' | [[Circulus Sangerhusensis]] | [[Sangerhusa]]<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> - ''Sangershausen'' |- | '''SH''' | [[Senatus Terra Schlesvici et Holsatiae]], [[Regimen Slesvici et Holsatiae]] et vehiculi aedilium. | [[Slesvicum et Holsatia|Slesvici et Holsatiae]] [[senatus terrae]] |- | '''SHA''' | [[Circulus terrae Hallae Suevicae]] | [[Halla Suevica]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/> |- | '''SHG''' | [[Circulus Theorosburgensis]].<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Haga Schauenburgi]]<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | ''Schauenburg'' vel ''Stadthagen'' |- | '''SHK''' | [[Circulus Salae et Terrae Silvaticae]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Isenberga Thuringorum]] | Circulus [[Sala (flumen)|Salae]] et Terrae Silvaticae |- | '''SHL''' | Urbs [[Sulaha]]<ref name=de.wiki>De Germanica Vicipaedia</ref> | ''Suhl'' |- | '''SI''' | [[Circulus Sigensis et Wittgensteinensis|Siga et Wittgenstein]]<ref>Fingitur nomen huius [[Circulus terrae|circuli]], qui Theodisce ''Kreis Siegen-Wittgenstein'' nuncupatur, e gentiliciis "Sigensis-e" et "Wittgensteinensis". Primum gentilicium ad [[Siga (Germania)|Sigam]] refertur; quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}. Secundo de gentilicio, invenitur passim apud [https://www.google.com/search?q=%22Wittgensteinensis%22&client=firefox-b-d&sca_esv=2ecbce6232480e5e&biw=1271&bih=271&ei=kP9jaM_IC-GukdUPoKDHgA8&ved=0ahUKEwjP0NfS_ZuOAxVhV6QEHSDQEfAQ4dUDCA8&uact=5&oq=%22Wittgensteinensis%22&gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiEyJXaXR0Z2Vuc3RlaW5lbnNpcyIyCBAAGIAEGKIEMgUQABjvBTIFEAAY7wUyBRAAGO8FMgUQABjvBUjNIlCqCligHXABeACQAQCYAZABoAHAB6oBAzAuOLgBA8gBAPgBAZgCCaACvQjCAgsQABiABBiwAxiiBMICCBAAGLADGO8FwgIGEAAYBxgewgIIEAAYExgHGB7CAgcQABiABBgTmAMAiAYBkAYFkgcDMS44oAeNILIHAzAuOLgHqQjCBwUyLTIuN8gHXw&sclient=gws-wiz-serp Gugulam] et ad Wittgestein refertur.</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Siga (Germania)|Siga]]''<ref name="Graesse"/> | Siga<ref name="Graesse"/> |- | '''SIG''' | [[Circulus terrae Sigmaringensis]]<ref>Fingitur nomen huius [[Circulus terrae|circuli]], qui Theodisce ''Landkreis Sigmaringen'' nuncupatur, Latino e gentilicio "Sigmaringensis-e". Quod gentilicium ad [[Sigmaringa]]m refertur; quo de toponymo, vide [[Fidelis de Sigmaringa|Fidelem de Sigmaringā]]. Denique, Latinum syntagma "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit.</ref> | ''[[Sigmaringa]]''<ref name="Sigmaringa">Vide [[Fidelis de Sigmaringa|Fidelem de Sigmaringā]].</ref> |- | '''SIM''' | [[Circulus Rheni et Tergi Canini]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Rheni et Tergi Canini" -Theodisce ''Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum suffixum ''-Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latinis toponymis "[[Rhenus]]" et "[[Tergum Caninum]]", vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Simmera]]<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Simmera]]<ref name="Graesse"/> |- | '''SK''' | [[Circulus ad Salam]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Halla Saxonum]] | ''Saalkreis'' |- | '''SL'' | [[Circulus Slesvicus et Flensburgensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Sliasvig]] | ''Schleswig-Flensburg'' |- | '''SLF''' | [[Circulus terrae Salfeldensis et Rudolphopolitanus]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Salfelda Thuringorum]]<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | Salfelda Thuringorum |- | '''SLS''' | [[Circulus terrae Ludovici arcis ad Saram]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Ludovici arcis ad Saram" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Saarlouis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymico syntagmata "[[Ludovici arx ad Saram]]", vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> | [[Ludovici Arx ad Saram]]<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | '''SM''' | [[Circulus terrae Smalcaldianus et Mainingianus]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Mainingia]] | [[Smalcaldia]]<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> et [[Mainingia]] |- | '''SN''' | Urbs [[Suerinum]] | Suerinum |- | '''SO''' | [[Circulus Susatensis]] | [[Susatum]]<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | '''SÖM''' | [[Circulus terrae Summerdensis]]<ref>Fingitur nomen huius [[Circulus terrae|circuli]], qui Theodisce ''Landkreis Sömmerda'' nuncupatur, Latino e gentilicio "Summerdensis-e". Quod gentilicium ad [[Summerda]]m refertur; quo de toponymo, vide [https://medit.lutheran.hu/files/buchwald_georg_wittenberger_ordiniertenbuch_1560_1572_1895.pdf], ubi dicitur "(...) Ego ''Paulus Hypelius'' Summerdae natus in Thuringia hoc meo Chirographo testa tum facio (...)". Denique, Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit.</ref> | [[Summerda]]<ref name="Summerda">Vide [https://medit.lutheran.hu/files/buchwald_georg_wittenberger_ordiniertenbuch_1560_1572_1895.pdf], ubi dicitur "(...) Ego ''Paulus Hypelius'' Summerdae natus in Thuringia hoc meo Chirographo testatum facio (...)".</ref> |- | '''SOK''' | [[Circulus Salensis et Orlahensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Slewitz]]'' | Circulus [[Sala (flumen)|Salensis]] et Orlahensis |- | '''SON''' | [[Circulus Solimontensis]] | [[Mons Solis]] |- | '''SP''' | Urbs [[Spira]]<ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | ''Speyer'' |- | '''SPN''' | [[Circulus terrae Sprehae et Nissae]]<ref>Fingitur nomen huius circuli, Theodisce ''Landkreis Spree-Neiße'' nucupati, sic: "Sprehae" est genetivus Latini hydronymi "[[Spreha|Spreha-ae]]", Theodisce ''Spree'' et "Nissae" est genetivus Latini hydronymi "[[Nissa Lusatianus|Nissa-ae]]", Theodisce ''Neiße''. Latinis de ambobus hydronymis, vide {{Graesse}}. Denique, Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit.</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Forstia (Lusatia)|Forstia]]<ref>Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/wassenberg1/Wassenberg_florus.html ''FLORUS GERMANICUS''], ubi dicitur "(...) Quum aliae, aliae que urbes, Budissini moveritur exemplo. Forstia et Lubavia exasperantur: et Forstia [''note'': Mox reliquam Lusatiam] quidem (...)".</ref> | ''[[Spreha|Spreha]] et [[Nissa Lusatianus|Nissa]]'' |- | rowspan="2" | '''SR''' | Urbs [[Straubinga]] <ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | rowspan="2" | Straubinga | | [[Circulus terrae Straubingensis et Poganus]].<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Straubingensis et Poganus" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Straubing-Bogen'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia "Straubingensis-e" et "Poganus-a-um" ad [[Straubinga]], et [[Villa Pogana|Villam Poganam]], respective, referuntur. Primo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}; et de secundo, vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogen_(Stadt)#Bis_zum_19._Jahrhundert articulum apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam de hoc oppido], ubi dicitur "(...) Unter dem Namen ''Villa Pogana'' wird Bogen um die Mitte des 8. Jahrhunderts erstmals erwähnt (...)".</ref> Sedes magistratus est in oppido Acilia Augusta vel Straubinga <ref name = Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> |- | '''ST''' | [[Circulus Steinfurtensis]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Steinfurtensis" -Theodisce ''Kreis Steinfurt'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Steinfurtum]]" et eius gentilicio "Steinfurtensis-e", vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/koenig/Koenig_bibliotheca_3.html ''GEORG MATTHIAE KÖNIGII BIBLIOTHECA VETUS ET NOVA. ''], ubi dicitur "(...) Hinc Steinfurtum delatus (...) Steinfurtensis archiater (...)".</ref> | [[Steinfurtum]]<ref name="Steinfurtum">Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/koenig/Koenig_bibliotheca_3.html ''GEORG MATTHIAE KÖNIGII BIBLIOTHECA VETUS ET NOVA. ''], ubi dicitur "(...) Hinc Steinfurtum delatus (...) Steinfurtensis archiater (...)".</ref> |- | '''STA''' | [[Circulus terrae Starnbergensis]]<ref>Fingitur nomen huius [[Circulus terrae|circuli]], qui Theodisce ''Landkreis Starnberg'' nuncupatur, Latino e gentilicio "Starnbergensis-e". Quod gentilicium ad [[Starnberga]]m refertur; quo de toponymo, vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/pareus1/Pareus_historia.html ''DANIELIS PAREI HISTORIA BAVARICO- PALATINA''], ubi dicitur "(...) Grunwalda, Starnberga, Weilhaimium (...)". Denique, Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit.</ref> | [[Starnberga]] |- | '''STD''' | [[Circulus Stadae]] | [[Stadae]]<ref name="Graesse"/> |- | '''STL''' | [[Circulus Stolipolitanus]]<ref name="UL 1602"/> | [[Stolipolis]]<ref name="UL 1602">Universitas Lipsiensis (1602). ''Epithalamia In Honorem Ornatissimi Et Doctissimi Viri Domini Georgii Fabricii Stolipolitani''. Typis Iohanni Schnorri.</ref> |- | '''SU''' | [[Circulus Rhenanus et Segensis]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Rhenanus et Segensis" -Theodisce ''Rhein-Sieg-Kreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum suffixum ''-Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia "Rhenanus-a-um" et "Segensis-e" ad flumina [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] et [[Sega]]m referuntur. Quibus de hydronymis, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Siegburgum|Siegburgo]]'' | [[Siegburgum]] |- | '''SÜW''' | [[Circulus ad Vini Viam Australim]] | ''Südliche Weinstraße'' |- | rowspan="2" | '''SW''' | Urbs [[Suevofortum]] | rowspan="2" | Suevofortum |- | [[Circulus terrae Suevofortensis]] |- | '''SZ''' | Urbs [[Salzgitter]] | Salzgitter |- |} === T === {| |- | '''TBB''' | [[Circulus Moenensis et Tuberensis]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Moenensis et Tuberensis" -Theodisce ''Main-Tauber-Kreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum suffixum ''-Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia "Moenensis-e" et "Tuberensis-e" ad flumina [[Moenus|Moenum]] et [[Tuberus|Tuberum]] respective referuntur. Quibus de hydronymis, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Tauberbischofsheim]]'' | Tauberbischofsheim |- | '''TF''' | [[Circulus terrae Teltovensis et Flamingus]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Teltovensis et Flamingus" -Theodisce ''Landreis Teltow-Fläming'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia "Teltovensis-e" et "Flamingus-a-um" ad "Teltovia" et Regionem Flamingam (Theodisce ''Teltow'' et ''Fläming'', respective) referuntur. Primo de gentilicio, vide: Heffter, M. W., auctore (1854). ''Diplomatarium Brandenburgense: Codex diplomaticus praecipue res germanicas illustrans''. Brandenburgi; de secundo, hoc gentilicium eandem etymologiam Theodisci susbtantivi ''Fläming'' habet, quia haec Germanica regio saeculo XII a [[Flandria|Flandricis]] (i.e. Flamingis) colonis occupata est. De synonymia inter "Flamingus-a-um" et "Flandricus-a-um" (quoque eādem cum etymologiā), vide {{Graesse}}. Et ex hoc gentilicio, derivatur toponymo "Flamingia-ae". Quo de toponymo, vide [https://dokumen.pub/urkundenbuch-des-hochstifts-naumburg-1207-1304-3412144991-9783412144999.html ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Naumburg''], ubi dicitur "(...) Petrus de Flamingia (...)". Denique, de toponymo "[[Teltovia]]", vide: Bekmann, J. C., auctore (1751). ''Historische Beschreibung der Chur und Mark Brandenburg''. Berolini: Christian Friedrich Voß.</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Lucovaldia]]<ref name="Bekmann 1751">Bekmann, J. C. (1751). ''Historische Beschreibung der Chur und Mark Brandenburg''. Berolini: Vossische Buchhandlung.</ref><ref>Theodisce ''Luckenwalde''</ref> | Teltovia<ref name="Bekmann 1751"/> et Flamingia<ref name="Flamingia">Vide [https://dokumen.pub/urkundenbuch-des-hochstifts-naumburg-1207-1304-3412144991-9783412144999.html ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Naumburg''], ubi dicitur "(...) Petrus de Flamingia (...)".</ref> |- | '''THL''' | [[Thüringer Landtag]] und Landesregierung | [[Thüringen|Thüringer]] [[Landtag]] |- | '''THW''' | [[Technisches Hilfswerk|Bundesanstalt Technisches Hilfswerk]] | Technisches Hilfswerk |- | '''TIR''' | [[Circulus terrae Tursenreutensis]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Tursenreutensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Tirschenreuth'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino gentilicio "Tursenreutensis-e", quod ad [[TTursenreut]] refertur, vide [https://nlp.fi.muni.cz/projekty/ahisto/portal/fulltext.php?docid=635&search=Tursenreut ''Monumenta Egrana I''], ubi dicitur "(...) In Tursenreut et in majori Klenau (...)".</ref> | [[Tursenreut]]<ref name="Tursenreut">Vide [https://nlp.fi.muni.cz/projekty/ahisto/portal/fulltext.php?docid=635&search=Tursenreut ''Monumenta Egrana I''], ubi dicitur "(...) In Tursenreut et in majori Klenau (...)".</ref> |- | '''TO''' | [[Circulus Torgau-Oschatz]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Argelia]]'' | Torgau oder Torgau-[[Oschatz]] |- | '''TÖL''' | [[Circulus terrae Tolzenarius et Veliphoratusiensis]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Tolzenarius et Veliphoratusiensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo gentilicioque "[[Tolzenarius]]", vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z'']; et de Latino toponymo "[[Veliphoratusium]]" -ad quod gentilicium "Veliphoratusiensis-e" refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> | [[Tolzenarius]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | '''TR''' | [[Circulus terrae Augustae Treverorum et Saraburgi]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Augustae Treverorum et Saraburgi -Theodisce ''Landkreis Trier-Saarburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latinis toponymis "[[Augusta Treverorum]]" et "[[Saraburgum]]·, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Augusta Treverorum]]'' | rowspan="2" | [[Augusta Treverorum]] |- | Urbs [[Augusta Treverorum]] |- | '''TS''' | [[Circulus Trunensis]] | [[Trun (Bavaria)|Trun]]<ref name="Trun">Vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traunstein#Bis_zum_19._Jahrhundert articulum hoc de oppido apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Zwar nennen kirchliche Güterverzeichnisse schon um 790 Besitzungen ''ad Trun'' (...)".</ref>''' |- | '''TÜ''' | [[Circulus terrae Tubingensis]] | [[Tubinga]] |- | '''TUT''' | [[Circulus terrae Tulingensis]] | [[Tulingum]] |- |} === U === {| |- | '''UE''' | [[Circulus Ulsenensis]] | [[Ulsena]] |- | '''UER''' | [[Circulus Uecker-Randow]]. Sedes magistratus est [[Pasewalchia]]e<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"> ([[Theodisce]] ''Pasewalk'') | [[Uecker]]-[[Randow]] |- | '''UH''' | [[Circulus Onestrudensis et Hainichensis]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Onestrudensis et Hainichensis" -Theodisce ''Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum suffixum ''-Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia "Onestrudensis-e" et "Hainichensis-e" ad flumen [[Onestrudis|Onestrudem]] et ad montem [[Hainich]] respective referuntur. Quo de hydronymo, vide articulum hoc de flumine apud Vicipaediam Anglicam, ubi dicitur "in 575, the river was attested as the ''Onestrudis'', in the 7th century it was referred to as the ''Unestrude'', and in 994 as the ''Vnstruod''"; secundo de gentilicio, confer binominale epitheton "hainichensis".</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Mulhusa Thuringorum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> | Onestrudis et Hainich |- | rowspan="2" | '''UL''' | [[Alb-Donau-Kreis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Ulma]]'' (''XX 999; NA 1000-ZZ 9999; X 9(99) et XX 9(9), si litterae B, F, G, I, O, Q in nota sint.'') | rowspan="2" | [[Ulma]] |- | Urbs [[Ulma]] (alioquin) |- | '''UM''' | [[Circulus terrae Uckeranae Marchiae]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Uckeranae Marchiae" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Uckermark'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et de Latino toponymico syntagmate "[[Uckerana marchia]]", Theodiscum toponymum ''Uckermark'' vertente, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Premislavia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> | [[Uckerana Marchia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> |- | '''UN''' | [[Unna (circulus)|Unna]] | [[Unna]] |- |} === V === {| |- | '''V''' | [[Circulus Terrae Advocatorum]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Plavia Variscorum]] | [[Terra advocatorum]] |- | '''VB''' | [[Circulus Montis Avium]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Montis Avium" -Theodisce ''Vogelsbergkreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus" Theodiscum suffixum ''-kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum toponymicum syntagma "[[Mons avium (Chattorum)|Mons Avium]]" -Theodiscum toponymicum lexema ''Vogelsberg-'' vertens- ex nominibus Latinis plurium eius [[regio]]nis [[planta]]rum deducitur.</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Lauterbach (Hassia)|Lauterbach]] | [[Mons avium (Chattorum)|Mons Avium]] |- | '''VEC''' | [[Circulus Vechta]] | [[Vechta]] |- | '''VER''' | [[Circulus terrae Fardensis]] | [[Fardium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> |- | '''VIE''' | [[Circulus Virsensis]] | [[Virsena]] |- | '''VK''' | Urbs [[Völklingen]] ([[Mittelstadt]] im [[Stadtverband Saarbrücken]]) | Völklingen |- | '''VS''' | [[Circulus Nigrae Silvae et Baarensis]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Nigrae Silvae et Baarensis" -Theodisce ''Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus" Theodiscum suffixum ''-kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo "[[Nigra silva]]", Theodiscum ''Schwarzwald'' vertens, vide {{Graesse}} et de gentilicium "Baarensis-e" ad Baram -Theodisce - refertur. Et quo de gentilicio et quo de toponymo, vide [https://www.heiligenlexikon.de/ActaSanctorum/16.Oktober.html ''Acta Sanctorum: 16. Oktober''], ubi dicitur "(...) Bara, Para, pagus est ducatus Alemanniæ ad Nigram Sylvam (...) Landgraviatus Baarensis ad Nigram Sylvam ac Danubium (...)".</ref> | ''Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis''. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Villingen-Schwenningen]] | Villingen-Schwenningen |- |} === W === {| class="wikitable" |- | '''W''' | Urbs [[Wipperae Vallis]] | ''Wuppertal'' |- | '''WAF''' | [[Circulus Warendorpiensis]] | [[Warendorp]] |- | '''WAK''' | [[Circulus Wartburgensis]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Wartburgensis" -Theodisce ''Wartburgkreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum suffixum ''-kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et Latinum gentilicium "Watburgensis-e" ad [[Castellum Wartburgense]] refertur, quod est in hoc circulo. Hoc castellum etiam "Wartburgum" nuncupatum. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Hofmannus}}.</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Salsunga]]<ref name=de.wiki>De Germanica Vicipaedia</ref> | [[Castellum Wartburgense|Wartburgum]] |- | '''WB''' | [[Circulus terrae Wittenbergensis]] | [[Wittenberga]] |- | '''WE''' | Urbs [[Vimaria]] | Vimaria |- | '''WEN''' | Urbs [[Vaida]]<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | ''Weiden in der Oberpfalz'' |- | '''WES''' | [[Circulus Vesaliensis]] | [[Vesalia]]<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> - ''Wesel'' |- | '''WF''' | [[Circulus Guelpherbytensis]] | [[Guelpherbytum]] - ''Wolfenbüttel'' |- | '''WHV''' | Urbs [[Wilhelmshaven|Guglielmi Portus]] | ''Wilhelmshaven'' |- | '''WI''' | Urbs [[Aquae Mattiacae]] | Aquae Mattiacae |- | '''WIL''' | [[Circulus terrae Tabernarum Mosellanicarum-Cusae et Vitelliaci]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Tabernarum Mosellanicarum-Cusae et Vitelliaci" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Bernkastel-Wittlich'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latinis toponymis "[[Tabernae Mosellanicae-Cusa|Tabernae Mosellanicae-Cusa]]" et "[[Vitelliacum]]", vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Vitteliacum]]<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | ''Kreis [[Tabernae Mosellanicae-Cusa|Bernkastel]]-Wittlich'' |- | '''WL''' | [[Circulus Harburgensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Winsenia]] | Winsenia |- | '''WM''' | [[Circulus Wilhainensis et Scongensis]].<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Wilhain]]<ref name=de.wiki>De Germanica Vicipaedia</ref> | ''Weilheim-Schongau'' |- | '''WN''' | [[Circulus Remisensis et Murrensis]].<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Remisensis et Murrensis" -Theodisce ''Rems-Murr-Kreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum suffixum ''-Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia "Remisensis-e" et "Murrensis-e" ad flumina [[Remisus|Remisum]] et [[Murrensis|Murrensem]] refertur. Primo de hydronymo, vide [https://books.google.de/books?id=FuwzkvZmlVAC&pg=RA2-PT353&lpg=RA2-PT353&dq=Rems+fluvius&source=bl&ots=pqKYOU-Qfo&sig=ACfU3U0iTPhkv6wzJUq8mkuntYSbzkgUaw&hl=de&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi04PX82dvmAhVKK5oKHUwGAR8Q6AEwAXoECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=Rems%20fluvius&f=false FONS LATINITATIS CORVINIANUS BICORNIS, auctor. Christophorus Giglingius]; secundo de hydronymo et [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murr_(Fluss)#Name hoc de flumine apud Vicipediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) Er ist bereits in der Bezeichnung der römerzeitlichen Ansiedlung vicus murrensis belegt, die ein bei Benningen oder bei Murrhardt gelegenes Lagerdorf war (...)".</ref> Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Waiblinga]]<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | ''Rems-Murr-Kreis'' |- | '''WND''' | [[Circulus terrae Sancti Wendelini]]<ref name="CDSW">Fingitur nomen huius circuli terrae, Theodisce ''Landkreis Sankt Wendel'' nucupati, sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit; et "Sancti Wendelini" est genetivus Latini hagionymo "Sanctus Wendelinus", Theodisce ''Sankt Wendel'', (Latino de hoc hagionymo, inspice [https://www.google.com/search?q=%22Sancti+Wendelini%22&client=firefox-b-d&sca_esv=a39f92e395423779&sxsrf=AHTn8zr38D38RdAayY4AX7cwVMKQx8W0WA:1745181816884&ei=eFwFaLPbNdqUxc8P4JvwyQs&start=20&sa=N&sstk=Af40H4WsUn6D4rIBN8dmTO0WkDK6ttHD7f-kREX-LdD4ErNenSh62OZYnzZjzkMQStdsBcAWFzDKiioCh7Jfrn6XbNADdznuYTcGnCsWQ0G9mOQlDtM-WrPZgQY83sK9lFuH&ved=2ahUKEwiz943yvOeMAxVaSvEDHeANPLk4ChDy0wN6BAgIEAc&biw=1273&bih=297&dpr=1.5 id apud Gugulam].</ref> | [[Oppidum Sancti Wendelini]] - ''St. Wendel'' |- | '''WO''' | Urbs [[Vormatia]] | Vormatia |- | '''WOB''' | Urbs [[Wolfsburg]] | ''Wolfsburg'' |- | '''WR''' | [[Circulus Werningrodensis]] | [[Werningroda]]<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> - ''Wernigerode'' |- | '''WSF''' | [[Circulus Leucopetrensis]] | [[Leucopetra]] |- | '''WST''' | [[Circulus Paludosoterrensis]].<ref name=de.wiki>De Germanica Vicipaedia</ref> Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Westerstede]]'' | ''Westerstede'' |- | '''WT''' | [[Circulus terrae Waldshutensis]]<ref>Fingitur nomen huius circuli, Theodisce ''Landkreis Waldshut'' nucupati, sic: "Waldshutensis-e" est gentilicium quod ad oppidum [[Waldishuote-Tuoingen]] refertur. Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://regionalia.blb-karlsruhe.de/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/22736/file/BLB_Freiburger_Dioecesan_Archiv_1890_21.pdf ], ubi dicitur "(...) ex mandato laudabilis Magistratus Waldshutensis (...)"; quo de oppido, vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldshut-Tiengen#Geschichte_von_Waldshutn hunc articulum apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Arnoldo scultheto in Waldishuote'' (...) ''Sigillum civium in Waldishut'' (...) ''Actum apud Tuoingen coram populo Alpegouense'' (...)". Denique, Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit.</ref>. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Waldishuote-Tuoingen]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/><ref name="Waldishuote-Tuoingen">Vide [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldshut-Tiengen#Geschichte_von_Waldshutn hunc articulum apud Vicipaediam Theodiscam], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Arnoldo scultheto in Waldishuote'' (...) ''Sigillum civium in Waldishut'' (...) ''Actum apud Tuoingen coram populo Alpegouense'' (...)".</ref> | Waldishuote-Tuoingen<ref name="Hofmannus"/><ref name="Waldishuote-Tuoingen"/> |- | '''WTM''' | [[Circulus Widmundensis]] | [[Widmundi]]<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> - ''Wittmund'' |- | rowspan="2" | '''WÜ''' | [[Herbipolis]] (AA-ZZ 100-9999) | rowspan="2" | Herbipolis |- | [[Circulus terrae Herbipolitanus]] (A-Z 1-9999 et AA-ZZ 1-99) |- | '''WUG''' | [[Circulus Weissenburgensis Noricensis]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Weissenburgum Noricum]]<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Weissenburgum Noricum]] - ''Weißenburg'' |- | '''WUN''' | [[Circulus terrae Bonsideliae in Montibus Piniferis]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Bonsideliae in Montibus Piniferis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Wunsiedel im Fichtelgebirge'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Bonsidelia|Bonsidelia-ae]]", vide {{Graesse}}. Latino de syntagmate "in [[Montes Piniferi|Montibus Piniferis]], Theodisce ''im Fichtelgebirge'' vertente, vide {{Google Books|3G0uAAAAYAAJ|p. 396}}.</ref> | [[Bonsidelia]]<ref name=Graesse/> |- | '''WW''' | [[Circulus Rheticus]]. Sedes magistratus est in oppido [[Montaborina]]<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | [[Rhetico mons|Rhetico]]<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> - [[Westerwaldia]] |- |} === X === {| class="wikitable" |- | '''X''' | Praetoria internationales [[OTAN|Consociationis ex Pacto Atlantico Septentrionali]] | [[OTAN]] |} === Y === {| class="wikitable" |- | '''Y''' | [[Copiae Foederales Germaniae]] | "Y" fortuite creatus, cum "BW" (sicut [[Germanice]]: ''Bundeswehr'') aut cognata erant condonata ad fundationem copiae. Cavallatio cursat apud milites Y fuerit finis [[Anglice|Anglici]] verbi ''Germany''. |Copiae Germaniae |- |} === Z === {| class="wikitable" |- | rowspan="2" | '''Z''' | Urbs [[Cygnea]] (XX) | rowspan="2" | Cygnea |- | [[Circulus Cygnensis]]. Sedes magistratus est [[Insula ad Plessam|Insulae ad Plessam]] (alia) |- | '''ZI''' | [[Circulus Lobaviensis et Sitaviensis]].<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> Sedes magistratus est in oppido ''[[Sitavia]]'' | [[Sitavia]] |- | '''ZR''' | [[Landkreis Greiz]] | [[Zeulenroda]] |- | '''ZW''' | Urbs [[Bipontium]]<ref name=Graesse>{{Graesse}}</ref> | ''Zweibrücken'' |- |} {{NexInt}} *[[Index fluviorum (Germaniae)]] *[[Index lacuum (Germaniae)]] *[[Index regionum (Germaniae)]] *[[Index urbium (Germaniae)]] *[[Index vicorum (Germaniae)]] == Notae == <references/> [[Categoria:Autocineta]] [[Categoria:Indices]] [[Categoria:Pagi Germaniae|!]] m56l7lb1g22kxmagu9fz2uzelyntksa 0 20015 3972609 3971302 2026-07-18T05:44:24Z PandaMystique 210603 /* Opes et libertas (1729-1734) */ 3972609 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Nicolas de Largillière, François-Marie Arouet dit Voltaire (vers 1724-1725) -002-transparent.png|thumb|[[Voltarii effigies (Largillière)|Voltarius]] a [[Nicolaus de Largillière|Nicolao de Largillière]] anno fere 1725 pictus ([[Palatium Versaliense]])]] [[Fasciculus:Adolph-von-Menzel-Tafelrunde2.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Cena Friderici Magni in palatio Sanssouci (Menzel)|Cena]] [[Fridericus Magnus|Friderici Magni]] in palatio ''[[Sanssouci]]''. Voltarius ad sinistram partem videtur. Pictura anno 1850 ab [[Adolphus von Menzel|Adolpho von Menzel]] confecta, anno 1945 in incendio deleta]] [[Fasciculus:Voltaire by Jean-Antoine Houdon (1778).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Voltarii protome (Houdon)|Voltarius]]. Sculptura [[Ioannes Antonius Houdon|Ioannis Antonii Houdon]], 1778 ([[Pinacotheca Nationalis (Vasingtonia)|Pinacotheca Nationalis]] [[Vasingtonia (D.C.)|Vasingtonia]]e)]] [[Fasciculus:VoltairePantheon.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Reliquia Voltarii ad [[Pantheon Parisiense]] die [[11 Iulii]] [[1791]] translata (Jacques-Antoine Dulaure, ''Esquisses historiques des principaux événemens de la révolution'' v. 2, (Lutetiae, 1823)]] [[Fasciculus:Tomb of Voltaire in the Pantheon.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Voltarii monumentum (Pantheon)|Sepulcrum Voltarii]] in Pantheo Lutetiae positum.]] '''Franciscus Maria Arouet''', [[pseudonymum|agnomine]] '''Voltarius'''<ref>Origo nominis [[anagramma]] est ex "Aroueti"</ref><ref name=":0" />, vel '''Voltaerius'''<ref>Aloysius Brenna, ''De generis humani consesu in agnoscenda divinitate: opus methaphysicum, criticum,et historicum'', 1773, e.g., p. 184. https://books.google.fi/books?id=vtTb4WYuEtMC</ref> vel etiam '''Voltairius'''<ref>Salvator M. Rosellus, ''Summa philosophica ad mentem angelici doctoris S. Thomae Aquinatis'', pars IV, tomus VI, 1788, e.g., p. 568. https://books.google.fi/books?id=8omBd3jHVFcC</ref>, [[Francogallice]] ''François-Marie Arouet, dit Voltaire'' ([[Lutetia]]e natus die [[21 Novembris]] [[1694]]; ibidem mortuus die [[30 Maii]] [[1778]]), fuit [[Francia|Francicus]] [[Aevum Illuminationis|Aevi Illuminationis]] [[scriptor]], [[historicus]], [[philosophus]], [[editor]] [[Encyclopédie|encyclopaedicus]], [[poeta]], qui dicacitate<!--wit, repartee-->, oppugnationibus [[Ecclesia Catholica|Ecclesiae Catholicae]] constitutae, et suasione [[libertas religionis|libertatis religionis]], [[libertas loquendi|libertatis loquendi]], et [[separatio ecclesiae et civitatis|separationis ecclesiae civitatisque]] innotuit. Eius opus notissimum est ''[[Candide, ou l'Optimisme]]'' (Candidus, seu [[optimismus]]), [[satura]] de [[philosophia]] [[Godefridus Guilielmus Leibnitius|Leibnitiana]]. Voltarius, vir ingenio acuto, [[ius|iura]] praecipua vel arbitria civium acriter defendit, in quibus sunt arbitrium cuique [[religio]]nis optandae modo [[deismus|deismo]] et ius cuiusque aequo iudicio fruendi. Cum [[lex|leges]] tunc in [[Gallia]] licentiam aperte dicendi coercuerint, consilium tamen audacter omnibus Voltarius dabat mutandos esse et [[civitas|civitatem]] totam et ordinem in ea [[homo|hominum]]. Acri mente obiurgavit in schedis acerbis [[Ecclesia Catholica|ecclesiam]] [[Religio Christiana|Christianorum]] et institutiones Galliae. Anno [[1763]], damnato capitis et supplicio adfecto [[Ioannes Calas|Ioanne Calas]], opus ''Traité sur la tolérance'' de [[tolerantia]] religiosa contra illud iudicium scripsit. [[Academia Francica|Academiae Francicae]] sodalis, in Academiam anno [[1746]] cooptatus est. Sodalis etiam fuit [[Lobia Les Neuf Soeurs|Lobiae Les Neuf Soeurs]]. Vivus imprimis ut summus aetatis suae poeta colebatur, qui post Corneille et Racine inter poetas tragicos princeps haberetur. Posteri ordinem inverterunt: tragoediae enim e theatris exciderunt, dum narrationes, in primis fabula quae ''[[Candide, ou l'Optimisme|Candide]]'' inscribitur, libri ad pugnam compositi, ut ''Lettres philosophiques'', ''Dictionnaire philosophique'', ''Traité sur la tolérance'', opera historica, ut ''Le Siècle de Louis XIV'' et ''Essai sur les mœurs'', epistulae denique et publicae causae, ante omnes causa Calasiana, ubique terrarum leguntur et tractantur. Tolerantiae patronus, superstitionis et fanaticorum adversarius declaratus, quae omnia uno nomine ''l'Infâme'' appellabat, hominum iniuste damnatorum defensor, novam quandam scriptoris personam effingere adiuvit: hominis litterati qui fama sua publicis causis servit, qualem posteriores Francogallice ''intellectuel'' nominaverunt. Nomen ipsius in adiectivum abiit: ''esprit voltairien'' Francogalli dicunt ingenium ironia, dubitatione, libertate reprehendendi mixtum. == Vita == === Pueritia et institutio (1694–1726) === Familia Arouet e vico [[Sanctus Lupus|Sancti Lupi]] in [[Pictaviensis|pago Pictaviensi]] orta est, ubi eius maiores artem coriariam aetate recentiore exercuisse traduntur. Maiores paulatim per mercaturam et munera publica ad digniorem condicionem ascenderunt; [[avus]], [[pannus|pannorum]] [[mercator]], [[Lutetia]]m commigravit. Pater eius, Franciscus Arouet, primum tabellio publicus, deinde, munere empto, sportularum apud Cameram rationum regiarum exactor fuit (Francogallice ''receveur des épices à la Chambre des comptes''); vir severus et probus, inter cuius clientes familiae [[Armandus Ioannes Plessaeus Richelaeus|Richelaei]], Sully,{{dubsig}} {{Creanda|en|Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon|Saint-Simon}}, ipsa denique {{Creanda|en|Ninon de l'Enclos|Ninon de Lenclos}} numerabantur. Mater, Maria Margarita Daumard, e familia togata tum ad honores ascendente orta, mense Iulio anni [[1701]] mortua est, cum filius septimum annum ageret; de qua postea fere numquam locutus est. Franciscus Maria ex quinque liberis natu minimus fuit; e ceteris duo tantum superfuerant: Armandus frater maior, postea Iansenismi sectator rigidus, et Margarita Catharina soror, cuius liberi, Maria Ludovica Denis et abbas Mignot, magnas in vita avunculi partes acturi erant. De ipso die natali ambigitur: tabulae baptismales diem 22 Novembris 1694 indicant et [[puer]]um pridie natum esse testantur; Voltarius autem semper affirmabat se mense Februario eiusdem anni natum esse, verumque patrem suum non Franciscum Arouet tabellionem, sed quendam Rochebrune, militem et cantionum scriptorem, fuisse innuit. Sive vera haec narratio fuit sive iocus, fastidium generis sui ostendit; ipse tamen a suis et rei familiaris administrandae peritiam et nobilium patrocinia accepit. ''Qui sert bien son pays n'a pas besoin d'aïeux'', ut postea in tragoedia ''Mérope'' legitur. Anno 1704 puer in collegium Ludovici Magni, celeberrimam [[Societas Iesu|Societatis Iesu]] scholam, receptus est; ibi septem annos mansit. Litteris Latinis, arte dicendi, exercitatione in utramque partem disputandi imbutus est; ludos quoque scaenicos, quos patres quotannis curabant, adamavit. Magistros habuit patres Porée et Tournemine, quibus gratum animum semper servavit; condiscipulos habuit fratres d'Argenson, postea regis ministros, comitem d'Argental, perpetuum deinde amicum et rerum litterariarum procuratorem, Cideville, Fyot de La Marche. Patrinus eius, abbas de Châteauneuf, puerum in circulum Templi, Epicureorum hominum coetum, introduxit et ad Ninon de Lenclos iam senem adduxit; quae moriens ei pecuniam ad libros emendos legavit. Anno 1711, e collegio egressus, studium iuris, ad quod pater eum destinabat, recusavit; versus scribebat et convivia Templi frequentabat. Pater iratus eum primum Cadomum, deinde anno 1713 Hagam Comitis misit, ut legato Francogallico ab epistulis esset; sed, cum amor eius in puellam quandam e familia reformata ortam, Olympiam Du Noyer nomine, deprehensus esset, statim domum revocatus est. Postea apud Caumartinum senem in villa Saint-Ange aliquamdiu moratus, multa de [[Henricus IV (rex Franciae)|Henrico IV]] deque aula [[Ludovicus XIV (rex Franciae)|Ludovici XIV]] audivit, unde postea semina carminis epici et operis historici cepit. Anno 1716, cum eum versus in ducem Aurelianensem scripsisse crederent, Sulliacum relegatus est; die [[16 Maii]] [[1717]], propter scripta insolentiora, quorum in numero erat carmen Latinum ''Puero regnante'', in arcem Bastilliam coniectus est. Ibi per undecim menses retentus tragoediam ''Œdipe'' et carmen epicum de Henrico IV elaboravit. Mense Aprili 1718 dimissus, die 18 Novembris eiusdem anni tragoediam ''Œdipe'' in theatro Francogallico (''Comédie-Française'') docuit summoque plausu exceptus est: fabula, quae cum Sophocle et Corneille certare audebat, ter denis fere spectaculis paene continuis acta est, qui numerus maximos illius aetatis successus fere duplo superabat<ref>Numerus a Renato Pomeau computatus (''Voltaire en son temps'', t. I, ''D'Arouet à Voltaire'', Oxonii, Voltaire Foundation, 1985, p. 121-122), ex actis theatri a H. C. Lancaster excussis: undetriginta spectacula paene continua, quattuor praeterea in Palais-Royal data, et fere viginti quinque milia spectatorum inter Novembrem 1718 et exitum Ianuarii 1719. Raymond Trousson (''Voltaire'', Parisiis, Tallandier, 2015) circiter viginti septem milia usque ad Aprilem 1719 computat; Pierre Milza eundem numerum sequitur. Aliae notitiae quadraginta quinque spectacula tradunt.</ref>; auctori pensio ab Aurelianensi duce data est. Interim, e Bastillia egressus, "Arouet de Voltaire", mox "Voltaire" tantum, se subscribere coeperat. Unde nomen ductum sit incertum: plerique litteras nominis "Arouet l(e) j(eune)" transpositas esse putant, alii a praedio quodam repetunt. Quidquid est, filius tabellionis nomen sibi finxit quod nemini deberet. Decennium sequens splendidum simul et lubricum fuit. Magnates, aulam Sceaux ducissae du Maine, circulos urbanos frequentabat; anno 1723 carmen suum epicum, tum ''La Ligue'' inscriptum, de concordia civili contra fanaticos compositum, clam edidit magno cum adsensu. Anno 1722 patrem amisit; anno 1723 variolis paene periit; in theatro ''Artémire'' et ''Mariamne'' mediocriter placuerunt. Triginta tamen annos natus primus suae aetatis poeta habebatur, ubique receptus, ab Aurelianensi duce, deinde a regina pensione ornatus. Exeunte Ianuario 1726 eques de Rohan-Chabot, e vetustissima gente ortus, eum de nomine coram irrisit: utrum Arouet an de Voltaire vocaretur. Responsum varie traditur; sed omnibus modis homo novus contra nobilitatem natalium nobilitatem ingenii vindicabat. Paucis post diebus famuli equitis Voltarium, ex aedibus Sulliacis ad cenam vocatum, in viam elicuerunt fustibusque ceciderunt, domino spectante. Quibus rebus factis, amici nobiles eum deseruerunt. Voltarius arte gladii se exercebat et sibi armis satisfieri velle palam dictitabat; gens Rohania litteras regias impetravit, et die [[17 Aprilis]] [[1726]] poeta iterum in Bastilliam ductus est. Inde mense Maio ea condicione emissus est, ut polliceretur se in [[Anglia]]m transiturum. Haec res virum in perpetuum signavit: didicit enim quantum apud potentes valerent ingenium et gloria litterarum, et inde persuasum habuit scriptorem non esse liberum nisi divitem, sui iuris et, si fieri posset, extra manum regiam positum. === In [[Anglia]] (1726-1728) === Voltarius vere anni 1726 in Angliam pervenit, aeger animo pecuniaeque inops; ibi duos circiter annos et sex menses mansit, nisi quod aestate eiusdem anni semel clam in [[Gallia]]m rediit, ut Rohanium quaereret, sed frustra. Haec mora inter fecundissima vitae eius tempora numeratur. Bolingbroke, virum publicis rebus versatum et de rebus divinis libere sentientem, quem iam anno 1722 in Gallia cognoverat, ibi rursus convenit; magnam huius temporis partem apud Everardum Fawkener, mercatorem in vico Wandsworth dicto habitantem, egit; linguam Anglicam mira celeritate didicit; cum [[Berkeleius|Berkleio]], Gay,{{dubsig}} Pope,{{dubsig}} et Swift{{dubsig}} familiaritatem iniit; [[fabula scaenica|fabulas scaenicas]] [[Gulielmus Shakespearius|Gulielmi Shakesperii]] cognovit, cuius nomen operaque postea in [[Europa continentalis|Europa continentali]] divulgavit, quamquam eum ingenio quidem praeditum, iudicio autem carentem censebat: ''un barbare aimable, un fou séduisant'', ut ipse scripsit.<ref>Epistula Voltarii (D6562); citatur a John Leigh apud Nicholas Cronk (ed.), ''The Cambridge Companion to Voltaire'' (Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 84.</ref> Duae res eum maxime moverunt. [[Isaacus Newtonus|Newtono]] vere anni 1727 mortuo, sollemnes exsequiae [[Westmonasterium|Westmonasterii]] celebratae sunt: Voltarius secum reputabat quaenam sors [[Renatus Cartesius|Cartesium]], si Lutetiae mortuus esset, mansura fuisset; ab ipsa Newtoni nepte fabulam de pomo cadente audivit, quam unus e primis divulgavit<ref>Fabula, a Catharina Barton-Conduitt accepta, iam anno 1727 in eius ''Essay upon Epick Poetry'' apparet, deinde in ''Lettres philosophiques''.</ref>. Praeterea civitatem observabat in qua libertas credendi atque libros edendi, sectarum multitudo, honos mercaturae litterisque tributus a Francogallicis institutis longe discreparent. Angliam quidem postea aliquanto ornatiorem quam revera erat descripsit; haec tamen primum ei exemplum civitatis recentioris praebuit. Accessit etiam utilitatis ratio: subscriptione, cui aula favebat, adiutus, [[Londinium|Londinii]] anno 1728 editionem emendatam absolutamque carminis epici publicavit, quod iam ''La Henriade'' inscribebatur et reginae Carolinae dedicatum erat; duos praeterea libellos Anglice conscriptos exeunte anno 1727 praemiserat, quibus lectorum animos ad opus praepararet. Hoc negotium, quaestu non vacuum, famam eius per totam Europam magnopere auxit. Exeunte anno 1728 clam in Galliam rediit, librum de gente Anglica iam animo volvens. === Opes et libertas (1729-1734) === Lutetiam vere anni 1729 reversus, Voltarius primum omnium divitias sibi comparavit, sine quibus liber esse non posse putabat. Magnam lucri occasionem praebuit error Le Peletier des Forts, summi aerarii praefecti. Is sortitionem publicam instituerat, qua aes alienum civitatis solveretur. La Condamine mathematicus animadvertit eum qui omnes sortes emisset certum lucrum facturum esse; Voltarius igitur societatem ad eas emendas initam ingressus est. Hoc consilium, quamquam legibus non adversabatur, ministro displicuit; Voltario tamen ingentem pecuniam attulit, fortasse quingenta milia librarum Francicarum<ref>Numerus caute proditur a Pierre Milza, ''Voltaire'', Parisiis, Perrin, 2007, iterum Tempus, 2015 (cap. « J'ai triplé mon or »), et a Jean Orieux, ''Voltaire ou la royauté de l'esprit'', Parisiis, Flammarion, 1966; René Pomeau (''Voltaire en son temps'', t. I, p. 259-260) monet ignorari quae pars ad ipsum Voltarium pervenerit, lucrum tamen totius societatis magnum fuisse. De re pecuniaria scriptoris liber princeps manet: Jacques Donvez, ''De quoi vivait Voltaire ?'' (1949).</ref>. Huic lucro accessit audax syngrapharum ducatus Lotharingici emptio; deinde anno 1730 paternam hereditatem accepit. Ita sex et triginta annos natus amplius decies centena milia librarum possidebat. Fortuna eius postea numquam imminuta est. Fratribus Pâris, celeberrimis illius aetatis argentariis, suadentibus, pecuniam collocavit in exercituum commeatibus et in mercatura maritima Gaditana. Maxime vero pecuniam magnatibus mutuam dedit, ut ab eis pensiones annuas aut vitalicias acciperet; inter eos erant duces de Richelieu, de Bouillon et de Villars. Id duplici consilio fecit. Pensiones enim vitaliciae, ex infirma eius valetudine computatae, ei, qui ultra octoginta annos vixit, magnum fructum tulerunt; nobiles autem debitores totidem patroni facti sunt, qui quieti eius consulerent. Anno 1749 Longchamp, minister eius, reditus illius anni ad septuaginta quinque fere milia librarum aestimavit<ref>Aestimatio Longchamp ministri (''Mémoires sur Voltaire''), citata a Milza.</ref>; postea, cum in praedio Ferney habitaret, inter ditissimos regni homines numerabatur. Hanc pecuniae curam, scriptoribus illius aetatis insolitam, multi ei vitio dederunt. Hac enim una ratione, ut dicebat, efficiebatur ne aut necessitate aulicus aut bibliopolarum mercennarius fieret. Numquam ex scriptis suis victum quaesivit, sed emolumenta operum plerumque histrionibus bibliopolisque reliquit. Eisdem annis gloria eius litteraria crevit. Liber historicus, qui ''Histoire de Charles XII'' inscribitur (1731), de rege [[Suecia|Sueciae]], quamquam ob rationes publicas prohibitus, diu tamen clam legebatur. Tragoediae autem ''Brutus'' (1730) et ''Zaïre'', die [[13 Augusti]] [[1732]] primum acta, eum principem tragicorum sui saeculi fecerunt. Haec posterior amoris fabulam narrat inter Orosmanem soldanum et captivam Christianam. Post mortem Hadrianae Lecouvreur, actricis cui, quia in scaena egerat, sepultura Christiana negata erat, Voltarius anno 1730 carmen indignatione plenum scripsit, quo futura iam certamina praenuntiabat. Praecipuum huius temporis opus primum Londinii Anglice prodiit (''Letters Concerning the English Nation'', 1733), deinde anno 1734 Francogallice, eo titulo quem posteritas retinuit: ''Lettres philosophiques''. Quasi de itinere narrans, Voltarius in quattuor et viginti epistulis, quibus postea vicesima quinta de Pascalis ''Pensées'' addita est, Angliam ita depingit ut eadem opera multa Franciae instituta tacite reprehendat. Primae epistulae terram ostendunt in qua diversae religiones sine discordia coluntur: ''C'est ici le pays des sectes''; quisque Anglus, ut liber homo, qua velit via ad caelum tendit. In mercatorum foro Londiniensi Iudaei, Mahometani Christianique inter se negotiantur neque quemquam infidelem vocant praeter decoctores: mercatura enim coniungit quos religio dividit. Sequuntur laudes rei publicae temperatae, insitionis variolarum atque honoris quo litterati afficiuntur; praecipue autem doctrinae [[Ioannes Lockius|Lockii]] Newtonique exponuntur atque [[Renatus Cartesius|Cartesii]] rationibus opponuntur. Nam Lockius, ut ait Voltarius, interdum affirmare audet, etiam dubitare. Ultima epistula, adversus Pascalem scripta, hominem non natura corruptum, sed felicitatis etiam in hac vita capacem esse contendit. Cum inter annos 1734 et 1739 viginti fere milia exemplorum divulgata essent, liber tantam apud doctos Europaeos famam adeptus est, quantam tum liber eius generis adipisci poterat<ref>Computationes Renati Pomeau, ''Voltaire en son temps'', t. I, p. 330, qui obiter monet ne ''Candide'' quidem fortasse hanc divulgationem superavisse.</ref>. Liber ingens scandalum movit; Gustavus Lanson eum postea primum in veterem rerum ordinem telum coniectum appellavit. Die 10 Iunii 1734 senatus Parisiensis librum publice lacerari atque comburi iussit; litterae regiae ad auctorem comprehendendum datae sunt. Is tum in [[Burgundia]] nuptiis ducis de Richelieu intererat. Voltarius in Campaniam, prope fines Lotharingiae, confugit. Ibi in castellum semirutum Aemiliae du Châtelet se recepit, quam superiore anno cognoverat. === Cirey et Aemilia du Châtelet (1734-1749) === Gabriela Aemilia Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, uxor marchionis du Châtelet (1706-1749), non vulgaris patrona fuit. Mathematicae et physicae peritissima, a mathematicis Maupertuis et Clairaut instituta, Newtoni ''Principia'' in sermonem Francogallicum convertit; quae interpretatio, paulo ante mortem absoluta et anno 1759 edita, etiam nunc princeps habetur. Anno 1733 Voltarii amica facta est et quindecim annos socia studiorum mansit, marito, qui in exercitu militabat, non adversante. Castellum de Cirey, sumptibus poetae refectum, in domum studiis deditam mutatum est: bibliotheca ampla, instrumenta physica pretiosa, theatrum domesticum, dies ad campanae sonum laboribus destinati. Ambo anno 1738 de natura ignis ad praemium Academiae Scientiarum separatim certaverunt; neuter vicit, sed utriusque commentarii typis editi sunt. Eodem anno prodiit liber ''Éléments de la philosophie de Newton'', quo Newtoni physica in Gallia contra Cartesianos maxime propagata est. Aemilia, ingenio libero, [[Godefridus Guilielmus Leibnitius|Leibnitium]] in metaphysicis sequebatur, cum Voltarius [[Ioannes Lockius|Lockium]] solum probaret; anno 1740 suas ''Institutions de physique'' edidit. Apud eam Voltarius plane "philosophus" novo sensu factus est; et ut eius fastidium historiarum vinceret, opus de ingenio gentium concepit, quod postea ''Essai sur les mœurs'' factum est. Cirey etiam officina litterarum fuit. Ibi tragoedias composuit Lutetiae actas: ''La Mort de César'' (1735), ''Alzire'' (1736), magno successu, ''Mahomet'' (1741), ''Mérope'' (1743), quo die auctor primum in scaenam a populo vocatus est; carmen ''Le Mondain'' (1736), in quo luxus et vitae cultioris laus tanta offensione excepta est ut auctor in [[Batavia|Bataviam]] paulisper fugeret; et ''Discours en vers sur l'homme'' (1738). Mediis annis quadragesimis aulam temptavit. Condiscipuli d'Argenson ministri erant, Pompadour marchionissa favebat; ad nuptias Delphini spectaculum ''La Princesse de Navarre'' (1745) composuit, cui Rameau musicam fecit. Carmine de victoria Fontaneiana edito, anno 1745 historiographus regius creatus est, anno 1746 in [[Academia Francica|Academiam Francicam]] receptus, cubiculi regii minister factus. Gratia tamen fragilis erat: [[Ludovicus XV (rex Franciae)|Ludovicus XV]] hominem nimis acutum non amabat. Exeunte anno 1747, cum in lusu reginae Aemilia ingentem pecuniam perdidisset et Voltarius verbum incautum Anglice dixisset, ambo aulam propere reliquerunt; ipse apud ducissam du Maine in castello Sceaux aliquot hebdomadas latuit. Quae latebra rem litterariam magnam peperit: ad hospitam noctu delectandam fabulas breves et ironicas legebat; ita natae aut maturatae sunt ''Memnon'', ''Babouc'' et ante omnia ''Zadig ou la Destinée'' (1747-1748), primum perfectum exemplum eius generis quod ipse pro nugis habebat quodque tamen ei immortalitatem paravit: fabulae philosophicae. Ultimi amicitiae anni partim Lunéville acti sunt, in aula Stanislai regis. Ibi Aemilia iuvenem militem et poetam Saint-Lambert adamavit; Voltarius, post iram, rem aequo animo tulit, cum iam pridem amor in amicitiam versus esset. Gravida facta, die [[4 Septembris]] [[1749]] filiam peperit et sexto post die, duos et quadraginta annos nata, e puerperio mortua est, interpretatione Newtoni inter febres absoluta. Voltarius adflictus est: non tam amicam quam dimidium sui flebat, ''un grand homme qui n'avait de défaut que d'être femme'', ut ipse in luctu scripsit<ref>Epistula Voltarii mensis Octobris 1749, ab omnibus vitae scriptoribus relata.</ref>. Lutetiae vagus et aeger animi, precibus regis cuiusdam philosophi, iam diu adhibitis, tandem cessit. === In Borussia (1750-1753) === [[Fridericus Magnus|Fredericus II]] inde ab anno 1736, quo primam epistulam misit, Voltarium constanter colebat: princeps adulescens ei librum suum ''Anti-Machiavel'' tradiderat corrigendum edendumque, et ambo inde ab anno 1740 aliquotiens convenerant. Quae Ludovicus XV scriptori negabat, admirationem, familiaritatem, partes in rebus agendis, ea rex Borussiae offerebat. Mense Iunio 1750 Voltarius [[Berolinum]] profectus est; ibi cubicularius regius factus, ordine Meriti ornatus, viginti milium librarum pensione donatus est. Primi menses somnio similes fuerunt: cenae philosophicae in Sanssouci, sermones, communis in versibus regiis opera. Res cito in deterius vertit. Speculatione dubia in syngraphas Saxonicas suscepta, Voltarius hieme 1750-1751 in litem famosam cum Abraham Hirschel, gemmario Iudaeo, incidit: quam litem apud iudices vicit, apud hominum existimationem perdidit, gravemque a rege castigationem accepit<ref>Sententia diei 18 Februarii 1751: Hirschel syngraphas reddere et decem nummos multae solvere iussus est; vide Milza (cap. « L'affaire Hirschel ») et François Jacob, ''Voltaire'', Parisiis, Gallimard, Folio biographies, 2015.</ref>. Dicta relata venenum addiderunt: rex hospitem aurantio simillimum esse dixisse ferebatur, cuius suco expresso cortex abicitur; Voltarius autem dicebat se regi quasi fullonem esse, qui versus sordidos purgaret. In aula tam parva aemulatio cum Maupertuis, Academiae Berolinensis praeside, rem perfecit. Potsdamiae tamen Voltarius uni e summis operibus extremam manum imposuit. ''Le Siècle de Louis XIV'', viginti annorum studiis paratum, exeunte anno 1751 [[Berolinum|Berolini]] prodiit: non vitam regis, sed, ut ipse praefatur, ingenium hominum saeculo omnium maxime erudito describere voluit, quod inter quattuor magnas humanitatis aetates cum Graecia Periclis, Roma Augusti, Italia Medicea poneret. Opus a proeliis ad artes, scientias, mercaturam, instituta animos convertit novamque historiae scribendae rationem aperuit. Anno 1752 rixa erupit quae discidium attulit. Cum Maupertuis Koenigium mathematicum, qui principatum inventi cuiusdam ei abiudicaverat, per Academiam damnari curavisset, Voltarius oppresso palam adfuit, deinde in praesidem libellum salsissimum emisit, ''Diatribe du docteur Akakia''. Rex, qui primo legens riserat, libellum deleri iussit et a cubiculario suo cautionem humilem exegit; servatis tamen exemplis, editio Batava Berolinum inundavit. Libello per carnificem combusto, Voltarius clavem cubicularii et crucem remisit, recepit, postremo mense Martio 1753 commeatum discessui similem impetravit. Discessus in insidias vertit. Francofurti ad Moenum, in urbe libera ubi rex Borussiae nullo iure utebatur, Freytag, regis procurator, Voltarium, deinde Mariam Ludovicam Denis neptem, quae ad eum venerat, retinuit, dum volumen carminum regiorum in sarcinis relictum recuperaretur. Custodia, contumeliosa et aspera, a Iunio in Iulium 1753 duravit; cuius rei memoriam Voltarius numquam deposuit, et in commentarios post mortem edendos acerbissime effudit, quamquam paucis post annis cum rege per epistulas in gratiam rediit. Ex Borussia hanc sententiam reportavit: homini libero sub umbra regis, etiam philosophi, locum non esse. His rebus gestis, homo sine patria erat: Borussia ei clausa erat, et Ludovicus XV eum Lutetiam adire vetuerat. Decem et octo menses inter Alsatiam et Lotharingiam erravit: [[Argentoratum|Argentorati]], Colmariae, in monasterio Senoniensi, ubi Augustinus Calmet monachus bibliothecam historiae studiis aperuit, ad aquas Plombières, [[Lugdunum|Lugduni]] postremo. Exeunte anno 1754 [[Genava|Genavam]] accessit, in civitatem reformatam ubi Theodorus Tronchin medicus clarissimus artem exercebat; ineunte anno 1755, per interpositas personas, cum catholici ibi praedia possidere non possent, villam ad portas urbis emit, quam ''les Délices'' nominavit, conducta praeterea ad hiemes domo prope Lausannam. Sexaginta annos natus, vagus ille possessor factus est. === A Delicis ad Ferney: patriarcha (1755-1778) === ==== [[Olisipo]], Rousseau, ''Candide'' ==== Die 1 Novembris 1755 terrae motus, quem aestus maris incendiaque secuta sunt, [[Olisipo|Olisiponem]] delevit multaque milia hominum oppressit. Qua clade Europa erudita vehementer commota est; Voltario autem occasio oblata est decertandi cum eo "[[Optimismus|optimismo]]" philosophico quem Leibnitius et Pope reliquerant, cum ea scilicet doctrina quae omnia bene se habere adfirmat et malum universae harmoniae nomine excusat. Carmine quod ''Poème sur le désastre de Lisbonne'' (1756) inscribitur consolationibus metaphysicis nudum innocentium dolorem opposuit. Cui Ioannes Iacobus Rousseau mense Augusto 1756 longa epistula respondit, providentiam defendens et cladem homini imputans, qui urbes septenorum tabulatorum aedificaret; Voltarius urbane elusit. Simultas inter duos viros, controversia deinde de theatro Genavensi et privatis offensis aucta, inter celeberrimas litterarum facta est: anno 1760 Rousseau epistulam atrocem misit qua amicitiam renuntiavit, et Voltarius inter alia libello sine nomine edito respondit, quo liberos ab eo expositos esse patefecit. Ambo anno 1778, paucis hebdomadibus inter se, mortui sunt; postea inviti in eodem [[Pantheon Parisiense|Pantheo]] coniuncti sunt. Altissimum tamen de malo responsum Voltarius nec carmine nec epistula, sed fabula dedit. Exeunte anno 1757 inchoata, anno 1758 perfecta, ineunte anno 1759 a fratribus Cramer, bibliopolis Genavensibus, edita est fabula quae ''Candide ou l'Optimisme'' inscribitur. Narrat casus iuvenis simplicis, e castello expulsi quod ''le plus beau et le plus agréable des châteaux possibles'' vocatur, et per orbem terrarum acti, quem bellum, quaestiones de fide habitae, naufragium, ipse ille terrae motus Olisiponensis, servitus, avaritia vastant. Pangloss praeceptor contra omnem rerum evidentiam docet ''tout est au mieux'' in ''ce meilleur des mondes possibles'' (omnia optime fieri in optimo mundorum possibilium); Martin tristis contrarium tenet; inter utrumque Candide usu rerum modestam sapientiam discit, quae clausula omnium litterarum Francogallicarum maxime tractata continetur: ''Il faut cultiver notre jardin'' (hortum nostrum colendum esse). Quod nec desperationem nec civitatem fictam significat, sed laboris utilis disciplinam homini propositam, in mundo cuius ultima ratio nos fugit. Successus ingens fuit: viginti fere milia exemplorum iam anno 1759 divendita esse creduntur<ref>Circiter viginti milia exemplorum secundum Raymond Trousson; plus quam viginti milia exeunte anno 1759 secundum Pierre Lepape, ''Voltaire le conquérant. Naissance des intellectuels au siècle des Lumières'', Parisiis, Seuil, 1996, p. 315-316.</ref>, aliae super alias editiones et furtivae impressiones, frustra negante auctore, qui opus suum iocum scholasticum vocabat. ''Candide'' etiam nunc omnium Voltarii operum maxime legitur et inter libros Francogallicos saepissime in alias linguas conversos numeratur. ==== Dominus vici Ferney ==== Villa Delicarum non nisi statio esse poterat: res publica enim [[Genava|Genavensis]], ubi presbyteri Calviniani [[theatrum]] vetabant, [[comoedia]]s domesticas advenae aegre ferebat, et commentarius "Genève" in ''Encyclopédie'' anno [[1757]] editus, a philosopho d'Alembert{{dubsig}} post moram apud Voltarium scriptus, cum pastores Genavenses ad Socini{{dubsig}} placita inclinare significaret, diuturnum motum excitavit. Inter exitum anni 1758 et initium anni 1759 scriptor, in finibus quidem Francogallicis sed quattuor fere milibus passuum a [[Genava]], dominium vici Ferney emit, addito vicino agro Tournay: dictitabat enim philosopho pluribus latibulis opus esse, ut canes instantes effugeret. Finibus prope positis, longinquitate a [[Palatium Versaliense|Versaliis]] et fama Europaea tutus, anno 1760 ibi consedit; inde duodeviginti annos non discessit. Ferney novum Voltarium ostendit, dominum aedificatorem et agrorum cultorem. Vicum miserum, vix ducentorum capitum, vectigalibus et decimis oppressum invenerat; intra viginti annos vicum in oppidum prosperum auxit, quod plus quam mille incolas haberet. Paludes siccavit, agros novavit, domos exstruxit, ecclesiam refecit, cuius fronti titulum notissimum inscribi iussit: ''Deo erexit Voltaire'' (soli Deo, nullo interposito). Officinas tibialium sericorum et reticulorum condidit; deinde, cum motibus civilibus Genavensibus anno 1770 opifices horologiorum, "natifs" dicti, in vias eiecti essent, eos frequentes recepit et officinam horologiorum instituit, quae paucis annis per totam Europam negotiata est. Senex ipse institoris partes apud reges agebat: horologia sua [[Catharina II (imperatrix Russiae)|Catharinae II]], quae magno pretio emit, Frederico, aulae Francogallicae, ipsi denique Turcarum soldano collocavit; annuus quaestus ad multa centena milia librarum Francicarum pervenit<ref>Ad annum 1775 Raymond Trousson{{dubsig}} circiter mille ducentos incolas et horologiorum mercaturam quadringentorum quinquaginta milium librarum in singulos annos refert; vide etiam Milza et Jacob de incremento vici.</ref>. Simul [[Gex|pagum Gex]] [[vectigal]]ium vinculis liberare contendit, [[puella]]s vici dotavit ac collocavit, mensam omnibus ex tota Europa advenientibus aperuit, quibus castellum inter primarias itineris stationes erat: se ipse cauponem Europae vocabat. Epistula versibus anno 1772 scripta rem sine falsa modestia complexus est: ''J'ai fait un peu de bien, c'est mon meilleur ouvrage'' (se aliquantum boni fecisse, idque optimum suorum operum esse). Domus suos habebat: Mariam Ludovicam Denis, neptem, vitae sociam, quae rem domesticam maiore splendore quam ordine administrabat quaeque, orta simultate, duos fere annos (1768-1769) afuit; Wagnière scribam fidelem; et inde a Decembri anni 1760 [[Maria Corneille|Mariam Corneille]], magni poetae tragici longinquam et pauperem cognatam, quam Voltarius recepit, erudivit, [[pecunia]] ex commentariis in eius commodum editis redacta dotavit, qui ''Commentaires sur Corneille'' (1764) inscribuntur et in quibus admiratio cum severitate certat. ==== ''Écrasez l'Infâme'' ==== Ex Ferney inde ab annis 1759-1760 Voltarius signum illud emisit quod nomini eius adhaesit: ''Écrasez l'Infâme'' (opprimite illam infamem), in subscriptionibus epistularum mox in ''Écr. l'inf.'' contractum. Quae verba, a Frederico II in epistula ad Voltarium mense Maio anni 1759 data usurpata priusquam ab ipso in belli tesseram verterentur<ref>Pierre Lepape, ''Voltaire le conquérant'', p. 316: epistula Frederici II diei 18 Maii 1759 superstitionem « infâme » appellat.</ref>, non Christianam religionem ipsam designant, cuius mores se revereri Voltarius profitebatur, sed quidquid religio constituta, ut ipse iudicabat, [[Superstitio|superstitionis]], dogmatum absurdorum, persecutionum, fanaticae crudelitatis peperisset: quaestiones de fide, caedem nocte Sancti Bartholomaei factam, rogos, theologorum lites in causas civitatis conversas. Bellum contra "Infamem" apparatu scriptorum ante inaudito gestum est. Biblia assidue legebat, quae melius quam plerique adversarii noverat; eorum repugnantias et incredibilia in compluribus opusculis, sub manu et alienis nominibus divulgatis, persequebatur: ''Sermon des cinquante'', ''Examen important de milord Bolingbroke'' (1766), ''Questions de Zapata'' (1767), ''La Bible enfin expliquée'' (1776). Per totam vitam, ut docti computaverunt, plus centum septuaginta nominibus fictis usus est, artemque palam negandi ad summum perduxit: nam ea scripsisse negare quae omnes ei tribuebant simul praesidium iuris et ludus cum potestate erat. Caput totius apparatus mense Iulio anni 1764 prodiit: ''Dictionnaire philosophique portatif'', opus litterarum ordine digestum, commentariis brevibus et mordacibus, cuilibet lectori erudito facile lectu; cuius ipsa exiguitas belli quaedam denuntiatio erat, arma levia adversus ingentia theologorum volumina. Liber, statim damnatus et Genavae, in [[Batavia]], deinde Lutetiae mense Martio 1765 flammis datus, per novas editiones semper auctus est, anno 1769 ''La Raison par alphabet'' factus, et in novem volumina operis ''Questions sur l'Encyclopédie'' (1770-1772) excrevit, quae sunt quasi encyclopaedia unius hominis. Mediis praeterea annis quinquagesimis Voltarius ad ''Encyclopédie'' a philosophis Diderot et d'Alembert editam commentarios de litteris et historia contulerat, et incepto annis 1758-1759 periclitanti adfuit, quamquam molem nimis gravem nimisque cautam iudicabat. Bellum duplici fronte gerebatur: nam patriarcha non minus adversabatur atheorum studio, quod in circulo Parisiensi baronis d'Holbach increbrescebat. Deista, vel ut ipse sero maluit "theista", Deum quendam architectum ratione ex ordine mundi concludi tenebat, et fidem in Deum praemia poenasque reddentem societati necessariam: quae sententia versu illo anni 1768 notissimo continetur: ''Si Dieu n'existait pas, il faudrait l'inventer'' (si Deus non esset, fingendus esset). Contra librum ''Système de la nature'' a barone d'Holbach editum (1770) religionem naturalem defendit, ad unius summi Numinis cultum et communem iustitiae regulam redactam. ==== Causae maximae: Calas,{{dubsig}} Sirven,{{dubsig}} La Barre{{dubsig}} ==== Singularis tamen gloria Ferney minus ex hoc bello librorum quam ex serie causarum publicarum orta est, quibus Voltarius hominibus a iudicibus oppressis adfuit et novum interveniendi genus instituit. Prima et celeberrima causa [[Tolosa]]e coepit. Die 13 Octobris 1761 Marcus Antonius Calas, filius natu maximus mercatoris reformati, in taberna familiae mortuus inventus est; rumor populi statim patrem, Ioannem Calas, accusavit, quod filium, ne ad [[Ecclesia Catholica|Ecclesiam Romanam]] transiret, necavisset. Quaestione praeiudiciis et vitiis infecta peracta, senatus Tolosanus senem damnavit; qui innocentiam suam usque in supplicio testatus, die [[10 Martii]] [[1762]] rota fractus, deinde strangulatus et crematus est. Familia dissipata, bona publicata sunt. His rebus exeunte Martio cognitis, Voltarius, primo incredulus, rem ipse quaesivit, testes interrogavit, unum e filiis apud se recepit, sibique persuasit errorem iudicialem immanem commissum esse, ex furore fanaticorum unius urbis et vitiis quaestionis occultae ortum, quae sine patrono, sine causis sententiae redditis agebatur. Tum pugnam triennii instituit, rationibus mire novis: epistulae centenae ad ministros, ad reges, ad homines gratiosos missae; libelli ab ipso scripti aut inspirati et a patronis familiae subscripti; commentarii quibus vidua et liberi ante oculos ponebantur; concitata totius Europae existimatione communi, quam ille ante omnes novam potentiam factam esse intellexerat. Ita ex privato iudicio "causa Calas"{{dubsig}} facta est. Die 7 Martii 1763 consilium regis libellum de retractando iudicio admisit; die [[4 Iunii]] [[1764]] sententia Tolosana rescissa est; die [[9 Martii]] [[1765]] novi iudices memoriam Ioannis Calas omnium sententiis restituerunt; rex pecuniam familiae dedit, regina viduam cum filiabus excepit<ref>Jean Orieux, ''Voltaire ou la royauté de l'esprit''; singula de pecuniis regiis (duodecim milia librarum viduae, sena milia singulis filiabus) apud Milza leguntur.</ref>. Verba ''Voltaire venge Calas'' (Voltarius Calas vindicat) per totam Europam percrebruerunt. Ex causa etiam liber natus est. ''Traité sur la tolérance à l'occasion de la mort de Jean Calas'', hieme 1762-1763 scriptus et ab exitu anni 1763 divulgatus, singularem casum in commune de intolerantia iudicium extendit: historici more demonstrat persecutionem religionis causa nec ubique nec necessario fieri, et civitates multarum [[Religio|religionum]] florere; addit consilia certa et temperata pro reformatis Francogallicis, quorum edictum tolerantiae anni 1787, novem annis post mortem auctoris latum, exitus fuit. Caput extremum, « Prière à Dieu » inscriptum, a Deo omnium hominum conditore petit ''que nous nous aidions mutuellement à supporter le fardeau d'une vie pénible et passagère'' (ut alii alios ad ferendum onus vitae laboriosae et fugacis iuvemus); quod inter celeberrimas saeculi paginas numeratur. Aliae causae eadem ratione secutae sunt. Familia Sirven, reformata e Gallia Narbonensi, falso accusata quod filiam, ne fidem mutaret, in puteo demersisset, iam anno 1762 in Helvetiam profugerat et anno 1764 absens capitis damnata erat; quam Voltarius ab anno 1765 suscepit et anno 1771 plane restitui curavit: duabus horis, ut ipse observavit, familiam damnatam esse, novem annis opus fuisse ut innocentiae ius redderetur<ref>Dictum Voltarii anni 1771, ab Orieux relatum; de pugnae diuturnitate vide Milza, cap. « Beccaria inspirateur de Voltaire ».</ref>. Acerbior fuit causa equitis de La Barre,{{dubsig}} [[eques|equitis]] iuvenis Abbavillensis,{{dubsig}} impietatis accusati et, nullo argumento, suspecti quod crucifixum mutilavisset: tormentis subiectus, deinde die [[1 Iulii]] [[1766]], viginti annos natus, securi percussus est; [[corpus]] in rogum coniectum est una cum exemplo ''Dictionnaire philosophique'' apud eum reperto, quod cum cadavere comburi sententia iusserat<ref>Sententia Abbavillensis diei 28 Februarii 1766 iusserat ''Dictionnaire philosophique portatif'' cum corpore damnati comburi; vide Milza.</ref>. Quo facto, Voltarius, vehementer commotus, aliquamdiu de solo mutando cogitavit, deinde libello ''Relation de la mort du chevalier de La Barre'' (1766) respondit et causam anno 1775 resumpsit; restitutio non nisi anno 1793 facta est. Pugnavit praeterea pro comite de Lally,{{dubsig}} duce rerum Indicarum infelici anno 1766 securi percusso, cuius damnatio mense Maio 1778 rescissa est, ita ut morienti Voltario nuntiari posset; pro coniugibus Montbailli,{{dubsig}} parricidii absurde insimulatis; pro reformatis ad remos damnatis; pro colonis montium Iurensium, quos monachi Sancti Claudii{{dubsig}} iure quodam servili tenebant: quam causam morte praeventus non perfecit. His certaminibus accessit perpetua de iure poenali cogitatio: Beccariae{{dubsig}} apud Francogallos interpres, cuius librum ''Des délits et des peines'' anno 1766 commentario instruxit, tormenta, quaestionem occultam, poenas immodicas, peccati et criminis confusionem accusavit, et anno 1777 librum ''Prix de la justice et de l'humanité'' edidit, quo consiliorum summam complexus est. Ita aulicus ille annorum quadragesimorum is factus est quem posteri inter prima exempla eius hominis ponunt quem Francogallice ''intellectuel'' vocant<ref>Pierre Lepape, ''Voltaire le conquérant'', imprimis p. 107, ubi monet Voltarium non solum novas scriptoris partes invenisse sed in media earum mutatione stetisse, et p. 303, de communitate eorum quos saeculo post ''intellectuels'' appellaverint.</ref>: privatus scilicet qui, sola fama fretus, palam rationem a potestate publica reposcit. === Reditus Lutetiam et mors (1778) === Tres et octoginta annos natus unum optabat: Lutetiam revisere, quam anno 1750 reliquerat quaeque ei tacito interdicto clausa manebat. Occasionem praebuit ultima tragoedia, ''Irène'', a theatro Francogallico recepta. Die 5 Februarii 1778 Ferney reliquit; die 10 apud marchionem de Villette consedit, in ripa Theatinorum,{{dubsig}} quae hodie ab ipso nomen trahit. Potestates conivere maluerunt. Secutae sunt hebdomades honorum paene continuorum. Domus Villette numquam vacua erat: quibusdam diebus aliquot centeni salutatores numerabantur, academici, legati, histriones, curiosi. Ibi Voltarius Beniaminum Franklin convenit, cuius nepoti benedixit his tantum verbis, ut fertur, pronuntiatis: ''Dieu et la Liberté'' (Deus et Libertas); Diderot quoque ad eum venit; d'Argental, amicum septuaginta annorum, recuperavit. A suis admonitus ut rem religiosam componeret, ne cadaver suum, ut histrionum corpora, in sterquilinium abiceretur, sacerdoti facili, abbati Gaultier, declarationem caute ambiguam tradidit; idem tamen die 28 Februarii professionem chartae mandavit quae nota mansit: ''Je meurs en adorant Dieu, en aimant mes amis, en ne haïssant pas mes ennemis, et en détestant la superstition'' (se mori Deum adorantem, amicos amantem, inimicos non odientem, superstitionem detestantem). Dies 30 Martii 1778 summi honoris fuit. [[Academia Francica|Academia Francica]] universa ei obviam processit, quod nulli antea contigerat, eumque praesidem creavit; vesperi, sexto spectaculo fabulae ''Irène'', populus gaudio elatus imaginem eius in scaena theatri Francogallici lauro coronari iussit, spectante e podio sene lacrimante, dum turba foris equos carpenti detrahere conatur. Haec "coronatio Voltarii", statim caelata et picta, mansit ipsa imago scriptoris non a rege, qui tacuit, sed a populo consecrati. Hi labores corpus confectum exhauserunt. Voltarius tamen, reditu in Ferney omisso, novum opus aggressus est, lexicon Academiae retractandum, cuius litteram A sibi sumpsit. Morbo, quem opii ad dolores leniendos abusus auxisse creditur, post graves hebdomadas consumptus, die [[30 Maii]] [[1778]] circa horam undecimam noctis mortuus est, dimissis ante sacerdotibus qui retractationem extorquere conabantur, his verbis, ut traditur: ''Laissez-moi mourir en paix'' (sinite me in pace mori). Ultima epistula, die 26 Maii filio comitis de Lally dictata, qua rescissionem iudicii patris salutabat, his verbis claudebatur: se contentum moriturum. [[Ecclesia Catholica|Ecclesia]] [[sepultura]]m Lutetiae negavit. Abbas Mignot, sororis filius, interdictum fallacia elusit: cadaver, vestitum et in carpento sedens quasi viator dormiens, ut traditur, noctu in abbatiam de Scellières in [[Campania]] deductum est, cuius Mignot abbas commendatarius erat, et die [[2 Iunii]] [[1778]] in solo Christiano conditum, paucis horis antequam episcopi interdictum adferretur. [[Cor]], a marchione de Villette{{dubsig}} servatum, anno 1864 in Bibliothecam nationalem Francogallicam delatum est, ubi in basi statuae a [[Ioannes Antonius Houdon|Houdon]] statuario factae quiescit; cerebrum, post varios casus, in theatrum Francogallicum pervenit. Maria Ludovica Denis, heres, Ferney vendidit et bibliothecam avunculi, plus sex milia voluminum, multa manu eius adnotata, Catharinae II cessit: quae hodie [[Petropolis|Petropoli]], in Bibliotheca nationali Russica, servatur et inter primos doctrinae fontes habetur. == Opera == Opera Voltarii inter amplissima litterarum Francogallicarum sunt: prima editio critica operum omnium, a Voltaire Foundation Oxoniensi curata, ducenta quinque volumina complectitur, annis 1968-2022 edita<ref>Voltaire Foundation, Universitas Oxoniensis; editio, anno 1968 coepta, anno 2022 absoluta est.</ref>. Non tam altitudine speculandi, quam auctor numquam sibi vindicavit, quam amplitudine, varietate perfectioneque orationis solutae valent, quae etiam nunc exemplum claritatis, numeri, ironiae habetur. === Fabulae scaenicae === Theatrum praecipuum vitae litterariae negotium fuit: quinquaginta fere fabulas, in quibus triginta fere tragoedias, ab ''Œdipe'' (1718) ad ''Irène'' (1778) scripsit. Magni saeculi successorem se gerebat, regulis, versu duodecim syllabarum, decoro religiose servatis, sed genus intus renovare conabatur: argumentis patriis et equestribus (''Zaïre'', ''Adélaïde du Guesclin'', ''Tancrède''), locis exoticis (''Alzire'' in Peruvia, ''L'Orphelin de la Chine'' in imperio Mongolico, ''Mahomet'' in [[Arabia]]), adfectibus et apparatu quaesitis, et apertius in dies doctrina inserta: fanaticorum accusatione in ''Mahomet'', quod opus non sine ironia Benedicto XIV pontifici dicavit, intolerantiae in ''Les Guèbres''. Etiam scaenam ipsam emendari curavit: anno 1759 subsellia spectatorum, quae in pulpito posita erant, sublata sunt. Princeps tragoediae per dimidium saeculum, tota Europa plaudente, sero tamen regnum suum et novo genere dramatis et [[Gulielmus Shakespeare|Shakesperio]] labefactari vidit, quem ipse in Galliam introduxerat quemque iam oppugnabat. Posteritas contra eum iudicavit: tragoediae, vetustae artis vinculis adstrictae, saeculo undevicensimo e theatris excesserunt nec nisi raro, curiositatis aut documenti causa, rursus aguntur. === Carmina === Idem carminibus accidit, quae tamen primam gloriam pepererant. ''La Henriade'', omnium temptaminum carminis epici patrii apud Francogallos celeberrimum, inter maximos saeculi successus fuit, deinde in scholarum oblivionem decidit. ''La Pucelle d'Orléans'', carmen iocosum in Ioannam Arcensem virginem et Ecclesiam hilariter petulans, per multa decennia clam circumferebatur, magno auctoris metu, ne ab inimicis in eum verteretur. Manent carmina philosophica, ''Le Mondain'', ''Discours en vers sur l'homme'', ''Poème sur la loi naturelle'', ''Poème sur le désastre de Lisbonne'', in quibus versus disputandi telum fit, et ingens copia epistularum, fabularum versibus scriptarum, satirarum, carminum ad tempus compositorum, in quibus facilitas extemporalis eminet, quam aequales supra omnia ponebant. === Historia === Opera historica diuturnius valuerunt. Libro ''Histoire de Charles XII'' (1731), narratione vitae heroicae summa arte ducta, deinde opere ''Le Siècle de Louis XIV'' (1751), Voltarius genus ipsum penitus mutavit: historia desiit esse regum proeliorumque annales, morum praeceptio aut providentiae demonstratio, ut civilis cultus alicuius studium fieret, artes, scientias, mercaturam, instituta, mores complectens. ''Essai sur les mœurs et l'esprit des nations'' (1756), quindecim annorum laboris fructus, ad Aemiliam du Châtelet cum historia reconciliandam suscepti, consilium ad totius orbis mensuram extendit, plane contrarium est operi Bossuet ''Discours sur l'histoire universelle'', in populo electo et Christianis defixo: nam quod a Sinis incipit, Indiae, Mahometanis, Americis locum dat. Homo, non iam Deus, historiae subiectum fit; "ingenium nationum", non iam regnorum series, eius argumentum. His Voltarius novas illi aetati rationes addidit: testimonia adhibita, fontes inter se collati et examinati, fabellae exploratae, emendationes per novas editiones perpetuae. ''La Philosophie de l'histoire'' (1765), cuius titulus fortunam fecit, et historia imperii Russici sub Petro Magno aedificium compleverunt. Habent haec opera vitia sua, quae docti notaverunt: veri similitudinem ita adhibitam ut ratio illius aetatis omnium saeculorum iudex constituatur, studia partium, documenta interdum festinanter collecta. Nihilominus Voltarius inter conditores historiae recentioris et longinquos auctores historiae cultus civilis numeratur. === Fabulae philosophicae === Saepe notatum est: eo in genere quod contemnebat, quod nugas vocabat quodque fere semper sub persona edidit, immortalitatem litterarum adeptus est. Fabula Voltariana annis quadragesimis nata est, apud Sceaux et Lunéville, et deinde omnes cogitationis gradus comitata: ''Zadig ou la Destinée'' (1748) de providentia per casus sapientis Babylonii quaerit; ''Micromégas'' (1752) gigantem e Sirio in Terram deducit, ut parvitas litium humanarum metiatur; ''Candide'' (1759) optimismum conficit; ''L'Ingénu'' (1767), in qua Huronus quidam in Armoricam delatus absurda vitae cultioris detegit, primum satiram cum adfectu paene fabulae amatoriae miscet; ''L'Homme aux quarante écus'' (1768) de re oeconomica disputat; ''La Princesse de Babylone'' (1768), ''Le Taureau blanc'' (1774), ''Histoire de Jenni'' (1775) venam ad mortis limen producunt. Ratio ubique eadem est: narratio rapida, personae quasi neurospasta per orbem actae, falsa exoticae regionis species qua omnia dici possunt, et singularum sententiarum ironia quae lectorem experimenti cogitationis socium facit. Fabula officina portatilis philosophiae Voltarianae est eiusque effectus maxime mansurus. === Libelli, miscellanea, epistulae === Circum haec opera maiora innumerabilis copia versatur libellorum, dialogorum, iocorum, sermonum fictorum, commentariorum et eorum quae ipse "rogatons" vocabat; in quibus Voltarius fortasse verissimus est: ille bellator cotidiani certaminis minoris, qui paucis hebdomadibus responsum cuilibet adversario scribere, imprimere, per totam Europam spargere poterat. ''Lettres philosophiques'', ''Dictionnaire philosophique'', ''Questions sur l'Encyclopédie'' huius copiae summa et ordinata capita sunt; ''Le Philosophe ignorant'' (1766), quinquaginta sex dubitationum series, speciem maxime meditantis praebet. Restant epistulae, quas multi hodie summum eius opus, ipso inscio conditum, habent: quindecim fere milia epistularum manu eius servatarum, ad mille octingentos homines datarum, a regibus et philosophis ad bibliopolas, patronos, histriones, ignotos. Quas omnes saeculo vicensimo Theodore Besterman edidit: simul vitae commentarii diurni, totius illius aetatis speculum amplissimum, monumentum ingenii, gratiae, consilii; epistulis enim Voltarius necessarios rexit, certamina gessit, personam suam aedificavit. == Doctrina == === Philosophia sine systemate === Voltarius philosophus systematis conditor non est, idque sibi laudi ducebat: scripsit enim se nec Newtoni nec Rameau ingenium habere, nec calculum integralem nec fundamenta harmoniae inventurum fuisse<ref>Epistula ad Thiriot, anno 1760 data (D9489), citata in ''The Cambridge Companion to Voltaire'', p. 47.</ref>. Philosophia eius via est potius quam doctrina. Nititur empirismo, ut hodie dicunt, a Lockio accepto, quo nihil in mentem nisi per sensus pervenire docetur, et arte dubitandi apud Baelium discita: quod observatio adsequi non potest, ignotum manet, et veri simile est mansurum. Magnae quaestiones metaphysicae, de natura animae, de origine mali, de libertate, ei voragines erant ante quas probitas iudicium sustinere iubet; dubitationem statum incommodum, certitudinem statum absurdum esse aiebat. Ex hac dubitandi disciplina recta via mores publici eius fluunt: qui nihil pro certo habet, ius non habet alterum propter opiniones vexandi. Tolerantia apud eum non virtus mollis animi est, sed conclusio e finibus mentis humanae logice deducta. === De religione: contra "Infamem", contra atheos === Sententia eius de religione, a iuventute ad mortem fere constans, ea est quam posteriores "deismum" vocaverunt quamque ipse sero "theismum" appellare maluit: ordo mundi, sicut horologium, artificem postulat; hic philosophorum Deus, soli rationi pervius, nullum librum dictavit, nullum populum elegit, nullam Ecclesiam condidit, et regula morum quam praestat est communis quidam iusti iniustique sensus, omnibus hominibus idem. Quidquid religiones revelatae huic fundo addiderunt, dogmata, miracula, sacerdotum ordines, id apud eum superstitio est, et "Infamis" fit simulatque superstitio persequitur. Sed Voltarius pari vi doctrinam aequalium iuniorum atheorum, qui omnia ex sola materia explicabant, respuit: civitas atheorum ei fragilis videbatur, et fides in Deum praemia poenasque reddentem vinculo civili utilis, maxime apud eos quos institutio non erudit. Haec religio minima et ad usum redacta, quae re ipsa fidem a civitate et mores a theologia separat, eum facit unum e longinquis auctoribus eius rerum ordinis quem Francogalli hodie "laïcité" vocant, quod verbum ipse numquam novit. === De re publica: emendator, non eversor === In re publica Voltarius nec popularis nec rerum novarum cupidus est. Optima ei semper visa est regia potestas legibus temperata, qualem iuvenis in Anglia viderat; ea deficiente, imperium absolutum tolerabat, dummodo ratione regeretur et a sapientibus temperaretur, et spem suam deinceps in Frederico II, in Catharina II, quorum mutuae adulationes inter minus gloriosa epistularum eius capita numerantur, postremo in iuvene [[Ludovicus XVI (rex Franciae)|Ludovico XVI]] eiusque ministro Turgot posuit. Senatibus infestus, quorum spiritum ordinis et intolerantiam prope viderat, libertati mercaturae, iuri in unum redigendo, vectigalibus emendandis, iudiciis dominorum tollendis favebat: emendationem a summo profectam petebat. Praesensit tamen res longius ituras: annis sexagesimis scripsit omnia quae videret semina magnae conversionis iacere, cui ipse non adfuturus esset. Res novae Francogallicae eum postea sibi vindicaverunt, ad rem publicam liberam trahentes quam numquam optaverat: eius tamen emendandi studium regium nec cum republicanorum doctrina nec cum caedibus annorum 1792-1794 confundendum est. === Quae in eo reprehenduntur === Et homo et opera partes habent quas doctrina hodierna sine venia examinat. Maxime disputatur de vehementia paginarum eius contra Iudaeorum religionem: ut Christianam fidem radicitus peteret, Voltarius Biblia Hebraica populumque cui ea tribuebantur consulto denigravit, iudiciis tam duris congestis ut lectorem hodiernum offendant. Quaerunt docti quantum in eo fuerit belli antichristiani consilii, quantum opinionum illius aetatis, quantum proprii odii. Simul notant eum persecutiones religionum causa et quasdam iniurias Iudaeis sui temporis inlatas damnavisse; contentio autem eius, in religionem non in genus hominum directa, aliena manet ab eo odio quod posteriora saecula ex ipsa stirpe hominum repetiverunt, quamquam illud ab eo auctoritatem petere non dubitavit. Alia quoque capita sollicitant. Primum coniecturae anthropologicae operis ''Essai sur les mœurs'', ubi contra unitatem generis humani plures hominum species defendit. Deinde ambigua de servitute coloniali sententia: idem enim qui unam ex acerbissimis saeculi accusationibus scripsit, congressum scilicet Candide herois cum servo Surinamensi mutilato, qui pretium sacchari Europaei pendit, pecunias tamen, ut multi eius aetatis locupletes, in magnas mercaturae societates contulit quarum negotia ad oeconomiam colonialem pertinebant; crimen autem, interdum repetitum, ipsum mancipiorum mercaturae interfuisse, a doctis vanum esse iudicatur<ref>Vide ''The Cambridge Companion to Voltaire'', ubi hoc crimen vanum esse ostenditur, monetur tamen sententias Voltarii de varietate hominum critice examinandas esse.</ref>. Accedit contemptus apertus "infimae plebis", quam superstitioni addictam iudicabat. Ingenium denique reprehenditur, in quo vera liberalitas cum vanitate, simulatione, singulari odii litterarii artificio coniuncta erat, quod Rousseau, Fréron diurnarius, Maupertuis experti sunt. Hae tamen umbrae non impediunt quominus summa quaedam cohaerentia appareat: cogitatio enim eius ad agendum potius quam ad speculandum versa erat, eique persuasum erat malum metaphysicum extra potestatem hominum positum esse, mala autem socialia (fanaticum studium, tormenta, libidinem potestatis, ignorantiam) paulatim minui posse, quasi hortum post hortum colendo. Hunc obstinatum rerum emendatorem potius quam metaphysicum posteritas retinuit. == Memoria == === [[Pantheon Parisiense|Pantheum]] === Consecratio post mortem cum rebus novis venit. Fabula ''Brutus'' anno 1790 magno plausu reddita, abbatia de Scellières inter bona publica vendita, marchione de Villette instante, comitia constituentia reliquias philosophi in aedem Sanctae Genovefae, in [[Pantheon Parisiense|Pantheum]] virorum inlustrium conversam, transferri iusserunt. Die 11 Iulii 1791, tribus hebdomadibus postquam rex fugiens apud vicum Varennes retentus est, pompa ingens, a Iacobo Ludovico David pictore ordinata, per Lutetiam, spectantibus centenis milibus hominum et clausis Tuileriarum fenestris, sarcophagum duxit hoc titulo inscriptum: ''Il vengea Calas, La Barre, Sirven et Montbailli. Poète, philosophe, historien, il a fait prendre un grand essor à l'esprit humain, et nous a préparés à être libres'' (Calas, La Barre, Sirven, Montbailli vindicavit; poeta, philosophus, historicus, ingenium humanum magno impetu provexit nosque ad libertatem praeparavit). Voltarius primus scriptorum in [[Pantheon Parisiense|Pantheum]] inlatus est; Rousseau anno 1794 secutus est. Diu fama tenuit sepulcra eorum sub regibus redditis violata esse; inspectio publica anni 1897 utraque ossa in loculis suis quiescere ostendit. === Saeculum certaminum === Saeculum undevicensimum circa memoriam eius discissum est. Scriptoribus rerum novarum inimicis et scriptoribus primae aetatis romanticae Voltarius solii et arae eversor erat, homo "foedi risus", ut ait Musset; Chateaubriand ironiae eius ingenium Christianae fidei opposuit. Sed Hugo et Lamartine, ab eadem inimicitia profecti, ad laudandum pervenerunt, et cantilena pueri Gavroche in fabula ''Les Misérables'', ''c'est la faute à Voltaire'' (Voltarii culpa est), satis ostendit quid plebs Lutetiana de philosopho fecisset. Sub monarchia Iulia et altero imperio quod Francogalli ''voltairianisme'' vocabant idem fere valebat ac civium adversus Ecclesiam studium; cuius imaginem ridiculam Flaubert in Homais pharmacopola pinxit, ipse auctorem fabulae ''Candide'' sine exceptione admirans. Tertia res publica adoptionem perfecit: Voltarius, quem nec republicanorum nec atheorum fuisse libenter obliviscebantur, sanctus quidam civilis librorum scholasticorum factus est, scholae publicae et Ecclesiarum a civitate separationis patronus. Centesimus mortis annus, 1878, magnis celebrationibus actus est, quas oratio Victoris Hugo coronavit, in qua haec verba manserunt: ''il était plus qu'un homme, il était un siècle'' (plus erat quam homo, saeculum erat)<ref>Oratio Victoris Hugo in centesimo mortis Voltarii anno habita, die [[30 Maii]] [[1878]].</ref>. === Voltarius hodie === Saeculum vicensimum duplicem hanc imaginem accepit, aliis detestandam, aliis colendam, donec studiis sedatis doctrina successit. Testes sunt opera critica Gustavi Lanson, ampla biographia communi opera, Renato Pomeau moderante, conscripta, ''Voltaire en son temps'', editio epistularum a Theodore Besterman viro docto curata, qui Voltaire Foundation Oxoniensem condidit; quae anno 2022 primam editionem criticam operum omnium absolvit. Castellum de Ferney, a re publica Francogallica anno 1999 emptum et refectum, anno 2018 publico patefactum est; in villa Delicarum Genavae institutum et museum ei dicata sunt. In communi hominum opinione Voltarius signum libertatis loquendi et adversus fanaticos constantiae manet, adeo ut omnes ei sententiam tribuant quam numquam scripsit: ''Je ne suis pas d'accord avec ce que vous dites, mais je me battrai pour que vous ayez le droit de le dire'' (non adsentior iis quae dicis, sed pugnabo ut ius ea dicendi habeas), quae verba anno 1906 Evelyn Beatrice Hall, vitae eius scriptrix Anglica, ad mentem eius exprimendam finxit<ref>Evelyn Beatrice Hall, ''The Friends of Voltaire'', Londinii, 1906.</ref>. Dictum duci de Gaulle attributum, cum Sartre philosophum in iudicium vocari vetuisset, ''on n'arrête pas Voltaire'' (Voltarius non comprehenditur), idem aliter significat: nomen in institutum abiit<ref>Dictum variis formis relatum de recusato anno 1960 iudicio in Jean-Paul Sartre; verba ipsa num dicta sint non constat.</ref>. Post caedem mense Ianuario 2015 in diurnarios ephemeridis ''Charlie Hebdo'' factam, ''Traité sur la tolérance'', liber duorum et dimidii saeculorum, in Francogallia breviter rursus inter libros maxime venditos fuit. Ducentis quinquaginta fere annis post mortem elapsis, is qui ''Écrasez l'Infâme'' subscribebat manet id quod in eo Hugo videbat: non tam auctor quam causa. == Dicta == * Si [[Deus]] non exstaret, opus esset eum fingere (''Si Dieu n'existait pas, il faudrait l'inventer'') * [[Veritas|Veritatem]] ama, [[tolerantia|concede]] errorem (''Aime la vérité, mais pardonne à l'erreur''.) * Opinio [[praeiudicium|praeiudicata]] est [[opinio]] sine [[ratio]]ne (''Le préjugé est une opinion sans jugement''.) * [[Vocabulum|Verbis]] tuis non convenio, sed usque ad [[mors|mortem]] pugnabo ut [[libertas loquendi|ius dicendi]] habeas (''Je ne suis pas d'accord avec ce que vous dites, mais je me battrai jusqu'à la mort pour que vous ayez le droit de le dire.'')<ref name=":0">''Voltarii Henriados: editio nova, Latinis versibus & Gallicis, q. dedicat [[:en:Karl Theodor Anton Maria von Dalberg|Carolo-Theodoro]], [[Calcius Cappavallis]]'', 1772. https://books.google.fi/books?id=_qVZAAAAcAAJ</ref> == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == ; Bibliographica * Mary Margaret Harrison Barr, ''Quarante années d'études voltairiennes, bibliographie analytique des livres et articles sur Voltaire, 1926-1965''. Lutetiae: A. Colin, 1968 {{Ling|Francogallice}} * Mary Margaret Harrison Barr, ''A Century of Voltaire Study. A Bibliography of Writings on Voltaire, 1825-1925''. Novi Eboraci: B. Franklin, 1972 {{Ling|Anglice}} * George Bengescu, ''Voltaire, bibliographie de ses œuvres''. 4 voll. Lutetiae: Perrin, 1882-1890 {{Ling|Francogallice}} * Theodore Bestermann, ''Some Eighteenth-century Voltaire editions unknown to Bengesco''. Banbury: Voltaire Foundation, 1973 {{Ling|Anglice}} * Frederick A. Spear, ''Bibliographie analytique des écrits relatifs a Voltaire: 1966-1990''. Oxoniae: Voltaire Foundation, 1992 {{Ling|Francogallice}} ; Editiones fontium * Frédéric S. Eigeldinger, Raymond Trousson, edd., ''Sébastien Longchamp: Anecdotes sur la vie privée de Monsieur de Voltaire''. Lutetiae: Champion, 2009. ISBN 978-2-7453-1861-9 {{Ling|Francogallice}} ; Encyclopaedica * Nicholas Cronk, ed., ''The Cambridge Companion to Voltaire''. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 2009 {{Ling|Anglice}} * Jean Goulemot, André Magnan, Didier Masseau, edd., ''Inventaire Voltaire''. Lutetiae: Gallimard, 1995. ISBN 978-2-07-073757-4 {{Ling|Francogallice}} * Raymond Trousson, Jeroom Vercruysse, edd., ''Dictionnaire général de Voltaire par lui-même''. Lutetiae: Champion, 2003 {{Ling|Francogallice}} * André Versaille, ed., ''Dictionnaire de la pensée de Voltaire''. Bruxellis: Editions Complexe, 1994 {{Ling|Francogallice}} ; De vita * Theodore Besterman, ''Voltaire.'' 1969 {{Ling|Anglice}} * Rémy Bijaoui, ''Voltaire avocat. Calas, Sirven et autres affaires ...''. Lutetiae: Tallandier, 1994. ISBN 978-2-235-02118-0 {{Ling|Francogallice}} * Ian Davidson, ''Voltaire. A Life.'' Londinii: Profile Books, 2010. ISBN 978184668261 {{Ling|Anglice}} * Jacques Donvez, ''De quoi vivait Voltaire ?''. Lutetiae: Deux Rives, 1949 {{Ling|Francogallice}} * Max Gallo, ''Moi, j’écris pour agir: vie de Voltaire''. Lutetiae: Fayard, 2008 {{Ling|Francogallice}} * Jean Goldzink, ''Voltaire, la légende de saint Arouet''. Lutetiae: Gallimard, 1989 {{Ling|Francogallice}} * Patricia Ménissier, ''Les Amies de Voltaire dans la correspondance : 1749-1778''. Lutetiae: H. Champion, 2007 {{Ling|Francogallice}} * Pierre Milza, ''Voltaire''. Lutetiae: Perrin, 2007. ISBN 978-2-262-02251-8 {{Ling|Francogallice}} * Jean Orieux, ''Voltaire''. Lutetiae: Flammarion, 1966 {{Ling|Francogallice}} * Christophe Paillard, ''Voltaire en son château de Ferney''. Lutetiae: Éditions du Patrimoine, 2010. ISBN 978-2-7577-0027-3 {{Ling|Francogallice}} * Roger Pearson, ''Voltaire Almighty: a life in pursuit of freedom.'' Londinii: Bloomsbury, 2005. ISBN 978-1-58234-630-4 {{Ling|Anglice}} * René Pomeau, René Vaillot, Christine Mervaud, ''Voltaire en son temps''. 5 voll. Oxoniae: Voltaire Foundation {{Ling|Francogallice}} * René Pomeau, ''Voltaire en son temps. I: D'Arouet à Voltaire''. Oxoniae: Voltaire Foundation, 1985 {{Ling|Francogallice}} * Raymond Trousson, ''Voltaire''. Lutetiae: Tallandier, 2015 {{Ling|Francogallice}} * René Pomeau, ''Voltaire en son temps, 1694-1791'' [editio compendiosa]. Lutetiae: Fayard, 1995. ISBN 9782213595535 {{Ling|Francogallice}} * Ghislain Waterlot, ''Voltaire : le procureur des Lumières''. Lutetiae: Michalon, 1996 {{Ling|Francogallice}} ; De opere et philosophia * Urs App, ''The Birth of Orientalism''. Philadelphiae: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-8122-4261-4 {{Ling|Anglice}} * J. H. Brumfitt, ''Voltaire: Historian.'' 1958 {{Ling|Anglice}} [http://www.questia.com/read/14509369?title=Voltaire%3a%20Historian Questia] * Peter Gay, ''Voltaire's Politics: The Poet as Realist.'' Novo Portu: Yale University Press, 1988 {{Ling|Anglice}} * Djavâd Hadidi, ''Voltaire et l'Islam''. Lutetiae: Publications Orientalistes de France, 1974 {{Ling|Francogallice}} * Betina L. Knapp, ''Voltaire Revisited.'' 2000 {{Ling|Anglice}} * Pierre Lepape, ''Voltaire le conquérant : naissance des intellectuels au siècle des Lumières''. Lutetiae: Seuil, 1997 {{Ling|Francogallice}} * Véronique Le Ru, ''Voltaire newtonien. Le combat d’un philosophe pour la science''. Lutetiae: Vuibert/ADAPT, 2005. ISBN 978-2-7117-5374-1 {{Ling|Francogallice}} * Xavier Martin, ''Voltaire méconnu : aspects cachés de l’humanisme des Lumières (1750-1800)''. Lutetiae: Dominique Martin Morin, 2006. ISBN 978-2-85652-303-2 {{Ling|Francogallice}} * Éliane Martin-Haag, ''Voltaire. Du cartésianisme aux Lumières''. Lutetiae: Vrin, 2002. ISBN 978-2-7116-1537-7 {{Ling|Francogallice}} * Sylvain Menant, ''Esthétique de Voltaire''. Lutetiae: SEDES, 1995. ISBN 978-2-7181-1555-9 {{Ling|Francogallice}} * Jerry Z. Muller, ''The Mind and the Market: Capitalism in Western Thought.'' Anchor Books, 2002 {{Ling|Anglice}} * René Pomeau, ''La Religion de Voltaire''. Lutetiae: Librairie Nizet, 1974 {{Ling|Francogallice}} * Bertram Eugene Schwarzbach, ''Voltaire's Old Testament Criticism.'' Genavae: Librairie Droz, 1971 {{Ling|Francogallice}} * Ira Owen Wade, ''Studies on Voltaire.'' Novi Eboraci: Russell & Russell, 1967 {{Ling|Anglice}} * Ira Owen Wade, ''The Intellectual Development of Voltaire''. Princetoniae: Princeton University Press, 1969 {{Ling|Anglice}} ; Fama et fortuna * Guy Chaussinand-Nogaret, ''Voltaire et le siècle des Lumières''. Bruxellis: Éditions Complexe, 1994 {{Ling|Francogallice}} * Will Durant, ''The Age of Voltaire.'' Novi Eboraci: Simon and Schuster (''The Story of Civilization'', 9) {{Ling|Anglice}} * Guillaume Métayer, ''Nietzsche et Voltaire. De la liberté de l’esprit de la civilisation''. Lutetiae: Flammarion, 2011. ISBN 978-2-08-124925-7 {{Ling|Francogallice}} * Ricardo J. Quinones, ''Erasmus and Voltaire: Why They Still Matter.'' Toronti: University of Toronto Press, 2010 {{Ling|Anglice}} * Norman L. Torrey, ''The Spirit of Voltaire.'' Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press, 1938 {{Ling|Anglice}} * Raymond Trousson, ''Voltaire 1778-1878''. Lutetiae: PUPS, 2008 {{Ling|Francogallice}} ; Aliae encyclopaediae * Günther Mensching, "[http://www.philosophie-woerterbuch.de/online-woerterbuch/?title=Voltaire&tx_gbwbphilosophie_main%5Baction%5D=show&tx_gbwbphilosophie_main%5Bcontroller%5D=Lexicon&tx_gbwbphilosophie_main%5Bentry%5D=54&cHash=d7ca468a9355b3b066823a39d8d37f11 Voltaire]" in ''Online-Wörterbuch Philosophie'' {{Ling|Theodisce}} * John Bennett Shank, "[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/voltaire/ Voltaire]" in ''[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]'' (2009) {{Ling|Anglice}} * Karl Vorländer, "[http://www.textlog.de/6278.html Voltaire]" in Karl Vorländer, ''Geschichte der Philosophie'' (1902) {{Ling|Theodisce}} {{NexInt}} * [[5676 Voltaire]], asteroides * [[Philosophia historiae]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Voltaire|Voltarium}} {{Fontes biographici}} {{Vicifons|:fr:Auteur:Voltaire|Voltarium}} * ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110411045242/http://societe-voltaire.org/ Société Voltaire]'' iuxta Ferney * ''[http://voltaire.lire.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr Société des études voltairiennes]'' apud Sorbonam * [http://athena.unige.ch/athena/voltaire/voltaire.html Opera Voltarii]: editiones interretiales apud Universitatem Genavensem * ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130602232757/http://www.voltaire.ox.ac.uk/www_vf/default.ssi Voltaire Foundation]'' ("Opus Fundatum Voltarium") * ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110315031841/http://www.correspondance-voltaire.de/index.php Correspondance Voltaire]'' {{Ling|Theodisce}} * "[http://www.academie-francaise.fr/les-immortels/francois-marie-arouet-dit-voltaire François-Marie AROUET, dit VOLTAIRE]" apud Academiam Francicam * Raymond Trousson, "[http://www.memo.fr/dossier.asp?ID=629 La vie de Voltaire]" * "[https://web.archive.org/web/20060219104028/http://www.biblioweb.org/-VOLTAIRE-.html Voltaire]": vita et opera. Pagina olim apud ''BiblioWeb'' divulgata {{Lifetime|1694|1778|Voltarius}} [[Categoria:Aevum illuminationis]] [[Categoria:Auctores Francogallici]] [[Categoria:Deistae]] [[Categoria:Epici]] [[Categoria:Epistolographi]] [[Categoria:Francomurarii]] [[Categoria:Historici Franciae]] [[Categoria:Les Neuf Sœurs]] [[Categoria:Ontologi]] [[Categoria:Philosophi Franciae]] [[Categoria:Philosophi historiae]] [[Categoria:Philosophi sexualitatis]] [[Categoria:Poetae Franciae]] [[Categoria:Politici Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores mythistoriarum Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores pseudonymi]] [[Categoria:Autobiographi]] [[Categoria:Socii Academiae Francicae]] [[Categoria:Socii Academiae Scientiarum Borussicae]] [[Categoria:Socii Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]] [[Categoria:Voltarius|!]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Homines}} jifw24pyodh2e0nj2b0ix19eqw7bolp 0 26086 3972615 3671567 2026-07-18T10:40:49Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3972615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Saarbruecken-alte-brucke2.jpg|thumb|Pons vetus]] '''Pons Saravi'''<ref>"Pons Saravi": vide titulum operis Meyer (2017)</ref> vel '''Saravipons''' {{victio|Saravipons|pontis|masc}}, etiam '''Saravipontum''' ([[Theodisce]] ''Saarbrücken''), est [[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Saravia]]e ex anno [[1947]]. ''[[Vox Latina]],'' [[periodicum]] [[Latine|Latinum]], ibi editur. Sedes est etiam [[unio Esperantica Saraviensis|Unionis Esperanticae Saraviensis]]. == De etymologia nominis == Fortasse vocabulum Germanicum ''Saarbrücken'' non ad ''Brücke'' seu pontem refert, sed aut ad [[Mons ruptus|Montem Ruptum]] (Theodisce ''Brocken'') seu saxum vel molem aut ad vetus vocabulum ''Broich'' quod paludem significat. == Descriptio == Urbs in regione clivosa et silvosa sita industriarum centrum et commeatus nodus in valle [[Saravus|Saravi fluvii]] est. Numerantur inter eius genera industriarum tractatio metallorum, constructio vehiculorum machinarumque, alimentorum fabricatio et vestimentorum officinae. In oppidi vicinitate exercetur carbo fossilis. Multa ministeria sedem Saraviponte habent, etiam instituta explorationis et educationis: ibidem est Tribunal de Reipublicae legibus et institutis, Superius institutum artis metallicae, Universitas Saraviae, Universitas technicorum et oeconomicorum studiorum, Specialis universitas artis metallicae, Institutum Max Planck de rebus informaticis et Institutum Fraunhofer. Nec obliviscaris mentionem facere de diversis aliis museis theatrisve. Quamvis permulta [[Secundum bellum mundanum|Secundo bello mundano]] destructa sint, plura aedificia historica - etiam interim reconstructa - spectari possunt, e.g.: Pons ligneus trans Saravum (anni 1546), haud procul sita gothica Ecclesia Sancti Arnualis et Castellum circum medium saeculum 15-um erectum. Ad castelli latus visibilis est Ecclesia castrensis genere [[gothica]]e posterioris aedificata, in qua sunt sepulchra dynastiae Nassau-Saarbrücken. Hac in regione, quae bello erat [[carcer]]i apud [[Gestapo]], secretos [[vigil|custodes]] publicos, mense Maio anni 2004 locus commemorativus ad victimas honorandas est inauguratus. == Historia == Prima vestigia usque vicum quendam Galloromanicum referri possunt, qui ab saeculo 1-o usque ad saeculum 5-um exstabat. Sub burgo, cuius prima mentio fuit anno 999, orta est colonia Veteris Saravipontis saeculo 11-o. Ad sinistram fluvii ripam colonia Sancti Ioannis exstitit apparens in documentis ex anno 1265. Anno 1321 utrumque oppidum iura urbana assecutum est. Medio in saeculo 16-a pons lapideus restituit commeatum pontonum. Utraque urbs negotiando mox effloruit et centrum Ducatus Nassau-Saarbrücken facta est. Anno 1801 Saravipons [[Francia]]e adiunctus est, anno 1815 [[Borussia]]e. Inductio industriarum venit exercendis carbonibus inde ab anno 1850. Anno 1865 aperta sunt Metalla Burbach: illo tempore vicus omnino neglectus Malstatt-Burbach urbs ampla factus est; ipsa anno 1909 addita est Saraviponti. Post ambo Bella mundana territorium ad Saravum a Francis administratum est (1919-1935 veluti 1945-1957). Saravipons habet circiter 183.000 incolarum. == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == * Nicolas Meyer, "[https://journals.openedition.org/gallia/2430 Les agglomérations de Sarrebourg/Pons Saravi (Moselle) et de Saverne/Tabernis‑Tres Tabernae (Bas-Rhin) : deux destins de part et d’autre des Vosges durant l’Antiquité tardive]" in ''Gallia'' vol. 74 (2017) pp. 209-221 * "Saarbrücken" in ''Microsoft Encarta 2007 Enzyklopädie'' (2006) (fons primarius huius commentationis) == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Saarbrücken|Saravipontem}} {{Fontes geographici}} {{Formula:Urbes quae sunt capita terrarum foederalium Germanicarum}} [[Categoria:Saravipons| ]] [[Categoria:Urbes Galliae Romanae]] p62kf26i9ilb4206n2hqjscn6ec6e2j 0 30279 3972557 3842097 2026-07-17T19:22:17Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3972557 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Porträtt. Gustav II Adolf. Merian - Skoklosters slott - 56372.tif|thumb|250px|Gustavus II Adolphus rex Sueciae magnus, in habitu Polonico]] [[File:Gustav II Adolf landstiger i Tyskland.jpg|thumb|Rex exponitur in Germania anno 1630 e nave egrediens et protestantibus auxilium laturus]] [[File:Gustavadolfbrunnen erfurt2.JPG|thumb|Monumentum Gustavi Adolphi Erfordiense]] [[File:Serno memorial Schwedenstein.jpg|thumb|200px|Serno in vico monumentum, ubi rex pugnans olim obierat]] '''Gustavus II Adolphus''', qui dicitur Magnus, ( [[Lingua Suedica|Suedice]] ''Gustaf II Adolf Vasa'' natus [[Holmia]]e die [[19 Decembris]]<ref>[[9 Decembris]] apud [[Calendarium Iulianum]]</ref> [[1594]] – obiit die [[16 Novembris]]<ref>[[6 Novembris]] apud Calendarium Iulianum</ref> [[1632]] [[Lucena (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Lucenae]] in [[saxonia-Anhaltium|Saxonia-Anhaltio]]), filius [[Carolus IX (rex Sueciae)|Caroli IX]] fuit Rex [[Suecia]]e ab anno [[1611]] usque ad [[mors|mortem]]. Sententiae eius fuerunt: ''Gloria Altissimo Suorum Refugio'' et ''Cum Deo et victoribus armis''. Gustavus Adolphum Sueciam terram ab omnibus maximi putatam fecit, minas contrareformatorias a [[Germania]] avertens. Victoriis multis partis et morte in aciebus accepta gloria porro amplificata est. ==Vita== Cum pater mortuus esset, adulescens XVII annorum secundum leges nondum adulta aetate erat. Nihilominus senatores, qui pericula externa bene agnoverant, eum regem novum declaraverunt. Quoniam tunc [[Russia]], [[Polonia]] et [[Dania]] cum Suecia belligerabant Gustavus Adolphus iuvenis quaequae necessaria machinabatur, ut pax conciliaretur. Danis pecuniae multae concessae sunt, ut territoria expugnata redderentur. Quo acrius in Russos Polonosque dimicatum est. Cum Russi propter victimas ad pacem reducerentur, Polonia ad armisticium annos sex duraturum coacta est. Inimicus autem eius maximus imperator [[Ferdinandus II (imperator)|Ferdinandus II]] fuisse videtur, cui in animo tam protestantismi excidium quam Suecorum contumelia. [[Bellum triginta annorum|Bello triginta annorum]] sors protestantium in extremo stabat, cum Gustavus Adolphus pius summo studio ad religiosam libertatem salvandam in meridiem profectus est. Antea autem filiam [[Christina (regina Sueciae)|Christinam]] throni heredem in curia praesentaverat. Anno [[1631]] die [[17 Septembris]] [[Ioannes Tserclaes de Tilly]] dux militum [[Imperator Romanus Sacer|imperatoris]] apud [[Lipsia]]m proelio victus est et die [[18 Octobris]] copiae [[Suecia]]e [[Herbipolis|Herbipolim]] expugnaverunt. Die [[23 Decembris]] 1631 Gustavus II Adolphus [[Moguntiacum]] obsessum expugnavit. Victorias gloriosas multas detulit ex catholicis sed die 6 Novembris 1632 ipse morti in pugna ad obiit. Incertum est, utrum ab adversariis tormentis mortuus an ab homicida corrupto interfectus sit. Cadaver autem [[Leucopetra]]e conditum in Sueciam transportatum est, cum cor in delubro ad Meuchen sepeliretur. In via inter [[Lipsia]]m et [[Lucena (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Lucenam]] monumentum lapideum est quod lingua vernacula ''Schwedenstein'' nominatur: regem Suecicum haud procul animam efflavisse fertur. [[Erfordia]]e stat sic dictus [[Puteus famis (Erfordia)|Puteus famis]] quo memoria de rege Suecico et Bello triginta annorum habeatur. == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == * Felix Berner: ''Der Löwe aus Mitternacht.'' Verlag Bechtermünz, 1997. * Gustav Droysen: ''Gustaf Adolf.'' 2 Bde. Veit & Comp. Lipsiae 1869–1870. * Jörg-Peter Findeisen: ''Gustav II. Adolf von Schweden: der Eroberer aus dem Norden.'' Katz, Gernsbach 2005, ISBN 3-938047-08-9. *Marcus Junkelmann: ''Gustav Adolf (1594–1632): Schwedens Aufstieg zur Großmacht''. Friedrich Pustet, Ratisbonae 1993, ISBN 3-7917-1397-3. * Jenny Öhman, Richard Hufschmied: ''„1920 der schwedischen Nation gewidmet“. Zur Geschichte des Kollers des Schwedenkönigs Gustav II. Adolf.'' In: ''Viribus Unitis. Jahresbericht 2007 des Heeresgeschichtlichen Museums'', Vindobonae 2008, ISBN 978-3-902551-06-1, p. 35–52. * Hans Pehle: ''Der „Rheinübergang“ des Schwedenkönigs Gustav II. Adolf. Ein Ereignis im Dreißigjährigen Krieg.'' Forum-Verlag, Riedstadt 2005, ISBN 3-937316-15-9. * Michael Roberts: ''Gustavus Adolphus.'' Longman, Londinii 1953–1958. * E. M. Earle (Hrsg.): ''Makers of Modern Strategy: Military Thought from Machiavelli to Hitler.'' 1948. * {{ADB|10|189|212|Gustav II. Adolf|[[Karl Wittich]]|ADB:Gustav II. Adolf}} * {{BBKL|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629145318/http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/g/gustav_ii_a.shtml |autor=[[Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz]]|band=2|spalten=397–404}} * Maik Reichel, Inger Schuberth: ''Gustav Adolf, König von Schweden. Die Kraft der Erinnerung 1632–2007.'' Dössel 2007, ISBN 978-3-89923-165-6. ==Nexus externi== {{commonscat|Gustav II Adolf of Sweden|Gustavum II Adolphum}} *[https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Gustav_II._Adolf Fontes varii litterarum biographiaeque] *Sverker Oredsson: [https://popularhistoria.se/sveriges-historia/kungar-drottningar/gustav-adolfs-liv-efter-lutzen ''Gustav II Adolfs liv efter Lützen''], 1993 *Katarina Schoerner: [https://popularhistoria.se/civilisationer/regenter/levde-i-en-standig-kamp-om-makten ''Gustav II Adolf levde i en ständig kamp om makten''], 1994 [[Categoria:Reges Sueciae]] [[Categoria:Nati 1594]] [[categoria:Bellum tricennale]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1632]] [[Categoria:Vasae]] dtkumpjz1ov0tcgpp1e260nlafkioqa 0 32801 3972510 3972364 2026-07-17T14:51:26Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Fontes */ 3972510 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} [[Imago:Stilico diptych.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Diptychon consulare]] Stilichonis anni circiter [[400]], [[Modicia]]e in thesauro ecclesiae cathedralis conservatum. Monstrat autem Stilichonem cum uxore [[Serena]] et filio [[Eucherius (filius Stilichonis)|Eucherio]]. Puerorum in clipeo Stilichonis sculptorum sunt qui [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] [[Honorius|Honoriique]] fratrum Augustorum imagines esse doceant, ut quorum pro tutela atque patrono Stilicho se gesserit.]] {{res|Flavius Stilicho}} (anno [[359]] circiter natus anno [[408]] die [[22 Augusti|22 mensis Augusti]] [[Ravenna]]e iussu [[Heraclianus|Heracliani]] ducis exercitus [[imperator]]is [[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorii]] supplicio adfectus) fuit [[magister militum]] originis [[barbari]]cae<ref>''semi barbarus; [[Vandali|vandalus]]</ref> et [[Comes|comes stabuli]] et [[consul]] annorum [[400]] et [[405]]. Testis atque interpres rerum a Stilichone gestarum maximus [[Claudianus]] poeta extat in carminibus 2–28 et nonnullis carminibus minoribus. Contra ab [[Orosius|Orosio]] Stilichonis facta depinguntur ut vituperanda. Quod Vandalus erat, etiam [[Arianismus|Arianus]]. ==De vita== Stilicho in hodierna [[Germania]] a patre [[Vandali|Vandalo]] natus est, auxiliario in exercitu Romano, et matre quae civis [[Roma|Romana]] erat. Tamen semper se Romanum putavit etiamsi erat, sicut plurimi Germani, [[Arianismus|Arianus]], ergo putatus [[Haeresis|haereticus]]. Correcte tres linguas principales illius temporis loquebatur: [[Lingua Germanica|Germanicam]] communem, [[Lingua Latina|Latinam]] [[Lingua Graeca|Graecamque]]. Historiographiae vir videtur multum ambiguus: putatus dux fidelis causae Imperii Romani, egit negative{{dubsig}} pro se. Nam [[Alaricus|Alaricum]] non pepulit neque limitem ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] servavit. [[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] regnante, qui ultimus utriusque partis Imperi imperator fuit, miles Romanus fuit. Anno [[384]] eum ad regem Persam {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sapor III|Saporem III|en|qid=Q310267}} misit, ut de pace et partitione [[Armenia|Armeniae]] ageret. Missio felix fuit et Stilicho, cum Theodosium [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] adisset, generalis factus est, ut limites a [[Visigothi|Visigothibus]] defenderet: ille hoc negotium per circa viginta annos habuit. Theodosius quia virtutem eius videbat, ei Serenam suam nepotem uxorem dedit, quae postea filia adoptiva fuit. Eo coniugio nati sunt filius [[Eucherius]] et duae filiae, Maria et Termantia, quae uxores imperatoris [[Honorius|Honorii]] fuerunt . Imperatore [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] anno [[392]] interfecto, Stilicho exercitum paravit quod, Theodosio duce, [[Eugenius (imperator)|Flavium Eugenium]] proelio ad flumen Frigidum vicit. In hac quoque pugna Stilicho imperavit, cum haberet subordinatum Alaricum Visigothum (deinde suum inimicum), qui magnam auxiliariorum [[Gothi|Gothorum]] copiam ducebat. Anno [[400]] una cum [[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]] consulatum gessit. [[Monumentum]] [[marmor]]eum annis circa 400 factum et dictum sepulcrum Stilichonis in [[basilica]] sancti [[Ambrosius|Ambrosii]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] exstat, sed Stilicho hac in urbe sepultus esse vix veri simile videtur. Nam primo testimonia desunt, deinde omnino corpus illis temporibus inquietissimis ac bellicosis a loco supplicii Mediolanum tralatum esse a multis viris doctis denegatur. == Notae == <references /> == Fontes == *[[CIL]] V.6250, VI.1188-1190, VI.1730-4, VI.31987-9, IX,4051, XIV.165. [[L'Année épigraphique|AE]] 1926,124 * [[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]], ''De consulatu Stilichonis'' et alia poemata * ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' * [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]] ''[[Historia nova]]'' * [[Orosius|Paulus Orosius]], ''[[Historiae adversum paganos]]'' * [[Claudius Rutilius Namatianus]], ''De reditu suo'' * [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' IV.1-14 == Plura legere si cupis == *Emma Burrell, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436726 A Re-Examination of Why Stilicho Abandoned His Pursuit of Alaric in 397]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2004: 251-256 * Alan Cameron, "[https://www.academia.edu/25506845/Theodosius_the_Great_and_the_Regency_of_Stilico Theodosius the Great and the regency of Stilico]", ''Harvard Studies'', 1969: 247-280 *Emilienne Demougeot, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44168669 Note sur la politique orientale de Stilichon de 405 à 407]", ''Byzantion'', 1950(II): 27-37 * [[Eduardus Gibbon]], ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'' * Ian Hughes, ''Stilicho : the Vandal who saved Rome'', Pen and Sword Military, 2021 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=79TIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT74&hl=fr&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/852/mode/2up 853-858] *Rudolf Keller, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=jMDTNtkscXQC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Stilicho, oder, Die Geschichte des weströmischen Reiches von 395-408]'', Berolini, 1884 *[[Theodorus Mommsenus|Theodorus Mommsen]], "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4472880 Stilicho und Alarich]", ''Hermes'', 1903: 101-115 * Bruno Pottier, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2005_num_117_1_10947 Un pamphlet contre Stilichon dans l’Histoire Auguste : la vie de Maximin Le Thrace]", ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2005 (117-1): 223-267 * Santo Mazzarino, ''Stilicone. La Crisi Imperiale dopo Teodosio'', [[1942]] (Rizzoli ISBN 978-88-17-33616-1) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1942_num_11_2_2700_t1_0335_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 *Lucien Sigayret, "[https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/29079 Les deux voyages de Stilichon]" in ''Bouleversants voyages'', Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 2000: 85-100 *Michaël Vannesse, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_1_7794 L’armée romaine en Occident sous Stilichon (395-408 ap. J.-C.) : le témoignage des décrets impériaux]", ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2010: 99-112 * Edmundus Vogt, ''[https://archive.org/details/clclaudianicarmi00vogt/mode/2up Cl. Claudiani carminum quae Stiliconem praedicant fides historica ex comparatione ceterorum fontium recensetur]'', Bonnae, 1863 '''LATINE''' == Nexus externi == {{communia|Stilicho|Flavium Stilichonem}} * Guillaume Vincent, ''Stilicon, architecte de la victoire: un examen du rôle stratégique du général lors de la bataille de la rivière Frigidus'' [https://mastersfdl.hypotheses.org/6020 Investigatio] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropius]] et [[Flavius Mallius Theodorus]]| annus= 400<br />cum<br />[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]]| successores=[[Flavius Fravitta]] et [[Flavius Vincentius]]}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] VI et [[Aristaenetus]]| annus= 405<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] VI et [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|408|Stilicho, Flavius}} [[Categoria:Ductores exercitus]] [[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Morte damnati]] 5xp06bei1rdpkxjumef9vj3sbbdah9g 3972511 3972510 2026-07-17T14:53:25Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De vita */ 3972511 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} [[Imago:Stilico diptych.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Diptychon consulare]] Stilichonis anni circiter [[400]], [[Modicia]]e in thesauro ecclesiae cathedralis conservatum. Monstrat autem Stilichonem cum uxore [[Serena]] et filio [[Eucherius (filius Stilichonis)|Eucherio]]. Puerorum in clipeo Stilichonis sculptorum sunt qui [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] [[Honorius|Honoriique]] fratrum Augustorum imagines esse doceant, ut quorum pro tutela atque patrono Stilicho se gesserit.]] {{res|Flavius Stilicho}} (anno [[359]] circiter natus anno [[408]] die [[22 Augusti|22 mensis Augusti]] [[Ravenna]]e iussu [[Heraclianus|Heracliani]] ducis exercitus [[imperator]]is [[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorii]] supplicio adfectus) fuit [[magister militum]] originis [[barbari]]cae<ref>''semi barbarus; [[Vandali|vandalus]]</ref> et [[Comes|comes stabuli]] et [[consul]] annorum [[400]] et [[405]]. Testis atque interpres rerum a Stilichone gestarum maximus [[Claudianus]] poeta extat in carminibus 2–28 et nonnullis carminibus minoribus. Contra ab [[Orosius|Orosio]] Stilichonis facta depinguntur ut vituperanda. Quod Vandalus erat, etiam [[Arianismus|Arianus]]. ==De vita== Stilicho in hodierna [[Germania]] a patre [[Vandali|Vandalo]] natus est, auxiliario in exercitu Romano<ref>''De consulatu Stilichonis'' 359.</ref>, et matre quae civis [[Roma|Romana]] erat. Tamen semper se Romanum putavit etiamsi erat, sicut plurimi Germani, [[Arianismus|Arianus]], ergo putatus [[Haeresis|haereticus]]. Correcte tres linguas principales illius temporis loquebatur: [[Lingua Germanica|Germanicam]] communem, [[Lingua Latina|Latinam]] [[Lingua Graeca|Graecamque]]. Historiographiae vir videtur multum ambiguus: putatus dux fidelis causae Imperii Romani, egit negative{{dubsig}} pro se. Nam [[Alaricus|Alaricum]] non pepulit neque limitem ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] servavit. [[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] regnante, qui ultimus utriusque partis Imperi imperator fuit, miles Romanus fuit. Anno [[384]] eum ad regem Persam {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sapor III|Saporem III|en|qid=Q310267}} misit, ut de pace et partitione [[Armenia|Armeniae]] ageret. Missio felix fuit et Stilicho, cum Theodosium [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] adisset, generalis factus est, ut limites a [[Visigothi|Visigothibus]] defenderet: ille hoc negotium per circa viginta annos habuit. Theodosius quia virtutem eius videbat, ei Serenam suam nepotem uxorem dedit, quae postea filia adoptiva fuit. Eo coniugio nati sunt filius [[Eucherius]] et duae filiae, Maria et Termantia, quae uxores imperatoris [[Honorius|Honorii]] fuerunt . Imperatore [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] anno [[392]] interfecto, Stilicho exercitum paravit quod, Theodosio duce, [[Eugenius (imperator)|Flavium Eugenium]] proelio ad flumen Frigidum vicit. In hac quoque pugna Stilicho imperavit, cum haberet subordinatum Alaricum Visigothum (deinde suum inimicum), qui magnam auxiliariorum [[Gothi|Gothorum]] copiam ducebat. Anno [[400]] una cum [[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]] consulatum gessit. [[Monumentum]] [[marmor]]eum annis circa 400 factum et dictum sepulcrum Stilichonis in [[basilica]] sancti [[Ambrosius|Ambrosii]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] exstat, sed Stilicho hac in urbe sepultus esse vix veri simile videtur. Nam primo testimonia desunt, deinde omnino corpus illis temporibus inquietissimis ac bellicosis a loco supplicii Mediolanum tralatum esse a multis viris doctis denegatur. == Notae == <references /> == Fontes == *[[CIL]] V.6250, VI.1188-1190, VI.1730-4, VI.31987-9, IX,4051, XIV.165. [[L'Année épigraphique|AE]] 1926,124 * [[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]], ''De consulatu Stilichonis'' et alia poemata * ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' * [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]] ''[[Historia nova]]'' * [[Orosius|Paulus Orosius]], ''[[Historiae adversum paganos]]'' * [[Claudius Rutilius Namatianus]], ''De reditu suo'' * [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' IV.1-14 == Plura legere si cupis == *Emma Burrell, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436726 A Re-Examination of Why Stilicho Abandoned His Pursuit of Alaric in 397]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2004: 251-256 * Alan Cameron, "[https://www.academia.edu/25506845/Theodosius_the_Great_and_the_Regency_of_Stilico Theodosius the Great and the regency of Stilico]", ''Harvard Studies'', 1969: 247-280 *Emilienne Demougeot, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44168669 Note sur la politique orientale de Stilichon de 405 à 407]", ''Byzantion'', 1950(II): 27-37 * [[Eduardus Gibbon]], ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'' * Ian Hughes, ''Stilicho : the Vandal who saved Rome'', Pen and Sword Military, 2021 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=79TIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT74&hl=fr&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/852/mode/2up 853-858] *Rudolf Keller, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=jMDTNtkscXQC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Stilicho, oder, Die Geschichte des weströmischen Reiches von 395-408]'', Berolini, 1884 *[[Theodorus Mommsenus|Theodorus Mommsen]], "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4472880 Stilicho und Alarich]", ''Hermes'', 1903: 101-115 * Bruno Pottier, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2005_num_117_1_10947 Un pamphlet contre Stilichon dans l’Histoire Auguste : la vie de Maximin Le Thrace]", ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2005 (117-1): 223-267 * Santo Mazzarino, ''Stilicone. La Crisi Imperiale dopo Teodosio'', [[1942]] (Rizzoli ISBN 978-88-17-33616-1) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1942_num_11_2_2700_t1_0335_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 *Lucien Sigayret, "[https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/29079 Les deux voyages de Stilichon]" in ''Bouleversants voyages'', Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 2000: 85-100 *Michaël Vannesse, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_1_7794 L’armée romaine en Occident sous Stilichon (395-408 ap. J.-C.) : le témoignage des décrets impériaux]", ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2010: 99-112 * Edmundus Vogt, ''[https://archive.org/details/clclaudianicarmi00vogt/mode/2up Cl. Claudiani carminum quae Stiliconem praedicant fides historica ex comparatione ceterorum fontium recensetur]'', Bonnae, 1863 '''LATINE''' == Nexus externi == {{communia|Stilicho|Flavium Stilichonem}} * Guillaume Vincent, ''Stilicon, architecte de la victoire: un examen du rôle stratégique du général lors de la bataille de la rivière Frigidus'' [https://mastersfdl.hypotheses.org/6020 Investigatio] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropius]] et [[Flavius Mallius Theodorus]]| annus= 400<br />cum<br />[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]]| successores=[[Flavius Fravitta]] et [[Flavius Vincentius]]}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] VI et [[Aristaenetus]]| annus= 405<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] VI et [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|408|Stilicho, Flavius}} [[Categoria:Ductores exercitus]] [[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Morte damnati]] 5a3l748dpz3kq9asgoigr2gwflz17h0 3972513 3972511 2026-07-17T15:02:57Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De vita */ 3972513 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} [[Imago:Stilico diptych.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Diptychon consulare]] Stilichonis anni circiter [[400]], [[Modicia]]e in thesauro ecclesiae cathedralis conservatum. Monstrat autem Stilichonem cum uxore [[Serena]] et filio [[Eucherius (filius Stilichonis)|Eucherio]]. Puerorum in clipeo Stilichonis sculptorum sunt qui [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] [[Honorius|Honoriique]] fratrum Augustorum imagines esse doceant, ut quorum pro tutela atque patrono Stilicho se gesserit.]] {{res|Flavius Stilicho}} (anno [[359]] circiter natus anno [[408]] die [[22 Augusti|22 mensis Augusti]] [[Ravenna]]e iussu [[Heraclianus|Heracliani]] ducis exercitus [[imperator]]is [[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorii]] supplicio adfectus) fuit [[magister militum]] originis [[barbari]]cae<ref>''semi barbarus; [[Vandali|vandalus]]</ref> et [[Comes|comes stabuli]] et [[consul]] annorum [[400]] et [[405]]. Testis atque interpres rerum a Stilichone gestarum maximus [[Claudianus]] poeta extat in carminibus 2–28 et nonnullis carminibus minoribus. Contra ab [[Orosius|Orosio]] Stilichonis facta depinguntur ut vituperanda. Quod Vandalus erat, etiam [[Arianismus|Arianus]]. ==De vita== Stilicho in hodierna [[Germania]] a patre [[Vandali|Vandalo]]<ref>[[Orosius]] VII.38.1.</ref> natus est, auxiliario in exercitu Romano<ref>''De consulatu Stilichonis'' 35-9.</ref>, et matre quae civis [[Roma|Romana]] erat<ref>Ita [[Hieronymus]] (Ep. 123.16) eum semibarbarum dicit.</ref>. Tamen semper se Romanum putavit etiamsi erat, sicut plurimi Germani, [[Arianismus|Arianus]], ergo putatus [[Haeresis|haereticus]]. Correcte tres linguas principales illius temporis loquebatur: [[Lingua Germanica|Germanicam]] communem, [[Lingua Latina|Latinam]] [[Lingua Graeca|Graecamque]]. Historiographiae vir videtur multum ambiguus: putatus dux fidelis causae Imperii Romani, egit negative{{dubsig}} pro se. Nam [[Alaricus|Alaricum]] non pepulit neque limitem ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] servavit. [[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] regnante, qui ultimus utriusque partis Imperi imperator fuit, miles Romanus fuit. Anno [[384]] eum ad regem Persam {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sapor III|Saporem III|en|qid=Q310267}} misit, ut de pace et partitione [[Armenia|Armeniae]] ageret. Missio felix fuit et Stilicho, cum Theodosium [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] adisset, generalis factus est, ut limites a [[Visigothi|Visigothibus]] defenderet: ille hoc negotium per circa viginta annos habuit. Theodosius quia virtutem eius videbat, ei Serenam suam nepotem uxorem dedit, quae postea filia adoptiva fuit. Eo coniugio nati sunt filius [[Eucherius]] et duae filiae, Maria et Termantia, quae uxores imperatoris [[Honorius|Honorii]] fuerunt . Imperatore [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] anno [[392]] interfecto, Stilicho exercitum paravit quod, Theodosio duce, [[Eugenius (imperator)|Flavium Eugenium]] proelio ad flumen Frigidum vicit. In hac quoque pugna Stilicho imperavit, cum haberet subordinatum Alaricum Visigothum (deinde suum inimicum), qui magnam auxiliariorum [[Gothi|Gothorum]] copiam ducebat. Anno [[400]] una cum [[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]] consulatum gessit. [[Monumentum]] [[marmor]]eum annis circa 400 factum et dictum sepulcrum Stilichonis in [[basilica]] sancti [[Ambrosius|Ambrosii]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] exstat, sed Stilicho hac in urbe sepultus esse vix veri simile videtur. Nam primo testimonia desunt, deinde omnino corpus illis temporibus inquietissimis ac bellicosis a loco supplicii Mediolanum tralatum esse a multis viris doctis denegatur. == Notae == <references /> == Fontes == *[[CIL]] V.6250, VI.1188-1190, VI.1730-4, VI.31987-9, IX,4051, XIV.165. [[L'Année épigraphique|AE]] 1926,124 * [[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]], ''De consulatu Stilichonis'' et alia poemata * ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' * [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]] ''[[Historia nova]]'' * [[Orosius|Paulus Orosius]], ''[[Historiae adversum paganos]]'' * [[Claudius Rutilius Namatianus]], ''De reditu suo'' * [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' IV.1-14 == Plura legere si cupis == *Emma Burrell, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436726 A Re-Examination of Why Stilicho Abandoned His Pursuit of Alaric in 397]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2004: 251-256 * Alan Cameron, "[https://www.academia.edu/25506845/Theodosius_the_Great_and_the_Regency_of_Stilico Theodosius the Great and the regency of Stilico]", ''Harvard Studies'', 1969: 247-280 *Emilienne Demougeot, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44168669 Note sur la politique orientale de Stilichon de 405 à 407]", ''Byzantion'', 1950(II): 27-37 * [[Eduardus Gibbon]], ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'' * Ian Hughes, ''Stilicho : the Vandal who saved Rome'', Pen and Sword Military, 2021 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=79TIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT74&hl=fr&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/852/mode/2up 853-858] *Rudolf Keller, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=jMDTNtkscXQC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Stilicho, oder, Die Geschichte des weströmischen Reiches von 395-408]'', Berolini, 1884 *[[Theodorus Mommsenus|Theodorus Mommsen]], "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4472880 Stilicho und Alarich]", ''Hermes'', 1903: 101-115 * Bruno Pottier, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2005_num_117_1_10947 Un pamphlet contre Stilichon dans l’Histoire Auguste : la vie de Maximin Le Thrace]", ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2005 (117-1): 223-267 * Santo Mazzarino, ''Stilicone. La Crisi Imperiale dopo Teodosio'', [[1942]] (Rizzoli ISBN 978-88-17-33616-1) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1942_num_11_2_2700_t1_0335_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 *Lucien Sigayret, "[https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/29079 Les deux voyages de Stilichon]" in ''Bouleversants voyages'', Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 2000: 85-100 *Michaël Vannesse, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_1_7794 L’armée romaine en Occident sous Stilichon (395-408 ap. J.-C.) : le témoignage des décrets impériaux]", ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2010: 99-112 * Edmundus Vogt, ''[https://archive.org/details/clclaudianicarmi00vogt/mode/2up Cl. Claudiani carminum quae Stiliconem praedicant fides historica ex comparatione ceterorum fontium recensetur]'', Bonnae, 1863 '''LATINE''' == Nexus externi == {{communia|Stilicho|Flavium Stilichonem}} * Guillaume Vincent, ''Stilicon, architecte de la victoire: un examen du rôle stratégique du général lors de la bataille de la rivière Frigidus'' [https://mastersfdl.hypotheses.org/6020 Investigatio] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropius]] et [[Flavius Mallius Theodorus]]| annus= 400<br />cum<br />[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]]| successores=[[Flavius Fravitta]] et [[Flavius Vincentius]]}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] VI et [[Aristaenetus]]| annus= 405<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] VI et [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|408|Stilicho, Flavius}} [[Categoria:Ductores exercitus]] [[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Morte damnati]] jbsff2oq33mw59q3lll77sgx96us9z0 3972514 3972513 2026-07-17T15:03:52Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3972514 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} [[Imago:Stilico diptych.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Diptychon consulare]] Stilichonis anni circiter [[400]], [[Modicia]]e in thesauro ecclesiae cathedralis conservatum. Monstrat autem Stilichonem cum uxore [[Serena]] et filio [[Eucherius (filius Stilichonis)|Eucherio]]. Puerorum in clipeo Stilichonis sculptorum sunt qui [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] [[Honorius|Honoriique]] fratrum Augustorum imagines esse doceant, ut quorum pro tutela atque patrono Stilicho se gesserit.]] {{res|Flavius Stilicho}} (anno [[359]] circiter natus anno [[408]] die [[22 Augusti|22 mensis Augusti]] [[Ravenna]]e iussu [[Heraclianus|Heracliani]] ducis exercitus [[imperator]]is [[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorii]] supplicio adfectus) fuit [[magister militum]] originis [[barbari]]cae et [[Comes|comes stabuli]] et [[consul]] annorum [[400]] et [[405]]. Testis atque interpres rerum a Stilichone gestarum maximus [[Claudianus]] poeta extat in carminibus 2–28 et nonnullis carminibus minoribus. Contra ab [[Orosius|Orosio]] Stilichonis facta depinguntur ut vituperanda. Quod Vandalus erat, etiam [[Arianismus|Arianus]]. ==De vita== Stilicho in hodierna [[Germania]] a patre [[Vandali|Vandalo]]<ref>[[Orosius]] VII.38.1.</ref> natus est, auxiliario in exercitu Romano<ref>''De consulatu Stilichonis'' 35-9.</ref>, et matre quae civis [[Roma|Romana]] erat<ref>Ita [[Hieronymus]] (Ep. 123.16) eum semibarbarum dicit.</ref>. Tamen semper se Romanum putavit etiamsi erat, sicut plurimi Germani, [[Arianismus|Arianus]], ergo putatus [[Haeresis|haereticus]]. Correcte tres linguas principales illius temporis loquebatur: [[Lingua Germanica|Germanicam]] communem, [[Lingua Latina|Latinam]] [[Lingua Graeca|Graecamque]]. Historiographiae vir videtur multum ambiguus: putatus dux fidelis causae Imperii Romani, egit negative{{dubsig}} pro se. Nam [[Alaricus|Alaricum]] non pepulit neque limitem ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] servavit. [[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] regnante, qui ultimus utriusque partis Imperi imperator fuit, miles Romanus fuit. Anno [[384]] eum ad regem Persam {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sapor III|Saporem III|en|qid=Q310267}} misit, ut de pace et partitione [[Armenia|Armeniae]] ageret. Missio felix fuit et Stilicho, cum Theodosium [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] adisset, generalis factus est, ut limites a [[Visigothi|Visigothibus]] defenderet: ille hoc negotium per circa viginta annos habuit. Theodosius quia virtutem eius videbat, ei Serenam suam nepotem uxorem dedit, quae postea filia adoptiva fuit. Eo coniugio nati sunt filius [[Eucherius]] et duae filiae, Maria et Termantia, quae uxores imperatoris [[Honorius|Honorii]] fuerunt . Imperatore [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] anno [[392]] interfecto, Stilicho exercitum paravit quod, Theodosio duce, [[Eugenius (imperator)|Flavium Eugenium]] proelio ad flumen Frigidum vicit. In hac quoque pugna Stilicho imperavit, cum haberet subordinatum Alaricum Visigothum (deinde suum inimicum), qui magnam auxiliariorum [[Gothi|Gothorum]] copiam ducebat. Anno [[400]] una cum [[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]] consulatum gessit. [[Monumentum]] [[marmor]]eum annis circa 400 factum et dictum sepulcrum Stilichonis in [[basilica]] sancti [[Ambrosius|Ambrosii]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] exstat, sed Stilicho hac in urbe sepultus esse vix veri simile videtur. Nam primo testimonia desunt, deinde omnino corpus illis temporibus inquietissimis ac bellicosis a loco supplicii Mediolanum tralatum esse a multis viris doctis denegatur. == Notae == <references /> == Fontes == *[[CIL]] V.6250, VI.1188-1190, VI.1730-4, VI.31987-9, IX,4051, XIV.165. [[L'Année épigraphique|AE]] 1926,124 * [[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]], ''De consulatu Stilichonis'' et alia poemata * ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' * [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]] ''[[Historia nova]]'' * [[Orosius|Paulus Orosius]], ''[[Historiae adversum paganos]]'' * [[Claudius Rutilius Namatianus]], ''De reditu suo'' * [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' IV.1-14 == Plura legere si cupis == *Emma Burrell, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436726 A Re-Examination of Why Stilicho Abandoned His Pursuit of Alaric in 397]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2004: 251-256 * Alan Cameron, "[https://www.academia.edu/25506845/Theodosius_the_Great_and_the_Regency_of_Stilico Theodosius the Great and the regency of Stilico]", ''Harvard Studies'', 1969: 247-280 *Emilienne Demougeot, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44168669 Note sur la politique orientale de Stilichon de 405 à 407]", ''Byzantion'', 1950(II): 27-37 * [[Eduardus Gibbon]], ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'' * Ian Hughes, ''Stilicho : the Vandal who saved Rome'', Pen and Sword Military, 2021 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=79TIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT74&hl=fr&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/852/mode/2up 853-858] *Rudolf Keller, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=jMDTNtkscXQC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Stilicho, oder, Die Geschichte des weströmischen Reiches von 395-408]'', Berolini, 1884 *[[Theodorus Mommsenus|Theodorus Mommsen]], "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4472880 Stilicho und Alarich]", ''Hermes'', 1903: 101-115 * Bruno Pottier, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2005_num_117_1_10947 Un pamphlet contre Stilichon dans l’Histoire Auguste : la vie de Maximin Le Thrace]", ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2005 (117-1): 223-267 * Santo Mazzarino, ''Stilicone. La Crisi Imperiale dopo Teodosio'', [[1942]] (Rizzoli ISBN 978-88-17-33616-1) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1942_num_11_2_2700_t1_0335_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 *Lucien Sigayret, "[https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/29079 Les deux voyages de Stilichon]" in ''Bouleversants voyages'', Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 2000: 85-100 *Michaël Vannesse, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_1_7794 L’armée romaine en Occident sous Stilichon (395-408 ap. J.-C.) : le témoignage des décrets impériaux]", ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2010: 99-112 * Edmundus Vogt, ''[https://archive.org/details/clclaudianicarmi00vogt/mode/2up Cl. Claudiani carminum quae Stiliconem praedicant fides historica ex comparatione ceterorum fontium recensetur]'', Bonnae, 1863 '''LATINE''' == Nexus externi == {{communia|Stilicho|Flavium Stilichonem}} * Guillaume Vincent, ''Stilicon, architecte de la victoire: un examen du rôle stratégique du général lors de la bataille de la rivière Frigidus'' [https://mastersfdl.hypotheses.org/6020 Investigatio] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropius]] et [[Flavius Mallius Theodorus]]| annus= 400<br />cum<br />[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]]| successores=[[Flavius Fravitta]] et [[Flavius Vincentius]]}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] VI et [[Aristaenetus]]| annus= 405<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] VI et [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|408|Stilicho, Flavius}} [[Categoria:Ductores exercitus]] [[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Morte damnati]] 6ejqrqxln42k1eekq30bhlnrx3i9pve 3972516 3972514 2026-07-17T15:07:17Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De vita */ 3972516 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} [[Imago:Stilico diptych.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Diptychon consulare]] Stilichonis anni circiter [[400]], [[Modicia]]e in thesauro ecclesiae cathedralis conservatum. Monstrat autem Stilichonem cum uxore [[Serena]] et filio [[Eucherius (filius Stilichonis)|Eucherio]]. Puerorum in clipeo Stilichonis sculptorum sunt qui [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] [[Honorius|Honoriique]] fratrum Augustorum imagines esse doceant, ut quorum pro tutela atque patrono Stilicho se gesserit.]] {{res|Flavius Stilicho}} (anno [[359]] circiter natus anno [[408]] die [[22 Augusti|22 mensis Augusti]] [[Ravenna]]e iussu [[Heraclianus|Heracliani]] ducis exercitus [[imperator]]is [[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorii]] supplicio adfectus) fuit [[magister militum]] originis [[barbari]]cae et [[Comes|comes stabuli]] et [[consul]] annorum [[400]] et [[405]]. Testis atque interpres rerum a Stilichone gestarum maximus [[Claudianus]] poeta extat in carminibus 2–28 et nonnullis carminibus minoribus. Contra ab [[Orosius|Orosio]] Stilichonis facta depinguntur ut vituperanda. Quod Vandalus erat, etiam [[Arianismus|Arianus]]. ==De vita== Stilicho in hodierna [[Germania]] a patre [[Vandali|Vandalo]]<ref>[[Orosius]] VII.38.1.</ref> natus est, auxiliario in exercitu Romano<ref>''De consulatu Stilichonis'' I.35-9.</ref>, et matre quae civis [[Roma|Romana]] erat<ref>Ita [[Hieronymus]] (Ep. 123.16) eum semibarbarum dicit.</ref>. Tamen semper se Romanum putavit etiamsi erat, sicut plurimi Germani, [[Arianismus|Arianus]], ergo putatus [[Haeresis|haereticus]]. Correcte tres linguas principales illius temporis loquebatur: [[Lingua Germanica|Germanicam]] communem, [[Lingua Latina|Latinam]] [[Lingua Graeca|Graecamque]]. Historiographiae vir videtur multum ambiguus: putatus dux fidelis causae Imperii Romani, egit negative{{dubsig}} pro se. Nam [[Alaricus|Alaricum]] non pepulit neque limitem ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] servavit. [[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] regnante, qui ultimus utriusque partis Imperi imperator fuit, miles Romanus fuit. Anno [[384]] eum ad regem Persam {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sapor III|Saporem III|en|qid=Q310267}} misit, ut de pace et partitione [[Armenia|Armeniae]] ageret. Missio felix fuit et Stilicho, cum Theodosium [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] adisset, generalis factus est, ut limites a [[Visigothi|Visigothibus]] defenderet: ille hoc negotium per circa viginta annos habuit. Theodosius quia virtutem eius videbat, ei Serenam suam nepotem uxorem dedit, quae postea filia adoptiva fuit. Eo coniugio nati sunt filius [[Eucherius]] et duae filiae, Maria et Termantia, quae uxores imperatoris [[Honorius|Honorii]] fuerunt . Imperatore [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] anno [[392]] interfecto, Stilicho exercitum paravit quod, Theodosio duce, [[Eugenius (imperator)|Flavium Eugenium]] proelio ad flumen Frigidum vicit. In hac quoque pugna Stilicho imperavit, cum haberet subordinatum Alaricum Visigothum (deinde suum inimicum), qui magnam auxiliariorum [[Gothi|Gothorum]] copiam ducebat. Anno [[400]] una cum [[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]] consulatum gessit. [[Monumentum]] [[marmor]]eum annis circa 400 factum et dictum sepulcrum Stilichonis in [[basilica]] sancti [[Ambrosius|Ambrosii]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] exstat, sed Stilicho hac in urbe sepultus esse vix veri simile videtur. Nam primo testimonia desunt, deinde omnino corpus illis temporibus inquietissimis ac bellicosis a loco supplicii Mediolanum tralatum esse a multis viris doctis denegatur. == Notae == <references /> == Fontes == *[[CIL]] V.6250, VI.1188-1190, VI.1730-4, VI.31987-9, IX,4051, XIV.165. [[L'Année épigraphique|AE]] 1926,124 * [[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]], ''De consulatu Stilichonis'' et alia poemata * ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' * [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]] ''[[Historia nova]]'' * [[Orosius|Paulus Orosius]], ''[[Historiae adversum paganos]]'' * [[Claudius Rutilius Namatianus]], ''De reditu suo'' * [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' IV.1-14 == Plura legere si cupis == *Emma Burrell, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436726 A Re-Examination of Why Stilicho Abandoned His Pursuit of Alaric in 397]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2004: 251-256 * Alan Cameron, "[https://www.academia.edu/25506845/Theodosius_the_Great_and_the_Regency_of_Stilico Theodosius the Great and the regency of Stilico]", ''Harvard Studies'', 1969: 247-280 *Emilienne Demougeot, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44168669 Note sur la politique orientale de Stilichon de 405 à 407]", ''Byzantion'', 1950(II): 27-37 * [[Eduardus Gibbon]], ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'' * Ian Hughes, ''Stilicho : the Vandal who saved Rome'', Pen and Sword Military, 2021 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=79TIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT74&hl=fr&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/852/mode/2up 853-858] *Rudolf Keller, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=jMDTNtkscXQC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Stilicho, oder, Die Geschichte des weströmischen Reiches von 395-408]'', Berolini, 1884 *[[Theodorus Mommsenus|Theodorus Mommsen]], "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4472880 Stilicho und Alarich]", ''Hermes'', 1903: 101-115 * Bruno Pottier, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2005_num_117_1_10947 Un pamphlet contre Stilichon dans l’Histoire Auguste : la vie de Maximin Le Thrace]", ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2005 (117-1): 223-267 * Santo Mazzarino, ''Stilicone. La Crisi Imperiale dopo Teodosio'', [[1942]] (Rizzoli ISBN 978-88-17-33616-1) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1942_num_11_2_2700_t1_0335_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 *Lucien Sigayret, "[https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/29079 Les deux voyages de Stilichon]" in ''Bouleversants voyages'', Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 2000: 85-100 *Michaël Vannesse, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_1_7794 L’armée romaine en Occident sous Stilichon (395-408 ap. J.-C.) : le témoignage des décrets impériaux]", ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2010: 99-112 * Edmundus Vogt, ''[https://archive.org/details/clclaudianicarmi00vogt/mode/2up Cl. Claudiani carminum quae Stiliconem praedicant fides historica ex comparatione ceterorum fontium recensetur]'', Bonnae, 1863 '''LATINE''' == Nexus externi == {{communia|Stilicho|Flavium Stilichonem}} * Guillaume Vincent, ''Stilicon, architecte de la victoire: un examen du rôle stratégique du général lors de la bataille de la rivière Frigidus'' [https://mastersfdl.hypotheses.org/6020 Investigatio] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropius]] et [[Flavius Mallius Theodorus]]| annus= 400<br />cum<br />[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]]| successores=[[Flavius Fravitta]] et [[Flavius Vincentius]]}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] VI et [[Aristaenetus]]| annus= 405<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] VI et [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|408|Stilicho, Flavius}} [[Categoria:Ductores exercitus]] [[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Morte damnati]] t64ekx8781hovplqyht51d1xbxendda 3972518 3972516 2026-07-17T15:22:27Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De vita */ 3972518 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} [[Imago:Stilico diptych.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Diptychon consulare]] Stilichonis anni circiter [[400]], [[Modicia]]e in thesauro ecclesiae cathedralis conservatum. Monstrat autem Stilichonem cum uxore [[Serena]] et filio [[Eucherius (filius Stilichonis)|Eucherio]]. Puerorum in clipeo Stilichonis sculptorum sunt qui [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] [[Honorius|Honoriique]] fratrum Augustorum imagines esse doceant, ut quorum pro tutela atque patrono Stilicho se gesserit.]] {{res|Flavius Stilicho}} (anno [[359]] circiter natus anno [[408]] die [[22 Augusti|22 mensis Augusti]] [[Ravenna]]e iussu [[Heraclianus|Heracliani]] ducis exercitus [[imperator]]is [[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorii]] supplicio adfectus) fuit [[magister militum]] originis [[barbari]]cae et [[Comes|comes stabuli]] et [[consul]] annorum [[400]] et [[405]]. Testis atque interpres rerum a Stilichone gestarum maximus [[Claudianus]] poeta extat in carminibus 2–28 et nonnullis carminibus minoribus. Contra ab [[Orosius|Orosio]] Stilichonis facta depinguntur ut vituperanda. Quod Vandalus erat, etiam [[Arianismus|Arianus]]. ==De vita== Stilicho in hodierna [[Germania]] a patre [[Vandali|Vandalo]]<ref>[[Orosius]] VII.38.1.</ref> natus est, auxiliario in exercitu Romano<ref>''De consulatu Stilichonis'' I.35-9.</ref>, et matre quae civis [[Roma|Romana]] erat<ref>Ita [[Hieronymus]] (Ep. 123.16) eum semibarbarum dicit.</ref>. Tamen semper se Romanum putavit etiamsi erat, sicut plurimi Germani, [[Arianismus|Arianus]], ergo putatus [[Haeresis|haereticus]]. Correcte tres linguas principales illius temporis loquebatur: [[Lingua Germanica|Germanicam]] communem, [[Lingua Latina|Latinam]] [[Lingua Graeca|Graecamque]]. Historiographiae vir videtur multum ambiguus: putatus dux fidelis causae Imperii Romani, egit negative{{dubsig}} pro se. Nam [[Alaricus|Alaricum]] non pepulit neque limitem ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] servavit. [[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] regnante, qui ultimus utriusque partis Imperi imperator fuit, tribunus praetorianus militaris fuit qui circa [[384]] eum 'vix primaevum' ad regem Persarum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sapor III|Saporem III|en|qid=Q310267}} misit, ut de pace et partitione [[Armenia|Armeniae]] ageret<ref>''De consulatu'' I.51-68</ref>. Missio felix fuit et Stilicho, cum Theodosium [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] adisset, comes sacri stabuli et mox comes domesticorum<ref>Ausonius, ''Laus Serenae'' 90-94.</ref> factus est, ut limites a [[Visigothi|Visigothibus]] defenderet: ille hoc negotium per circa viginta annos habuit. Theodosius quia virtutem eius videbat, ei Serenam suam nepotem uxorem dedit<ref>''De consulatu'' I.69-83 et ''Laus Serenae''.</ref>, quae postea filia adoptiva fuit. Eo coniugio nati sunt filius [[Eucherius]] et duae filiae, Maria et Termantia, quae uxores imperatoris [[Honorius|Honorii]] fuerunt . Imperatore [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] anno [[392]] interfecto, Stilicho exercitum paravit quod, Theodosio duce, [[Eugenius (imperator)|Flavium Eugenium]] proelio ad flumen Frigidum vicit. In hac quoque pugna Stilicho imperavit, cum haberet subordinatum Alaricum Visigothum (deinde suum inimicum), qui magnam auxiliariorum [[Gothi|Gothorum]] copiam ducebat. Anno [[400]] una cum [[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]] consulatum gessit. [[Monumentum]] [[marmor]]eum annis circa 400 factum et dictum sepulcrum Stilichonis in [[basilica]] sancti [[Ambrosius|Ambrosii]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] exstat, sed Stilicho hac in urbe sepultus esse vix veri simile videtur. Nam primo testimonia desunt, deinde omnino corpus illis temporibus inquietissimis ac bellicosis a loco supplicii Mediolanum tralatum esse a multis viris doctis denegatur. == Notae == <references /> == Fontes == *[[CIL]] V.6250, VI.1188-1190, VI.1730-4, VI.31987-9, IX,4051, XIV.165. [[L'Année épigraphique|AE]] 1926,124 * [[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]], ''De consulatu Stilichonis'' et alia poemata * ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' * [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]] ''[[Historia nova]]'' * [[Orosius|Paulus Orosius]], ''[[Historiae adversum paganos]]'' * [[Claudius Rutilius Namatianus]], ''De reditu suo'' * [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' IV.1-14 == Plura legere si cupis == *Emma Burrell, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436726 A Re-Examination of Why Stilicho Abandoned His Pursuit of Alaric in 397]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2004: 251-256 * Alan Cameron, "[https://www.academia.edu/25506845/Theodosius_the_Great_and_the_Regency_of_Stilico Theodosius the Great and the regency of Stilico]", ''Harvard Studies'', 1969: 247-280 *Emilienne Demougeot, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44168669 Note sur la politique orientale de Stilichon de 405 à 407]", ''Byzantion'', 1950(II): 27-37 * [[Eduardus Gibbon]], ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'' * Ian Hughes, ''Stilicho : the Vandal who saved Rome'', Pen and Sword Military, 2021 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=79TIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT74&hl=fr&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/852/mode/2up 853-858] *Rudolf Keller, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=jMDTNtkscXQC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Stilicho, oder, Die Geschichte des weströmischen Reiches von 395-408]'', Berolini, 1884 *[[Theodorus Mommsenus|Theodorus Mommsen]], "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4472880 Stilicho und Alarich]", ''Hermes'', 1903: 101-115 * Bruno Pottier, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2005_num_117_1_10947 Un pamphlet contre Stilichon dans l’Histoire Auguste : la vie de Maximin Le Thrace]", ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2005 (117-1): 223-267 * Santo Mazzarino, ''Stilicone. La Crisi Imperiale dopo Teodosio'', [[1942]] (Rizzoli ISBN 978-88-17-33616-1) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1942_num_11_2_2700_t1_0335_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 *Lucien Sigayret, "[https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/29079 Les deux voyages de Stilichon]" in ''Bouleversants voyages'', Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 2000: 85-100 *Michaël Vannesse, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_1_7794 L’armée romaine en Occident sous Stilichon (395-408 ap. J.-C.) : le témoignage des décrets impériaux]", ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2010: 99-112 * Edmundus Vogt, ''[https://archive.org/details/clclaudianicarmi00vogt/mode/2up Cl. Claudiani carminum quae Stiliconem praedicant fides historica ex comparatione ceterorum fontium recensetur]'', Bonnae, 1863 '''LATINE''' == Nexus externi == {{communia|Stilicho|Flavium Stilichonem}} * Guillaume Vincent, ''Stilicon, architecte de la victoire: un examen du rôle stratégique du général lors de la bataille de la rivière Frigidus'' [https://mastersfdl.hypotheses.org/6020 Investigatio] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropius]] et [[Flavius Mallius Theodorus]]| annus= 400<br />cum<br />[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]]| successores=[[Flavius Fravitta]] et [[Flavius Vincentius]]}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] VI et [[Aristaenetus]]| annus= 405<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] VI et [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|408|Stilicho, Flavius}} [[Categoria:Ductores exercitus]] [[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Morte damnati]] 0sm1ryzyyntcx71h4amusg1v790qotg 3972519 3972518 2026-07-17T15:24:44Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De vita */ 3972519 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} [[Imago:Stilico diptych.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Diptychon consulare]] Stilichonis anni circiter [[400]], [[Modicia]]e in thesauro ecclesiae cathedralis conservatum. Monstrat autem Stilichonem cum uxore [[Serena]] et filio [[Eucherius (filius Stilichonis)|Eucherio]]. Puerorum in clipeo Stilichonis sculptorum sunt qui [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] [[Honorius|Honoriique]] fratrum Augustorum imagines esse doceant, ut quorum pro tutela atque patrono Stilicho se gesserit.]] {{res|Flavius Stilicho}} (anno [[359]] circiter natus anno [[408]] die [[22 Augusti|22 mensis Augusti]] [[Ravenna]]e iussu [[Heraclianus|Heracliani]] ducis exercitus [[imperator]]is [[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorii]] supplicio adfectus) fuit [[magister militum]] originis [[barbari]]cae et [[Comes|comes stabuli]] et [[consul]] annorum [[400]] et [[405]]. Testis atque interpres rerum a Stilichone gestarum maximus [[Claudianus]] poeta extat in carminibus 2–28 et nonnullis carminibus minoribus. Contra ab [[Orosius|Orosio]] Stilichonis facta depinguntur ut vituperanda. Quod Vandalus erat, etiam [[Arianismus|Arianus]]. ==De vita== Stilicho in hodierna [[Germania]] a patre [[Vandali|Vandalo]]<ref>[[Orosius]] VII.38.1.</ref> natus est, auxiliario in exercitu Romano<ref>''De consulatu Stilichonis'' I.35-9.</ref>, et matre quae civis [[Roma|Romana]] erat<ref>Ita [[Hieronymus]] (Ep. 123.16) eum semibarbarum dicit.</ref>. Tamen semper se Romanum putavit etiamsi erat, sicut plurimi Germani, [[Arianismus|Arianus]], ergo putatus [[Haeresis|haereticus]]. Correcte tres linguas principales illius temporis loquebatur: [[Lingua Germanica|Germanicam]] communem, [[Lingua Latina|Latinam]] [[Lingua Graeca|Graecamque]]. Historiographiae vir videtur multum ambiguus: putatus dux fidelis causae Imperii Romani, egit negative{{dubsig}} pro se. Nam [[Alaricus|Alaricum]] non pepulit neque limitem ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] servavit. [[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] regnante, qui ultimus utriusque partis Imperi imperator fuit, tribunus praetorianus militaris fuit qui circa [[384]] eum 'vix primaevum' ad regem Persarum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sapor III|Saporem III|en|qid=Q310267}} misit, ut de pace et partitione [[Armenia|Armeniae]] ageret<ref>''De consulatu'' I.51-68</ref>. Missio felix fuit et Stilicho, cum Theodosium [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] adisset, comes sacri stabuli et mox comes domesticorum<ref>Ausonius, ''Laus Serenae'' 90-94.</ref> (385-392) ac postremo circa 392 magister militum factus est, ut limites a [[Visigothi|Visigothibus]] defenderet: ita hoc negotium per circa viginta annos habuit. Theodosius quia virtutem eius videbat, ei Serenam suam nepotem uxorem dedit<ref>''De consulatu'' I.69-83 et ''Laus Serenae''.</ref>, quae postea filia adoptiva fuit. Eo coniugio nati sunt filius [[Eucherius]] et duae filiae, Maria et Termantia, quae uxores imperatoris [[Honorius|Honorii]] fuerunt . Imperatore [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] anno [[392]] interfecto, Stilicho exercitum paravit quod, Theodosio duce, [[Eugenius (imperator)|Flavium Eugenium]] proelio ad flumen Frigidum vicit. In hac quoque pugna Stilicho imperavit, cum haberet subordinatum Alaricum Visigothum (deinde suum inimicum), qui magnam auxiliariorum [[Gothi|Gothorum]] copiam ducebat. Anno [[400]] una cum [[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]] consulatum gessit. [[Monumentum]] [[marmor]]eum annis circa 400 factum et dictum sepulcrum Stilichonis in [[basilica]] sancti [[Ambrosius|Ambrosii]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] exstat, sed Stilicho hac in urbe sepultus esse vix veri simile videtur. Nam primo testimonia desunt, deinde omnino corpus illis temporibus inquietissimis ac bellicosis a loco supplicii Mediolanum tralatum esse a multis viris doctis denegatur. == Notae == <references /> == Fontes == *[[CIL]] V.6250, VI.1188-1190, VI.1730-4, VI.31987-9, IX,4051, XIV.165. [[L'Année épigraphique|AE]] 1926,124 * [[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]], ''De consulatu Stilichonis'' et alia poemata * ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' * [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]] ''[[Historia nova]]'' * [[Orosius|Paulus Orosius]], ''[[Historiae adversum paganos]]'' * [[Claudius Rutilius Namatianus]], ''De reditu suo'' * [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' IV.1-14 == Plura legere si cupis == *Emma Burrell, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436726 A Re-Examination of Why Stilicho Abandoned His Pursuit of Alaric in 397]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2004: 251-256 * Alan Cameron, "[https://www.academia.edu/25506845/Theodosius_the_Great_and_the_Regency_of_Stilico Theodosius the Great and the regency of Stilico]", ''Harvard Studies'', 1969: 247-280 *Emilienne Demougeot, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44168669 Note sur la politique orientale de Stilichon de 405 à 407]", ''Byzantion'', 1950(II): 27-37 * [[Eduardus Gibbon]], ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'' * Ian Hughes, ''Stilicho : the Vandal who saved Rome'', Pen and Sword Military, 2021 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=79TIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT74&hl=fr&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/852/mode/2up 853-858] *Rudolf Keller, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=jMDTNtkscXQC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Stilicho, oder, Die Geschichte des weströmischen Reiches von 395-408]'', Berolini, 1884 *[[Theodorus Mommsenus|Theodorus Mommsen]], "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4472880 Stilicho und Alarich]", ''Hermes'', 1903: 101-115 * Bruno Pottier, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2005_num_117_1_10947 Un pamphlet contre Stilichon dans l’Histoire Auguste : la vie de Maximin Le Thrace]", ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2005 (117-1): 223-267 * Santo Mazzarino, ''Stilicone. La Crisi Imperiale dopo Teodosio'', [[1942]] (Rizzoli ISBN 978-88-17-33616-1) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1942_num_11_2_2700_t1_0335_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 *Lucien Sigayret, "[https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/29079 Les deux voyages de Stilichon]" in ''Bouleversants voyages'', Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 2000: 85-100 *Michaël Vannesse, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_1_7794 L’armée romaine en Occident sous Stilichon (395-408 ap. J.-C.) : le témoignage des décrets impériaux]", ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2010: 99-112 * Edmundus Vogt, ''[https://archive.org/details/clclaudianicarmi00vogt/mode/2up Cl. Claudiani carminum quae Stiliconem praedicant fides historica ex comparatione ceterorum fontium recensetur]'', Bonnae, 1863 '''LATINE''' == Nexus externi == {{communia|Stilicho|Flavium Stilichonem}} * Guillaume Vincent, ''Stilicon, architecte de la victoire: un examen du rôle stratégique du général lors de la bataille de la rivière Frigidus'' [https://mastersfdl.hypotheses.org/6020 Investigatio] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropius]] et [[Flavius Mallius Theodorus]]| annus= 400<br />cum<br />[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]]| successores=[[Flavius Fravitta]] et [[Flavius Vincentius]]}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] VI et [[Aristaenetus]]| annus= 405<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] VI et [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|408|Stilicho, Flavius}} [[Categoria:Ductores exercitus]] [[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Morte damnati]] 0ul6eyj1d91pj62hi16uoutm5bmat6x 3972520 3972519 2026-07-17T15:27:46Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De vita */ 3972520 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} [[Imago:Stilico diptych.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Diptychon consulare]] Stilichonis anni circiter [[400]], [[Modicia]]e in thesauro ecclesiae cathedralis conservatum. Monstrat autem Stilichonem cum uxore [[Serena]] et filio [[Eucherius (filius Stilichonis)|Eucherio]]. Puerorum in clipeo Stilichonis sculptorum sunt qui [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] [[Honorius|Honoriique]] fratrum Augustorum imagines esse doceant, ut quorum pro tutela atque patrono Stilicho se gesserit.]] {{res|Flavius Stilicho}} (anno [[359]] circiter natus anno [[408]] die [[22 Augusti|22 mensis Augusti]] [[Ravenna]]e iussu [[Heraclianus|Heracliani]] ducis exercitus [[imperator]]is [[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorii]] supplicio adfectus) fuit [[magister militum]] originis [[barbari]]cae et [[Comes|comes stabuli]] et [[consul]] annorum [[400]] et [[405]]. Testis atque interpres rerum a Stilichone gestarum maximus [[Claudianus]] poeta extat in carminibus 2–28 et nonnullis carminibus minoribus. Contra ab [[Orosius|Orosio]] Stilichonis facta depinguntur ut vituperanda. Quod Vandalus erat, etiam [[Arianismus|Arianus]]. ==De vita== Stilicho in hodierna [[Germania]] a patre [[Vandali|Vandalo]]<ref>[[Orosius]] VII.38.1.</ref> natus est, auxiliario in exercitu Romano<ref>''De consulatu Stilichonis'' I.35-9.</ref>, et matre quae civis [[Roma|Romana]] erat<ref>Ita [[Hieronymus]] (Ep. 123.16) eum semibarbarum dicit.</ref>. Tamen semper se Romanum putavit etiamsi erat, sicut plurimi Germani, [[Arianismus|Arianus]], ergo putatus [[Haeresis|haereticus]]. Correcte tres linguas principales illius temporis loquebatur: [[Lingua Germanica|Germanicam]] communem, [[Lingua Latina|Latinam]] [[Lingua Graeca|Graecamque]]. Historiographiae vir videtur multum ambiguus: putatus dux fidelis causae Imperii Romani, egit negative{{dubsig}} pro se. Nam [[Alaricus|Alaricum]] non pepulit neque limitem ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] servavit. [[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] regnante, qui ultimus utriusque partis Imperi imperator fuit, tribunus praetorianus militaris fuit qui circa [[384]] eum 'vix primaevum' ad regem Persarum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sapor III|Saporem III|en|qid=Q310267}} misit, ut de pace et partitione [[Armenia|Armeniae]] ageret<ref>''De consulatu'' I.51-68</ref>. Missio felix fuit et Stilicho, cum Theodosium [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] adisset, comes sacri stabuli et mox comes domesticorum<ref>Ausonius, ''Laus Serenae'' 90-94.</ref> (385-392) ac postremo circa 392 magister militum factus est, ut limites a [[Visigothi|Visigothibus]] defenderet: ita hoc negotium per circa viginta annos<ref>Viginti tres si Zosimi computationis credimus (V.</ref> habuit. Theodosius quia virtutem eius videbat, ei Serenam suam nepotem uxorem dedit<ref>''De consulatu'' I.69-83 et ''Laus Serenae''.</ref>, quae postea filia adoptiva fuit. Eo coniugio nati sunt filius [[Eucherius]] et duae filiae, Maria et Termantia, quae uxores imperatoris [[Honorius|Honorii]] fuerunt . Imperatore [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] anno [[392]] interfecto, Stilicho exercitum paravit quod, Theodosio duce, [[Eugenius (imperator)|Flavium Eugenium]] proelio ad flumen Frigidum vicit. In hac quoque pugna Stilicho imperavit, cum haberet subordinatum Alaricum Visigothum (deinde suum inimicum), qui magnam auxiliariorum [[Gothi|Gothorum]] copiam ducebat. Anno [[400]] una cum [[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]] consulatum gessit. [[Monumentum]] [[marmor]]eum annis circa 400 factum et dictum sepulcrum Stilichonis in [[basilica]] sancti [[Ambrosius|Ambrosii]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] exstat, sed Stilicho hac in urbe sepultus esse vix veri simile videtur. Nam primo testimonia desunt, deinde omnino corpus illis temporibus inquietissimis ac bellicosis a loco supplicii Mediolanum tralatum esse a multis viris doctis denegatur. == Notae == <references /> == Fontes == *[[CIL]] V.6250, VI.1188-1190, VI.1730-4, VI.31987-9, IX,4051, XIV.165. [[L'Année épigraphique|AE]] 1926,124 * [[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]], ''De consulatu Stilichonis'' et alia poemata * ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' * [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]] ''[[Historia nova]]'' * [[Orosius|Paulus Orosius]], ''[[Historiae adversum paganos]]'' * [[Claudius Rutilius Namatianus]], ''De reditu suo'' * [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' IV.1-14 == Plura legere si cupis == *Emma Burrell, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436726 A Re-Examination of Why Stilicho Abandoned His Pursuit of Alaric in 397]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2004: 251-256 * Alan Cameron, "[https://www.academia.edu/25506845/Theodosius_the_Great_and_the_Regency_of_Stilico Theodosius the Great and the regency of Stilico]", ''Harvard Studies'', 1969: 247-280 *Emilienne Demougeot, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44168669 Note sur la politique orientale de Stilichon de 405 à 407]", ''Byzantion'', 1950(II): 27-37 * [[Eduardus Gibbon]], ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'' * Ian Hughes, ''Stilicho : the Vandal who saved Rome'', Pen and Sword Military, 2021 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=79TIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT74&hl=fr&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/852/mode/2up 853-858] *Rudolf Keller, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=jMDTNtkscXQC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Stilicho, oder, Die Geschichte des weströmischen Reiches von 395-408]'', Berolini, 1884 *[[Theodorus Mommsenus|Theodorus Mommsen]], "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4472880 Stilicho und Alarich]", ''Hermes'', 1903: 101-115 * Bruno Pottier, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2005_num_117_1_10947 Un pamphlet contre Stilichon dans l’Histoire Auguste : la vie de Maximin Le Thrace]", ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2005 (117-1): 223-267 * Santo Mazzarino, ''Stilicone. La Crisi Imperiale dopo Teodosio'', [[1942]] (Rizzoli ISBN 978-88-17-33616-1) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1942_num_11_2_2700_t1_0335_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 *Lucien Sigayret, "[https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/29079 Les deux voyages de Stilichon]" in ''Bouleversants voyages'', Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 2000: 85-100 *Michaël Vannesse, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_1_7794 L’armée romaine en Occident sous Stilichon (395-408 ap. J.-C.) : le témoignage des décrets impériaux]", ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2010: 99-112 * Edmundus Vogt, ''[https://archive.org/details/clclaudianicarmi00vogt/mode/2up Cl. Claudiani carminum quae Stiliconem praedicant fides historica ex comparatione ceterorum fontium recensetur]'', Bonnae, 1863 '''LATINE''' == Nexus externi == {{communia|Stilicho|Flavium Stilichonem}} * Guillaume Vincent, ''Stilicon, architecte de la victoire: un examen du rôle stratégique du général lors de la bataille de la rivière Frigidus'' [https://mastersfdl.hypotheses.org/6020 Investigatio] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropius]] et [[Flavius Mallius Theodorus]]| annus= 400<br />cum<br />[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]]| successores=[[Flavius Fravitta]] et [[Flavius Vincentius]]}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] VI et [[Aristaenetus]]| annus= 405<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] VI et [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|408|Stilicho, Flavius}} [[Categoria:Ductores exercitus]] [[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Morte damnati]] bpmwj2ljckh6t58za7j3sanhvahi8rp 3972521 3972520 2026-07-17T15:29:28Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De vita */ 3972521 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} [[Imago:Stilico diptych.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Diptychon consulare]] Stilichonis anni circiter [[400]], [[Modicia]]e in thesauro ecclesiae cathedralis conservatum. Monstrat autem Stilichonem cum uxore [[Serena]] et filio [[Eucherius (filius Stilichonis)|Eucherio]]. Puerorum in clipeo Stilichonis sculptorum sunt qui [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] [[Honorius|Honoriique]] fratrum Augustorum imagines esse doceant, ut quorum pro tutela atque patrono Stilicho se gesserit.]] {{res|Flavius Stilicho}} (anno [[359]] circiter natus anno [[408]] die [[22 Augusti|22 mensis Augusti]] [[Ravenna]]e iussu [[Heraclianus|Heracliani]] ducis exercitus [[imperator]]is [[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorii]] supplicio adfectus) fuit [[magister militum]] originis [[barbari]]cae et [[Comes|comes stabuli]] et [[consul]] annorum [[400]] et [[405]]. Testis atque interpres rerum a Stilichone gestarum maximus [[Claudianus]] poeta extat in carminibus 2–28 et nonnullis carminibus minoribus. Contra ab [[Orosius|Orosio]] Stilichonis facta depinguntur ut vituperanda. Quod Vandalus erat, etiam [[Arianismus|Arianus]]. ==De vita== Stilicho in hodierna [[Germania]] a patre [[Vandali|Vandalo]]<ref>[[Orosius]] VII.38.1.</ref> natus est, auxiliario in exercitu Romano<ref>''De consulatu Stilichonis'' I.35-9.</ref>, et matre quae civis [[Roma|Romana]] erat<ref>Ita [[Hieronymus]] (Ep. 123.16) eum semibarbarum dicit.</ref>. Tamen semper se Romanum putavit etiamsi erat, sicut plurimi Germani, [[Arianismus|Arianus]], ergo putatus [[Haeresis|haereticus]]. Correcte tres linguas principales illius temporis loquebatur: [[Lingua Germanica|Germanicam]] communem, [[Lingua Latina|Latinam]] [[Lingua Graeca|Graecamque]]. Historiographiae vir videtur multum ambiguus: putatus dux fidelis causae Imperii Romani, egit negative{{dubsig}} pro se. Nam [[Alaricus|Alaricum]] non pepulit neque limitem ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] servavit. [[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] regnante, qui ultimus utriusque partis Imperi imperator fuit, tribunus praetorianus militaris fuit qui circa [[384]] eum 'vix primaevum' ad regem Persarum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sapor III|Saporem III|en|qid=Q310267}} misit, ut de pace et partitione [[Armenia|Armeniae]] ageret<ref>''De consulatu'' I.51-68</ref>. Missio felix fuit et Stilicho, cum Theodosium [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] adisset, comes sacri stabuli et mox comes domesticorum<ref>Ausonius, ''Laus Serenae'' 90-94.</ref> (385-392) ac postremo circa 392 magister militum factus est, ut limites a [[Visigothi|Visigothibus]] defenderet: ita hoc negotium per circa viginta annos<ref>Viginti tres si [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimi]] computationis credimus (V.34.6).</ref> habuit. Theodosius quia virtutem eius videbat, ei Serenam suam nepotem uxorem dedit<ref>''De consulatu'' I.69-83 et ''Laus Serenae''.</ref>, quae postea filia adoptiva fuit. Eo coniugio nati sunt filius [[Eucherius]] et duae filiae, Maria et Termantia, quae uxores imperatoris [[Honorius|Honorii]] fuerunt . Imperatore [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] anno [[392]] interfecto, Stilicho exercitum paravit quod, Theodosio duce, [[Eugenius (imperator)|Flavium Eugenium]] proelio ad flumen Frigidum vicit. In hac quoque pugna Stilicho imperavit, cum haberet subordinatum Alaricum Visigothum (deinde suum inimicum), qui magnam auxiliariorum [[Gothi|Gothorum]] copiam ducebat. Anno [[400]] una cum [[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]] consulatum gessit. [[Monumentum]] [[marmor]]eum annis circa 400 factum et dictum sepulcrum Stilichonis in [[basilica]] sancti [[Ambrosius|Ambrosii]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] exstat, sed Stilicho hac in urbe sepultus esse vix veri simile videtur. Nam primo testimonia desunt, deinde omnino corpus illis temporibus inquietissimis ac bellicosis a loco supplicii Mediolanum tralatum esse a multis viris doctis denegatur. == Notae == <references /> == Fontes == *[[CIL]] V.6250, VI.1188-1190, VI.1730-4, VI.31987-9, IX,4051, XIV.165. [[L'Année épigraphique|AE]] 1926,124 * [[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]], ''De consulatu Stilichonis'' et alia poemata * ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' * [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]] ''[[Historia nova]]'' * [[Orosius|Paulus Orosius]], ''[[Historiae adversum paganos]]'' * [[Claudius Rutilius Namatianus]], ''De reditu suo'' * [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' IV.1-14 == Plura legere si cupis == *Emma Burrell, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436726 A Re-Examination of Why Stilicho Abandoned His Pursuit of Alaric in 397]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2004: 251-256 * Alan Cameron, "[https://www.academia.edu/25506845/Theodosius_the_Great_and_the_Regency_of_Stilico Theodosius the Great and the regency of Stilico]", ''Harvard Studies'', 1969: 247-280 *Emilienne Demougeot, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44168669 Note sur la politique orientale de Stilichon de 405 à 407]", ''Byzantion'', 1950(II): 27-37 * [[Eduardus Gibbon]], ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'' * Ian Hughes, ''Stilicho : the Vandal who saved Rome'', Pen and Sword Military, 2021 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=79TIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT74&hl=fr&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/852/mode/2up 853-858] *Rudolf Keller, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=jMDTNtkscXQC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Stilicho, oder, Die Geschichte des weströmischen Reiches von 395-408]'', Berolini, 1884 *[[Theodorus Mommsenus|Theodorus Mommsen]], "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4472880 Stilicho und Alarich]", ''Hermes'', 1903: 101-115 * Bruno Pottier, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2005_num_117_1_10947 Un pamphlet contre Stilichon dans l’Histoire Auguste : la vie de Maximin Le Thrace]", ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2005 (117-1): 223-267 * Santo Mazzarino, ''Stilicone. La Crisi Imperiale dopo Teodosio'', [[1942]] (Rizzoli ISBN 978-88-17-33616-1) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1942_num_11_2_2700_t1_0335_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 *Lucien Sigayret, "[https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/29079 Les deux voyages de Stilichon]" in ''Bouleversants voyages'', Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 2000: 85-100 *Michaël Vannesse, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_1_7794 L’armée romaine en Occident sous Stilichon (395-408 ap. J.-C.) : le témoignage des décrets impériaux]", ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2010: 99-112 * Edmundus Vogt, ''[https://archive.org/details/clclaudianicarmi00vogt/mode/2up Cl. Claudiani carminum quae Stiliconem praedicant fides historica ex comparatione ceterorum fontium recensetur]'', Bonnae, 1863 '''LATINE''' == Nexus externi == {{communia|Stilicho|Flavium Stilichonem}} * Guillaume Vincent, ''Stilicon, architecte de la victoire: un examen du rôle stratégique du général lors de la bataille de la rivière Frigidus'' [https://mastersfdl.hypotheses.org/6020 Investigatio] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropius]] et [[Flavius Mallius Theodorus]]| annus= 400<br />cum<br />[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]]| successores=[[Flavius Fravitta]] et [[Flavius Vincentius]]}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] VI et [[Aristaenetus]]| annus= 405<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] VI et [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|408|Stilicho, Flavius}} [[Categoria:Ductores exercitus]] [[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Morte damnati]] 0yr9xur73kvqrqxe97p9892otcdifg1 3972522 3972521 2026-07-17T15:31:05Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De vita */ 3972522 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} [[Imago:Stilico diptych.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Diptychon consulare]] Stilichonis anni circiter [[400]], [[Modicia]]e in thesauro ecclesiae cathedralis conservatum. Monstrat autem Stilichonem cum uxore [[Serena]] et filio [[Eucherius (filius Stilichonis)|Eucherio]]. Puerorum in clipeo Stilichonis sculptorum sunt qui [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] [[Honorius|Honoriique]] fratrum Augustorum imagines esse doceant, ut quorum pro tutela atque patrono Stilicho se gesserit.]] {{res|Flavius Stilicho}} (anno [[359]] circiter natus anno [[408]] die [[22 Augusti|22 mensis Augusti]] [[Ravenna]]e iussu [[Heraclianus|Heracliani]] ducis exercitus [[imperator]]is [[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorii]] supplicio adfectus) fuit [[magister militum]] originis [[barbari]]cae et [[Comes|comes stabuli]] et [[consul]] annorum [[400]] et [[405]]. Testis atque interpres rerum a Stilichone gestarum maximus [[Claudianus]] poeta extat in carminibus 2–28 et nonnullis carminibus minoribus. Contra ab [[Orosius|Orosio]] Stilichonis facta depinguntur ut vituperanda. Quod Vandalus erat, etiam [[Arianismus|Arianus]]. ==De vita== Stilicho in hodierna [[Germania]] a patre [[Vandali|Vandalo]]<ref>[[Orosius]] VII.38.1.</ref> natus est, auxiliario in exercitu Romano<ref>''De consulatu Stilichonis'' I.35-9.</ref>, et matre quae civis [[Roma|Romana]] erat<ref>Ita [[Hieronymus]] (Ep. 123.16) eum semibarbarum dicit.</ref>. Tamen semper se Romanum putavit etiamsi erat, sicut plurimi Germani, [[Arianismus|Arianus]], ergo putatus [[Haeresis|haereticus]]. Correcte tres linguas principales illius temporis loquebatur: [[Lingua Germanica|Germanicam]] communem, [[Lingua Latina|Latinam]] [[Lingua Graeca|Graecamque]]. Historiographiae vir videtur multum ambiguus: putatus dux fidelis causae Imperii Romani, egit negative{{dubsig}} pro se. Nam [[Alaricus|Alaricum]] non pepulit neque limitem ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] servavit. [[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] regnante, qui ultimus utriusque partis Imperi imperator fuit, tribunus praetorianus militaris fuit qui circa [[384]] eum 'vix primaevum' ad regem Persarum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sapor III|Saporem III|en|qid=Q310267}} misit, ut de pace et partitione [[Armenia|Armeniae]] ageret<ref>''De consulatu'' I.51-68</ref>. Missio felix fuit et Stilicho, cum Theodosium [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] adisset, comes sacri stabuli et mox comes domesticorum<ref>Ausonius, ''Laus Serenae'' 90-94.</ref> (385-392) ac postremo circa 392 magister militum factus est, ut limites a [[Visigothi|Visigothibus]] defenderet: ita hoc negotium per circa viginta annos<ref>Viginti tres si [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimi]] computationi credimus (V.34.6).</ref> habuit. Theodosius quia virtutem eius videbat, ei Serenam suam nepotem uxorem dedit<ref>''De consulatu'' I.69-83 et ''Laus Serenae''.</ref>, quae postea filia adoptiva fuit. Eo coniugio nati sunt filius [[Eucherius]] et duae filiae, Maria et Termantia, quae uxores imperatoris [[Honorius|Honorii]] fuerunt . Imperatore [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] anno [[392]] interfecto, Stilicho exercitum paravit quod, Theodosio duce, [[Eugenius (imperator)|Flavium Eugenium]] proelio ad flumen Frigidum vicit. In hac quoque pugna Stilicho imperavit, cum haberet subordinatum Alaricum Visigothum (deinde suum inimicum), qui magnam auxiliariorum [[Gothi|Gothorum]] copiam ducebat. Anno [[400]] una cum [[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]] consulatum gessit. [[Monumentum]] [[marmor]]eum annis circa 400 factum et dictum sepulcrum Stilichonis in [[basilica]] sancti [[Ambrosius|Ambrosii]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] exstat, sed Stilicho hac in urbe sepultus esse vix veri simile videtur. Nam primo testimonia desunt, deinde omnino corpus illis temporibus inquietissimis ac bellicosis a loco supplicii Mediolanum tralatum esse a multis viris doctis denegatur. == Notae == <references /> == Fontes == *[[CIL]] V.6250, VI.1188-1190, VI.1730-4, VI.31987-9, IX,4051, XIV.165. [[L'Année épigraphique|AE]] 1926,124 * [[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]], ''De consulatu Stilichonis'' et alia poemata * ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' * [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]] ''[[Historia nova]]'' * [[Orosius|Paulus Orosius]], ''[[Historiae adversum paganos]]'' * [[Claudius Rutilius Namatianus]], ''De reditu suo'' * [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' IV.1-14 == Plura legere si cupis == *Emma Burrell, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436726 A Re-Examination of Why Stilicho Abandoned His Pursuit of Alaric in 397]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2004: 251-256 * Alan Cameron, "[https://www.academia.edu/25506845/Theodosius_the_Great_and_the_Regency_of_Stilico Theodosius the Great and the regency of Stilico]", ''Harvard Studies'', 1969: 247-280 *Emilienne Demougeot, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44168669 Note sur la politique orientale de Stilichon de 405 à 407]", ''Byzantion'', 1950(II): 27-37 * [[Eduardus Gibbon]], ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'' * Ian Hughes, ''Stilicho : the Vandal who saved Rome'', Pen and Sword Military, 2021 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=79TIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT74&hl=fr&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/852/mode/2up 853-858] *Rudolf Keller, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=jMDTNtkscXQC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Stilicho, oder, Die Geschichte des weströmischen Reiches von 395-408]'', Berolini, 1884 *[[Theodorus Mommsenus|Theodorus Mommsen]], "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4472880 Stilicho und Alarich]", ''Hermes'', 1903: 101-115 * Bruno Pottier, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2005_num_117_1_10947 Un pamphlet contre Stilichon dans l’Histoire Auguste : la vie de Maximin Le Thrace]", ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2005 (117-1): 223-267 * Santo Mazzarino, ''Stilicone. La Crisi Imperiale dopo Teodosio'', [[1942]] (Rizzoli ISBN 978-88-17-33616-1) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1942_num_11_2_2700_t1_0335_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 *Lucien Sigayret, "[https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/29079 Les deux voyages de Stilichon]" in ''Bouleversants voyages'', Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 2000: 85-100 *Michaël Vannesse, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_1_7794 L’armée romaine en Occident sous Stilichon (395-408 ap. J.-C.) : le témoignage des décrets impériaux]", ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2010: 99-112 * Edmundus Vogt, ''[https://archive.org/details/clclaudianicarmi00vogt/mode/2up Cl. Claudiani carminum quae Stiliconem praedicant fides historica ex comparatione ceterorum fontium recensetur]'', Bonnae, 1863 '''LATINE''' == Nexus externi == {{communia|Stilicho|Flavium Stilichonem}} * Guillaume Vincent, ''Stilicon, architecte de la victoire: un examen du rôle stratégique du général lors de la bataille de la rivière Frigidus'' [https://mastersfdl.hypotheses.org/6020 Investigatio] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropius]] et [[Flavius Mallius Theodorus]]| annus= 400<br />cum<br />[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]]| successores=[[Flavius Fravitta]] et [[Flavius Vincentius]]}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] VI et [[Aristaenetus]]| annus= 405<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] VI et [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|408|Stilicho, Flavius}} [[Categoria:Ductores exercitus]] [[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Morte damnati]] oc04m043jg3gqs53ijtfwr7ox0gs4uy 3972523 3972522 2026-07-17T15:31:59Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De vita */ 3972523 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} [[Imago:Stilico diptych.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Diptychon consulare]] Stilichonis anni circiter [[400]], [[Modicia]]e in thesauro ecclesiae cathedralis conservatum. Monstrat autem Stilichonem cum uxore [[Serena]] et filio [[Eucherius (filius Stilichonis)|Eucherio]]. Puerorum in clipeo Stilichonis sculptorum sunt qui [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] [[Honorius|Honoriique]] fratrum Augustorum imagines esse doceant, ut quorum pro tutela atque patrono Stilicho se gesserit.]] {{res|Flavius Stilicho}} (anno [[359]] circiter natus anno [[408]] die [[22 Augusti|22 mensis Augusti]] [[Ravenna]]e iussu [[Heraclianus|Heracliani]] ducis exercitus [[imperator]]is [[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorii]] supplicio adfectus) fuit [[magister militum]] originis [[barbari]]cae et [[Comes|comes stabuli]] et [[consul]] annorum [[400]] et [[405]]. Testis atque interpres rerum a Stilichone gestarum maximus [[Claudianus]] poeta extat in carminibus 2–28 et nonnullis carminibus minoribus. Contra ab [[Orosius|Orosio]] Stilichonis facta depinguntur ut vituperanda. Quod Vandalus erat, etiam [[Arianismus|Arianus]]. ==De vita== Stilicho in hodierna [[Germania]] a patre [[Vandali|Vandalo]]<ref>[[Orosius]] VII.38.1.</ref> natus est, auxiliario in exercitu Romano<ref>''De consulatu Stilichonis'' I.35-9.</ref>, et matre quae civis [[Roma|Romana]] erat<ref>Ita [[Hieronymus]] (Ep. 123.16) eum semibarbarum dicit.</ref>. Tamen semper se Romanum putavit etiamsi erat, sicut plurimi Germani, [[Arianismus|Arianus]], ergo putatus [[Haeresis|haereticus]]. Correcte tres linguas principales illius temporis loquebatur: [[Lingua Germanica|Germanicam]] communem, [[Lingua Latina|Latinam]] [[Lingua Graeca|Graecamque]]. Historiographiae vir videtur multum ambiguus: putatus dux fidelis causae Imperii Romani, egit negative{{dubsig}} pro se. Nam [[Alaricus|Alaricum]] non pepulit neque limitem ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] servavit. [[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] regnante, qui ultimus utriusque partis Imperi imperator fuit, tribunus praetorianus militaris fuit qui circa [[384]] eum 'vix primaevum' ad regem Persarum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sapor III|Saporem III|en|qid=Q310267}} misit, ut de pace et partitione [[Armenia|Armeniae]] ageret<ref>''De consulatu'' I.51-68</ref>. Missio felix fuit et Stilicho, cum Theodosium [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] adisset, comes sacri stabuli et mox comes domesticorum<ref>Ausonius, ''Laus Serenae'' 90-94.</ref> (385-392) ac postremo circa 392 magister militum factus est, ut limites a [[Visigothi|Visigothis]] defenderet: ita hoc negotium per circa viginta annos<ref>Viginti tres si [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimi]] computationi credimus (V.34.6).</ref> habuit. Theodosius quia virtutem eius videbat, ei Serenam suam nepotem uxorem dedit<ref>''De consulatu'' I.69-83 et ''Laus Serenae''.</ref>, quae postea filia adoptiva fuit. Eo coniugio nati sunt filius [[Eucherius]] et duae filiae, Maria et Termantia, quae uxores imperatoris [[Honorius|Honorii]] fuerunt . Imperatore [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] anno [[392]] interfecto, Stilicho exercitum paravit quod, Theodosio duce, [[Eugenius (imperator)|Flavium Eugenium]] proelio ad flumen Frigidum vicit. In hac quoque pugna Stilicho imperavit, cum haberet subordinatum Alaricum Visigothum (deinde suum inimicum), qui magnam auxiliariorum [[Gothi|Gothorum]] copiam ducebat. Anno [[400]] una cum [[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]] consulatum gessit. [[Monumentum]] [[marmor]]eum annis circa 400 factum et dictum sepulcrum Stilichonis in [[basilica]] sancti [[Ambrosius|Ambrosii]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] exstat, sed Stilicho hac in urbe sepultus esse vix veri simile videtur. Nam primo testimonia desunt, deinde omnino corpus illis temporibus inquietissimis ac bellicosis a loco supplicii Mediolanum tralatum esse a multis viris doctis denegatur. == Notae == <references /> == Fontes == *[[CIL]] V.6250, VI.1188-1190, VI.1730-4, VI.31987-9, IX,4051, XIV.165. [[L'Année épigraphique|AE]] 1926,124 * [[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]], ''De consulatu Stilichonis'' et alia poemata * ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' * [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]] ''[[Historia nova]]'' * [[Orosius|Paulus Orosius]], ''[[Historiae adversum paganos]]'' * [[Claudius Rutilius Namatianus]], ''De reditu suo'' * [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' IV.1-14 == Plura legere si cupis == *Emma Burrell, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436726 A Re-Examination of Why Stilicho Abandoned His Pursuit of Alaric in 397]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2004: 251-256 * Alan Cameron, "[https://www.academia.edu/25506845/Theodosius_the_Great_and_the_Regency_of_Stilico Theodosius the Great and the regency of Stilico]", ''Harvard Studies'', 1969: 247-280 *Emilienne Demougeot, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44168669 Note sur la politique orientale de Stilichon de 405 à 407]", ''Byzantion'', 1950(II): 27-37 * [[Eduardus Gibbon]], ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'' * Ian Hughes, ''Stilicho : the Vandal who saved Rome'', Pen and Sword Military, 2021 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=79TIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT74&hl=fr&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/852/mode/2up 853-858] *Rudolf Keller, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=jMDTNtkscXQC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Stilicho, oder, Die Geschichte des weströmischen Reiches von 395-408]'', Berolini, 1884 *[[Theodorus Mommsenus|Theodorus Mommsen]], "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4472880 Stilicho und Alarich]", ''Hermes'', 1903: 101-115 * Bruno Pottier, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2005_num_117_1_10947 Un pamphlet contre Stilichon dans l’Histoire Auguste : la vie de Maximin Le Thrace]", ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2005 (117-1): 223-267 * Santo Mazzarino, ''Stilicone. La Crisi Imperiale dopo Teodosio'', [[1942]] (Rizzoli ISBN 978-88-17-33616-1) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1942_num_11_2_2700_t1_0335_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 *Lucien Sigayret, "[https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/29079 Les deux voyages de Stilichon]" in ''Bouleversants voyages'', Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 2000: 85-100 *Michaël Vannesse, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_1_7794 L’armée romaine en Occident sous Stilichon (395-408 ap. J.-C.) : le témoignage des décrets impériaux]", ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2010: 99-112 * Edmundus Vogt, ''[https://archive.org/details/clclaudianicarmi00vogt/mode/2up Cl. Claudiani carminum quae Stiliconem praedicant fides historica ex comparatione ceterorum fontium recensetur]'', Bonnae, 1863 '''LATINE''' == Nexus externi == {{communia|Stilicho|Flavium Stilichonem}} * Guillaume Vincent, ''Stilicon, architecte de la victoire: un examen du rôle stratégique du général lors de la bataille de la rivière Frigidus'' [https://mastersfdl.hypotheses.org/6020 Investigatio] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropius]] et [[Flavius Mallius Theodorus]]| annus= 400<br />cum<br />[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]]| successores=[[Flavius Fravitta]] et [[Flavius Vincentius]]}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] VI et [[Aristaenetus]]| annus= 405<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] VI et [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|408|Stilicho, Flavius}} [[Categoria:Ductores exercitus]] [[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Morte damnati]] o76s3459623wbysrsqocklkbfnwx8li 3972524 3972523 2026-07-17T15:37:48Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De vita */ 3972524 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} [[Imago:Stilico diptych.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Diptychon consulare]] Stilichonis anni circiter [[400]], [[Modicia]]e in thesauro ecclesiae cathedralis conservatum. Monstrat autem Stilichonem cum uxore [[Serena]] et filio [[Eucherius (filius Stilichonis)|Eucherio]]. Puerorum in clipeo Stilichonis sculptorum sunt qui [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] [[Honorius|Honoriique]] fratrum Augustorum imagines esse doceant, ut quorum pro tutela atque patrono Stilicho se gesserit.]] {{res|Flavius Stilicho}} (anno [[359]] circiter natus anno [[408]] die [[22 Augusti|22 mensis Augusti]] [[Ravenna]]e iussu [[Heraclianus|Heracliani]] ducis exercitus [[imperator]]is [[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorii]] supplicio adfectus) fuit [[magister militum]] originis [[barbari]]cae et [[Comes|comes stabuli]] et [[consul]] annorum [[400]] et [[405]]. Testis atque interpres rerum a Stilichone gestarum maximus [[Claudianus]] poeta extat in carminibus 2–28 et nonnullis carminibus minoribus. Contra ab [[Orosius|Orosio]] Stilichonis facta depinguntur ut vituperanda. Quod Vandalus erat, etiam [[Arianismus|Arianus]]. ==De vita== Stilicho in hodierna [[Germania]] a patre [[Vandali|Vandalo]]<ref>[[Orosius]] VII.38.1.</ref> natus est, auxiliario in exercitu Romano<ref>''De consulatu Stilichonis'' I.35-9.</ref>, et matre quae civis [[Roma|Romana]] erat<ref>Ita [[Hieronymus]] (Ep. 123.16) eum semibarbarum dicit.</ref>. Tamen semper se Romanum putavit etiamsi erat, sicut plurimi Germani, [[Arianismus|Arianus]], ergo putatus [[Haeresis|haereticus]]. Correcte tres linguas principales illius temporis loquebatur: [[Lingua Germanica|Germanicam]] communem, [[Lingua Latina|Latinam]] [[Lingua Graeca|Graecamque]]. Historiographiae vir videtur multum ambiguus: putatus dux fidelis causae Imperii Romani, egit negative{{dubsig}} pro se. Nam [[Alaricus|Alaricum]] non pepulit neque limitem ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] servavit. [[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] regnante, qui ultimus utriusque partis Imperi imperator fuit, tribunus praetorianus militaris fuit qui circa [[384]] eum 'vix primaevum' ad regem Persarum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sapor III|Saporem III|en|qid=Q310267}} misit, ut de pace et partitione [[Armenia|Armeniae]] ageret<ref>''De consulatu'' I.51-68</ref>. Missio felix fuit et Stilicho, cum Theodosium [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] adisset, comes sacri stabuli et mox comes domesticorum<ref>Ausonius, ''Laus Serenae'' 90-94.</ref> (385-392) ac postremo circa 392 magister militum factus est, ut limites a [[Visigothi|Visigothis]] defenderet: ita hoc negotium per circa viginta annos<ref>Viginti tres si [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimi]] computationi credimus (V.34.6).</ref> habuit. Theodosius quia virtutem eius videbat, ei Serenam suam nepotem uxorem dedit<ref>''De consulatu'' I.69-83 et ''Laus Serenae''.</ref>, quae postea filia adoptiva fuit. Eo coniugio nati sunt filius [[Eucherius]] et duae filiae, Maria et Termantia, quae uxores imperatoris [[Honorius|Honorii]] fuerunt . Imperatore [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] anno [[392]] interfecto, Stilicho exercitum paravit quod, Theodosio duce, [[Eugenius (imperator)|Flavium Eugenium]] proelio ad flumen Frigidum vicit. In hac quoque pugna Stilicho imperavit, cum haberet subordinatum Alaricum Visigothum (deinde suum inimicum), qui magnam auxiliariorum [[Gothi|Gothorum]] copiam ducebat. Anno [[400]] una cum [[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]] consulatum gessit. [[Monumentum]] [[marmor]]eum annis circa 400 factum et dictum sepulcrum Stilichonis in [[basilica]] sancti [[Ambrosius|Ambrosii]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] exstat, sed Stilichonem hac in urbe sepultum esse vix veri simile videtur. Nam primo testimonia desunt, deinde omnino corpus illis temporibus inquietissimis ac bellicosis a loco supplicii Mediolanum tralatum esse a multis viris doctis denegatur. == Notae == <references /> == Fontes == *[[CIL]] V.6250, VI.1188-1190, VI.1730-4, VI.31987-9, IX,4051, XIV.165. [[L'Année épigraphique|AE]] 1926,124 * [[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]], ''De consulatu Stilichonis'' et alia poemata * ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' * [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]] ''[[Historia nova]]'' * [[Orosius|Paulus Orosius]], ''[[Historiae adversum paganos]]'' * [[Claudius Rutilius Namatianus]], ''De reditu suo'' * [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' IV.1-14 == Plura legere si cupis == *Emma Burrell, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436726 A Re-Examination of Why Stilicho Abandoned His Pursuit of Alaric in 397]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2004: 251-256 * Alan Cameron, "[https://www.academia.edu/25506845/Theodosius_the_Great_and_the_Regency_of_Stilico Theodosius the Great and the regency of Stilico]", ''Harvard Studies'', 1969: 247-280 *Emilienne Demougeot, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44168669 Note sur la politique orientale de Stilichon de 405 à 407]", ''Byzantion'', 1950(II): 27-37 * [[Eduardus Gibbon]], ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'' * Ian Hughes, ''Stilicho : the Vandal who saved Rome'', Pen and Sword Military, 2021 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=79TIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT74&hl=fr&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/852/mode/2up 853-858] *Rudolf Keller, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=jMDTNtkscXQC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Stilicho, oder, Die Geschichte des weströmischen Reiches von 395-408]'', Berolini, 1884 *[[Theodorus Mommsenus|Theodorus Mommsen]], "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4472880 Stilicho und Alarich]", ''Hermes'', 1903: 101-115 * Bruno Pottier, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2005_num_117_1_10947 Un pamphlet contre Stilichon dans l’Histoire Auguste : la vie de Maximin Le Thrace]", ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2005 (117-1): 223-267 * Santo Mazzarino, ''Stilicone. La Crisi Imperiale dopo Teodosio'', [[1942]] (Rizzoli ISBN 978-88-17-33616-1) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1942_num_11_2_2700_t1_0335_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 *Lucien Sigayret, "[https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/29079 Les deux voyages de Stilichon]" in ''Bouleversants voyages'', Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 2000: 85-100 *Michaël Vannesse, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_1_7794 L’armée romaine en Occident sous Stilichon (395-408 ap. J.-C.) : le témoignage des décrets impériaux]", ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2010: 99-112 * Edmundus Vogt, ''[https://archive.org/details/clclaudianicarmi00vogt/mode/2up Cl. Claudiani carminum quae Stiliconem praedicant fides historica ex comparatione ceterorum fontium recensetur]'', Bonnae, 1863 '''LATINE''' == Nexus externi == {{communia|Stilicho|Flavium Stilichonem}} * Guillaume Vincent, ''Stilicon, architecte de la victoire: un examen du rôle stratégique du général lors de la bataille de la rivière Frigidus'' [https://mastersfdl.hypotheses.org/6020 Investigatio] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropius]] et [[Flavius Mallius Theodorus]]| annus= 400<br />cum<br />[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]]| successores=[[Flavius Fravitta]] et [[Flavius Vincentius]]}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] VI et [[Aristaenetus]]| annus= 405<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] VI et [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|408|Stilicho, Flavius}} [[Categoria:Ductores exercitus]] [[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Morte damnati]] 6b6e4kynor67qnuf4ye3hiclrqiskqq 3972525 3972524 2026-07-17T15:39:44Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De vita */ 3972525 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} [[Imago:Stilico diptych.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Diptychon consulare]] Stilichonis anni circiter [[400]], [[Modicia]]e in thesauro ecclesiae cathedralis conservatum. Monstrat autem Stilichonem cum uxore [[Serena]] et filio [[Eucherius (filius Stilichonis)|Eucherio]]. Puerorum in clipeo Stilichonis sculptorum sunt qui [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] [[Honorius|Honoriique]] fratrum Augustorum imagines esse doceant, ut quorum pro tutela atque patrono Stilicho se gesserit.]] {{res|Flavius Stilicho}} (anno [[359]] circiter natus anno [[408]] die [[22 Augusti|22 mensis Augusti]] [[Ravenna]]e iussu [[Heraclianus|Heracliani]] ducis exercitus [[imperator]]is [[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorii]] supplicio adfectus) fuit [[magister militum]] originis [[barbari]]cae et [[Comes|comes stabuli]] et [[consul]] annorum [[400]] et [[405]]. Testis atque interpres rerum a Stilichone gestarum maximus [[Claudianus]] poeta extat in carminibus 2–28 et nonnullis carminibus minoribus. Contra ab [[Orosius|Orosio]] Stilichonis facta depinguntur ut vituperanda. Quod Vandalus erat, etiam [[Arianismus|Arianus]]. ==De vita== Stilicho in hodierna [[Germania]] a patre [[Vandali|Vandalo]]<ref>[[Orosius]] VII.38.1.</ref> natus est, auxiliario in exercitu Romano<ref>''De consulatu Stilichonis'' I.35-9.</ref>, et matre quae civis [[Roma|Romana]] erat<ref>Ita [[Hieronymus]] (Ep. 123.16) eum semibarbarum dicit.</ref>. Tamen semper se Romanum putavit etiamsi erat, sicut plurimi Germani, [[Arianismus|Arianus]], ergo putatus [[Haeresis|haereticus]]. Correcte tres linguas principales illius temporis loquebatur: [[Lingua Germanica|Germanicam]] communem, [[Lingua Latina|Latinam]] [[Lingua Graeca|Graecamque]]. Historiographiae vir videtur multum ambiguus: putatus dux fidelis causae Imperii Romani, egit negative{{dubsig}} pro se. Nam [[Alaricus|Alaricum]] non pepulit neque limitem ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] servavit. [[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] regnante, qui ultimus utriusque partis Imperi imperator fuit, tribunus praetorianus militaris fuit qui circa [[384]] eum 'vix primaevum' ad regem Persarum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sapor III|Saporem III|en|qid=Q310267}} misit, ut de pace et partitione [[Armenia|Armeniae]] ageret<ref>''De consulatu'' I.51-68</ref>. Missio felix fuit et Stilicho, cum Theodosium [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] adisset, comes sacri stabuli et mox comes domesticorum<ref>Ausonius, ''Laus Serenae'' 90-94.</ref> (385-392) ac postremo circa 392 magister militum factus est, ut limites a [[Visigothi|Visigothis]] defenderet: ita hoc negotium per circa viginta annos<ref>Viginti tres si [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimi]] computationi credimus (V.34.6).</ref> habuit. Theodosius quia virtutem eius videbat, ei Serenam suam nepotem uxorem dedit<ref>''De consulatu'' I.69-83 et ''Laus Serenae''.</ref>, quae postea filia adoptiva fuit. Eo coniugio nati sunt filius [[Eucherius]] et duae filiae, Maria et Termantia, quae uxores imperatoris [[Honorius|Honorii]] fuerunt . Imperatore [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] anno [[392]] interfecto, Stilicho exercitum paravit quod, Theodosio duce, [[Eugenius (imperator)|Flavium Eugenium]] proelio ad flumen Frigidum vicit. In hac quoque pugna Stilicho imperavit, cum haberet subordinatum Alaricum Visigothum (deinde suum inimicum), qui magnam auxiliariorum [[Gothi|Gothorum]] copiam ducebat. Deinde magister utriusque militiae in parte occidentali imperii nominatur. Anno [[400]] una cum [[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]] consulatum gessit. [[Monumentum]] [[marmor]]eum annis circa 400 factum et dictum sepulcrum Stilichonis in [[basilica]] sancti [[Ambrosius|Ambrosii]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] exstat, sed Stilichonem hac in urbe sepultum esse vix veri simile videtur. Nam primo testimonia desunt, deinde omnino corpus illis temporibus inquietissimis ac bellicosis a loco supplicii Mediolanum tralatum esse a multis viris doctis denegatur. == Notae == <references /> == Fontes == *[[CIL]] V.6250, VI.1188-1190, VI.1730-4, VI.31987-9, IX,4051, XIV.165. [[L'Année épigraphique|AE]] 1926,124 * [[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]], ''De consulatu Stilichonis'' et alia poemata * ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' * [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]] ''[[Historia nova]]'' * [[Orosius|Paulus Orosius]], ''[[Historiae adversum paganos]]'' * [[Claudius Rutilius Namatianus]], ''De reditu suo'' * [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' IV.1-14 == Plura legere si cupis == *Emma Burrell, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436726 A Re-Examination of Why Stilicho Abandoned His Pursuit of Alaric in 397]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2004: 251-256 * Alan Cameron, "[https://www.academia.edu/25506845/Theodosius_the_Great_and_the_Regency_of_Stilico Theodosius the Great and the regency of Stilico]", ''Harvard Studies'', 1969: 247-280 *Emilienne Demougeot, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44168669 Note sur la politique orientale de Stilichon de 405 à 407]", ''Byzantion'', 1950(II): 27-37 * [[Eduardus Gibbon]], ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'' * Ian Hughes, ''Stilicho : the Vandal who saved Rome'', Pen and Sword Military, 2021 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=79TIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT74&hl=fr&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/852/mode/2up 853-858] *Rudolf Keller, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=jMDTNtkscXQC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Stilicho, oder, Die Geschichte des weströmischen Reiches von 395-408]'', Berolini, 1884 *[[Theodorus Mommsenus|Theodorus Mommsen]], "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4472880 Stilicho und Alarich]", ''Hermes'', 1903: 101-115 * Bruno Pottier, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2005_num_117_1_10947 Un pamphlet contre Stilichon dans l’Histoire Auguste : la vie de Maximin Le Thrace]", ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2005 (117-1): 223-267 * Santo Mazzarino, ''Stilicone. La Crisi Imperiale dopo Teodosio'', [[1942]] (Rizzoli ISBN 978-88-17-33616-1) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1942_num_11_2_2700_t1_0335_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 *Lucien Sigayret, "[https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/29079 Les deux voyages de Stilichon]" in ''Bouleversants voyages'', Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 2000: 85-100 *Michaël Vannesse, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_1_7794 L’armée romaine en Occident sous Stilichon (395-408 ap. J.-C.) : le témoignage des décrets impériaux]", ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2010: 99-112 * Edmundus Vogt, ''[https://archive.org/details/clclaudianicarmi00vogt/mode/2up Cl. Claudiani carminum quae Stiliconem praedicant fides historica ex comparatione ceterorum fontium recensetur]'', Bonnae, 1863 '''LATINE''' == Nexus externi == {{communia|Stilicho|Flavium Stilichonem}} * Guillaume Vincent, ''Stilicon, architecte de la victoire: un examen du rôle stratégique du général lors de la bataille de la rivière Frigidus'' [https://mastersfdl.hypotheses.org/6020 Investigatio] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropius]] et [[Flavius Mallius Theodorus]]| annus= 400<br />cum<br />[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]]| successores=[[Flavius Fravitta]] et [[Flavius Vincentius]]}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] VI et [[Aristaenetus]]| annus= 405<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] VI et [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|408|Stilicho, Flavius}} [[Categoria:Ductores exercitus]] [[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Morte damnati]] s3mjt3tqp24nhf76gdxtidlh8a1tivw 3972528 3972525 2026-07-17T15:45:58Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De vita */ 3972528 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} [[Imago:Stilico diptych.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Diptychon consulare]] Stilichonis anni circiter [[400]], [[Modicia]]e in thesauro ecclesiae cathedralis conservatum. Monstrat autem Stilichonem cum uxore [[Serena]] et filio [[Eucherius (filius Stilichonis)|Eucherio]]. Puerorum in clipeo Stilichonis sculptorum sunt qui [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] [[Honorius|Honoriique]] fratrum Augustorum imagines esse doceant, ut quorum pro tutela atque patrono Stilicho se gesserit.]] {{res|Flavius Stilicho}} (anno [[359]] circiter natus anno [[408]] die [[22 Augusti|22 mensis Augusti]] [[Ravenna]]e iussu [[Heraclianus|Heracliani]] ducis exercitus [[imperator]]is [[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorii]] supplicio adfectus) fuit [[magister militum]] originis [[barbari]]cae et [[Comes|comes stabuli]] et [[consul]] annorum [[400]] et [[405]]. Testis atque interpres rerum a Stilichone gestarum maximus [[Claudianus]] poeta extat in carminibus 2–28 et nonnullis carminibus minoribus. Contra ab [[Orosius|Orosio]] Stilichonis facta depinguntur ut vituperanda. Quod Vandalus erat, etiam [[Arianismus|Arianus]]. ==De vita== Stilicho in hodierna [[Germania]] a patre [[Vandali|Vandalo]]<ref>[[Orosius]] VII.38.1.</ref> natus est, auxiliario in exercitu Romano<ref>''De consulatu Stilichonis'' I.35-9.</ref>, et matre quae civis [[Roma|Romana]] erat<ref>Ita [[Hieronymus]] (Ep. 123.16) eum semibarbarum dicit.</ref>. Tamen semper se Romanum putavit etiamsi erat, sicut plurimi Germani, [[Arianismus|Arianus]], ergo putatus [[Haeresis|haereticus]]. Correcte tres linguas principales illius temporis loquebatur: [[Lingua Germanica|Germanicam]] communem, [[Lingua Latina|Latinam]] [[Lingua Graeca|Graecamque]]. Historiographiae vir videtur multum ambiguus: putatus dux fidelis causae Imperii Romani, egit negative{{dubsig}} pro se. Nam [[Alaricus|Alaricum]] non pepulit neque limitem ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] servavit. [[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] regnante, qui ultimus utriusque partis Imperi imperator fuit, tribunus praetorianus militaris fuit qui circa [[384]] eum 'vix primaevum' ad regem Persarum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sapor III|Saporem III|en|qid=Q310267}} misit, ut de pace et partitione [[Armenia|Armeniae]] ageret<ref>''De consulatu'' I.51-68</ref>. Missio felix fuit et Stilicho, cum Theodosium [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] adisset, comes sacri stabuli et mox comes domesticorum<ref>Ausonius, ''Laus Serenae'' 90-94.</ref> (385-392) ac postremo circa 392 magister militum factus est, ut limites a [[Visigothi|Visigothis]] defenderet: ita hoc negotium per circa viginta annos<ref>Viginti tres si [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimi]] computationi credimus (V.34.6).</ref> habuit. Theodosius quia virtutem eius videbat, ei Serenam suam nepotem uxorem dedit<ref>''De consulatu'' I.69-83 et ''Laus Serenae''.</ref>, quae postea filia adoptiva fuit. Eo coniugio nati sunt filius [[Eucherius]] et duae filiae, Maria et Termantia, quae uxores imperatoris [[Honorius|Honorii]] fuerunt . [[Fasciculus:Rione XV Esquilino, Roma, Italy - panoramio (49).jpg|thumb|alt=Nomen Stilichonis in porta Honoriana Romae legitur (CIL VI.1189)]] Imperatore [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] anno [[392]] interfecto, Stilicho exercitum paravit quod, Theodosio duce, [[Eugenius (imperator)|Flavium Eugenium]] proelio ad flumen Frigidum vicit. In hac quoque pugna Stilicho imperavit, cum haberet subordinatum Alaricum Visigothum (deinde suum inimicum), qui magnam auxiliariorum [[Gothi|Gothorum]] copiam ducebat. Deinde magister utriusque militiae in parte occidentali imperii nominatur. Anno [[400]] una cum [[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]] consulatum gessit. [[Monumentum]] [[marmor]]eum annis circa 400 factum et dictum sepulcrum Stilichonis in [[basilica]] sancti [[Ambrosius|Ambrosii]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] exstat, sed Stilichonem hac in urbe sepultum esse vix veri simile videtur. Nam primo testimonia desunt, deinde omnino corpus illis temporibus inquietissimis ac bellicosis a loco supplicii Mediolanum tralatum esse a multis viris doctis denegatur. == Notae == <references /> == Fontes == *[[CIL]] V.6250, VI.1188-1190, VI.1730-4, VI.31987-9, IX,4051, XIV.165. [[L'Année épigraphique|AE]] 1926,124 * [[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]], ''De consulatu Stilichonis'' et alia poemata * ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' * [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]] ''[[Historia nova]]'' * [[Orosius|Paulus Orosius]], ''[[Historiae adversum paganos]]'' * [[Claudius Rutilius Namatianus]], ''De reditu suo'' * [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' IV.1-14 == Plura legere si cupis == *Emma Burrell, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436726 A Re-Examination of Why Stilicho Abandoned His Pursuit of Alaric in 397]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2004: 251-256 * Alan Cameron, "[https://www.academia.edu/25506845/Theodosius_the_Great_and_the_Regency_of_Stilico Theodosius the Great and the regency of Stilico]", ''Harvard Studies'', 1969: 247-280 *Emilienne Demougeot, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44168669 Note sur la politique orientale de Stilichon de 405 à 407]", ''Byzantion'', 1950(II): 27-37 * [[Eduardus Gibbon]], ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'' * Ian Hughes, ''Stilicho : the Vandal who saved Rome'', Pen and Sword Military, 2021 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=79TIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT74&hl=fr&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/852/mode/2up 853-858] *Rudolf Keller, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=jMDTNtkscXQC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Stilicho, oder, Die Geschichte des weströmischen Reiches von 395-408]'', Berolini, 1884 *[[Theodorus Mommsenus|Theodorus Mommsen]], "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4472880 Stilicho und Alarich]", ''Hermes'', 1903: 101-115 * Bruno Pottier, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2005_num_117_1_10947 Un pamphlet contre Stilichon dans l’Histoire Auguste : la vie de Maximin Le Thrace]", ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2005 (117-1): 223-267 * Santo Mazzarino, ''Stilicone. La Crisi Imperiale dopo Teodosio'', [[1942]] (Rizzoli ISBN 978-88-17-33616-1) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1942_num_11_2_2700_t1_0335_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 *Lucien Sigayret, "[https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/29079 Les deux voyages de Stilichon]" in ''Bouleversants voyages'', Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 2000: 85-100 *Michaël Vannesse, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_1_7794 L’armée romaine en Occident sous Stilichon (395-408 ap. J.-C.) : le témoignage des décrets impériaux]", ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2010: 99-112 * Edmundus Vogt, ''[https://archive.org/details/clclaudianicarmi00vogt/mode/2up Cl. Claudiani carminum quae Stiliconem praedicant fides historica ex comparatione ceterorum fontium recensetur]'', Bonnae, 1863 '''LATINE''' == Nexus externi == {{communia|Stilicho|Flavium Stilichonem}} * Guillaume Vincent, ''Stilicon, architecte de la victoire: un examen du rôle stratégique du général lors de la bataille de la rivière Frigidus'' [https://mastersfdl.hypotheses.org/6020 Investigatio] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropius]] et [[Flavius Mallius Theodorus]]| annus= 400<br />cum<br />[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]]| successores=[[Flavius Fravitta]] et [[Flavius Vincentius]]}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] VI et [[Aristaenetus]]| annus= 405<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] VI et [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|408|Stilicho, Flavius}} [[Categoria:Ductores exercitus]] [[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Morte damnati]] 4eeuz3t9vrwxlbmi7t475453dw0xm9l 3972529 3972528 2026-07-17T15:46:23Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De vita */ 3972529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} [[Imago:Stilico diptych.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Diptychon consulare]] Stilichonis anni circiter [[400]], [[Modicia]]e in thesauro ecclesiae cathedralis conservatum. Monstrat autem Stilichonem cum uxore [[Serena]] et filio [[Eucherius (filius Stilichonis)|Eucherio]]. Puerorum in clipeo Stilichonis sculptorum sunt qui [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] [[Honorius|Honoriique]] fratrum Augustorum imagines esse doceant, ut quorum pro tutela atque patrono Stilicho se gesserit.]] {{res|Flavius Stilicho}} (anno [[359]] circiter natus anno [[408]] die [[22 Augusti|22 mensis Augusti]] [[Ravenna]]e iussu [[Heraclianus|Heracliani]] ducis exercitus [[imperator]]is [[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorii]] supplicio adfectus) fuit [[magister militum]] originis [[barbari]]cae et [[Comes|comes stabuli]] et [[consul]] annorum [[400]] et [[405]]. Testis atque interpres rerum a Stilichone gestarum maximus [[Claudianus]] poeta extat in carminibus 2–28 et nonnullis carminibus minoribus. Contra ab [[Orosius|Orosio]] Stilichonis facta depinguntur ut vituperanda. Quod Vandalus erat, etiam [[Arianismus|Arianus]]. ==De vita== Stilicho in hodierna [[Germania]] a patre [[Vandali|Vandalo]]<ref>[[Orosius]] VII.38.1.</ref> natus est, auxiliario in exercitu Romano<ref>''De consulatu Stilichonis'' I.35-9.</ref>, et matre quae civis [[Roma|Romana]] erat<ref>Ita [[Hieronymus]] (Ep. 123.16) eum semibarbarum dicit.</ref>. Tamen semper se Romanum putavit etiamsi erat, sicut plurimi Germani, [[Arianismus|Arianus]], ergo putatus [[Haeresis|haereticus]]. Correcte tres linguas principales illius temporis loquebatur: [[Lingua Germanica|Germanicam]] communem, [[Lingua Latina|Latinam]] [[Lingua Graeca|Graecamque]]. Historiographiae vir videtur multum ambiguus: putatus dux fidelis causae Imperii Romani, egit negative{{dubsig}} pro se. Nam [[Alaricus|Alaricum]] non pepulit neque limitem ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] servavit. [[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] regnante, qui ultimus utriusque partis Imperi imperator fuit, tribunus praetorianus militaris fuit qui circa [[384]] eum 'vix primaevum' ad regem Persarum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sapor III|Saporem III|en|qid=Q310267}} misit, ut de pace et partitione [[Armenia|Armeniae]] ageret<ref>''De consulatu'' I.51-68</ref>. Missio felix fuit et Stilicho, cum Theodosium [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] adisset, comes sacri stabuli et mox comes domesticorum<ref>Ausonius, ''Laus Serenae'' 90-94.</ref> (385-392) ac postremo circa 392 magister militum factus est, ut limites a [[Visigothi|Visigothis]] defenderet: ita hoc negotium per circa viginta annos<ref>Viginti tres si [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimi]] computationi credimus (V.34.6).</ref> habuit. Theodosius quia virtutem eius videbat, ei Serenam suam nepotem uxorem dedit<ref>''De consulatu'' I.69-83 et ''Laus Serenae''.</ref>, quae postea filia adoptiva fuit. Eo coniugio nati sunt filius [[Eucherius]] et duae filiae, Maria et Termantia, quae uxores imperatoris [[Honorius|Honorii]] fuerunt . [[Fasciculus:Rione XV Esquilino, Roma, Italy - panoramio (49).jpg|thumb|alt= Nomen Stilichonis in porta Honoriana Romae legitur (CIL VI.1189)]] Imperatore [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] anno [[392]] interfecto, Stilicho exercitum paravit quod, Theodosio duce, [[Eugenius (imperator)|Flavium Eugenium]] proelio ad flumen Frigidum vicit. In hac quoque pugna Stilicho imperavit, cum haberet subordinatum Alaricum Visigothum (deinde suum inimicum), qui magnam auxiliariorum [[Gothi|Gothorum]] copiam ducebat. Deinde magister utriusque militiae in parte occidentali imperii nominatur. Anno [[400]] una cum [[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]] consulatum gessit. [[Monumentum]] [[marmor]]eum annis circa 400 factum et dictum sepulcrum Stilichonis in [[basilica]] sancti [[Ambrosius|Ambrosii]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] exstat, sed Stilichonem hac in urbe sepultum esse vix veri simile videtur. Nam primo testimonia desunt, deinde omnino corpus illis temporibus inquietissimis ac bellicosis a loco supplicii Mediolanum tralatum esse a multis viris doctis denegatur. == Notae == <references /> == Fontes == *[[CIL]] V.6250, VI.1188-1190, VI.1730-4, VI.31987-9, IX,4051, XIV.165. [[L'Année épigraphique|AE]] 1926,124 * [[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]], ''De consulatu Stilichonis'' et alia poemata * ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' * [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]] ''[[Historia nova]]'' * [[Orosius|Paulus Orosius]], ''[[Historiae adversum paganos]]'' * [[Claudius Rutilius Namatianus]], ''De reditu suo'' * [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' IV.1-14 == Plura legere si cupis == *Emma Burrell, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436726 A Re-Examination of Why Stilicho Abandoned His Pursuit of Alaric in 397]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2004: 251-256 * Alan Cameron, "[https://www.academia.edu/25506845/Theodosius_the_Great_and_the_Regency_of_Stilico Theodosius the Great and the regency of Stilico]", ''Harvard Studies'', 1969: 247-280 *Emilienne Demougeot, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44168669 Note sur la politique orientale de Stilichon de 405 à 407]", ''Byzantion'', 1950(II): 27-37 * [[Eduardus Gibbon]], ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'' * Ian Hughes, ''Stilicho : the Vandal who saved Rome'', Pen and Sword Military, 2021 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=79TIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT74&hl=fr&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/852/mode/2up 853-858] *Rudolf Keller, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=jMDTNtkscXQC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Stilicho, oder, Die Geschichte des weströmischen Reiches von 395-408]'', Berolini, 1884 *[[Theodorus Mommsenus|Theodorus Mommsen]], "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4472880 Stilicho und Alarich]", ''Hermes'', 1903: 101-115 * Bruno Pottier, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2005_num_117_1_10947 Un pamphlet contre Stilichon dans l’Histoire Auguste : la vie de Maximin Le Thrace]", ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2005 (117-1): 223-267 * Santo Mazzarino, ''Stilicone. La Crisi Imperiale dopo Teodosio'', [[1942]] (Rizzoli ISBN 978-88-17-33616-1) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1942_num_11_2_2700_t1_0335_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 *Lucien Sigayret, "[https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/29079 Les deux voyages de Stilichon]" in ''Bouleversants voyages'', Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 2000: 85-100 *Michaël Vannesse, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_1_7794 L’armée romaine en Occident sous Stilichon (395-408 ap. J.-C.) : le témoignage des décrets impériaux]", ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2010: 99-112 * Edmundus Vogt, ''[https://archive.org/details/clclaudianicarmi00vogt/mode/2up Cl. Claudiani carminum quae Stiliconem praedicant fides historica ex comparatione ceterorum fontium recensetur]'', Bonnae, 1863 '''LATINE''' == Nexus externi == {{communia|Stilicho|Flavium Stilichonem}} * Guillaume Vincent, ''Stilicon, architecte de la victoire: un examen du rôle stratégique du général lors de la bataille de la rivière Frigidus'' [https://mastersfdl.hypotheses.org/6020 Investigatio] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropius]] et [[Flavius Mallius Theodorus]]| annus= 400<br />cum<br />[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]]| successores=[[Flavius Fravitta]] et [[Flavius Vincentius]]}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] VI et [[Aristaenetus]]| annus= 405<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] VI et [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|408|Stilicho, Flavius}} [[Categoria:Ductores exercitus]] [[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Morte damnati]] ru6y67xx2h3o8fvkfldbbp7ntooa2nu 3972531 3972529 2026-07-17T15:47:02Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3972531 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} [[Imago:Stilico diptych.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Diptychon consulare]] Stilichonis anni circiter [[400]], [[Modicia]]e in thesauro ecclesiae cathedralis conservatum. Monstrat autem Stilichonem cum uxore [[Serena]] et filio [[Eucherius (filius Stilichonis)|Eucherio]]. Puerorum in clipeo Stilichonis sculptorum sunt qui [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] [[Honorius|Honoriique]] fratrum Augustorum imagines esse doceant, ut quorum pro tutela atque patrono Stilicho se gesserit.]] {{res|Flavius Stilicho}} (anno [[359]] circiter natus anno [[408]] die [[22 Augusti|22 mensis Augusti]] [[Ravenna]]e iussu [[Heraclianus|Heracliani]] ducis exercitus [[imperator]]is [[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorii]] supplicio adfectus) fuit [[magister militum]] originis [[barbari]]cae et [[Comes|comes stabuli]] et [[consul]] annorum [[400]] et [[405]]. Testis atque interpres rerum a Stilichone gestarum maximus [[Claudianus]] poeta extat in carminibus 2–28 et nonnullis carminibus minoribus. Contra ab [[Orosius|Orosio]] Stilichonis facta depinguntur ut vituperanda. Quod Vandalus erat, etiam [[Arianismus|Arianus]]. ==De vita== Stilicho in hodierna [[Germania]] a patre [[Vandali|Vandalo]]<ref>[[Orosius]] VII.38.1.</ref> natus est, auxiliario in exercitu Romano<ref>''De consulatu Stilichonis'' I.35-9.</ref>, et matre quae civis [[Roma|Romana]] erat<ref>Ita [[Hieronymus]] (Ep. 123.16) eum semibarbarum dicit.</ref>. Tamen semper se Romanum putavit etiamsi erat, sicut plurimi Germani, [[Arianismus|Arianus]], ergo putatus [[Haeresis|haereticus]]. Correcte tres linguas principales illius temporis loquebatur: [[Lingua Germanica|Germanicam]] communem, [[Lingua Latina|Latinam]] [[Lingua Graeca|Graecamque]]. Historiographiae vir videtur multum ambiguus: putatus dux fidelis causae Imperii Romani, egit negative{{dubsig}} pro se. Nam [[Alaricus|Alaricum]] non pepulit neque limitem ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] servavit. [[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] regnante, qui ultimus utriusque partis Imperi imperator fuit, tribunus praetorianus militaris fuit qui circa [[384]] eum 'vix primaevum' ad regem Persarum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sapor III|Saporem III|en|qid=Q310267}} misit, ut de pace et partitione [[Armenia|Armeniae]] ageret<ref>''De consulatu'' I.51-68</ref>. Missio felix fuit et Stilicho, cum Theodosium [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] adisset, comes sacri stabuli et mox comes domesticorum<ref>Ausonius, ''Laus Serenae'' 90-94.</ref> (385-392) ac postremo circa 392 magister militum factus est, ut limites a [[Visigothi|Visigothis]] defenderet: ita hoc negotium per circa viginta annos<ref>Viginti tres si [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimi]] computationi credimus (V.34.6).</ref> habuit. Theodosius quia virtutem eius videbat, ei Serenam suam nepotem uxorem dedit<ref>''De consulatu'' I.69-83 et ''Laus Serenae''.</ref>, quae postea filia adoptiva fuit. Eo coniugio nati sunt filius [[Eucherius]] et duae filiae, Maria et Termantia, quae uxores imperatoris [[Honorius|Honorii]] fuerunt . [[Fasciculus:Rione XV Esquilino, Roma, Italy - panoramio (49).jpg|thumb| Nomen Stilichonis in porta Honoriana Romae legitur (CIL VI.1189)]] Imperatore [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] anno [[392]] interfecto, Stilicho exercitum paravit quod, Theodosio duce, [[Eugenius (imperator)|Flavium Eugenium]] proelio ad flumen Frigidum vicit. In hac quoque pugna Stilicho imperavit, cum haberet subordinatum Alaricum Visigothum (deinde suum inimicum), qui magnam auxiliariorum [[Gothi|Gothorum]] copiam ducebat. Deinde magister utriusque militiae in parte occidentali imperii nominatur. Anno [[400]] una cum [[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]] consulatum gessit. [[Monumentum]] [[marmor]]eum annis circa 400 factum et dictum sepulcrum Stilichonis in [[basilica]] sancti [[Ambrosius|Ambrosii]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] exstat, sed Stilichonem hac in urbe sepultum esse vix veri simile videtur. Nam primo testimonia desunt, deinde omnino corpus illis temporibus inquietissimis ac bellicosis a loco supplicii Mediolanum tralatum esse a multis viris doctis denegatur. == Notae == <references /> == Fontes == *[[CIL]] V.6250, VI.1188-1190, VI.1730-4, VI.31987-9, IX,4051, XIV.165. [[L'Année épigraphique|AE]] 1926,124 * [[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]], ''De consulatu Stilichonis'' et alia poemata * ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' * [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]] ''[[Historia nova]]'' * [[Orosius|Paulus Orosius]], ''[[Historiae adversum paganos]]'' * [[Claudius Rutilius Namatianus]], ''De reditu suo'' * [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' IV.1-14 == Plura legere si cupis == *Emma Burrell, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436726 A Re-Examination of Why Stilicho Abandoned His Pursuit of Alaric in 397]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2004: 251-256 * Alan Cameron, "[https://www.academia.edu/25506845/Theodosius_the_Great_and_the_Regency_of_Stilico Theodosius the Great and the regency of Stilico]", ''Harvard Studies'', 1969: 247-280 *Emilienne Demougeot, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44168669 Note sur la politique orientale de Stilichon de 405 à 407]", ''Byzantion'', 1950(II): 27-37 * [[Eduardus Gibbon]], ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'' * Ian Hughes, ''Stilicho : the Vandal who saved Rome'', Pen and Sword Military, 2021 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=79TIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT74&hl=fr&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/852/mode/2up 853-858] *Rudolf Keller, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=jMDTNtkscXQC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Stilicho, oder, Die Geschichte des weströmischen Reiches von 395-408]'', Berolini, 1884 *[[Theodorus Mommsenus|Theodorus Mommsen]], "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4472880 Stilicho und Alarich]", ''Hermes'', 1903: 101-115 * Bruno Pottier, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2005_num_117_1_10947 Un pamphlet contre Stilichon dans l’Histoire Auguste : la vie de Maximin Le Thrace]", ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2005 (117-1): 223-267 * Santo Mazzarino, ''Stilicone. La Crisi Imperiale dopo Teodosio'', [[1942]] (Rizzoli ISBN 978-88-17-33616-1) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1942_num_11_2_2700_t1_0335_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 *Lucien Sigayret, "[https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/29079 Les deux voyages de Stilichon]" in ''Bouleversants voyages'', Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 2000: 85-100 *Michaël Vannesse, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_1_7794 L’armée romaine en Occident sous Stilichon (395-408 ap. J.-C.) : le témoignage des décrets impériaux]", ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2010: 99-112 * Edmundus Vogt, ''[https://archive.org/details/clclaudianicarmi00vogt/mode/2up Cl. Claudiani carminum quae Stiliconem praedicant fides historica ex comparatione ceterorum fontium recensetur]'', Bonnae, 1863 '''LATINE''' == Nexus externi == {{communia|Stilicho|Flavium Stilichonem}} * Guillaume Vincent, ''Stilicon, architecte de la victoire: un examen du rôle stratégique du général lors de la bataille de la rivière Frigidus'' [https://mastersfdl.hypotheses.org/6020 Investigatio] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropius]] et [[Flavius Mallius Theodorus]]| annus= 400<br />cum<br />[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]]| successores=[[Flavius Fravitta]] et [[Flavius Vincentius]]}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] VI et [[Aristaenetus]]| annus= 405<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] VI et [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|408|Stilicho, Flavius}} [[Categoria:Ductores exercitus]] [[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Morte damnati]] scygh0vh5lwiwc69kigy38kemy1166g 3972532 3972531 2026-07-17T15:49:21Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De vita */ 3972532 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} [[Imago:Stilico diptych.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Diptychon consulare]] Stilichonis anni circiter [[400]], [[Modicia]]e in thesauro ecclesiae cathedralis conservatum. Monstrat autem Stilichonem cum uxore [[Serena]] et filio [[Eucherius (filius Stilichonis)|Eucherio]]. Puerorum in clipeo Stilichonis sculptorum sunt qui [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] [[Honorius|Honoriique]] fratrum Augustorum imagines esse doceant, ut quorum pro tutela atque patrono Stilicho se gesserit.]] {{res|Flavius Stilicho}} (anno [[359]] circiter natus anno [[408]] die [[22 Augusti|22 mensis Augusti]] [[Ravenna]]e iussu [[Heraclianus|Heracliani]] ducis exercitus [[imperator]]is [[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorii]] supplicio adfectus) fuit [[magister militum]] originis [[barbari]]cae et [[Comes|comes stabuli]] et [[consul]] annorum [[400]] et [[405]]. Testis atque interpres rerum a Stilichone gestarum maximus [[Claudianus]] poeta extat in carminibus 2–28 et nonnullis carminibus minoribus. Contra ab [[Orosius|Orosio]] Stilichonis facta depinguntur ut vituperanda. Quod Vandalus erat, etiam [[Arianismus|Arianus]]. ==De vita== Stilicho in hodierna [[Germania]] a patre [[Vandali|Vandalo]]<ref>[[Orosius]] VII.38.1.</ref> natus est, auxiliario in exercitu Romano<ref>''De consulatu Stilichonis'' I.35-9.</ref>, et matre quae civis [[Roma|Romana]] erat<ref>Ita [[Hieronymus]] (Ep. 123.16) eum semibarbarum dicit.</ref>. Tamen semper se Romanum putavit etiamsi erat, sicut plurimi Germani, [[Arianismus|Arianus]], ergo putatus [[Haeresis|haereticus]]. Correcte tres linguas principales illius temporis loquebatur: [[Lingua Germanica|Germanicam]] communem, [[Lingua Latina|Latinam]] [[Lingua Graeca|Graecamque]]. Historiographiae vir videtur multum ambiguus: putatus dux fidelis causae Imperii Romani, egit negative{{dubsig}} pro se. Nam [[Alaricus|Alaricum]] non pepulit neque limitem ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] servavit. [[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] regnante, qui ultimus utriusque partis Imperi imperator fuit, tribunus praetorianus militaris fuit qui circa [[384]] eum 'vix primaevum' ad regem Persarum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sapor III|Saporem III|en|qid=Q310267}} misit, ut de pace et partitione [[Armenia|Armeniae]] ageret<ref>''De consulatu'' I.51-68</ref>. Missio felix fuit et Stilicho, cum Theodosium [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] adisset, comes sacri stabuli et mox comes domesticorum<ref>Ausonius, ''Laus Serenae'' 90-94.</ref> (385-392) ac postremo circa 392 magister militum factus est, ut limites a [[Visigothi|Visigothis]] defenderet: ita hoc negotium per circa viginta annos<ref>Viginti tres si [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimi]] computationi credimus (V.34.6).</ref> habuit. Theodosius quia virtutem eius videbat, ei Serenam suam nepotem uxorem dedit<ref>''De consulatu'' I.69-83 et ''Laus Serenae''.</ref>, quae postea filia adoptiva fuit. Eo coniugio nati sunt filius [[Eucherius]] et duae filiae, Maria et Termantia, quae uxores imperatoris [[Honorius|Honorii]] fuerunt . [[Fasciculus:Rione XV Esquilino, Roma, Italy - panoramio (49).jpg|thumb| Nomen Stilichonis in porta Honoriana Romae legitur (CIL VI.1189)]] Imperatore [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] anno [[392]] interfecto, Stilicho exercitum paravit qui, Theodosio duce, [[Eugenius (imperator)|Flavium Eugenium]] proelio ad flumen Frigidum vicit. In hac quoque pugna Stilicho imperavit, cum haberet subordinatum Alaricum Visigothum (deinde suum inimicum), qui magnam auxiliariorum [[Gothi|Gothorum]] copiam ducebat. Deinde magister utriusque militiae in parte occidentali imperii nominatur. Anno [[400]] una cum [[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]] [[consul|consulatum]] gessit. [[Monumentum]] [[marmor]]eum annis circa 400 factum et dictum sepulcrum Stilichonis in [[basilica]] sancti [[Ambrosius|Ambrosii]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] exstat, sed Stilichonem hac in urbe sepultum esse vix veri simile videtur. Nam primo testimonia desunt, deinde omnino corpus illis temporibus inquietissimis ac bellicosis a loco supplicii Mediolanum tralatum esse a multis viris doctis denegatur. == Notae == <references /> == Fontes == *[[CIL]] V.6250, VI.1188-1190, VI.1730-4, VI.31987-9, IX,4051, XIV.165. [[L'Année épigraphique|AE]] 1926,124 * [[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]], ''De consulatu Stilichonis'' et alia poemata * ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' * [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]] ''[[Historia nova]]'' * [[Orosius|Paulus Orosius]], ''[[Historiae adversum paganos]]'' * [[Claudius Rutilius Namatianus]], ''De reditu suo'' * [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' IV.1-14 == Plura legere si cupis == *Emma Burrell, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436726 A Re-Examination of Why Stilicho Abandoned His Pursuit of Alaric in 397]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2004: 251-256 * Alan Cameron, "[https://www.academia.edu/25506845/Theodosius_the_Great_and_the_Regency_of_Stilico Theodosius the Great and the regency of Stilico]", ''Harvard Studies'', 1969: 247-280 *Emilienne Demougeot, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44168669 Note sur la politique orientale de Stilichon de 405 à 407]", ''Byzantion'', 1950(II): 27-37 * [[Eduardus Gibbon]], ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'' * Ian Hughes, ''Stilicho : the Vandal who saved Rome'', Pen and Sword Military, 2021 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=79TIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT74&hl=fr&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/852/mode/2up 853-858] *Rudolf Keller, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=jMDTNtkscXQC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Stilicho, oder, Die Geschichte des weströmischen Reiches von 395-408]'', Berolini, 1884 *[[Theodorus Mommsenus|Theodorus Mommsen]], "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4472880 Stilicho und Alarich]", ''Hermes'', 1903: 101-115 * Bruno Pottier, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2005_num_117_1_10947 Un pamphlet contre Stilichon dans l’Histoire Auguste : la vie de Maximin Le Thrace]", ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2005 (117-1): 223-267 * Santo Mazzarino, ''Stilicone. La Crisi Imperiale dopo Teodosio'', [[1942]] (Rizzoli ISBN 978-88-17-33616-1) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1942_num_11_2_2700_t1_0335_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 *Lucien Sigayret, "[https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/29079 Les deux voyages de Stilichon]" in ''Bouleversants voyages'', Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 2000: 85-100 *Michaël Vannesse, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_1_7794 L’armée romaine en Occident sous Stilichon (395-408 ap. J.-C.) : le témoignage des décrets impériaux]", ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2010: 99-112 * Edmundus Vogt, ''[https://archive.org/details/clclaudianicarmi00vogt/mode/2up Cl. Claudiani carminum quae Stiliconem praedicant fides historica ex comparatione ceterorum fontium recensetur]'', Bonnae, 1863 '''LATINE''' == Nexus externi == {{communia|Stilicho|Flavium Stilichonem}} * Guillaume Vincent, ''Stilicon, architecte de la victoire: un examen du rôle stratégique du général lors de la bataille de la rivière Frigidus'' [https://mastersfdl.hypotheses.org/6020 Investigatio] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropius]] et [[Flavius Mallius Theodorus]]| annus= 400<br />cum<br />[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]]| successores=[[Flavius Fravitta]] et [[Flavius Vincentius]]}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] VI et [[Aristaenetus]]| annus= 405<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] VI et [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|408|Stilicho, Flavius}} [[Categoria:Ductores exercitus]] [[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Morte damnati]] tsjxrzfj6bgaq0106fcpnl0qy8azn11 3972533 3972532 2026-07-17T15:50:46Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De vita */ 3972533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} [[Imago:Stilico diptych.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Diptychon consulare]] Stilichonis anni circiter [[400]], [[Modicia]]e in thesauro ecclesiae cathedralis conservatum. Monstrat autem Stilichonem cum uxore [[Serena]] et filio [[Eucherius (filius Stilichonis)|Eucherio]]. Puerorum in clipeo Stilichonis sculptorum sunt qui [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] [[Honorius|Honoriique]] fratrum Augustorum imagines esse doceant, ut quorum pro tutela atque patrono Stilicho se gesserit.]] {{res|Flavius Stilicho}} (anno [[359]] circiter natus anno [[408]] die [[22 Augusti|22 mensis Augusti]] [[Ravenna]]e iussu [[Heraclianus|Heracliani]] ducis exercitus [[imperator]]is [[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorii]] supplicio adfectus) fuit [[magister militum]] originis [[barbari]]cae et [[Comes|comes stabuli]] et [[consul]] annorum [[400]] et [[405]]. Testis atque interpres rerum a Stilichone gestarum maximus [[Claudianus]] poeta extat in carminibus 2–28 et nonnullis carminibus minoribus. Contra ab [[Orosius|Orosio]] Stilichonis facta depinguntur ut vituperanda. Quod Vandalus erat, etiam [[Arianismus|Arianus]]. ==De vita== Stilicho in hodierna [[Germania]] a patre [[Vandali|Vandalo]]<ref>[[Orosius]] VII.38.1.</ref> natus est, auxiliario in exercitu Romano<ref>''De consulatu Stilichonis'' I.35-9.</ref>, et matre quae civis [[Roma|Romana]] erat<ref>Ita [[Hieronymus]] (Ep. 123.16) eum semibarbarum dicit.</ref>. Tamen semper se Romanum putavit etiamsi erat, sicut plurimi Germani, [[Arianismus|Arianus]], ergo putatus [[Haeresis|haereticus]]. Correcte tres linguas principales illius temporis loquebatur: [[Lingua Germanica|Germanicam]] communem, [[Lingua Latina|Latinam]] [[Lingua Graeca|Graecamque]]. Historiographiae vir videtur multum ambiguus: putatus dux fidelis causae Imperii Romani, egit negative{{dubsig}} pro se. Nam [[Alaricus|Alaricum]] non pepulit neque limitem ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] servavit. [[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] regnante, qui ultimus utriusque partis Imperi imperator fuit, tribunus praetorianus militaris fuit qui circa [[384]] eum 'vix primaevum' ad regem Persarum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sapor III|Saporem III|en|qid=Q310267}} misit, ut de pace et partitione [[Armenia|Armeniae]] ageret<ref>''De consulatu'' I.51-68</ref>. Missio felix fuit et Stilicho, cum Theodosium [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] adisset, comes sacri stabuli et mox comes domesticorum<ref>Ausonius, ''Laus Serenae'' 90-94.</ref> (385-392) ac postremo circa 392 magister militum factus est, ut limites a [[Visigothi|Visigothis]] defenderet: ita hoc negotium per circa viginta annos<ref>Viginti tres si [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimi]] computationi credimus (V.34.6).</ref> habuit. Theodosius quia virtutem eius videbat, ei Serenam suam nepotem uxorem dedit<ref>''De consulatu'' I.69-83 et ''Laus Serenae''.</ref>, quae postea filia adoptiva fuit. Eo coniugio nati sunt filius [[Eucherius]] et duae filiae, Maria et Termantia, quae uxores imperatoris [[Honorius|Honorii]] fuerunt . [[Fasciculus:Rione XV Esquilino, Roma, Italy - panoramio (49).jpg|thumb| Nomen Stilichonis in porta Honoriana Romae legitur (CIL VI.1189)]] Imperatore [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] anno [[392]] interfecto, Stilicho exercitum paravit qui, Theodosio duce, [[Eugenius (imperator)|Flavium Eugenium]] proelio ad flumen Frigidum vicit (sept. 394). In hac quoque pugna Stilicho imperavit, cum haberet subordinatum Alaricum Visigothum (deinde suum inimicum), qui magnam auxiliariorum [[Gothi|Gothorum]] copiam ducebat. Deinde magister utriusque militiae in parte occidentali imperii nominatur. Anno [[400]] una cum [[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]] [[consul|consulatum]] gessit. [[Monumentum]] [[marmor]]eum annis circa 400 factum et dictum sepulcrum Stilichonis in [[basilica]] sancti [[Ambrosius|Ambrosii]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] exstat, sed Stilichonem hac in urbe sepultum esse vix veri simile videtur. Nam primo testimonia desunt, deinde omnino corpus illis temporibus inquietissimis ac bellicosis a loco supplicii Mediolanum tralatum esse a multis viris doctis denegatur. == Notae == <references /> == Fontes == *[[CIL]] V.6250, VI.1188-1190, VI.1730-4, VI.31987-9, IX,4051, XIV.165. [[L'Année épigraphique|AE]] 1926,124 * [[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]], ''De consulatu Stilichonis'' et alia poemata * ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' * [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]] ''[[Historia nova]]'' * [[Orosius|Paulus Orosius]], ''[[Historiae adversum paganos]]'' * [[Claudius Rutilius Namatianus]], ''De reditu suo'' * [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' IV.1-14 == Plura legere si cupis == *Emma Burrell, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436726 A Re-Examination of Why Stilicho Abandoned His Pursuit of Alaric in 397]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2004: 251-256 * Alan Cameron, "[https://www.academia.edu/25506845/Theodosius_the_Great_and_the_Regency_of_Stilico Theodosius the Great and the regency of Stilico]", ''Harvard Studies'', 1969: 247-280 *Emilienne Demougeot, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44168669 Note sur la politique orientale de Stilichon de 405 à 407]", ''Byzantion'', 1950(II): 27-37 * [[Eduardus Gibbon]], ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'' * Ian Hughes, ''Stilicho : the Vandal who saved Rome'', Pen and Sword Military, 2021 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=79TIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT74&hl=fr&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/852/mode/2up 853-858] *Rudolf Keller, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=jMDTNtkscXQC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Stilicho, oder, Die Geschichte des weströmischen Reiches von 395-408]'', Berolini, 1884 *[[Theodorus Mommsenus|Theodorus Mommsen]], "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4472880 Stilicho und Alarich]", ''Hermes'', 1903: 101-115 * Bruno Pottier, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2005_num_117_1_10947 Un pamphlet contre Stilichon dans l’Histoire Auguste : la vie de Maximin Le Thrace]", ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2005 (117-1): 223-267 * Santo Mazzarino, ''Stilicone. La Crisi Imperiale dopo Teodosio'', [[1942]] (Rizzoli ISBN 978-88-17-33616-1) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1942_num_11_2_2700_t1_0335_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 *Lucien Sigayret, "[https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/29079 Les deux voyages de Stilichon]" in ''Bouleversants voyages'', Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 2000: 85-100 *Michaël Vannesse, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_1_7794 L’armée romaine en Occident sous Stilichon (395-408 ap. J.-C.) : le témoignage des décrets impériaux]", ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2010: 99-112 * Edmundus Vogt, ''[https://archive.org/details/clclaudianicarmi00vogt/mode/2up Cl. Claudiani carminum quae Stiliconem praedicant fides historica ex comparatione ceterorum fontium recensetur]'', Bonnae, 1863 '''LATINE''' == Nexus externi == {{communia|Stilicho|Flavium Stilichonem}} * Guillaume Vincent, ''Stilicon, architecte de la victoire: un examen du rôle stratégique du général lors de la bataille de la rivière Frigidus'' [https://mastersfdl.hypotheses.org/6020 Investigatio] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropius]] et [[Flavius Mallius Theodorus]]| annus= 400<br />cum<br />[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]]| successores=[[Flavius Fravitta]] et [[Flavius Vincentius]]}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] VI et [[Aristaenetus]]| annus= 405<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] VI et [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|408|Stilicho, Flavius}} [[Categoria:Ductores exercitus]] [[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Morte damnati]] 868kc7md45vswp8o63z4iaovcxca6ck 3972534 3972533 2026-07-17T15:51:31Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De vita */ 3972534 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} [[Imago:Stilico diptych.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Diptychon consulare]] Stilichonis anni circiter [[400]], [[Modicia]]e in thesauro ecclesiae cathedralis conservatum. Monstrat autem Stilichonem cum uxore [[Serena]] et filio [[Eucherius (filius Stilichonis)|Eucherio]]. Puerorum in clipeo Stilichonis sculptorum sunt qui [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] [[Honorius|Honoriique]] fratrum Augustorum imagines esse doceant, ut quorum pro tutela atque patrono Stilicho se gesserit.]] {{res|Flavius Stilicho}} (anno [[359]] circiter natus anno [[408]] die [[22 Augusti|22 mensis Augusti]] [[Ravenna]]e iussu [[Heraclianus|Heracliani]] ducis exercitus [[imperator]]is [[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorii]] supplicio adfectus) fuit [[magister militum]] originis [[barbari]]cae et [[Comes|comes stabuli]] et [[consul]] annorum [[400]] et [[405]]. Testis atque interpres rerum a Stilichone gestarum maximus [[Claudianus]] poeta extat in carminibus 2–28 et nonnullis carminibus minoribus. Contra ab [[Orosius|Orosio]] Stilichonis facta depinguntur ut vituperanda. Quod Vandalus erat, etiam [[Arianismus|Arianus]]. ==De vita== Stilicho in hodierna [[Germania]] a patre [[Vandali|Vandalo]]<ref>[[Orosius]] VII.38.1.</ref> natus est, auxiliario in exercitu Romano<ref>''De consulatu Stilichonis'' I.35-9.</ref>, et matre quae civis [[Roma|Romana]] erat<ref>Ita [[Hieronymus]] (Ep. 123.16) eum semibarbarum dicit.</ref>. Tamen semper se Romanum putavit etiamsi erat, sicut plurimi Germani, [[Arianismus|Arianus]], ergo putatus [[Haeresis|haereticus]]. Correcte tres linguas principales illius temporis loquebatur: [[Lingua Germanica|Germanicam]] communem, [[Lingua Latina|Latinam]] [[Lingua Graeca|Graecamque]]. Historiographiae vir videtur multum ambiguus: putatus dux fidelis causae Imperii Romani, egit negative{{dubsig}} pro se. Nam [[Alaricus|Alaricum]] non pepulit neque limitem ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] servavit. [[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] regnante, qui ultimus utriusque partis Imperi imperator fuit, tribunus praetorianus militaris fuit qui circa [[384]] eum 'vix primaevum' ad regem Persarum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sapor III|Saporem III|en|qid=Q310267}} misit, ut de pace et partitione [[Armenia|Armeniae]] ageret<ref>''De consulatu'' I.51-68</ref>. Missio felix fuit et Stilicho, cum Theodosium [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] adisset, comes sacri stabuli et mox comes domesticorum<ref>Ausonius, ''Laus Serenae'' 90-94.</ref> (385-392) ac postremo circa 392 magister militum factus est, ut limites a [[Visigothi|Visigothis]] defenderet: ita hoc negotium per circa viginta annos<ref>Viginti tres si [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimi]] computationi credimus (V.34.6).</ref> habuit. Theodosius quia virtutem eius videbat, ei Serenam suam nepotem uxorem dedit<ref>''De consulatu'' I.69-83 et ''Laus Serenae''.</ref>, quae postea filia adoptiva fuit. Eo coniugio nati sunt filius [[Eucherius]] et duae filiae, Maria et Termantia, quae uxores imperatoris [[Honorius|Honorii]] fuerunt . [[Fasciculus:Rione XV Esquilino, Roma, Italy - panoramio (49).jpg|thumb| Nomen Stilichonis in porta Honoriana Romae legitur (CIL VI.1189)]] Imperatore [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] anno [[392]] interfecto, Stilicho exercitum paravit qui, Theodosio duce, [[Eugenius (imperator)|Flavium Eugenium]] proelio ad flumen Frigidum vicit (sept. 394). In hac quoque pugna Stilicho imperavit, cum haberet subordinatum [[Alaricus I (rex Visigothorum)|Alaricum]] Visigothum (deinde suum inimicum), qui magnam auxiliariorum [[Gothi|Gothorum]] copiam ducebat. Deinde magister utriusque militiae in parte occidentali imperii nominatur. Anno [[400]] una cum [[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]] [[consul|consulatum]] gessit. [[Monumentum]] [[marmor]]eum annis circa 400 factum et dictum sepulcrum Stilichonis in [[basilica]] sancti [[Ambrosius|Ambrosii]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] exstat, sed Stilichonem hac in urbe sepultum esse vix veri simile videtur. Nam primo testimonia desunt, deinde omnino corpus illis temporibus inquietissimis ac bellicosis a loco supplicii Mediolanum tralatum esse a multis viris doctis denegatur. == Notae == <references /> == Fontes == *[[CIL]] V.6250, VI.1188-1190, VI.1730-4, VI.31987-9, IX,4051, XIV.165. [[L'Année épigraphique|AE]] 1926,124 * [[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]], ''De consulatu Stilichonis'' et alia poemata * ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' * [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]] ''[[Historia nova]]'' * [[Orosius|Paulus Orosius]], ''[[Historiae adversum paganos]]'' * [[Claudius Rutilius Namatianus]], ''De reditu suo'' * [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' IV.1-14 == Plura legere si cupis == *Emma Burrell, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436726 A Re-Examination of Why Stilicho Abandoned His Pursuit of Alaric in 397]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2004: 251-256 * Alan Cameron, "[https://www.academia.edu/25506845/Theodosius_the_Great_and_the_Regency_of_Stilico Theodosius the Great and the regency of Stilico]", ''Harvard Studies'', 1969: 247-280 *Emilienne Demougeot, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44168669 Note sur la politique orientale de Stilichon de 405 à 407]", ''Byzantion'', 1950(II): 27-37 * [[Eduardus Gibbon]], ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'' * Ian Hughes, ''Stilicho : the Vandal who saved Rome'', Pen and Sword Military, 2021 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=79TIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT74&hl=fr&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/852/mode/2up 853-858] *Rudolf Keller, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=jMDTNtkscXQC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Stilicho, oder, Die Geschichte des weströmischen Reiches von 395-408]'', Berolini, 1884 *[[Theodorus Mommsenus|Theodorus Mommsen]], "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4472880 Stilicho und Alarich]", ''Hermes'', 1903: 101-115 * Bruno Pottier, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2005_num_117_1_10947 Un pamphlet contre Stilichon dans l’Histoire Auguste : la vie de Maximin Le Thrace]", ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2005 (117-1): 223-267 * Santo Mazzarino, ''Stilicone. La Crisi Imperiale dopo Teodosio'', [[1942]] (Rizzoli ISBN 978-88-17-33616-1) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1942_num_11_2_2700_t1_0335_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 *Lucien Sigayret, "[https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/29079 Les deux voyages de Stilichon]" in ''Bouleversants voyages'', Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 2000: 85-100 *Michaël Vannesse, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_1_7794 L’armée romaine en Occident sous Stilichon (395-408 ap. J.-C.) : le témoignage des décrets impériaux]", ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2010: 99-112 * Edmundus Vogt, ''[https://archive.org/details/clclaudianicarmi00vogt/mode/2up Cl. Claudiani carminum quae Stiliconem praedicant fides historica ex comparatione ceterorum fontium recensetur]'', Bonnae, 1863 '''LATINE''' == Nexus externi == {{communia|Stilicho|Flavium Stilichonem}} * Guillaume Vincent, ''Stilicon, architecte de la victoire: un examen du rôle stratégique du général lors de la bataille de la rivière Frigidus'' [https://mastersfdl.hypotheses.org/6020 Investigatio] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropius]] et [[Flavius Mallius Theodorus]]| annus= 400<br />cum<br />[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]]| successores=[[Flavius Fravitta]] et [[Flavius Vincentius]]}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] VI et [[Aristaenetus]]| annus= 405<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] VI et [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|408|Stilicho, Flavius}} [[Categoria:Ductores exercitus]] [[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Morte damnati]] edvzpqhwsfw4icgxapd1hdk0odz0j3g 3972540 3972534 2026-07-17T16:01:49Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Plura legere si cupis */ 3972540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} [[Imago:Stilico diptych.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Diptychon consulare]] Stilichonis anni circiter [[400]], [[Modicia]]e in thesauro ecclesiae cathedralis conservatum. Monstrat autem Stilichonem cum uxore [[Serena]] et filio [[Eucherius (filius Stilichonis)|Eucherio]]. Puerorum in clipeo Stilichonis sculptorum sunt qui [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] [[Honorius|Honoriique]] fratrum Augustorum imagines esse doceant, ut quorum pro tutela atque patrono Stilicho se gesserit.]] {{res|Flavius Stilicho}} (anno [[359]] circiter natus anno [[408]] die [[22 Augusti|22 mensis Augusti]] [[Ravenna]]e iussu [[Heraclianus|Heracliani]] ducis exercitus [[imperator]]is [[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorii]] supplicio adfectus) fuit [[magister militum]] originis [[barbari]]cae et [[Comes|comes stabuli]] et [[consul]] annorum [[400]] et [[405]]. Testis atque interpres rerum a Stilichone gestarum maximus [[Claudianus]] poeta extat in carminibus 2–28 et nonnullis carminibus minoribus. Contra ab [[Orosius|Orosio]] Stilichonis facta depinguntur ut vituperanda. Quod Vandalus erat, etiam [[Arianismus|Arianus]]. ==De vita== Stilicho in hodierna [[Germania]] a patre [[Vandali|Vandalo]]<ref>[[Orosius]] VII.38.1.</ref> natus est, auxiliario in exercitu Romano<ref>''De consulatu Stilichonis'' I.35-9.</ref>, et matre quae civis [[Roma|Romana]] erat<ref>Ita [[Hieronymus]] (Ep. 123.16) eum semibarbarum dicit.</ref>. Tamen semper se Romanum putavit etiamsi erat, sicut plurimi Germani, [[Arianismus|Arianus]], ergo putatus [[Haeresis|haereticus]]. Correcte tres linguas principales illius temporis loquebatur: [[Lingua Germanica|Germanicam]] communem, [[Lingua Latina|Latinam]] [[Lingua Graeca|Graecamque]]. Historiographiae vir videtur multum ambiguus: putatus dux fidelis causae Imperii Romani, egit negative{{dubsig}} pro se. Nam [[Alaricus|Alaricum]] non pepulit neque limitem ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] servavit. [[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] regnante, qui ultimus utriusque partis Imperi imperator fuit, tribunus praetorianus militaris fuit qui circa [[384]] eum 'vix primaevum' ad regem Persarum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sapor III|Saporem III|en|qid=Q310267}} misit, ut de pace et partitione [[Armenia|Armeniae]] ageret<ref>''De consulatu'' I.51-68</ref>. Missio felix fuit et Stilicho, cum Theodosium [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] adisset, comes sacri stabuli et mox comes domesticorum<ref>Ausonius, ''Laus Serenae'' 90-94.</ref> (385-392) ac postremo circa 392 magister militum factus est, ut limites a [[Visigothi|Visigothis]] defenderet: ita hoc negotium per circa viginta annos<ref>Viginti tres si [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimi]] computationi credimus (V.34.6).</ref> habuit. Theodosius quia virtutem eius videbat, ei Serenam suam nepotem uxorem dedit<ref>''De consulatu'' I.69-83 et ''Laus Serenae''.</ref>, quae postea filia adoptiva fuit. Eo coniugio nati sunt filius [[Eucherius]] et duae filiae, Maria et Termantia, quae uxores imperatoris [[Honorius|Honorii]] fuerunt . [[Fasciculus:Rione XV Esquilino, Roma, Italy - panoramio (49).jpg|thumb| Nomen Stilichonis in porta Honoriana Romae legitur (CIL VI.1189)]] Imperatore [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] anno [[392]] interfecto, Stilicho exercitum paravit qui, Theodosio duce, [[Eugenius (imperator)|Flavium Eugenium]] proelio ad flumen Frigidum vicit (sept. 394). In hac quoque pugna Stilicho imperavit, cum haberet subordinatum [[Alaricus I (rex Visigothorum)|Alaricum]] Visigothum (deinde suum inimicum), qui magnam auxiliariorum [[Gothi|Gothorum]] copiam ducebat. Deinde magister utriusque militiae in parte occidentali imperii nominatur. Anno [[400]] una cum [[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]] [[consul|consulatum]] gessit. [[Monumentum]] [[marmor]]eum annis circa 400 factum et dictum sepulcrum Stilichonis in [[basilica]] sancti [[Ambrosius|Ambrosii]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] exstat, sed Stilichonem hac in urbe sepultum esse vix veri simile videtur. Nam primo testimonia desunt, deinde omnino corpus illis temporibus inquietissimis ac bellicosis a loco supplicii Mediolanum tralatum esse a multis viris doctis denegatur. == Notae == <references /> == Fontes == *[[CIL]] V.6250, VI.1188-1190, VI.1730-4, VI.31987-9, IX,4051, XIV.165. [[L'Année épigraphique|AE]] 1926,124 * [[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]], ''De consulatu Stilichonis'' et alia poemata * ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' * [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]] ''[[Historia nova]]'' * [[Orosius|Paulus Orosius]], ''[[Historiae adversum paganos]]'' * [[Claudius Rutilius Namatianus]], ''De reditu suo'' * [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' IV.1-14 == Plura legere si cupis == *Emma Burrell, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436726 A Re-Examination of Why Stilicho Abandoned His Pursuit of Alaric in 397]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2004: 251-256 * Alan Cameron, "[https://www.academia.edu/25506845/Theodosius_the_Great_and_the_Regency_of_Stilico Theodosius the Great and the regency of Stilico]", ''Harvard Studies'', 1969: 247-280 *Emilienne Demougeot, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44168669 Note sur la politique orientale de Stilichon de 405 à 407]", ''Byzantion'', 1950(II): 27-37 * [[Eduardus Gibbon]], ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'' * Ian Hughes, ''Stilicho : the Vandal who saved Rome'', Pen and Sword Military, 2021 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=79TIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT74&hl=fr&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/852/mode/2up 853-858] *Rudolf Keller, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=jMDTNtkscXQC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Stilicho, oder, Die Geschichte des weströmischen Reiches von 395-408]'', Berolini, 1884 *[[Theodorus Mommsenus|Theodorus Mommsen]], "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4472880 Stilicho und Alarich]", ''Hermes'', 1903: 101-115 * Bruno Pottier, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2005_num_117_1_10947 Un pamphlet contre Stilichon dans l’Histoire Auguste : la vie de Maximin Le Thrace]", ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2005 (117-1): 223-267 * Santo Mazzarino, ''Stilicone. La Crisi Imperiale dopo Teodosio'', [[1942]] (Rizzoli ISBN 978-88-17-33616-1) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1942_num_11_2_2700_t1_0335_0000_2 Recensio critica] *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 *Paulus Schulz, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&lr=&id=kv6unNYVlEUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=serena+stilichonis&ots=zPymhMZ5rA&sig=LlWeNoL9PBOQcOJSI22m7f53z88&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false De Stilichone iisque qui de eo agunt fontibus, Claudiano imprimis et Zosimo]'', Regimonti, 1864 '''LATINE''' *Lucien Sigayret, "[https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/29079 Les deux voyages de Stilichon]" in ''Bouleversants voyages'', Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 2000: 85-100 *Michaël Vannesse, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_1_7794 L’armée romaine en Occident sous Stilichon (395-408 ap. J.-C.) : le témoignage des décrets impériaux]", ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2010: 99-112 * Edmundus Vogt, ''[https://archive.org/details/clclaudianicarmi00vogt/mode/2up Cl. Claudiani carminum quae Stiliconem praedicant fides historica ex comparatione ceterorum fontium recensetur]'', Bonnae, 1863 '''LATINE''' == Nexus externi == {{communia|Stilicho|Flavium Stilichonem}} * Guillaume Vincent, ''Stilicon, architecte de la victoire: un examen du rôle stratégique du général lors de la bataille de la rivière Frigidus'' [https://mastersfdl.hypotheses.org/6020 Investigatio] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropius]] et [[Flavius Mallius Theodorus]]| annus= 400<br />cum<br />[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]]| successores=[[Flavius Fravitta]] et [[Flavius Vincentius]]}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] VI et [[Aristaenetus]]| annus= 405<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] VI et [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|408|Stilicho, Flavius}} [[Categoria:Ductores exercitus]] [[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Morte damnati]] 7guz08vmtpapzv139dw1ir6s12tevpa 3972541 3972540 2026-07-17T16:04:57Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Plura legere si cupis */ 3972541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} [[Imago:Stilico diptych.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Diptychon consulare]] Stilichonis anni circiter [[400]], [[Modicia]]e in thesauro ecclesiae cathedralis conservatum. Monstrat autem Stilichonem cum uxore [[Serena]] et filio [[Eucherius (filius Stilichonis)|Eucherio]]. Puerorum in clipeo Stilichonis sculptorum sunt qui [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] [[Honorius|Honoriique]] fratrum Augustorum imagines esse doceant, ut quorum pro tutela atque patrono Stilicho se gesserit.]] {{res|Flavius Stilicho}} (anno [[359]] circiter natus anno [[408]] die [[22 Augusti|22 mensis Augusti]] [[Ravenna]]e iussu [[Heraclianus|Heracliani]] ducis exercitus [[imperator]]is [[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorii]] supplicio adfectus) fuit [[magister militum]] originis [[barbari]]cae et [[Comes|comes stabuli]] et [[consul]] annorum [[400]] et [[405]]. Testis atque interpres rerum a Stilichone gestarum maximus [[Claudianus]] poeta extat in carminibus 2–28 et nonnullis carminibus minoribus. Contra ab [[Orosius|Orosio]] Stilichonis facta depinguntur ut vituperanda. Quod Vandalus erat, etiam [[Arianismus|Arianus]]. ==De vita== Stilicho in hodierna [[Germania]] a patre [[Vandali|Vandalo]]<ref>[[Orosius]] VII.38.1.</ref> natus est, auxiliario in exercitu Romano<ref>''De consulatu Stilichonis'' I.35-9.</ref>, et matre quae civis [[Roma|Romana]] erat<ref>Ita [[Hieronymus]] (Ep. 123.16) eum semibarbarum dicit.</ref>. Tamen semper se Romanum putavit etiamsi erat, sicut plurimi Germani, [[Arianismus|Arianus]], ergo putatus [[Haeresis|haereticus]]. Correcte tres linguas principales illius temporis loquebatur: [[Lingua Germanica|Germanicam]] communem, [[Lingua Latina|Latinam]] [[Lingua Graeca|Graecamque]]. Historiographiae vir videtur multum ambiguus: putatus dux fidelis causae Imperii Romani, egit negative{{dubsig}} pro se. Nam [[Alaricus|Alaricum]] non pepulit neque limitem ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] servavit. [[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] regnante, qui ultimus utriusque partis Imperi imperator fuit, tribunus praetorianus militaris fuit qui circa [[384]] eum 'vix primaevum' ad regem Persarum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sapor III|Saporem III|en|qid=Q310267}} misit, ut de pace et partitione [[Armenia|Armeniae]] ageret<ref>''De consulatu'' I.51-68</ref>. Missio felix fuit et Stilicho, cum Theodosium [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] adisset, comes sacri stabuli et mox comes domesticorum<ref>Ausonius, ''Laus Serenae'' 90-94.</ref> (385-392) ac postremo circa 392 magister militum factus est, ut limites a [[Visigothi|Visigothis]] defenderet: ita hoc negotium per circa viginta annos<ref>Viginti tres si [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimi]] computationi credimus (V.34.6).</ref> habuit. Theodosius quia virtutem eius videbat, ei Serenam suam nepotem uxorem dedit<ref>''De consulatu'' I.69-83 et ''Laus Serenae''.</ref>, quae postea filia adoptiva fuit. Eo coniugio nati sunt filius [[Eucherius]] et duae filiae, Maria et Termantia, quae uxores imperatoris [[Honorius|Honorii]] fuerunt . [[Fasciculus:Rione XV Esquilino, Roma, Italy - panoramio (49).jpg|thumb| Nomen Stilichonis in porta Honoriana Romae legitur (CIL VI.1189)]] Imperatore [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] anno [[392]] interfecto, Stilicho exercitum paravit qui, Theodosio duce, [[Eugenius (imperator)|Flavium Eugenium]] proelio ad flumen Frigidum vicit (sept. 394). In hac quoque pugna Stilicho imperavit, cum haberet subordinatum [[Alaricus I (rex Visigothorum)|Alaricum]] Visigothum (deinde suum inimicum), qui magnam auxiliariorum [[Gothi|Gothorum]] copiam ducebat. Deinde magister utriusque militiae in parte occidentali imperii nominatur. Anno [[400]] una cum [[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]] [[consul|consulatum]] gessit. [[Monumentum]] [[marmor]]eum annis circa 400 factum et dictum sepulcrum Stilichonis in [[basilica]] sancti [[Ambrosius|Ambrosii]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] exstat, sed Stilichonem hac in urbe sepultum esse vix veri simile videtur. Nam primo testimonia desunt, deinde omnino corpus illis temporibus inquietissimis ac bellicosis a loco supplicii Mediolanum tralatum esse a multis viris doctis denegatur. == Notae == <references /> == Fontes == *[[CIL]] V.6250, VI.1188-1190, VI.1730-4, VI.31987-9, IX,4051, XIV.165. [[L'Année épigraphique|AE]] 1926,124 * [[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]], ''De consulatu Stilichonis'' et alia poemata * ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' * [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]] ''[[Historia nova]]'' * [[Orosius|Paulus Orosius]], ''[[Historiae adversum paganos]]'' * [[Claudius Rutilius Namatianus]], ''De reditu suo'' * [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' IV.1-14 == Plura legere si cupis == *Emma Burrell, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436726 A Re-Examination of Why Stilicho Abandoned His Pursuit of Alaric in 397]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2004: 251-256 * Alan Cameron, "[https://www.academia.edu/25506845/Theodosius_the_Great_and_the_Regency_of_Stilico Theodosius the Great and the regency of Stilico]", ''Harvard Studies'', 1969: 247-280 *Emilienne Demougeot, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44168669 Note sur la politique orientale de Stilichon de 405 à 407]", ''Byzantion'', 1950(II): 27-37 * [[Eduardus Gibbon]], ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'' * Ian Hughes, ''Stilicho : the Vandal who saved Rome'', Pen and Sword Military, 2021 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=79TIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT74&hl=fr&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/852/mode/2up 853-858] *Rudolf Keller, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=jMDTNtkscXQC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Stilicho, oder, Die Geschichte des weströmischen Reiches von 395-408]'', Berolini, 1884 *[[Theodorus Mommsenus|Theodorus Mommsen]], "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4472880 Stilicho und Alarich]", ''Hermes'', 1903: 101-115 * Bruno Pottier, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2005_num_117_1_10947 Un pamphlet contre Stilichon dans l’Histoire Auguste : la vie de Maximin Le Thrace]", ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2005 (117-1): 223-267 * Santo Mazzarino, ''Stilicone. La Crisi Imperiale dopo Teodosio'', [[1942]] (Rizzoli ISBN 978-88-17-33616-1) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1942_num_11_2_2700_t1_0335_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Heinricus Richter, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&lr=&id=ponfsh4ruPkC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=serena+stilichonis&ots=vaSabmKd8r&sig=kMRQOGElZOJXCFoqw6FoLMeZj2U&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false De Stilichone et Rufino]'', Halis Saxonum, 1860 '''LATINE''' *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 *Paulus Schulz, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&lr=&id=kv6unNYVlEUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=serena+stilichonis&ots=zPymhMZ5rA&sig=LlWeNoL9PBOQcOJSI22m7f53z88&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false De Stilichone iisque qui de eo agunt fontibus, Claudiano imprimis et Zosimo]'', Regimonti, 1864 '''LATINE''' *Lucien Sigayret, "[https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/29079 Les deux voyages de Stilichon]" in ''Bouleversants voyages'', Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 2000: 85-100 *Michaël Vannesse, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_1_7794 L’armée romaine en Occident sous Stilichon (395-408 ap. J.-C.) : le témoignage des décrets impériaux]", ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2010: 99-112 * Edmundus Vogt, ''[https://archive.org/details/clclaudianicarmi00vogt/mode/2up Cl. Claudiani carminum quae Stiliconem praedicant fides historica ex comparatione ceterorum fontium recensetur]'', Bonnae, 1863 '''LATINE''' == Nexus externi == {{communia|Stilicho|Flavium Stilichonem}} * Guillaume Vincent, ''Stilicon, architecte de la victoire: un examen du rôle stratégique du général lors de la bataille de la rivière Frigidus'' [https://mastersfdl.hypotheses.org/6020 Investigatio] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropius]] et [[Flavius Mallius Theodorus]]| annus= 400<br />cum<br />[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]]| successores=[[Flavius Fravitta]] et [[Flavius Vincentius]]}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] VI et [[Aristaenetus]]| annus= 405<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] VI et [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|408|Stilicho, Flavius}} [[Categoria:Ductores exercitus]] [[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Morte damnati]] k0r1mscbopjsoxshbct8fhw1yy2io71 3972544 3972541 2026-07-17T16:17:12Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Plura legere si cupis */ 3972544 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} [[Imago:Stilico diptych.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Diptychon consulare]] Stilichonis anni circiter [[400]], [[Modicia]]e in thesauro ecclesiae cathedralis conservatum. Monstrat autem Stilichonem cum uxore [[Serena]] et filio [[Eucherius (filius Stilichonis)|Eucherio]]. Puerorum in clipeo Stilichonis sculptorum sunt qui [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] [[Honorius|Honoriique]] fratrum Augustorum imagines esse doceant, ut quorum pro tutela atque patrono Stilicho se gesserit.]] {{res|Flavius Stilicho}} (anno [[359]] circiter natus anno [[408]] die [[22 Augusti|22 mensis Augusti]] [[Ravenna]]e iussu [[Heraclianus|Heracliani]] ducis exercitus [[imperator]]is [[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorii]] supplicio adfectus) fuit [[magister militum]] originis [[barbari]]cae et [[Comes|comes stabuli]] et [[consul]] annorum [[400]] et [[405]]. Testis atque interpres rerum a Stilichone gestarum maximus [[Claudianus]] poeta extat in carminibus 2–28 et nonnullis carminibus minoribus. Contra ab [[Orosius|Orosio]] Stilichonis facta depinguntur ut vituperanda. Quod Vandalus erat, etiam [[Arianismus|Arianus]]. ==De vita== Stilicho in hodierna [[Germania]] a patre [[Vandali|Vandalo]]<ref>[[Orosius]] VII.38.1.</ref> natus est, auxiliario in exercitu Romano<ref>''De consulatu Stilichonis'' I.35-9.</ref>, et matre quae civis [[Roma|Romana]] erat<ref>Ita [[Hieronymus]] (Ep. 123.16) eum semibarbarum dicit.</ref>. Tamen semper se Romanum putavit etiamsi erat, sicut plurimi Germani, [[Arianismus|Arianus]], ergo putatus [[Haeresis|haereticus]]. Correcte tres linguas principales illius temporis loquebatur: [[Lingua Germanica|Germanicam]] communem, [[Lingua Latina|Latinam]] [[Lingua Graeca|Graecamque]]. Historiographiae vir videtur multum ambiguus: putatus dux fidelis causae Imperii Romani, egit negative{{dubsig}} pro se. Nam [[Alaricus|Alaricum]] non pepulit neque limitem ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] servavit. [[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] regnante, qui ultimus utriusque partis Imperi imperator fuit, tribunus praetorianus militaris fuit qui circa [[384]] eum 'vix primaevum' ad regem Persarum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sapor III|Saporem III|en|qid=Q310267}} misit, ut de pace et partitione [[Armenia|Armeniae]] ageret<ref>''De consulatu'' I.51-68</ref>. Missio felix fuit et Stilicho, cum Theodosium [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] adisset, comes sacri stabuli et mox comes domesticorum<ref>Ausonius, ''Laus Serenae'' 90-94.</ref> (385-392) ac postremo circa 392 magister militum factus est, ut limites a [[Visigothi|Visigothis]] defenderet: ita hoc negotium per circa viginta annos<ref>Viginti tres si [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimi]] computationi credimus (V.34.6).</ref> habuit. Theodosius quia virtutem eius videbat, ei Serenam suam nepotem uxorem dedit<ref>''De consulatu'' I.69-83 et ''Laus Serenae''.</ref>, quae postea filia adoptiva fuit. Eo coniugio nati sunt filius [[Eucherius]] et duae filiae, Maria et Termantia, quae uxores imperatoris [[Honorius|Honorii]] fuerunt . [[Fasciculus:Rione XV Esquilino, Roma, Italy - panoramio (49).jpg|thumb| Nomen Stilichonis in porta Honoriana Romae legitur (CIL VI.1189)]] Imperatore [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] anno [[392]] interfecto, Stilicho exercitum paravit qui, Theodosio duce, [[Eugenius (imperator)|Flavium Eugenium]] proelio ad flumen Frigidum vicit (sept. 394). In hac quoque pugna Stilicho imperavit, cum haberet subordinatum [[Alaricus I (rex Visigothorum)|Alaricum]] Visigothum (deinde suum inimicum), qui magnam auxiliariorum [[Gothi|Gothorum]] copiam ducebat. Deinde magister utriusque militiae in parte occidentali imperii nominatur. Anno [[400]] una cum [[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]] [[consul|consulatum]] gessit. [[Monumentum]] [[marmor]]eum annis circa 400 factum et dictum sepulcrum Stilichonis in [[basilica]] sancti [[Ambrosius|Ambrosii]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] exstat, sed Stilichonem hac in urbe sepultum esse vix veri simile videtur. Nam primo testimonia desunt, deinde omnino corpus illis temporibus inquietissimis ac bellicosis a loco supplicii Mediolanum tralatum esse a multis viris doctis denegatur. == Notae == <references /> == Fontes == *[[CIL]] V.6250, VI.1188-1190, VI.1730-4, VI.31987-9, IX,4051, XIV.165. [[L'Année épigraphique|AE]] 1926,124 * [[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]], ''De consulatu Stilichonis'' et alia poemata * ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' * [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]] ''[[Historia nova]]'' * [[Orosius|Paulus Orosius]], ''[[Historiae adversum paganos]]'' * [[Claudius Rutilius Namatianus]], ''De reditu suo'' * [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' IV.1-14 == Plura legere si cupis == *Emma Burrell, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436726 A Re-Examination of Why Stilicho Abandoned His Pursuit of Alaric in 397]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2004: 251-256 * Alan Cameron, "[https://www.academia.edu/25506845/Theodosius_the_Great_and_the_Regency_of_Stilico Theodosius the Great and the regency of Stilico]", ''Harvard Studies'', 1969: 247-280 *Emilienne Demougeot, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44168669 Note sur la politique orientale de Stilichon de 405 à 407]", ''Byzantion'', 1950(II): 27-37 * [[Eduardus Gibbon]], ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'' * Ian Hughes, ''Stilicho : the Vandal who saved Rome'', Pen and Sword Military, 2021 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=79TIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT74&hl=fr&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/852/mode/2up 853-858] *Rudolf Keller, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=jMDTNtkscXQC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Stilicho, oder, Die Geschichte des weströmischen Reiches von 395-408]'', Berolini, 1884 *Giulia Marolla, "[https://storicamente.org/marolla-stilicone-generale Dagli altari alla polvere. Stilicone da parens Augusti a semibarbarus proditor]", ''Storicamente'', 2018: 30. *[[Theodorus Mommsenus|Theodorus Mommsen]], "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4472880 Stilicho und Alarich]", ''Hermes'', 1903: 101-115 * Bruno Pottier, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2005_num_117_1_10947 Un pamphlet contre Stilichon dans l’Histoire Auguste : la vie de Maximin Le Thrace]", ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2005 (117-1): 223-267 * Santo Mazzarino, ''Stilicone. La Crisi Imperiale dopo Teodosio'', [[1942]] (Rizzoli ISBN 978-88-17-33616-1) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1942_num_11_2_2700_t1_0335_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Heinricus Richter, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&lr=&id=ponfsh4ruPkC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=serena+stilichonis&ots=vaSabmKd8r&sig=kMRQOGElZOJXCFoqw6FoLMeZj2U&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false De Stilichone et Rufino]'', Halis Saxonum, 1860 '''LATINE''' *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 *Paulus Schulz, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&lr=&id=kv6unNYVlEUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=serena+stilichonis&ots=zPymhMZ5rA&sig=LlWeNoL9PBOQcOJSI22m7f53z88&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false De Stilichone iisque qui de eo agunt fontibus, Claudiano imprimis et Zosimo]'', Regimonti, 1864 '''LATINE''' *Lucien Sigayret, "[https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/29079 Les deux voyages de Stilichon]" in ''Bouleversants voyages'', Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 2000: 85-100 *Michaël Vannesse, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_1_7794 L’armée romaine en Occident sous Stilichon (395-408 ap. J.-C.) : le témoignage des décrets impériaux]", ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2010: 99-112 * Edmundus Vogt, ''[https://archive.org/details/clclaudianicarmi00vogt/mode/2up Cl. Claudiani carminum quae Stiliconem praedicant fides historica ex comparatione ceterorum fontium recensetur]'', Bonnae, 1863 '''LATINE''' == Nexus externi == {{communia|Stilicho|Flavium Stilichonem}} * Guillaume Vincent, ''Stilicon, architecte de la victoire: un examen du rôle stratégique du général lors de la bataille de la rivière Frigidus'' [https://mastersfdl.hypotheses.org/6020 Investigatio] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropius]] et [[Flavius Mallius Theodorus]]| annus= 400<br />cum<br />[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]]| successores=[[Flavius Fravitta]] et [[Flavius Vincentius]]}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] VI et [[Aristaenetus]]| annus= 405<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] VI et [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|408|Stilicho, Flavius}} [[Categoria:Ductores exercitus]] [[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Morte damnati]] 5tfmmsjazdfdghzppwdntdhs0mpr68r 3972570 3972544 2026-07-17T20:10:25Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De vita */ 3972570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} [[Imago:Stilico diptych.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Diptychon consulare]] Stilichonis anni circiter [[400]], [[Modicia]]e in thesauro ecclesiae cathedralis conservatum. Monstrat autem Stilichonem cum uxore [[Serena]] et filio [[Eucherius (filius Stilichonis)|Eucherio]]. Puerorum in clipeo Stilichonis sculptorum sunt qui [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] [[Honorius|Honoriique]] fratrum Augustorum imagines esse doceant, ut quorum pro tutela atque patrono Stilicho se gesserit.]] {{res|Flavius Stilicho}} (anno [[359]] circiter natus anno [[408]] die [[22 Augusti|22 mensis Augusti]] [[Ravenna]]e iussu [[Heraclianus|Heracliani]] ducis exercitus [[imperator]]is [[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorii]] supplicio adfectus) fuit [[magister militum]] originis [[barbari]]cae et [[Comes|comes stabuli]] et [[consul]] annorum [[400]] et [[405]]. Testis atque interpres rerum a Stilichone gestarum maximus [[Claudianus]] poeta extat in carminibus 2–28 et nonnullis carminibus minoribus. Contra ab [[Orosius|Orosio]] Stilichonis facta depinguntur ut vituperanda. Quod Vandalus erat, etiam [[Arianismus|Arianus]]. ==De vita== Stilicho in hodierna [[Germania]] a patre [[Vandali|Vandalo]]<ref>[[Orosius]] VII.38.1.</ref> natus est, auxiliario in exercitu Romano<ref>''De consulatu Stilichonis'' I.35-9.</ref>, et matre quae civis [[Roma|Romana]] erat<ref>Ita [[Hieronymus]] (Ep. 123.16) eum semibarbarum dicit.</ref>. Tamen semper se Romanum putavit etiamsi erat, sicut plurimi Germani, [[Arianismus|Arianus]], ergo putatus [[Haeresis|haereticus]]. Correcte tres linguas principales illius temporis loquebatur: [[Lingua Germanica|Germanicam]] communem, [[Lingua Latina|Latinam]] [[Lingua Graeca|Graecamque]]. Historiographiae vir videtur multum ambiguus: putatus dux fidelis causae Imperii Romani, egit negative{{dubsig}} pro se. Nam [[Alaricus|Alaricum]] non pepulit neque limitem ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] servavit. [[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] regnante, qui ultimus utriusque partis Imperi imperator fuit, tribunus praetorianus militaris fuit qui circa [[384]] eum 'vix primaevum' ad regem Persarum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sapor III|Saporem III|en|qid=Q310267}} misit, ut de pace et partitione [[Armenia|Armeniae]] ageret<ref>''De consulatu'' I.51-68</ref>. Missio felix fuit et Stilicho, cum Theodosium [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] adisset, comes sacri stabuli et mox comes domesticorum<ref>Ausonius, ''Laus Serenae'' 90-94.</ref> (385-392) ac postremo circa 392 magister militum factus est, ut limites a [[Visigothi|Visigothis]] defenderet: ita hoc negotium per circa viginta annos<ref>Viginti tres si [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimi]] computationi credimus (V.34.6).</ref> habuit. Theodosius quia virtutem eius videbat, ei Serenam suam neptem uxorem dedit<ref>''De consulatu'' I.69-83 et ''Laus Serenae''.</ref>, quae postea filia adoptiva fuit. Eo coniugio nati sunt filius [[Eucherius]] et duae filiae, Maria et Termantia, quae uxores imperatoris [[Honorius|Honorii]] fuerunt . [[Fasciculus:Rione XV Esquilino, Roma, Italy - panoramio (49).jpg|thumb| Nomen Stilichonis in porta Honoriana Romae legitur (CIL VI.1189)]] Imperatore [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] anno [[392]] interfecto, Stilicho exercitum paravit qui, Theodosio duce, [[Eugenius (imperator)|Flavium Eugenium]] proelio ad flumen Frigidum vicit (sept. 394). In hac quoque pugna Stilicho imperavit, cum haberet subordinatum [[Alaricus I (rex Visigothorum)|Alaricum]] Visigothum (deinde suum inimicum), qui magnam auxiliariorum [[Gothi|Gothorum]] copiam ducebat. Deinde magister utriusque militiae in parte occidentali imperii nominatur. Anno [[400]] una cum [[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]] [[consul|consulatum]] gessit. [[Monumentum]] [[marmor]]eum annis circa 400 factum et dictum sepulcrum Stilichonis in [[basilica]] sancti [[Ambrosius|Ambrosii]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] exstat, sed Stilichonem hac in urbe sepultum esse vix veri simile videtur. Nam primo testimonia desunt, deinde omnino corpus illis temporibus inquietissimis ac bellicosis a loco supplicii Mediolanum tralatum esse a multis viris doctis denegatur. == Notae == <references /> == Fontes == *[[CIL]] V.6250, VI.1188-1190, VI.1730-4, VI.31987-9, IX,4051, XIV.165. [[L'Année épigraphique|AE]] 1926,124 * [[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]], ''De consulatu Stilichonis'' et alia poemata * ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' * [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]] ''[[Historia nova]]'' * [[Orosius|Paulus Orosius]], ''[[Historiae adversum paganos]]'' * [[Claudius Rutilius Namatianus]], ''De reditu suo'' * [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' IV.1-14 == Plura legere si cupis == *Emma Burrell, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436726 A Re-Examination of Why Stilicho Abandoned His Pursuit of Alaric in 397]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2004: 251-256 * Alan Cameron, "[https://www.academia.edu/25506845/Theodosius_the_Great_and_the_Regency_of_Stilico Theodosius the Great and the regency of Stilico]", ''Harvard Studies'', 1969: 247-280 *Emilienne Demougeot, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44168669 Note sur la politique orientale de Stilichon de 405 à 407]", ''Byzantion'', 1950(II): 27-37 * [[Eduardus Gibbon]], ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'' * Ian Hughes, ''Stilicho : the Vandal who saved Rome'', Pen and Sword Military, 2021 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=79TIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT74&hl=fr&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/852/mode/2up 853-858] *Rudolf Keller, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=jMDTNtkscXQC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Stilicho, oder, Die Geschichte des weströmischen Reiches von 395-408]'', Berolini, 1884 *Giulia Marolla, "[https://storicamente.org/marolla-stilicone-generale Dagli altari alla polvere. Stilicone da parens Augusti a semibarbarus proditor]", ''Storicamente'', 2018: 30. *[[Theodorus Mommsenus|Theodorus Mommsen]], "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4472880 Stilicho und Alarich]", ''Hermes'', 1903: 101-115 * Bruno Pottier, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2005_num_117_1_10947 Un pamphlet contre Stilichon dans l’Histoire Auguste : la vie de Maximin Le Thrace]", ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2005 (117-1): 223-267 * Santo Mazzarino, ''Stilicone. La Crisi Imperiale dopo Teodosio'', [[1942]] (Rizzoli ISBN 978-88-17-33616-1) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1942_num_11_2_2700_t1_0335_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Heinricus Richter, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&lr=&id=ponfsh4ruPkC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=serena+stilichonis&ots=vaSabmKd8r&sig=kMRQOGElZOJXCFoqw6FoLMeZj2U&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false De Stilichone et Rufino]'', Halis Saxonum, 1860 '''LATINE''' *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 *Paulus Schulz, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&lr=&id=kv6unNYVlEUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=serena+stilichonis&ots=zPymhMZ5rA&sig=LlWeNoL9PBOQcOJSI22m7f53z88&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false De Stilichone iisque qui de eo agunt fontibus, Claudiano imprimis et Zosimo]'', Regimonti, 1864 '''LATINE''' *Lucien Sigayret, "[https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/29079 Les deux voyages de Stilichon]" in ''Bouleversants voyages'', Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 2000: 85-100 *Michaël Vannesse, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_1_7794 L’armée romaine en Occident sous Stilichon (395-408 ap. J.-C.) : le témoignage des décrets impériaux]", ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2010: 99-112 * Edmundus Vogt, ''[https://archive.org/details/clclaudianicarmi00vogt/mode/2up Cl. Claudiani carminum quae Stiliconem praedicant fides historica ex comparatione ceterorum fontium recensetur]'', Bonnae, 1863 '''LATINE''' == Nexus externi == {{communia|Stilicho|Flavium Stilichonem}} * Guillaume Vincent, ''Stilicon, architecte de la victoire: un examen du rôle stratégique du général lors de la bataille de la rivière Frigidus'' [https://mastersfdl.hypotheses.org/6020 Investigatio] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropius]] et [[Flavius Mallius Theodorus]]| annus= 400<br />cum<br />[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]]| successores=[[Flavius Fravitta]] et [[Flavius Vincentius]]}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] VI et [[Aristaenetus]]| annus= 405<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] VI et [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|408|Stilicho, Flavius}} [[Categoria:Ductores exercitus]] [[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Morte damnati]] ry1o9zvw9hgi02lzs1dgw9ukqwytko9 3972572 3972570 2026-07-17T20:17:51Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Fontes */ 3972572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} [[Imago:Stilico diptych.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Diptychon consulare]] Stilichonis anni circiter [[400]], [[Modicia]]e in thesauro ecclesiae cathedralis conservatum. Monstrat autem Stilichonem cum uxore [[Serena]] et filio [[Eucherius (filius Stilichonis)|Eucherio]]. Puerorum in clipeo Stilichonis sculptorum sunt qui [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] [[Honorius|Honoriique]] fratrum Augustorum imagines esse doceant, ut quorum pro tutela atque patrono Stilicho se gesserit.]] {{res|Flavius Stilicho}} (anno [[359]] circiter natus anno [[408]] die [[22 Augusti|22 mensis Augusti]] [[Ravenna]]e iussu [[Heraclianus|Heracliani]] ducis exercitus [[imperator]]is [[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorii]] supplicio adfectus) fuit [[magister militum]] originis [[barbari]]cae et [[Comes|comes stabuli]] et [[consul]] annorum [[400]] et [[405]]. Testis atque interpres rerum a Stilichone gestarum maximus [[Claudianus]] poeta extat in carminibus 2–28 et nonnullis carminibus minoribus. Contra ab [[Orosius|Orosio]] Stilichonis facta depinguntur ut vituperanda. Quod Vandalus erat, etiam [[Arianismus|Arianus]]. ==De vita== Stilicho in hodierna [[Germania]] a patre [[Vandali|Vandalo]]<ref>[[Orosius]] VII.38.1.</ref> natus est, auxiliario in exercitu Romano<ref>''De consulatu Stilichonis'' I.35-9.</ref>, et matre quae civis [[Roma|Romana]] erat<ref>Ita [[Hieronymus]] (Ep. 123.16) eum semibarbarum dicit.</ref>. Tamen semper se Romanum putavit etiamsi erat, sicut plurimi Germani, [[Arianismus|Arianus]], ergo putatus [[Haeresis|haereticus]]. Correcte tres linguas principales illius temporis loquebatur: [[Lingua Germanica|Germanicam]] communem, [[Lingua Latina|Latinam]] [[Lingua Graeca|Graecamque]]. Historiographiae vir videtur multum ambiguus: putatus dux fidelis causae Imperii Romani, egit negative{{dubsig}} pro se. Nam [[Alaricus|Alaricum]] non pepulit neque limitem ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] servavit. [[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] regnante, qui ultimus utriusque partis Imperi imperator fuit, tribunus praetorianus militaris fuit qui circa [[384]] eum 'vix primaevum' ad regem Persarum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sapor III|Saporem III|en|qid=Q310267}} misit, ut de pace et partitione [[Armenia|Armeniae]] ageret<ref>''De consulatu'' I.51-68</ref>. Missio felix fuit et Stilicho, cum Theodosium [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] adisset, comes sacri stabuli et mox comes domesticorum<ref>Ausonius, ''Laus Serenae'' 90-94.</ref> (385-392) ac postremo circa 392 magister militum factus est, ut limites a [[Visigothi|Visigothis]] defenderet: ita hoc negotium per circa viginta annos<ref>Viginti tres si [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimi]] computationi credimus (V.34.6).</ref> habuit. Theodosius quia virtutem eius videbat, ei Serenam suam neptem uxorem dedit<ref>''De consulatu'' I.69-83 et ''Laus Serenae''.</ref>, quae postea filia adoptiva fuit. Eo coniugio nati sunt filius [[Eucherius]] et duae filiae, Maria et Termantia, quae uxores imperatoris [[Honorius|Honorii]] fuerunt . [[Fasciculus:Rione XV Esquilino, Roma, Italy - panoramio (49).jpg|thumb| Nomen Stilichonis in porta Honoriana Romae legitur (CIL VI.1189)]] Imperatore [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] anno [[392]] interfecto, Stilicho exercitum paravit qui, Theodosio duce, [[Eugenius (imperator)|Flavium Eugenium]] proelio ad flumen Frigidum vicit (sept. 394). In hac quoque pugna Stilicho imperavit, cum haberet subordinatum [[Alaricus I (rex Visigothorum)|Alaricum]] Visigothum (deinde suum inimicum), qui magnam auxiliariorum [[Gothi|Gothorum]] copiam ducebat. Deinde magister utriusque militiae in parte occidentali imperii nominatur. Anno [[400]] una cum [[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]] [[consul|consulatum]] gessit. [[Monumentum]] [[marmor]]eum annis circa 400 factum et dictum sepulcrum Stilichonis in [[basilica]] sancti [[Ambrosius|Ambrosii]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] exstat, sed Stilichonem hac in urbe sepultum esse vix veri simile videtur. Nam primo testimonia desunt, deinde omnino corpus illis temporibus inquietissimis ac bellicosis a loco supplicii Mediolanum tralatum esse a multis viris doctis denegatur. == Notae == <references /> == Fontes == *[[CIL]] V.6250, VI.1188-1190, VI.1730-4, VI.31987-9, IX,4051, XIV.165. [[L'Année épigraphique|AE]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche?literatur=1926,%200124 1926,124] * [[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]], ''De consulatu Stilichonis'' et alia poemata * ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' * [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]] ''[[Historia nova]]'' * [[Orosius|Paulus Orosius]], ''[[Historiae adversum paganos]]'' * [[Claudius Rutilius Namatianus]], ''De reditu suo'' * [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' IV.1-14 == Plura legere si cupis == *Emma Burrell, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436726 A Re-Examination of Why Stilicho Abandoned His Pursuit of Alaric in 397]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2004: 251-256 * Alan Cameron, "[https://www.academia.edu/25506845/Theodosius_the_Great_and_the_Regency_of_Stilico Theodosius the Great and the regency of Stilico]", ''Harvard Studies'', 1969: 247-280 *Emilienne Demougeot, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44168669 Note sur la politique orientale de Stilichon de 405 à 407]", ''Byzantion'', 1950(II): 27-37 * [[Eduardus Gibbon]], ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'' * Ian Hughes, ''Stilicho : the Vandal who saved Rome'', Pen and Sword Military, 2021 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=79TIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT74&hl=fr&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/852/mode/2up 853-858] *Rudolf Keller, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=jMDTNtkscXQC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Stilicho, oder, Die Geschichte des weströmischen Reiches von 395-408]'', Berolini, 1884 *Giulia Marolla, "[https://storicamente.org/marolla-stilicone-generale Dagli altari alla polvere. Stilicone da parens Augusti a semibarbarus proditor]", ''Storicamente'', 2018: 30. *[[Theodorus Mommsenus|Theodorus Mommsen]], "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4472880 Stilicho und Alarich]", ''Hermes'', 1903: 101-115 * Bruno Pottier, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2005_num_117_1_10947 Un pamphlet contre Stilichon dans l’Histoire Auguste : la vie de Maximin Le Thrace]", ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2005 (117-1): 223-267 * Santo Mazzarino, ''Stilicone. La Crisi Imperiale dopo Teodosio'', [[1942]] (Rizzoli ISBN 978-88-17-33616-1) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1942_num_11_2_2700_t1_0335_0000_2 Recensio critica] * Heinricus Richter, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&lr=&id=ponfsh4ruPkC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=serena+stilichonis&ots=vaSabmKd8r&sig=kMRQOGElZOJXCFoqw6FoLMeZj2U&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false De Stilichone et Rufino]'', Halis Saxonum, 1860 '''LATINE''' *Michele Renee Salzman, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the "Barbarian" Generals]", ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367 *Paulus Schulz, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&lr=&id=kv6unNYVlEUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=serena+stilichonis&ots=zPymhMZ5rA&sig=LlWeNoL9PBOQcOJSI22m7f53z88&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false De Stilichone iisque qui de eo agunt fontibus, Claudiano imprimis et Zosimo]'', Regimonti, 1864 '''LATINE''' *Lucien Sigayret, "[https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/29079 Les deux voyages de Stilichon]" in ''Bouleversants voyages'', Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 2000: 85-100 *Michaël Vannesse, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_1_7794 L’armée romaine en Occident sous Stilichon (395-408 ap. J.-C.) : le témoignage des décrets impériaux]", ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2010: 99-112 * Edmundus Vogt, ''[https://archive.org/details/clclaudianicarmi00vogt/mode/2up Cl. Claudiani carminum quae Stiliconem praedicant fides historica ex comparatione ceterorum fontium recensetur]'', Bonnae, 1863 '''LATINE''' == Nexus externi == {{communia|Stilicho|Flavium Stilichonem}} * Guillaume Vincent, ''Stilicon, architecte de la victoire: un examen du rôle stratégique du général lors de la bataille de la rivière Frigidus'' [https://mastersfdl.hypotheses.org/6020 Investigatio] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropius]] et [[Flavius Mallius Theodorus]]| annus= 400<br />cum<br />[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]]| successores=[[Flavius Fravitta]] et [[Flavius Vincentius]]}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] VI et [[Aristaenetus]]| annus= 405<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]]| successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] VI et [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|408|Stilicho, Flavius}} [[Categoria:Ductores exercitus]] [[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Morte damnati]] 776danavre6f1xnf5xwbt7yuw26ip7o 0 33682 3972542 3972009 2026-07-17T16:05:57Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Plura legere si cupis */ 3972542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} '''Flavius Rufinus''' (qui natus est circa annum [[335]] [[Elusa|Elusae]]<ref>''In Rufinum'' I.146. [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]] IV.51.1</ref> in [[Aquitania]]; necatus die [[27 Novembris]] [[395]]) fuit [[Theodosius I|Theodosio primo eius nominis Augusto]] et [[Arcadius|Arcadio]] regnantibus vir maximae in re publica auctoritatis in [[Imperium Romanum Orientale|imperii Romani parte ad orientem solem vergenti]]. == De vita == Rufinus, qui ab anno [[388]] [[magister officiorum]] fuerat<ref>Zosimus IV.51.1</ref>: dignitatem huius magisterii auxisse videtur et anno 391 cum Theodosii exercituum ducibus [[Flavius Timasius|Timasio]] et [[Flavius Promotus|Promoto]] convicium habuit ita ut paulo post necis Promoti instigator a fama designaretur<ref>Zosimus IV.51.1-3. Claudianus, ''de consulatu Stilichonis'' I.101 et ''In Rufinum'' II.316-7.</ref>. Postea inde ab anno [[392]] [[praefectus praetorio]] per [[Praefectura Orientis|orientem]] et dignitate et potentia floruit et secundus post imperatorem visus est<ref>Zosimus IV.52. [[Eunapius]] fr. 59. [[Ambrosius]] ''Ep.'' 52: ''Rufinus enim ex magistro officiorum factus est in consulatu praefectus praetorio''.</ref>. Quo eodem anno [[Arcadius|Arcadio]] Augusto collega ad [[Consul|consulatum]] ascendit<ref>''In Rufinum'' II.82.</ref>. Praefectus comitem orientis Lucianum ob offensam divinam familiam usque ad mortem verberasse dicitur<ref>Fortasse anno 393: Zosimus V.2.1-4, Seeck, "[https://archive.org/details/rheinischesmuseu7374rheiuoft/page/n101/mode/2up Libanius gegen Lucianus]", ''Rheinisches Museum'', 1920-4: 95-6.</ref>. Mense Maio [[394]] a Theodosio in Occidentem adversus Eugenium proficiscente praecipuus consiliarius [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] in Oriente relictus est<ref>Zosimus IV.57.4.</ref> cuius Theodosio mortuo custos factus est.<ref>[[Eunapius]] fr. 62 et 65. Orosius VII.37.1</ref> Eodem munere in occidente fungebatur Stilicho apud [[Honorius (imperator)|Honorium]]. At mense Novembri anni [[395]] Rufinus a [[Gainas|Gaina]] duce, quem [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopolim]] ipse arcessiverat, [[Claudianus|Claudiano]] teste [[Stilicho]]nis iussu necatus est<ref>Zosimus V.7.1-6. </ref>. Mortuus repetundarum, praevaricationis, officiorum venditionis atque etiam proditionis accusabatur<ref>Zosimus V.1, [[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]] ''In Rufinum'' I.176sqq., Eunapius fr. 63, [[Hieronymus]] ''Ep.'' 60.16, Orosius VII.37.1</ref>. Econtra Libanius eum laudare solebat<ref>''Ep''. 1061, 1083, 1110</ref> Rufinus [[Christiani|Christianus]] fuit. == Notae == <references /> == Fontes == *[[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]], ''In Rufinum'' *[[Libanius]], ''Epistulae'' 865, 981, 1029, 1052, 1061, 1083, 1106, 1110-1 *[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' III.81-91. *[[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]], ''[[Historia nova]]'' ==Plura legere si cupis == *T. D. Barnes, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/638352 The Victims of Rufinus]", ''The Classical Quarterly'', 1984: 227-230 *A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/778/mode/2up 778-781] *Anaïs Perret, «[https://journals.openedition.org/interferences/6505#quotation Le Contre Rufin et le Contre Eutrope de Claudien : un miroir des princes inversé] », ''Interférences'', 2018-11 * Heinricus Richter, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&lr=&id=ponfsh4ruPkC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=serena+stilichonis&ots=vaSabmKd8r&sig=kMRQOGElZOJXCFoqw6FoLMeZj2U&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false De Stilichone et Rufino]'', Halis Saxonum, 1860 '''LATINE''' == Nexus externi == *[https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Rufinus_23 Rufinus 23] in [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]] {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Flavius Eutolmius Tatianus]] et [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus]]| annus= 392<br />cum<br />[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesare Flavio Arcadio Augusto]] II| successores=[[Theodosius I|Imp. Caesar Flavius Theodosius Augustus]] III et [[Flavius Abundantius]] ; [[Eugenius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Eugenius Augustus]]}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rufinus, Flavius}} [[Categoria:Mortui 395]] [[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Praefecti Praetorio]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 4]] 76r700j7ze0rqic8buwmzgljw8k3amp 0 37280 3972616 3928694 2026-07-18T11:09:30Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3972616 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Telemann.jpg|thumb|Georgius Philippus Telemannus (anno [[1750]]), opus [[Valentinus Daniel Preisler|Valentini Daniel Preisler]] ex amisso depicto [[Ludovicus Michael Schneider|Ludovici Michaelis Schneider]].]] '''Georgius Philippus Telemannus'''<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=myKjw6YxpaoC&pg=PA477&lpg=PA477&dq=georgius+fridericus+handelius+musicam&source=bl&ots=J5efbNQqqg&sig=uUL00eQTpsBjOOBVRbnxMS-ChPU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiNi-ql6-XKAhVJPD4KHSXsAS0Q6AEIHzAA#v=onepage&q=georgius%20fridericus%20handelius%20musicam&f=false ''Nova Acta Eruditorum, Anno MDCCXLII publicata,''] ed. Johann Friedrich Gleditsch II (Lipsiae), Johann Christian Martin (Lipsiae), Johann Grosse II (Héritiers) (Lipsiae: apud Maurit. Georg. Weidemannum, Jo. Frid. Gleditschium, et B. Lanckisii haeredes, 1749), p. 477.</ref> (natus [[Magdeburgum|Magdeburgi]] [[24 Martii]] [[1681]]; mortuus [[Hamburgum|Hamburgi]] [[25 Iunii]] [[1767]]) fuit [[compositor musicus]] [[Germania|Germanicus]]. == Vita == [[Fasciculus:Wilhelmsthal Telemannsaal innen.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Sic dictae ''diaetae Telemanni'' in Castello Wilhelmsthal (Marksuhl in [[Thuringia]]), ubi artifex se producebat.]] Telemann [[duodecim]] annos natus iam operam ''Sigismundi'' composuit. Filius parochi protestantici [[magdeburgum|Magdeburgi]] a Benedicto Christiani musica erudiebatur nisi ipse se strenue exercebat. Anno [[1701]] in [[Alma Mater Lipsiensis|Universitate Lipsiensi]] [[iurisprudentia]]e studere coepit. Anno autem [[1704]], organista et rector musicus factus est [[Lipsia]]e in Fano Franciscanorum; eodem anno velut regens symphoniacorum in aula comitis Promnitz [[Zara]]e institutus est. Annis inter [[1708]] et [[1712]], regens capellae aulicae [[ysenacum|Ysenacensis]] fuit,<ref>In [[Castellum Wilhelmsthal|Castello Wilhelmsthal]] in [[Circulus Wartburg|Circulo Wartburg]] et nunc conclave originale conservatum est, in quo Telemann concentus dabat.</ref> antequam [[Francofurtum ad Moenum|Francofurti]] in Ecclesia Franciscanorum et Fano Sanctae Catharinae musicas curaret. Paulo post, urbanus director musicus creatus est. In [[Lessing-Gymnasium (Francofurtum ad Moenum)|Schola Latina Urbana]] musicam docebat. Anno [[1721]], [[Hamburgum]] commigrans usque mortem in quinque maioribus ecclesiis operam dabat. Cantor primus fuit ad ''Ioanneum'' et ex anno [[1722]] [[melodrama (musica)|theatrum melodramaticum]] Hammonense moderabatur. Una cum [[ioannes Valentinus Görner|Ioanne Valentino Görner]] ''Der getreue Musicmeister,'' [[periodicum]] praecipuum, condidit operum recentiorum praesentandorum. Agebatur de [[Germania]]e primo [[diarium|diario]] praecipui musicam spectanti. Asteroides [[4246 Telemann]] in eius honorem nominatur. == Gravitas == Telemannus velut [[Georgius Fridericus Händel]] et [[Ioannes Adolphus Hasse]] tempore suo illustrissimus [[musicographus]] erat. Ligamina magni momenti fecit inter musicam [[barocus|barocam]] (confer [[ioannes Sebastianus Bachius|Ioannem Sebastianum Bachium]]) et musicam classicam nascentem (confer [[Carolus Philippus Emanuel Bach|Carolum Philippum Emanuel Bach]] et [[Christophorus Willibaldus Gluck|Christophorum Willibaldum Gluck]]. Affabre [[contrapunctum]] barocum cum [[melodia|melodiis]] inusitatis Italicis volubilibus et [[sonus|sonis]] plenis Francicis [[orchestra]]libus iungebat. Genus componendi amabile, quod dicitur, imitabatur. Opera omnium modorum confecit: [[melodrama]]ta, [[passio]]nes, [[cantata]]s ecclesiasticas saecularesque, [[oratorium|oratoria]], [[cantus]], [[oda]]s, [[canon (musica)|canones]], orchestralia, [[concentus]] pro uno canente, [[musica camerata|musicam cameratam]], opera pro [[clavichordium|clavichordio]] aut [[organum tubulatum|organo tubulato]]. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Eckart Kleßmann: ''Georg Philipp Telemann''. Hamburger Köpfe. Ellert und Richter, Hamburg 2004, ISBN 3-8319-0159-7 * {{ADB|37|552|555|Telemann, Georg Philipp|Robert Eitner|ADB:Telemann, Georg Philipp}} * {{BBKL|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613172205/http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/t/telemann_g_p.shtml |band=11|spalten=622-625|autor=Gabriele Lautenschläger|artikel=Telemann, Georg Philipp}} * Annemarie Clostermann: ''Georg Philipp Telemann in Hamburg (1721–1767): Dokumente erzählen Geschichte(n).''Kultur in Hamburg“ Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Hamburgi 1998, ISBN 978-3-930727-08-7 * Annemarie Clostermann: ''Georg Philipp Telemann: Die Hamburger Jahre''. In-Cultura.com, Hamburgi 2014, ISBN 978-3-930727-41-4 * Bernhard Jahn, Ivana Rentsch (ed.): ''Extravaganz und Geschäftssinn – Telemanns Hamburger Innovationen'',Hamburg Yearbook of Musicology, Band 1, Monasterii/Neoeboraci, Waxmann 2019, ISBN 978-3-8309-3997-9. * Christine Klein: ''Dokumente zur Telemann-Rezeption 1767 bis 1907''. Schriftenreihe zur Mitteldeutschen Musikgeschichte. Ziethen, [[Oscaria]]e 1998, ISBN 3-932090-31-4 * Erich Valentin: ''Georg Philipp Telemann''. Bärenreiter, Kassel-Basel 1952. * Gilles Cantagrel: ''Georg Philipp Telemann ou Le célèbre inconnu'' (=Mélophiles 14). Éditions Papillon, Genavae 2003, ISBN 2-940310-15-7 * Günter Fleischhauer: ''Die Musik Georg Philipp Telemanns im Urteil seiner Zeit.'' In: ''Händel-Jahrbuch.'' Deutscher Verlag für Musik, Lipsiae 1967/68, p. 173–205, 1969/70, p. 23–73. * Hans Große, Hans Rudolf Jung (ed.): ''Georg Philipp Telemann, Briefwechsel. Sämtliche erreichbaren Briefe von und an Telemann.'' Deutscher Verlag für Musik, Lipsiae 1972 * Jürgen Neubacher: ''Georg Philipp Telemanns Hamburger Kirchenmusik und ihre Aufführungsbedingungen (1721–1767): Organisationsstrukturen, Musiker, Besetzungspraktiken'' (=Magdeburger Telemann-Studien 20). Georg Olms Verlag, Hildesiae 2009, ISBN 978-3-487-13965-4 * Karl Grebe: ''Georg Philipp Telemann.'' Rowohlt, Reinbek 2002 (editio decima), ISBN 3-499-50170-8 * Richard Petzoldt: ''Georg Philipp Telemann – Leben und Werk''. VEB Deutscher Verlag für Musik, Leipzig 1967. * Siegbert Rampe: ''Georg Philipp Telemann und seine Zeit''. Laaber-Verlag, Laaber 2017, ISBN 978-3-89007-839-7 * Werner Menke: ''Georg Philipp Telemann: Leben, Werk und Umwelt in Bilddokumenten.'' Heinrichshofen, Wilhelmshaven 1987, ISBN 3-7959-0399-8 *Werner Rackwitz: ''Georg Philipp Telemann – Singen ist das Fundament zur Music in allen Dingen. Eine Dokumentensammlung''. Philipp Reclam jun., Lipsiae 1967, 1981, 1985. == Nexus externi == {{Communia|Georg Philipp Telemann|Georgium Philippum Telemann}} * [http://telemann.info/ Societas Francofurtensis Telemanno dicata] * [http://www.telemann-hamburg.de/ Societas Hammonensis Telemanno dicata] *[https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11862119X De Telemanno apud DDB] *[http://www.musiqueorguequebec.ca/catal/telemann/telgp.html Elenchus operum omnium] {{Lifetime|1681|1767|Telemannus, Georgius Philippus}} [[Categoria:Compositores Baroci]] [[Categoria:Compositores Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Compositores operarum]] [[Categoria:Hamburgum]] [[Categoria:Magdeburgum]] 5xaggwar0zowkmdg5au4odtwau4dzc6 0 37861 3972596 3721754 2026-07-18T00:59:33Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3972596 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Maputo''' (usque ad annum [[1976]] Laurentius Marques [[Lusitanice]] ''Lourenço Marques'') est [[urbs]] circiter 1 000 000 (secundum censimentum anno [[1997]]) incolarum , condita anno [[1875]], et caput [[Mozambicum|Mozambici]]. == Ecclesia catholica == Maputo est sedes [[archiepiscopus|archiepiscopalis]] [[Ecclesia catholica|Ecclesiae catholicae]] (Archidioecesis Maputensis). Praesens archiepiscopus est [[Franciscus Chimoio]]. == Monumenta Maputo == * Moenia a [[Lusitania|Lusitanis]] anno [[1795]] aedificata == Incolae notabiles == * [[Carolus Belo]], praemio Nobeliano laureatus * [[Antonius Feio]], [[histrio]] Lusitanus ([[1954]]-[[2010]]), hic natus == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Fasciculus:Lourenco-Marques-pc-c1905.jpg|''Lourenço Marques'' anno [[1905]]] Fasciculus:Maputo.jpg|Despectus in Maputo e Mare </gallery> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Maputo|Maputo}} {{Coord|25|54|55|S|32|34|35|E|display=title}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200821153639/http://maputo.visitusinmaputo.com/ Imagines et tabula Maputo] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131203020124/http://www.cmmaputo.gov.mz/ Pagina officialis Maputo] {{Ling|Lusitanice}} {{urbs-stipula}} {{Urbes Africae maximae}} {{Urbes Africae capitales}} {{Myrias|Geographia}} [[Categoria:Maputo|!]] [[Categoria:Condita 1875]] [[Categoria:Capita]] [[Categoria:Urbes milies milium incolarum]] 9fbgy1k1ak7pc30j618o0r773524t1l 0 38906 3972560 3630160 2026-07-17T19:30:44Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3972560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Wallenstein Reiterbild.JPG|thumb|Albertus Venceslaus Eusebius de Waldstein]][[File:WallensteinGrabkapelle.jpg|thumb|Sanctae Annae oratorium cum Wallensteinii sepulcro, Mnichovo Hradiště in [[Bohemia]]]] '''Albertus Wallensteinius Dux Fridlandiae''' <ref>[http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/cluever/cluever4.html] textus [[universitas Manhemiensis]]. Lectum 21 Iulii 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camena/bald1/baldepoemata1-toc.html] Iacobi Balde e Societate Jesu Lyricorum Liber Primus, [[CAMENA]]: Lectum 21 Iulii 2008.</ref> seu '''Albertus Waldsteinius dux Fridlandiae'''<ref>[http://books.google.de/books?id=HHoRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA30&lpg=PA30&dq=dux+Fridlandiae&source=web&ots=3UTM7EBVFS&sig=0mFE7xxci6ucx5w-DhVpcnRbICE&hl=de&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result#PPP5,M1 liber apud books.google.de] "De Alberto Waldsteinio duce proditore"</ref> plenius '''Albertus Wenceslaus Eusebius Waldsteinius dux Fridlandiae'''<ref>[http://www.jicinsko.cz/nn/01/07/nn107-b.htm] {{ling|Bohemice}}</ref> ([[lingua Cecha|Bohemice]]: ''Albrecht Václav Eusebius z Valdštejna'' vel ''Vojtěch Václav Eusebius z Valdštejna''), natus Heřmanice nad Labem in Districtu [[Reginogradecium|Reginograecensi]] die [[24 Septembris]] [[1583]] et necatus [[Egra]]e die [[25 Februarii]] [[1634]], fuit "Dei gratia Dux Fridlandiae Sacrae Caesareae Maiestatis consiliarius bellicus, camerarius, supremus colonellus [[Praga|Pragensis]] et eiusdem militiae generalis" aetate [[bellum|belli]] [[Bellum tricennale|tricennalis]]. ==Vita== Filius parentum protestanticorum orbus ratione [[ecclesia Catholica|Catholica]] educatus est. In universitatibus [[Bononia]]e [[Papia]]eque studuit et itinera magna eum res omnes necessarias docebant. Anno 1626 [[gradisca (Italia)|Gradiscam]] e manibus [[venetiae|Venetianis]] liberavit una cum mercennariis. Anno 1617 autem baro, militaris praefectus et consiliarius aulicus in bellicis factus est. [[imperator Romanus Sacer|Imperatorem]] iuvit in seditionibus [[bohemia|Bohemicis]] et opes multas sibi e possessionibus publicatis paravit. Anno 1625 imperatori exercitum privatum obtulit, qui e milibus XL virorum consistebat. Ingenium splendidum in rebus militaribus moderationibus sat efficacibus auxit; insuper homines ducere ei in cunis datum erat. Non solum gravionem de Mansfeld apud [[Dessavia]]m devicit, [[Silesia]]m ab hostibus liberavit, [[Brandenburgum]], [[Pomerania Citerior|Pomeraniam]] et [[Megapolis-Pomerania Citerior|Megapolim]] occupavit sed etiam [[Dania|Danos]] feroces e Germania expulsit. Iam anno 1620 gravio imperialis est declaratus, anno 1623 autem gravio imperialis Fridlandiae (Frýdlant v Čechác) et anno 1627 dux Megapoleos et [[sanganum|Sagani]]. Militum origo religiove Wallensteinii minime intererat, dummodo obtemperaretur et iussa efficerentur. Libertates hae omnes praeconio magno fuerunt in multis totius Europae adulescentibus qui vexillum eius sequi parati erant; in fine centum milia mercennariorum habuit quocumque mittenda. Viros opibus terrarum occupatarum aluit, quare modos contributionum requisitionumque novos adhibuit. Wallensteinio duce imperator in tota Germania regnare potuit duce [[bavaria|Bavarico]] excepto. Iste enim dux, Unionis Catholici praeses, auxilium a ministro [[francia|Francogallico]] [[Armandus Ioannes Plessaeus Richelaeus|Richelaeo]] petens, independentiam certam servare potuit. Insuper senatores et protestantes et Catholici de Wallensteinio ante in diaetam [[ratisbona|Ratisbonensem]] voce ducali plangentes imperatorem de Wallensteinii tyrannide certiorem faciebant. Anno 1630 Wallensteinius apud [[Memmingen]] stans se diaetam nefastam dissoluturum promisit ut omnipotentia imperialis splendida pristina restitueretur. [[Ferdinandus II (imperator)|Ferdinandus II]] autem non annuit Wallensteinii demissioni favens, qui se in [[Bohemia|Bohemica]] ad tempus latifundia contulit. [[Gustavus II Adolphus (rex Sueciae)|Gustavo II Adolpho]] cito progrediente periculum tam pro imperatore quam pro duce Bavarico in extremo stabat, ut Wallensteinium revocari fas esset. Velocissime iste dux militum denuo praesto fuit imperium omne sumpturus, si licentia omnis in moderatione praeberetur. Inde [[saxonia|Saxonicos]] e Bohemia expulsit et, [[Norimberga]]m petiturus, regem Suecicum in septentrionem recedere fecit. Impetum Gustavi Adolphi apud Norimbergam autem audacter defendit, quo facto eius gloria perdita est. Aggressio eius in Saxoniam quoque maximi ingenii fuit necnon proelium apud [[Lucena (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Lucenam]] ([[Theodisce]] ''Lützen'') die 16 Novembris 1632 commissum. Tunc rex Suecicus mortuus est; copiae Suecicae nihilominus vicerunt sorte felici. Hiberna castra in Saxonia utique relinquere debuit. Anno 1633 victoriae neutro a latere partae sunt. Interdum autem agere coeperat cum politicis Suecicis Saxonicisque ut unio ista protestantica sibi adversaria denique disrumperetur. Namque, ut occupatores septentrionales e Germania repellerentur, in animo omnium fuit. Constat Wallensteinium etiam in inimicis virum periculosum habitum esse; constat ne imperatorem quidem licentiam absolutam Wallensteinio concedere voluisse. Inde statutum est Wallensteinium esse removendum. Mox Wallensteinius imperatoris negligentiam sentiebat; itaque ei res vix implendae Vindobona imperatae sunt. Wallensteinius ipse se summum imperium deponsere velle dixit, quod autem in ducibus de Wallensteinii salariis confidentibus exauditum non est. Itaque [[Pilsna]]e die 12 Ianuarii 1634 declaratio facta est, qua imperium a Wallensteinio continuatum laudaretur. Imperatori visus est iste processus crimen laesae maiestatis itaque imperavit, ut generales Piccolomini, Gallas et alii Wallensteinium vivum aut mortuum caperent. Cum militibus non Germanis Wallensteinium comprehendere temptabant, quando iste attentus subito cum fidelibus [[Egra]]m fugere statuit. Egra autem copiis inimicis Suecicis nuntios dare voluit, qui fraudem novam suspectantes non auxiliabantur. Inde temporis satis datum est, ut centurio Deveroux Wallensteinium necaret. De Wallensteinii innocentia culpave scripserunt e.g. Förster, Gfrörer, Aretin, Helbig, Bülau. Hurter, [[Alfredus Döblin]] et [[Fridericus Schillerus]]. == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == * Josef Polišenský und Josef Kollmann: ''Wallenstein – Feldherr des Dreißigjährigen Krieges''. Böhlau, [[Colonia Agrippina|Coloniae Agrippinae]] anno [[1997]], ISBN 3-412-03497-5. * [[Fridericus Schiller]]: ''Wallenstein''. Insel, Francofurti ad Moenum; ed: 6., (anno [[1984]]), ISBN 3-458-32452-6, ISBN 978-3-458-32452-2 * [[Leopoldus de Ranke]]: ''Geschichte Wallensteins''. Duncker & Humblodt, Berolini anno [[1869]]. * Maximus de Boehn: ''Wallenstein''. [[Vindobona]]e u.a. anno [[1926]]. * Joachim Bahlcke, Christoph Kampmann (ed.): ''Wallensteinbilder im Widerstreit. Eine historische Symbolfigur in Geschichtsschreibung und Literatur vom 17. bis zum 20. Jahrhundert.'' Böhlau, Coloniae Agrippinae, 2011, ISBN 3-412-20609-1. * Hellmut Diwald: ''Wallenstein. Eine Biographie.'' Ullstein TB-Verlag, Berolini 1987, ISBN 3-548-27550-8. * Hans-Christian Huf (ed.): ''Mit Gottes Segen in die Hölle. Der Dreißigjährige Krieg''. Econ, Monaci 2003, ISBN 3-430-14873-1. * Golo Mann: ''Wallenstein. Sein Leben''. S. Fischer, Francofurti ad Moenum 1971, ISBN 3-10-047903-3. * Holger Mannigel: ''Wallenstein in Weimar, Wien und Berlin. Das Urteil über Albrecht von Wallenstein in der deutschen Historiographie von Friedrich von Schiller bis Leopold von Ranke'' (= ''Historische Studien.'' Bd. 474). Matthiesen, Husum 2003, ISBN 3-7868-1474-0 * Peter Milger: ''Der Dreißigjährige Krieg. Gegen Land und Leute.'' Orbis-Verlag, Monaci 2001, ISBN 3-572-01270-8. * Josef Polišenský, Josef Kollmann: ''Wallenstein. Feldherr des Dreißigjährigen Krieges.'' Böhlau, Coloniae Agrippinae 1997, ISBN 3-412-03497-5. * Inger Schuberth, Maik Reichel: ''Wallenstein. Die blut´ge Affair´ bei Lützen. Wallensteins Wende'' (= ''Stekos historische Bibliothek.'' Bd. 1). Stekovics, Dössel 2012, ISBN 978-3-89923-292-9. == Nexus externus == {{Communia|Albrecht von Waldstein|Albertum Wallensteinium}} * {{DNB-Portal|118628755}} * [https://www.zdf.de/dokumentation/3sat-dokus/die-deutschen-wallenstein-und-der-krieg-104.html ''Wallenstein und der Krieg. Genialer Feldherr oder Verräter?'' ], historia documentaria televisifica cum pellicilis parvis {{DEFAULTSORT:Wallensteinius, Albertus Venceslaus Eusebius de}} [[Categoria:Nati 1583]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1634]] [[Categoria:Generalissimi]] [[Categoria:Bellum tricennale]] [[Categoria:Milites Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Milites Cechiae]] [[Categoria:Necati Germaniae]] ltdcphorrzowkppgb6l2xumklvhsy9e 0 40343 3972564 3695345 2026-07-17T19:49:04Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3972564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{cautio}} [[Fasciculus:Lupusfoto.jpg|thumb|Eruptio cutanea quae in hoc morbo fit]] '''Lupus erythematodes'''<ref name="Arnaudov">Arnaudov, G.D. (1964). ''Terminologia medica polyglotta. Latinum-Bulgarski-Russkij-English-Français-Deutsch.'' Serdicae: Editio medicina et physcultura.</ref> est [[morbus]], in quo [[systema immunitatis]] coporis hoc ipsum aggreditur. Nomen "lupus" eo impositum est, quia lupus laesiones [[vultus]] efficit, quae antiquibus morsus [[lupus|lupi]] videbantur, et attributum "erythematodes" (e [[verbum|verbo]] [[Lingua Graeca|Graeco]] ἐρύθημα), quia erythema [[cutis]] in [[homo| hominibus]] signum huius morbi est. == Nexus externi == *[https://web.archive.org/web/20071012025345/http://dermis.multimedica.de/dermisroot/de/38333/diagnose.htm Imagines mutationum cutis propter lupum] *[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000435.htm De lupo apud ''U.S. National Library of Medicine'' et NIH] == Notae == <references/> {{med-stipula}} [[Categoria:Morbi autoimmunitatis]] kh74nogl6uts152hcfd0qiyiul9qtsy 0 50811 3972526 3965731 2026-07-17T15:40:26Z Andrew Dalby 1084 3972526 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Ioannes Evelyn'''<ref>Ipse anno 1697 [https://archive.org/details/numismatadiscour00evel/page/n5/mode/2up Johannes Evelyn] scripsit.</ref> ([[Anglice]] ''John Evelyn''), natus die [[31 Octobris]] [[1620]] [[Wotton]] in oppido [[Surregia]]e; ibidem mortuus die [[27 Februarii]] [[1706]], fuit [[scriptor]], [[architectus]], et [[hortorum cultus|horticultor]] [[Anglia|Anglicus]], qui et [[silvicultura]]e peritus fuit et de [[theologia]], [[architectura]], et [[vegetarianismus|vegetarianismo]] studuit. == Opera == [[Fasciculus:John Evelyn by Hendrick Van der Borcht cropped.jpg|thumb| Ioannes Evelyn]] * 1649 (interpres, auctore François de la Mothe le Vayer) : ''Of liberty and servitude'' * 1652 : ''The state of France as it stood in the IXth year of ... Louis XIII'' * 1656 (interpres, auctore [[Lucretius|Lucretio]]) : ''An essay on the first book of T. Lucretius Carus De rerum natura'' * 1658/1659 (interpres, auctore [[Ioannes Chrysostomus|Ioanne Chrysostomo]]) : ''The golden book of St John Chrysostom, concerning the education of children'' * 1658 (interpres, auctore Nicolas de Bonnefons) : ''The French gardener, instructing how to cultivate all sorts of fruit-trees and herbs for the garden'' * 1659 : ''A character of England, as it was lately presented in a letter to a nobleman of France'' * 1659 : ''An apologie for the Royal party'' * 1660 : ''The late newes, or message from Bruxels unmasked'' * 1661 : ''Fumifugium, or The inconvenience of the aer and smoak of London dissipated'' * 1661 (interpres, auctore Gabriel Naudé) : ''Instructions concerning erecting of a library'' * 1661 : ''Tyrannus or The mode, in a discourse of sumptuary laws'' * 1661 : ''A panegyric to Charles the Second'' * 1662 : ''Sculptura: or the history, and art of chalcography and engraving in copper'' * 1664 : ''Sylva, or a discourse of forest trees'': cui adduntur 'Pomona' et 'Kalendarium hortense'; [https://archive.org/details/b30334044/ Textus]; [https://archive.org/details/b30337914/ editio 1670], [https://archive.org/details/CAT10981778/ aliud exemplar]; [https://archive.org/details/b30414155 editio 1706], cui adiungitur '[[Acetaria (Evelyn)|Acetaria]]'; [https://archive.org/details/Evelyn6496 aliud exemplar]. Intra 'Pomona' includitur opuscula [[Ioannes Beale|Ioannis Beale]], [[Paulus Neile|Pauli Neile]], doctoris Smith, capitanii [[Sylas Taylor]], atque in editionibus 1670 et 1706 [[Daniel Colwall|Danielis Colwall]]. * 1664 (interpres, auctore Roland Fréart) : ''A parallel of the antient architecture with the modern'' * 1664 : ''Kalendarium hortense'' in ''Sylva''. -- 1666 separatim: 2a ed. -- {{GB|gBVlAAAAcAAJ|3a ed., 1669}}; [https://archive.org/details/b30337914/page/68/mode/2up aliud exemplar in ''Sylva'']. -- {{Google Books|7K0tlH4qrRYC|6a ed., 1676: cui additur 'A philosophical discourse of earth', qui et separatim videtur}} -- {{GB|3VgDAAAAQAAJ|7a ed., 1683}} -- 8a ed., 1691 -- {{GB|4HM2AAAAMAAJ|9a ed., 1699}} -- {{GB|Lg9FAQAAMAAJ|fac-simile 10a editionis, 1706}}; [https://archive.org/details/b30414155/page/214/mode/2up aliud exemplar intra ''Sylva'', 1706] * 1668 (interpres, auctore Roland Fréart) : ''An idea of the perfection of painting, demonstrated from the principles of art and by examples'' * 1669 : ''The history of the three late famous imposters, viz. Padre Ottomano, Mahomed Bei, and Sabatei Sevi'' * 1674 : ''Navigation and commerce, in which His Majesties title to the dominion of the sea is asserted against the novel and later pretenders'' * 1693 (interpres, auctore J. de la Quintinie) : ''The compleat gardener'' * 1697 : ''Numismata: a discourse of medals, antient and modern... to which is added a digression concerning physiognomy''; [https://archive.org/details/numismatadiscour00evel/ Textus] * 1699 : ''[[Acetaria (Evelyn)|Acetaria: a discourse of sallets]]''. -- 2a ed., 1706, [https://archive.org/details/b30414155/page/130/mode/2up in editione 'Pomonae' huius anni] * 1706 : ''Terra: a philosophical discourse of earth''; [https://archive.org/details/b30414155/page/384/mode/2up in editione ''Sylvae'' huius anni]. -- 1787 separatim; [https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_terra-a-philosophical-d_evelyn-john-frs_1787 Textus] == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biographici}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080521013843/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/features/evelynnotes.html De Ioanne Evelyn apud Bibliothecam Britannicam] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [http://www.royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqSearch=(Surname='Evelyn')&dsqPos=1 De Ioanne Evelyn apud Societatem Regalem] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://thegardenhistory.blog/2018/09/15/john-evelyns-elysium-britannicum/ John Evelyn's ''Elysium Britannicum''] {{Lifetime|1620|1706|Evelyn, Ioannes}} [[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]] [[Categoria:Interpretes Franco-Anglici]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Angliae]] [[Categoria:Socii Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]] [[Categoria:Ephemeridographi]] 8nmzij1hjamc895we46pzsv0gz0oi14 3972527 3972526 2026-07-17T15:40:58Z Andrew Dalby 1084 /* Opera */ 3972527 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Ioannes Evelyn'''<ref>Ipse anno 1697 [https://archive.org/details/numismatadiscour00evel/page/n5/mode/2up Johannes Evelyn] scripsit.</ref> ([[Anglice]] ''John Evelyn''), natus die [[31 Octobris]] [[1620]] [[Wotton]] in oppido [[Surregia]]e; ibidem mortuus die [[27 Februarii]] [[1706]], fuit [[scriptor]], [[architectus]], et [[hortorum cultus|horticultor]] [[Anglia|Anglicus]], qui et [[silvicultura]]e peritus fuit et de [[theologia]], [[architectura]], et [[vegetarianismus|vegetarianismo]] studuit. == Opera == [[Fasciculus:John Evelyn by Hendrick Van der Borcht cropped.jpg|thumb| Ioannes Evelyn]] * 1649 (interpres, auctore François de la Mothe le Vayer) : ''Of liberty and servitude'' * 1652 : ''The state of France as it stood in the IXth year of ... Louis XIII'' * 1656 (interpres, auctore [[Lucretius|Lucretio]]) : ''An essay on the first book of T. Lucretius Carus De rerum natura'' * 1658/1659 (interpres, auctore [[Ioannes Chrysostomus|Ioanne Chrysostomo]]) : ''The golden book of St John Chrysostom, concerning the education of children'' * 1658 (interpres, auctore Nicolas de Bonnefons) : ''The French gardener, instructing how to cultivate all sorts of fruit-trees and herbs for the garden'' * 1659 : ''A character of England, as it was lately presented in a letter to a nobleman of France'' * 1659 : ''An apologie for the Royal party'' * 1660 : ''The late newes, or message from Bruxels unmasked'' * 1661 : ''Fumifugium, or The inconvenience of the aer and smoak of London dissipated'' * 1661 (interpres, auctore Gabriel Naudé) : ''Instructions concerning erecting of a library'' * 1661 : ''Tyrannus or The mode, in a discourse of sumptuary laws'' * 1661 : ''A panegyric to Charles the Second'' * 1662 : ''Sculptura: or the history, and art of chalcography and engraving in copper'' * 1664 : ''Sylva, or a discourse of forest trees'': cui adduntur 'Pomona' et 'Kalendarium hortense'; [https://archive.org/details/b30334044/ Textus]; [https://archive.org/details/b30337914/ editio 1670], [https://archive.org/details/CAT10981778/ aliud exemplar]; [https://archive.org/details/b30414155 editio 1706], cui adiungitur '[[Acetaria (Evelyn)|Acetaria]]'; [https://archive.org/details/Evelyn6496 aliud exemplar]. Intra 'Pomona' includuntur opuscula [[Ioannes Beale|Ioannis Beale]], [[Paulus Neile|Pauli Neile]], doctoris Smith, capitanii [[Sylas Taylor]], atque in editionibus 1670 et 1706 [[Daniel Colwall|Danielis Colwall]]. * 1664 (interpres, auctore Roland Fréart) : ''A parallel of the antient architecture with the modern'' * 1664 : ''Kalendarium hortense'' in ''Sylva''. -- 1666 separatim: 2a ed. -- {{GB|gBVlAAAAcAAJ|3a ed., 1669}}; [https://archive.org/details/b30337914/page/68/mode/2up aliud exemplar in ''Sylva'']. -- {{Google Books|7K0tlH4qrRYC|6a ed., 1676: cui additur 'A philosophical discourse of earth', qui et separatim videtur}} -- {{GB|3VgDAAAAQAAJ|7a ed., 1683}} -- 8a ed., 1691 -- {{GB|4HM2AAAAMAAJ|9a ed., 1699}} -- {{GB|Lg9FAQAAMAAJ|fac-simile 10a editionis, 1706}}; [https://archive.org/details/b30414155/page/214/mode/2up aliud exemplar intra ''Sylva'', 1706] * 1668 (interpres, auctore Roland Fréart) : ''An idea of the perfection of painting, demonstrated from the principles of art and by examples'' * 1669 : ''The history of the three late famous imposters, viz. Padre Ottomano, Mahomed Bei, and Sabatei Sevi'' * 1674 : ''Navigation and commerce, in which His Majesties title to the dominion of the sea is asserted against the novel and later pretenders'' * 1693 (interpres, auctore J. de la Quintinie) : ''The compleat gardener'' * 1697 : ''Numismata: a discourse of medals, antient and modern... to which is added a digression concerning physiognomy''; [https://archive.org/details/numismatadiscour00evel/ Textus] * 1699 : ''[[Acetaria (Evelyn)|Acetaria: a discourse of sallets]]''. -- 2a ed., 1706, [https://archive.org/details/b30414155/page/130/mode/2up in editione 'Pomonae' huius anni] * 1706 : ''Terra: a philosophical discourse of earth''; [https://archive.org/details/b30414155/page/384/mode/2up in editione ''Sylvae'' huius anni]. -- 1787 separatim; [https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_terra-a-philosophical-d_evelyn-john-frs_1787 Textus] == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biographici}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080521013843/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/features/evelynnotes.html De Ioanne Evelyn apud Bibliothecam Britannicam] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [http://www.royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqSearch=(Surname='Evelyn')&dsqPos=1 De Ioanne Evelyn apud Societatem Regalem] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://thegardenhistory.blog/2018/09/15/john-evelyns-elysium-britannicum/ John Evelyn's ''Elysium Britannicum''] {{Lifetime|1620|1706|Evelyn, Ioannes}} [[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]] [[Categoria:Interpretes Franco-Anglici]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Angliae]] [[Categoria:Socii Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]] [[Categoria:Ephemeridographi]] nncl4n2p1pyeihduce8fan1kwalzg95 3972530 3972527 2026-07-17T15:46:41Z Andrew Dalby 1084 /* Opera */ 3972530 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Ioannes Evelyn'''<ref>Ipse anno 1697 [https://archive.org/details/numismatadiscour00evel/page/n5/mode/2up Johannes Evelyn] scripsit.</ref> ([[Anglice]] ''John Evelyn''), natus die [[31 Octobris]] [[1620]] [[Wotton]] in oppido [[Surregia]]e; ibidem mortuus die [[27 Februarii]] [[1706]], fuit [[scriptor]], [[architectus]], et [[hortorum cultus|horticultor]] [[Anglia|Anglicus]], qui et [[silvicultura]]e peritus fuit et de [[theologia]], [[architectura]], et [[vegetarianismus|vegetarianismo]] studuit. == Opera == [[Fasciculus:John Evelyn by Hendrick Van der Borcht cropped.jpg|thumb| Ioannes Evelyn]] * 1649 (interpres, auctore François de la Mothe le Vayer) : ''Of liberty and servitude'' * 1652 : ''The state of France as it stood in the IXth year of ... Louis XIII'' * 1656 (interpres, auctore [[Lucretius|Lucretio]]) : ''An essay on the first book of T. Lucretius Carus De rerum natura'' * 1658/1659 (interpres, auctore [[Ioannes Chrysostomus|Ioanne Chrysostomo]]) : ''The golden book of St John Chrysostom, concerning the education of children'' * 1658 (interpres, auctore Nicolas de Bonnefons) : ''The French gardener, instructing how to cultivate all sorts of fruit-trees and herbs for the garden'' * 1659 : ''A character of England, as it was lately presented in a letter to a nobleman of France'' * 1659 : ''An apologie for the Royal party'' * 1660 : ''The late newes, or message from Bruxels unmasked'' * 1661 : ''Fumifugium, or The inconvenience of the aer and smoak of London dissipated'' * 1661 (interpres, auctore Gabriel Naudé) : ''Instructions concerning erecting of a library'' * 1661 : ''Tyrannus or The mode, in a discourse of sumptuary laws'' * 1661 : ''A panegyric to Charles the Second'' * 1662 : ''Sculptura: or the history, and art of chalcography and engraving in copper'' * 1664 : ''Sylva, or a discourse of forest trees'': cui adduntur 'Pomona' et 'Kalendarium hortense'; [https://archive.org/details/b30334044/ Textus]; [https://archive.org/details/b30337914/ editio 1670], [https://archive.org/details/CAT10981778/ aliud exemplar]; [https://archive.org/details/b30414155 editio 1706], cui adiungitur '[[Acetaria (Evelyn)|Acetaria]]'; [https://archive.org/details/Evelyn6496 aliud exemplar]. Intra 'Pomona' includuntur opuscula [[Ioannes Beale|Ioannis Beale]], [[Paulus Neile|Pauli Neile]], doctoris Smith, capitanii [[Sylas Taylor]], atque in editionibus 1670 et 1706 [[Daniel Colwall|Danielis Colwall]]. * 1664 (interpres, auctore Roland Fréart) : ''A parallel of the antient architecture with the modern'' * 1664 : ''Kalendarium hortense'' in ''Sylva''. -- 1666 separatim: 2a ed. -- {{GB|gBVlAAAAcAAJ|3a ed., 1669}}; [https://archive.org/details/b30337914/page/68/mode/2up aliud exemplar in ''Sylva'']. -- {{Google Books|7K0tlH4qrRYC|6a ed., 1676: cui additur 'A philosophical discourse of earth', qui et separatim videtur}} -- {{GB|3VgDAAAAQAAJ|7a ed., 1683}} -- 8a ed., 1691 -- {{GB|4HM2AAAAMAAJ|9a ed., 1699}} -- {{GB|Lg9FAQAAMAAJ|fac-simile 10a editionis, 1706}}; [https://archive.org/details/b30414155/page/214/mode/2up aliud exemplar intra ''Sylva'', 1706] * 1668 (interpres, auctore Roland Fréart) : ''An idea of the perfection of painting, demonstrated from the principles of art and by examples'' * 1669 : ''The history of the three late famous imposters, viz. Padre Ottomano, Mahomed Bei, and Sabatei Sevi'' * 1674 : ''Navigation and commerce, in which His Majesties title to the dominion of the sea is asserted against the novel and later pretenders'' * 1676 : 'A philosophical discourse of earth' inseritur in {{Google Books|7K0tlH4qrRYC|''Kalendarium hortense'', 6a ed., 1676}} ac separatim videtur. -- ''Terra: a philosophical discourse of earth'' [https://archive.org/details/b30414155/page/384/mode/2up in editione ''Sylvae'' anni 1706]. -- 1787 separatim; [https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_terra-a-philosophical-d_evelyn-john-frs_1787 Textus] * 1693 (interpres, auctore J. de la Quintinie) : ''The compleat gardener'' * 1697 : ''Numismata: a discourse of medals, antient and modern... to which is added a digression concerning physiognomy''; [https://archive.org/details/numismatadiscour00evel/ Textus] * 1699 : ''[[Acetaria (Evelyn)|Acetaria: a discourse of sallets]]''. -- 2a ed., 1706, [https://archive.org/details/b30414155/page/130/mode/2up in editione 'Pomonae' huius anni] == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biographici}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080521013843/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/features/evelynnotes.html De Ioanne Evelyn apud Bibliothecam Britannicam] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [http://www.royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqSearch=(Surname='Evelyn')&dsqPos=1 De Ioanne Evelyn apud Societatem Regalem] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://thegardenhistory.blog/2018/09/15/john-evelyns-elysium-britannicum/ John Evelyn's ''Elysium Britannicum''] {{Lifetime|1620|1706|Evelyn, Ioannes}} [[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]] [[Categoria:Interpretes Franco-Anglici]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Angliae]] [[Categoria:Socii Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]] [[Categoria:Ephemeridographi]] 4pyhp9c7tjbkyl9vkn7bo6a646c0cku 0 51812 3972512 3830130 2026-07-17T14:55:55Z Andrew Dalby 1084 /* Bibliographia */ 3972512 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L}} [[Fasciculus:Sidra Natural Piñera.jpeg|thumb|Pomacium [[Asturiae|Asturiarum]].]] [[Fasciculus:Vinetum Britannicum.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|''[[Vinetum Britannicum]]'' ab [[Ioannes Worlidge|Ioanne Worlidge]] anno 1676 scriptum, 1678 reimpressum]] '''Pomacium'''<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305142148/http://ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr/POMACIUM pomacium]", "[http://ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr/POMATA Pomata]{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}": {{DuCange}}. Ibidem "[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305122218/http://ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr/POMAGIUM Pomagium]" e statutis [[Aegidius de Bridport|Aegidii]] episcopi citatur</ref><ref>"Siceratores, id est, qui cervisiam, vel pomatium, sîve pyratium, vel aliud quodcumque liquamen ad bibendum aptum fuerit, facere sciant": ''[[Capitulare de villis]]'' cap. 45 {{Google Books|wRrXr4g_E6IC|vide p. 655}}</ref> seu '''pomaceum'''<ref>"Pomaceum": {{qc|id=Palmarius (1588)}}. "Cidra": {{qc|id=Tractatus}}. Nonnulli "[[sicera]]" (de [[lingua Hebraica]] שכר via [[lingua Graeca|Graeco]] ''σίκερα''), sed hoc verbum omnem fere potionem quae non vinum sit denotat (vide notam priorem). Traupman "hydromelum", sed inconsulte: [[melomeli|hydromelum]] fuit res alia, [[Dioscorides|Dioscoridi]] nota (''[[Materia medica (Dioscorides)|Materia Medica]]'' 5.22), hodie desueta</ref> est potio [[alcohol]]ica, effervescenti suco fructuum [[malum|malorum]] confecto. Pomacium est incluta potio regionum [[Asturiae|Asturiarum]] (''sidra''), [[Vasconia]]e (''sagardo''), [[Britannia Minor|Britanniae Minoris]] et [[Normannia]]e (''cidre''), [[Germania]]e (ubi appellationem habet "vini malorum", ''Apfelwein'' vel ''Most''<ref>''Most'' (m), de Latino ''mustum''.</ref>) atque [[Herefordiensis comitatus|Herefordiensis]], [[Glocestriensis comitatus|Glocestriae]], [[Somersetensis comitatus|Somersetiae]], [[Devonia]]e et [[Dorcestria|Dorsetiae]] in [[Anglia]] (''cider''). Confectio pomacii iam diu in Americam septentrionalem introducta est. In [[Quebecum|Quebeco]] recenter [[pomacium e glacie]] inventa est. == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == ; Opera antiquiora * ante 1309 : {{ec|id=Tractatus|c=''[[Tractatus de modo praeparandi et condiendi omnia cibaria]]'' I.20 (Marianne Mulon, "Deux traités inédits d'art culinaire médiéval" in ''Bulletin philologique et historique (jusqu'à 1610) du Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques'' [1968 (1971)] vol. 1 pp. 369-435) [https://www.uni-giessen.de/fbz/fb05/germanistik/absprache/sprachverwendung/gloning/tx/mul1-tra.htm Textus]}} * 1550 : "Vina fructuaria" in [[Carolus Stephanus]], ''[[De nutrimentis (Stephanus)|De nutrimentis ad Baillyum libri tres]]'' (Lutetiae) [https://archive.org/details/carolistephanide00esti/page/22/mode/2up pp. 22-25] * 1588 : {{ec|id=Palmarius (1588)|c=[[Iulianus Palmarius]], ''[[De vino et pomaceo]]''. Parisiis: apud Guillelmum Auvray}} * 1664 : [[Ioannes Evelyn|John Evelyn]] et al., "[https://archive.org/details/sylvaordiscourse00eveluoft/page/120/mode/2up Pomona, or an appendix concerning fruit-trees in relation to cider]"; [[Ioannes Beale]], "[https://archive.org/details/sylvaordiscourse00eveluoft/page/n163/mode/2up Aphorisms concerning cider]"; [[Paulus Neil|Paul Neil]], "[https://archive.org/details/sylvaordiscourse00eveluoft/page/30/mode/2up Discourse of cider]"; [[Ioannes Newburgh|John Newburgh]], "[https://archive.org/details/sylvaordiscourse00eveluoft/page/n185/mode/2up Observations concerning the making and preserving of cider]"; Dr. Smith, "[https://archive.org/details/sylvaordiscourse00eveluoft/page/46/mode/2up Of cider]"; Capt. Taylor, "[https://archive.org/details/sylvaordiscourse00eveluoft/page/46/mode/2up Concerning cider]", in John Evelyn, ''Sylva, or a discourse of forest-trees and the propagation of timber in His Majesties dominions'' (Londinii: [[Regalis Societas Londiniensis|Royal Society]]) [http://www.archive.org/details/sylvaordiscourse00eveluoft Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1669 : [[Kenelmus Digbius|Kenelm Digby]]; George Hartman, ed.? ''[[The Closet of Sir Kenelme Digbie Opened|The Closet of the Eminently Learned Sir Kenelme Digbie Kt. Opened]]''. Londinii: Henry Brome {{Google Books|yc1EAQAAMAAJ|Textus e fac-simile demptus}} [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16441 editio interretialis] apud ''Project Gutenberg'' [https://archive.org/details/closetofeminentl00digb editio 1677] * 1676-1691 : [[Ioannes Worlidge|John Worlidge]], ''[[Vinetum Britannicum]], or, A treatise of cider and other wines and drinks extracted from fruits growing in this kingdom with the method of propagating all sorts of vinous fruit-trees, and a description of the new-invented ingenio or mill for the more expeditious making of cider''. Londinii: T. Dring, 1676; 2a ed., 1678; 3a ed., 1691 ** John Worlidge, ''The second parts of Systema agriculturae, or, The mystery of husbandry; and, Vinetum Britannicum, or, A treatise of cider; wherein are contained many selected and curious observations ... with the best and most natural rules and methods for the making of cider, and other English liquors''. Londinii, 1689 * 1687 : [[Ioannes Worlidge|John Worlidge]], ''The most easie method for making the best cyder''. Londinii: George Graston * 1765 : Louis de Chambray, ''L'Art de cultiver les pommiers, les poiriers et de faire des cidres selon l'usage de la Normandie''. Lutetiae: chez Ganeau [https://web.archive.org/web/20150919020306/http://www.bmlisieux.com/normandie/chambray.htm Textus] * 1753 : J. Beal, "Advertisements on the Vinetum Britannicum Mentioned in the Last Foregoing Tract, Sent to the Publisher by the Reverend Dr. J. Beal" [http://www.archive.org/details/philtrans07026191 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1791 : [[Ioannes Philips|John Philips]], ''[[Cider (Philips)|Cider]]: a poem in two books''. Londinii: Cadell [http://www.archive.org/details/ciderapoemintwo00philgoog Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1797 : [[Thomas Andreas Knight|T. A. Knight]], ''A Treatise on the Culture of the Apple and Pear and on the manufacture of cider and perry''. Ludlow: H. Procter {{Google Books|Km8FAAAAQAAJ|Textus}} [http://www.archive.org/details/atreatiseoncult01kniggoog Editio 1801 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1804 : Richard Platt, "[https://archive.org/details/jstor-27670823 Process for Making Cider]" in ''Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences'' vol. 2 (1804) pp. 121-123 * 1816 : William Salisbury, ''Hints addressed to proprietors of orchards, and to growers of fruit in general, comprising observations on the present state of the apple trees, in the cider countries; made in a tour during the last summer''. Londinii, Longman [http://www.archive.org/details/hintsaddressedto00sali Textus Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1817 : William Coxe, ''A view of the cultivation of fruit trees, and the management of orchards and cider; with accurate descriptions of the most estimable varieties of native and foreign apples, pears, peaches, plums, and cherries, cultivated in the middle states of America: illustrated by cuts of two hundred kinds of fruits of the natural size''. Philadelphiae: M. Carey [http://www.archive.org/details/aviewcultivatio00coxegoog Textus Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1822 : James Thacher, ''The American orchardist; or, A practical treatise on the culture and management of apple and other fruit trees, with observations on the diseases to which they are liable, and their remedies. To which is added the most approved method of manufacturing and preserving cider''. Boston: J. W. Ingraham [http://www.archive.org/details/americanorchardi00thac Textus Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1828 : J. Ham, ''The manufacture of cider and perry, reduced to rules''. Sherburniae {{Google Books|yfAHAAAAQAAJ|Textus}} * 1842 : Bonington Moubray, ''A practical treatise on breeding, rearing, and fattening all kinds of domestic poultry, pheasants, pigeons, and rabbits: also, the management of swine, milch cows, and bees, with instructions for the private brewery on cider, perry, and British wine making''. Londinii [http://www.archive.org/details/practicaltreatis00lawriala Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1855 : Léon Féret, "Histoire du pommier et du cidre" in ''L'Ordre et la liberté'' (Cadomi, 1855) [https://web.archive.org/web/20150923213650/http://www.bmlisieux.com/normandie/pommier.htm Textus] * 1869 : E. Lucas, ''Der Cider oder Obstwein: Kurze Zusammenstellung der verschiedenen Bereitungsarten''. Ravensburg: Ulmer [http://www.archive.org/details/dercideroderobs00lucagoog Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1869 : J. S. Buell, ''The cider makers' manual''. Buffalo {{Google Books|myJEAAAAYAAJ|Textus}} * 1880 : T. S. Denison, ''Hard cider: a temperance sketch''. Chicagi: Denison [http://www.archive.org/details/hardcidertempera00deni Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1887 : C. A. Crampton, ''Fermented alcohol beverages, malt liquors, wine and cider''. Vasingtoniae (''Foods and Food Adulterants'', 3) [http://www.archive.org/details/fermentedalcohol00cramrich Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1890 : Adolf Freiherr von Pereira-Arnstein, ''Volkswirthschaftliche Bedeutung der Obstweinerzeugung (Importance économique de la fabrication du cidre)''. Vindobonae [http://www.archive.org/details/volkswirthschaf00konggoog Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1900 : Robert Mitchell Floyd, ''Songs of the apple tree, with kith and kin''. Bostoniae [http://www.archive.org/details/songsofappletree00floyiala Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' ;Opera recentiora * William B. Alwood, ''A Study of Cider-Making in France, Germany and England; with comments and comparisons on American work''. Vasingtoniae: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1903 [http://www.archive.org/details/studyofcidermaki00willrich Textus apud archive.org] * William B. Alwood, R. J. Davidson, W. A. P. Moncure, ''The chemical composition of apples and cider''. Vasingtoniae, 1904 [http://www.archive.org/details/chemicalcomposit00alworich Textus apud archive.org] * A. Brooke-Hunt, ''The National Fruit and Cider Institute: its origin and objects''. Aquis Sulis, 1904 [http://www.archive.org/details/nationalfruitcid00broorich Textus apud archive.org] * James Crowden, ''Ciderland''. Edinburgi: Birlinn, 2008 * Laurence Girard, "[https://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2019/02/02/pom-pom-pom-cidre-et-le-chant-de-la-crepe_5418246_3234.html Pom, pom, pom cidre et le chant de la crêpe]" in ''[[Le Monde]]'' (2 Februarii 2019) * Frederick James Lloyd, ''Report on the results of investigations into cidermaking, carried out on behalf of the Bath and west and southern counties society in the years 1893-1902''. Londinii, 1903 [http://www.archive.org/details/reportonresultso00grearich Textus apud archive.org] * L. F. Salzman, ''English industries of the middle ages, being an introduction to the industrial history of medieval England'' (Bostoniae: Houghton Mifflin, 1913) pp. 196-198 [http://www.archive.org/details/englishindustrie00salzrich Textus apud archive.org] {{NexInt}} * [[Mala ad pomacium conficiendum idonea]] {{Myrias|Anthropologia}} [[Categoria:Pomacium| ]] [[Categoria:Fermentatio]] cfzw601ulo6f0cyl8pv2p52qn4gia3t 3972535 3972512 2026-07-17T15:52:49Z Andrew Dalby 1084 /* Bibliographia */ 3972535 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L}} [[Fasciculus:Sidra Natural Piñera.jpeg|thumb|Pomacium [[Asturiae|Asturiarum]].]] [[Fasciculus:Vinetum Britannicum.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|''[[Vinetum Britannicum]]'' ab [[Ioannes Worlidge|Ioanne Worlidge]] anno 1676 scriptum, 1678 reimpressum]] '''Pomacium'''<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305142148/http://ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr/POMACIUM pomacium]", "[http://ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr/POMATA Pomata]{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}": {{DuCange}}. Ibidem "[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305122218/http://ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr/POMAGIUM Pomagium]" e statutis [[Aegidius de Bridport|Aegidii]] episcopi citatur</ref><ref>"Siceratores, id est, qui cervisiam, vel pomatium, sîve pyratium, vel aliud quodcumque liquamen ad bibendum aptum fuerit, facere sciant": ''[[Capitulare de villis]]'' cap. 45 {{Google Books|wRrXr4g_E6IC|vide p. 655}}</ref> seu '''pomaceum'''<ref>"Pomaceum": {{qc|id=Palmarius (1588)}}. "Cidra": {{qc|id=Tractatus}}. Nonnulli "[[sicera]]" (de [[lingua Hebraica]] שכר via [[lingua Graeca|Graeco]] ''σίκερα''), sed hoc verbum omnem fere potionem quae non vinum sit denotat (vide notam priorem). Traupman "hydromelum", sed inconsulte: [[melomeli|hydromelum]] fuit res alia, [[Dioscorides|Dioscoridi]] nota (''[[Materia medica (Dioscorides)|Materia Medica]]'' 5.22), hodie desueta</ref> est potio [[alcohol]]ica, effervescenti suco fructuum [[malum|malorum]] confecto. Pomacium est incluta potio regionum [[Asturiae|Asturiarum]] (''sidra''), [[Vasconia]]e (''sagardo''), [[Britannia Minor|Britanniae Minoris]] et [[Normannia]]e (''cidre''), [[Germania]]e (ubi appellationem habet "vini malorum", ''Apfelwein'' vel ''Most''<ref>''Most'' (m), de Latino ''mustum''.</ref>) atque [[Herefordiensis comitatus|Herefordiensis]], [[Glocestriensis comitatus|Glocestriae]], [[Somersetensis comitatus|Somersetiae]], [[Devonia]]e et [[Dorcestria|Dorsetiae]] in [[Anglia]] (''cider''). Confectio pomacii iam diu in Americam septentrionalem introducta est. In [[Quebecum|Quebeco]] recenter [[pomacium e glacie]] inventa est. == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == ; Opera antiquiora * ante 1309 : {{ec|id=Tractatus|c=''[[Tractatus de modo praeparandi et condiendi omnia cibaria]]'' I.20 (Marianne Mulon, "Deux traités inédits d'art culinaire médiéval" in ''Bulletin philologique et historique (jusqu'à 1610) du Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques'' [1968 (1971)] vol. 1 pp. 369-435) [https://www.uni-giessen.de/fbz/fb05/germanistik/absprache/sprachverwendung/gloning/tx/mul1-tra.htm Textus]}} * 1550 : "Vina fructuaria" in [[Carolus Stephanus]], ''[[De nutrimentis (Stephanus)|De nutrimentis ad Baillyum libri tres]]'' (Lutetiae) [https://archive.org/details/carolistephanide00esti/page/22/mode/2up pp. 22-25] * 1588 : {{ec|id=Palmarius (1588)|c=[[Iulianus Palmarius]], ''[[De vino et pomaceo]]''. Parisiis: apud Guillelmum Auvray}} * 1664 : [[Ioannes Evelyn|John Evelyn]] et al., "[https://archive.org/details/sylvaordiscourse00eveluoft/page/120/mode/2up Pomona, or an appendix concerning fruit-trees in relation to cider]"; [[Ioannes Beale]], "[https://archive.org/details/sylvaordiscourse00eveluoft/page/n163/mode/2up Aphorisms concerning cider]"; [[Paulus Neile|Paul Neil]], "[https://archive.org/details/sylvaordiscourse00eveluoft/page/30/mode/2up Discourse of cider]"; [[Ioannes Newburgh|John Newburgh]], "[https://archive.org/details/sylvaordiscourse00eveluoft/page/n185/mode/2up Observations concerning the making and preserving of cider]"; Dr. Smith, "[https://archive.org/details/sylvaordiscourse00eveluoft/page/46/mode/2up Of cider]"; Capt. [[Sylas Taylor]], "[https://archive.org/details/sylvaordiscourse00eveluoft/page/46/mode/2up Concerning cider]". Haec omnia inseruntur in Ioannis Evelyn ''Sylva, or a discourse of forest-trees and the propagation of timber in His Majesties dominions'' (Londinii, 1664: [[Regalis Societas Londiniensis|Royal Society]]) [https://archive.org/details/b30334044/ Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' ** [https://archive.org/details/b30337914/page/248/mode/2up editio 1670] (adiungitur opusculum [[Daniel Colwall|Danielis Colwall]]; [https://archive.org/details/b30414155/page/52/mode/2up editio 1706] * 1669 : [[Kenelmus Digbius|Kenelm Digby]]; George Hartman, ed.? ''[[The Closet of Sir Kenelme Digbie Opened|The Closet of the Eminently Learned Sir Kenelme Digbie Kt. Opened]]''. Londinii: Henry Brome {{Google Books|yc1EAQAAMAAJ|Textus e fac-simile demptus}} [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16441 editio interretialis] apud ''Project Gutenberg'' [https://archive.org/details/closetofeminentl00digb editio 1677] * 1676-1691 : [[Ioannes Worlidge|John Worlidge]], ''[[Vinetum Britannicum]], or, A treatise of cider and other wines and drinks extracted from fruits growing in this kingdom with the method of propagating all sorts of vinous fruit-trees, and a description of the new-invented ingenio or mill for the more expeditious making of cider''. Londinii: T. Dring, 1676; 2a ed., 1678; 3a ed., 1691 ** John Worlidge, ''The second parts of Systema agriculturae, or, The mystery of husbandry; and, Vinetum Britannicum, or, A treatise of cider; wherein are contained many selected and curious observations ... with the best and most natural rules and methods for the making of cider, and other English liquors''. Londinii, 1689 * 1687 : [[Ioannes Worlidge|John Worlidge]], ''The most easie method for making the best cyder''. Londinii: George Graston * 1765 : Louis de Chambray, ''L'Art de cultiver les pommiers, les poiriers et de faire des cidres selon l'usage de la Normandie''. Lutetiae: chez Ganeau [https://web.archive.org/web/20150919020306/http://www.bmlisieux.com/normandie/chambray.htm Textus] * 1753 : J. Beal, "Advertisements on the Vinetum Britannicum Mentioned in the Last Foregoing Tract, Sent to the Publisher by the Reverend Dr. J. Beal" [http://www.archive.org/details/philtrans07026191 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1791 : [[Ioannes Philips|John Philips]], ''[[Cider (Philips)|Cider]]: a poem in two books''. Londinii: Cadell [http://www.archive.org/details/ciderapoemintwo00philgoog Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1797 : [[Thomas Andreas Knight|T. A. Knight]], ''A Treatise on the Culture of the Apple and Pear and on the manufacture of cider and perry''. Ludlow: H. Procter {{Google Books|Km8FAAAAQAAJ|Textus}} [http://www.archive.org/details/atreatiseoncult01kniggoog Editio 1801 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1804 : Richard Platt, "[https://archive.org/details/jstor-27670823 Process for Making Cider]" in ''Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences'' vol. 2 (1804) pp. 121-123 * 1816 : William Salisbury, ''Hints addressed to proprietors of orchards, and to growers of fruit in general, comprising observations on the present state of the apple trees, in the cider countries; made in a tour during the last summer''. Londinii, Longman [http://www.archive.org/details/hintsaddressedto00sali Textus Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1817 : William Coxe, ''A view of the cultivation of fruit trees, and the management of orchards and cider; with accurate descriptions of the most estimable varieties of native and foreign apples, pears, peaches, plums, and cherries, cultivated in the middle states of America: illustrated by cuts of two hundred kinds of fruits of the natural size''. Philadelphiae: M. Carey [http://www.archive.org/details/aviewcultivatio00coxegoog Textus Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1822 : James Thacher, ''The American orchardist; or, A practical treatise on the culture and management of apple and other fruit trees, with observations on the diseases to which they are liable, and their remedies. To which is added the most approved method of manufacturing and preserving cider''. Boston: J. W. Ingraham [http://www.archive.org/details/americanorchardi00thac Textus Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1828 : J. Ham, ''The manufacture of cider and perry, reduced to rules''. Sherburniae {{Google Books|yfAHAAAAQAAJ|Textus}} * 1842 : Bonington Moubray, ''A practical treatise on breeding, rearing, and fattening all kinds of domestic poultry, pheasants, pigeons, and rabbits: also, the management of swine, milch cows, and bees, with instructions for the private brewery on cider, perry, and British wine making''. Londinii [http://www.archive.org/details/practicaltreatis00lawriala Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1855 : Léon Féret, "Histoire du pommier et du cidre" in ''L'Ordre et la liberté'' (Cadomi, 1855) [https://web.archive.org/web/20150923213650/http://www.bmlisieux.com/normandie/pommier.htm Textus] * 1869 : E. Lucas, ''Der Cider oder Obstwein: Kurze Zusammenstellung der verschiedenen Bereitungsarten''. Ravensburg: Ulmer [http://www.archive.org/details/dercideroderobs00lucagoog Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1869 : J. S. Buell, ''The cider makers' manual''. Buffalo {{Google Books|myJEAAAAYAAJ|Textus}} * 1880 : T. S. Denison, ''Hard cider: a temperance sketch''. Chicagi: Denison [http://www.archive.org/details/hardcidertempera00deni Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1887 : C. A. Crampton, ''Fermented alcohol beverages, malt liquors, wine and cider''. Vasingtoniae (''Foods and Food Adulterants'', 3) [http://www.archive.org/details/fermentedalcohol00cramrich Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1890 : Adolf Freiherr von Pereira-Arnstein, ''Volkswirthschaftliche Bedeutung der Obstweinerzeugung (Importance économique de la fabrication du cidre)''. Vindobonae [http://www.archive.org/details/volkswirthschaf00konggoog Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1900 : Robert Mitchell Floyd, ''Songs of the apple tree, with kith and kin''. Bostoniae [http://www.archive.org/details/songsofappletree00floyiala Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' ;Opera recentiora * William B. Alwood, ''A Study of Cider-Making in France, Germany and England; with comments and comparisons on American work''. Vasingtoniae: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1903 [http://www.archive.org/details/studyofcidermaki00willrich Textus apud archive.org] * William B. Alwood, R. J. Davidson, W. A. P. Moncure, ''The chemical composition of apples and cider''. Vasingtoniae, 1904 [http://www.archive.org/details/chemicalcomposit00alworich Textus apud archive.org] * A. Brooke-Hunt, ''The National Fruit and Cider Institute: its origin and objects''. Aquis Sulis, 1904 [http://www.archive.org/details/nationalfruitcid00broorich Textus apud archive.org] * James Crowden, ''Ciderland''. Edinburgi: Birlinn, 2008 * Laurence Girard, "[https://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2019/02/02/pom-pom-pom-cidre-et-le-chant-de-la-crepe_5418246_3234.html Pom, pom, pom cidre et le chant de la crêpe]" in ''[[Le Monde]]'' (2 Februarii 2019) * Frederick James Lloyd, ''Report on the results of investigations into cidermaking, carried out on behalf of the Bath and west and southern counties society in the years 1893-1902''. Londinii, 1903 [http://www.archive.org/details/reportonresultso00grearich Textus apud archive.org] * L. F. Salzman, ''English industries of the middle ages, being an introduction to the industrial history of medieval England'' (Bostoniae: Houghton Mifflin, 1913) pp. 196-198 [http://www.archive.org/details/englishindustrie00salzrich Textus apud archive.org] {{NexInt}} * [[Mala ad pomacium conficiendum idonea]] {{Myrias|Anthropologia}} [[Categoria:Pomacium| ]] [[Categoria:Fermentatio]] 7wt9kxnmpq9qidyl7itj42uip1ntdo6 3972537 3972535 2026-07-17T15:53:32Z Andrew Dalby 1084 /* Bibliographia */ 3972537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L}} [[Fasciculus:Sidra Natural Piñera.jpeg|thumb|Pomacium [[Asturiae|Asturiarum]].]] [[Fasciculus:Vinetum Britannicum.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|''[[Vinetum Britannicum]]'' ab [[Ioannes Worlidge|Ioanne Worlidge]] anno 1676 scriptum, 1678 reimpressum]] '''Pomacium'''<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305142148/http://ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr/POMACIUM pomacium]", "[http://ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr/POMATA Pomata]{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}": {{DuCange}}. Ibidem "[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305122218/http://ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr/POMAGIUM Pomagium]" e statutis [[Aegidius de Bridport|Aegidii]] episcopi citatur</ref><ref>"Siceratores, id est, qui cervisiam, vel pomatium, sîve pyratium, vel aliud quodcumque liquamen ad bibendum aptum fuerit, facere sciant": ''[[Capitulare de villis]]'' cap. 45 {{Google Books|wRrXr4g_E6IC|vide p. 655}}</ref> seu '''pomaceum'''<ref>"Pomaceum": {{qc|id=Palmarius (1588)}}. "Cidra": {{qc|id=Tractatus}}. Nonnulli "[[sicera]]" (de [[lingua Hebraica]] שכר via [[lingua Graeca|Graeco]] ''σίκερα''), sed hoc verbum omnem fere potionem quae non vinum sit denotat (vide notam priorem). Traupman "hydromelum", sed inconsulte: [[melomeli|hydromelum]] fuit res alia, [[Dioscorides|Dioscoridi]] nota (''[[Materia medica (Dioscorides)|Materia Medica]]'' 5.22), hodie desueta</ref> est potio [[alcohol]]ica, effervescenti suco fructuum [[malum|malorum]] confecto. Pomacium est incluta potio regionum [[Asturiae|Asturiarum]] (''sidra''), [[Vasconia]]e (''sagardo''), [[Britannia Minor|Britanniae Minoris]] et [[Normannia]]e (''cidre''), [[Germania]]e (ubi appellationem habet "vini malorum", ''Apfelwein'' vel ''Most''<ref>''Most'' (m), de Latino ''mustum''.</ref>) atque [[Herefordiensis comitatus|Herefordiensis]], [[Glocestriensis comitatus|Glocestriae]], [[Somersetensis comitatus|Somersetiae]], [[Devonia]]e et [[Dorcestria|Dorsetiae]] in [[Anglia]] (''cider''). Confectio pomacii iam diu in Americam septentrionalem introducta est. In [[Quebecum|Quebeco]] recenter [[pomacium e glacie]] inventa est. == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == ; Opera antiquiora * ante 1309 : {{ec|id=Tractatus|c=''[[Tractatus de modo praeparandi et condiendi omnia cibaria]]'' I.20 (Marianne Mulon, "Deux traités inédits d'art culinaire médiéval" in ''Bulletin philologique et historique (jusqu'à 1610) du Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques'' [1968 (1971)] vol. 1 pp. 369-435) [https://www.uni-giessen.de/fbz/fb05/germanistik/absprache/sprachverwendung/gloning/tx/mul1-tra.htm Textus]}} * 1550 : "Vina fructuaria" in [[Carolus Stephanus]], ''[[De nutrimentis (Stephanus)|De nutrimentis ad Baillyum libri tres]]'' (Lutetiae) [https://archive.org/details/carolistephanide00esti/page/22/mode/2up pp. 22-25] * 1588 : {{ec|id=Palmarius (1588)|c=[[Iulianus Palmarius]], ''[[De vino et pomaceo]]''. Parisiis: apud Guillelmum Auvray}} * 1664 : [[Ioannes Evelyn|John Evelyn]] et al., "[https://archive.org/details/sylvaordiscourse00eveluoft/page/120/mode/2up Pomona, or an appendix concerning fruit-trees in relation to cider]"; [[Ioannes Beale]], "[https://archive.org/details/sylvaordiscourse00eveluoft/page/n163/mode/2up Aphorisms concerning cider]"; [[Paulus Neile|Paul Neil]], "[https://archive.org/details/sylvaordiscourse00eveluoft/page/30/mode/2up Discourse of cider]"; [[Ioannes Newburgh|John Newburgh]], "[https://archive.org/details/sylvaordiscourse00eveluoft/page/n185/mode/2up Observations concerning the making and preserving of cider]"; Dr. Smith, "[https://archive.org/details/sylvaordiscourse00eveluoft/page/46/mode/2up Of cider]"; Capt. [[Sylas Taylor]], "[https://archive.org/details/sylvaordiscourse00eveluoft/page/46/mode/2up Concerning cider]". Haec omnia inseruntur in Ioannis Evelyn ''Sylva, or a discourse of forest-trees and the propagation of timber in His Majesties dominions'' (Londinii, 1664: [[Regalis Societas Londiniensis|Royal Society]]) [https://archive.org/details/b30334044/ Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' ** [https://archive.org/details/b30337914/page/248/mode/2up editio 1670] (adiungitur opusculum [[Daniel Colwall|Danielis Colwall]]); [https://archive.org/details/b30414155/page/52/mode/2up editio 1706] * 1669 : [[Kenelmus Digbius|Kenelm Digby]]; George Hartman, ed.? ''[[The Closet of Sir Kenelme Digbie Opened|The Closet of the Eminently Learned Sir Kenelme Digbie Kt. Opened]]''. Londinii: Henry Brome {{Google Books|yc1EAQAAMAAJ|Textus e fac-simile demptus}} [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16441 editio interretialis] apud ''Project Gutenberg'' [https://archive.org/details/closetofeminentl00digb editio 1677] * 1676-1691 : [[Ioannes Worlidge|John Worlidge]], ''[[Vinetum Britannicum]], or, A treatise of cider and other wines and drinks extracted from fruits growing in this kingdom with the method of propagating all sorts of vinous fruit-trees, and a description of the new-invented ingenio or mill for the more expeditious making of cider''. Londinii: T. Dring, 1676; 2a ed., 1678; 3a ed., 1691 ** John Worlidge, ''The second parts of Systema agriculturae, or, The mystery of husbandry; and, Vinetum Britannicum, or, A treatise of cider; wherein are contained many selected and curious observations ... with the best and most natural rules and methods for the making of cider, and other English liquors''. Londinii, 1689 * 1687 : [[Ioannes Worlidge|John Worlidge]], ''The most easie method for making the best cyder''. Londinii: George Graston * 1765 : Louis de Chambray, ''L'Art de cultiver les pommiers, les poiriers et de faire des cidres selon l'usage de la Normandie''. Lutetiae: chez Ganeau [https://web.archive.org/web/20150919020306/http://www.bmlisieux.com/normandie/chambray.htm Textus] * 1753 : J. Beal, "Advertisements on the Vinetum Britannicum Mentioned in the Last Foregoing Tract, Sent to the Publisher by the Reverend Dr. J. Beal" [http://www.archive.org/details/philtrans07026191 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1791 : [[Ioannes Philips|John Philips]], ''[[Cider (Philips)|Cider]]: a poem in two books''. Londinii: Cadell [http://www.archive.org/details/ciderapoemintwo00philgoog Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1797 : [[Thomas Andreas Knight|T. A. Knight]], ''A Treatise on the Culture of the Apple and Pear and on the manufacture of cider and perry''. Ludlow: H. Procter {{Google Books|Km8FAAAAQAAJ|Textus}} [http://www.archive.org/details/atreatiseoncult01kniggoog Editio 1801 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1804 : Richard Platt, "[https://archive.org/details/jstor-27670823 Process for Making Cider]" in ''Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences'' vol. 2 (1804) pp. 121-123 * 1816 : William Salisbury, ''Hints addressed to proprietors of orchards, and to growers of fruit in general, comprising observations on the present state of the apple trees, in the cider countries; made in a tour during the last summer''. Londinii, Longman [http://www.archive.org/details/hintsaddressedto00sali Textus Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1817 : William Coxe, ''A view of the cultivation of fruit trees, and the management of orchards and cider; with accurate descriptions of the most estimable varieties of native and foreign apples, pears, peaches, plums, and cherries, cultivated in the middle states of America: illustrated by cuts of two hundred kinds of fruits of the natural size''. Philadelphiae: M. Carey [http://www.archive.org/details/aviewcultivatio00coxegoog Textus Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1822 : James Thacher, ''The American orchardist; or, A practical treatise on the culture and management of apple and other fruit trees, with observations on the diseases to which they are liable, and their remedies. To which is added the most approved method of manufacturing and preserving cider''. Boston: J. W. Ingraham [http://www.archive.org/details/americanorchardi00thac Textus Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1828 : J. Ham, ''The manufacture of cider and perry, reduced to rules''. Sherburniae {{Google Books|yfAHAAAAQAAJ|Textus}} * 1842 : Bonington Moubray, ''A practical treatise on breeding, rearing, and fattening all kinds of domestic poultry, pheasants, pigeons, and rabbits: also, the management of swine, milch cows, and bees, with instructions for the private brewery on cider, perry, and British wine making''. Londinii [http://www.archive.org/details/practicaltreatis00lawriala Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1855 : Léon Féret, "Histoire du pommier et du cidre" in ''L'Ordre et la liberté'' (Cadomi, 1855) [https://web.archive.org/web/20150923213650/http://www.bmlisieux.com/normandie/pommier.htm Textus] * 1869 : E. Lucas, ''Der Cider oder Obstwein: Kurze Zusammenstellung der verschiedenen Bereitungsarten''. Ravensburg: Ulmer [http://www.archive.org/details/dercideroderobs00lucagoog Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1869 : J. S. Buell, ''The cider makers' manual''. Buffalo {{Google Books|myJEAAAAYAAJ|Textus}} * 1880 : T. S. Denison, ''Hard cider: a temperance sketch''. Chicagi: Denison [http://www.archive.org/details/hardcidertempera00deni Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1887 : C. A. Crampton, ''Fermented alcohol beverages, malt liquors, wine and cider''. Vasingtoniae (''Foods and Food Adulterants'', 3) [http://www.archive.org/details/fermentedalcohol00cramrich Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1890 : Adolf Freiherr von Pereira-Arnstein, ''Volkswirthschaftliche Bedeutung der Obstweinerzeugung (Importance économique de la fabrication du cidre)''. Vindobonae [http://www.archive.org/details/volkswirthschaf00konggoog Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * 1900 : Robert Mitchell Floyd, ''Songs of the apple tree, with kith and kin''. Bostoniae [http://www.archive.org/details/songsofappletree00floyiala Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' ;Opera recentiora * William B. Alwood, ''A Study of Cider-Making in France, Germany and England; with comments and comparisons on American work''. Vasingtoniae: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1903 [http://www.archive.org/details/studyofcidermaki00willrich Textus apud archive.org] * William B. Alwood, R. J. Davidson, W. A. P. Moncure, ''The chemical composition of apples and cider''. Vasingtoniae, 1904 [http://www.archive.org/details/chemicalcomposit00alworich Textus apud archive.org] * A. Brooke-Hunt, ''The National Fruit and Cider Institute: its origin and objects''. Aquis Sulis, 1904 [http://www.archive.org/details/nationalfruitcid00broorich Textus apud archive.org] * James Crowden, ''Ciderland''. Edinburgi: Birlinn, 2008 * Laurence Girard, "[https://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2019/02/02/pom-pom-pom-cidre-et-le-chant-de-la-crepe_5418246_3234.html Pom, pom, pom cidre et le chant de la crêpe]" in ''[[Le Monde]]'' (2 Februarii 2019) * Frederick James Lloyd, ''Report on the results of investigations into cidermaking, carried out on behalf of the Bath and west and southern counties society in the years 1893-1902''. Londinii, 1903 [http://www.archive.org/details/reportonresultso00grearich Textus apud archive.org] * L. F. Salzman, ''English industries of the middle ages, being an introduction to the industrial history of medieval England'' (Bostoniae: Houghton Mifflin, 1913) pp. 196-198 [http://www.archive.org/details/englishindustrie00salzrich Textus apud archive.org] {{NexInt}} * [[Mala ad pomacium conficiendum idonea]] {{Myrias|Anthropologia}} [[Categoria:Pomacium| ]] [[Categoria:Fermentatio]] 20lt24meb1yah97ngs98n6og4eim8rs 0 51853 3972618 3958957 2026-07-18T11:10:54Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3972618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-2}} [[Fasciculus:KlausEbner.jpg|thumb|Klaus Ebner anno 2008.]] '''Nicolaus''' (''Klaus'') '''Ebner''' ([[Vindobona]]e in [[Austria]] die [[8 Augusti]] [[1964]] natus, ibidem habitans) est [[scriptor]] et [[interpres]]. Praecipue [[Lingua Theodisca|Theodisce]] [[oratio soluta|oratione soluta]] scribit, praeterea [[lingua Catalana|Catalane]] carmina pangit. [[anni 1980|Annis 1980]] libros de [[Programma computatrale|partibus programmationis]] divulgavit; prima [[narratio|narratiuncularum]] collectio anno [[2007]] edita est. == Vita et opera == [[Linguae Romanicae|Linguis Romanicis]] et [[Lingua Theodisca|Germanicae]], arti translationis et [[oeconomia]]e Europaeae studuit.<ref>Cf. biographiam in Ebner, Nicolaus: ''Auf der Kippe'', Neckenmarkt 2008, p. 139.</ref> Annis [[1980]] etiam pro quadam societate [[litterae|litteraria]] et [[periodicum|periodico]] laborabat.<ref>Secundum quod ipse in periodico ''Texte'' scripsit.</ref> Deinde compluribus fungebatur muneribus, nempe interpretis, praeceptoris linguae, moderatorisque societatum [[merx|mercatoriarum]].<ref>Dieter Lorenz et Klaus Ebner, ''DNS-Implementierung im Windows-Netzwerk'' (Microsoft Press, Unterschleißheim, 2004), 427 (De auctoribus).</ref> Per annos [[1990]] tractatus librosque de [[Programma computatrale|programmatibus]] retibusque computatralibus scripsit.<ref>Divulgavit editoriis Data Becker, Markt & Technik, IWT, TEWI et Microsoft Press.</ref>. Finitis scholae studiis iam narratiunculas, carmina fabulasque radiophonicas scribebat.<ref>Cf. divulgationes periodicis ''Texte'' (1983–1986) et ''Lesezirkel'' (editiones 20 et 27).</ref> Tum periodicis culturalibus prima opera litterarum divulgabat. Ab anno 2005 frequentius scripta sua in periodicis anthologiisque divulgabat.<ref>Anno 2005 saltem novem verba divulgavit, velut periodicis ''Literarisches Österreich 2/2005'', ''Literatur und Kritik 397/398'', ''Lyrikzeit (periodicum interretiale)'' ''Gegenwind 21'', ''die Rampe 4/2005'', ''Schnipsel (periodicum interretiale)'' cum duabus contributionibus, ''Schreibkraft 12'' et ''Volltext.net (periodicum interretiale)''.</ref> Partem poesis suae Catalanice scribit. Cum stipendio gubernationis [[Austria]]e anno [[2007]] commentationem itinerarium de principatu in [[Pyrenaei]]s [[Andorra]] scripsit.<ref>Colloquium interrogatorium cum Christof G. Pelz [https://web.archive.org/web/20081010203014/http://www.klausebner.eu/pages/biografie/essays-interviews.php pagina domestica scriptoris] de ''commentationibus.''</ref> Anno 1982, Ebner magnum praemium adulescentiae Austriacum (Großer Österreichischer Jugendpreis) accepit pro fabella ''Das Brandmal'' ('stigma'). [[Ioannes Weigel]], criticus sodalisque iudicum, auctorem fabellae cum fabellario undevicesimi saeculi Austriaco Ferdinando von Saar comparavit.<ref>"Ab nach Frankreich," ''Club 1 Magazin'' 1/83 (1983): 10.</ref> Fabella res adulescentis narrat qui munere civili videntem mirum pensionarium cognoscit. Accipit paulatim miram pensionarii naturam effectus peritiarum per [[secundum bellum mundanum]] esse cum ille in campo hominum deprehensorum fuit. Adulescens discit quas partes Austria illo tempore egit. Fabella in [[Theodisce|Theodisco]] [[Israel]]is diurno divulgata est.<ref>Nicolaus Ebner, "Das Brandmal," ''Israel Nachrichten,'' Aprili 1983.</ref> De consecutionibus societatum multiculturalis, [[mens|mentibus]] variis, [[lingua|linguis]], [[gens|populis]] [[religio]]nibusque scribit.<ref>Confer velut narratiunculas ''Notruf, Momentaufnahme,'' et ''Der Pflegling'' in Nicolaus Ebner, ''Lose'' (Neckenmarkt 2007).</ref> Indulgentia plus interest libro secundo ''Auf der Kippe (In extremo)''. Praemio ''Nosside'' judices carmen ''vir chartae'' memoraverunt, cuius cena solitudo et pulpamentum spes est.<ref>Amoroso, Giuseppe: ''L'immaginario dei poeti del Nosside 2007 e il loro potere di esprimere il mondo'' ([[Rhegium|Rhegium Iulium]]: Città del Sole Edizioni, 2007), ISBN 978-88-7351-184-7, p. 41 (italice).</ref> Ecce carmen plenum Theodisce cum translatione in Latinam:<ref>Ebner, Nicolaus: ''ein Zettler krank'', in Pasquale Amato et Mariela Johnson Salfrán, ''Nosside 2007'' (Città del Sole Edizioni, Rhegium Iulium 2007), p. 113.</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Theodisce ! Latine |- | ''ein Zettler krank<br /> ''vergessen ganz im Suff<br /> ''die Wagenräder sperren<br /> ''zäh<br /> ''sein Mahl besteht aus Einsamkeit<br /> ''garniert<br /> ''mit Sehnsucht nach Vergangenem<br /> ''betört von lauten Rufen<br /> ''Hoffnung<br /> ''wie vor langem sie<br /> ''verlosch'' | ''chartarius aegrotus<br /> ''in ebrietate oblivioni datus<br /> ''rotis currus sufflaminatis<br /> ''tenaciter<br /> ''sua cena ex solitudine constat<br /> ''cum pulpamento<br /> ''desiderii praeteritorum<br /> ''strepentibus clamoribus infatuatus<br /> ''spes<br /> ''quae iam pridem<br /> ''emortua est'' |- |} Initio 2008, Klaus Ebner praemio litterarum ''Wiener Werkstattpreis 2007'' laureatus est. Narratiuncula victoriosa ''Der Flügel Last (Onus alae)'' puellam septem annos nata [[Cancer (morbus)|cancrum]] habentem describet. Modus scribendi de prospectu puellae admonet. Commentatio victoriosa ''Was blieb vom Weißen Ritter? (Quid de equestre albo permanuit?)'' fabulam Romanensis mediaevalis scriptoris [[Valentia]]e Joanot Martorell introducit; auctor sua peritia lectore cum factis historicis litterariisque coniunxit.<ref>Utraque anthologia concursi divulgata est - Schaden, Peter (ed.): ''wordshop x'', Editoria FZA, Vindobona 2008.</ref> Genus scribendi electione verborum diligentissime describitur. Quodque sententia suam musicam habet, praecipue prosa lyrica sonat. Paul C. Jezek diurnarius sententias scriptoris cum „pictura iaponia“ comparavit: „quodque verbum maxima diligentia electa est“.<ref>Jezek, Paul C. in: Club 1 Magazin Nr. 54/1988, p. 11. „Seine Zeilen sind wie japanische Malerei: Jedes Wort ist sorgfältig gewählt.“</ref> De libro ''Auf der Kippe (In extremo)'' criticus Wolfgang Ratz dixit: „Subtilitas grammatica sensusque pro aestheticam (si forte sic scriptoris vena romanica videatur?) auctoris prosae proprii sunt. Longissimae animo proclivi ad absurdas facetias sententiae nullum propositum omittunt atque res peregrinorum et coniugalem fidem et cetera tractant.“<ref>Ratz, Wolfgang: Iudicatio de libro ''Auf der Kippe'', in: Literarisches Österreich 2/2008, p. 20-21. „Sprachliche Präzision und ausgeprägtes Formbewusstsein (ob hier die romanische bzw. romanistische Ader des Autors durchbricht?) charakterisieren Ebners Prosa. Die oft in indirekter Rede gestarteten Bandwurmsätze mit Hang zur Groteske lassen kaum ein aktuelles Thema unseres Alltags aus, von der Ausländerfrage bis zur ehelichen Treue.“</ref> Vindobonae Klaus Ebner vivit et laborat atque societatibus scriptorum austriacorum ''Grazer Autorinnen Autorenversammlung (GAV)''<ref>Cf. ascriptionem auctorae apud [http://www.gav.at/member.html?menu=3&sel=2&mid=694&sub= societatem ''Grazer Autorenversammlung'']{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref> et ''Österreichischer Schriftstellerverband (ÖSV)'' membrum est. == Praemia litterarum == * 2008 ''Stipendium litteris'' gubernationis Austriacae * 2007 ''Wiener Werkstattpreis 2007'', praemium principale et victor generum ''narratiuncula'' et ''commentatio'' ([[Vindobona]]) * 2007 ''Stipendium litteris pro iter'' gubernationis Austriacae * 2007 Mentio ''Praemio Omnium Gentium Poesis Nosside'' ([[Rhegium|Rhegium Iulium]]) * 2005 ''Feldkircher Lyrikpreis'' (Praemium poesis Feldchirichae, [[Cisarulana]]e) (quartus) * 2004 ''La Catalana de Lletres 2004'', mentio et divulgatio unius carminis anthologia concursi ([[Barcino]]) * 1988 ''Erster Österreichischer Jugendpreis'' (Primum praemium adulescentiae Austriacum) pro commenticiam fabulam ''Nils'' * 1984 ''Praemium pro Fabula Radiophonica'' periodici TEXTE (tertium) * 1982 ''Großer Österreichischer Jugendpreis'' (Magnum praemium adulescentiae Austriacum) pro fabella ''Das Brandmal/Stigma'' == Opera == === Libri Theodisci === * ''Hominide/Hominida''; narratiuncula, Editoria FZA, Vienna 2008, ISBN 978-3-9502299-7-4. * ''Auf der Kippe/In extremo''; prosa brevis, Editoria Arovell, Gosau 2008, ISBN 978-3-902547-67-5. * ''Lose/Sortes''; narratiunculae, Editoria Nove, Neckenmarkt 2007, ISBN 978-3-85251-197-9. === Libri Catalani === * ''Vermells/Rubores'', poësis, Editoria SetzeVents, Urús 2009, ISBN 978-84-92555-10-9. === Publicationes in anthologiis === * ''Die Stadt und das Meer/Urbs et mare''; commentatio, in: ''Reisenotizen'', Editoria FAZ, [[Vindobona]] 2007, ISBN 978-3-9502299-4-3. * ''Routiniert/Versatus''; narratiuncula, in: ''Sexlibris'', Editoria Schreiblust, Dortmund 2007, ISBN 978-3-9808278-1-2. * ''Weinprobe/Degustatio vini''; narratiuncula, in: ''Das Mädchen aus dem Wald'', Editoria Lerato, [[Oscaria]]e (Germania) 2006, ISBN 3-938882-14-X. * ''El perquè de tot plegat/Causa totius''; poesis, in: La Catalana de Lletres 2004, Editoria Cossetània, [[Barcino]] 2005, ISBN 84-9791-098-2. * ''Das Begräbnis/Funus''; narratiuncula, in: ''Kaleidoskop'', Editoria Atelier, Vindobona 2005, ISBN 3-902498-01-3. * ''Abflug/Avolatio''; narratiuncula, in: ''Gedanken-Brücken'', Editoria Doppelpunkt, Vindobona 2000, ISBN 3-85273-102-X. * ''Island/Islandia''; carmen, in: ''Vom Wort zum Buch'', Editoria Doppelpunkt, Vindobona 1997, ISBN 3-85273-056-2. * ''Heimfahrt/Reditus''; narratiuncula, in: ''Ohnmacht Kind'', Boesskraut & Bernardi, Vindobona 1994, ISBN 3-7004-0660-6. * ''Träume/Somnia''; prosa brevis, in: ''Junge Literatur aus Österreich 85/86'', Österreichischer Bundesverlag, Vindobona 1986, ISBN 3-215-06096-5. == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references/></div> == Nexus externi == * {{PND|134037898}} * [http://www.klausebner.eu/ Pagina domestica scriptoris (Germanice et Catalane): www.klausebner.eu] * [http://www.gav.at/member.html?menu=3&sel=2&mid=694&sub= Vitae scriptio, Grazer Autorinnen Autorenversammlung]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110117060657/http://paper.avui.cat/article/cultura/172995/rar/poeta/catala.html Res diurni Catalani AVUI] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071117075815/http://www.schreib-lust.de/verlag/autoren/klaus_ebner.php Pagina scriptoris, editoria Schreiblust] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071024211208/http://schreibkraft.adm.at/ausgaben/13-mitte/reflektor/ ''Reflektor'', narratiuncula Theodisce (in: Schreibkraft 13)] * [http://www.lyrik.ch/lyrzeit/ebner/ Poesis (in: Lyrikzeit)] {{DEFAULTSORT:Ebner, Nicolaus}} [[Categoria:Nati 1964]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Austriae]] [[Categoria:Auctores Theodisci]] [[Categoria:Auctores Catalani]] [[Categoria:Interpretes]] [[Categoria:Homines vivi]] qv9mzcu3dr3ssps8u145n6z2uqyeumm 0 53026 3972602 3721906 2026-07-18T04:51:52Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3972602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Maria Carta''' (nata die [[24 Iunii]] [[1934]] apud [[Siligo (Sardinia)|Siligo]] iuxta [[Sassaris|Sassarim]]; mortua [[cancer (morbus)|cancro]] [[Roma]]e die [[22 Septembris]] [[1994]]) fuit [[cantus|cantrix]], quae praecipue [[Lingua Sarda|Sardice]] canebat et [[actor|actrix]] [[Italia|Italica]]. Anno [[1974]] ipsa participatur in TV ostende "[[Canzonissima]]" ubi cantabit [[Ave Maria]] in [[lingua sarda]], nimirum "[[Deus ti salvet Maria]]". Anno [[1977]] in [[Francus Zeffirelli|Franci Zeffirelli]] pellicula ''[[Jesus of Nazareth]]'', [[Iesus Christus|Iesus Christi]] vita dicata, Maria Carta ut [[Martha (sancta)|Martha]] egit. Ab anno [[1976]] usque ad [[1981]] in consilio municipale [[Roma]]e adfuit e etiam docens in [[Alma Mater Studiorum|Alma Matre Studiorum]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140429050317/http://spazioinwind.libero.it/siligo/maria_carta.htm ''MARIA CARTA'']</ref> fuit. == Discographia == * [[1971]] ''Sardegna canta'' * [[1971]] ''Ninna nanna / Muttos de amore'' * [[1971]] ''Adiu a mama / Antoneddu Antoneddu'' * [[1971]] ''Trallallera corsicana / La ragazza moderna'' * [[1971]] ''Paradiso in Re'' * [[1973]] ''Nuovo maggio''/ ''Funerale di un lavoratore'' * [[1974]] ''Dilliriende'' * [[1974]] ''Amore disispeardu / Ave Maria'' * [[1974]] ''Dies Irae'' * [[1975]] ''Diglielo al tuo Dio ''/ ''Nuovo maggio'' * [[1975]] ''Maria Carta'' * [[1976]] ''Vi canto una storia assai vera'' * [[1976]] ''La voce e i canti di Maria Carta vol.1'' * [[1976]] ''La voce e i canti di Maria Carta vol. 2'' * [[1978]] ''No potho reposare'' / ''Ballada ogliastrina / Muttettu'' * [[1978]] ''Umbras'' * [[1980]] ''Haidiridiridiridiridinni'' * [[1984]] ''Maria Carta concerto dal vivo '' * [[1981]] ''Sonos ‘e memoria'' * [[1984]] ''Sonos’ e memoria'' * [[1992]] ''Chelu e mare'' * [[1993]] ''Le memorie della musica'' * [[1993]] ''Muttos ‘e amore'' * [[1993]] ''Trallallera'' * [[2002]] ''Sardegna canta'' == Conlationes == * ''Targa [[Ludovicus Tenco|Tenco]]'' causa eius musica dialectalis, [[1985]] * [[Fasciculus:ITA OMRI 2001 Com BAR.svg|left|50px]] ''Commendatore Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana'' <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140429183949/http://www.comunesiligo.it/siligo/mcarta4.asp Comune di Siligo]</ref>, [[1991]] == Bibliographie == * [[1975]] - Maria Carta: ''Canto rituale'', Coines Edictions * [[1998]] - Emanuele Garau: ''Maria Carta'', Edictions della Torre * [[2014]] - Paolo Mercurio: In memoria di Maria Carta ''Voce'' della Sardegna, in "Introduzione alla Musica Sarda", pp. 122-133, [[Mediolanum]] ISBN 978-88-6885-013-5 == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references /></div> == Nexus externus == * {{Imdb name|0141404|Maria Carta}} * [http://www.fondazionemariacarta.it Societas Maria Carta dicata] {{Lifetime|1934|1994|Carta, Maria}} {{bio-stipula}} [[Categoria:Mulieres]] [[Categoria:Actores Italiae]] [[Categoria:Cantores Italiae]] [[Categoria:Incolae Sardiniae]] [[Categoria:Nati 1934]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1994]] t7lzz45j73v9opbr3rb8gb2vmpb82e3 0 57917 3972603 3721922 2026-07-18T05:15:15Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3972603 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Maria Montessori.jpg|thumb|Maria Montessori]] '''Maria Montessori''' (nata die [[31 Augusti]] [[1870]] [[Claravallis (Marchia Anconitana)|Claravalle]] prope [[Ancona]]m - mortua die [[6 Maii]] [[1952]] in [[Noordwijk|Noordwijk aan Zee]]) fuit [[Medicus|medica]], [[philosophus|philosopha]] sed praecipue clarissima [[paedagogia|paedagoga]] [[Italia|Italica]]. Alma mater eius fuit [[Studium Urbis]] et post studium prima mulier [[medicus|medica]] in Italia facta est. "[[paedagogia Montessori|Methodum Montessori]]" ad educationem [[impubes|impuberum]] [[invaliditas|invalidorum]] per experientiam in [[valetudinarium|valetudinario]] [[psychiatria]]e repperit. Annis 1950 et 1951 [[Praemium Nobelianum pacis|praemio nobeliano pacis]] accipiendo proposita est. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Maria Montessori|Mariam Montessori}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071216060730/http://www.montessori-saarland.de/maria_montessori.html Curriculum vitae] * [http://www.montessori.it/ Opera Nazionale Montessori] * [https://web.archive.org/web/19981203062640/http://www.montessori-ami.org/ Societas internationalis Mariae Montessori dicata] {{bio-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Montessori, Maria}} [[Categoria:Mulieres]] [[Categoria:Praeceptores]] [[Categoria:Medici Italiae]] [[Categoria:Nati 1870]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1952]] {{Myrias|Homines}} l7yzp2amwiookth4rxlall0yh8ftnfh 0 59401 3972593 3594171 2026-07-18T00:41:04Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3972593 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:MancianoPanorama1.JPG|thumb|Mantianum]] '''Mantianum'''<ref name="repetti">{{Repetti}}</ref> {{victio|Mantianum|i|n}} vel '''Mancianum'''<ref>Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini</ref><ref name="repetti"/> {{victio|Mancianum|i|n}} ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Manciano|Manciano]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 7&thinsp;370 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Tuscia]] et in [[Provincia Grossetana]] situm. Incolae ''Mantianenses'' vel ''Mancianenses'' appellantur. == Insignia == <gallery> Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]'' Fasciculus:Croce di guerra al valor militare BAR.svg|''[[Municipium cruce bellica ob virtutem militarem decoratum]]'' </gallery> == Clari cives == == Ecclesia Catholica Romana == * [[Dioecesis Pitilianensis-Soanensis-Urbetelliensis]] == Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio == === Fractiones === * [[Aurinia]]<ref>{{Graesse}}</ref> vel [[Saturnia (Mantianum)]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Saturnia|Saturnia]]''), * [[Caletra]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Marsiliana d'Albegna|Marsiliana]]''), ''Montemerano, Poderi di Montemerano, Poggio Capanne, Poggio Murella, San Martino sul Fiora''. == Municipia finitima == * [[Caninium]] ([[Provincia Viterbiensis|VT]]), * [[Caput Albulum]], * [[Manlianum (Tuscia)|Manlianum]], * [[Iscla (Latium)|Iscla]] ([[Provincia Viterbiensis|VT]]), * [[Castrum Montis Alti (Latium)|Castrum Montis Alti]] ([[Provincia Viterbiensis|VT]]), * [[Urbetellum]], * [[Pitilianum]], * [[Rocca Albinia]], * [[Scansanum]], * [[Samprugnanum]], * [[Soranum]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Tuscia]] (''regio''), * [[Provincia Grossetana]], * [[Grossetum]] (''urbs''), * [[Municipium Italiae]]. == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220625211800/https://comune.manciano.gr.it/ Situs publicus] apud URL comune.manciano.gr.it {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}} {{CommuniaCat|Manciano|Mantianum}} == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Imago:Map of comune of Manciano (province of Grosseto, region Tuscany, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Provincia Grossetana. Imago:Cascate del Gorello a Saturnia.jpg|Conspectus in Saturniam </gallery> == Notae == <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Mantianum| ]] sfwmwho6g9q63tzzzyp1odyewckr5jc 0 60396 3972505 3717004 2026-07-17T14:03:07Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3972505 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Friedrich-Werner Erdmann Matthias Johann Bernhard Erich Graf von der Schulenburg.jpg|thumb|right| Fridericus Werner von der Schulenburg]] ''' Fridericus Werner Erdmann Matthias Ioannes Bernardus Ericus Comes von der Schulenburg''' (nobili loco natus die [[20 Novembris]] [[1875]] [[Cameracum ad Albim|Cameraci ad Albim]] – supplicio affectus est accurate ad furcam damnatus est die [[10 Novembris]] [[1944]] in Plötzensee apud [[Berolinum]]) legatus [[Germania|Germanicus]] et inter auctores decoctae [[Coniuratio 20 Iulii 1944|coniurationis die 20 Iulii 1944]] contra [[Adolphus Hitler|Adolphum Hitler]]. == Lege etiam == * Sigrid Wegner-Korfes: ''Friedrich-Werner Graf von der Schulenburg. Botschafter Nazideutschlands und Mitverschwörer des 20. Juli 1944''. In: Olaf Groehler (Hrsg.): ''Alternativen: Schicksale deutscher Bürger''. Verlag der Nation, Berolini 1987, ISBN 3-373-00002-5 * Ingeborg Fleischhauer: ''Diplomatischer Widerstand gegen „Unternehmen Barbarossa“: Die Friedensbemühungen der Deutschen Botschaft Moskau 1939 - 1941''. Ullstein, Berolini, Francofurti ad Moenum 1991, ISBN 3-550-07504-9 * ''Gedenkfeier des Auswärtigen Amts zum 100. Geburtstag von Botschafter Friedrich-Werner Graf von der Schulenburg''. Bonnae 1975 == Nexus externi == {{PND|118999036|nomen=Friderici Werner von der Schulenburg aut de Friderico Werner von der Schulenburg}} * [http://www.gdw-berlin.de/bio/ausgabe_mit.php?id=77 Biographia] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930154538/http://www.dra.de/online/hinweisdienste/wort/2000/november20.html Schulenburg ante tribunal Populi (Volksgerichtshof) auditus est, 10. November 1944] * [http://www.fkoester.de/kreiten/freisler/seite10.html Imago Friferici Werner von der Schulenburgs inter iudicium] {{bio-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Schulenburg, Fridericus Werner von der}} [[Categoria:Legati Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Incolae Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Nati 1875]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1944]] [[Categoria:Victimae Nazistarum]] [[Categoria:Morte damnati]] fnrmngbvg91l60zyjz9y8ixq2tjetri 0 63182 3972577 3972341 2026-07-17T20:39:24Z Andrew Dalby 1084 3972577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Delenda}} {{Pagina non annexa}} '''Ioanna Beale''' est quarta uxor [[Ioannes Beale (coquus ficticius)|Ioannis Beale]], ergo [[Lucia Beale|Luciae]], [[Petrus Beale|Petri]] et [[Robertus Beale|Roberti Beale]] mater in serie [[televisio|televisiva]] a [[BBC]] creata [[EastEnders]]. Actrix [[Laurie Brett]] ut Ioanna Beale agit. ==Nexus externus== * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/eastenders/characters_cast/characters/character_jane_c.shtml De Ioanna Beale apud BBC '' EastEnders'' paginam interretialem ] {{stipula}} [[Categoria:Personae ficticiae]] m1zuenunh2trm62imgt1c22gdbm5n9p 0 69825 3972487 3901326 2026-07-17T12:51:20Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3972487 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Brocken vom Torfhaus.jpg|thumb|Mons ruptus [[hiems|hieme]] visus.]] '''Mons ruptus'''<ref>{{Muller lexman}}</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Brocken'' sive ''Blocksberg'') aut '''Bructerus mons'''<ref>{{Graesse}}</ref> aut '''Melibocus'''<ref>{{Graesse}}</ref>, mons altissimus [[Germania|Germaniae]] septentrionalis et Harudorum pagi est, situs in [[Saxonia-Anhaltinum|Saxonia-Anhaltino]]. Montis apex 1.141,1 metra super mare situs est. [[Ioannes Volfgangus Goethius]] hieme anni 1777 verticem montis visitabat. In dramate eius ''[[Faust (Goethe)|Faust]]'' Mons ruptus est locus scenae de [[Nox Valpurgis|Nocte Valpurgis]]. ==Descriptio== [[Fasciculus:'The train now arriving...' (9680090872).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Hamaxostica stationem ingreditur.]] Mons Bructerus media in montuosa serie situs est, qui [[harthici montes|Harthici Superioris]] molem maximam format. Effertur tamquam segmentum rotundum magis ad septentrionalem marginem spectans. In circumiacentiis adhuc inveniuntur cacumina ''Heinrichshöhe'' (1044 m), ''Königsberg'' (1029 m), ''Wurmberg'' (968 m), ''Achtermannshöhe'' (926 m) et alia. Ibi fluminibus torrentibusque sat multis fontes sunt quibus nomina Oker, Radau, Ecker, Ilse (usque ad Weser), Holzemme et Bode (usque ad [[albis|Albam]]). Massa [[granitum (lapis)|graniti]] monticulis transitoriis mantueliter circumdatur. Aes vix superest, cum paludes multissimae praesertim ad occidentem pertinentes abundent. In Germanica mythologia Mons Bructerus maximi momenti est et religione christiana illata diu pagana summo in vertice porro colebantur: Kalendis Maiis, quibus gentes festum magnum agere solebant, sacerdotes catholici cultus tales vehementer impugnaverunt. Inde historiae de diabolicis ostentis in Monte rupto visis ventilabantur. [[Nox Valpurgis]] larvatos, cerritos, lymphaticos omnis orbis terrarum congregavisse dicitur et nostris diebus in narratiunculis popularibus de istis rebus nugae eunt. Ascensio fit aut in tramitibus plus minusve angustis aut in viis stratis duabus bonis (a [[Schierke]] et ab [[Ilsineburgum|Ilsineburgo]]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913?p=249&cq=Ludwigshafen%20u.a.&lang=en / 2. E-M''].</ref>), quae ad pedem culminis uniuntur. Ex anno 1898 [[ferrivia]] chiliometra duodeviginti a statione ad Dreiannen-Hohne se in altum labitur et ad apicis occidentem terminatur. Nix inter menses Novembris et Iunii haud rara; migratores in paramo stantes despectu in vallem pulcherrimo fruuntur Turris, quam interdum ad res militares utebantur, et deverticulum solitudinem interrumpunt. Haud procul a cauponula sunt rupes nomine ''Teufelskanzel'' et ''Hexenaltar''. Meteorologis Mons Bructerus multa pretiosa indicat et microclima eius frigidum plantas raras gignit. Inter eas Anemone alpina, Lichen islandicum, Hieracium alpinum, Geum montanum et multae aliae. Universitarii [[gottinga|Gottingenses]] diligentes saeculo XIX [[hortus botanicus|hortum botanicum]] instituerunt plantis [[alpes|Alpinis]] subarcticisque colendis. Mira res autem valde istud Phantasma Bructerum ''(Brockengespenst)'', umbra observantis hominis sub sole humili repercussa quod phaenomenon [[Ioannes Isaias Silberschlag]] primum in Monte rupto invenit atque descripsit. Campus ''Brockenfeld'' ad occidentem iacens in altitudine 992 metrorum chiliometra septem in longitudinem et quinque in largitudinem muscos, erices, saxa ubique dispersa praebet, unde flumina Bode, Oker, Radau et Oder nutriuntur. [[communismus|Communismo]] saeviente aditus ad montem omnibus vetitus est. == Notae == <references /> ==Bibliographia== [[Fasciculus:Brockenkuppe wp.png|thumb|upright=0.8|Locorum dilucida et significans descriptio.]] * Marc Dannenbaum: ''Auf dem Brocken: Hexen, Harz und Heine''. Terra Press, Berolini 2012, ISBN 978-3-942917-04-9. * Friedrich Dennert: ''Geschichte des Brockens und der Brockenreisen''. Harzzeitschrift, Beiheft 1, Waisenhaus-Buchdruckerei und Verlag, Brunsvici 1954. * Rainer Dittmann: ''Geschichte und Geschichten um den Brocken: Brocken-Benno erzählt'', Sutton, Erfordiae 2010, ISBN 978-3-86680-350-3. * Gerhard Eckert: ''Der Brocken, Berg in Deutschlands Mitte. Gestern und heute''. Husum, Husum 1994, ISBN 3-88042-485-3. * Jürgen Hodemacher: ''Lasst uns auf den Brocken zieh’n: Bewegende Geschichte des herausragendsten aller Berge im Harz''. Appelhans, Brunsvici 2011, ISBN 978-3-941737-53-2. * Hansjörg Hörseljau: ''Der Brocken. Ein freier Berg''. Pieper, Clausthal-Zellerfeld 2006, ISBN 978-3-9803471-4-3. * Uwe Lagatz, Claudia Grahmann: ''Der Brocken. Die Entdeckung und Eroberung eines Berges''. Jüttners Verlagsbuchhandlung, Wernigerode 2014, ISBN 978-3-910157-17-0. * Wolfram Richter: ''Der Brocken – ein deutscher Berg''. Pieper, Clausthal-Zellerfeld 1989–2004 (editio nona), ISBN 3-923605-04-8. * Wolfram Richter: ''Der Brocken im Harz – Ein Berg im Wandel der Zeiten''. Pieper, Clausthal-Zellerfeld 2010, ISBN 978-3-86948-102-9. * Thorsten Schmidt, Jürgen Korsch: ''Der Brocken, Berg zwischen Natur und Technik''. Schmidt, Wernigerode 1998, ISBN 3-928977-59-8. ==Nexus externi== *[http://www.goethezeitportal.de/index.php?id=6640 De Monte rupto in paginis tempore Goethiano dedicatis] *[http://www.goethezeitportal.de/index.php?id=6643 Goethii ascensionum omnium elenchus] [[Categoria:Montes Germaniae|Ruptus mons]] [[Categoria:Saxonia et Anhaltium]] ng3nr4bdkppdbih25ndyjcd45nlw6pf 3972488 3972487 2026-07-17T12:51:47Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 /* Descriptio */ 3972488 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Brocken vom Torfhaus.jpg|thumb|Mons ruptus [[hiems|hieme]] visus.]] '''Mons ruptus'''<ref>{{Muller lexman}}</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Brocken'' sive ''Blocksberg'') aut '''Bructerus mons'''<ref>{{Graesse}}</ref> aut '''Melibocus'''<ref>{{Graesse}}</ref>, mons altissimus [[Germania|Germaniae]] septentrionalis et Harudorum pagi est, situs in [[Saxonia-Anhaltinum|Saxonia-Anhaltino]]. Montis apex 1.141,1 metra super mare situs est. [[Ioannes Volfgangus Goethius]] hieme anni 1777 verticem montis visitabat. In dramate eius ''[[Faust (Goethe)|Faust]]'' Mons ruptus est locus scenae de [[Nox Valpurgis|Nocte Valpurgis]]. ==Descriptio== [[Fasciculus:'The train now arriving...' (9680090872).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Hamaxostica stationem ingreditur.]] Mons Bructerus media in montuosa serie situs est, qui [[harthici montes|Harthici Superioris]] molem maximam format. Effertur tamquam segmentum rotundum magis ad septentrionalem marginem spectans. In circumiacentiis adhuc inveniuntur cacumina ''Heinrichshöhe'' (1044 m), ''Königsberg'' (1029 m), ''Wurmberg'' (968 m), ''Achtermannshöhe'' (926 m) et alia. Ibi fluminibus torrentibusque sat multis fontes sunt quibus nomina Oker, Radau, Ecker, Ilse (usque ad Weser), Holzemme et Bode (usque ad [[albis|Albam]]). Massa [[granitum (lapis)|graniti]] monticulis transitoriis mantueliter circumdatur. Aes vix superest, cum paludes multissimae praesertim ad occidentem pertinentes abundent. In Germanica mythologia Mons Bructerus maximi momenti est et religione christiana illata diu pagana summo in vertice porro colebantur: Kalendis Maiis, quibus gentes festum magnum agere solebant, sacerdotes catholici cultus tales vehementer impugnaverunt. Inde historiae de diabolicis ostentis in Monte rupto visis ventilabantur. [[Nox Valpurgis]] larvatos, cerritos, lymphaticos omnis orbis terrarum congregavisse dicitur et nostris diebus in narratiunculis popularibus de istis rebus nugae eunt. Ascensio fit aut in tramitibus plus minusve angustis aut in viis stratis duabus bonis (a [[Schierke]] et ab [[Ilsineburgum|Ilsineburgo]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913?p=249&cq=Ludwigshafen%20u.a.&lang=en / 2. E-M''].</ref>), quae ad pedem culminis uniuntur. Ex anno 1898 [[ferrivia]] chiliometra duodeviginti a statione ad Dreiannen-Hohne se in altum labitur et ad apicis occidentem terminatur. Nix inter menses Novembris et Iunii haud rara; migratores in paramo stantes despectu in vallem pulcherrimo fruuntur Turris, quam interdum ad res militares utebantur, et deverticulum solitudinem interrumpunt. Haud procul a cauponula sunt rupes nomine ''Teufelskanzel'' et ''Hexenaltar''. Meteorologis Mons Bructerus multa pretiosa indicat et microclima eius frigidum plantas raras gignit. Inter eas Anemone alpina, Lichen islandicum, Hieracium alpinum, Geum montanum et multae aliae. Universitarii [[gottinga|Gottingenses]] diligentes saeculo XIX [[hortus botanicus|hortum botanicum]] instituerunt plantis [[alpes|Alpinis]] subarcticisque colendis. Mira res autem valde istud Phantasma Bructerum ''(Brockengespenst)'', umbra observantis hominis sub sole humili repercussa quod phaenomenon [[Ioannes Isaias Silberschlag]] primum in Monte rupto invenit atque descripsit. Campus ''Brockenfeld'' ad occidentem iacens in altitudine 992 metrorum chiliometra septem in longitudinem et quinque in largitudinem muscos, erices, saxa ubique dispersa praebet, unde flumina Bode, Oker, Radau et Oder nutriuntur. [[communismus|Communismo]] saeviente aditus ad montem omnibus vetitus est. == Notae == <references /> ==Bibliographia== [[Fasciculus:Brockenkuppe wp.png|thumb|upright=0.8|Locorum dilucida et significans descriptio.]] * Marc Dannenbaum: ''Auf dem Brocken: Hexen, Harz und Heine''. Terra Press, Berolini 2012, ISBN 978-3-942917-04-9. * Friedrich Dennert: ''Geschichte des Brockens und der Brockenreisen''. Harzzeitschrift, Beiheft 1, Waisenhaus-Buchdruckerei und Verlag, Brunsvici 1954. * Rainer Dittmann: ''Geschichte und Geschichten um den Brocken: Brocken-Benno erzählt'', Sutton, Erfordiae 2010, ISBN 978-3-86680-350-3. * Gerhard Eckert: ''Der Brocken, Berg in Deutschlands Mitte. Gestern und heute''. Husum, Husum 1994, ISBN 3-88042-485-3. * Jürgen Hodemacher: ''Lasst uns auf den Brocken zieh’n: Bewegende Geschichte des herausragendsten aller Berge im Harz''. Appelhans, Brunsvici 2011, ISBN 978-3-941737-53-2. * Hansjörg Hörseljau: ''Der Brocken. Ein freier Berg''. Pieper, Clausthal-Zellerfeld 2006, ISBN 978-3-9803471-4-3. * Uwe Lagatz, Claudia Grahmann: ''Der Brocken. Die Entdeckung und Eroberung eines Berges''. Jüttners Verlagsbuchhandlung, Wernigerode 2014, ISBN 978-3-910157-17-0. * Wolfram Richter: ''Der Brocken – ein deutscher Berg''. Pieper, Clausthal-Zellerfeld 1989–2004 (editio nona), ISBN 3-923605-04-8. * Wolfram Richter: ''Der Brocken im Harz – Ein Berg im Wandel der Zeiten''. Pieper, Clausthal-Zellerfeld 2010, ISBN 978-3-86948-102-9. * Thorsten Schmidt, Jürgen Korsch: ''Der Brocken, Berg zwischen Natur und Technik''. Schmidt, Wernigerode 1998, ISBN 3-928977-59-8. ==Nexus externi== *[http://www.goethezeitportal.de/index.php?id=6640 De Monte rupto in paginis tempore Goethiano dedicatis] *[http://www.goethezeitportal.de/index.php?id=6643 Goethii ascensionum omnium elenchus] [[Categoria:Montes Germaniae|Ruptus mons]] [[Categoria:Saxonia et Anhaltium]] 1qcsams0f9o5clp0zn645oivuno8pcz 3972490 3972488 2026-07-17T12:55:57Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3972490 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Brocken vom Torfhaus.jpg|thumb|Mons ruptus [[hiems|hieme]] visus.]] '''Mons ruptus'''<ref>{{Muller lexman}}</ref> ([[Theodisce]] ''Brocken'' sive ''Blocksberg'') aut '''Bructerus mons'''<ref name="Graesse"/> aut '''Melibocus'''<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}</ref>, mons altissimus [[Germania|Germaniae]] septentrionalis et Harudorum pagi est, situs in [[Saxonia-Anhaltinum|Saxonia-Anhaltino]]. Montis apex 1.141,1 metra super mare situs est. [[Ioannes Volfgangus Goethius]] hieme anni 1777 verticem montis visitabat. In dramate eius ''[[Faust (Goethe)|Faust]]'' Mons ruptus est locus scenae de [[Nox Valpurgis|Nocte Valpurgis]]. ==Descriptio== [[Fasciculus:'The train now arriving...' (9680090872).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Hamaxostica stationem ingreditur.]] Mons Bructerus media in montuosa serie situs est, qui [[harthici montes|Harthici Superioris]] molem maximam format. Effertur tamquam segmentum rotundum magis ad septentrionalem marginem spectans. In circumiacentiis adhuc inveniuntur cacumina ''Heinrichshöhe'' (1044 m), ''Königsberg'' (1029 m), ''Wurmberg'' (968 m), ''Achtermannshöhe'' (926 m) et alia. Ibi fluminibus torrentibusque sat multis fontes sunt quibus nomina Oker, Radau, Ecker, Ilse (usque ad Weser), Holzemme et Bode (usque ad [[albis|Albam]]). Massa [[granitum (lapis)|graniti]] monticulis transitoriis mantueliter circumdatur. Aes vix superest, cum paludes multissimae praesertim ad occidentem pertinentes abundent. In Germanica mythologia Mons Bructerus maximi momenti est et religione christiana illata diu pagana summo in vertice porro colebantur: Kalendis Maiis, quibus gentes festum magnum agere solebant, sacerdotes catholici cultus tales vehementer impugnaverunt. Inde historiae de diabolicis ostentis in Monte rupto visis ventilabantur. [[Nox Valpurgis]] larvatos, cerritos, lymphaticos omnis orbis terrarum congregavisse dicitur et nostris diebus in narratiunculis popularibus de istis rebus nugae eunt. Ascensio fit aut in tramitibus plus minusve angustis aut in viis stratis duabus bonis (a [[Schierke]] et ab [[Ilsineburgum|Ilsineburgo]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913?p=249&cq=Ludwigshafen%20u.a.&lang=en ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit // 2. E-M''].</ref>), quae ad pedem culminis uniuntur. Ex anno 1898 [[ferrivia]] chiliometra duodeviginti a statione ad Dreiannen-Hohne se in altum labitur et ad apicis occidentem terminatur. Nix inter menses Novembris et Iunii haud rara; migratores in paramo stantes despectu in vallem pulcherrimo fruuntur Turris, quam interdum ad res militares utebantur, et deverticulum solitudinem interrumpunt. Haud procul a cauponula sunt rupes nomine ''Teufelskanzel'' et ''Hexenaltar''. Meteorologis Mons Bructerus multa pretiosa indicat et microclima eius frigidum plantas raras gignit. Inter eas Anemone alpina, Lichen islandicum, Hieracium alpinum, Geum montanum et multae aliae. Universitarii [[gottinga|Gottingenses]] diligentes saeculo XIX [[hortus botanicus|hortum botanicum]] instituerunt plantis [[alpes|Alpinis]] subarcticisque colendis. Mira res autem valde istud Phantasma Bructerum ''(Brockengespenst)'', umbra observantis hominis sub sole humili repercussa quod phaenomenon [[Ioannes Isaias Silberschlag]] primum in Monte rupto invenit atque descripsit. Campus ''Brockenfeld'' ad occidentem iacens in altitudine 992 metrorum chiliometra septem in longitudinem et quinque in largitudinem muscos, erices, saxa ubique dispersa praebet, unde flumina Bode, Oker, Radau et Oder nutriuntur. [[communismus|Communismo]] saeviente aditus ad montem omnibus vetitus est. == Notae == <references /> ==Bibliographia== [[Fasciculus:Brockenkuppe wp.png|thumb|upright=0.8|Locorum dilucida et significans descriptio.]] * Marc Dannenbaum: ''Auf dem Brocken: Hexen, Harz und Heine''. Terra Press, Berolini 2012, ISBN 978-3-942917-04-9. * Friedrich Dennert: ''Geschichte des Brockens und der Brockenreisen''. Harzzeitschrift, Beiheft 1, Waisenhaus-Buchdruckerei und Verlag, Brunsvici 1954. * Rainer Dittmann: ''Geschichte und Geschichten um den Brocken: Brocken-Benno erzählt'', Sutton, Erfordiae 2010, ISBN 978-3-86680-350-3. * Gerhard Eckert: ''Der Brocken, Berg in Deutschlands Mitte. Gestern und heute''. Husum, Husum 1994, ISBN 3-88042-485-3. * Jürgen Hodemacher: ''Lasst uns auf den Brocken zieh’n: Bewegende Geschichte des herausragendsten aller Berge im Harz''. Appelhans, Brunsvici 2011, ISBN 978-3-941737-53-2. * Hansjörg Hörseljau: ''Der Brocken. Ein freier Berg''. Pieper, Clausthal-Zellerfeld 2006, ISBN 978-3-9803471-4-3. * Uwe Lagatz, Claudia Grahmann: ''Der Brocken. Die Entdeckung und Eroberung eines Berges''. Jüttners Verlagsbuchhandlung, Wernigerode 2014, ISBN 978-3-910157-17-0. * Wolfram Richter: ''Der Brocken – ein deutscher Berg''. Pieper, Clausthal-Zellerfeld 1989–2004 (editio nona), ISBN 3-923605-04-8. * Wolfram Richter: ''Der Brocken im Harz – Ein Berg im Wandel der Zeiten''. Pieper, Clausthal-Zellerfeld 2010, ISBN 978-3-86948-102-9. * Thorsten Schmidt, Jürgen Korsch: ''Der Brocken, Berg zwischen Natur und Technik''. Schmidt, Wernigerode 1998, ISBN 3-928977-59-8. ==Nexus externi== *[http://www.goethezeitportal.de/index.php?id=6640 De Monte rupto in paginis tempore Goethiano dedicatis] *[http://www.goethezeitportal.de/index.php?id=6643 Goethii ascensionum omnium elenchus] [[Categoria:Montes Germaniae|Ruptus mons]] [[Categoria:Saxonia et Anhaltium]] hnhtbfh3t5h2jk5m5gxfx6xxc6smgfe 0 89492 3972497 3948017 2026-07-17T13:08:45Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3972497 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Martin Schiele 1925 (Bundesarchiv Bild 102-02063 cropped).jpg|thumb|Martinus Schiele, 1925]] '''Martinus''' (Theod. ''Martin'') '''Schiele''' (natus [[17 Ianuarii]] [[1870]] oppido ''Groß Schwarzlosen'' (Antiqua Marchia), mortuus [[16 Februarii]] [[1939]] [[Siselovium|Siselovii]] -Theodisce ''Zislow''- (Megalopolis)) vir publicus [[Germania]]e et primo sodalis Factionis Theodiscae Conservativae, deinde [[Factio Theodisca Nationalis Popularis|DNVP]], postremo Factionis Christianae Agricolarum atque Incolarum Ruris (CNBL) fuit. ==Iuventus et munus== Familia eius agricolarum fuit, pater colonus fundi magni erat. Ipse, postquam [[Stendalia]]e maturitatem adeptus est, Schiele tirocinium agriculturae fecit et colonus fundum administrabat. ==Cursus honorum== Schiele, sodalis Factionis Theodiscae Conservativae, ab anno [[1897]] legatus consilii pagi Ierichowae II fuit. Anno [[1914]] legatus [[Dieta Imperii Germanici|Dietae Imperii Germanici]] electus est. Anno [[1918]] cum aliis DNVP factionem condidit. Et temporibus [[Res Publica Vimariana|Rei Publicae Vimarianae]] perpetuus legatus Dietae Imperii ad annum [[1930]] mansit. In consilio administrorum [[Ioannes Luther|Luther]] [[15 Ianuarii]] - [[23 Octobris]] [[1925]] [[Administer Imperii Rerum Internarum (Germania)|Administer Imperii Rerum Internarum]] fuit. Propter foedera [[Locarnum|Locarni]] signata se cum aliis administris DNVP e consilio ministrorum recessit. Deinde [[27 Ianuarii]] [[1927]] ad [[12 Iunii]] [[1928]] [[Administer Imperii Victus et Agriculturae (Germania)|Administerium Imperii Victus et Agriculturae]] in consilio ministrorum [[Gulielmus Marx|Marx]] administrabat. Februario 1928 consilia ad adiuvandam agriculturam proposuit. Augusto [[1928]] praeses Foederis Imperii Ruris electus est (ad usque Octobrem anni [[1930]]). [[30 Martii]] 1930 iterum Administer Agriculturae in consilio ministrorum [[Henricus Brüning|Brüning]] factus est et Dietam Imperii reliquit. Die [[22 Iulii]] 1930 DNVP reliquit, quod consilia [[Alfredus Hugenberg|Alfredi Hugenberg]] praesidis factionis recusavit, qui foedus regendi cum [[NSDAP]] petebat. Itaque factionem novam CNBL condidit. Ad [[30 Maii]] [[1932]] administer mansit, cum omnes administri Henrici Brüning dimissi sunt<ref>Wolfgangus Benz/Hermannus Graml, Biographisches Lexikon zur Weimarer Republik, München 1988, p. 290-291</ref>. == Notae == <references/> {{Administri Imperii Rerum Internarum Germaniae (1919 - 1945)}} {{Administri Imperii Victus et Agriculturae (Germania)}} {{Consilium Ministrorum Luther I}} {{Consilium Ministrorum Marx IV}} {{Consilium Ministrorum Brüning I}} {{Consilium Ministrorum Brüning II}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Schiele, Martinus}} [[Categoria:Nati 1870]] [[Categoria:Legati Dietae Imperii Germaniae (Monarchia)]] [[Categoria:Legati Dietae Imperii Germaniae (Res publica Vimariana)]] [[Categoria:Administri Imperii Rerum Internarum (Germania)]] [[Categoria:Administri Imperii Victus et Agriculturae (Germania)]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1939]] 5vthznm2qgnnh18g5dnmqpysk1a5byp 0 91415 3972585 2999016 2026-07-17T21:30:41Z LilyKitty 18316 de fictione scientifica et spiritualismo 3972585 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L}} [[Fasciculus:Camille Flammarion.003.jpg|thumb|Camillus Flammarion]] [[Fasciculus:Camille Flammarion.002.jpg|thumb|left|Flammarion cum uxore prima [[Sylvia Petiaux]]]] '''Camillus Flammarion''', vulgo ''Nicolas Camille Flammarion'' (natus apud [[Montigny-le-Roi]] die [[26 Februarii]] [[1842]]; mortuus in [[Juvisy-sur-Orge]] die [[3 Iunii]] [[1925]]), fuit [[astronomia|astronomus]] [[Francia|Francicus]] et [[scriptor]] de rebus astronomicis, de [[planeta|planetis]] habitabilibus, de [[fictio scientifica|fictione scientifica]] de [[spiritualitas|spiritualismo]]. Anno [[1858]], studiis [[theologia|theologicis]] a patre suasis abiciens, in officinam longitudinum apud [[Observatorium Lutetiae]] receptus est; unde post quattuor annos, libro suo ''[[La pluralité des mondes habités]]'' ('De mundis multis habitatis') nuper divulgato, a directore [[Urbanus Le Verrier|Urbano Le Verrier]] dimissus est. Scriptoribus libelli ''[[Le Cosmos]]'' se adiunxit; ab anno [[1865]] editor scientificus diurni ''[[Le Siècle]]'' meruit. Anno [[1874]], [[Sylvia Petiaux|Sylviam Petiaux]] in matrimonium duxit; qua mortua anno [[1919]] rursus [[Gabriella Renaudot|Gabriellam Renaudot]] duxit. Familia Camilli Flammarion crebrius in nominibus rerum astronomicarum commemoratur. An uxor prima Sylvia Petiaux appellatione asteroidis [[87 Sylvia]]e indicatur, non liquet; uxori autem alterae Gabriellae Renaudot nomen [[355 Gabriella]]e sine dubio alludit, sorori ''Berthe Martin-Flammarion'' appellatio [[154 Bertha]]e, nepti ''Zelia Martin'' appellatio [[169 Zelia]]e. Asteroides [[1021 Flammario]], crater lunaris [[Flammarion (crater)|Flammarion]] et iuxta hoc [[Flammarion rima]] nomen astronomi ipsius celebrant. ==Opera== [[Fasciculus:Universum.jpg|thumb|"Universum" a Camillo Flammarion anno 1888 pictum]] [[Fasciculus:Dieu dans la nature001.jpg|thumb|''Dieu dans la nature'' a Camillo Flammarion scriptum]] * 1862 : ''[[La pluralité des mondes habités]]'' * 1863 : ''Les habitants de l’autre monde; révélations d’outre-tombe ... communications dictées par coups frappés et par l'écriture médiumnique au salon Mont-Thabor, médium mademoiselle Huet''. Lutetiae: Ledoyen * 1864 : ''Les mondes imaginaires et les mondes réels'' * 1865 : ''Des forces naturelles inconnues; à propos des phénomènes produits par les frères Davenport et par les médiums en général. Étude critique par Hermès''. Lutetiae: Didier * 1865 : ''Les mondes célestes'' * 1866-1880 : ''Études et lectures sur l’astronomie''. 9 voll. * 1866 : ''Dieu dans la nature'' * 1870-1887 : ''Contemplations scientifiques'' 2 voll. * 1870 : ''Voyages aériens'' * 1871 : ''L’atmosphère'' * 1872 : ''Récits de l’infini, Lumen, histoire d’une comète'' * 1872 : ''Histoire du ciel'' * 1873 : ''Vie de Copernic'' * 1877 : ''Les Terres du ciel'' * 1877 : ''Atlas céleste'' * 1878 : ''Cartes de la Lune et de la planète Mars'' * 1878 : ''Catalogue des étoiles doubles en mouvement'' * 1879 : ''Astronomie sidérale'' * 1880 : ''Astronomie populaire'' * 1881 : ''Les étoiles et les curiosités du ciel'' * 1886 : ''Le monde avant la création de l’homme'' * 1886 : ''Dans le ciel et sur la Terre'' * 1886 : ''Les comètes, les étoiles et les planètes'' * 1889 : ''Uranie'' * 1892-1902 : ''Centralisation et discussion de toutes les observations faites sur Mars''. 2 voll. * 1894 : ''La fin du monde'' * 1900 : ''L’inconnu et les problèmes psychiques, manifestations de mourants. Apparitions. Télépathie. Communications psychiques. Suggestion mentale. Vue à distance. Le monde des rêves. La divination de l’avenir''. Lutetiae: E. Flammarion * 1901 : ''Les imperfections du calendrier'' * 1905 : ''Les phénomènes de la foudre'' * 1905 : ''L’atmosphère et les grands phénomènes de la nature'' * 1907 : ''Les forces naturelles inconnues'' * 1911 : ''Mémoires biographiques et philosophiques d’un astronome'' [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k83470m.pdf Textus] * 1920-1922 : ''La mort et son mystère''. 3 voll. * 1923 : ''Les maisons hantées: en marge de «La mort et son mystère»'' * 1923 : ''Discours présidentiel à la Society for Psychical Research, suivi d'Essais médiumniques'' * 2005 : ''Fantômes et sciences d’observation'' == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references /></div> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Camille Flammarion}} * [http://gallica.bnf.fr/Search?ArianeWireIndex=index&p=1&lang=FR&q=Camille+Flammarion Opera Camilli Flammarion] apud Bibliothecam Nationalem Francicam * [http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/flammarion/cflam/camille.htm Camillus Flammarion] apud Ministerium Culturae Francogallicae * [http://icalendrier.fr/calendriers-saga/etudes-thematiques/concours-flammarion De calendario reformando] == Bibliographia == * Fabien Locher, ''Le Savant et la Tempête. Étudier l’atmosphère et prévoir le temps au XIXe siècle''. Condate Redonum: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2008 {{Lifetime|1842|1925|Flammarion, Camillus}} [[Categoria:Astronomi Franciae]] [[Categoria:Auctores Francogallici]] [[Categoria:Parapsychologia]]<!--melius:Parapsychologi--> [[Categoria:Scriptores Franciae]] cc5lq6cqgopa5gm842he7imn4nar7bb 0 96316 3972620 3717427 2026-07-18T11:30:57Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3972620 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1990-1024-025, Magdeburg, Koalitionsgespräche CDU - FDP.jpg|thumb|Gerhardus Gies (ad dextram) anno 1990]] '''Gerhardus''' (Theod. ''Gerd'') '''Gies''' (natus [[24 Maii]] [[1943]] [[Stendalia]]e) vir publicus [[Germania]]e et sodalis CDU est. == Iuventus et munus == Postquam maturitatem adeptus est, Gies annis [[1963]] - [[1969]] medicinae veterinariae studebat et anno [[1973]] doctor promotus est. Deinde ad annum [[1990]] [[Castrum Orientale (Antiqua Marchia)|Castro Orientali]] (Theodisce ''Osterburg'') et Stendaliae veterinarius laboravit. == Cursus honorum == Iam anno [[1970]] Gies sodalis [[CDU]] [[Res publica Democratica Germanica|Rei Publicae Democraticae Germanicae]] fuit, quae factio ante annum [[1989]] omnino de [[SED]] factione dependebat. Ab anno [[1987]] praeses suae factionis pagi Stendaliae fuit. Mense Martio anni [[1990]], post eversionem rerum in RDG, legatus [[Camera Popularis RDG|Camerae Popularis RDG]] primo tempore libere electae factus est. Autumno 1990 praeses CDU in [[Saxonia-Anhaltinum|Saxonia-Anhaltino]] et [[28 Octobris]] praeses ministrorum electus est. Gies autem legatus senatus terrae electus non erat. Itaque nonnullos legatos suae factionis ad magistratum dimittendum coegit dicens eos vigiles tecti pristinae dominatus communistae fuisse. Ita Gies legatus suffectus in senatum terrae est. Id cum notum fieret, Gies [[3 Iulii]] [[1991]] ipse a magistratibus suis se recedere coactus est. Legatus senatus terrae autem ad annum [[1998]] mansit. == Post magistratus publicos == Gies nunc pro societate energiae laborat. == Nexus externi == * [http://www.sachsen-anhalt.de/LPSA/fileadmin/Elementbibliothek/Bibliothek_Politik_und_Verwaltung/Politik+Verwaltung/Dokumente/Vita_Dr_Gies_neu.pdf Curriculum vitae Gies in pagina terrae Saxoniae-Anhaltini (lingua Theodisca)]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Praesides Ministrorum Saxoniae-Anhaltini}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gies, Gerhardus}} [[Categoria:Nati 1943]] [[Categoria:Praesides ministrorum Saxoniae-Anhaltini]] [[Categoria:Legati Camerae Popularis RDG]] [[Categoria:Homines vivi]] 97py8poz4uoutsetc592q2vjgs21ng1 0 103213 3972610 3520123 2026-07-18T05:44:58Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3972610 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Marilianum'''<ref name=":0">{{Sacco}}</ref> {{victio|Marilianum|i|n}} ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]] ''[[:it:Marigliano|Marigliano]]'') est [[Urbes Italiae|Urbs]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 30&thinsp;370 incolarum in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Campania (Italia)|Campania]] et in [[Urbs metropolitana Neapolitana|Urbe metropolitana Neapolitana]] situm. Urbani ''Marilianenses'' appellantur. == Insigne == <gallery> Fasciculus:Corona di città.svg|''[[Urbs Italiae]]''<ref>R.D.L. [[16 Ianuarii]] [[1896]]</ref> </gallery> == Geographia == * [[Ager Nolanus]] (''terra'') == Ecclesia Catholica Romana == * [[Dioecesis Nolana]] == Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio == === Fractiones === ''Lausdomini, Casaferro, Miuli, Faibanum Nolae,''<ref name=":0" /> ''Pontecitra, San Nicola''. == Municipia finitima == * [[Acerrae (Campania)|Acerrae]] * [[Brutianum]] * [[Fanum Sancti Vitaliani (Campania)|Fanum Sancti Vitaliani]] * [[Marilianellum]] * [[Nola]] * [[Sciscianum]] * [[Summa (Campania)|Summa]] {{NexInt}} * [[Campania (Italia)|Campaniam]] (''regionem''), * [[Urbs metropolitana Neapolitana|Urbem metropolitanam Neapolitanam]], * [[Provincia Neapolitana|Provinciam Neapolitanam]] (''provinciam abrogatam''), * [[Ager Nolanus|Agrum Nolanum]] (''terram''), * [[Neapolis|Neapolim]] (''urbem''), * [[Urbes Italiae]]. == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070813225417/http://www.comunemarigliano.it/ Situs publicus] {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}} {{communiaCat|Marigliano|Marilianum}} == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Imago:Map of comune of Nola (Metropolitan City of Naples, region Campania, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Urbe metropolitana Neapolitana. Imago:Area Nolana.png|Ager Nolanus. </gallery> == Notae == <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Urbes Italiae in Campania]] [[Categoria:Municipia in Urbe metropolitana Neapolitana]] [[Categoria:Municipia Agri Nolani]] 8lcoai2y3awnpykwerx4auznupbsi0e 0 108112 3972566 3657171 2026-07-17T20:05:50Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3972566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} ''' Botho Strauß''' (natus [[Naumburgum ad Salam|Naumburgi]] die [[2 Decembris]] [[1944]]) est scriptor praecipue scaenicus [[Germania|Germanicus]]. Anno [[1989]] [[Praemium Georgio Büchner dicatum]] accepit. == Nexus externus == * {{PND|118619047}} {{scriptor-stipula}} {{Lifetime|1944||Strauß, Botho}} [[Categoria:Scriptores Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores scaenici]] [[Categoria:Auctores Theodisci]] bcdofdcrzf3xorwxlhxu2jyfmq5pko9 0 122968 3972586 3402928 2026-07-17T22:08:06Z Redaktor GLAM 138478 Higher resolution version of image 3972586 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Imago:Regency empire shawls - Recinet (69165800).jpg|right|thumb|250px|Anaboladiorum usus [[saeculum 19|saeculo XIX]] in [[Francia]].]] '''Anaboladium''' (-i n.) sive '''superumerale''' (-is n.) [[vestis]] est quae laxe super [[umerus|umeris]] et [[Brachium (anatomia)|brachiis]] et aliquando super [[caput|capite]] ponitur. Plerumque [[rectangulum|rectangulare]] aut [[quadratum]] est et aliquando modo [[triangulum|triangulari]] complicatur. Rariora anaboladia originaliter triangularia sunt. <gallery> Imago:Edward S. Curtis Collection People 052.jpg|[[Hesquiati|Hesquiata]] femina anaboladio involuta. Image:Orange triangle shawl.jpg|Formae triangularis [[lana|lanei]] anaboladii exemplum. </gallery> [[Categoria:Vestimenta]] f8e3at2i6h1avt2icpl6ud3xttxso9n 0 129365 3972559 3816775 2026-07-17T19:29:09Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3972559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{videdis|Montes Lunae (discretiva)}} [[Fasciculus:Pizzo d'Uccello.JPG|thumb|Despectus in montem ''Pizzo d'Uccello'']] [[Fasciculus:Alpi Apuane Posizione.png|thumb|Collocatio Lunae montium in Italia]] '''Lunae montes'''<ref>[[Dantes Alagherius]], ''[[Divina Comoedia]]'' canto XIX.</ref> vel '''Alpes Apuanae'''<ref>[https://www.abebooks.com/signed/ALPES-APUANAE-Tabula-geognostica-Stefani-aere/30357215034/bd Alpes Apuanae. Tabula geognostica a C. De Stefani suo aere et opere nuper delineata'', 1881].</ref> ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]] ''Alpi Apuane'') sunt [[mons|montes]] continui sub [[Apenninus|Apennino]] in [[regio Italiae|regione]] [[Tuscia|Tuscana]] siti. ==Culmina praecipua == * [[Pisaninus mons]] ''Monte Pisanino'': 1946 m [[maris aequor|altus]] * [[Tamberniccus mons]] ''Monte Tambura'' 1891 m altus * [[Caballus mons]] ''Monte Cavallo'' 1888 m altus * [[Pietrapana mons]] ''Pania della Croce'' 1858 m altus ==Bibliographia== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160315143602/http://digilander.libero.it/vadoetorno/info/biblio/biblio.htm Lunae montium bibliographia.] {{NexInt}} * [[No Cav]] * [[Luna (Italia)]] * [[Luca (provincia)|Provincia Lucensis]] * [[Provincia Massensis et Carrariensis]] ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Alpi Apuane|Lunae montes}} * [http://www.parcapuane.toscana.it Situs interretialis Silvae Publicae Regionalis Lunae montium proprius.] * [http://www.parcapuane.it Situs interretialis Silvae Publicae Regionalis Lunae montium proprius] == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Fasciculus:LagoDiGramolazzo.JPG|Lacus Gramolatii Fasciculus:Cararra-Steinbruch retouched.jpg|Comparatio marmoris [[Carraria]]e </gallery> == Notae == <references /> [[Categoria:Forum Clodii]] [[Categoria:Fossae Papirianae]] [[Categoria:Montes Tusciae]] [[Categoria:Luna (colonia romana)]] [[Categoria:Provincia Lucensis]] [[Categoria:Provincia Massensis et Carrariensis]] dap6v0x1pm4us2caeotd2sjin2hhnkf 0 139662 3972546 3456898 2026-07-17T16:18:22Z Bartholomite 116968 3972546 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Blanquefort-sur-Briolance.JPG|thumb|left|Blanquefort-sur-Briolance]] {{res|Blanquefort-sur-Briolance}} est commune 517 incolarum (anno [[2011]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Oltis et Garumna]]e in [[Francia]]e occidentalis regione [[Aquitania (regio Franciae)|Aquitania]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Oltis et Garumnae]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Blanquefort-sur-Briolance |Blanquefort-sur-Briolance }} * {{INSEE commune|47029|de=Blanquefort-sur-Briolance}} {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Oldi et Garumnae]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Oldi et Garumnae]] 87l9a2hq0r8c31off90wzbdzwybrj76 0 149887 3972613 3594236 2026-07-18T09:27:36Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3972613 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pro pagina discretiva vide|Matinum (discretiva)}} {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Mattinata veduta DSC 6564.jpg|thumb|Matinata]] '''Matinata'''<ref>[http://books.google.it/books?id=4EVkhIl-TN4C&printsec=frontcover&hl=it#v=onepage&q&f=false Dizionario geografico-istorico-fisico del regno di Napoli, composto dall'Abate Francesco sacco - Di Francesco Sacco]</ref> {{victio|Matinata|ae|f}} (alia nomina: ''Matinum''; olim fortasse: ''Apenestae'') ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Mattinata|Mattinata]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 6&thinsp;500 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Apulia]], in [[Provincia Fodiana]] ac in [[Garganus mons|Gargano]] historica ac geographica regione, situm. Incolae ''Matinatenses'' appellantur. == Insigne == <gallery> Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]'' </gallery> === Sententia === Sententia municipalis est: ''Lucx vera illuminet''. == Ecclesia Catholica Romana == * [[Archidioecesis Sipontina-Vestana-Sancti Ioannis Rotundi]] == Municipia finitima == * [[Mons Sancti Angeli]], * [[Vesta (Italia)|Vesta]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Apulia]]m (''regionem''), * [[Provincia Fodiana|Provinciam Fodianam]], * [[Garganus|Garganum]] (''terram''), * [[Fovea]]m vel [[Fodia]]m (''urbem''), * [[Municipium Italiae]]. == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160728220303/http://www.comune.mattinata.fg.it/ Situs publicus] {{CommuniaCat|Mattinata|Matinatam}} == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Fasciculus:Map of comune of Mattinata (province of Foggia, region Apulia, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium Municipii Aedis Vestae in Provincia Fodiana. </gallery> == Notae == <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Foveae]] [[Categoria:Municipia in Gargano]] iemrdqsbdepwl8nnsooyzcoxd6mtb8a 0 157395 3972621 3382210 2026-07-18T11:54:05Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3972621 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Carl Ritter Litho.jpg|thumb|Carolus Ritter, [[lithographia|lithogramma]], anno, [[1858]].]] '''Carolus Ritter''' (natus [[Quedlinburgum|Quedlinburgi]] in urbe die [[7 Augusti]] [[1779]]; [[Berolinum|Berolini]] die [[28 Septembris]] [[1859]] mortuus) fuit [[geographus]] [[Germanicus]]. Pater [[geographia]]e hodiernae cum [[Alexander von Humboldt|Alexandro von Humboldt]] putatur. [[Professor]] fuit universitatis [[Alma Universitas Humboldtiana Berolinensis|Alimae Universitatis Humboldtiana Beroliensis]]. Antea [[ludi Salzmann|Ludos Salzmann]] frequentaverat. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Carl Ritter|Carolum Ritter}} {{Wikisource|Carl Ritter}} * {{DNB-Portal|PND}} * [http://www.luise-berlin.de/bms/bmstxt01/0101porb.htm Biographia a H. Olbrich scripta] {{Ling|Germanice}} {{bio-stipula}} {{Lifetime|1779|1859|Ritter, Carolus}} [[Categoria:Geographi Germaniae]] 747rvaj0tdyku5743s6hyz9vk4pfh8f 0 160306 3972563 2478768 2026-07-17T19:38:59Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3972563 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus: NO 0533 Lunner.svg |thumb|200 px|Ubi commune Lunner in Oppland situm est]] [[Fasciculus:Lunner komm.svg |200 px|thumb|left|Lunner: [[officina]]e]] ''' Lunner''' est [[Norvegia]]e commune 8802 incolarum (anno [[2012]]) in provincia [[Oppland]]. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Lunner|Lunner}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110724180743/http://www.lunner.kommune.no/ Lunner pagina interretialis] {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Norvegiae]] 561y7r8q3o66syv74pkhyhcp8nzxzqr 0 164503 3972622 3630172 2026-07-18T11:58:21Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3972622 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Der Dichter, begleitet vom Kanzler Konrad von Querfurt, überreicht dem Kaiser Heinrich VI. das Werk.jpg|thumb|[[Petrus de Ebulo]] ("poeta") ''[[Liber ad honorem Augusti|Librum ad honorem Augusti]]'' imperatori [[Henricus VI (imperator)|Henrico VI]] offert, adstante Conrado de Quernofurto ("Corradus cancellarius"). [[Berna (urbs)|Berna]], [[Bibliotheca Municipalis Bernensis|Bibliotheca Municipalis]] MS 120 f. 139r (1196)]] '''Conradus de Quernofurto''' vel orthographia illius temporis ''de Querenvorde'' (natus anno circiter 1160; necatus die [[3 Decembris]] [[1202]]), alumnus [[Universitas Parisiensis|scholarum Parisiensium]] et [[Innocentius III|Lotharii Signini]] (papae futuri) coaevus, fuit ab anno [[1195]] episcopus [[Hildesia|Hildesiensis]] et ab anno [[1198]] [[Herbipolis|Herbipolensis]]. Ab anno [[1194]] [[cancellarius]] meruit iuxta imperatorem [[Henricus VI (imperator)|Henricum VI]]; cum eo [[expeditio sacra anni 1197|expeditionem sacram]] ("Germanicam" aut "Henrici VI" nuncupatam) anno [[1197]] suscepit. {{Bio-stipula}} [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 12]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1202]] [[Categoria:Alumni scholarum mediaevalium Parisiensium]] [[Categoria:Episcopi Hildesienses]] [[Categoria:Episcopi Herbipolenses]] [[Categoria:Necati Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Participes expeditionis sacrae anni 1197]] [[Categoria:Henricus VI (imperator)]] n2rmf0cmtqphf04c9a6q9iyv64mq6he 0 179020 3972545 3722561 2026-07-17T16:18:15Z Urbicapus 200988 /* */ 3972545 wikitext text/x-wiki {{capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Moa Helena Marianna Hjelmer''', ([[Lingua Suecica|Suecice]] ''Moa Elin Marianne Hjelmer''; nata die [[19 Iunii]] [[1990]] [[Holmia]]e) est [[Ludus gymnicus campestris|athleta]] [[Suecia|Suecica]] et pro [[Societas athletica|societate athletica]] ''[[Spårvägens FK]]'' certat.<ref>[http://www.dn.se/sport/svenskt-rekord-av-moa-hjelmer ''Svenskt rekord av Moa Hjelmer''] apud ''[[DN.se]]'' {{ling|Suecice}}. Edendam curata 13/08/2011.</ref> ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references/></div> ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Moa Hjelmer}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130614050943/http://moahjelmer.se/ Situs officialis] {{Lifetime|1990||Hjelmer, Moa}} [[Categoria:Athletae Sueciae]] 2nsfuw8mexd0stbr8q84h6ztari2w8r 0 198267 3972578 3837425 2026-07-17T20:42:30Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3972578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Lynn Conway''' (nata {{Creanda|en|White Plains|Planities Albae|Planitibus Albis}} in [[oppidum|oppido]] [[Civitatum Foederatarum civitas|civitatis]] [[Novum Eboracum (civitas)|Novi Eboraci]] die [[2 Ianuarii]] [[1938]]; mortua die [[9 Iunii]] [[2024]]) fuit [[ars electrica|artis electricae]] [[informatica]]e<nowiki>que</nowiki> perita, [[inventor|inventrix]], et [[transgener]]a [[activismus|activista]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americana]]. Anno [[1955]], studium ad [[Institutum Technologiae Massachusettense]] coepit, sed anno [[1958]] reliquit. Deinde de anno [[1961]] usque ad annum [[1963]] in [[Universitas Columbiae|Universitate Columbia]] studuit. Ab anno [[1964]], operaria societatis [[IBM]] erat, sed eo tempore persona masculina; anno [[1968]] [[transsexualitas|transexualitatem]] suam [[vestiario exire|patefecit]] et statim ab IBM dimissa est; praaetera, a suas filias videndo{{dubsig}} prohibita est. Deinde cum auxilio {{Creanda|de|Harry Benjamin|Harrius Benjamin|Harrii Benjamin}} [[chirurgia]]m [[permutatio sexus (chirurgia)|permutationis sexus]] ad feminam subiit. Nunc persona feminina ac nomine novo vitam continuabat sine patefactione transsexualitatis suae. Et [[mulier]] artis electricae, [[integratus circuitus|integrato circuito]] VLSI cum [[Carver Mead]] studuit ac una cum eo librum praeclarum ''Introduction to VLSI Systems'' scripsit. Deinde [[technologia]]s [[computatrum|computatralias]] in instituto militario Civitatum Foederatarum exploravit. Anno [[2012]], [[IEEE]] documentum de studio VLSI a Lynn Conway facto publicavit.<ref>[http://www.eecs.umich.edu/eecs/about/articles/2013/VLSI_Reminiscences.pdf ''IEEE Solid-Stage Circuits Magazine.'']</ref> Post statum [[professor]]is [[Universitas Michiganensis|Universitatis Michiganensis]] tum [[emeritus|emerita]] fuit. Anno [[1999]], iterum transsexualitatem suam patefecit et se activistam [[iura humana|iuribus humanis]] hominum [[transgener]]orum fecit. Laboravit pro [[aequalitas ante legem|aequalitate]] in [[occasio laboris|occasione laboris]] et abrogatione status [[morbus mentis|morbi mentis]] [[transsexualitas|transexualitatis]]. == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == *[https://web.archive.org/web/20210227034349/http://www.lynnconway.com./ Situs interretialis Lynn Conway proprius.] {{Lifetime|1938|2024|Conway, Lynn}} [[Categoria:Alumni Instituti Technologiae Massachusettensis]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Columbiae]] [[Categoria:Electronica]] [[Categoria:Inventores Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Michiganensis]] 22o991xd3f06ktwtzqg4cc8eijm78o3 0 198692 3972562 3842888 2026-07-17T19:35:27Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3972562 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Ioannes Carolus Ehrenfried Kegel''' ([[Lingua Theodisca|Theodisce]]: ''Johann Karl Ehrenfried Kegel''; natus [[Mansfelda]]e ([[Saxonia et Anhaltium]]) [[3 Octobris]] [[1784]]; obiit [[Odessa]]e [[25 Iunii]] [[1863]]) fuit [[Agronomia|agronomus]] [[explorator]]que [[Germania|Germanicus]]. Annis [[1841]]–[[1847]] [[natura]]m [[paeninsula]]e [[Camtschatca]]e exploravit. ==Nexus externi== {{fontes biographici}} {{bio-stipula}} {{Lifetime|1784|1863|Kegel, Ioannes Carolus Ehrenfried }} [[Categoria:Exploratores Siberiae]] [[Categoria:Incolae Imperii Russici]] [[Categoria:Exploratores Germanici]] [[Categoria:Viri]] 496mql9kpryqrhwba9aoqra1ymjrfv1 0 201799 3972579 3432946 2026-07-17T21:09:14Z Atsarb 163736 Atsarb movit paginam [[Givet]] ad [[Givetum]]: nomen latinum 3432946 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Vue_sur_Givet_%28Ardennes%2C_Fr%29_avec_fort_de_Rome.JPG|thumb|250px|Givet: despectus in vicum]] [[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 08190.png|thumb|left|250px|Givet: communis tabula]] ''' Givet ''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 6'736 incolarum (anno [[2008]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Arduenna (praefectura Franciae)|Arduennae]] in regione [[Campania et Arduenna]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Arduennae|Indicem communium praefecturae Arduennae]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat| Givet |Givet }} * [http://givet.fr/ Givet pagina interretialis] * {{INSEE commune|08190|de=Givet}} {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Arduennae]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Arduennae]] 2p952hslncfa20hx4med4wfrll95e8h 3972582 3972579 2026-07-17T21:11:54Z Atsarb 163736 3972582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Vue_sur_Givet_%28Ardennes%2C_Fr%29_avec_fort_de_Rome.JPG|thumb|250px|Givet: despectus in vicum]] [[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 08190.png|thumb|left|250px|Givet: communis tabula]] ''' Givet ''' ([[Lingua Francogallica|Francogallice]] Givy) est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 6'736 incolarum (anno [[2008]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Arduenna (praefectura Franciae)|Arduennae]] in regione [[Campania et Arduenna]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Arduennae|Indicem communium praefecturae Arduennae]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat| Givet |Givet }} * [http://givet.fr/ Givet pagina interretialis] * {{INSEE commune|08190|de=Givet}} {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Arduennae]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Arduennae]] i68who1wtv8jdpqus0bh8392rtz46r2 3972583 3972582 2026-07-17T21:12:13Z Atsarb 163736 3972583 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Vue_sur_Givet_%28Ardennes%2C_Fr%29_avec_fort_de_Rome.JPG|thumb|250px|Givet: despectus in vicum]] [[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 08190.png|thumb|left|250px|Givet: communis tabula]] ''' Givetum ''' ([[Lingua Francogallica|Francogallice]] Givet) est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 6'736 incolarum (anno [[2008]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Arduenna (praefectura Franciae)|Arduennae]] in regione [[Campania et Arduenna]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Arduennae|Indicem communium praefecturae Arduennae]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat| Givet |Givet }} * [http://givet.fr/ Givet pagina interretialis] * {{INSEE commune|08190|de=Givet}} {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Arduennae]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Arduennae]] h0gxogdsy3k27wnl3pdzqlu679zfdwe 0 204133 3972506 3892888 2026-07-17T14:03:09Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3972506 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Longis'''<ref>Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120228182529/http://www.italiapedia.it/ www.italiapedia.it]</ref> {{victio|Longis|is|m}} (alia nomina<ref>Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120228182529/http://www.italiapedia.it/ www.italiapedia.it]</ref>: ''Longium'') ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Longi|Longi]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Sicilia]] et in [[Provincia Regionalis Messanensis|Provincia Regionali Messanensi]] situm. Incolae ''Longenses'' appellantur. == Insigne == <gallery> Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]'' </gallery> == Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio == == Municipia finitima == {{NexInt}} * [[Sicilia]] (''regio''), * [[Provincia Regionalis Messanensis]], * [[Messana]] (''urbs''), * [[Municipium Italiae]]. == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210621065234/http://www.comunelongi.it/ Pagina officialis] {{CommuniaCat|Longi|Longem}} == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Imago:Map of comune of Longi (province of Messina, region Sicily, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Provincia Regionali Messanensi. </gallery> == Notae == <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Messanae]] 2qzpfkpbhlf7wt4ukpzxdvvraqny5r3 0 218565 3972587 3825132 2026-07-17T23:07:52Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3972587 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|thumb|upright=0.5|left|[[Signum]] communium Italiae.]]{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Mairago (LO) - chiesa di San Marco Evangelista.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Templum]] [[Ecclesia Catholica|Catholicum]] [[Marcus (sanctus)|Sancto Marco]] dicatum.]] '''Mairagum'''<ref>Nomi d'Italia - AAVV,{{dubsig}} De Agostini</ref> {{victio|Mairagum|i|n}} ([[Italiane]] ''Mairago'') est [[oppidum]] et [[commune Italiae|commune]] [[Italia]]e, circiter 1400 incolarum, in [[Provincia Laudensis|Provincia Laudensi]] [[Regio Italiae|Regionis]] [[Langobardia]]e situm. [[Incola]]e Mairagenses appellantur. {{NexInt}} * [[Laus Nova]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Mairago|Mairagum}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20121030003747/http://www.comune.mairago.lo.it/ Situs interretialis communis proprius.] == Notae == <references /> [[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Laudis Novae]] 8hvboc95lpophafo39zwnx3msjkljur 0 218567 3972584 3594114 2026-07-17T21:17:35Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3972584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:MACCASTORNA-CASTELLO-02.JPG|thumb|Macasturna]] '''Macasturna'''<ref>Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini</ref> {{victio|Macasturna|ae|f}} (alia nomina: ''Maccastorna'') ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Maccastorna|Maccastorna]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 60 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Langobardia]] et in [[Provincia Laudensis|Provincia Laudensi]] situm. Incolae ''Macasturnenses'' appellantur. == Insigne == <gallery> Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]'' </gallery> == Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio == == Municipia finitima == {{NexInt}} * [[Langobardia]] (''regio''), * [[Provincia Laudensis]], * [[Laus Nova]] (''urbs''), * [[Municipium Italiae]]. == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110512023500/http://www.comune.maccastorna.lo.it/ Situs publicus] {{CommuniaCat|Maccastorna|Macasturnam}} == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Fasciculus:Map of comune of Maccastorna (province of Lodi, region Lombardy, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Provincia Laudensi. </gallery> == Notae == <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Laudis Novae]] rlet3bba7ynshucnbse9y8uinfju1fp 0 218568 3972571 3533599 2026-07-17T20:14:23Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3972571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Livraga - Monumento ai Caduti.jpg|thumb|Luviraga]] '''Luviraga'''<ref>Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini</ref><ref>[http://books.google.it/books?id=YPzTAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=it&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Dizionario di toponomastica lombarda - Dante Olivieri, Lampi di stampa, 01/gen/2001 - 624 pagine]</ref> {{victio|Luviraga|ae|f}} (alia nomina: ''Lupariaca''<ref>Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini</ref>, ''Liberiaca''<ref>Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini</ref>) ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Livraga|Livraga]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 2&thinsp;600 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Langobardia]] et in [[Provincia Laudensis|Provincia Laudensi]] situm. Incolae ''Luviragani'' appellantur. == Insigne == <gallery> Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]'' </gallery> == Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio == == Municipia finitima == {{NexInt}} * [[Langobardia]] (''regio''), * [[Provincia Laudensis]], * [[Laus Nova]] (''urbs''), * [[Municipium Italiae]]. == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100206112807/http://www.comune.livraga.lo.it/ Situs publicus] {{CommuniaCat|Livraga|Luviragam}} == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Fasciculus:Map of comune of Livraga (province of Lodi, region Lombardy, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Provincia Laudensi. </gallery> == Notae == <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Laudis Novae]] 1yh5ivei1om1pybvfr507biakhugcr6 0 225106 3972612 3594208 2026-07-18T07:16:51Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3972612 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Chiesa maslianico.JPG|thumb|Marsilianigum]] '''Marsilianigum'''<ref>[http://www.lombardiabeniculturali.it/istituzioni/schede/3001140/?view=toponimi&hid= www.lombardiabeniculturali.it]</ref> {{victio|Marsilianigum|i|n}} (alia nomina: ''Massilianicum''<ref>Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini</ref>) ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Maslianico|Maslianico]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 3&thinsp;400 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Langobardia]] et in [[Provincia Novocomensis|Provincia Novocomensi]] situm. Incolae ''Marsilianigenses'' appellantur. == Insigne == <gallery> Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]'' </gallery> {{NexInt}} * [[Langobardia]] (''regio''), * [[Provincia Novocomensis]], * [[Novum Comum]] (''urbs''), * [[Municipium Italiae]]. == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050122031100/http://comune.maslianico.co.it/ Situs publicus] {{CommuniaCat|Maslianico|Marsilianigum}} [[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Novi Comi]] ebip0yi1xq615w8h3x0t691f84zucc1 0 225605 3972504 3326642 2026-07-17T14:01:23Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3972504 wikitext text/x-wiki {{capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Francohusium'''<ref>[http://www.worldcat.org/identities/viaf-8448979/ Ad Orationem Valedictoriam de nefariis Thomae Müntzeri conatibus eiusque seditione ac exinde prope Francohusium in vicino monte der Schlachtberg dicto.] Ed. Ioanne Hoffmann (1684).</ref> (vulgo ''Bad Frankenhausen/Kyffhäuser'') est oppidum Germanicum 8734 incolarum (censu anno 2014 habito), in [[Circulus Kyffhäuser|Circulo Kyffhäuser]] [[Thuringia]]e situm, [[balneum|balneis]] salsis notum. Hic anno [[1525]] fuit [[proelium Francohusiense]], pars [[Bellum rusticum Germanicum|Belli rustici Germanici]]. ==Historia== E vici nomine habitationes [[franconia|Francorum]] probabiles esse videntur, cum vestigia hominum antiquissima [[Tempus glaciale recentissimum|temporis glacialis recentissimi]] iam sint. Imperatore [[Otto III (imperator)|Ottone III]] mentio prima anno 998 indicatur. Iam saeculo XVI sale exercendo necnon commercio in vastas distantias agendo pecuniae multae conflantur. Anno 1219 graviones de Schwarzburg possessores fiunt regnaturi locum usque finem [[primum bellum mundanum|Primi belli pancosmici]]. ==Res aspectabiliores== Signum oppidi sine dubio Ecclesia superior, quae dicitur, est cum turri maxime obliqua. Curia temporis Gothici exeuntis anno 1448 constructa, diversa opera craticia ad nundinarum plateam, Turris Hausmann mille annorum cum proximo Fano inferiore in rebus visendis numerantur. Castellum temporis Renascentiae anno 1523 erectum museum historiae regionalis sartum conservat. Pinacotheca unius imaginis rotundae ingentissimae in monte sita est, quae 1989 decem post annos inaugurata est. [[Guarnerius Tübke]] pictor [[lipsia|Lipsiensis]] [[Bellum rusticum Germanicum]] et proelium cruentum apud Francohusium die 15 Maii 1525 commissum commemorat, quae omnia sub themate ''Rerum novarum burgensium priorum in Germania'' picturis innummerabilibus affabre exaratis tractantur. In septentrione oppidi invenitur inde ab anno 1896 monumentum in honorem imperatoris [[Gulielmus I (Imperator Germaniae)|Gulielmi I]] in monte Kyffhäuser una cum statua [[Fridericus I (imperator)|Aënobarbi]]. Ibi est turris ascendenda quoque et museum adiacens. Haud procul, apud Rottleben, est antrum gypseum pro Aënobarbo nominatum quod anno 1865 detexerunt. In proximitate [[saxonia-Anhaltium|Saxoniae-Anhaltii]] sunt lacus structilis Kelvera (Theodisce ''Kelbra''), ruina Rottenburg (saeculi XIII) et palatium imperiale apud Tilleda. ==Thermalis statio== Anno 1938 Francohusii thermae modernae ad aquas magnesii plenas institutae sunt, quae hominibus infirmitate respirationis aut dermatis aut motionis laborantibus levationem aegritudinis dent. Sanentur et defectus psychosomatici. Iam saeculo XVIII exeunte valetudinarium institutum erat cui postea sanatorium infantibus dicatum et in lucis idyllice situm addiderunt. == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references/></div> [[Categoria:Thermae Thuringiae]] [[Categoria:Urbes Thuringiae]] 5z05cyhafeq6t8h2cff97byniq1z0hd 0 231821 3972589 3721671 2026-07-17T23:25:15Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3972589 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Malgesium'''<ref>[http://www.lombardiabeniculturali.it/istituzioni/schede/11000491/?view=toponimi&hid= www.lombardiabeniculturali.it]</ref> {{victio|Malgesium|ii|n}} (alia nomina: ''Malgressum''<ref>[http://www.comune.malgesso.va.it/storia www.comune.malgesso.va.it]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>) ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Malgesso|Malgesso]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 1&thinsp;320 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Langobardia]] et in [[Provincia Varisiensis|Provincia Varisiensi]] situm. Incolae ''Malgesienses'' appellantur. == Insigne == <gallery> Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]'' </gallery> == Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio == == Municipia finitima == {{NexInt}} * [[Langobardia]] (''regio''), * [[Provincia Varisiensis]], * [[Baretium]] (''urbs''), * [[Municipium Italiae]]. == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150503124941/http://www.comune.malgesso.va.it/ Situs publicus] {{CommuniaCat|Malgesso|Malgesium}} == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Fasciculus:Map of comune of Malgesso (province of Varese, region Lombardy, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Provincia Varisiensi. </gallery> == Notae == <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Baretii]] fc0wem0lrgmw46hdiblh3ukccptoy2y 0 233704 3972597 3525947 2026-07-18T01:12:05Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3972597 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pro pagina discretiva vide|Marcallum (discretiva)}} {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Marcallum'''<ref>[http://books.google.it/books?id=eodYAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=it&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Memorie spettanti alla storia, al governo ed alla descrizione della città, e della campagna di Milano, ne' secoli bassi, Volume 9 (Google eBook) conte Giorgio Giulini, Stamperia di G. Bianchi, 1760]</ref> {{victio|Marcallum|i|n}} (alia nomina: ''Marcallum Saxorum'') ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Mercallo|Mercallo]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 1&thinsp;840 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Langobardia]] et in [[Provincia Varisiensis|Provincia Varisiensi]] situm. Incolae ''Marcallenses'' appellantur. == Insigne == <gallery> Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]'' </gallery> == Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio == == Municipia finitima == {{NexInt}} * [[Langobardia]] (''regio''), * [[Provincia Varisiensis]], * [[Baretium]] (''urbs''), * [[Municipium Italiae]]. == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160531130225/http://www.comune.mercallo.va.it/ Situs publicus] {{CommuniaCat|Mercallo|Marcallum}} == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Fasciculus:Map of comune of Mercallo (province of Varese, region Lombardy, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Provincia Varisiensi. </gallery> == Notae == <references /> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Baretii]] 57tolpqd70c2el04ydw3j6yzonk23pi 0 258198 3972517 3427287 2026-07-17T15:21:31Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3972517 wikitext text/x-wiki {{cautio}} {| class="wikitable floatright" |+ '''Loxapinum''' |- | style="text-align: center" colspan="2" | [[Fasciculus:Loxapine.svg|200px|Loxapinum]] |- | style="text-align: center" colspan="2" | [[Fasciculus:Loxapine ball-and-stick model.png|200px|Loxapinum]] |- ! colspan="2" | Natura chemica |- | style="font-size: 85%" | [[Formula chemica|Formula summarum]] || style="font-size: 85%" | C₁₈H₁₈ClN₃O |- | style="font-size: 85%" | [[Massa molaris]] || style="font-size: 85%" | 327.808 g/mol |- | style="font-size: 85%" | [[PubChem]] || style="font-size: 85%" | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/3964 3964] |- | style="font-size: 85%" | [[DrugBank]] || style="font-size: 85%" | [https://web.archive.org/web/20190710215255/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00408 DB00408] |- ! colspan="2" | Natura pharmacologica |- | style="font-size: 85%" | Codex ATC || style="font-size: 85%" | {{ATC|N05AH|01}} |- | style="font-size: 85%" | [[Tempus semivitae biologicum]] || style="font-size: 85%" | 4 h p.o.<br />7.6 h per inhal. |- | style="font-size: 85%" | [[Metabolismus]] || style="font-size: 85%" | [[iecur|iecore]] (hepaticus):<br />[[CYP1A2]], [[CYP3A4]],<br />[[CYP2D6]] |- | style="font-size: 85%" | Excretio || style="font-size: 85%" | [[ren]]ibus >> [[faeces|faecibus]] |- ! colspan="2" | Ad usum therapeuticum |- | style="font-size: 85%" | Applicatio || style="font-size: 85%" | per os |- | style="font-size: 85%" | MedlinePlus || style="font-size: 85%" | [https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682311.html a682311] {{Ling|Anglice}} |}'''Loxapinum''' est substantia antipsychotica et propterea medicamentum, quod cogitari potest, ad therapiam [[Schizophrenia|schizophreniarum]], interruptionum bipolarium<ref>anglice: ''bipolar disorder''; hic formae fem. pluralis, quia haec diagnosis duas interruptiones saltim postulat</ref> sicut [[Depressio (psychiatria)|depressionum]]. == Natura Loxapini == === Natura chemica === Loxapinum est substantia antipsychotica et oxazepinum. Structura chemica sua est 8-chloro-6-(4-methylo-[[piperazinum|piperazino]]-1-yl)benzo[b][1,4]-benzoxazepinum, quod est oxazepinum (anulus chemicus cum [[Oxygenium|oxygenio]] et [[Nitrogenium|nitrogenio]] et quinque [[atomus|atomis]] [[Carbonium|carboniorum]]), cum duobus anulis aromatici ([[benzenum]]) - ex eis unus cum atomus [[Chlorum|chlori]] - et piperazino (anulus heterocyclus cum duobus [[atomus|atomis]] nitrogeniorum). Massa molaris est 327.808 g/mol. <gallery> Fasciculus:Piperazine Structural Formula V1.svg|[[Piperazinum]] </gallery> === Natura pharmacologica === [[Systema classificationis Anatomicum Therapeuticum Chemicumque|Codex ATC]] est [[Codex ATC N05AH|N05AH]]01. === Pharmacodynamica === Loxapinum dopamini [[Receptorium dopamini D2|D₂]]- et serotonini [[Receptorium serotonini 2A|5-HT_2A]]-[[Receptorium neurotransmissoris|receptoriorum]] [[antagonista]] est. Praeter illa haec substantia Noradrenergicis et Histamini et Acetylcholini receptoriis alligat, quod arbitrario effectus pharmacologi partes agat. === Pharmacocinetica === [[Tempus semivitae biologicum]] <math>t_{\frac{1}{2}}</math>.<ref>http://goldbook.iupac.org/B00658.html</ref> circa 4 h (per inhalationem: 7.61 h) est. Excretio est per urinas. == Effectus Loxapini == === Effectus non grati === Cum uso Loxapini animum advertere ad [[Effectus adversus|effectus secundarios]] et interactiones necesse est. === Effectus secundarii === Exempli (!) sunt: * Gustatus commutatus * Pharyngitis * [[Fatigatio (symptoma)|Fatigatio]] * Constipatio et obstipatio * Siccitas oris * Symptomata extrapyramidalia == Notae == <references/> {{NexInt}} * [[Olanzapinum]] [[Categoria:Antipsychotica]] [[Categoria:Piperazina]] sb8iat0slawpxacry6384nr4nadqgrq 0 262216 3972492 3722998 2026-07-17T13:02:26Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Museum historiae regionalis (Ingersleben)]] ad [[Museum historiae regionalis (Ingerslebium)]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3722998 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pagina non annexa}} [[Fasciculus:Ingersleben-Heimatmuseum-2.JPG|thumb|Pars musei ad aulam internam spectans]] [[Fasciculus:Thueringen-Ingersleben-Heimatmuseum-5.jpg|thumb|Porta ad stratam Caroli Marx sita]] [[Fasciculus:Thueringen-Ingersleben-Heimatmuseum-6.JPG|thumb|Culina historica]] [[Fasciculus:Ingersleben Heimatmuseum.JPG|thumb|Ingressus principalis]] '''Museum historiae regionalis Ingersleben''' (Theodisce: ''Heimatmuseum Ingersleben'') museum quoddam praeclarum est in Nesse-Apfelstädt, [[Circulus Gotha|Circuli Gotha]] ([[Germania]]e) in vico Ingersleben (in via Caroli Marx nr. 40). Conditum est anno 1970 et invenitur in aedibus praedii prisci magni equestris. == Situs et historia ante usum musealem == Iam saeculo XIV mentio prima facta est de muris assitis cum fossis aquaticis. Quae omnia in possessione erant variarum familiarum nobilium (in quibus dinastiae de Ingersleben sive de Gleichen). Ioannes de Ziegler [[Erfordia|Erfordiensis]], munere [[isatis|glasti]] negotiator, area comparata aedificium magnum construi iussit. Anno 1622 Otho Henricus de Ziegler, isatidos mercator et ille, addidit non tantum portam perpulchram generis Renati exeuntis sed etiam arcus. Causa fuerunt nuptiae cum Maria de Wangenheim. [[Baro (gradus nobilitatis)|Baro]] Adolphus de Münchhausen occupavit res annis inter 1786 et 1883: cui notus fuit scriptor clarus [[Gustavus Freytag]]. Iste mythistoriam praetitulatam ''Die Ahnen'' in Ingersleben quoque collocat, cum accurate vicum regionem praedium describat.<ref>[http://gutenberg.spiegel.de/buch/3708/37 Descriptio in initio capituli XXXVII]</ref> Postea acquisivit omnia baro Thankmar de Münchhausen, qui fuit [[marescalcus]] ambulans ducis [[Virtembergia|Virtembergiensis]] et insuper aulicus marescalcus dominorum Ducatus [[Saxonia-Meiningen|Saxoniae-Meiningen]]. Omnia empta sunt anno 1883 a Roberto Wagner, institor primae fabricae [[Saccharum (alimentum)|sacchari]] in urbe Straußfurt ([[Circulus Sömmerda]]). Anno 1894 alas magnas aedibus in viridario sitis adiunxit et creavit habitationes claras, ubi hospites multi magnanime accipi poterant. Usque saeculi XIX initium praedium inhabitatum est. Anno 1942 rerum nacti sunt domni Horst et Siegismund von Zakrzewski; qui anno 1946 ab auctoritatibus communisticis spoliati terram relinquere sunt coacti. Annis 1947/48 villae et casae oeconomicae et porta cum ergasterio caseario ablata sunt. Hortorum arbores specierum varietate sat ubera barbare desectae sunt. Insuper territorium viridarii separatum personis plurimis ad propra praedia construenda attributum est. In casis oeconomicis res technicae agriculturalis depositae sunt, quae in publicatis areis usurparentur. == Usus musealis == Feliciter aedes praedii antiquae restabant, cum politici nonnulli communistae istas quoque relegari vellent. Aedes inde ab anno 1979 museo historiae regionalis serviebant. Nostris temporibus agitur de museo maximi momenti inter omnes vicos oppidi amplioris uniti Nesse-Apfelstädt. == Res demonstrandae intrinsecus == In conclavium plurimorum parietibus lacunaribusque inveneris imagines pulchras affabre renovatas. Inter illa habes culinam perfectam, sic dictum Conclave ululae (factum ante annum 1780), conclave bellum [[genus conchatum|generis conchati]], conclave quoddam a Münchhausen nominatum. Hic praesentatur expositio scriptricium Fridae et Margaritae de Bülow; illae pueritiam apud avos in praedio ipso agebant. Aliae diaetae sunt hae: dormitorium (anni 1800 circiter), diaeta [[Biedermeier]], conclave excubitoris in turri. In collectionibus de historia vici [[Neudietendorf]] autem maioris momenti sint haec: artificia quaestuaria (e.g. cerarum sigellariarum Liliendahl, quae fabrica anno 1778 condita fuerat), pharmacopolia, validae potionis officinae nomine "Aromatique", cereofalorum confectio antica. Pars una propria scriptoribus pictoribus editoribus dedicata est: * 400 relicta libri manuscripta auctoris Hermanni Andreae Krüger (1871-1945) * 140 res auctorum Ernesti Püschel (1881-1941) * 70 [[hydrochroma]]ta picturaeque Arthuri Rose (1891-1974) * 150 opera scriptoris Ioannis Hermanni Meissel (1881-1969) Cubiculum peculiare [[Silva Thuringiensis|Silvam Thuringiensem]] et [[isatis|isatidos]] tractationem demonstrare vult. Ibidem invenitur liber exemplariorum fabricae tinctoriae Staude (anni 1853). Ecce aliae res in museo pro visitatoribus productae: * photographemata * manuscripta * pila sigillorum (1830-1940) * sigilla impressa (saeculorum a XV ad XX) * vitae rusticae res cotidianae et machinae Patet visitare aedificia a cella usque ad aream subtegulaneam. In aula quadam offertur locus, ubi homines XXX sedentes spectacula sequi possint. Postquam in Neudietendorf domus societatum, quae dicitur, vendita est, omnes collectiones inde ad Ingersleben transtulerunt. Quo facto spatium museale in Ingersleben valde auctum est. == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == [https://web.archive.org/web/20140408214715/http://www.museumsverband-thueringen.de/museumsverband/museen/museum/heimatmuseum-ingersleben.html De museo in paginis musealibus totius Thuringiae] [[Categoria:Thuringia]] [[Categoria:Musea Germanica|Ingersleben]] k79bwtrw8ald5jss3zltd18l2glodwm 3972496 3972492 2026-07-17T13:05:40Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3972496 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pagina non annexa}} [[Fasciculus:Ingersleben-Heimatmuseum-2.JPG|thumb|Pars musei ad aulam internam spectans]] [[Fasciculus:Thueringen-Ingersleben-Heimatmuseum-5.jpg|thumb|Porta ad stratam Caroli Marx sita.]] [[Fasciculus:Thueringen-Ingersleben-Heimatmuseum-6.JPG|thumb|Culina historica]] [[Fasciculus:Ingersleben Heimatmuseum.JPG|thumb|Ingressus principalis.]] '''Museum historiae regionalis Ingerslebense''' (Theodisce: ''Heimatmuseum Ingersleben'') museum quoddam praeclarum est in Nesse-Apfelstädt, [[Circulus Gotha|Circuli Gotha]] ([[Germania]]e) [[Ingerslebium|Ingerslebii]]<ref name="Kaufmann & Schilling III 2014">Kaufmann, T., & Schilling, J. (Ed.) (2014). ''Epistulae Theologorum ad Melanchthonem et alios directae'' (Vol. III). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.</ref> (in via Caroli Marx nr. 40). Conditum est anno 1970 et invenitur in aedibus praedii prisci magni equestris. == Situs et historia ante usum musealem == Iam saeculo XIV mentio prima facta est de muris assitis cum fossis aquaticis. Quae omnia in possessione erant variarum familiarum nobilium (in quibus dinastiae de Ingerslebio sive de Gleichen). Ioannes de Ziegler [[Erfordia|Erfordiensis]], munere [[isatis|glasti]] negotiator, area comparata aedificium magnum construi iussit. Anno 1622 Otho Henricus de Ziegler, isatidos mercator et ille, addidit non tantum portam perpulchram generis Renati exeuntis sed etiam arcus. Causa fuerunt nuptiae cum Maria de Wangenheim. [[Baro (gradus nobilitatis)|Baro]] Adolphus de Münchhausen occupavit res annis inter 1786 et 1883: cui notus fuit scriptor clarus [[Gustavus Freytag]]. Iste mythistoriam praetitulatam ''Die Ahnen'' Ingerslebii quoque collocat, cum accurate vicum regionem praedium describat.<ref>[http://gutenberg.spiegel.de/buch/3708/37 Descriptio in initio capituli XXXVII]</ref> Postea acquisivit omnia baro Thankmar de Münchhausen, qui fuit [[marescalcus]] ambulans ducis [[Virtembergia|Virtembergiensis]] et insuper aulicus marescalcus dominorum Ducatus [[Saxonia-Meiningen|Saxoniae-Meiningen]]. Omnia empta sunt anno 1883 a Roberto Wagner, institor primae fabricae [[Saccharum (alimentum)|sacchari]] in urbe Straußfurt ([[Circulus Sömmerda]]). Anno 1894 alas magnas aedibus in viridario sitis adiunxit et creavit habitationes claras, ubi hospites multi magnanime accipi poterant. Usque saeculi XIX initium praedium inhabitatum est. Anno 1942 rerum nacti sunt domni Horst et Siegismund von Zakrzewski; qui anno 1946 ab auctoritatibus communisticis spoliati terram relinquere sunt coacti. Annis 1947/48 villae et casae oeconomicae et porta cum ergasterio caseario ablata sunt. Hortorum arbores specierum varietate sat ubera barbare desectae sunt. Insuper territorium viridarii separatum personis plurimis ad propra praedia construenda attributum est. In casis oeconomicis res technicae agriculturalis depositae sunt, quae in publicatis areis usurparentur. == Usus musealis == Feliciter aedes praedii antiquae restabant, cum politici nonnulli communistae istas quoque relegari vellent. Aedes inde ab anno 1979 museo historiae regionalis serviebant. Nostris temporibus agitur de museo maximi momenti inter omnes vicos oppidi amplioris uniti Nesse-Apfelstädt. == Res demonstrandae intrinsecus == In conclavium plurimorum parietibus lacunaribusque inveneris imagines pulchras affabre renovatas. Inter illa habes culinam perfectam, sic dictum Conclave ululae (factum ante annum 1780), conclave bellum [[genus conchatum|generis conchati]], conclave quoddam a Münchhausen nominatum. Hic praesentatur expositio scriptricium Fridae et Margaritae de Bülow; illae pueritiam apud avos in praedio ipso agebant. Aliae diaetae sunt hae: dormitorium (anni 1800 circiter), diaeta [[Biedermeier]], conclave excubitoris in turri. In collectionibus de historia vici [[Neudietendorf]] autem maioris momenti sint haec: artificia quaestuaria (e.g. cerarum sigellariarum Liliendahl, quae fabrica anno 1778 condita fuerat), pharmacopolia, validae potionis officinae nomine "Aromatique", cereofalorum confectio antica. Pars una propria scriptoribus pictoribus editoribus dedicata est: * 400 relicta libri manuscripta auctoris Hermanni Andreae Krüger (1871-1945) * 140 res auctorum Ernesti Püschel (1881-1941) * 70 [[hydrochroma]]ta picturaeque Arthuri Rose (1891-1974) * 150 opera scriptoris Ioannis Hermanni Meissel (1881-1969) Cubiculum peculiare [[Silva Thuringiensis|Silvam Thuringiensem]] et [[isatis|isatidos]] tractationem demonstrare vult. Ibidem invenitur liber exemplariorum fabricae tinctoriae Staude (anni 1853). Ecce aliae res in museo pro visitatoribus productae: * photographemata * manuscripta * pila sigillorum (1830-1940) * sigilla impressa (saeculorum a XV ad XX) * vitae rusticae res cotidianae et machinae Patet visitare aedificia a cella usque ad aream subtegulaneam. In aula quadam offertur locus, ubi homines XXX sedentes spectacula sequi possint. Postquam in Neudietendorf domus societatum, quae dicitur, vendita est, omnes collectiones inde ad Ingerslebium transtulerunt. Quo facto spatium museale Ingerslebii valde auctum est. == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == [https://web.archive.org/web/20140408214715/http://www.museumsverband-thueringen.de/museumsverband/museen/museum/heimatmuseum-ingersleben.html De museo in paginis musealibus totius Thuringiae] [[Categoria:Thuringia]] [[Categoria:Musea Germanica|Ingerslebium]] 1iemr85rqdljvhuqwjc9pg3lxtjf57g 1 262217 3972494 3176843 2026-07-17T13:02:26Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Disputatio:Museum historiae regionalis (Ingersleben)]] ad [[Disputatio:Museum historiae regionalis (Ingerslebium)]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3176843 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Attributio|eo|Muzeo pri regiona historio (Ingersleben)}} b1zrxogn3fn46txg6bcm7tvowskhm6k 0 265514 3972614 3890369 2026-07-18T09:35:20Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3972614 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Matthaeus''', praenominibus plenis ''Robert Matthew'' '''Festing'''<ref>Nomen Latinum: <small>FR. MATTHAEUS FESTING M. M. H. H.</small> in nummis huius ordinis. [https://www.orderofmalta.int/coins/ Catalogus]</ref> (natus die [[30 Novembris]] [[1949]]; die [[12 Novembris]] [[2021]] mortuus)<ref>"Obituaries" in ''The Eagle'' {Collegium S. Ioannis Cantabrigiensis, 2022)</ref> fuit [[Magnus Magister|magnus magister]] [[ordo Melitensis|ordinis Melitensis]]. Filius est [[Franciscus Festing|Francisci Festing]] militis et Caeciliae Riddell quae e familia Catholicorum recusantium orta est. Matthaeus Festing alumnus est [[Collegium Ampleforth|Collegii Ampleforth]], deinde [[Collegium Sancti Ioannis (Cantabrigia)|collegii S. Ioannis]] apud [[universitas Cantabrigiensis|universitatem Cantabrigiensem]] ubi historiae studuit. In agmine {{Creanda|en|Grenadier Guards|vigiles Granatarii|vigilum Granatariorum}} exercitus Britannici inscriptus est. Ordinis Melitensis seu Hospitalariorum Hierosolymitanorum miles est ab anno [[1977]] (sicut pater), eques iustitiae ab [[1991]]. Prior Britanniae iuxta hunc ordinem anno [[1993]] factus est. Die [[11 Martii]] [[2008]] magnus magister electus est, [[Anglia|Anglorum]] tertius qui hoc officio functi sint, antecessore [[Andreas Bertie|Andrea Bertie]] secundo, primo [[Hugo de Revel|Hugone de Revel]] medio saeculo XIII regente. Iussu papae [[Franciscus (papa)|Francisci]] die [[24 Ianuarii]] [[2017]] dimissionem suam sub oculis papae rescripsit,<ref>{{qc|id=Pentin 'Pope'}}</ref> cardinale [[Raimundus Leo Burke|Raimundo Burke]] ordinis patrono tenacissime dissuadente.<ref>{{qc|id=Tornielli 'Giochi'}}</ref> Quae dimissio die [[28 Ianuarii|28]] [[2017|eiusdem mensis]] rite in conclavi ordinis Melitensis acta est, [[Ludovicus Hoffmann von Rumerstein|Ludovico Hoffmann von Rumerstein]] locum ad interim tenente, [[Albertus de Boeselager|Alberto de Boeselager]] ab officio cancellarii nuper deiecto iussu eiusdem conclavis restituto.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20170202065913/https://www.orderofmalta.int/it/2017/01/28/il-gran-maestro-fra-matthew-festing-si-e-dimesso/ Il Gran Maestro Fra’ Matthew Festing si è dimesso]" (28 Ianuarii 2017) apud Ordinem Melitensem</ref> Melitae in insula denuo habitavit: ibi anno 2021 mortuus est. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == [[Fasciculus:Festing and Boeselager - Flickr - The Official CTBTO Photostream cropped.jpg|thumb|upright=1.75|Photographema anni 2012 Matthaei Festing (ad sinistram) et [[Albertus de Boeselager|Alberti de Boeselager]] quem e munere cancellarii ordinis Melitensis mense Decembri 2016 deiecerit]] * Jörg Bremer, "[http://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/ausland/grossmeister-tritt-zurueck-machtkampf-im-malteserorden-14753751.html Machtkampf im Malteserorden]" in ''[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung|Frankfurter Allgemeine]] Politik'' (25 Ianuarii 2017) * Dan Hitchens, "[http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/issues/march-24th-2017/the-pope-said-i-could-be-re-elected-an-interview-with-fra-matthew-festing/ ‘The Pope said I could be re-elected’: an interview with Fra’ Matthew Festing]" in ''Catholic Herald'' (24 Martii 2017) * Christopher Lamb, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20180329073258/http://www.lastampa.it/2018/03/22/vaticaninsider/eng/world-news/author-of-the-dictator-pope-is-suspended-by-order-of-malta-3X0sAAIuf1uro7GHWJcgiL/pagina.html Author of the “Dictator Pope” is suspended by Order of Malta]" in ''[[La Stampa]]: Vatican Insider'' (22 Martii 2018) * Christopher Lamb, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20170128190252/http://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/6571/0/exclusive-cardinal-burke-and-grand-master-festing-defied-wishes-of-pope-by-sacking-grand-chancellor- Cardinal Burke and Grand Master Festing defied wishes of Pope by sacking Grand Chancellor]" in ''[[The Tablet]]'' (6 Ianuarii 2017) * Christopher Lamb, Christa Pongratz-Lippitt, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20170128105550/http://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/6643/0/grand-master-of-knights-of-malta-caves-in-to-vatican-pressure-and-resigns Grand Master of Knights of Malta caves in to Vatican pressure and resigns]" in ''[[The Tablet]]'' (25 Ianuarii 2017) * Edward Pentin, "[http://www.ncregister.com/daily-news/order-of-malta-holy-see-remain-at-odds-over-inquiry-commission Order of Malta, Holy See Remain at Odds Over Inquiry Commission]" in ''National Catholic Register'' (18 Ianuarii 2017) * {{ec|id=Pentin 'Pope'|c=Edward Pentin, "[http://www.ncregister.com/blog/edward-pentin/pope-francis-declares-all-of-fra-festings-recent-acts-null-and-void Pope Francis Declares All of Festing’s Recent Acts ‘Null and Void’]" in ''National Catholic Register'' (26 Ianuarii 2017)}} * Hannah Roberts, "[https://www.ft.com/content/815e74c4-32ea-11e6-bda0-04585c31b153 Matthew Festing, Grand Master of the Knights of Malta]" in ''[[Financial Times]]: House & Home'' (22 Iunii 2016) * Andrea Tornielli, "[http://www.lastampa.it/2017/01/25/vaticaninsider/ita/vaticano/il-gran-maestro-dellordine-di-malta-si-dimette-ZuelmzspvwGeChhvdNboeI/pagina.html Ordine di Malta, Festing lascia e arriva un delegato papale]{{Nexus deficit|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}" in ''[[La Stampa]]: Vatican Insider'' (25 Ianuarii 2017) [https://web.archive.org/web/20170127114621/http://www.lastampa.it/2017/01/26/multimedia/vaticaninsider/ita/il-gran-maestro-dei-cavalieri-di-malta-stato-defenestrato-dal-papa-nfRf47fjm3zQ2djuinQR6O/pagina.html Eadem res viva voce breviter recitata] * {{ec|id=Tornielli 'Giochi'|c=Andrea Tornielli, "[http://www.lastampa.it/2017/01/26/italia/cronache/giochi-di-potere-e-preservativi-papa-francesco-sfida-i-cavalieri-di-malta-3EChH85lqAfYkxgITOhQaN/pagina.html Giochi di potere e preservativi, papa Francesco sfida i Cavalieri di Malta]" in ''[[La Stampa]]: Vatican Insider'' (26 Ianuarii 2017)}} == Nexus externi == [[Fasciculus:Toth and Festing - Flickr - The Official CTBTO Photostream cropped.jpg|thumb|upright=1.75|[[Tibor Tóth]] (ad dextram partem), politicus internationalis, cum [[Ioannes Petrus Mazery|Ioanne Petro Mazery]], Matthaeo Festing, [[Albertus de Boeselager|Alberto de Boeselager]] ordinis Melitensis optimatibus die [[28 Februarii]] [[2012]] disputans]] * Andrew Cusack, "[http://www.andrewcusack.com/2008/fra-matthew-festing/ Fra’ Matthew Festing]" (11 Martii 2008) * "[https://web.archive.org/web/20170128162511/https://www.orderofmalta.int/2017/01/10/statement-grand-magistry/ Statement of the Grand Magistry]" ordinis Melitensis (10 Ianuarii 2017) * "[https://web.archive.org/web/20170128154711/https://www.orderofmalta.int/2017/01/10/speech-grand-master-fra-matthew-festing-diplomatic-corps-accredited-order-malta/ Speech of H.M.E.H. the Prince and Grand Master Fra’ Matthew Festing to the Diplomatic Corps accredited to the Sovereign Order of Malta]" (10 Ianuarii 2017) * "[https://web.archive.org/web/20170128214357/https://www.orderofmalta.int/2017/01/25/fra-matthew-festing-convenes-sovereign-council-formalise-resignation-office-grand-master/ Fra’ Matthew Festing convenes a Sovereign Council to formalise his resignation from the office of Grand Master] (25 Ianuarii 2017) * "[https://web.archive.org/web/20160725033327/http://www.orderofmalta.org.uk/news_archive.asp?ay=2008 Fra' Matthew Festing Elected Grand Master]" (11 Martii 2008) apud adsociationem Britannicam ordinis Melitensis {{Magistri Ordinis Hospitalariorum}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Festing, Matthaeus}} [[Categoria:Nati 1949]] [[Categoria:Mortui 2021]] [[Categoria:Magistri Ordinis Hospitalariorum]] [[Categoria:Alumni Collegii Ampleforth]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Cantabrigiensis]] [[Categoria:Milites Angliae]] [[Categoria:Franciscus (papa)]] genel32bycvl63p4dq93waa7vtfubq5 0 267726 3972600 3369269 2026-07-18T04:36:04Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3972600 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Maria Angela Holguín Cuéllar''' ([[Bogota]]e nata die [[13 Novembris]] [[1963]]) est legata et politica [[Columbia]]e. Bogotae et breve temporis spatium [[Lutetia]]e educata, Maria Angela Holguín alumna est [[universitas Andina (Bogota)|universitatis Andinae]] in urbe natali, ubi scientiae politicae studuit, atque [[Scholae Studiorum Superiorum Internationalium Politicorumque Parisienses|instituti Studiorum Diplomaticorum et Strategicorum]] Parisiensis. Legata postea operam dedit apud ministerium rerum externarum Columbianum, ubi ministra vicaria ab anno 1994 usque in 1998 fuit, praeside [[Ernestus Samper|Ernesto Samper]]; quo officio apud congressum [[Motus civitatum neutralium]] [[Carthago Indiarum|Carthagine Indiarum]] anno [[1995]] hospes participavit. Legata pro patria iuxta [[Venetiola]]m ab anno [[2002]], iuxta [[Nationes Unitae|Nationes Unitas]] annis [[2004]] et [[2005]], deinde apud {{Creanda|es|Corporación Andina de Fomento|corporatio evolutionis Andina|corporationem evolutionis Andinam}} et {{Creanda|en|Development Bank of Latin America|argentaria evolutionis Latinoamericana|argentariam evolutionis Latinoamericanam}} meruit. Suadente [[Ioannes Manuel Santos|Ioanne Manuele Santos]] praeside nuper electo, cui iam in itinere ad [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanniam]] et [[Germania]]m adfuerat, ministra rerum externarum die [[7 Augusti]] [[2010]] creata est. == Bibliographia == [[Fasciculus:Cancilleres de Perú y Colombia se reúnen en Lima cropped.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Maria Angela Holguín (ad sinistram) et [[Gundisalvus Gutiérrez Reinel]] minister rerum externarum Peruvianus anno 2014 colloquentes]] * "[http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-4026449 María Ángela Holguín, la Canciller]" in ''El Tiempo'' (25 Iunii 2010) == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|María Ángela Holguín|Mariam Angelam Holguín}} * "[http://lasillavacia.com/quienesquien/perfilquien/maria-angela-holguin-cuellar María Ángela Holguín Cuéllar]" apud ''La Silla Vacía'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161013112657/http://wsp.presidencia.gov.co/En/Government/Ministers/Paginas/ForeignerAffairs.aspx Vita] apud situm praesidii Columbiani {{Ministri rerum externarum Columbiani}} {{Lifetime|1963||Holguin Cuellar, Maria Angela}} [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Andinae (Bogota)]] [[Categoria:Politici Columbiae]] [[Categoria:Legati Columbiae]] [[Categoria:Alumni Instituti Studiorum Diplomaticorum et Strategicorum (Lutetia)]] pdg22knsva71ul0yzjyrwpfyete7qsz 0 268251 3972551 3848200 2026-07-17T17:02:10Z Bartholomite 116968 /* Nexus externi */ 3972551 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Jules Léotard2.jpg|thumb|Iulius Léotard.]] '''Iulius Léotard''' (natus ''Jules Léotard'' [[Tolosa]]e [[1 Martii]] [[1838]]; ibidem mortuus [[17 Augusti]] [[1870]]) fuit [[acrobatica|actor acrobaticus]] et aerialista [[Francia|Francicus]] qui [[ars|artem]] [[Trapezium (circus)|trapezii]] excogitavit et evolvit. Eius [[vestis]] usitata, ''[[leotard]]'' [[eponymum|nomine eponymo]] appellata, [[artifex|artificibus]] [[gymnastica|gymnasticis]] gratissima facta est. [[Iurisprudentia]]e [[iuventus|iuvenis]] studuit ut [[causidicus]] facta esset,<ref>McPherson [https://books.google.com/books?id=zw4CBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT124 2011:124.]</ref> sed se [[actor]]em cum [[Cirque Napoleon]] consociavit.<ref>Cullen, Hackman, et McNeilly [https://books.google.com/books?id=XFnfnKg6BcAC&pg=PA10 2006:20.]</ref> Ex anno [[1867]], "[[The Daring Young Man on the Flying Trapeze]]" commemoratur, in [[carmen|carmine]] a [[Georgius Leybourne|Georgio Leybourne]] primum canto. ==Notae== <references/> ==References== *Diamond, Michael. [[2003]]. ''Victorian Sensation.'' Anthem Press ISBN 184331150X. *Cullen, Frank, Florence Hackman, et Donald McNeilly. [[2006]]. ''Vaudeville old & new: an encyclopedia of variety performances in America.'' Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415938532. *McPherson, Douglas. [[2011]]. ''Circus Mania!'' Peter Owen Publishers. ISBN 9780720613865. ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Jules Léotard|Iulium Léotard}} *Victoria and Albert Museum. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110109005807/http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/theatre_performance/features/history_of_circus/circus_performers/jules_leotard/index.html Jules Leotard.] ''Theatre and Performance.'' {{DEFAULTSORT:Leotard, Jules}} [[Categoria:Nati 1838]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1870]] [[Categoria:Ars acroamatica]] [[Categoria:Ars actionis]] [[Categoria:Gymnastica]] [[Categoria:Sollertiae circi]]<!-- [[Category:People from Toulouse]] [[Category:Music hall performers]] [[Category:Infectious disease deaths in France]]--> ovxghyo1mk9oogg7hvguzbgobkixoga 0 270438 3972581 3339859 2026-07-17T21:10:25Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3972581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{cautio}} {{multiple image | direction=vertical | width = 200 | image1 = MDMA (simple).svg | image2 = MDMA molecule from xtal ball.png | footer = MDMA }} :''Ne confundas cum [[MDA]], [[MDEA]] seu [[MDNA]].'' '''MDMA''' sive '''3,4-methylendioxy-N-metamphetaminum''' sive vulgo '''ecstasis''' est [[Psychotropicum|substantia psychotropica]] saepe [[droga recreativa]] adhibita. Effectus desiderati sunt [[empathia]] et [[euphoria]]<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Meyer JS |title=3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): current perspectives |journal=Subst Abuse Rehabil |year=2013 |volume=4 |pages=83-99 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3931692/}}</ref>. Per os consumptum, effectus MDMA post 30-45 min incipiant, 3-6 horae manentes. Effectus adversi sunt dependentia, perturbationes [[memoria]]e, [[paranoia]], [[insomnia]], [[tachycardia]]. [[Depressio (psychiatria)|Depressio]] et [[fatigatio (symptoma)|fatigatio]] quoque constare possunt. == Synonyma == Synonyma sunt '''Adam''', '''E''' (MDMA [[crystallum|crystalli]]) sive '''vitamina E''', '''Mandy''', '''Molly'''<ref>[[La Stampa]] (2013): [https://web.archive.org/web/20171031072319/http://www.lastampa.it/2013/09/04/esteri/molly-la-nuova-droga-dei-teenagers-uDJKSOQEdQV2oPnWIriDBP/pagina.html Molly droga iuventutis nova]. {{Ling|Italice}}</ref> ([[pulvis]]), '''X''' sive '''vitamina X''', velut '''XTC'''. [[Fasciculus:Mydriase prononcée 2006.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Mydriasis]] est effectus MDMA, [[pupilla]]e maxime dilatatae sunt.]] == Symptomata == Periculosa sunt hyperthermia (40-42°C, 104°-107°F) et dehydratatio. Alii effectus sunt [[insomnia]], [[mydriasis]], transpiratio augmenta, affectus inquietus. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Holland, Julie (2001). ''Ecstasy: the complete guide, A Comprehensive Look at the Risks and Benefits of MDMA.'' Park Street Press. ISBN 0-89281-857-3. {{NexInt}} * [[Conventum gentium de opio]] * [[Methamphetaminum]] == Nexus externi == * Centrum Erowidii: [https://web.archive.org/web/20171017180458/https://www.ecstasydata.org/ analysis sui potens pillularum] (Pagina complures pillularum imagines ostendit). {{Ling|Anglice}} * Salta secure: [https://dancesafe.org/drug-information/ecstasy-slideshow/ immo cerebrum tuum sub MDMA casurum!] (de neurochemia) {{Ling|Anglice}} {{chem-stipula}} {{med-stipula}} [[Categoria:Psychotropica]] h4zo2zbb8pw8o3ey86t073qheqa97o5 0 270911 3972569 3926001 2026-07-17T20:09:09Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3972569 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Republican denarius - C. Licinius L.f. Macer.jpg|thumb|[[Denarius]] a Gaio Licinio Macro circa 84 a.C.n. signatus. Ex una parte [[Herma]] Apollinis Veiovis fulmen vibrantis, ex altera [[Minerva]] [[Quadrigae|quadrigis]] vecta et telum vibrans cum titulo : C.LICINIVS.L.F.MACER]] '''Gaius Licinius Macer''' (mortuus [[66 a.C.n.]]) fuit [[Senatus Romanus|senator Romanus]] [[Populares|popularis factionis]], orator et rerum gestarum scriptor. Anno 66 a.C.n. cum repetundarum damnaretur, mortem sibi ipse conscivit. ==De gente== Nobili et [[Plebs|plebeia]] [[Gens Licinia|gente Liciniorum]] ortus Gaius Licinius Macer, Lucii filius, erat pater [[Gaius Licinius Macer Calvus|Licinii Calvi]], oratoris et poetae illustris. ==De cursu honorum== * Circa 84 a.C.n. [[triumvir monetalis]] [[Denarius|denarium]]<ref>Babelon, Licinia 16. Crawford 354/1.</ref> signavit : Caput Apollinis Veiovis fulmen vibrantis / [[Minerva]] [[Quadrigae|quadrigis]] vecta et cum titulo C.LICINIVS.L.F.MACER. *73 a.C.n. [[tribunus plebis]] operam dabat ut [[Sulla|Sullanae]] leges rescinderentur adeo ut [[Sallustius]] ''Historiis'' suis<ref>III.34.</ref> orationem a sese rescriptam sub eius nomine inseruerit, de vi tribunicia pleno iure restituenda ad plebem habitam, qua Licinius Macer egentibus suadebat ut militiam recusarent. Circa idem tempus orationem ''Pro Tuscis'' habuit quam grammaticus [[Priscianus Caesariensis|Priscianus]] adhuc legebat et excerpebat ; in qua oratione Tuscos adversus colonos [[Sulla|Sullanos]] qui eorum agros occupaverant fortasse defendebat : insuper apud iudices Gaium Rabirium<ref>[[Cicero|Cic]]., ''Pro Rab''. 7.</ref> accusavit quod tribunum plebis [[Lucius Appuleius Saturninus|Saturninum]], Gai Mari fautorem, 100 a.C.n. occidisset (reus absolutus est). *68 a.C.n. (?) [[Praetor]]. Post praeturam in nescioquam provinciam pro praetore missus est ubi improbe rem gessit. Certe repetundarum accusatus est. *66 a.C.n., quamquam a [[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Crasso]] patrono adiutus erat, iudices ad unum, praesidente tum [[Cicero|Cicerone]] praetore, damnationis tabellam in urnam coniecerunt. Eodem die morte voluntaria vitam finivit<ref>Sic quidem [[Valerius Maximus]]. Nam [[Plutarchus]] nihil aliud scribebat nisi Licinium, renuntiata sibi damnatione, domum revertisse atque mortuum esse.</ref>. ==De arte oratoria== Praeter specimen orationis a Sallustio nobis relictum libet Ciceronis iudicium referre qui mores quidem Licinii Macri vituperabat (eo magis quo popularis erat) sed eloquentiam non omnino aspernabatur : ''C. Macer auctoritate semper eguit, sed fuit patronus propemodum diligentissimus. huius si vita, si mores, si voltus denique non omnem commendationem ingeni everteret, maius nomen in patronis fuisset. non erat abundans, non inops tamen; non valde nitens, non plane horrida oratio; vox gestus et omnis actio sine lepore; at in inveniendis componendisque rebus mira accuratio, ut non facile in ullo diligentiorem maioremque cognoverim, sed eam ut citius veteratoriam quam oratoriam diceres. hic etsi etiam in publicis causis probabatur, tamen in privatis inlustriorem obtinebat locum.''<ref>''[[Brutus (Cicero)|Brutus]]'' 238</ref> ==De Annalibus== Licinius Macer ''Annales'' ab Urbe condita composuit e quibus septem tantum paucorum verborum excerpta a [[Grammatica|grammaticis]] [[Nonius Marcellus|Nonio Marcello]] et [[Priscianus Caesariensis|Prisciano]] servata nobis sunt ; nihilominus quid de nonnullis rebus scripsisset per historicos posteriores nonnumquam comperimus : exempli gratia sexiens a [[Dionysius Halicarnasseus|Dionysio Halicarnassensi]], septiens a [[Titus Livius|Tito Livio]] memoratur. Quia autem in prima decade tantum Titi Livii, nusquam in tertia nominatur, et fragmentum recentissimum ad [[Pyrrhus Epirotes|Pyrrhum]] regem pertinere videtur, prima saecula Reipublicae Romanae modo narrasse vulgo existimatur, ultra tertium saeculum medium non progressus, sive quia ab initio ita decreverat, sive quia morte praeventus est ne opus perageret. Multa quidem quae ad nos pervenerunt ad [[Romulus|Romuli]] gesta pertinent et Licinius Macer ad antiquaria studia pronior fuisse videtur. ===De fontibus=== Ex historicis anterioribus Gnaeum Gellium in primis secutus esse videtur ; simul enim saepe memorantur et eandem traditionem rettulisse dicuntur. Sed vetustissimis scriptis publicis primus ad chronologiam historicam usus esse refertur Licinius, scilicet foedere [[Ardea (Italia)|Ardeatino]]<ref>[[Titus Livius]] IV.7.</ref> (444 a.C.n.) et ''libris linteis'' qui in [[Linum usitatissimum|lino]] exarati antiquissimi [[Fasti|fasti magistratuum]] in templo [[Iuno|Iunonis Monetae]] servati fuisse dicuntur<ref>[[Titus Livius]] IV.7 et 20 et 23. Fortasse in illos libros incidit tum cum ''triumvir monetalis'' erat ?</ref>. De fide illorum librorum linteorum varie aestimatum est et ab antiquis et a modernis auctoribus (nonnulli ab ipso Licinio Macro confictos credidere). ===De fide historica=== De fide illorum annalium hodie opinari difficile est quia auctores antiqui fontes plerumque nominabant cum inter se discrepant vel cum diversam opininionem sequi ipsi malunt, ne ignorasse non omnes idem narrare videantur. Ita quodam loco<ref>VII.9 : ''laus propriae familiae''.</ref> Titus Livius Licinium suspicatur veritatem adulterasse ut maiores partes in historia Liciniorum genti addiceret. Item [[Dionysius Halicarnasseus]] eum bis<ref>''[[Antiquitates Romanae (Dionysius Halicarnassensis)|Ant. Rom.]]'' VI.2 et VII.1</ref> chronologicae negligentiae arguit. At tertio et quarto saeculo illi annales adhuc legebantur a [[Censorinus|Censorino]] et [[Macrobius|Macrobio]] et auctore ignoto [[Origo gentis Romanae|Originis gentis Romanae]]... Et inter annalium scriptores Quintus Aelius Tubero multa e Licinio et linteis libris sumpsisse videtur. Contra Cicero magna severitate de illis annalibus iudicabat, sed in loco maxime corrupto<ref>''De leg''. I.7.</ref>. ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references /></div> ==Fontes== *[[Censorinus]], ''de Die natali'' 20. *[[Cicero]], ''[[Brutus (Cicero)|Brutus]]'' 238 ** libro primo ''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Epistularum ad Atticum]]'' ep.4. **''Pro Rabirio Perduellionis Reo'' 7 ** libro primo ''[[De legibus (Cicero)|De legibus]]'' 7. *[[Dionysius Halicarnassensis]], libro secundo ''[[Antiquitates Romanae (Dionysius Halicarnassensis)|Antiquitatum Romanarum]]'' 52 et libro quarto 6 et libro quinto 47, 74 et libro sexto 11 et libro septimo cap. 1. * [[Macrobius]] libro primo ''[[Saturnalia (Macrobius)|Saturnaliorum]]'' 10(17) et 13(20) * [[Origo gentis Romanae]] 1, 19, 23 *[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Ciceronis (Plutarchus)|Cicero]]'' IX. *[[Sallustius]], ''Historiae'' III.34 (oratio Macri tr. pl. ad plebem) *[[Titus Livius]], libro quarto ''[[Ab urbe condita libri|Ab Urbe condita]]'' cap. 7, 20, 23 et libro septimo cap. 9 necnon libro nono cap. 38, 46 et libro decimo cap. 9. * [[Valerius Maximus]] libro nono ''Factorum dictorumque memorabilium'', capite duodecimo, exemplum septimum. == Plura legere si cupis == * Henricus Bardon: ''La Littérature latine inconnue. Tome I, l'époque républicaine''. Paris, Klincksieck, 1952 * Hans Beck, Uwe Walter, ''Die frühen römischen Historiker''. Tomus 2. ''Von Coelius Antipater bis Pomponius Atticus''. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 2004 : 314-345. ISBN 3-534-14758-8 [http://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2005_num_74_1_2584_t2_0336_0000_2?q=licinius%20macer Recensio critica Iacobi Poucet] * Martina Chassignet: ''L’Annalistique Romaine''. Tomus 3. ''L’Annalistique Récente. L’Autobiographie Politique (Fragments)''. Les Belles Lettres, Paris 2004, ISBN 2-251-01435-7. * T. J. Cornell et alii, ''The Fragments of the Roman Historians.'' Oxford University Press, Oxford 2013, 3 vol. : [https://books.google.fr/books?id=U38fAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA320&lpg=PA320&dq=hodgkinson+macer&source=bl&ots=uyCr3ZhEP7&sig=4Ac2PInQsLEEfDt5VTCCAgJQLE0&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiCnOuIu-HXAhWElxoKHRM8BuoQ6AEIQDAD#v=onepage&q=hodgkinson%20macer&f=false 27]. [http://research.ncl.ac.uk/histos/documents/2015RD04ChassignetonFRHist.pdf Recensio critica] *BW Frier, '[https://www.jstor.org/stable/283935 Licinius Macer and the Consules Suffecti of 444 B. C.]', ''Transactions of the American Philological Association'' 1975(105) : 79-97. *Alan Griffiths, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44254133 Where did early roman history comae from?]", ''Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies'', Ancient History Issue, 2013: 79-87 *Michael Hodgkinson, 'John Malalas, Licinius Macer and the History of Rome', ''Histos'' 1997 : 85-92 [http://research.ncl.ac.uk/histos/documents/1997.07HodgkinsonMalalasLiciniusMacer8592.pdf] *Gulielmus Kierdorf, ''Römische Geschichtsschreibung der republikanischen Zeit'', Heidelberg : Winter, 2003. [http://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2005_num_74_1_2584_t2_0334_0000_2?q=licinius%20macer Recensio critica] *Hermann Liebaldt, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=Di_gAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''C. Licinius Macer''], Naumburgi: Littfas, 1848 [Latine] * Enrica Malcovati, ''Oratorum Romanorum fragmenta liberae rei publicae'', 1955 (secunda editio). *R.M. Ogilvie, '[https://www.jstor.org/stable/298211 Licinius Macer and the Libri Lintei]', Journal of roman studies, 1958 : 40-46. *M. Pani, "Libertas e il discorso delle genti: una lettura del discorso di Licino Macro nelle Historiae di Sallustio", in ''Studi in onore di Francesco Grelle'' (curantibus M. Silvestrini, T. Spagnuolo Vigorita, G. Volpe), Bari Edipuglia, 2006 : 193-198 * Hermann Peter, ''Historicorum Romanorum reliquiae''. Tomus 1, 1914 (Recusum 1967). * Siri Walt, ''Der Historiker C. Licinius Macer. Einleitung, Fragmente, Kommentar''. Teubner, Stuttgart 1997, ISBN 3-519-07652-7. [http://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1999_num_68_1_1355_t1_0400_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://books.google.fr/books?id=iuwm8u1kPMYC&pg=PP3&hl=fr&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false Guglum librorum] {{DEFAULTSORT:Licinius Macer, Gaius}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 2 aut 1 a.C.n.|66 a.C.n.|Licinius Macer, Gaius}} [[Categoria:Gens Licinia|Macer, Gaius]] [[Categoria:Tribuni plebis]] [[Categoria:Populares (Roma antiqua)]] [[Categoria:Historici Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae antiquae]] [[Categoria:Homines qui sibi mortem consciverunt]] [[Categoria:Triumviri monetales]] h9ujtuy5mss096a13jo2iu65rhsegit 0 271083 3972491 3972470 2026-07-17T12:59:31Z IacobusAmor 1163 /* Vita */ Bauci = casus locativus.+ "merdianum" (!) 3972491 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} {{res|Ioannes Michael Maitzen}} (natus die [[28 Martii]] [[1943]] [[Graecium|Graecii]], mortuus die [[14 Iulii]] [[2026]] [[Vindobona]]e<ref>[https://ikue.org/in-memoriam/ "In memoriam"] – apud: ''ikue.org''</ref>) fuit [[austria|Austriacus]] astronomus et praeses [[Foederatio Esperantica Austriaca |Foederationis Esperanticae Austriacae]]. ==Vita== {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Absolutorium|Absolutorio|en|qid=Q481048}} in [[gymnasium|gymnasio]] [[humanismus|humanistico]] anno [[1961]] recepto, [[astronomia]]e, [[mathematica]]e, [[physica]]e in [[universitas Graecensis|universitate Graecensi]] studuit. Anno [[1967]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|doctoratus|doctoratu|en|qid=Q849697}} laureatus est. Tempore studiorum in instituto astronomicorum universitario iam assistebat. Postea [[Baucum (Germania)|Bauci]] annis ab [[1969]] ad [[1976]] laborabat. Annis autem ab [[1976]] ad [[1985]] fuit assistens scientificus in instituto astronomicorum universitario [[Vindobona]]e. Anno [[1986]], instituti dicti consultorem principem proclamaverunt;{{dubsig}}<!--qui erant?--> in [[Europa]] apud [[observatorium]] meridianum [[Europa]]eum astronomos Austriacos inde ab anno [[1986]] repraesentavit. Veniam docendi universitariam mense Martio [[1980]] est nactus. Mense martio [[1989]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|professor universitarius extraordinarius||nl|qid=Q32391314}} a [[Curtius Waldheim|Curtio Waldheim]], reipublicae praeside, factus est. == De rebus scientificis et linguisticis == Maitzen luminum colandorum rationem excogitavit quae iuvit [[stella]]s magneticas chemice separatas invenire. Nam in luce talium stellarum, apud undas longitudine 520 [[metrum|nanometrorum]], lacunae typicae deteguntur. Maitzen fuit professor apud Scientiarum Academiam Internationalem (AIS) [[Civitas Sancti Marini|Civitatis Sancti Marini]], ubi saepe {{Verba obscura|in sessionibus studiosis symbola afferebat.}} Talis academia ab [[Universalis Societas Esperantica|Universali Societate Esperantica]] instituta erat. Annos plures in eius praesidio fuit, denique anno [[2012]] eam ducere coēpit. Annis inter [[1968]] et [[1969]] [[Associatio iuventutis Esperanticae internationalis|Associationi iuventutis Esperanticae internationali]] praefuit. In congressibus esperantistarum universalibus parandis pluriens participavit. Res Esperanticas Vindobonae optime disponebat; anno [[1987]], quum [[lingua Esperantica]] iubilaeum centum annorum celebravit, symposium scientificum moderatus est. Anno [[2001]] seminarium in Anno linguarum Europaeo initiavit. In editione altera glossarii PIV (Plena Ilustrita Vortaro) auxilium dabat pretiosum. Inde ab anno [[2012]] in officio [[nationes Unitae|Nationum Unitarum]] Vindobonensi argumenta Universalis Societatis Esperanticae (UEA) proposuit explicavitque. Anno [[2013]] UEA diploma de optimis rebus pro Esperantico gestis ei dedit.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161212202323/http://www.liberafolio.org/2013/uea-diplomis-12-elstarajn-agantojn Nuntius de praemio attributo in periodico [[Liberum Folium|Libero Folio]]]</ref> Saepe cum [[celsus Wandel|Celso Wandel]] orationes scientificas in conventibus Esperanticis habuit. == Notae == <references/> ==Nexus externi== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305023130/http://aleph.onb.ac.at/F/XEKPFR36NXHHREP28RHx9JRSE3H5XQLML4GUVQM1Y4FE3CY4GG-01399?func=find-b&request=maitzen&find_code=WRD&x=15&y=11 Opera de Maitzen et a Maitzen scripta in catalogo Vindobonensi de linguis constructis] * [http://sciencev1.orf.at/maitzen/biomaitzen.html Biographiuncula] {{Anni vitae|1943|2026|Maitzen, Ioannes}} [[Categoria:Esperantistae]] [[Categoria:Eruditi Austriae]] [[Categoria:Astronomi]] [[Categoria:Physici]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Graecensis]] 822a8kg02rdr8ccd4u1x3ijqvli3fm9 0 285605 3972599 3767098 2026-07-18T04:18:14Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3972599 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Shuihu.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Exemplum [[mythistoria]]e.]] '''''Margo Aquae''''' ([[Mandarinice]] 水滸傳; [[pinyin]] ''Shuǐhǔ Zhuàn'')<ref>Titulo etiam ''Proscripti Paludinis,'' ''Fabula Paludinum,'' ''Omnes Viri Sunt Fratres,'' ''Homines Paludinum,'' et ''Paludines Montis Liang'' a variis [[interpres|interpretibus]] converso.</ref> est [[mythistoria]] [[Sina|Sinica]] [[saeculum 14|saeculi quarti decimi]] quae [[Shi Nai'an]] (施耐庵), [[scriptor]]i aliter ignoto, tribuitur, saepe cum Luo Guangzhong (羅貫中), [[auctor]]i ''[[Fabula amatoria trium regnorum|fabulae amatoriae trium regnorum]],'' et adeo Shi Hui (施惠) et Guo Xun (郭勛). Mythistoria, una ex [[quattuor magnae mythistoriae classicae|quattuor magnis mythistoriis classicis]] [[litterae Sinarum|litterarum Sinarum]] habita, in [[lingua Sinica vernacularis scripta|lingua Sinica vernacula scripta]], non in [[lingua Sinica classica]], [[compositio|componitur]].<ref name="Wu Vernacular Fiction">Wu 2001: 627–29.</ref> [[Fabula]], quae tempore [[domus Song|domús Song]] fit, [[historia]]m [[narratio|enarrat]] proscriptorum centum et octo qui ad [[Mons Liang|Montem Liang]] (vel ad Paludem Liangshan) conveniunt ad [[exercitus|exercitum]] constituendam antequam [[rectio]] eis veniam et impunitatem dat ut invasoribus externis resistant copiasque rebellium comprimant. [[Lectio|Lectoribus]] dedit multas e notissimis [[persona|personis]] [[litterae Sinarum|litterarum Sinarum]], sicut [[Wu Song]], [[Lin Chong]], et [[Lu Zhishen]]. ==Origo historica== [[Fasciculus:Shuihuzhuan (Chinese characters).svg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|[[Titulus]] mythistoriae [[character Sinicus|litteris Sinicis]] [[litterae Sinicae traditionales|traditionalibus]] (summa) et [[litterae Sinicae simplificatae|simplificatis]] (ima) scriptus.]] [[Fasciculus:Lu Zhishen Water Margin 2.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Pictura]] muralis [[Lu Zhishen]] [[arbor]]em [[radix|radicitus]] tollentem pingit, scaenam in mythistoria [[saeculum 19|saeculo undevicensimo]] evocans.]] [[Fasciculus:Shuihu5.PNG|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Adumbratio]] [[ludus]] ''[[cuju]]'' in editione mythistoriae [[saeculum 15|saeculo quinto decimo]] impressa.]] [[Fasciculus:Suikoden.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Yang Lin]], [[heros]] in mythistoria, ex serie [[lignum|lignearum]] [[artifex|artificis]] [[Utagawa Kuniyoshi]] [[impressio]]nibus, quae centum et octo Suikoden pingit.]] [[Fasciculus:Shuihu7.PNG|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Imago]] in editione lignea saeculo quinto decimo edita.]] Mythistoria in rebus gestis cuiusdam proscripti Song Jiang et eius comitum centum et octo condita est, quorum triginta sex [[spiritus]] [[caelum|caelestes]] et septuaginta duo [[daemon]]es [[terra|terrestres]] appellantur. Qui [[grex]] in [[regio]]ne Huainan operabatur, sed se rectioni Song anno [[1121]] tradidit, ut commemorat [[liber]] ''Historia Song,'' textus [[historia|historicus]], qui refutari non potest. ''Song Jiang,'' [[nomen proprium]], etiam in [[biographia]] [[imperator Huizong Song|imperatoris Huizong Song]] citatur; praeterea, biographia Zhang Shuye praefecti facinora Song Jiang aliorumque proscriptorum describit, atque eos a dicto Zhang victos renuntiat.<ref>Toktoghan et al., ''History of Song,'' vol. 353, "Biography of Zhang Shuye."</ref> Unus e praecursoribus ''Marginis Aquae'' fuit ''Eventus veteres aevo Xuanhe magnae domús Song'' (大宋宣和遺事), [[liber]] qui medio [[saeculum 13|saeculo tredecimo]] apparuit. [[Textus]] e conscriptá [[fabula]]rum congerie constat, quae in opinabilibus eventibus historicis conditur. In decem capitibus dividitur, quae historiam domús Song a [[saeculum 11|saeculo undecimo]] ineunte ad regnum Song Meridianum anno [[1127]] constitutum referunt. {{NexInt}} *[[Litterae Sinarum]] *''[[Margo Aquae (pellicula)|Margo Aquae]]'' ([[pellicula]], [[1972]]) ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Andreozzi, Alfonso. (1883) [[1985]]. ''Il dente di Buddha, racconto estratto dalla Storia delle Spiagge e letteralmente tradotto dal cinese.'' Florentiae: Dotti. *Dent-Young, John. [[1995]]. "Translating Chinese Fiction: The Shui Hu Zhuan." In ''An Encyclopedia of Translation: Chinese-English, English-Chinese,'' ed. Sin-Wai Chan et David Pollard, 249–261. Hongcongi: Chinese University Press. [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=4fWf1WlCStcC&oi=fnd&pg=PA249&dq=Shuihuzhuan&ots=39Yx7UDoF_&sig=xvEYkVGeS4dQYtmPTiGQMyRpQOA#v=onepage&q=Shuihuzhuan&f=false Editio interretialis.] *Ge, Liangyan. [[2001]]. ''Out of the Margins: The Rise of Chinese Vernacular Fiction.'' Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. [https://books.google.com/books?id=zlCZrLCl6UEC&pg=PA225&lpg=PA225&dq=shi+nai%27an&source=bl&ots=CQQJGkd3B0&sig=ACfU3U04yPTjZBwKOYyipn6UqzVoCkJxxw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj34LPzx4nmAhUGPK0KHcFIBQQ4HhDoATAHegQIChAB#v=onepage&q=shi%20nai'an&f=false Google Books.] *Hsia, C. T. (1968) [[1996]]. "The Water Margin." In ''The Classic Chinese Novel: A Critical Introduction,'' ed. C. T. Hsia, 75–114. Ithacae Novi Eboraci: Cornell University Press. * Lévy, André, ed. (1994) [[2000]]. ''Dictionnaire de littérature chinoise.'' Ed. secunda. Lutetiae: Presses universitaires de France. Coll. «Quadrige». ISBN 978-2-13-050438-2. *Li, Wai-Yee. [[2001]]. "Full-Length Vernacular Fiction." In ''The Columbia History of Chinese Literature,'' ed. Victor Mair, 326–332. Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press. *Mair, Victor H., Sanping Chen, et Frances Wood. [[2013]]. ''Chinese Lives: The People Who Made a Civilization.'' Londinii: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0500771472. *Shi, Nai'an, et Luo Guanzhong. [[1981]]. ''Outlaws of the Marsh,'' conv. Sidney Shapiro. 4 vol. Pecini et Bloomington: Foreign Languages Press et Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-12574-X. *Shi, Nai'an, et Luo Guanzhong. [[1994]]–[[2002]]. ''The Marshes of Mount Liang: A New Translation of the Shuihu Zhuan or Water Margin of Shi Naian and Luo Guanzhong,'' conv. John Dent-Young et Alex Dent-Young. 5 vol. Hongcongi: Chinese University Press. ISBN 978-962-201-602-6 (vol. 1), ISBN 978-962-201-751-1 (vol. 2), ISBN 978-962-201-847-1 (vol. 3), ISBN 978-962-201-989-8 (vol. 4), ISBN 978-962-201-990-4 (vol. 5). *Shi, Nai'an. [[1998]][. 水滸伝, conv. Yoshikawa Kojiro et Shimizu Shigeru. Tocii: Iwanami Shoten *Shirane, Haruo, et James Brandon. [[2002]]. ''Early Modern Japanese Literature: An Anthology, 1600–1900.'' Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-10990-3. *Shui-Hu-Zhuan. [[1983]]. ''Au Bord De L'eau.'' e vol. Bibliotheque De La Pleiade, Lutetiae: Gallimard. ISBN 2-07-010910-0 (vol. 1), ISBN 2-07-010911-9 (vol. 2). *Wu, Yenna. [[2001]]. "Full-Length Vernacular Fiction." In ''The Columbia History of Chinese Literature,'' ed. Victor Mair, 627–29. Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press. ==Nexus externi==<!-- {{wikisourcelang|zh|水滸傳}}--> {{CommuniaCat|Water Margin|''Marginem Aquae''}} *Donoghue, Steve. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170609011348/http://www.openlettersmonthly.com/book-review-the-water-margin/ "Book Review: ''The Water Margin.''"] ''Open Letters Monthly.'' *Miyamoto, Yoko. [[2011]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201128200627/http://www.demystifyingconfucianism.info/water-margin ''Water Margin: Chinese Robin Hood and His Bandits.''] *[http://www.poisonpie.com/words/others/somewhat/outlaws/index.html "''Outlaws of the Marsh'': A Somewhat Less Than Critical Commentary."] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20191206062635/https://chinesenotes.com/shuihuzhuan.html ''Outlaws of the Marsh.''] Textus Sinicus, dictionario Sinico-Anglico interpolato. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120205234256/http://gb2.chinabroadcast.cn/1015/2002-9-24/99@96216.htm De tribus editionibus maioribus.] *[http://homepage3.nifty.com/suikosai/dankin_dir/dankin_28.htm "Nicknames of the 108 heroes."] *[http://www.suikoden.com "Stylized illustrations of the 108 heroes."] [[Categoria:Litterae Sinicae]] [[Categoria:Mythistoriae]] [[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 14]] [[Categoria:Sericae scripta]]<!-- [[Category:Water Margin| ]] [[Category:Chinese novels adapted into films]] [[Category:14th-century Chinese novels]] [[Category:Chinese novels adapted into television series]] [[Category:Ming dynasty novels]] [[Category:Novels adapted into comics]] [[Category:Novels adapted into video games]] [[Category:Novels set in the Northern Song]]--> {{Myrias|Ars}} 7ztl9jevvgrwkpzck8m5o1ap2f6qtq5 0 286324 3972594 3879131 2026-07-18T00:42:30Z LilyKitty 18316 de Die internationali pro iustitia criminali 3972594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-2}} '''Dies mundialis iustitiae socialis'''{{Convertimus}} est [[dies]] anno [[2007]] a [[Nationes Unitae|Nationibus Unitis]] decreta et e die [[20 Februarii]] [[2009]] cuiusque anni inter gentes celebrata. Propositum diei est [[iustitia socialis|iustitiam socialem]], sicut [[securitas socialis|securitatem socialem]], [[occasio laboris|occasionem laboris]] et equalitatem socialem, promovere. Et [[Ordo internationalis a laboribus]] et [[Oxfam]] in actibus diei participant. [[Sententiola praeconialis|Sententia]] anno [[2020]] fuit "[[iniquitas reditus|Inaequalitatem oeconomicam]] mitigare ad finem iustitiae socialis attingendae"; anno [[2021]] "Appellatio pro iustitia sociali in oeconomia [[ius digitale|digitali]]; anno [[2022]] "Iustitiam socialem arcessere per formam [[occasio laboris|occasionem laboris]]"; anno [[2023]] "obstantias agrogare pro occasionibus iustiiae socialis"; anno [[2024]] "Iustitia socialis apud centrum agendorum politicae internationalis, nationalis et regionis"; anno [[2025]] "Transitio iusta pro futura [[progressus durabilis|durabilis]] confirmandum"; anno [[2026]] "Adhensio innovata pro progressu sociali et iustitia sociali" est. == Notae == <references/> {{NexInt}} *[[Dies internationali pro iustitia criminali]] == Nexus externi == *[http://www.un.org/en/observances/social-justice-day Situs publicus] (Anglice) *[http://www.un.org/fr/observances/social-justice-day Situs publicus] (Francogallice) *[http://www.un.org/es/observances/social-justice-day Situs publicus] (Hispanice) [[Categoria:Iustitia]] [[Categoria:Nationes Unitae]] [[Categoria:Ritus Februarii]] j1e324oa3oe9twcjtnn0ylm5mjbhses 0 289129 3972565 3721483 2026-07-17T19:52:13Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3972565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{cautio}} {| class="wikitable floatright" |+ '''Lurasidonum''' |- ! colspan="2" | Cognitores |- | style="font-size: 85%" | ''[[ChemSpider]]'' || style="font-size: 85%" | [http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.184739.html 184739] |- | style="font-size: 85%" | [[PubChem]] || style="font-size: 85%" | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/213046 213046] |- | style="font-size: 85%" | [[DrugBank]] || style="font-size: 85%" | [https://web.archive.org/web/20200225041158/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB08815 DB08815] |- ! colspan="2" | Natura chemica |- | style="text-align: center" colspan="2" | [[Fasciculus:Lurasidone.svg|200px|Lurasidonum]] |- | style="text-align: center" colspan="2" | [[Fasciculus:Lurasidone ball-and-stick based on xtal 2012.png|200px|Lurasidonum]] |- | style="font-size: 85%" | [[Formula chemica]] || style="font-size: 85%" | {{chem|C|28|H|36|N|4|O|2|S}} |- | style="font-size: 85%" | [[Massa molaris]] || style="font-size: 85%" | 492.68 g/mol |- ! colspan="2" | Natura pharmacologica |- | style="font-size: 85%" | Codex ATC || style="font-size: 85%" | {{ATC|N05AE|05}} |- | style="font-size: 85%" | [[Semivita biologica]] || style="font-size: 85%" | 18-40 h |- | style="font-size: 85%" | [[Metabolismus]] || style="font-size: 85%" | [[iecur|iecore]] (hepaticus):<br />[[CYP3A4]] |- | style="font-size: 85%" | Excretio || style="font-size: 85%" | [[Faeces|faecibus]] 67-80%<br />[[ren]]ibus 9-19% |- ! colspan="2" | Ad usum therapeuticum |- | style="font-size: 85%" | Applicatio || style="font-size: 85%" | per os |- | style="font-size: 85%" | [[Dosis diurna definita|DDD]] || style="font-size: 85%" | 60 mg (•HCl) |- | style="font-size: 85%" | MedlinePlus || style="font-size: 85%" | [https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a611016.html a611016] {{Ling|Anglice}} |} '''Lurasidonum''' est [[medicamentum pharmaceuticum]] et [[antipsychoticum]] ''atypicum'' ad [[schizophrenia]]m et ad [[conturbatio bipolaris|conturbationem bipolarem]]<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Ketter T. A., Sarma K. |title=Lurasidone in the long-term treatment of patients with bipolar disorder: a 24-week open-label extension study |journal=Depression and anxiety |year=2016 |month=Mai |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=424-34 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26918425/}}</ref> tractandam. Lurasidonum imprimis receptoria [[receptorium dopamini D2|D2]] et [[receptorium serotonini 2A|5HT-2_A]] obsidet. Excretio Lurasidoni maiore in parte per biles et faecibus fit. == Natura Lurasidoni == === Natura chemica === Lurasidonum est [[piperazinum]]. Nomen chemicum ([[IUPAC]]) est (3aR,4S,7R,7aS)-2-{(1R,2R)-2-[4-(1,2-benz-iso-[[thiazolum|thiazolo]]-3-yl)-[[piperazinum|piperazino]]-1-ylmethyl]-cyclohexylmethylo}-hexahydro-1H-4,7-methan-iso-[[indolum|indol]]-1,3-dionum. [[Massa molaris]] est 492.68 g/mol. <gallery> Fasciculus:Thiazole 2D numbered.svg|[[Thiazolum]] Fasciculus:Piperazine Structural Formula V1.svg|[[Piperazinum]] Fasciculus:Indole 2D numbered.svg|[[Indolum]] </gallery> === Natura pharmacologica === Lurasidonum est medicamentum cum virtutibus antipsychoticis et effectus therapeuticos in [[conturbatio bipolaris|conturbationem bipolarem]] tractando affert. [[Systema classificationis Anatomicum Therapeuticum Chemicumque|Codex ATC]] est {{ATC|N05AE|05}}. === Pharmacodynamica === {| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:small; text-align:center" |- ! [[Receptorium neurotransmissoris|Recept.]] !! Affinitas<br />ligandi, ''K''_i (nM)<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20131108013656/http://pdsp.med.unc.edu/pdsp.php</ref>!! Actio |- | [[Receptorium dopamini D1|D₁]] || 262 || incogn. |- | [[Receptorium dopamini D2|D₂]] || 1.68 || antagonista |- | [[Receptorium dopamini D3|D₃]] || 115.7 || antagonista |- | [[Receptorium dopamini D4|D_4.4]] || 30 || incogn. |- | [[Receptorium serotonini 2A|5-HT_2A]] || 2.03 || antagonista |- | [[Receptorium serotonini 7|5-HT₇]] || 0.495 || antagonista |- | [[Transportator noradrenalini|NET]] || >10,000 || - |} Substantia effectus receptoriorum imprimis et [[receptorium dopamini D2|dopaminergici D2]] et [[receptorium serotonini 2A|serotonergici_2A]] ostendit. === Pharmacocinetica === [[Tempus semivitae biologicum]] <math>t_{\frac{1}{2}}</math>.<ref>http://goldbook.iupac.org/B00658.html</ref> inter 18 et 40 horas variat. Excretio imprimis per biles et faecibus (67-80%), minore in parte per renibus (9-19%) fit. == Usus Lurasidoni == [[Dosis diurna definita]] (DDD) est 60 mg per die p.o. (hydrochloridum)<ref>[http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DD&showdescription=no Systema classificationis Anatomicum Therapeuticum Chemicumque, cap. N05AE cum Lurasidoni referentia]</ref>; dosis initialis 20-40 mg, die semel consumatum, commendatur. {{NexInt}} * [[Receptorium dopamini D2]] * [[Receptorium dopamini D3]] == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == * [https://www.drugs.com/monograph/lurasidone-hydrochloride.html Lurasidoni monographia] {{Ling|Anglice}} [[Categoria:Piperazina]] [[Categoria:Antipsychotica atypica]] a5hg7e9qy2ibwau4ku4vhsd5yuowjc8 0 290552 3972601 3970100 2026-07-18T04:41:48Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3972601 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Maria Anna Mozart (Lorenzoni).jpg|thumb|Maria Anna Mozarta infans, quam pinxit [[Petrus Antonius Lorenzoni]].]] [[Fasciculus:Maria Anna Mozart (Lange).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Maria Anna Mozarta adulta.]] [[Fasciculus:Wolfgang Amadeus and Maria Anna Mozart 1780.png|thumb|upright=0.8|Cum fratre anno 1780.]] [[Fasciculus:DSC01378 Crypt 54 (Petersfriedhof Salzburg) Kommunegruft.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Sepulcrum]] apud [[Archiabbatia Sancti Petri Salisburgensis|Archiabbatiam Sancti Petri]], ubi iacet et [[Ioannes Michael Haydn]].]] '''Maria Anna Walpurgis Ignatia Mozarta''' (nata die [[30 Iulii]] [[1751]] [[Salisburgum|Iuvavi apud Salisburgum]]<ref>[http://data.matricula-online.eu/en/oesterreich/salzburg/salzburg-dompfarre/TFBIX%252F1/?pg=538 Nota in libro baptismali].</ref>; ibidem mortua die [[29 Octobris]] [[1829]]), quae saepe ''Nannerl'' nuncupabatur, [[clavicen]] optima atque [[wolfgangus Amadeus Mozart|Wolfgangi Amadei Mozarti]] [[soror]] fuit. In [[matrimonium]] ducta nomen ''de Berchthold-Sonnenburg'' assumpsit. == Vita == In [[pueritia]] persaepe lustrationes in [[Europa]] cum fratre Wolfgango Amadeo fecit quae iam aetate annorum XI musicas [[experientia]]s valde difficiles levissime atque sollertissime peregit. Ingenio maximo fratrem vulgo adaequare impedita est, ut sors mulierum multarum tunc fuisse videtur. Culpa patris insuper qui Annam Mariam in aetatem nuptialen provectam omnino neglexit.<ref>''Zieht man in Betracht, dass sie eine außerordentlich begabte Musikerin war, dann entsteht eine schmerzliche Diskrepanz. Mögliche Fähigkeiten wurden gar nicht erst geweckt, geschweige denn kultiviert und verstärkt.'' (de sorte eius deplorabili quoad artes cf. biographiam Hevae Rieger, p. 73).</ref>. Itaque ab ista nihil nisi pusilla exercitia musica habemus, nullam autem [[compositio]]nem maiorem. Praeter familiae suae curam habendam horas privatas in [[clavichordium|clavichordio]] saltem dare pergebat. [[Leopoldus Mozartus]] non annuerat matrimonio cum viro camerali Francisco Armando de Ippold, ut Maria Anna die 23 Augusti 1784<ref>[http://data.matricula-online.eu/en/oesterreich/salzburg/st-gilgen/TRBII/?pg=99 Nota in libro matrimoniorum]</ref>, gravioni Ioanni Baptistae Berchtold de Sonnenburg nupsit. Qui annis 15 maiore natus officium [[avus|avi]] eius ad Sanctum Aegidium<!--St. Gilgen--> ad Lacum Sancti Wolfgangi continuavit; inde habitatum est in domo ubi nata erat mater Annae Mariae. Tres infantes viro peperit, qui ipse iam quinque infantes secum habuerat. Maria Anna, marito anno 1801 mortuo, cum Leopoldo et Ioannina infantibus superstitibus Iuvavum petivit, ubi homines musicam docuit. Aetate annorum 74 obcaecata munus instruendi deponere coacta est.<ref>Eva Rieger: ''Nannerl Mozart'', editio tertia, 1991, p. 274.</ref> Eius diaria, epistulas, memorias exploratoribus Mozartianis Maria scaturigini pretiosissimae esse constat. Quod effecit, ut anno 1829 Maria Sibylla et [[Vincentius Novello]] [[londinium|Londinienses]] Iuvavum ad peregrinationem in vestigiis familiae Mozartae incitarentur ''(A Mozart Pilgrimage)'' et habitationem eius visitarent. Admiratores, cum de itineribus infantium pristinis trans Europam legissent, notiores facti sunt de salute Annae Mariae mala. Denique ei [[pecunia]]s apportaverunt, quas musicae Mozartianae amici Britannici conflaverant.<ref>Eva Rieger: ''Nannerl Mozart'', tertia editio 1991. Visitatio Salisburgensis describitur paginis 272 et 273.</ref> Eodem anno naturae concessit et, ut voluit, eius [[corpus]] in [[coemeterium|coemeterio]] Sancti Petri sepultum est. == Biographia == * {{BLKÖ|Berchtold, Maria Anna Reichsfreiin von|1|290|291|}} * {{BLKÖ|Mozart, Maria Anna|19|297}} * Eva Rieger: ''Nannerl Mozart. Leben einer Künstlerin im 18. Jahrhundert''. Francofurti ad Moenum 1990; editio aucta anno 2005 * Eva Neumayr (ed.): ''Maria Anna Mozart. Facetten einer Künstlerin.'' Vindobonae: Hollitzer 2019. ISBN 978-3-99012-561-8 == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Maria Anna Mozart|Mariam Annam Mozartam}} * {{DNB-Portal|11858460X}} * [http://www.fembio.org/biographie.php/frau/biographie/nannerl-mozart Biographia et fontes apud FemBio.org] * [http://www.bmlo.uni-muenchen.de/m0916 Pretiosa apud BMLO] * [http://mugi.hfmt-hamburg.de/A_lexartikel/lexartikel.php?id=moza1751 Commentatio apud MUGI, lexico quodam interretiali musicam spectanti] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927020447/http://www.traunsteiner-tagblatt.de/includes/mehr_chiemg.php?id=64 "Die verhinderte Pianistinnen-Karriere von Nannerl Mozart"], Traunsteiner Tagblatt, 30/2001 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200805074330/https://www.mozarthaus.info/ Domus Mozart, St. Gilgen am Wolfgangsee] * Michael Malkiewicz: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n83SUK1Taic Salzburg Journal&nbsp;– Nannerl Mozart und Erich Schenk], pellicula brevis * [http://www.sophie-drinker-institut.de/cms/index.php/mozart-maria-anna Lexikon-Artikel Commentatio Instituti Sophiae Drinker] == Notae == <references /> {{Normdaten|TYP=p|GND=11858460X|LCCN=n/91/33907|VIAF=46846725}} {{Lifetime|1751|1829|Mozart, Maria Anna}} [[Categoria:Wolfgangus Amadeus Mozart]] [[Categoria:Musici Austriae]] [[Categoria:Salisburgum]] 9cy70yhovc8iqhkou0tfc2wwc9m45pt 0 291809 3972558 3965247 2026-07-17T19:29:00Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3972558 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ioannes Godofredus''' vulgo ''Johann Gottfried'' '''Seume''' (natus die [[29 Ianuarii]] [[1763]] [[Lucena (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Lucenae]]-Posernae in [[Saxonia et Anhaltium|Saxonia et Anhaltio]], mortuus die [[13 Iunii]] [[1810]] [[toplicium|Toplicii]]) scriptor [[germania|Germanicus]] atque miles plus minusque gloriosus fuit. ==Vita== [[File:Seume Spaziergang nach Syarkus Erstausgabe.jpg|thumb|'''Seume''' spatiator Syracusanus; editio princeps]] Tata eius anno 1770 latifundia Knautkleeberg prope [[Lipsia]]m locavit biennio post moriturus et familiam in miseria relicturus. Comes quidam de Hohenthal-Knauthain Ioannis Godofredi miserebatur eumque misit in ludos domini Korbinsky [[Bornis]], antequam [[schola Thomana|Scholam Thomanam]] frequentaret et, ex anno 1780, [[alma Mater Lipsiensis|Almae Matris Lipsiensis]] alumnus fieret. Theologica discenda autem valde interrupta sunt libris Antonii Shaftesbury et Henrici Bolingbroke lectis. Scepticus adulescens migrationem [[lutetia|Lutetiensem]] theologiae firmae praetulit. In itinere autem a conquisitoribus militum [[Hassia]]e prehensus est et copiis Fridericianis in servitio [[Anglia|Anglorum]] pugnantibus insertus est. Itaque Ioanni Godofredo invito America petenda erat, ubi proeliis absentibus in castris [[Canada|Canadensis]] vitam degebat. Anno 1783 in continentem reversus [[Brema]]m decedere temptavit, sed a vigilibus Borussicis captus [[Emda]]m transportatus est. Identidem inde spem in fuga posuit, sed vane: Gulielmo Renato de Courbière militum praefecto deprecante poenas acriores suffugere potuit. Cum vas quidam Emdensis satisdedisset, Seume suos anno 1787 revidere potuit. Stipendia plura vitaturus debita solvit pecunia, quam [[mythistoria]] quadam Anglica convertenda fecerat. Postea Lipsiae tamquam magister linguas modernas docebat. Educator gravionis iuvenis Igelström creatus anno 1792 cum tirone [[Varsavia]]m iit, ubi secretatius generalis de Igelström et miles superior [[russia|Russicus]] factus est. Anno 1794 crudelia rebellionem et oppugnationem Varsovienses expertus est. Postquam imperatrice iubente anno 1796 centurionem novum Muromtsov Lipsiam comitatus est, in Germania manere maluit cursu honorum in Russia impedito. Tum editor atque bibliopola [[Georgius Ioachimus Göschen]] [[Crema (Saxonia)|Cremae]] (Theodisce ''Grimma'') in [[Saxonia]] officium ei praebuit, ut editiones curaret. Quem laborem Seume interrupit, cum pedibus iter famosum in [[Sicilia]]m a mense Decembri anni 1801 faceret. Menses novem [[Austria]]m, [[Italia]]m, [[Helvetia]]m vidit et trans Lutetiam revenit in [[Saxonia]]m. Omnia haec in opere notissimo »Spaziergang nach [[syracusae|Syrakus]]« (Lipsiae 1803) descripsit. Post nonnullos annos iter magnum novum in Russiam, [[Finnia]]m et [[Suecia]]m fecit tamquam comes nobilis cuiusdam rudis, de quo in opere »Mein Sommer im Jahr 1805« (Lipsiae 1807) homines certiores facti sunt. Salute mala confectus in thermis, in quibus cum domino Tiedge et Elisa von der Recke erat, naturae concessit. ==Gravitudo== Seume inter auctores numerandus est, quorum momentum in rebus omnino privatis iacet. Ille homo sincerus et independens, rusticus quoque et in cogitando et in scribendo: cuncta versa sine scrupulis enuntiavit. Genus vivendi modestissimum in lyricis agrestibus atque solidis exprimitur, ubi mollities omnis abest. In tragoedia praetitulata »Miltiades« (Lipsiae 1808) nationis amorem sublineavit. Autobiographia sat captans invenitur apud »Mein Leben« (Lipsiae 1813), quam C. A. H. Clodius continuavit. Episodus alia maioris momenti legi potest in »Nachrichten über die Vorfälle in Polen« (Lipsiae 1796). Monumentum marmoreum anno 1895 Toplicii ei erectum est. Poemata eius primum edita sunt anno 1801 [[Riga]]e, et opera omnia vulganda curavit A. Wagner Lipsiae anno 1835. ==Nexus externi== *[http://www.zeno.org/Literatur/M/Seume,+Johann+Gottfried Opera apud Zeno] *[https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118613480 Pretiosa apud DDB] *[https://www.goeschenhaus.de/index.php?section=seumehaus Domus Seume [[Crema (Saxonia)|Cremae]]] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100219213349/http://www.ursmeyer.ch/seume/start.htm Urs Meyer cum paginis de Seume] *[https://www.projekt-gutenberg.org/autoren/namen/seume.html Seume apud projekt-gutenberg.de] *[https://www1.wdr.de/radio/wdr5/sendungen/zeitzeichen/johann-gottfried-seume-100.html Emissio radiophonica in anniversario eius], apud WDR, 29.1.2013 {{Lifetime|1763|1810|Seume, Ioannes Godofredus}} [[categoria:Scriptores Germaniae]] [[categoria:Milites]] 0vhz6kxfk6gljgpgiqopy1gphn41v50 0 297794 3972588 3634398 2026-07-17T23:24:31Z LilyKitty 18316 de tractorio 3972588 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Grabli.JPG|thumb|Pecten ligneum]]{{videdis|Pecten (discretiva)}} '''Pecten''' est [[instrumentum rusticum]] cum multis dentibus ferreis vel ligneis, quo [[fenum]] colligitur vel humus aequatur et leviter perstringitur. [[Ovidius]] dicit: <blockquote>Temporibus certis desectas alligat herbas,<br> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Et tonsam raro pectine verrit humum.<ref>''[[Remedia amoris]]'', 191–2.</ref></blockquote> Pectine interdum a [[Roma antiqua|Romanis]] et seges [[messis|metebatur]], cum [[culmus|culmi]] rariores essent, ut [[Columella]] narrat<ref>''[[Rei rusticae libri (Columella)|Rei rusticae libri]]'', II 21, 2. Cf. [[Plinius Maior|Plinii]] ''[[Naturalis historia (Plinius)|Hist. nat.]] XVIII 297.</ref>. Pecten magnum de [[crates dentatae|cratibus dentatis]] distungui non potest. ==Notae== <references /> {{NexInt}} *[[Tractorium]] == Nexus externi == {{forcellini}} [[Categoria:Instrumenta rustica]] {{Myrias|Technologia}} nssdj3tu00ybaw0mot72h3wp434qv98 0 304502 3972605 3729816 2026-07-18T05:30:52Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3972605 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Mariana Domus'''<ref>[[Ioannes Georgius Theodorus Graesse|J. G. Th. Graesse]], ''[[Orbis Latinus]]'', [[Brunsvicum|Brunopoli]] 1972, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050913/images/index.html?id=00050913&groesser=&fip=193.174.98.30&no=&seite=498 vol. II, p. 496].</ref> ([[Lettonice]] ''Viļaka'', [[Lingua Latgalica|Lettigallice]] ''Vileks'', [[Theodisce]] antea ''Marienhausen'' et [[Russice]] ''Мариенгаузен'') est urbs [[Lettonia|Lettonica]] in [[Lettigallia]] regione historica sita; in confinio cum [[Russia]] (6,5 [[chiliometrum|chm]]) sita est. Incolas 1254 anno 2021 habuit. In Kira flumine [[Velica]]e accola urbs sita est. [[Fasciculus:Vilaka no Semenovas.JPG|thumb|left|Mariana Domus]] ==Historia== Saeculo XIII ineunte in chronicis [[Ordo Livonicus|Fratrum militiae Christi]] primum memorata est. Saeculo XIX urbs [[gubernium Vitebscense|gubernii Vitebscensis]] [[Imperium Russicum|Russia]]e. Lettonica ab anno 1920, urbs ab anno 1945. [[Textile|Textilia]] [[linum|linaria]] in urbe fabricantur. ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus externi== {{fontes geographici}} * [[:s:ru:ЭСБЕ/Мариенгаузен|Mariana Domus]] in ''[[Lexicon encyclopaedicum Brockhaus et Efron|Lexico encyclopaedico Brockhaus et Efron]]'' {{ling|Russice}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170802195426/http://vilaka.lv/ Situs proprius] {{ling|Lettonice}} [[Categoria:Urbes Lettoniae]] [[Categoria:Lettigallia]] jax4m70be1px5zl7u0rru9u454b278k 0 308724 3972567 3787574 2026-07-17T20:06:59Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3972567 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} '''''Itinerarium Alexandri''''' est textus brevis de expeditione [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandri Magni]] anno [[340]] Latine scriptus. Imperatore [[Constantius II|Constantio II]] dicatus est ut eo utile esset in expeditione [[regnum Sassanidarum|Persica]] quam nuper susceperat. Opusculum praesertim geographicum partim ex [[Lucius Flavius Arrianus|Arriani]] ''[[Anabasis Alexandri|Anabasi]]'', partim e quadam [[historia fabulosa Alexandri Magni|historia Alexandri fabulosa]] abbreviatus est. Textus primum ab [[Angelus Mai|Angelo Maio]] anno [[1817]], melius anno [[1871]] a Diderico Volkmann, recentius et optime [[Florentia]]e a Raphaëla Tabacco editus est. == Bibliographia == ; Editiones et versiones * Iolo Davies, "Alexander's itinerary: an English translation" in ''Ancient History Bulletin'' vol. 12 (1998) pp. 29-54. * {{Arrianus}} [https://archive.org/details/arrianianabasis00dbgoog/page/154/mode/2up fasc. iii pp. 155-167] * [[Angelus Mai]]us; Iohannes Berengo, edd., ''Itinerarium Alexandri Magni''. Venetiis: Antonelli, 1852 {{Google Books|FzkOAAAAQAAJ}} * Raffaella Tabacco, ed., ''Itinerarium Alexandri'' (''Università degli Studi di Torino, Fondo di studi Parini-Chirio. Filologia. Nuova Serie'', 1). Florentiae: Olschki, 2000. ISBN 88-222-4920-8 * Didericus Volkmann, ed., "Itinerarium Alexandri" in ''Einladungs-Programm ... der Königlichen Landesschule Pforta'' (Naumburgi, 1871) pp. i-viii, 1-32 {{Google Books|MDEOAAAAQAAJ}} ; Eruditio * A. B. Bosworth, ''A historical commentary on Arrian’s History of Alexander. Vol. 1'' (Oxonii: Clarendon Press, 1980) pp. 37-38 * Robin Lane Fox, "The Itinerary of Alexander: Constantius to Julian" in ''Classical Quarterly'' n.s. vol. 47 (1997) pp. 239–252 * Manfred Fuhrmann, "Das Itinerarium Alexandri" in Reinhart Herzog, ed., ''Restauration und Erneuerung. Die lateinische Literatur von 284 bis 374 n. Chr.'' (Monaci: Beck, 1989. ISBN 3-406-31863-0) pp. 214-215 * Waldemar Heckel, J. C. Yardley, ''Alexander the Great: Historical Sources in Translation'' (Blackwell, 2004) p. xxvi * Julius Zacher, ''Pseudocallisthenes''. Halae: Waisenhaus, 1867 [https://archive.org/details/pseudocallisthe00zachgoog Textus] [[Categoria:Libri de Alexandro Magno]] [[Categoria:Scripta 340]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae aetatis Imperii]] [[Categoria:Libri de itineribus faciendis]] r4cfzor4c3owrijp898m0z036y8x0n2 3 313953 3972482 3972474 2026-07-17T12:25:45Z Grufo 64423 /* doctoratu */ Responsum 3972482 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Hic sunt tabularia disputationum}} Disputationes veteres: {{Specialis:Praefixa/Disputatio Usoris:Grufo/Tabularium}} == Translation request == Hello, Grufo. Can you create an article about the American Democratic Vice Presidential candidate [[:en:Tim Walz]] ([[Timotheus Iacobus Walz]]) in Latin Wikipedia, just like for the Republican Vice Presidential candidate [[Iacobus David Vance]]? Yours sincerely, [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 12:48, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) : Hi. I did not create the [[Iacobus David Vance]] page, I only [[Specialis:Diff/3848980/3849044|corrected a few things]], mostly of typographical nature. Of course a [[Timotheus Iacobus Walz]] page would be a nice thing to have. But asking users to do something for us usually rarely works. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:01, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) ::I understand. Thank you for the reply. I also posted the same question to the original uploader. Though I think he or she is a "one timer" and might not upload or edit again. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 13:22, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) ::: I do not know why the original author created Vance's page, but it is not to be excluded that they did it as a consequence of political affiliation (nothing is wrong with that, as long their contribution is encyclopedic), and if that is the case asking the same person to create the page of their political adversary will likely not work. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:27, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) ::::That also later crossed my mind. I personally did not request a translation due to political reasons. I just thought that the other Vice Presidential candidate should also have an article in Latin Wikipedia. Never mind. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 13:34, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) ::::: No problem. Let's see how the original author reacts. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:41, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) ::::::To my surprise, the original author uploaded the second article as well. I have thanked him or her and I thank you as well. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 15:59, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) ::::::: I am happy they did! :) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:01, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) == Nomination == Hi, Grufo. I just proposed you at [[Vicipaedia:Petitio magistratus/Grufo]]. When you have a spare moment, please go there and indicate your willingness -- thank you! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:23, 7 Septembris 2024 (UTC) : Thank you, Andrew! :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:46, 7 Septembris 2024 (UTC) ::As you may have noticed, you are elected nemine contradicente. An excellent result! I will now attempt to give you the appropriate permissions. I'm sorry I have been absent rather often on real world concerns, and this may continue for a while. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:23, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC) :::Done, I think. Next time you log in, verify if you have some unaccustomed powers. Notably, you should be able to delete a page (which should be helpful to you and to others who may need to have a page deleted), and protect a page from some groups of editors, and you should be able to block a user, named or anonymous. Tell me if I can help with anything. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:36, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC) :::: Hooray! :-) You have absolutely nothing to apologize for, Andrew. I am very grateful for your sponsorship. I hope your real world concerns will soon calm down. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:19, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC) == Candidatus ad magistratum propositus == Gratias tibi ago, Grufo optime! Me maxime honorasti me ad electionem in circulum magistratuum proponens. Praeter doctrinam meam debiliorem imprimis inopia temporis liberi me monet, ne hoc munus acciperem. Per septuaginta horas cuiusque hebdomadae munere medici occupatus sum. Ideo non prius quam circa mediam noctem ad Vicipaediam nostram accedere soleo. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 20:47, 11 Octobris 2024 (UTC) : Gratias tibi ago, Bis-Taurine, quia mihi scripsisti. Paucum tempus non est magnum incommodum, multi sunt magistratus apud nos qui inter se laborem distribuunt (nihilominus a magistratu haud maior labor, sed sapientia tantum requiritur). Nisi tibi displacet “magistratus mediae noctis” fieri, tuam petitionem proponere adhuc cupio. Attamen importunē insistere nolo! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:46, 11 Octobris 2024 (UTC) :: @[[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]]: Demetrium Talpam et Marcum Terentium Bibliophilum [[Vicipaedia:Taberna#Magistratus: novae nominationes|nuper proposui]]; et te, volentem, proponere cupio. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:44, 15 Octobris 2024 (UTC) ::: Bis-Taurinus Grufoni salutem! Si paucum tempus et peritia mea exigua non impediunt, me canditatum proponas! [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 05:29, 16 Octobris 2024 (UTC) :::: Euax! :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:47, 16 Octobris 2024 (UTC) == Request == As mentioned in [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 30#Disney cartoon articles]], there are some semi-protected pages that have been protected for 15 years now. Do you think it'd be OK to remove protection from them? I'm asking you because I see you've handled protections before. I also think that there should be some improvement to these pages, as they are generally stubs that have been short for 15 years. Should I start a new discussion at [[Vicipaedia:Taberna]] to get someone to add more content to the pages? [[Specialis:Conlationes/2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB|2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB]] 16:56, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC) : Hi. It seems that the discussion you linked was not really in favour of removing the protection. It is true that four years have passed, however these pages are only semi-protected, all you need to edit them is an account. Have you considered creating one? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:01, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC) :: Some of the pages were unprotected, and those haven't been vandalized since. I actually thought that the discussion was in favor by the end of it. Just a note, I'd have to wait four days to edit after creating an account. However, I was wondering if anyone could add more content to these pages. I saw [[Babe: Pig in the City]] was deleted, but could a new page be written to replace it? Also, I see the tag at [[Rugrats]], should that page be deleted? If I create an account, I'll let you know. [[Specialis:Conlationes/2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB|2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB]] 17:06, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC) ::: Account created. [[Usor:Shopping metaphor|Shopping metaphor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Shopping metaphor|disputatio]]) 17:10, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC) :::: That is great! Happy editing! :-) == Petitio de Formula:AE == Salve Grufo! Potesne Formulam:AE in nostra Vicipaedia ratam facere ut exempli gratia in Vicipaedia Anglica. Nam nexum ad inscriptiones Latinas et Graecas praebet quae in ''[[L'Année épigraphique]]'' publicatae sunt. Vide exempli gratia [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindia_gens Mindia gens] apud Anglicos (AE|2018|325). Etenim epigraphia Latinitati fons non negligendus aestimanda est. Ante aliquot annos Andreas Dalby hoc idem ad Formulam [[CIL]] effecerat. Te amabo si temptabis. --[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:17, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC) Tibi gratias ago. Non difficile fortasse erat sed talium rerum non peritus sum.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:28, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC) : Noli timere, magnopere quidem fuit facile factu. :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:33, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC) :: {{Tpe|Postilla}} [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marce]], formulam {{Fn|AE ref}} quoque nunc habemus. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:54, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC) == Capsa mendosa? == Hi! I’ve just noticed your [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 33#Capsa mendosa?|your ping from over a year ago]], but the problem seems to still persist, so better late than never. ☺ It’s probably because the same coats of arms are listed both [[d:Q81162#P154|as logos]] and [[d:Q81162#P94|as actual coats of arms]], so the solution is removing the logos from the Wikidata items. —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 11:39, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC) : Hi [[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]], thank you for reaching out. How about [[Specialis:Diff/3850542/3861571|this solution]]? To be really unbreakable it should be extended to the other image properties as well – because, for example, [[Collegium Sanctae Catharinae (Oxonia)|here]] the problem still persists. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:48, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC) :: {{tpe|Nova}} Maybe [[Specialis:Diff/3850542/3861576|this other solution]] solves everything once and for all. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:59, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC) :::I think it’s more of a workaround than a solution: Wikidata data is simply wrong (these images are coats of arms, not logos), so that should be fixed instead of changing the Wikipedia infobox. [https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Property_talk:P94&diff=2273008387 I’ve added a complex constraint on Wikidata that lists exact duplicates] (it won’t catch St Catherine’s College, but it will catch the others). —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 22:15, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC) :::: It makes sense. What our template does is simply a check for duplicate images (which under no circumstances need to be shown twice). Feel free to restore the check-free version if you want. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:28, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC) :::::I <em>think</em> the checks shouldn’t be there, but I don’t <em>want</em> to remove them, because I don’t consider myself part of the Latin Wikipedia community and thus want to leave the decision up to the community. (I’m not angry or something like that; it’s perfectly fine for me that you do whatever you want.) —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 23:15, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC) :::::: No problem, [[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]]. [[Specialis:Diff/3861576/3861607|I removed the checks]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:35, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC) == Create a page for Peshkopi - Penestae in Latin == @[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Hi dear Grufo! I am from Albania and I have a request. I want to ask you please can you create a page for Peshkopi: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshkopi (Penestae in Latin) on Latin Wiki. I have asked Andrew Dalby to create it and he didn't created it. So I would be very grateful to you if you will create it yourself. Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 13:28, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC) : Hi, [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]]. You have already sent me an email three days ago, to which I already replied. Please stop spamming. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:46, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC) ::@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Hi Grufo! Now I see the email as I didn't checked it. When you will have time, you will create it? The title for Peshkopi in Latin is Penestae: https://www.loquis.com/en/loquis/2174022/Peshkopi https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/45532/PENESTAE https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Penestae_(tribe) Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 17:14, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC) ::: @[[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]]: As I already wrote you via email, it is not my intention to create the page you are requesting, for at least the following reasons: :::* The subject is not among my priorities :::* Based on what I know '''and your own sources''' ([https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/45532/PENESTAE #1], [https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Penestae_(tribe) #2]), the ''Penestae'' were a tribe, not a place, and I don't know reliable sources that state otherwise (I will be happy to be contradicted) – actually, the Latin name of Peshkopi seems to be [[Episcopia (discretiva)|Episcopia]] (again, I am happy to be contradicted), whereas the locality where the ''Penestae'' lived was called ''Penestia'', as it seems :::* If I ever had any intention to create such page, your fixation on a proper name without sources made any intention vanish (you started insisting on it already [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 34#Create articles for Korçë (Coryza - in Latin), Kukës (unknown name in Latin) and Peshkopi (Penestae - in Latin)|five months ago]]) – Btw, we can attempt to propose our translations of common names (see {{Fn|Convertimus}}), but doing the same with proper names is definitely out of question (it's like if I insisted – without sources – that your name is “Donald”) ::: --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:04, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC) == De quadam difficultate == Salve Grufo, scisne, cur <nowiki>{{Titulus italicus}}</nowiki> non valeat textum italicum reddere in commentatione [[Fabian oder Der Gang vor die Hunde (pellicula 2021)]]? [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:10, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC) : Salve Neander! Credo titulum nimis longum esse causam (formula {{Fn|Titulus italicus}} non est sine defectibus). [[Specialis:Diff/3887061/3887066|Haec excogitatio]] similia incommoda solvere potest. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:31, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC) :: Rectum igitur hominem adii auxilium petens. Gratias ago quam maximas! [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC) == De voce [[Disportus in Italia]] == Ciao, Grufo. Avrei voluto scriverti in latino, ma presumendo che tu sia italiano ti parlerò nella nostra lingua. Scusami tanto se ti disturbo, ma volevo chiederti: come mai hai cancellato la voce [[Disportus in Italia]], creata da me nella giornata di ieri? Sarebbe stato un approfondimento importante sullo sport italiano (argomento di cui mi sto occupando molto), presente anche in molte altre edizioni di Wikipedia. È vero che quando hai cancellato la pagina essa consisteva in un mero elenco di sport con link rossi indirizzanti a sottopagine, ma avrei avuto l'intenzione di scriverla, ampliarla, correggerla, magari in giorni futuri: quindi non l'avrei lasciata in sospeso, abbandonando una voce appena creata, anzi, avrei anche scritto le pagine con i dettagli per ogni disciplina e magari creato una voce simile per altri paesi del mondo. Perciò volevo chiederti soltanto se la voce potrà essere riammessa o potrò comunque ricrearla (anche non adesso, lavorandoci magari prima sulla mia [[Usor:Davide2025/Harenarium|sandbox]]). Puoi rispondermi sulla mia [[Usor:Davide2025/Disputatio|talk]] ed eventualmente continuare a darmi suggerimenti per il futuro. A presto e ''magnas gratias tibi, mi Grufo''! [[Usor:Davide2025|Davide2025]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Davide2025|disputatio]]) 14:07, 21 Octobris 2025 (UTC) : Ciao [[Usor:Davide2025|Davide]]. Il problema è che non si accettano pagine non finite nello spazio enciclopedico. Ci possono essere dei lavori in corso, ma allora si aggiunge {{Fn|In usu}} in cima alla pagina, altrimenti altri utenti assumeranno che la pagina è stata lasciata così (e infatti un altro utente ha chiesto la cancellazione immediata della pagina in quanto incompleta). Ho ripristinato la pagina in [[Usor:Davide2025/Harenarium/Disportus in Italia]]. Ti consiglio di svilupparla ulteriormente prima di metterla nello spazio enciclopedico. Buon lavoro. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:25, 21 Octobris 2025 (UTC) == Transylvania et dies 11 Ianuarii == Salve Grufo! Tibi [[Disputatio:11 Ianuarii|hic]] respondi. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 22:10, 5 Februarii 2026 (UTC) : Gratias tibi ago, [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurine]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:41, 5 Februarii 2026 (UTC) == Tiro sum == Salve Grufo! Tiro hic sum, et magis scire volo de Vikipedia Latina. Nunc disco grammaticam Latinan libro Arnoldiis qui vocatur est “A practical introduction to Latin prose”, et libros Ciceronis lego. Estne fas hic scribere ut linguam Latinam discam? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 17:37, 11 Martii 2026 (UTC) : Salve, [[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]. Utilissimum est Latine scribere ad Latinum discendum! Tua peritia linguae mihi videtur esse satis bona. Suadeo ut incipias paginas iam exstantes emendando. Si autem novas paginas scribere cupis, tibi licet sive eas statim creare sive nostro novo “[[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|systemate adumbrationum]]” uti. Tibi faustas emendationes auguror! Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:11, 11 Martii 2026 (UTC) ::Gratias tibi ago! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 10:53, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC) == Adumbratorne ego? == Salve Grufo, demiror, qua de causa pagina [[Der fliegende Holländer (melodrama)]] a me incepta Adumbrationis titulo dignata sit. Melius hoc intellegerem, si fere omnes aliae paginae "Adumbrationes" essent. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC) : Salve [[Usor:Neander|Neander]]! Hoc evēnit quia [[Usor:Bartholomite]] putavit [[Special:PermanentLink/3948086|hanc versionem paginae]] esse nimis brevem, idcirco in spatium adumbrationum [[Special:Diff/3948160/3948161|movit]]. Puto motionem rectam fuisse, sed nunc pagina est satis longa. Nihilominus [[Disputatio Usoris:Bartholomite#De paginis ad spatium adumbrationum motis|ei scripsi]] te monendum fore quotienscumque paginam a te creatam moveret. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:47, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC) == [[UEFA Nations League]] == Salve Grufo, potesne paginae huius nomen ex Anglico in Latinum mutare? Vale, -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 14:39, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC) : Salve [[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]. Credo istam mutationem in [[Disputatio:UEFA Nations League|pagina disputationis illius commentationis]] melius petendam esse. Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:10, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC) ::Petivi. Vale. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:20, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC) == Quae sunt "negativa lineamenta"? == Dixisti quod differt motus "caterva" et "grex" inquantum caterva est grex negativis cum lineamentis. Cur? Caterva ergo annon extat ut motus pro structura abstracta-algebraica in Neo-Latinitate? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:11, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) : Salve, [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. “Caterva” est sicut “turba”, “multitudo sine ordine” (cf. “caterva verborum”), at “grex” est tantummodo aggregatio quaedam. Romani “catervam” saepe excercitūs aliarum gentium appellabant, raro suos. Vide {{Lewshort|caterva|catervam}} et {{L&S|grex|gregem}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:06, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::Oh, ergo in sensibus communibus differt, non in sensibus ut termata artis. (Sed "grex" erat terma ab Evaristo Galois confectum, ut pagina dicit.) Gratias ago! -- [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:14, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Ita. Ultro, quod ad nomen ab Evaristo Galois confectum attinet, mihi videtur ipse nullum nomen Latinum, sed tantummodo vocabulum Francogallicum ''groupe'' adhibuisse. Erravine? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:25, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::Sic videtur. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:40, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:06, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472432 --> == Formulae == Hi, Grufo. I am happy to be back among Vicipaedians, and also happy that Vicipaedia has been getting better and better in my absence. I am very glad that you have been able to work so hard on it at a time when I could not. I notice, in creating new pages, that I should be using formulae <nowiki>{{Res}}</nowiki> for article names, <nowiki>{{Ores}}</nowiki> for names that are titles of works, and <nowiki>{{Anni vitae}}</nowiki> instead of <nowiki>{{Lifetime}}</nowiki>. Correct? I'm sure there are other new formulae, and no doubt I will gradually pick them up, but if there are any more that you think I will need often, feel free to tell me! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:53, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC) : Hi Andrew! I am very glad you are back! Yes, {{Fn|ores}} stands for “res de opere”. It must not be confused with {{Fn|ires}}: both show the lemma in italic, but only {{Fn|ores}} adds the <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><cite>...</cite></syntaxhighlight> tag under the hood, which in turn instructs search engines that the page is about a work. As for {{Fn|anni vitae}}/{{Fn|lifetime}}, the second is simply a redirect to the first, so you are free to choose—although we should prefer Latin in our pages. Among the other things that have changed when you were not here, as far as I can recall, there is that the two old templates {{Fn|nexus desiderati}} and {{Fn|nexus absunt}} have been merged into one single template, and that {{Fn|creanda}} is now transitioning towards {{Fsn|pcc}} (the latter's title might change in the future); long story short, from now on, if you can, please write <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:creanda|...}}</syntaxhighlight> instead of <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{creanda|...}}</syntaxhighlight>. The advantage is that when eventually the missing page gets created, the new template is able to recognize it even if it got created under a different name. I don't know if there have been other big changes. If yes, probably you will notice! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:39, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC) ::That's good. I could not quite follow the developments with "creanda". Your explanation makes it clear, and I will use "subst:creanda". [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 18:48, 2 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::: @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]]: Writing <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:creanda|...}}</syntaxhighlight> is transitory in this phase to facilitate the usage of the new template. You can also directly write <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:pcc|...}}</syntaxhighlight>, although this uses a slightly different syntax. Compare: :::: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:pcc|en=Direction (geometry)|directio|directionem}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: and :::: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:creanda|en|Direction (geometry)|directio|directionem}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: [[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|The documentation]] should explain everything in detail. The point is that the new template is able to get the Wikidata entity of the linked page, and so both <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:creanda|...}}</syntaxhighlight> and <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:pcc|...}}</syntaxhighlight>, once you save the page, will eventually turn into, :::: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|directio|directionem|en|qid=Q2151613}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: where {{para|qid|Q2151613}} contains the Wikidata entity. Once the template has the Wikidata entity, it no longer matters under which name a new page gets created, it will find it. Moreover, when that happens, [[:Categoria:Paginae quae recensionem vacuam exspectant|this category]] will list the pages that now ask for the creation of pages that have already been created, and an empty edit (!) will be enough to remove the template from the page. For instance, on the top-right corner of the “[[Situs interretialis]]” page there is currently the icon of a blinking zero with a pencil; if you click on it and then click on “Mutationes ostendere”, everything should be more clear. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:31, 2 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::I did begin to write "subst:creanda" instead of "creanda". What happened was that immediately on saving my work it changed to the next step, with a much longer template name "safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve" and rearranged elements. This made it harder to continue editing the page. So, to stop that immediate change happening, I've gone back to writing "creanda". I take it the whole series of changes, from "creanda" to "subst:creanda", and on, can be done automatically at some later stage? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:23, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::: @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew]]: I just created {{Fsn|creanda/m}}. Now if you write ::::::: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:creanda/m|en|Julie Gayet|fr|Julie Gayet|Iulia Gayet}}</syntaxhighlight> :::::: when you save the page it gets replaced with ::::::: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{safesubst:creanda|en|Julie Gayet|fr|Julie Gayet|Iulia Gayet}}</syntaxhighlight> :::::: When you save the page one time more it gets replaced with ::::::: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iulia Gayet||fr|en|qid=Q435925}}</syntaxhighlight> :::::: Is that what you were looking for? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:07, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::: P.S. I can also create it with a timer (e.g. it doesn't get replaced before one day passes), but I'll need a bit longer to create that. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:29, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::Grufo, you never cease to amaze me! You can do anything! I don't want to be awkward -- after all, if I were efficient, I could save all my potential improvements for one edit, and then do it, and it wouldn't be a problem. However, there may be some value, to others as well as to me, if it works after a fixed delay (a day, as you suggest). Others, not only me, re-read and revise their edits immediately after saving the essential part. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:58, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::: Thank you, Andrew. Consider it done :) P.S. The long name “Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve” could be temporary: one day, when all transclusions of {{Fn|Creanda}} will be gone (I think they are about 2000 at the moment), we can rename {{Fn|Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve}} to {{Fn|Creanda}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:21, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::: @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew]]: I added a timer of one day to {{Fsn|creanda/m}} (you will have to tolerate a {{para|t}} parameter that gets automatically added to save the starting time). What do you think? You would use {{Fsn|creanda/m}} exacly like you would use {{Fn|creanda}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:15, 15 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::Fine, thanks! I'll use {{Fsn|creanda/m}} from now on. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:31, 16 Iunii 2026 (UTC) == Citation style == Hi, Grufo. Thanks for working on "[[Dis-moi ce que tu manges: je te dirai ce que tu es]]". I have just one question about the citation style. Is it really a good idea to aim to put months as well as years in the parenthetic date that follows the author's name? My impression is that English Wikipedians sometimes do this, and that Google Books sometimes inserts days and months (totally unreliably) alongside years of publication, but that people writing bibliographies in the real world don't do it. It would be quite a matter of chance whether the information is available or not. What do you think about that? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:10, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) : Hi [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew]]. I think that with books definitely the year alone should be enough. The month maybe can be useful with journals (it is true though that volume and issue numbers should be enough). Maybe a general exception is when an author publishes two or more works in the same year: in that case the month might be the only way to write the Chicago-style short citation (e.g. <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{qc|Einstein, Mai. 2021}}</syntaxhighlight> and <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{qc|Einstein, Iul. 2021}}</syntaxhighlight>). Long story short: feel free to remove {{para|mensis}} and {{para|tempus ostentum}} from Melvin's article and {{para|mensis}} from Nemeroff's article! P.S. If you have any suggestions on how to improve the {{[[Formula:Opus|Opus]]}} template, please don't hesitate. When I wrote it I tried to find a compromise between English (and other languages') citation standards and the peculiarities of Latin tradition (for instance, I avoided using non-nominative forms like “Alberto Einstein auctore” or “Alberti Einstein ''Lorem Ipsum''”). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:48, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::In general your template works very well. I'll give it some thought. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 16:05, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) == De involuntaria invocatione == @[[Usor:Amahoney|Amahoney]], @[[Usor:Andreas Raether|Andreas Raether]], @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]], @[[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]], @[[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]], @[[Usor:Frontfrog|Frontfrog]], @[[Usor:Giorno2|Giorno2]], @[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus Rocchio]] et [[Usor:Lesgles|Lesgles]]: Amici, ignoscite mihi, quaeso, si antea invocationem involuntariam a me acceperatis; exemplum tantum novae formulae {{[[Formula:Usores in colloquio#&#123;&#123;subst:Usores in colloquio&#125;&#125;|subst:Usores in colloquio]]}} ostendere volui. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:55, 18 Iunii 2026 (UTC) == Castellum Poseidon == Non video quid huic articulo deficiat. Existimo eum perfecte exigit Wikipediae. Si consentis, potesne tollere observationem negativam? Gratias antehac.[[Usor:Andries Van den Abeele|Andries Van den Abeele]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andries Van den Abeele|disputatio]]) 16:39, 30 Iunii 2026 (UTC) : Salve [[Usor:Andries Van den Abeele|Andries Van den Abeele]]. Bibliographia est Francogallice scripta. Scriptiones quales “Iulio MMXXV” non solemus adhibere, sed potius “Iulio 2025”. Formula {{Fn|Nobr}} non habemus. Formula {{Fn|Sfn}} apud nos appellatur {{Fn|Qc}} et alia syntaxi nititur. Sunt etiam multae aliae res Vicificandae. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:55, 30 Iunii 2026 (UTC) == Meiko Nakahara Autotranslata Correctio == Apud dignatione, cur paginam autotranslatam esse figurabam. Totam paginam transferre a me scio, et Ego volo quod non lingua Anglica sic sit, sed literale et totale volo. Autem tota pagina vere translatio 'by hand' in Anglicā, et sī tu Meiko Nakahara paginam Anglicam apud Vicipaediā translatore transferas, scribitio mea non sic totale est. Sī pagina problema habet, acceptibilius est, et velim corrigere [[Usor:PeterBJohnLemon|PeterBJohnLemon]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:PeterBJohnLemon|disputatio]]) 18:48, 4 Iulii 2026 (UTC) : Salve, PeterBJohnLemon. Capsam addidi quia pagina [[Meiko Nakahara]] ''videtur'' e translatione machinaria orta esse, quamquam certus esse nequeo. Forma enim currens mihi videtur nimis mendosa ut in Vicipaedia maneat (velut: “scita pro musica sua in Urbe Populariā genā musicā est”, “Postquam cantantem cursum suam”, “Tributus grex clamatus Lotos ea formatus erat in 2010 et activus jam dum 2019”, atque multa alia exempla). Si haec translatio re vera manu facta est, eo magis emendationibus eget. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 20:34, 4 Iulii 2026 (UTC) == [https://latin-words.com/word/latin/doctoratu doctoratu] == The Latin supine is a verbal noun derived from a verb, not from an ordinary noun. It is formed from the verbal stem associated with the fourth principal part.The word doctoratus ("doctorate") is a noun, not a verb. A supine must come from a verb such as:[doceo, docere, docui, doctus]. We can thus use [doctum,doctū]. As a fellow lover of Latin "word archaeology," I'd say your instinct is good! :) However, let us stick as much as possible to original latin. eg this is Neolatin. Your contributions, by the way, are highly appreciated! --[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) [[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 10:34, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC) : Hi [[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]]. Almost correct, except that the suffix {{swikten|-atus|-atus}} (gen. atūs) can skip the “coming from a verb” part, and so you have nouns like ''senatus'', ''triumviratus'', ''tribunatus'', etc. ''Doctoratus'' is not a new word. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:25, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC) ppg1thj3id44nkltu1htbi2m7k5h8gu 3972483 3972482 2026-07-17T12:26:25Z Grufo 64423 /* doctoratu */ 3972483 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Hic sunt tabularia disputationum}} Disputationes veteres: {{Specialis:Praefixa/Disputatio Usoris:Grufo/Tabularium}} == Translation request == Hello, Grufo. Can you create an article about the American Democratic Vice Presidential candidate [[:en:Tim Walz]] ([[Timotheus Iacobus Walz]]) in Latin Wikipedia, just like for the Republican Vice Presidential candidate [[Iacobus David Vance]]? Yours sincerely, [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 12:48, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) : Hi. I did not create the [[Iacobus David Vance]] page, I only [[Specialis:Diff/3848980/3849044|corrected a few things]], mostly of typographical nature. Of course a [[Timotheus Iacobus Walz]] page would be a nice thing to have. But asking users to do something for us usually rarely works. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:01, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) ::I understand. Thank you for the reply. I also posted the same question to the original uploader. Though I think he or she is a "one timer" and might not upload or edit again. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 13:22, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) ::: I do not know why the original author created Vance's page, but it is not to be excluded that they did it as a consequence of political affiliation (nothing is wrong with that, as long their contribution is encyclopedic), and if that is the case asking the same person to create the page of their political adversary will likely not work. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:27, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) ::::That also later crossed my mind. I personally did not request a translation due to political reasons. I just thought that the other Vice Presidential candidate should also have an article in Latin Wikipedia. Never mind. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 13:34, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) ::::: No problem. Let's see how the original author reacts. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:41, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) ::::::To my surprise, the original author uploaded the second article as well. I have thanked him or her and I thank you as well. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 15:59, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) ::::::: I am happy they did! :) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:01, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) == Nomination == Hi, Grufo. I just proposed you at [[Vicipaedia:Petitio magistratus/Grufo]]. When you have a spare moment, please go there and indicate your willingness -- thank you! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:23, 7 Septembris 2024 (UTC) : Thank you, Andrew! :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:46, 7 Septembris 2024 (UTC) ::As you may have noticed, you are elected nemine contradicente. An excellent result! I will now attempt to give you the appropriate permissions. I'm sorry I have been absent rather often on real world concerns, and this may continue for a while. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:23, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC) :::Done, I think. Next time you log in, verify if you have some unaccustomed powers. Notably, you should be able to delete a page (which should be helpful to you and to others who may need to have a page deleted), and protect a page from some groups of editors, and you should be able to block a user, named or anonymous. Tell me if I can help with anything. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:36, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC) :::: Hooray! :-) You have absolutely nothing to apologize for, Andrew. I am very grateful for your sponsorship. I hope your real world concerns will soon calm down. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:19, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC) == Candidatus ad magistratum propositus == Gratias tibi ago, Grufo optime! Me maxime honorasti me ad electionem in circulum magistratuum proponens. Praeter doctrinam meam debiliorem imprimis inopia temporis liberi me monet, ne hoc munus acciperem. Per septuaginta horas cuiusque hebdomadae munere medici occupatus sum. Ideo non prius quam circa mediam noctem ad Vicipaediam nostram accedere soleo. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 20:47, 11 Octobris 2024 (UTC) : Gratias tibi ago, Bis-Taurine, quia mihi scripsisti. Paucum tempus non est magnum incommodum, multi sunt magistratus apud nos qui inter se laborem distribuunt (nihilominus a magistratu haud maior labor, sed sapientia tantum requiritur). Nisi tibi displacet “magistratus mediae noctis” fieri, tuam petitionem proponere adhuc cupio. Attamen importunē insistere nolo! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:46, 11 Octobris 2024 (UTC) :: @[[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]]: Demetrium Talpam et Marcum Terentium Bibliophilum [[Vicipaedia:Taberna#Magistratus: novae nominationes|nuper proposui]]; et te, volentem, proponere cupio. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:44, 15 Octobris 2024 (UTC) ::: Bis-Taurinus Grufoni salutem! Si paucum tempus et peritia mea exigua non impediunt, me canditatum proponas! [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 05:29, 16 Octobris 2024 (UTC) :::: Euax! :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:47, 16 Octobris 2024 (UTC) == Request == As mentioned in [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 30#Disney cartoon articles]], there are some semi-protected pages that have been protected for 15 years now. Do you think it'd be OK to remove protection from them? I'm asking you because I see you've handled protections before. I also think that there should be some improvement to these pages, as they are generally stubs that have been short for 15 years. Should I start a new discussion at [[Vicipaedia:Taberna]] to get someone to add more content to the pages? [[Specialis:Conlationes/2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB|2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB]] 16:56, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC) : Hi. It seems that the discussion you linked was not really in favour of removing the protection. It is true that four years have passed, however these pages are only semi-protected, all you need to edit them is an account. Have you considered creating one? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:01, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC) :: Some of the pages were unprotected, and those haven't been vandalized since. I actually thought that the discussion was in favor by the end of it. Just a note, I'd have to wait four days to edit after creating an account. However, I was wondering if anyone could add more content to these pages. I saw [[Babe: Pig in the City]] was deleted, but could a new page be written to replace it? Also, I see the tag at [[Rugrats]], should that page be deleted? If I create an account, I'll let you know. [[Specialis:Conlationes/2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB|2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB]] 17:06, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC) ::: Account created. [[Usor:Shopping metaphor|Shopping metaphor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Shopping metaphor|disputatio]]) 17:10, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC) :::: That is great! Happy editing! :-) == Petitio de Formula:AE == Salve Grufo! Potesne Formulam:AE in nostra Vicipaedia ratam facere ut exempli gratia in Vicipaedia Anglica. Nam nexum ad inscriptiones Latinas et Graecas praebet quae in ''[[L'Année épigraphique]]'' publicatae sunt. Vide exempli gratia [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindia_gens Mindia gens] apud Anglicos (AE|2018|325). Etenim epigraphia Latinitati fons non negligendus aestimanda est. Ante aliquot annos Andreas Dalby hoc idem ad Formulam [[CIL]] effecerat. Te amabo si temptabis. --[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:17, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC) Tibi gratias ago. Non difficile fortasse erat sed talium rerum non peritus sum.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:28, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC) : Noli timere, magnopere quidem fuit facile factu. :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:33, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC) :: {{Tpe|Postilla}} [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marce]], formulam {{Fn|AE ref}} quoque nunc habemus. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:54, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC) == Capsa mendosa? == Hi! I’ve just noticed your [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 33#Capsa mendosa?|your ping from over a year ago]], but the problem seems to still persist, so better late than never. ☺ It’s probably because the same coats of arms are listed both [[d:Q81162#P154|as logos]] and [[d:Q81162#P94|as actual coats of arms]], so the solution is removing the logos from the Wikidata items. —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 11:39, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC) : Hi [[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]], thank you for reaching out. How about [[Specialis:Diff/3850542/3861571|this solution]]? To be really unbreakable it should be extended to the other image properties as well – because, for example, [[Collegium Sanctae Catharinae (Oxonia)|here]] the problem still persists. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:48, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC) :: {{tpe|Nova}} Maybe [[Specialis:Diff/3850542/3861576|this other solution]] solves everything once and for all. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:59, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC) :::I think it’s more of a workaround than a solution: Wikidata data is simply wrong (these images are coats of arms, not logos), so that should be fixed instead of changing the Wikipedia infobox. [https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Property_talk:P94&diff=2273008387 I’ve added a complex constraint on Wikidata that lists exact duplicates] (it won’t catch St Catherine’s College, but it will catch the others). —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 22:15, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC) :::: It makes sense. What our template does is simply a check for duplicate images (which under no circumstances need to be shown twice). Feel free to restore the check-free version if you want. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:28, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC) :::::I <em>think</em> the checks shouldn’t be there, but I don’t <em>want</em> to remove them, because I don’t consider myself part of the Latin Wikipedia community and thus want to leave the decision up to the community. (I’m not angry or something like that; it’s perfectly fine for me that you do whatever you want.) —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 23:15, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC) :::::: No problem, [[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]]. [[Specialis:Diff/3861576/3861607|I removed the checks]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:35, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC) == Create a page for Peshkopi - Penestae in Latin == @[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Hi dear Grufo! I am from Albania and I have a request. I want to ask you please can you create a page for Peshkopi: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshkopi (Penestae in Latin) on Latin Wiki. I have asked Andrew Dalby to create it and he didn't created it. So I would be very grateful to you if you will create it yourself. Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 13:28, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC) : Hi, [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]]. You have already sent me an email three days ago, to which I already replied. Please stop spamming. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:46, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC) ::@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Hi Grufo! Now I see the email as I didn't checked it. When you will have time, you will create it? The title for Peshkopi in Latin is Penestae: https://www.loquis.com/en/loquis/2174022/Peshkopi https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/45532/PENESTAE https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Penestae_(tribe) Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 17:14, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC) ::: @[[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]]: As I already wrote you via email, it is not my intention to create the page you are requesting, for at least the following reasons: :::* The subject is not among my priorities :::* Based on what I know '''and your own sources''' ([https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/45532/PENESTAE #1], [https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Penestae_(tribe) #2]), the ''Penestae'' were a tribe, not a place, and I don't know reliable sources that state otherwise (I will be happy to be contradicted) – actually, the Latin name of Peshkopi seems to be [[Episcopia (discretiva)|Episcopia]] (again, I am happy to be contradicted), whereas the locality where the ''Penestae'' lived was called ''Penestia'', as it seems :::* If I ever had any intention to create such page, your fixation on a proper name without sources made any intention vanish (you started insisting on it already [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 34#Create articles for Korçë (Coryza - in Latin), Kukës (unknown name in Latin) and Peshkopi (Penestae - in Latin)|five months ago]]) – Btw, we can attempt to propose our translations of common names (see {{Fn|Convertimus}}), but doing the same with proper names is definitely out of question (it's like if I insisted – without sources – that your name is “Donald”) ::: --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:04, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC) == De quadam difficultate == Salve Grufo, scisne, cur <nowiki>{{Titulus italicus}}</nowiki> non valeat textum italicum reddere in commentatione [[Fabian oder Der Gang vor die Hunde (pellicula 2021)]]? [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:10, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC) : Salve Neander! Credo titulum nimis longum esse causam (formula {{Fn|Titulus italicus}} non est sine defectibus). [[Specialis:Diff/3887061/3887066|Haec excogitatio]] similia incommoda solvere potest. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:31, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC) :: Rectum igitur hominem adii auxilium petens. Gratias ago quam maximas! [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC) == De voce [[Disportus in Italia]] == Ciao, Grufo. Avrei voluto scriverti in latino, ma presumendo che tu sia italiano ti parlerò nella nostra lingua. Scusami tanto se ti disturbo, ma volevo chiederti: come mai hai cancellato la voce [[Disportus in Italia]], creata da me nella giornata di ieri? Sarebbe stato un approfondimento importante sullo sport italiano (argomento di cui mi sto occupando molto), presente anche in molte altre edizioni di Wikipedia. È vero che quando hai cancellato la pagina essa consisteva in un mero elenco di sport con link rossi indirizzanti a sottopagine, ma avrei avuto l'intenzione di scriverla, ampliarla, correggerla, magari in giorni futuri: quindi non l'avrei lasciata in sospeso, abbandonando una voce appena creata, anzi, avrei anche scritto le pagine con i dettagli per ogni disciplina e magari creato una voce simile per altri paesi del mondo. Perciò volevo chiederti soltanto se la voce potrà essere riammessa o potrò comunque ricrearla (anche non adesso, lavorandoci magari prima sulla mia [[Usor:Davide2025/Harenarium|sandbox]]). Puoi rispondermi sulla mia [[Usor:Davide2025/Disputatio|talk]] ed eventualmente continuare a darmi suggerimenti per il futuro. A presto e ''magnas gratias tibi, mi Grufo''! [[Usor:Davide2025|Davide2025]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Davide2025|disputatio]]) 14:07, 21 Octobris 2025 (UTC) : Ciao [[Usor:Davide2025|Davide]]. Il problema è che non si accettano pagine non finite nello spazio enciclopedico. Ci possono essere dei lavori in corso, ma allora si aggiunge {{Fn|In usu}} in cima alla pagina, altrimenti altri utenti assumeranno che la pagina è stata lasciata così (e infatti un altro utente ha chiesto la cancellazione immediata della pagina in quanto incompleta). Ho ripristinato la pagina in [[Usor:Davide2025/Harenarium/Disportus in Italia]]. Ti consiglio di svilupparla ulteriormente prima di metterla nello spazio enciclopedico. Buon lavoro. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:25, 21 Octobris 2025 (UTC) == Transylvania et dies 11 Ianuarii == Salve Grufo! Tibi [[Disputatio:11 Ianuarii|hic]] respondi. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 22:10, 5 Februarii 2026 (UTC) : Gratias tibi ago, [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurine]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:41, 5 Februarii 2026 (UTC) == Tiro sum == Salve Grufo! Tiro hic sum, et magis scire volo de Vikipedia Latina. Nunc disco grammaticam Latinan libro Arnoldiis qui vocatur est “A practical introduction to Latin prose”, et libros Ciceronis lego. Estne fas hic scribere ut linguam Latinam discam? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 17:37, 11 Martii 2026 (UTC) : Salve, [[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]. Utilissimum est Latine scribere ad Latinum discendum! Tua peritia linguae mihi videtur esse satis bona. Suadeo ut incipias paginas iam exstantes emendando. Si autem novas paginas scribere cupis, tibi licet sive eas statim creare sive nostro novo “[[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|systemate adumbrationum]]” uti. Tibi faustas emendationes auguror! Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:11, 11 Martii 2026 (UTC) ::Gratias tibi ago! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 10:53, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC) == Adumbratorne ego? == Salve Grufo, demiror, qua de causa pagina [[Der fliegende Holländer (melodrama)]] a me incepta Adumbrationis titulo dignata sit. Melius hoc intellegerem, si fere omnes aliae paginae "Adumbrationes" essent. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC) : Salve [[Usor:Neander|Neander]]! Hoc evēnit quia [[Usor:Bartholomite]] putavit [[Special:PermanentLink/3948086|hanc versionem paginae]] esse nimis brevem, idcirco in spatium adumbrationum [[Special:Diff/3948160/3948161|movit]]. Puto motionem rectam fuisse, sed nunc pagina est satis longa. Nihilominus [[Disputatio Usoris:Bartholomite#De paginis ad spatium adumbrationum motis|ei scripsi]] te monendum fore quotienscumque paginam a te creatam moveret. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:47, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC) == [[UEFA Nations League]] == Salve Grufo, potesne paginae huius nomen ex Anglico in Latinum mutare? Vale, -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 14:39, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC) : Salve [[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]. Credo istam mutationem in [[Disputatio:UEFA Nations League|pagina disputationis illius commentationis]] melius petendam esse. Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:10, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC) ::Petivi. Vale. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:20, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC) == Quae sunt "negativa lineamenta"? == Dixisti quod differt motus "caterva" et "grex" inquantum caterva est grex negativis cum lineamentis. Cur? Caterva ergo annon extat ut motus pro structura abstracta-algebraica in Neo-Latinitate? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:11, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) : Salve, [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. “Caterva” est sicut “turba”, “multitudo sine ordine” (cf. “caterva verborum”), at “grex” est tantummodo aggregatio quaedam. Romani “catervam” saepe excercitūs aliarum gentium appellabant, raro suos. Vide {{Lewshort|caterva|catervam}} et {{L&S|grex|gregem}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:06, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::Oh, ergo in sensibus communibus differt, non in sensibus ut termata artis. (Sed "grex" erat terma ab Evaristo Galois confectum, ut pagina dicit.) Gratias ago! -- [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:14, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Ita. Ultro, quod ad nomen ab Evaristo Galois confectum attinet, mihi videtur ipse nullum nomen Latinum, sed tantummodo vocabulum Francogallicum ''groupe'' adhibuisse. Erravine? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:25, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::Sic videtur. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:40, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:06, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472432 --> == Formulae == Hi, Grufo. I am happy to be back among Vicipaedians, and also happy that Vicipaedia has been getting better and better in my absence. I am very glad that you have been able to work so hard on it at a time when I could not. I notice, in creating new pages, that I should be using formulae <nowiki>{{Res}}</nowiki> for article names, <nowiki>{{Ores}}</nowiki> for names that are titles of works, and <nowiki>{{Anni vitae}}</nowiki> instead of <nowiki>{{Lifetime}}</nowiki>. Correct? I'm sure there are other new formulae, and no doubt I will gradually pick them up, but if there are any more that you think I will need often, feel free to tell me! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:53, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC) : Hi Andrew! I am very glad you are back! Yes, {{Fn|ores}} stands for “res de opere”. It must not be confused with {{Fn|ires}}: both show the lemma in italic, but only {{Fn|ores}} adds the <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><cite>...</cite></syntaxhighlight> tag under the hood, which in turn instructs search engines that the page is about a work. As for {{Fn|anni vitae}}/{{Fn|lifetime}}, the second is simply a redirect to the first, so you are free to choose—although we should prefer Latin in our pages. Among the other things that have changed when you were not here, as far as I can recall, there is that the two old templates {{Fn|nexus desiderati}} and {{Fn|nexus absunt}} have been merged into one single template, and that {{Fn|creanda}} is now transitioning towards {{Fsn|pcc}} (the latter's title might change in the future); long story short, from now on, if you can, please write <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:creanda|...}}</syntaxhighlight> instead of <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{creanda|...}}</syntaxhighlight>. The advantage is that when eventually the missing page gets created, the new template is able to recognize it even if it got created under a different name. I don't know if there have been other big changes. If yes, probably you will notice! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:39, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC) ::That's good. I could not quite follow the developments with "creanda". Your explanation makes it clear, and I will use "subst:creanda". [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 18:48, 2 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::: @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]]: Writing <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:creanda|...}}</syntaxhighlight> is transitory in this phase to facilitate the usage of the new template. You can also directly write <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:pcc|...}}</syntaxhighlight>, although this uses a slightly different syntax. Compare: :::: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:pcc|en=Direction (geometry)|directio|directionem}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: and :::: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:creanda|en|Direction (geometry)|directio|directionem}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: [[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|The documentation]] should explain everything in detail. The point is that the new template is able to get the Wikidata entity of the linked page, and so both <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:creanda|...}}</syntaxhighlight> and <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:pcc|...}}</syntaxhighlight>, once you save the page, will eventually turn into, :::: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|directio|directionem|en|qid=Q2151613}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: where {{para|qid|Q2151613}} contains the Wikidata entity. Once the template has the Wikidata entity, it no longer matters under which name a new page gets created, it will find it. Moreover, when that happens, [[:Categoria:Paginae quae recensionem vacuam exspectant|this category]] will list the pages that now ask for the creation of pages that have already been created, and an empty edit (!) will be enough to remove the template from the page. For instance, on the top-right corner of the “[[Situs interretialis]]” page there is currently the icon of a blinking zero with a pencil; if you click on it and then click on “Mutationes ostendere”, everything should be more clear. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:31, 2 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::I did begin to write "subst:creanda" instead of "creanda". What happened was that immediately on saving my work it changed to the next step, with a much longer template name "safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve" and rearranged elements. This made it harder to continue editing the page. So, to stop that immediate change happening, I've gone back to writing "creanda". I take it the whole series of changes, from "creanda" to "subst:creanda", and on, can be done automatically at some later stage? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:23, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::: @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew]]: I just created {{Fsn|creanda/m}}. Now if you write ::::::: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:creanda/m|en|Julie Gayet|fr|Julie Gayet|Iulia Gayet}}</syntaxhighlight> :::::: when you save the page it gets replaced with ::::::: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{safesubst:creanda|en|Julie Gayet|fr|Julie Gayet|Iulia Gayet}}</syntaxhighlight> :::::: When you save the page one time more it gets replaced with ::::::: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iulia Gayet||fr|en|qid=Q435925}}</syntaxhighlight> :::::: Is that what you were looking for? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:07, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::: P.S. I can also create it with a timer (e.g. it doesn't get replaced before one day passes), but I'll need a bit longer to create that. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:29, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::Grufo, you never cease to amaze me! You can do anything! I don't want to be awkward -- after all, if I were efficient, I could save all my potential improvements for one edit, and then do it, and it wouldn't be a problem. However, there may be some value, to others as well as to me, if it works after a fixed delay (a day, as you suggest). Others, not only me, re-read and revise their edits immediately after saving the essential part. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:58, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::: Thank you, Andrew. Consider it done :) P.S. The long name “Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve” could be temporary: one day, when all transclusions of {{Fn|Creanda}} will be gone (I think they are about 2000 at the moment), we can rename {{Fn|Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve}} to {{Fn|Creanda}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:21, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::: @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew]]: I added a timer of one day to {{Fsn|creanda/m}} (you will have to tolerate a {{para|t}} parameter that gets automatically added to save the starting time). What do you think? You would use {{Fsn|creanda/m}} exacly like you would use {{Fn|creanda}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:15, 15 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::Fine, thanks! I'll use {{Fsn|creanda/m}} from now on. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:31, 16 Iunii 2026 (UTC) == Citation style == Hi, Grufo. Thanks for working on "[[Dis-moi ce que tu manges: je te dirai ce que tu es]]". I have just one question about the citation style. Is it really a good idea to aim to put months as well as years in the parenthetic date that follows the author's name? My impression is that English Wikipedians sometimes do this, and that Google Books sometimes inserts days and months (totally unreliably) alongside years of publication, but that people writing bibliographies in the real world don't do it. It would be quite a matter of chance whether the information is available or not. What do you think about that? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:10, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) : Hi [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew]]. I think that with books definitely the year alone should be enough. The month maybe can be useful with journals (it is true though that volume and issue numbers should be enough). Maybe a general exception is when an author publishes two or more works in the same year: in that case the month might be the only way to write the Chicago-style short citation (e.g. <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{qc|Einstein, Mai. 2021}}</syntaxhighlight> and <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{qc|Einstein, Iul. 2021}}</syntaxhighlight>). Long story short: feel free to remove {{para|mensis}} and {{para|tempus ostentum}} from Melvin's article and {{para|mensis}} from Nemeroff's article! P.S. If you have any suggestions on how to improve the {{[[Formula:Opus|Opus]]}} template, please don't hesitate. When I wrote it I tried to find a compromise between English (and other languages') citation standards and the peculiarities of Latin tradition (for instance, I avoided using non-nominative forms like “Alberto Einstein auctore” or “Alberti Einstein ''Lorem Ipsum''”). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:48, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::In general your template works very well. I'll give it some thought. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 16:05, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) == De involuntaria invocatione == @[[Usor:Amahoney|Amahoney]], @[[Usor:Andreas Raether|Andreas Raether]], @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]], @[[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]], @[[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]], @[[Usor:Frontfrog|Frontfrog]], @[[Usor:Giorno2|Giorno2]], @[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus Rocchio]] et [[Usor:Lesgles|Lesgles]]: Amici, ignoscite mihi, quaeso, si antea invocationem involuntariam a me acceperatis; exemplum tantum novae formulae {{[[Formula:Usores in colloquio#&#123;&#123;subst:Usores in colloquio&#125;&#125;|subst:Usores in colloquio]]}} ostendere volui. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:55, 18 Iunii 2026 (UTC) == Castellum Poseidon == Non video quid huic articulo deficiat. Existimo eum perfecte exigit Wikipediae. Si consentis, potesne tollere observationem negativam? Gratias antehac.[[Usor:Andries Van den Abeele|Andries Van den Abeele]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andries Van den Abeele|disputatio]]) 16:39, 30 Iunii 2026 (UTC) : Salve [[Usor:Andries Van den Abeele|Andries Van den Abeele]]. Bibliographia est Francogallice scripta. Scriptiones quales “Iulio MMXXV” non solemus adhibere, sed potius “Iulio 2025”. Formula {{Fn|Nobr}} non habemus. Formula {{Fn|Sfn}} apud nos appellatur {{Fn|Qc}} et alia syntaxi nititur. Sunt etiam multae aliae res Vicificandae. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:55, 30 Iunii 2026 (UTC) == Meiko Nakahara Autotranslata Correctio == Apud dignatione, cur paginam autotranslatam esse figurabam. Totam paginam transferre a me scio, et Ego volo quod non lingua Anglica sic sit, sed literale et totale volo. Autem tota pagina vere translatio 'by hand' in Anglicā, et sī tu Meiko Nakahara paginam Anglicam apud Vicipaediā translatore transferas, scribitio mea non sic totale est. Sī pagina problema habet, acceptibilius est, et velim corrigere [[Usor:PeterBJohnLemon|PeterBJohnLemon]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:PeterBJohnLemon|disputatio]]) 18:48, 4 Iulii 2026 (UTC) : Salve, PeterBJohnLemon. Capsam addidi quia pagina [[Meiko Nakahara]] ''videtur'' e translatione machinaria orta esse, quamquam certus esse nequeo. Forma enim currens mihi videtur nimis mendosa ut in Vicipaedia maneat (velut: “scita pro musica sua in Urbe Populariā genā musicā est”, “Postquam cantantem cursum suam”, “Tributus grex clamatus Lotos ea formatus erat in 2010 et activus jam dum 2019”, atque multa alia exempla). Si haec translatio re vera manu facta est, eo magis emendationibus eget. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 20:34, 4 Iulii 2026 (UTC) == [https://latin-words.com/word/latin/doctoratu doctoratu] == The Latin supine is a verbal noun derived from a verb, not from an ordinary noun. It is formed from the verbal stem associated with the fourth principal part.The word doctoratus ("doctorate") is a noun, not a verb. A supine must come from a verb such as:[doceo, docere, docui, doctus]. We can thus use [doctum,doctū]. As a fellow lover of Latin "word archaeology," I'd say your instinct is good! :) However, let us stick as much as possible to original latin. eg this is Neolatin. Your contributions, by the way, are highly appreciated! --[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) [[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 10:34, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC) : Hi [[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]]. Almost correct, except that the suffix {{swikten|-atus|-atus}} (gen. atūs) can skip the “coming from a verb” part, and so you have nouns like ''senatus'', ''triumviratus'', ''tribunatus'', etc. ''Doctoratus'' (gen. -ūs) is not a new word. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:25, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC) q1h58duax8efpodwzirrdj7ne308jkm 3972484 3972483 2026-07-17T12:29:19Z Grufo 64423 /* doctoratu */ 3972484 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Hic sunt tabularia disputationum}} Disputationes veteres: {{Specialis:Praefixa/Disputatio Usoris:Grufo/Tabularium}} == Translation request == Hello, Grufo. Can you create an article about the American Democratic Vice Presidential candidate [[:en:Tim Walz]] ([[Timotheus Iacobus Walz]]) in Latin Wikipedia, just like for the Republican Vice Presidential candidate [[Iacobus David Vance]]? Yours sincerely, [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 12:48, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) : Hi. I did not create the [[Iacobus David Vance]] page, I only [[Specialis:Diff/3848980/3849044|corrected a few things]], mostly of typographical nature. Of course a [[Timotheus Iacobus Walz]] page would be a nice thing to have. But asking users to do something for us usually rarely works. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:01, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) ::I understand. Thank you for the reply. I also posted the same question to the original uploader. Though I think he or she is a "one timer" and might not upload or edit again. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 13:22, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) ::: I do not know why the original author created Vance's page, but it is not to be excluded that they did it as a consequence of political affiliation (nothing is wrong with that, as long their contribution is encyclopedic), and if that is the case asking the same person to create the page of their political adversary will likely not work. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:27, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) ::::That also later crossed my mind. I personally did not request a translation due to political reasons. I just thought that the other Vice Presidential candidate should also have an article in Latin Wikipedia. Never mind. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 13:34, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) ::::: No problem. Let's see how the original author reacts. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:41, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) ::::::To my surprise, the original author uploaded the second article as well. I have thanked him or her and I thank you as well. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 15:59, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) ::::::: I am happy they did! :) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:01, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) == Nomination == Hi, Grufo. I just proposed you at [[Vicipaedia:Petitio magistratus/Grufo]]. When you have a spare moment, please go there and indicate your willingness -- thank you! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:23, 7 Septembris 2024 (UTC) : Thank you, Andrew! :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:46, 7 Septembris 2024 (UTC) ::As you may have noticed, you are elected nemine contradicente. An excellent result! I will now attempt to give you the appropriate permissions. I'm sorry I have been absent rather often on real world concerns, and this may continue for a while. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:23, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC) :::Done, I think. Next time you log in, verify if you have some unaccustomed powers. Notably, you should be able to delete a page (which should be helpful to you and to others who may need to have a page deleted), and protect a page from some groups of editors, and you should be able to block a user, named or anonymous. Tell me if I can help with anything. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:36, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC) :::: Hooray! :-) You have absolutely nothing to apologize for, Andrew. I am very grateful for your sponsorship. I hope your real world concerns will soon calm down. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:19, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC) == Candidatus ad magistratum propositus == Gratias tibi ago, Grufo optime! Me maxime honorasti me ad electionem in circulum magistratuum proponens. Praeter doctrinam meam debiliorem imprimis inopia temporis liberi me monet, ne hoc munus acciperem. Per septuaginta horas cuiusque hebdomadae munere medici occupatus sum. Ideo non prius quam circa mediam noctem ad Vicipaediam nostram accedere soleo. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 20:47, 11 Octobris 2024 (UTC) : Gratias tibi ago, Bis-Taurine, quia mihi scripsisti. Paucum tempus non est magnum incommodum, multi sunt magistratus apud nos qui inter se laborem distribuunt (nihilominus a magistratu haud maior labor, sed sapientia tantum requiritur). Nisi tibi displacet “magistratus mediae noctis” fieri, tuam petitionem proponere adhuc cupio. Attamen importunē insistere nolo! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:46, 11 Octobris 2024 (UTC) :: @[[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]]: Demetrium Talpam et Marcum Terentium Bibliophilum [[Vicipaedia:Taberna#Magistratus: novae nominationes|nuper proposui]]; et te, volentem, proponere cupio. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:44, 15 Octobris 2024 (UTC) ::: Bis-Taurinus Grufoni salutem! Si paucum tempus et peritia mea exigua non impediunt, me canditatum proponas! [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 05:29, 16 Octobris 2024 (UTC) :::: Euax! :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:47, 16 Octobris 2024 (UTC) == Request == As mentioned in [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 30#Disney cartoon articles]], there are some semi-protected pages that have been protected for 15 years now. Do you think it'd be OK to remove protection from them? I'm asking you because I see you've handled protections before. I also think that there should be some improvement to these pages, as they are generally stubs that have been short for 15 years. Should I start a new discussion at [[Vicipaedia:Taberna]] to get someone to add more content to the pages? [[Specialis:Conlationes/2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB|2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB]] 16:56, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC) : Hi. It seems that the discussion you linked was not really in favour of removing the protection. It is true that four years have passed, however these pages are only semi-protected, all you need to edit them is an account. Have you considered creating one? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:01, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC) :: Some of the pages were unprotected, and those haven't been vandalized since. I actually thought that the discussion was in favor by the end of it. Just a note, I'd have to wait four days to edit after creating an account. However, I was wondering if anyone could add more content to these pages. I saw [[Babe: Pig in the City]] was deleted, but could a new page be written to replace it? Also, I see the tag at [[Rugrats]], should that page be deleted? If I create an account, I'll let you know. [[Specialis:Conlationes/2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB|2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB]] 17:06, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC) ::: Account created. [[Usor:Shopping metaphor|Shopping metaphor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Shopping metaphor|disputatio]]) 17:10, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC) :::: That is great! Happy editing! :-) == Petitio de Formula:AE == Salve Grufo! Potesne Formulam:AE in nostra Vicipaedia ratam facere ut exempli gratia in Vicipaedia Anglica. Nam nexum ad inscriptiones Latinas et Graecas praebet quae in ''[[L'Année épigraphique]]'' publicatae sunt. Vide exempli gratia [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindia_gens Mindia gens] apud Anglicos (AE|2018|325). Etenim epigraphia Latinitati fons non negligendus aestimanda est. Ante aliquot annos Andreas Dalby hoc idem ad Formulam [[CIL]] effecerat. Te amabo si temptabis. --[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:17, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC) Tibi gratias ago. Non difficile fortasse erat sed talium rerum non peritus sum.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:28, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC) : Noli timere, magnopere quidem fuit facile factu. :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:33, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC) :: {{Tpe|Postilla}} [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marce]], formulam {{Fn|AE ref}} quoque nunc habemus. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:54, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC) == Capsa mendosa? == Hi! I’ve just noticed your [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 33#Capsa mendosa?|your ping from over a year ago]], but the problem seems to still persist, so better late than never. ☺ It’s probably because the same coats of arms are listed both [[d:Q81162#P154|as logos]] and [[d:Q81162#P94|as actual coats of arms]], so the solution is removing the logos from the Wikidata items. —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 11:39, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC) : Hi [[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]], thank you for reaching out. How about [[Specialis:Diff/3850542/3861571|this solution]]? To be really unbreakable it should be extended to the other image properties as well – because, for example, [[Collegium Sanctae Catharinae (Oxonia)|here]] the problem still persists. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:48, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC) :: {{tpe|Nova}} Maybe [[Specialis:Diff/3850542/3861576|this other solution]] solves everything once and for all. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:59, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC) :::I think it’s more of a workaround than a solution: Wikidata data is simply wrong (these images are coats of arms, not logos), so that should be fixed instead of changing the Wikipedia infobox. [https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Property_talk:P94&diff=2273008387 I’ve added a complex constraint on Wikidata that lists exact duplicates] (it won’t catch St Catherine’s College, but it will catch the others). —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 22:15, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC) :::: It makes sense. What our template does is simply a check for duplicate images (which under no circumstances need to be shown twice). Feel free to restore the check-free version if you want. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:28, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC) :::::I <em>think</em> the checks shouldn’t be there, but I don’t <em>want</em> to remove them, because I don’t consider myself part of the Latin Wikipedia community and thus want to leave the decision up to the community. (I’m not angry or something like that; it’s perfectly fine for me that you do whatever you want.) —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 23:15, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC) :::::: No problem, [[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]]. [[Specialis:Diff/3861576/3861607|I removed the checks]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:35, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC) == Create a page for Peshkopi - Penestae in Latin == @[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Hi dear Grufo! I am from Albania and I have a request. I want to ask you please can you create a page for Peshkopi: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshkopi (Penestae in Latin) on Latin Wiki. I have asked Andrew Dalby to create it and he didn't created it. So I would be very grateful to you if you will create it yourself. Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 13:28, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC) : Hi, [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]]. You have already sent me an email three days ago, to which I already replied. Please stop spamming. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:46, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC) ::@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Hi Grufo! Now I see the email as I didn't checked it. When you will have time, you will create it? The title for Peshkopi in Latin is Penestae: https://www.loquis.com/en/loquis/2174022/Peshkopi https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/45532/PENESTAE https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Penestae_(tribe) Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 17:14, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC) ::: @[[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]]: As I already wrote you via email, it is not my intention to create the page you are requesting, for at least the following reasons: :::* The subject is not among my priorities :::* Based on what I know '''and your own sources''' ([https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/45532/PENESTAE #1], [https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Penestae_(tribe) #2]), the ''Penestae'' were a tribe, not a place, and I don't know reliable sources that state otherwise (I will be happy to be contradicted) – actually, the Latin name of Peshkopi seems to be [[Episcopia (discretiva)|Episcopia]] (again, I am happy to be contradicted), whereas the locality where the ''Penestae'' lived was called ''Penestia'', as it seems :::* If I ever had any intention to create such page, your fixation on a proper name without sources made any intention vanish (you started insisting on it already [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 34#Create articles for Korçë (Coryza - in Latin), Kukës (unknown name in Latin) and Peshkopi (Penestae - in Latin)|five months ago]]) – Btw, we can attempt to propose our translations of common names (see {{Fn|Convertimus}}), but doing the same with proper names is definitely out of question (it's like if I insisted – without sources – that your name is “Donald”) ::: --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:04, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC) == De quadam difficultate == Salve Grufo, scisne, cur <nowiki>{{Titulus italicus}}</nowiki> non valeat textum italicum reddere in commentatione [[Fabian oder Der Gang vor die Hunde (pellicula 2021)]]? [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:10, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC) : Salve Neander! Credo titulum nimis longum esse causam (formula {{Fn|Titulus italicus}} non est sine defectibus). [[Specialis:Diff/3887061/3887066|Haec excogitatio]] similia incommoda solvere potest. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:31, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC) :: Rectum igitur hominem adii auxilium petens. Gratias ago quam maximas! [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC) == De voce [[Disportus in Italia]] == Ciao, Grufo. Avrei voluto scriverti in latino, ma presumendo che tu sia italiano ti parlerò nella nostra lingua. Scusami tanto se ti disturbo, ma volevo chiederti: come mai hai cancellato la voce [[Disportus in Italia]], creata da me nella giornata di ieri? Sarebbe stato un approfondimento importante sullo sport italiano (argomento di cui mi sto occupando molto), presente anche in molte altre edizioni di Wikipedia. È vero che quando hai cancellato la pagina essa consisteva in un mero elenco di sport con link rossi indirizzanti a sottopagine, ma avrei avuto l'intenzione di scriverla, ampliarla, correggerla, magari in giorni futuri: quindi non l'avrei lasciata in sospeso, abbandonando una voce appena creata, anzi, avrei anche scritto le pagine con i dettagli per ogni disciplina e magari creato una voce simile per altri paesi del mondo. Perciò volevo chiederti soltanto se la voce potrà essere riammessa o potrò comunque ricrearla (anche non adesso, lavorandoci magari prima sulla mia [[Usor:Davide2025/Harenarium|sandbox]]). Puoi rispondermi sulla mia [[Usor:Davide2025/Disputatio|talk]] ed eventualmente continuare a darmi suggerimenti per il futuro. A presto e ''magnas gratias tibi, mi Grufo''! [[Usor:Davide2025|Davide2025]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Davide2025|disputatio]]) 14:07, 21 Octobris 2025 (UTC) : Ciao [[Usor:Davide2025|Davide]]. Il problema è che non si accettano pagine non finite nello spazio enciclopedico. Ci possono essere dei lavori in corso, ma allora si aggiunge {{Fn|In usu}} in cima alla pagina, altrimenti altri utenti assumeranno che la pagina è stata lasciata così (e infatti un altro utente ha chiesto la cancellazione immediata della pagina in quanto incompleta). Ho ripristinato la pagina in [[Usor:Davide2025/Harenarium/Disportus in Italia]]. Ti consiglio di svilupparla ulteriormente prima di metterla nello spazio enciclopedico. Buon lavoro. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:25, 21 Octobris 2025 (UTC) == Transylvania et dies 11 Ianuarii == Salve Grufo! Tibi [[Disputatio:11 Ianuarii|hic]] respondi. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 22:10, 5 Februarii 2026 (UTC) : Gratias tibi ago, [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurine]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:41, 5 Februarii 2026 (UTC) == Tiro sum == Salve Grufo! Tiro hic sum, et magis scire volo de Vikipedia Latina. Nunc disco grammaticam Latinan libro Arnoldiis qui vocatur est “A practical introduction to Latin prose”, et libros Ciceronis lego. Estne fas hic scribere ut linguam Latinam discam? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 17:37, 11 Martii 2026 (UTC) : Salve, [[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]. Utilissimum est Latine scribere ad Latinum discendum! Tua peritia linguae mihi videtur esse satis bona. Suadeo ut incipias paginas iam exstantes emendando. Si autem novas paginas scribere cupis, tibi licet sive eas statim creare sive nostro novo “[[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|systemate adumbrationum]]” uti. Tibi faustas emendationes auguror! Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:11, 11 Martii 2026 (UTC) ::Gratias tibi ago! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 10:53, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC) == Adumbratorne ego? == Salve Grufo, demiror, qua de causa pagina [[Der fliegende Holländer (melodrama)]] a me incepta Adumbrationis titulo dignata sit. Melius hoc intellegerem, si fere omnes aliae paginae "Adumbrationes" essent. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC) : Salve [[Usor:Neander|Neander]]! Hoc evēnit quia [[Usor:Bartholomite]] putavit [[Special:PermanentLink/3948086|hanc versionem paginae]] esse nimis brevem, idcirco in spatium adumbrationum [[Special:Diff/3948160/3948161|movit]]. Puto motionem rectam fuisse, sed nunc pagina est satis longa. Nihilominus [[Disputatio Usoris:Bartholomite#De paginis ad spatium adumbrationum motis|ei scripsi]] te monendum fore quotienscumque paginam a te creatam moveret. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:47, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC) == [[UEFA Nations League]] == Salve Grufo, potesne paginae huius nomen ex Anglico in Latinum mutare? Vale, -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 14:39, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC) : Salve [[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]. Credo istam mutationem in [[Disputatio:UEFA Nations League|pagina disputationis illius commentationis]] melius petendam esse. Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:10, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC) ::Petivi. Vale. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:20, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC) == Quae sunt "negativa lineamenta"? == Dixisti quod differt motus "caterva" et "grex" inquantum caterva est grex negativis cum lineamentis. Cur? Caterva ergo annon extat ut motus pro structura abstracta-algebraica in Neo-Latinitate? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:11, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) : Salve, [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. “Caterva” est sicut “turba”, “multitudo sine ordine” (cf. “caterva verborum”), at “grex” est tantummodo aggregatio quaedam. Romani “catervam” saepe excercitūs aliarum gentium appellabant, raro suos. Vide {{Lewshort|caterva|catervam}} et {{L&S|grex|gregem}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:06, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::Oh, ergo in sensibus communibus differt, non in sensibus ut termata artis. (Sed "grex" erat terma ab Evaristo Galois confectum, ut pagina dicit.) Gratias ago! -- [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:14, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Ita. Ultro, quod ad nomen ab Evaristo Galois confectum attinet, mihi videtur ipse nullum nomen Latinum, sed tantummodo vocabulum Francogallicum ''groupe'' adhibuisse. Erravine? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:25, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::Sic videtur. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:40, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:06, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472432 --> == Formulae == Hi, Grufo. I am happy to be back among Vicipaedians, and also happy that Vicipaedia has been getting better and better in my absence. I am very glad that you have been able to work so hard on it at a time when I could not. I notice, in creating new pages, that I should be using formulae <nowiki>{{Res}}</nowiki> for article names, <nowiki>{{Ores}}</nowiki> for names that are titles of works, and <nowiki>{{Anni vitae}}</nowiki> instead of <nowiki>{{Lifetime}}</nowiki>. Correct? I'm sure there are other new formulae, and no doubt I will gradually pick them up, but if there are any more that you think I will need often, feel free to tell me! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:53, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC) : Hi Andrew! I am very glad you are back! Yes, {{Fn|ores}} stands for “res de opere”. It must not be confused with {{Fn|ires}}: both show the lemma in italic, but only {{Fn|ores}} adds the <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><cite>...</cite></syntaxhighlight> tag under the hood, which in turn instructs search engines that the page is about a work. As for {{Fn|anni vitae}}/{{Fn|lifetime}}, the second is simply a redirect to the first, so you are free to choose—although we should prefer Latin in our pages. Among the other things that have changed when you were not here, as far as I can recall, there is that the two old templates {{Fn|nexus desiderati}} and {{Fn|nexus absunt}} have been merged into one single template, and that {{Fn|creanda}} is now transitioning towards {{Fsn|pcc}} (the latter's title might change in the future); long story short, from now on, if you can, please write <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:creanda|...}}</syntaxhighlight> instead of <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{creanda|...}}</syntaxhighlight>. The advantage is that when eventually the missing page gets created, the new template is able to recognize it even if it got created under a different name. I don't know if there have been other big changes. If yes, probably you will notice! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:39, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC) ::That's good. I could not quite follow the developments with "creanda". Your explanation makes it clear, and I will use "subst:creanda". [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 18:48, 2 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::: @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]]: Writing <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:creanda|...}}</syntaxhighlight> is transitory in this phase to facilitate the usage of the new template. You can also directly write <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:pcc|...}}</syntaxhighlight>, although this uses a slightly different syntax. Compare: :::: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:pcc|en=Direction (geometry)|directio|directionem}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: and :::: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:creanda|en|Direction (geometry)|directio|directionem}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: [[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|The documentation]] should explain everything in detail. The point is that the new template is able to get the Wikidata entity of the linked page, and so both <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:creanda|...}}</syntaxhighlight> and <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:pcc|...}}</syntaxhighlight>, once you save the page, will eventually turn into, :::: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|directio|directionem|en|qid=Q2151613}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: where {{para|qid|Q2151613}} contains the Wikidata entity. Once the template has the Wikidata entity, it no longer matters under which name a new page gets created, it will find it. Moreover, when that happens, [[:Categoria:Paginae quae recensionem vacuam exspectant|this category]] will list the pages that now ask for the creation of pages that have already been created, and an empty edit (!) will be enough to remove the template from the page. For instance, on the top-right corner of the “[[Situs interretialis]]” page there is currently the icon of a blinking zero with a pencil; if you click on it and then click on “Mutationes ostendere”, everything should be more clear. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:31, 2 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::I did begin to write "subst:creanda" instead of "creanda". What happened was that immediately on saving my work it changed to the next step, with a much longer template name "safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve" and rearranged elements. This made it harder to continue editing the page. So, to stop that immediate change happening, I've gone back to writing "creanda". I take it the whole series of changes, from "creanda" to "subst:creanda", and on, can be done automatically at some later stage? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:23, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::: @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew]]: I just created {{Fsn|creanda/m}}. Now if you write ::::::: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:creanda/m|en|Julie Gayet|fr|Julie Gayet|Iulia Gayet}}</syntaxhighlight> :::::: when you save the page it gets replaced with ::::::: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{safesubst:creanda|en|Julie Gayet|fr|Julie Gayet|Iulia Gayet}}</syntaxhighlight> :::::: When you save the page one time more it gets replaced with ::::::: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iulia Gayet||fr|en|qid=Q435925}}</syntaxhighlight> :::::: Is that what you were looking for? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:07, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::: P.S. I can also create it with a timer (e.g. it doesn't get replaced before one day passes), but I'll need a bit longer to create that. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:29, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::Grufo, you never cease to amaze me! You can do anything! I don't want to be awkward -- after all, if I were efficient, I could save all my potential improvements for one edit, and then do it, and it wouldn't be a problem. However, there may be some value, to others as well as to me, if it works after a fixed delay (a day, as you suggest). Others, not only me, re-read and revise their edits immediately after saving the essential part. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:58, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::: Thank you, Andrew. Consider it done :) P.S. The long name “Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve” could be temporary: one day, when all transclusions of {{Fn|Creanda}} will be gone (I think they are about 2000 at the moment), we can rename {{Fn|Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve}} to {{Fn|Creanda}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:21, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::: @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew]]: I added a timer of one day to {{Fsn|creanda/m}} (you will have to tolerate a {{para|t}} parameter that gets automatically added to save the starting time). What do you think? You would use {{Fsn|creanda/m}} exacly like you would use {{Fn|creanda}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:15, 15 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::Fine, thanks! I'll use {{Fsn|creanda/m}} from now on. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:31, 16 Iunii 2026 (UTC) == Citation style == Hi, Grufo. Thanks for working on "[[Dis-moi ce que tu manges: je te dirai ce que tu es]]". I have just one question about the citation style. Is it really a good idea to aim to put months as well as years in the parenthetic date that follows the author's name? My impression is that English Wikipedians sometimes do this, and that Google Books sometimes inserts days and months (totally unreliably) alongside years of publication, but that people writing bibliographies in the real world don't do it. It would be quite a matter of chance whether the information is available or not. What do you think about that? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:10, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) : Hi [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew]]. I think that with books definitely the year alone should be enough. The month maybe can be useful with journals (it is true though that volume and issue numbers should be enough). Maybe a general exception is when an author publishes two or more works in the same year: in that case the month might be the only way to write the Chicago-style short citation (e.g. <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{qc|Einstein, Mai. 2021}}</syntaxhighlight> and <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{qc|Einstein, Iul. 2021}}</syntaxhighlight>). Long story short: feel free to remove {{para|mensis}} and {{para|tempus ostentum}} from Melvin's article and {{para|mensis}} from Nemeroff's article! P.S. If you have any suggestions on how to improve the {{[[Formula:Opus|Opus]]}} template, please don't hesitate. When I wrote it I tried to find a compromise between English (and other languages') citation standards and the peculiarities of Latin tradition (for instance, I avoided using non-nominative forms like “Alberto Einstein auctore” or “Alberti Einstein ''Lorem Ipsum''”). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:48, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::In general your template works very well. I'll give it some thought. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 16:05, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) == De involuntaria invocatione == @[[Usor:Amahoney|Amahoney]], @[[Usor:Andreas Raether|Andreas Raether]], @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]], @[[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]], @[[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]], @[[Usor:Frontfrog|Frontfrog]], @[[Usor:Giorno2|Giorno2]], @[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus Rocchio]] et [[Usor:Lesgles|Lesgles]]: Amici, ignoscite mihi, quaeso, si antea invocationem involuntariam a me acceperatis; exemplum tantum novae formulae {{[[Formula:Usores in colloquio#&#123;&#123;subst:Usores in colloquio&#125;&#125;|subst:Usores in colloquio]]}} ostendere volui. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:55, 18 Iunii 2026 (UTC) == Castellum Poseidon == Non video quid huic articulo deficiat. Existimo eum perfecte exigit Wikipediae. Si consentis, potesne tollere observationem negativam? Gratias antehac.[[Usor:Andries Van den Abeele|Andries Van den Abeele]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andries Van den Abeele|disputatio]]) 16:39, 30 Iunii 2026 (UTC) : Salve [[Usor:Andries Van den Abeele|Andries Van den Abeele]]. Bibliographia est Francogallice scripta. Scriptiones quales “Iulio MMXXV” non solemus adhibere, sed potius “Iulio 2025”. Formula {{Fn|Nobr}} non habemus. Formula {{Fn|Sfn}} apud nos appellatur {{Fn|Qc}} et alia syntaxi nititur. Sunt etiam multae aliae res Vicificandae. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:55, 30 Iunii 2026 (UTC) == Meiko Nakahara Autotranslata Correctio == Apud dignatione, cur paginam autotranslatam esse figurabam. Totam paginam transferre a me scio, et Ego volo quod non lingua Anglica sic sit, sed literale et totale volo. Autem tota pagina vere translatio 'by hand' in Anglicā, et sī tu Meiko Nakahara paginam Anglicam apud Vicipaediā translatore transferas, scribitio mea non sic totale est. Sī pagina problema habet, acceptibilius est, et velim corrigere [[Usor:PeterBJohnLemon|PeterBJohnLemon]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:PeterBJohnLemon|disputatio]]) 18:48, 4 Iulii 2026 (UTC) : Salve, PeterBJohnLemon. Capsam addidi quia pagina [[Meiko Nakahara]] ''videtur'' e translatione machinaria orta esse, quamquam certus esse nequeo. Forma enim currens mihi videtur nimis mendosa ut in Vicipaedia maneat (velut: “scita pro musica sua in Urbe Populariā genā musicā est”, “Postquam cantantem cursum suam”, “Tributus grex clamatus Lotos ea formatus erat in 2010 et activus jam dum 2019”, atque multa alia exempla). Si haec translatio re vera manu facta est, eo magis emendationibus eget. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 20:34, 4 Iulii 2026 (UTC) == [https://latin-words.com/word/latin/doctoratu doctoratu] == The Latin supine is a verbal noun derived from a verb, not from an ordinary noun. It is formed from the verbal stem associated with the fourth principal part.The word doctoratus ("doctorate") is a noun, not a verb. A supine must come from a verb such as:[doceo, docere, docui, doctus]. We can thus use [doctum,doctū]. As a fellow lover of Latin "word archaeology," I'd say your instinct is good! :) However, let us stick as much as possible to original latin. eg this is Neolatin. Your contributions, by the way, are highly appreciated! --[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) [[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 10:34, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC) : Hi [[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]]. Almost correct, except that the suffix ''{{swikten|-atus|-atus}}'' (gen. ''-atūs'') can skip the “coming from a verb” part, and so you have nouns like ''senatus'', ''triumviratus'', ''tribunatus'', etc. ''Doctoratus'' (gen. -ūs) is not a new word. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:25, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC) 67f4y0tn5xvduz2ydtbn2xwgbvndlko 3972498 3972484 2026-07-17T13:08:50Z IacobusAmor 1163 /* doctoratu */ 3972498 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Hic sunt tabularia disputationum}} Disputationes veteres: {{Specialis:Praefixa/Disputatio Usoris:Grufo/Tabularium}} == Translation request == Hello, Grufo. Can you create an article about the American Democratic Vice Presidential candidate [[:en:Tim Walz]] ([[Timotheus Iacobus Walz]]) in Latin Wikipedia, just like for the Republican Vice Presidential candidate [[Iacobus David Vance]]? Yours sincerely, [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 12:48, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) : Hi. I did not create the [[Iacobus David Vance]] page, I only [[Specialis:Diff/3848980/3849044|corrected a few things]], mostly of typographical nature. Of course a [[Timotheus Iacobus Walz]] page would be a nice thing to have. But asking users to do something for us usually rarely works. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:01, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) ::I understand. Thank you for the reply. I also posted the same question to the original uploader. Though I think he or she is a "one timer" and might not upload or edit again. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 13:22, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) ::: I do not know why the original author created Vance's page, but it is not to be excluded that they did it as a consequence of political affiliation (nothing is wrong with that, as long their contribution is encyclopedic), and if that is the case asking the same person to create the page of their political adversary will likely not work. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:27, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) ::::That also later crossed my mind. I personally did not request a translation due to political reasons. I just thought that the other Vice Presidential candidate should also have an article in Latin Wikipedia. Never mind. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 13:34, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) ::::: No problem. Let's see how the original author reacts. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:41, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) ::::::To my surprise, the original author uploaded the second article as well. I have thanked him or her and I thank you as well. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 15:59, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) ::::::: I am happy they did! :) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:01, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) == Nomination == Hi, Grufo. I just proposed you at [[Vicipaedia:Petitio magistratus/Grufo]]. When you have a spare moment, please go there and indicate your willingness -- thank you! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:23, 7 Septembris 2024 (UTC) : Thank you, Andrew! :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:46, 7 Septembris 2024 (UTC) ::As you may have noticed, you are elected nemine contradicente. An excellent result! I will now attempt to give you the appropriate permissions. I'm sorry I have been absent rather often on real world concerns, and this may continue for a while. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:23, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC) :::Done, I think. Next time you log in, verify if you have some unaccustomed powers. Notably, you should be able to delete a page (which should be helpful to you and to others who may need to have a page deleted), and protect a page from some groups of editors, and you should be able to block a user, named or anonymous. Tell me if I can help with anything. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:36, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC) :::: Hooray! :-) You have absolutely nothing to apologize for, Andrew. I am very grateful for your sponsorship. I hope your real world concerns will soon calm down. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:19, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC) == Candidatus ad magistratum propositus == Gratias tibi ago, Grufo optime! Me maxime honorasti me ad electionem in circulum magistratuum proponens. Praeter doctrinam meam debiliorem imprimis inopia temporis liberi me monet, ne hoc munus acciperem. Per septuaginta horas cuiusque hebdomadae munere medici occupatus sum. Ideo non prius quam circa mediam noctem ad Vicipaediam nostram accedere soleo. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 20:47, 11 Octobris 2024 (UTC) : Gratias tibi ago, Bis-Taurine, quia mihi scripsisti. Paucum tempus non est magnum incommodum, multi sunt magistratus apud nos qui inter se laborem distribuunt (nihilominus a magistratu haud maior labor, sed sapientia tantum requiritur). Nisi tibi displacet “magistratus mediae noctis” fieri, tuam petitionem proponere adhuc cupio. Attamen importunē insistere nolo! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:46, 11 Octobris 2024 (UTC) :: @[[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]]: Demetrium Talpam et Marcum Terentium Bibliophilum [[Vicipaedia:Taberna#Magistratus: novae nominationes|nuper proposui]]; et te, volentem, proponere cupio. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:44, 15 Octobris 2024 (UTC) ::: Bis-Taurinus Grufoni salutem! Si paucum tempus et peritia mea exigua non impediunt, me canditatum proponas! [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 05:29, 16 Octobris 2024 (UTC) :::: Euax! :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:47, 16 Octobris 2024 (UTC) == Request == As mentioned in [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 30#Disney cartoon articles]], there are some semi-protected pages that have been protected for 15 years now. Do you think it'd be OK to remove protection from them? I'm asking you because I see you've handled protections before. I also think that there should be some improvement to these pages, as they are generally stubs that have been short for 15 years. Should I start a new discussion at [[Vicipaedia:Taberna]] to get someone to add more content to the pages? [[Specialis:Conlationes/2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB|2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB]] 16:56, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC) : Hi. It seems that the discussion you linked was not really in favour of removing the protection. It is true that four years have passed, however these pages are only semi-protected, all you need to edit them is an account. Have you considered creating one? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:01, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC) :: Some of the pages were unprotected, and those haven't been vandalized since. I actually thought that the discussion was in favor by the end of it. Just a note, I'd have to wait four days to edit after creating an account. However, I was wondering if anyone could add more content to these pages. I saw [[Babe: Pig in the City]] was deleted, but could a new page be written to replace it? Also, I see the tag at [[Rugrats]], should that page be deleted? If I create an account, I'll let you know. [[Specialis:Conlationes/2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB|2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB]] 17:06, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC) ::: Account created. [[Usor:Shopping metaphor|Shopping metaphor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Shopping metaphor|disputatio]]) 17:10, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC) :::: That is great! Happy editing! :-) == Petitio de Formula:AE == Salve Grufo! Potesne Formulam:AE in nostra Vicipaedia ratam facere ut exempli gratia in Vicipaedia Anglica. Nam nexum ad inscriptiones Latinas et Graecas praebet quae in ''[[L'Année épigraphique]]'' publicatae sunt. Vide exempli gratia [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindia_gens Mindia gens] apud Anglicos (AE|2018|325). Etenim epigraphia Latinitati fons non negligendus aestimanda est. Ante aliquot annos Andreas Dalby hoc idem ad Formulam [[CIL]] effecerat. Te amabo si temptabis. --[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:17, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC) Tibi gratias ago. Non difficile fortasse erat sed talium rerum non peritus sum.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:28, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC) : Noli timere, magnopere quidem fuit facile factu. :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:33, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC) :: {{Tpe|Postilla}} [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marce]], formulam {{Fn|AE ref}} quoque nunc habemus. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:54, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC) == Capsa mendosa? == Hi! I’ve just noticed your [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 33#Capsa mendosa?|your ping from over a year ago]], but the problem seems to still persist, so better late than never. ☺ It’s probably because the same coats of arms are listed both [[d:Q81162#P154|as logos]] and [[d:Q81162#P94|as actual coats of arms]], so the solution is removing the logos from the Wikidata items. —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 11:39, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC) : Hi [[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]], thank you for reaching out. How about [[Specialis:Diff/3850542/3861571|this solution]]? To be really unbreakable it should be extended to the other image properties as well – because, for example, [[Collegium Sanctae Catharinae (Oxonia)|here]] the problem still persists. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:48, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC) :: {{tpe|Nova}} Maybe [[Specialis:Diff/3850542/3861576|this other solution]] solves everything once and for all. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:59, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC) :::I think it’s more of a workaround than a solution: Wikidata data is simply wrong (these images are coats of arms, not logos), so that should be fixed instead of changing the Wikipedia infobox. [https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Property_talk:P94&diff=2273008387 I’ve added a complex constraint on Wikidata that lists exact duplicates] (it won’t catch St Catherine’s College, but it will catch the others). —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 22:15, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC) :::: It makes sense. What our template does is simply a check for duplicate images (which under no circumstances need to be shown twice). Feel free to restore the check-free version if you want. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:28, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC) :::::I <em>think</em> the checks shouldn’t be there, but I don’t <em>want</em> to remove them, because I don’t consider myself part of the Latin Wikipedia community and thus want to leave the decision up to the community. (I’m not angry or something like that; it’s perfectly fine for me that you do whatever you want.) —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 23:15, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC) :::::: No problem, [[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]]. [[Specialis:Diff/3861576/3861607|I removed the checks]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:35, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC) == Create a page for Peshkopi - Penestae in Latin == @[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Hi dear Grufo! I am from Albania and I have a request. I want to ask you please can you create a page for Peshkopi: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshkopi (Penestae in Latin) on Latin Wiki. I have asked Andrew Dalby to create it and he didn't created it. So I would be very grateful to you if you will create it yourself. Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 13:28, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC) : Hi, [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]]. You have already sent me an email three days ago, to which I already replied. Please stop spamming. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:46, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC) ::@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Hi Grufo! Now I see the email as I didn't checked it. When you will have time, you will create it? The title for Peshkopi in Latin is Penestae: https://www.loquis.com/en/loquis/2174022/Peshkopi https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/45532/PENESTAE https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Penestae_(tribe) Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 17:14, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC) ::: @[[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]]: As I already wrote you via email, it is not my intention to create the page you are requesting, for at least the following reasons: :::* The subject is not among my priorities :::* Based on what I know '''and your own sources''' ([https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/45532/PENESTAE #1], [https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Penestae_(tribe) #2]), the ''Penestae'' were a tribe, not a place, and I don't know reliable sources that state otherwise (I will be happy to be contradicted) – actually, the Latin name of Peshkopi seems to be [[Episcopia (discretiva)|Episcopia]] (again, I am happy to be contradicted), whereas the locality where the ''Penestae'' lived was called ''Penestia'', as it seems :::* If I ever had any intention to create such page, your fixation on a proper name without sources made any intention vanish (you started insisting on it already [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 34#Create articles for Korçë (Coryza - in Latin), Kukës (unknown name in Latin) and Peshkopi (Penestae - in Latin)|five months ago]]) – Btw, we can attempt to propose our translations of common names (see {{Fn|Convertimus}}), but doing the same with proper names is definitely out of question (it's like if I insisted – without sources – that your name is “Donald”) ::: --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:04, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC) == De quadam difficultate == Salve Grufo, scisne, cur <nowiki>{{Titulus italicus}}</nowiki> non valeat textum italicum reddere in commentatione [[Fabian oder Der Gang vor die Hunde (pellicula 2021)]]? [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:10, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC) : Salve Neander! Credo titulum nimis longum esse causam (formula {{Fn|Titulus italicus}} non est sine defectibus). [[Specialis:Diff/3887061/3887066|Haec excogitatio]] similia incommoda solvere potest. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:31, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC) :: Rectum igitur hominem adii auxilium petens. Gratias ago quam maximas! [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC) == De voce [[Disportus in Italia]] == Ciao, Grufo. Avrei voluto scriverti in latino, ma presumendo che tu sia italiano ti parlerò nella nostra lingua. Scusami tanto se ti disturbo, ma volevo chiederti: come mai hai cancellato la voce [[Disportus in Italia]], creata da me nella giornata di ieri? Sarebbe stato un approfondimento importante sullo sport italiano (argomento di cui mi sto occupando molto), presente anche in molte altre edizioni di Wikipedia. È vero che quando hai cancellato la pagina essa consisteva in un mero elenco di sport con link rossi indirizzanti a sottopagine, ma avrei avuto l'intenzione di scriverla, ampliarla, correggerla, magari in giorni futuri: quindi non l'avrei lasciata in sospeso, abbandonando una voce appena creata, anzi, avrei anche scritto le pagine con i dettagli per ogni disciplina e magari creato una voce simile per altri paesi del mondo. Perciò volevo chiederti soltanto se la voce potrà essere riammessa o potrò comunque ricrearla (anche non adesso, lavorandoci magari prima sulla mia [[Usor:Davide2025/Harenarium|sandbox]]). Puoi rispondermi sulla mia [[Usor:Davide2025/Disputatio|talk]] ed eventualmente continuare a darmi suggerimenti per il futuro. A presto e ''magnas gratias tibi, mi Grufo''! [[Usor:Davide2025|Davide2025]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Davide2025|disputatio]]) 14:07, 21 Octobris 2025 (UTC) : Ciao [[Usor:Davide2025|Davide]]. Il problema è che non si accettano pagine non finite nello spazio enciclopedico. Ci possono essere dei lavori in corso, ma allora si aggiunge {{Fn|In usu}} in cima alla pagina, altrimenti altri utenti assumeranno che la pagina è stata lasciata così (e infatti un altro utente ha chiesto la cancellazione immediata della pagina in quanto incompleta). Ho ripristinato la pagina in [[Usor:Davide2025/Harenarium/Disportus in Italia]]. Ti consiglio di svilupparla ulteriormente prima di metterla nello spazio enciclopedico. Buon lavoro. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:25, 21 Octobris 2025 (UTC) == Transylvania et dies 11 Ianuarii == Salve Grufo! Tibi [[Disputatio:11 Ianuarii|hic]] respondi. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 22:10, 5 Februarii 2026 (UTC) : Gratias tibi ago, [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurine]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:41, 5 Februarii 2026 (UTC) == Tiro sum == Salve Grufo! Tiro hic sum, et magis scire volo de Vikipedia Latina. Nunc disco grammaticam Latinan libro Arnoldiis qui vocatur est “A practical introduction to Latin prose”, et libros Ciceronis lego. Estne fas hic scribere ut linguam Latinam discam? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 17:37, 11 Martii 2026 (UTC) : Salve, [[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]. Utilissimum est Latine scribere ad Latinum discendum! Tua peritia linguae mihi videtur esse satis bona. Suadeo ut incipias paginas iam exstantes emendando. Si autem novas paginas scribere cupis, tibi licet sive eas statim creare sive nostro novo “[[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|systemate adumbrationum]]” uti. Tibi faustas emendationes auguror! Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:11, 11 Martii 2026 (UTC) ::Gratias tibi ago! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 10:53, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC) == Adumbratorne ego? == Salve Grufo, demiror, qua de causa pagina [[Der fliegende Holländer (melodrama)]] a me incepta Adumbrationis titulo dignata sit. Melius hoc intellegerem, si fere omnes aliae paginae "Adumbrationes" essent. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC) : Salve [[Usor:Neander|Neander]]! Hoc evēnit quia [[Usor:Bartholomite]] putavit [[Special:PermanentLink/3948086|hanc versionem paginae]] esse nimis brevem, idcirco in spatium adumbrationum [[Special:Diff/3948160/3948161|movit]]. Puto motionem rectam fuisse, sed nunc pagina est satis longa. Nihilominus [[Disputatio Usoris:Bartholomite#De paginis ad spatium adumbrationum motis|ei scripsi]] te monendum fore quotienscumque paginam a te creatam moveret. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:47, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC) == [[UEFA Nations League]] == Salve Grufo, potesne paginae huius nomen ex Anglico in Latinum mutare? Vale, -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 14:39, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC) : Salve [[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]. Credo istam mutationem in [[Disputatio:UEFA Nations League|pagina disputationis illius commentationis]] melius petendam esse. Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:10, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC) ::Petivi. Vale. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:20, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC) == Quae sunt "negativa lineamenta"? == Dixisti quod differt motus "caterva" et "grex" inquantum caterva est grex negativis cum lineamentis. Cur? Caterva ergo annon extat ut motus pro structura abstracta-algebraica in Neo-Latinitate? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:11, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) : Salve, [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. “Caterva” est sicut “turba”, “multitudo sine ordine” (cf. “caterva verborum”), at “grex” est tantummodo aggregatio quaedam. Romani “catervam” saepe excercitūs aliarum gentium appellabant, raro suos. Vide {{Lewshort|caterva|catervam}} et {{L&S|grex|gregem}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:06, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::Oh, ergo in sensibus communibus differt, non in sensibus ut termata artis. (Sed "grex" erat terma ab Evaristo Galois confectum, ut pagina dicit.) Gratias ago! -- [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:14, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Ita. Ultro, quod ad nomen ab Evaristo Galois confectum attinet, mihi videtur ipse nullum nomen Latinum, sed tantummodo vocabulum Francogallicum ''groupe'' adhibuisse. Erravine? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:25, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::Sic videtur. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:40, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:06, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472432 --> == Formulae == Hi, Grufo. I am happy to be back among Vicipaedians, and also happy that Vicipaedia has been getting better and better in my absence. I am very glad that you have been able to work so hard on it at a time when I could not. I notice, in creating new pages, that I should be using formulae <nowiki>{{Res}}</nowiki> for article names, <nowiki>{{Ores}}</nowiki> for names that are titles of works, and <nowiki>{{Anni vitae}}</nowiki> instead of <nowiki>{{Lifetime}}</nowiki>. Correct? I'm sure there are other new formulae, and no doubt I will gradually pick them up, but if there are any more that you think I will need often, feel free to tell me! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:53, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC) : Hi Andrew! I am very glad you are back! Yes, {{Fn|ores}} stands for “res de opere”. It must not be confused with {{Fn|ires}}: both show the lemma in italic, but only {{Fn|ores}} adds the <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><cite>...</cite></syntaxhighlight> tag under the hood, which in turn instructs search engines that the page is about a work. As for {{Fn|anni vitae}}/{{Fn|lifetime}}, the second is simply a redirect to the first, so you are free to choose—although we should prefer Latin in our pages. Among the other things that have changed when you were not here, as far as I can recall, there is that the two old templates {{Fn|nexus desiderati}} and {{Fn|nexus absunt}} have been merged into one single template, and that {{Fn|creanda}} is now transitioning towards {{Fsn|pcc}} (the latter's title might change in the future); long story short, from now on, if you can, please write <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:creanda|...}}</syntaxhighlight> instead of <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{creanda|...}}</syntaxhighlight>. The advantage is that when eventually the missing page gets created, the new template is able to recognize it even if it got created under a different name. I don't know if there have been other big changes. If yes, probably you will notice! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:39, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC) ::That's good. I could not quite follow the developments with "creanda". Your explanation makes it clear, and I will use "subst:creanda". [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 18:48, 2 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::: @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]]: Writing <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:creanda|...}}</syntaxhighlight> is transitory in this phase to facilitate the usage of the new template. You can also directly write <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:pcc|...}}</syntaxhighlight>, although this uses a slightly different syntax. Compare: :::: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:pcc|en=Direction (geometry)|directio|directionem}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: and :::: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:creanda|en|Direction (geometry)|directio|directionem}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: [[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|The documentation]] should explain everything in detail. The point is that the new template is able to get the Wikidata entity of the linked page, and so both <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:creanda|...}}</syntaxhighlight> and <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:pcc|...}}</syntaxhighlight>, once you save the page, will eventually turn into, :::: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|directio|directionem|en|qid=Q2151613}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: where {{para|qid|Q2151613}} contains the Wikidata entity. Once the template has the Wikidata entity, it no longer matters under which name a new page gets created, it will find it. Moreover, when that happens, [[:Categoria:Paginae quae recensionem vacuam exspectant|this category]] will list the pages that now ask for the creation of pages that have already been created, and an empty edit (!) will be enough to remove the template from the page. For instance, on the top-right corner of the “[[Situs interretialis]]” page there is currently the icon of a blinking zero with a pencil; if you click on it and then click on “Mutationes ostendere”, everything should be more clear. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:31, 2 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::I did begin to write "subst:creanda" instead of "creanda". What happened was that immediately on saving my work it changed to the next step, with a much longer template name "safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve" and rearranged elements. This made it harder to continue editing the page. So, to stop that immediate change happening, I've gone back to writing "creanda". I take it the whole series of changes, from "creanda" to "subst:creanda", and on, can be done automatically at some later stage? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:23, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::: @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew]]: I just created {{Fsn|creanda/m}}. Now if you write ::::::: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:creanda/m|en|Julie Gayet|fr|Julie Gayet|Iulia Gayet}}</syntaxhighlight> :::::: when you save the page it gets replaced with ::::::: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{safesubst:creanda|en|Julie Gayet|fr|Julie Gayet|Iulia Gayet}}</syntaxhighlight> :::::: When you save the page one time more it gets replaced with ::::::: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iulia Gayet||fr|en|qid=Q435925}}</syntaxhighlight> :::::: Is that what you were looking for? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:07, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::: P.S. I can also create it with a timer (e.g. it doesn't get replaced before one day passes), but I'll need a bit longer to create that. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:29, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::Grufo, you never cease to amaze me! You can do anything! I don't want to be awkward -- after all, if I were efficient, I could save all my potential improvements for one edit, and then do it, and it wouldn't be a problem. However, there may be some value, to others as well as to me, if it works after a fixed delay (a day, as you suggest). Others, not only me, re-read and revise their edits immediately after saving the essential part. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:58, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::: Thank you, Andrew. Consider it done :) P.S. The long name “Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve” could be temporary: one day, when all transclusions of {{Fn|Creanda}} will be gone (I think they are about 2000 at the moment), we can rename {{Fn|Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve}} to {{Fn|Creanda}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:21, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::: @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew]]: I added a timer of one day to {{Fsn|creanda/m}} (you will have to tolerate a {{para|t}} parameter that gets automatically added to save the starting time). What do you think? You would use {{Fsn|creanda/m}} exacly like you would use {{Fn|creanda}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:15, 15 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::Fine, thanks! I'll use {{Fsn|creanda/m}} from now on. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:31, 16 Iunii 2026 (UTC) == Citation style == Hi, Grufo. Thanks for working on "[[Dis-moi ce que tu manges: je te dirai ce que tu es]]". I have just one question about the citation style. Is it really a good idea to aim to put months as well as years in the parenthetic date that follows the author's name? My impression is that English Wikipedians sometimes do this, and that Google Books sometimes inserts days and months (totally unreliably) alongside years of publication, but that people writing bibliographies in the real world don't do it. It would be quite a matter of chance whether the information is available or not. What do you think about that? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:10, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) : Hi [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew]]. I think that with books definitely the year alone should be enough. The month maybe can be useful with journals (it is true though that volume and issue numbers should be enough). Maybe a general exception is when an author publishes two or more works in the same year: in that case the month might be the only way to write the Chicago-style short citation (e.g. <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{qc|Einstein, Mai. 2021}}</syntaxhighlight> and <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{qc|Einstein, Iul. 2021}}</syntaxhighlight>). Long story short: feel free to remove {{para|mensis}} and {{para|tempus ostentum}} from Melvin's article and {{para|mensis}} from Nemeroff's article! P.S. If you have any suggestions on how to improve the {{[[Formula:Opus|Opus]]}} template, please don't hesitate. When I wrote it I tried to find a compromise between English (and other languages') citation standards and the peculiarities of Latin tradition (for instance, I avoided using non-nominative forms like “Alberto Einstein auctore” or “Alberti Einstein ''Lorem Ipsum''”). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:48, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::In general your template works very well. I'll give it some thought. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 16:05, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) == De involuntaria invocatione == @[[Usor:Amahoney|Amahoney]], @[[Usor:Andreas Raether|Andreas Raether]], @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]], @[[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]], @[[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]], @[[Usor:Frontfrog|Frontfrog]], @[[Usor:Giorno2|Giorno2]], @[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus Rocchio]] et [[Usor:Lesgles|Lesgles]]: Amici, ignoscite mihi, quaeso, si antea invocationem involuntariam a me acceperatis; exemplum tantum novae formulae {{[[Formula:Usores in colloquio#&#123;&#123;subst:Usores in colloquio&#125;&#125;|subst:Usores in colloquio]]}} ostendere volui. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:55, 18 Iunii 2026 (UTC) == Castellum Poseidon == Non video quid huic articulo deficiat. Existimo eum perfecte exigit Wikipediae. Si consentis, potesne tollere observationem negativam? Gratias antehac.[[Usor:Andries Van den Abeele|Andries Van den Abeele]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andries Van den Abeele|disputatio]]) 16:39, 30 Iunii 2026 (UTC) : Salve [[Usor:Andries Van den Abeele|Andries Van den Abeele]]. Bibliographia est Francogallice scripta. Scriptiones quales “Iulio MMXXV” non solemus adhibere, sed potius “Iulio 2025”. Formula {{Fn|Nobr}} non habemus. Formula {{Fn|Sfn}} apud nos appellatur {{Fn|Qc}} et alia syntaxi nititur. Sunt etiam multae aliae res Vicificandae. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:55, 30 Iunii 2026 (UTC) == Meiko Nakahara Autotranslata Correctio == Apud dignatione, cur paginam autotranslatam esse figurabam. Totam paginam transferre a me scio, et Ego volo quod non lingua Anglica sic sit, sed literale et totale volo. Autem tota pagina vere translatio 'by hand' in Anglicā, et sī tu Meiko Nakahara paginam Anglicam apud Vicipaediā translatore transferas, scribitio mea non sic totale est. Sī pagina problema habet, acceptibilius est, et velim corrigere [[Usor:PeterBJohnLemon|PeterBJohnLemon]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:PeterBJohnLemon|disputatio]]) 18:48, 4 Iulii 2026 (UTC) : Salve, PeterBJohnLemon. Capsam addidi quia pagina [[Meiko Nakahara]] ''videtur'' e translatione machinaria orta esse, quamquam certus esse nequeo. Forma enim currens mihi videtur nimis mendosa ut in Vicipaedia maneat (velut: “scita pro musica sua in Urbe Populariā genā musicā est”, “Postquam cantantem cursum suam”, “Tributus grex clamatus Lotos ea formatus erat in 2010 et activus jam dum 2019”, atque multa alia exempla). Si haec translatio re vera manu facta est, eo magis emendationibus eget. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 20:34, 4 Iulii 2026 (UTC) == [https://latin-words.com/word/latin/doctoratu doctoratu] == The Latin supine is a verbal noun derived from a verb, not from an ordinary noun. It is formed from the verbal stem associated with the fourth principal part.The word doctoratus ("doctorate") is a noun, not a verb. A supine must come from a verb such as:[doceo, docere, docui, doctus]. We can thus use [doctum,doctū]. As a fellow lover of Latin "word archaeology," I'd say your instinct is good! :) However, let us stick as much as possible to original latin. eg this is Neolatin. Your contributions, by the way, are highly appreciated! --[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) [[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 10:34, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC) : Hi [[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]]. Almost correct, except that the suffix ''{{swikten|-atus|-atus}}'' (gen. ''-atūs'') can skip the “coming from a verb” part, and so you have nouns like ''senatus'', ''triumviratus'', ''tribunatus'', etc. ''Doctoratus'' (gen. -ūs) is not a new word. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:25, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC) ::''Doctoratu'' looks to me like a fourth-declension noun in the ablative, as seen in ''acu punctum'' 'stuck with a needle' and similar constructions; however, if possible, an encyclopedia might want to specify the field: was it a doctorate of philosophy ([[Ph.D.]])? or a doctorate of something else? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 13:08, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC) rdreztkeikyvfd1k6yf8brgno7f3i5c 3972500 3972498 2026-07-17T13:30:55Z Grufo 64423 /* doctoratu */ Responsum 3972500 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Hic sunt tabularia disputationum}} Disputationes veteres: {{Specialis:Praefixa/Disputatio Usoris:Grufo/Tabularium}} == Translation request == Hello, Grufo. Can you create an article about the American Democratic Vice Presidential candidate [[:en:Tim Walz]] ([[Timotheus Iacobus Walz]]) in Latin Wikipedia, just like for the Republican Vice Presidential candidate [[Iacobus David Vance]]? Yours sincerely, [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 12:48, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) : Hi. I did not create the [[Iacobus David Vance]] page, I only [[Specialis:Diff/3848980/3849044|corrected a few things]], mostly of typographical nature. Of course a [[Timotheus Iacobus Walz]] page would be a nice thing to have. But asking users to do something for us usually rarely works. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:01, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) ::I understand. Thank you for the reply. I also posted the same question to the original uploader. Though I think he or she is a "one timer" and might not upload or edit again. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 13:22, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) ::: I do not know why the original author created Vance's page, but it is not to be excluded that they did it as a consequence of political affiliation (nothing is wrong with that, as long their contribution is encyclopedic), and if that is the case asking the same person to create the page of their political adversary will likely not work. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:27, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) ::::That also later crossed my mind. I personally did not request a translation due to political reasons. I just thought that the other Vice Presidential candidate should also have an article in Latin Wikipedia. Never mind. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 13:34, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) ::::: No problem. Let's see how the original author reacts. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:41, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) ::::::To my surprise, the original author uploaded the second article as well. I have thanked him or her and I thank you as well. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 15:59, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) ::::::: I am happy they did! :) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:01, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) == Nomination == Hi, Grufo. I just proposed you at [[Vicipaedia:Petitio magistratus/Grufo]]. When you have a spare moment, please go there and indicate your willingness -- thank you! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:23, 7 Septembris 2024 (UTC) : Thank you, Andrew! :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:46, 7 Septembris 2024 (UTC) ::As you may have noticed, you are elected nemine contradicente. An excellent result! I will now attempt to give you the appropriate permissions. I'm sorry I have been absent rather often on real world concerns, and this may continue for a while. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:23, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC) :::Done, I think. Next time you log in, verify if you have some unaccustomed powers. Notably, you should be able to delete a page (which should be helpful to you and to others who may need to have a page deleted), and protect a page from some groups of editors, and you should be able to block a user, named or anonymous. Tell me if I can help with anything. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:36, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC) :::: Hooray! :-) You have absolutely nothing to apologize for, Andrew. I am very grateful for your sponsorship. I hope your real world concerns will soon calm down. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:19, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC) == Candidatus ad magistratum propositus == Gratias tibi ago, Grufo optime! Me maxime honorasti me ad electionem in circulum magistratuum proponens. Praeter doctrinam meam debiliorem imprimis inopia temporis liberi me monet, ne hoc munus acciperem. Per septuaginta horas cuiusque hebdomadae munere medici occupatus sum. Ideo non prius quam circa mediam noctem ad Vicipaediam nostram accedere soleo. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 20:47, 11 Octobris 2024 (UTC) : Gratias tibi ago, Bis-Taurine, quia mihi scripsisti. Paucum tempus non est magnum incommodum, multi sunt magistratus apud nos qui inter se laborem distribuunt (nihilominus a magistratu haud maior labor, sed sapientia tantum requiritur). Nisi tibi displacet “magistratus mediae noctis” fieri, tuam petitionem proponere adhuc cupio. Attamen importunē insistere nolo! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:46, 11 Octobris 2024 (UTC) :: @[[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]]: Demetrium Talpam et Marcum Terentium Bibliophilum [[Vicipaedia:Taberna#Magistratus: novae nominationes|nuper proposui]]; et te, volentem, proponere cupio. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:44, 15 Octobris 2024 (UTC) ::: Bis-Taurinus Grufoni salutem! Si paucum tempus et peritia mea exigua non impediunt, me canditatum proponas! [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 05:29, 16 Octobris 2024 (UTC) :::: Euax! :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:47, 16 Octobris 2024 (UTC) == Request == As mentioned in [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 30#Disney cartoon articles]], there are some semi-protected pages that have been protected for 15 years now. Do you think it'd be OK to remove protection from them? I'm asking you because I see you've handled protections before. I also think that there should be some improvement to these pages, as they are generally stubs that have been short for 15 years. Should I start a new discussion at [[Vicipaedia:Taberna]] to get someone to add more content to the pages? [[Specialis:Conlationes/2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB|2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB]] 16:56, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC) : Hi. It seems that the discussion you linked was not really in favour of removing the protection. It is true that four years have passed, however these pages are only semi-protected, all you need to edit them is an account. Have you considered creating one? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:01, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC) :: Some of the pages were unprotected, and those haven't been vandalized since. I actually thought that the discussion was in favor by the end of it. Just a note, I'd have to wait four days to edit after creating an account. However, I was wondering if anyone could add more content to these pages. I saw [[Babe: Pig in the City]] was deleted, but could a new page be written to replace it? Also, I see the tag at [[Rugrats]], should that page be deleted? If I create an account, I'll let you know. [[Specialis:Conlationes/2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB|2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB]] 17:06, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC) ::: Account created. [[Usor:Shopping metaphor|Shopping metaphor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Shopping metaphor|disputatio]]) 17:10, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC) :::: That is great! Happy editing! :-) == Petitio de Formula:AE == Salve Grufo! Potesne Formulam:AE in nostra Vicipaedia ratam facere ut exempli gratia in Vicipaedia Anglica. Nam nexum ad inscriptiones Latinas et Graecas praebet quae in ''[[L'Année épigraphique]]'' publicatae sunt. Vide exempli gratia [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindia_gens Mindia gens] apud Anglicos (AE|2018|325). Etenim epigraphia Latinitati fons non negligendus aestimanda est. Ante aliquot annos Andreas Dalby hoc idem ad Formulam [[CIL]] effecerat. Te amabo si temptabis. --[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:17, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC) Tibi gratias ago. Non difficile fortasse erat sed talium rerum non peritus sum.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:28, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC) : Noli timere, magnopere quidem fuit facile factu. :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:33, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC) :: {{Tpe|Postilla}} [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marce]], formulam {{Fn|AE ref}} quoque nunc habemus. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:54, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC) == Capsa mendosa? == Hi! I’ve just noticed your [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 33#Capsa mendosa?|your ping from over a year ago]], but the problem seems to still persist, so better late than never. ☺ It’s probably because the same coats of arms are listed both [[d:Q81162#P154|as logos]] and [[d:Q81162#P94|as actual coats of arms]], so the solution is removing the logos from the Wikidata items. —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 11:39, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC) : Hi [[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]], thank you for reaching out. How about [[Specialis:Diff/3850542/3861571|this solution]]? To be really unbreakable it should be extended to the other image properties as well – because, for example, [[Collegium Sanctae Catharinae (Oxonia)|here]] the problem still persists. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:48, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC) :: {{tpe|Nova}} Maybe [[Specialis:Diff/3850542/3861576|this other solution]] solves everything once and for all. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:59, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC) :::I think it’s more of a workaround than a solution: Wikidata data is simply wrong (these images are coats of arms, not logos), so that should be fixed instead of changing the Wikipedia infobox. [https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Property_talk:P94&diff=2273008387 I’ve added a complex constraint on Wikidata that lists exact duplicates] (it won’t catch St Catherine’s College, but it will catch the others). —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 22:15, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC) :::: It makes sense. What our template does is simply a check for duplicate images (which under no circumstances need to be shown twice). Feel free to restore the check-free version if you want. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:28, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC) :::::I <em>think</em> the checks shouldn’t be there, but I don’t <em>want</em> to remove them, because I don’t consider myself part of the Latin Wikipedia community and thus want to leave the decision up to the community. (I’m not angry or something like that; it’s perfectly fine for me that you do whatever you want.) —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 23:15, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC) :::::: No problem, [[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]]. [[Specialis:Diff/3861576/3861607|I removed the checks]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:35, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC) == Create a page for Peshkopi - Penestae in Latin == @[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Hi dear Grufo! I am from Albania and I have a request. I want to ask you please can you create a page for Peshkopi: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshkopi (Penestae in Latin) on Latin Wiki. I have asked Andrew Dalby to create it and he didn't created it. So I would be very grateful to you if you will create it yourself. Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 13:28, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC) : Hi, [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]]. You have already sent me an email three days ago, to which I already replied. Please stop spamming. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:46, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC) ::@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Hi Grufo! Now I see the email as I didn't checked it. When you will have time, you will create it? The title for Peshkopi in Latin is Penestae: https://www.loquis.com/en/loquis/2174022/Peshkopi https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/45532/PENESTAE https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Penestae_(tribe) Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 17:14, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC) ::: @[[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]]: As I already wrote you via email, it is not my intention to create the page you are requesting, for at least the following reasons: :::* The subject is not among my priorities :::* Based on what I know '''and your own sources''' ([https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/45532/PENESTAE #1], [https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Penestae_(tribe) #2]), the ''Penestae'' were a tribe, not a place, and I don't know reliable sources that state otherwise (I will be happy to be contradicted) – actually, the Latin name of Peshkopi seems to be [[Episcopia (discretiva)|Episcopia]] (again, I am happy to be contradicted), whereas the locality where the ''Penestae'' lived was called ''Penestia'', as it seems :::* If I ever had any intention to create such page, your fixation on a proper name without sources made any intention vanish (you started insisting on it already [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 34#Create articles for Korçë (Coryza - in Latin), Kukës (unknown name in Latin) and Peshkopi (Penestae - in Latin)|five months ago]]) – Btw, we can attempt to propose our translations of common names (see {{Fn|Convertimus}}), but doing the same with proper names is definitely out of question (it's like if I insisted – without sources – that your name is “Donald”) ::: --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:04, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC) == De quadam difficultate == Salve Grufo, scisne, cur <nowiki>{{Titulus italicus}}</nowiki> non valeat textum italicum reddere in commentatione [[Fabian oder Der Gang vor die Hunde (pellicula 2021)]]? [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:10, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC) : Salve Neander! Credo titulum nimis longum esse causam (formula {{Fn|Titulus italicus}} non est sine defectibus). [[Specialis:Diff/3887061/3887066|Haec excogitatio]] similia incommoda solvere potest. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:31, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC) :: Rectum igitur hominem adii auxilium petens. Gratias ago quam maximas! [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC) == De voce [[Disportus in Italia]] == Ciao, Grufo. Avrei voluto scriverti in latino, ma presumendo che tu sia italiano ti parlerò nella nostra lingua. Scusami tanto se ti disturbo, ma volevo chiederti: come mai hai cancellato la voce [[Disportus in Italia]], creata da me nella giornata di ieri? Sarebbe stato un approfondimento importante sullo sport italiano (argomento di cui mi sto occupando molto), presente anche in molte altre edizioni di Wikipedia. È vero che quando hai cancellato la pagina essa consisteva in un mero elenco di sport con link rossi indirizzanti a sottopagine, ma avrei avuto l'intenzione di scriverla, ampliarla, correggerla, magari in giorni futuri: quindi non l'avrei lasciata in sospeso, abbandonando una voce appena creata, anzi, avrei anche scritto le pagine con i dettagli per ogni disciplina e magari creato una voce simile per altri paesi del mondo. Perciò volevo chiederti soltanto se la voce potrà essere riammessa o potrò comunque ricrearla (anche non adesso, lavorandoci magari prima sulla mia [[Usor:Davide2025/Harenarium|sandbox]]). Puoi rispondermi sulla mia [[Usor:Davide2025/Disputatio|talk]] ed eventualmente continuare a darmi suggerimenti per il futuro. A presto e ''magnas gratias tibi, mi Grufo''! [[Usor:Davide2025|Davide2025]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Davide2025|disputatio]]) 14:07, 21 Octobris 2025 (UTC) : Ciao [[Usor:Davide2025|Davide]]. Il problema è che non si accettano pagine non finite nello spazio enciclopedico. Ci possono essere dei lavori in corso, ma allora si aggiunge {{Fn|In usu}} in cima alla pagina, altrimenti altri utenti assumeranno che la pagina è stata lasciata così (e infatti un altro utente ha chiesto la cancellazione immediata della pagina in quanto incompleta). Ho ripristinato la pagina in [[Usor:Davide2025/Harenarium/Disportus in Italia]]. Ti consiglio di svilupparla ulteriormente prima di metterla nello spazio enciclopedico. Buon lavoro. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:25, 21 Octobris 2025 (UTC) == Transylvania et dies 11 Ianuarii == Salve Grufo! Tibi [[Disputatio:11 Ianuarii|hic]] respondi. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 22:10, 5 Februarii 2026 (UTC) : Gratias tibi ago, [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurine]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:41, 5 Februarii 2026 (UTC) == Tiro sum == Salve Grufo! Tiro hic sum, et magis scire volo de Vikipedia Latina. Nunc disco grammaticam Latinan libro Arnoldiis qui vocatur est “A practical introduction to Latin prose”, et libros Ciceronis lego. Estne fas hic scribere ut linguam Latinam discam? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 17:37, 11 Martii 2026 (UTC) : Salve, [[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]. Utilissimum est Latine scribere ad Latinum discendum! Tua peritia linguae mihi videtur esse satis bona. Suadeo ut incipias paginas iam exstantes emendando. Si autem novas paginas scribere cupis, tibi licet sive eas statim creare sive nostro novo “[[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|systemate adumbrationum]]” uti. Tibi faustas emendationes auguror! Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:11, 11 Martii 2026 (UTC) ::Gratias tibi ago! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 10:53, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC) == Adumbratorne ego? == Salve Grufo, demiror, qua de causa pagina [[Der fliegende Holländer (melodrama)]] a me incepta Adumbrationis titulo dignata sit. Melius hoc intellegerem, si fere omnes aliae paginae "Adumbrationes" essent. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC) : Salve [[Usor:Neander|Neander]]! Hoc evēnit quia [[Usor:Bartholomite]] putavit [[Special:PermanentLink/3948086|hanc versionem paginae]] esse nimis brevem, idcirco in spatium adumbrationum [[Special:Diff/3948160/3948161|movit]]. Puto motionem rectam fuisse, sed nunc pagina est satis longa. Nihilominus [[Disputatio Usoris:Bartholomite#De paginis ad spatium adumbrationum motis|ei scripsi]] te monendum fore quotienscumque paginam a te creatam moveret. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:47, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC) == [[UEFA Nations League]] == Salve Grufo, potesne paginae huius nomen ex Anglico in Latinum mutare? Vale, -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 14:39, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC) : Salve [[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]. Credo istam mutationem in [[Disputatio:UEFA Nations League|pagina disputationis illius commentationis]] melius petendam esse. Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:10, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC) ::Petivi. Vale. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:20, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC) == Quae sunt "negativa lineamenta"? == Dixisti quod differt motus "caterva" et "grex" inquantum caterva est grex negativis cum lineamentis. Cur? Caterva ergo annon extat ut motus pro structura abstracta-algebraica in Neo-Latinitate? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:11, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) : Salve, [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. “Caterva” est sicut “turba”, “multitudo sine ordine” (cf. “caterva verborum”), at “grex” est tantummodo aggregatio quaedam. Romani “catervam” saepe excercitūs aliarum gentium appellabant, raro suos. Vide {{Lewshort|caterva|catervam}} et {{L&S|grex|gregem}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:06, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::Oh, ergo in sensibus communibus differt, non in sensibus ut termata artis. (Sed "grex" erat terma ab Evaristo Galois confectum, ut pagina dicit.) Gratias ago! -- [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:14, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Ita. Ultro, quod ad nomen ab Evaristo Galois confectum attinet, mihi videtur ipse nullum nomen Latinum, sed tantummodo vocabulum Francogallicum ''groupe'' adhibuisse. Erravine? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:25, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::Sic videtur. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:40, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:06, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472432 --> == Formulae == Hi, Grufo. I am happy to be back among Vicipaedians, and also happy that Vicipaedia has been getting better and better in my absence. I am very glad that you have been able to work so hard on it at a time when I could not. I notice, in creating new pages, that I should be using formulae <nowiki>{{Res}}</nowiki> for article names, <nowiki>{{Ores}}</nowiki> for names that are titles of works, and <nowiki>{{Anni vitae}}</nowiki> instead of <nowiki>{{Lifetime}}</nowiki>. Correct? I'm sure there are other new formulae, and no doubt I will gradually pick them up, but if there are any more that you think I will need often, feel free to tell me! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:53, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC) : Hi Andrew! I am very glad you are back! Yes, {{Fn|ores}} stands for “res de opere”. It must not be confused with {{Fn|ires}}: both show the lemma in italic, but only {{Fn|ores}} adds the <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><cite>...</cite></syntaxhighlight> tag under the hood, which in turn instructs search engines that the page is about a work. As for {{Fn|anni vitae}}/{{Fn|lifetime}}, the second is simply a redirect to the first, so you are free to choose—although we should prefer Latin in our pages. Among the other things that have changed when you were not here, as far as I can recall, there is that the two old templates {{Fn|nexus desiderati}} and {{Fn|nexus absunt}} have been merged into one single template, and that {{Fn|creanda}} is now transitioning towards {{Fsn|pcc}} (the latter's title might change in the future); long story short, from now on, if you can, please write <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:creanda|...}}</syntaxhighlight> instead of <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{creanda|...}}</syntaxhighlight>. The advantage is that when eventually the missing page gets created, the new template is able to recognize it even if it got created under a different name. I don't know if there have been other big changes. If yes, probably you will notice! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:39, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC) ::That's good. I could not quite follow the developments with "creanda". Your explanation makes it clear, and I will use "subst:creanda". [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 18:48, 2 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::: @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]]: Writing <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:creanda|...}}</syntaxhighlight> is transitory in this phase to facilitate the usage of the new template. You can also directly write <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:pcc|...}}</syntaxhighlight>, although this uses a slightly different syntax. Compare: :::: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:pcc|en=Direction (geometry)|directio|directionem}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: and :::: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:creanda|en|Direction (geometry)|directio|directionem}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: [[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|The documentation]] should explain everything in detail. The point is that the new template is able to get the Wikidata entity of the linked page, and so both <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:creanda|...}}</syntaxhighlight> and <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:pcc|...}}</syntaxhighlight>, once you save the page, will eventually turn into, :::: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|directio|directionem|en|qid=Q2151613}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: where {{para|qid|Q2151613}} contains the Wikidata entity. Once the template has the Wikidata entity, it no longer matters under which name a new page gets created, it will find it. Moreover, when that happens, [[:Categoria:Paginae quae recensionem vacuam exspectant|this category]] will list the pages that now ask for the creation of pages that have already been created, and an empty edit (!) will be enough to remove the template from the page. For instance, on the top-right corner of the “[[Situs interretialis]]” page there is currently the icon of a blinking zero with a pencil; if you click on it and then click on “Mutationes ostendere”, everything should be more clear. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:31, 2 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::I did begin to write "subst:creanda" instead of "creanda". What happened was that immediately on saving my work it changed to the next step, with a much longer template name "safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve" and rearranged elements. This made it harder to continue editing the page. So, to stop that immediate change happening, I've gone back to writing "creanda". I take it the whole series of changes, from "creanda" to "subst:creanda", and on, can be done automatically at some later stage? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:23, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::: @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew]]: I just created {{Fsn|creanda/m}}. Now if you write ::::::: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:creanda/m|en|Julie Gayet|fr|Julie Gayet|Iulia Gayet}}</syntaxhighlight> :::::: when you save the page it gets replaced with ::::::: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{safesubst:creanda|en|Julie Gayet|fr|Julie Gayet|Iulia Gayet}}</syntaxhighlight> :::::: When you save the page one time more it gets replaced with ::::::: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iulia Gayet||fr|en|qid=Q435925}}</syntaxhighlight> :::::: Is that what you were looking for? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:07, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::: P.S. I can also create it with a timer (e.g. it doesn't get replaced before one day passes), but I'll need a bit longer to create that. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:29, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::Grufo, you never cease to amaze me! You can do anything! I don't want to be awkward -- after all, if I were efficient, I could save all my potential improvements for one edit, and then do it, and it wouldn't be a problem. However, there may be some value, to others as well as to me, if it works after a fixed delay (a day, as you suggest). Others, not only me, re-read and revise their edits immediately after saving the essential part. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:58, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::: Thank you, Andrew. Consider it done :) P.S. The long name “Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve” could be temporary: one day, when all transclusions of {{Fn|Creanda}} will be gone (I think they are about 2000 at the moment), we can rename {{Fn|Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve}} to {{Fn|Creanda}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:21, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::: @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew]]: I added a timer of one day to {{Fsn|creanda/m}} (you will have to tolerate a {{para|t}} parameter that gets automatically added to save the starting time). What do you think? You would use {{Fsn|creanda/m}} exacly like you would use {{Fn|creanda}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:15, 15 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::Fine, thanks! I'll use {{Fsn|creanda/m}} from now on. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:31, 16 Iunii 2026 (UTC) == Citation style == Hi, Grufo. Thanks for working on "[[Dis-moi ce que tu manges: je te dirai ce que tu es]]". I have just one question about the citation style. Is it really a good idea to aim to put months as well as years in the parenthetic date that follows the author's name? My impression is that English Wikipedians sometimes do this, and that Google Books sometimes inserts days and months (totally unreliably) alongside years of publication, but that people writing bibliographies in the real world don't do it. It would be quite a matter of chance whether the information is available or not. What do you think about that? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:10, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) : Hi [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew]]. I think that with books definitely the year alone should be enough. The month maybe can be useful with journals (it is true though that volume and issue numbers should be enough). Maybe a general exception is when an author publishes two or more works in the same year: in that case the month might be the only way to write the Chicago-style short citation (e.g. <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{qc|Einstein, Mai. 2021}}</syntaxhighlight> and <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{qc|Einstein, Iul. 2021}}</syntaxhighlight>). Long story short: feel free to remove {{para|mensis}} and {{para|tempus ostentum}} from Melvin's article and {{para|mensis}} from Nemeroff's article! P.S. If you have any suggestions on how to improve the {{[[Formula:Opus|Opus]]}} template, please don't hesitate. When I wrote it I tried to find a compromise between English (and other languages') citation standards and the peculiarities of Latin tradition (for instance, I avoided using non-nominative forms like “Alberto Einstein auctore” or “Alberti Einstein ''Lorem Ipsum''”). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:48, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::In general your template works very well. I'll give it some thought. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 16:05, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) == De involuntaria invocatione == @[[Usor:Amahoney|Amahoney]], @[[Usor:Andreas Raether|Andreas Raether]], @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]], @[[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]], @[[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]], @[[Usor:Frontfrog|Frontfrog]], @[[Usor:Giorno2|Giorno2]], @[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus Rocchio]] et [[Usor:Lesgles|Lesgles]]: Amici, ignoscite mihi, quaeso, si antea invocationem involuntariam a me acceperatis; exemplum tantum novae formulae {{[[Formula:Usores in colloquio#&#123;&#123;subst:Usores in colloquio&#125;&#125;|subst:Usores in colloquio]]}} ostendere volui. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:55, 18 Iunii 2026 (UTC) == Castellum Poseidon == Non video quid huic articulo deficiat. Existimo eum perfecte exigit Wikipediae. Si consentis, potesne tollere observationem negativam? Gratias antehac.[[Usor:Andries Van den Abeele|Andries Van den Abeele]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andries Van den Abeele|disputatio]]) 16:39, 30 Iunii 2026 (UTC) : Salve [[Usor:Andries Van den Abeele|Andries Van den Abeele]]. Bibliographia est Francogallice scripta. Scriptiones quales “Iulio MMXXV” non solemus adhibere, sed potius “Iulio 2025”. Formula {{Fn|Nobr}} non habemus. Formula {{Fn|Sfn}} apud nos appellatur {{Fn|Qc}} et alia syntaxi nititur. Sunt etiam multae aliae res Vicificandae. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:55, 30 Iunii 2026 (UTC) == Meiko Nakahara Autotranslata Correctio == Apud dignatione, cur paginam autotranslatam esse figurabam. Totam paginam transferre a me scio, et Ego volo quod non lingua Anglica sic sit, sed literale et totale volo. Autem tota pagina vere translatio 'by hand' in Anglicā, et sī tu Meiko Nakahara paginam Anglicam apud Vicipaediā translatore transferas, scribitio mea non sic totale est. Sī pagina problema habet, acceptibilius est, et velim corrigere [[Usor:PeterBJohnLemon|PeterBJohnLemon]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:PeterBJohnLemon|disputatio]]) 18:48, 4 Iulii 2026 (UTC) : Salve, PeterBJohnLemon. Capsam addidi quia pagina [[Meiko Nakahara]] ''videtur'' e translatione machinaria orta esse, quamquam certus esse nequeo. Forma enim currens mihi videtur nimis mendosa ut in Vicipaedia maneat (velut: “scita pro musica sua in Urbe Populariā genā musicā est”, “Postquam cantantem cursum suam”, “Tributus grex clamatus Lotos ea formatus erat in 2010 et activus jam dum 2019”, atque multa alia exempla). Si haec translatio re vera manu facta est, eo magis emendationibus eget. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 20:34, 4 Iulii 2026 (UTC) == [https://latin-words.com/word/latin/doctoratu doctoratu] == The Latin supine is a verbal noun derived from a verb, not from an ordinary noun. It is formed from the verbal stem associated with the fourth principal part.The word doctoratus ("doctorate") is a noun, not a verb. A supine must come from a verb such as:[doceo, docere, docui, doctus]. We can thus use [doctum,doctū]. As a fellow lover of Latin "word archaeology," I'd say your instinct is good! :) However, let us stick as much as possible to original latin. eg this is Neolatin. Your contributions, by the way, are highly appreciated! --[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) [[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 10:34, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC) : Hi [[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]]. Almost correct, except that the suffix ''{{swikten|-atus|-atus}}'' (gen. ''-atūs'') can skip the “coming from a verb” part, and so you have nouns like ''senatus'', ''triumviratus'', ''tribunatus'', etc. ''Doctoratus'' (gen. -ūs) is not a new word. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:25, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC) ::''Doctoratu'' looks to me like a fourth-declension noun in the ablative, as seen in ''acu punctum'' 'stuck with a needle' and similar constructions; however, if possible, an encyclopedia might want to specify the field: was it a doctorate of philosophy ([[Ph.D.]])? or a doctorate of something else? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 13:08, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC) ::: Yes, Iacobus (I also agree that specifying the field would be nice). The suffix ''-atus'' and the supine share the same historical origin. The supine ultimately denotes the action expressed by the verb, and the corresponding fourth-declension noun is often synonymous with a noun in ''-io'', ''-ionis'' (e.g. ''positus'', ''-ūs'' and ''positio'', ''-onis'' are synonyms). When we say ''facile dictu'', we are ultimately saying “easy with respect to the act of saying.” I know some grammarians treat the supine and the corresponding fourth-declension noun as distinct; i.e. ''exitu'' as a supine would be different from ''exitu'', the ablative of ''exitus'', except… it isn't (other than the fact that the supine can govern an object). The suffix ''-atus'' is particularly interesting because it can bypass the corresponding verb. Following the scheme above, ''doctoratus'' would be equivalent to ''*doctoratio'', and both would derive from ''*doctorare''—except that ''*doctorare'' does not actually need to exist. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:30, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC) 9nsrz5kf40u6a8f1blvv0x5dubln36p 3972501 3972500 2026-07-17T13:32:53Z Grufo 64423 /* doctoratu */ 3972501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Hic sunt tabularia disputationum}} Disputationes veteres: {{Specialis:Praefixa/Disputatio Usoris:Grufo/Tabularium}} == Translation request == Hello, Grufo. Can you create an article about the American Democratic Vice Presidential candidate [[:en:Tim Walz]] ([[Timotheus Iacobus Walz]]) in Latin Wikipedia, just like for the Republican Vice Presidential candidate [[Iacobus David Vance]]? Yours sincerely, [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 12:48, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) : Hi. I did not create the [[Iacobus David Vance]] page, I only [[Specialis:Diff/3848980/3849044|corrected a few things]], mostly of typographical nature. Of course a [[Timotheus Iacobus Walz]] page would be a nice thing to have. But asking users to do something for us usually rarely works. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:01, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) ::I understand. Thank you for the reply. I also posted the same question to the original uploader. Though I think he or she is a "one timer" and might not upload or edit again. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 13:22, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) ::: I do not know why the original author created Vance's page, but it is not to be excluded that they did it as a consequence of political affiliation (nothing is wrong with that, as long their contribution is encyclopedic), and if that is the case asking the same person to create the page of their political adversary will likely not work. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:27, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) ::::That also later crossed my mind. I personally did not request a translation due to political reasons. I just thought that the other Vice Presidential candidate should also have an article in Latin Wikipedia. Never mind. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 13:34, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) ::::: No problem. Let's see how the original author reacts. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:41, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) ::::::To my surprise, the original author uploaded the second article as well. I have thanked him or her and I thank you as well. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 15:59, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) ::::::: I am happy they did! :) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:01, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) == Nomination == Hi, Grufo. I just proposed you at [[Vicipaedia:Petitio magistratus/Grufo]]. When you have a spare moment, please go there and indicate your willingness -- thank you! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:23, 7 Septembris 2024 (UTC) : Thank you, Andrew! :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:46, 7 Septembris 2024 (UTC) ::As you may have noticed, you are elected nemine contradicente. An excellent result! I will now attempt to give you the appropriate permissions. I'm sorry I have been absent rather often on real world concerns, and this may continue for a while. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:23, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC) :::Done, I think. Next time you log in, verify if you have some unaccustomed powers. Notably, you should be able to delete a page (which should be helpful to you and to others who may need to have a page deleted), and protect a page from some groups of editors, and you should be able to block a user, named or anonymous. Tell me if I can help with anything. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:36, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC) :::: Hooray! :-) You have absolutely nothing to apologize for, Andrew. I am very grateful for your sponsorship. I hope your real world concerns will soon calm down. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:19, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC) == Candidatus ad magistratum propositus == Gratias tibi ago, Grufo optime! Me maxime honorasti me ad electionem in circulum magistratuum proponens. Praeter doctrinam meam debiliorem imprimis inopia temporis liberi me monet, ne hoc munus acciperem. Per septuaginta horas cuiusque hebdomadae munere medici occupatus sum. Ideo non prius quam circa mediam noctem ad Vicipaediam nostram accedere soleo. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 20:47, 11 Octobris 2024 (UTC) : Gratias tibi ago, Bis-Taurine, quia mihi scripsisti. Paucum tempus non est magnum incommodum, multi sunt magistratus apud nos qui inter se laborem distribuunt (nihilominus a magistratu haud maior labor, sed sapientia tantum requiritur). Nisi tibi displacet “magistratus mediae noctis” fieri, tuam petitionem proponere adhuc cupio. Attamen importunē insistere nolo! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:46, 11 Octobris 2024 (UTC) :: @[[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]]: Demetrium Talpam et Marcum Terentium Bibliophilum [[Vicipaedia:Taberna#Magistratus: novae nominationes|nuper proposui]]; et te, volentem, proponere cupio. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:44, 15 Octobris 2024 (UTC) ::: Bis-Taurinus Grufoni salutem! Si paucum tempus et peritia mea exigua non impediunt, me canditatum proponas! [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 05:29, 16 Octobris 2024 (UTC) :::: Euax! :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:47, 16 Octobris 2024 (UTC) == Request == As mentioned in [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 30#Disney cartoon articles]], there are some semi-protected pages that have been protected for 15 years now. Do you think it'd be OK to remove protection from them? I'm asking you because I see you've handled protections before. I also think that there should be some improvement to these pages, as they are generally stubs that have been short for 15 years. Should I start a new discussion at [[Vicipaedia:Taberna]] to get someone to add more content to the pages? [[Specialis:Conlationes/2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB|2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB]] 16:56, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC) : Hi. It seems that the discussion you linked was not really in favour of removing the protection. It is true that four years have passed, however these pages are only semi-protected, all you need to edit them is an account. Have you considered creating one? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:01, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC) :: Some of the pages were unprotected, and those haven't been vandalized since. I actually thought that the discussion was in favor by the end of it. Just a note, I'd have to wait four days to edit after creating an account. However, I was wondering if anyone could add more content to these pages. I saw [[Babe: Pig in the City]] was deleted, but could a new page be written to replace it? Also, I see the tag at [[Rugrats]], should that page be deleted? If I create an account, I'll let you know. [[Specialis:Conlationes/2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB|2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB]] 17:06, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC) ::: Account created. [[Usor:Shopping metaphor|Shopping metaphor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Shopping metaphor|disputatio]]) 17:10, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC) :::: That is great! Happy editing! :-) == Petitio de Formula:AE == Salve Grufo! Potesne Formulam:AE in nostra Vicipaedia ratam facere ut exempli gratia in Vicipaedia Anglica. Nam nexum ad inscriptiones Latinas et Graecas praebet quae in ''[[L'Année épigraphique]]'' publicatae sunt. Vide exempli gratia [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindia_gens Mindia gens] apud Anglicos (AE|2018|325). Etenim epigraphia Latinitati fons non negligendus aestimanda est. Ante aliquot annos Andreas Dalby hoc idem ad Formulam [[CIL]] effecerat. Te amabo si temptabis. --[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:17, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC) Tibi gratias ago. Non difficile fortasse erat sed talium rerum non peritus sum.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:28, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC) : Noli timere, magnopere quidem fuit facile factu. :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:33, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC) :: {{Tpe|Postilla}} [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marce]], formulam {{Fn|AE ref}} quoque nunc habemus. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:54, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC) == Capsa mendosa? == Hi! I’ve just noticed your [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 33#Capsa mendosa?|your ping from over a year ago]], but the problem seems to still persist, so better late than never. ☺ It’s probably because the same coats of arms are listed both [[d:Q81162#P154|as logos]] and [[d:Q81162#P94|as actual coats of arms]], so the solution is removing the logos from the Wikidata items. —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 11:39, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC) : Hi [[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]], thank you for reaching out. How about [[Specialis:Diff/3850542/3861571|this solution]]? To be really unbreakable it should be extended to the other image properties as well – because, for example, [[Collegium Sanctae Catharinae (Oxonia)|here]] the problem still persists. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:48, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC) :: {{tpe|Nova}} Maybe [[Specialis:Diff/3850542/3861576|this other solution]] solves everything once and for all. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:59, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC) :::I think it’s more of a workaround than a solution: Wikidata data is simply wrong (these images are coats of arms, not logos), so that should be fixed instead of changing the Wikipedia infobox. [https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Property_talk:P94&diff=2273008387 I’ve added a complex constraint on Wikidata that lists exact duplicates] (it won’t catch St Catherine’s College, but it will catch the others). —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 22:15, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC) :::: It makes sense. What our template does is simply a check for duplicate images (which under no circumstances need to be shown twice). Feel free to restore the check-free version if you want. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:28, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC) :::::I <em>think</em> the checks shouldn’t be there, but I don’t <em>want</em> to remove them, because I don’t consider myself part of the Latin Wikipedia community and thus want to leave the decision up to the community. (I’m not angry or something like that; it’s perfectly fine for me that you do whatever you want.) —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 23:15, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC) :::::: No problem, [[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]]. [[Specialis:Diff/3861576/3861607|I removed the checks]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:35, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC) == Create a page for Peshkopi - Penestae in Latin == @[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Hi dear Grufo! I am from Albania and I have a request. I want to ask you please can you create a page for Peshkopi: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshkopi (Penestae in Latin) on Latin Wiki. I have asked Andrew Dalby to create it and he didn't created it. So I would be very grateful to you if you will create it yourself. Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 13:28, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC) : Hi, [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]]. You have already sent me an email three days ago, to which I already replied. Please stop spamming. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:46, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC) ::@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Hi Grufo! Now I see the email as I didn't checked it. When you will have time, you will create it? The title for Peshkopi in Latin is Penestae: https://www.loquis.com/en/loquis/2174022/Peshkopi https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/45532/PENESTAE https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Penestae_(tribe) Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 17:14, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC) ::: @[[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]]: As I already wrote you via email, it is not my intention to create the page you are requesting, for at least the following reasons: :::* The subject is not among my priorities :::* Based on what I know '''and your own sources''' ([https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/45532/PENESTAE #1], [https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Penestae_(tribe) #2]), the ''Penestae'' were a tribe, not a place, and I don't know reliable sources that state otherwise (I will be happy to be contradicted) – actually, the Latin name of Peshkopi seems to be [[Episcopia (discretiva)|Episcopia]] (again, I am happy to be contradicted), whereas the locality where the ''Penestae'' lived was called ''Penestia'', as it seems :::* If I ever had any intention to create such page, your fixation on a proper name without sources made any intention vanish (you started insisting on it already [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 34#Create articles for Korçë (Coryza - in Latin), Kukës (unknown name in Latin) and Peshkopi (Penestae - in Latin)|five months ago]]) – Btw, we can attempt to propose our translations of common names (see {{Fn|Convertimus}}), but doing the same with proper names is definitely out of question (it's like if I insisted – without sources – that your name is “Donald”) ::: --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:04, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC) == De quadam difficultate == Salve Grufo, scisne, cur <nowiki>{{Titulus italicus}}</nowiki> non valeat textum italicum reddere in commentatione [[Fabian oder Der Gang vor die Hunde (pellicula 2021)]]? [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:10, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC) : Salve Neander! Credo titulum nimis longum esse causam (formula {{Fn|Titulus italicus}} non est sine defectibus). [[Specialis:Diff/3887061/3887066|Haec excogitatio]] similia incommoda solvere potest. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:31, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC) :: Rectum igitur hominem adii auxilium petens. Gratias ago quam maximas! [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC) == De voce [[Disportus in Italia]] == Ciao, Grufo. Avrei voluto scriverti in latino, ma presumendo che tu sia italiano ti parlerò nella nostra lingua. Scusami tanto se ti disturbo, ma volevo chiederti: come mai hai cancellato la voce [[Disportus in Italia]], creata da me nella giornata di ieri? Sarebbe stato un approfondimento importante sullo sport italiano (argomento di cui mi sto occupando molto), presente anche in molte altre edizioni di Wikipedia. È vero che quando hai cancellato la pagina essa consisteva in un mero elenco di sport con link rossi indirizzanti a sottopagine, ma avrei avuto l'intenzione di scriverla, ampliarla, correggerla, magari in giorni futuri: quindi non l'avrei lasciata in sospeso, abbandonando una voce appena creata, anzi, avrei anche scritto le pagine con i dettagli per ogni disciplina e magari creato una voce simile per altri paesi del mondo. Perciò volevo chiederti soltanto se la voce potrà essere riammessa o potrò comunque ricrearla (anche non adesso, lavorandoci magari prima sulla mia [[Usor:Davide2025/Harenarium|sandbox]]). Puoi rispondermi sulla mia [[Usor:Davide2025/Disputatio|talk]] ed eventualmente continuare a darmi suggerimenti per il futuro. A presto e ''magnas gratias tibi, mi Grufo''! [[Usor:Davide2025|Davide2025]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Davide2025|disputatio]]) 14:07, 21 Octobris 2025 (UTC) : Ciao [[Usor:Davide2025|Davide]]. Il problema è che non si accettano pagine non finite nello spazio enciclopedico. Ci possono essere dei lavori in corso, ma allora si aggiunge {{Fn|In usu}} in cima alla pagina, altrimenti altri utenti assumeranno che la pagina è stata lasciata così (e infatti un altro utente ha chiesto la cancellazione immediata della pagina in quanto incompleta). Ho ripristinato la pagina in [[Usor:Davide2025/Harenarium/Disportus in Italia]]. Ti consiglio di svilupparla ulteriormente prima di metterla nello spazio enciclopedico. Buon lavoro. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:25, 21 Octobris 2025 (UTC) == Transylvania et dies 11 Ianuarii == Salve Grufo! Tibi [[Disputatio:11 Ianuarii|hic]] respondi. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 22:10, 5 Februarii 2026 (UTC) : Gratias tibi ago, [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurine]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:41, 5 Februarii 2026 (UTC) == Tiro sum == Salve Grufo! Tiro hic sum, et magis scire volo de Vikipedia Latina. Nunc disco grammaticam Latinan libro Arnoldiis qui vocatur est “A practical introduction to Latin prose”, et libros Ciceronis lego. Estne fas hic scribere ut linguam Latinam discam? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 17:37, 11 Martii 2026 (UTC) : Salve, [[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]. Utilissimum est Latine scribere ad Latinum discendum! Tua peritia linguae mihi videtur esse satis bona. Suadeo ut incipias paginas iam exstantes emendando. Si autem novas paginas scribere cupis, tibi licet sive eas statim creare sive nostro novo “[[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|systemate adumbrationum]]” uti. Tibi faustas emendationes auguror! Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:11, 11 Martii 2026 (UTC) ::Gratias tibi ago! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 10:53, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC) == Adumbratorne ego? == Salve Grufo, demiror, qua de causa pagina [[Der fliegende Holländer (melodrama)]] a me incepta Adumbrationis titulo dignata sit. Melius hoc intellegerem, si fere omnes aliae paginae "Adumbrationes" essent. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC) : Salve [[Usor:Neander|Neander]]! Hoc evēnit quia [[Usor:Bartholomite]] putavit [[Special:PermanentLink/3948086|hanc versionem paginae]] esse nimis brevem, idcirco in spatium adumbrationum [[Special:Diff/3948160/3948161|movit]]. Puto motionem rectam fuisse, sed nunc pagina est satis longa. Nihilominus [[Disputatio Usoris:Bartholomite#De paginis ad spatium adumbrationum motis|ei scripsi]] te monendum fore quotienscumque paginam a te creatam moveret. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:47, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC) == [[UEFA Nations League]] == Salve Grufo, potesne paginae huius nomen ex Anglico in Latinum mutare? Vale, -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 14:39, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC) : Salve [[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]. Credo istam mutationem in [[Disputatio:UEFA Nations League|pagina disputationis illius commentationis]] melius petendam esse. Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:10, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC) ::Petivi. Vale. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:20, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC) == Quae sunt "negativa lineamenta"? == Dixisti quod differt motus "caterva" et "grex" inquantum caterva est grex negativis cum lineamentis. Cur? Caterva ergo annon extat ut motus pro structura abstracta-algebraica in Neo-Latinitate? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:11, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) : Salve, [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. “Caterva” est sicut “turba”, “multitudo sine ordine” (cf. “caterva verborum”), at “grex” est tantummodo aggregatio quaedam. Romani “catervam” saepe excercitūs aliarum gentium appellabant, raro suos. Vide {{Lewshort|caterva|catervam}} et {{L&S|grex|gregem}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:06, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::Oh, ergo in sensibus communibus differt, non in sensibus ut termata artis. (Sed "grex" erat terma ab Evaristo Galois confectum, ut pagina dicit.) Gratias ago! -- [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:14, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Ita. Ultro, quod ad nomen ab Evaristo Galois confectum attinet, mihi videtur ipse nullum nomen Latinum, sed tantummodo vocabulum Francogallicum ''groupe'' adhibuisse. Erravine? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:25, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::Sic videtur. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:40, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:06, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472432 --> == Formulae == Hi, Grufo. I am happy to be back among Vicipaedians, and also happy that Vicipaedia has been getting better and better in my absence. I am very glad that you have been able to work so hard on it at a time when I could not. I notice, in creating new pages, that I should be using formulae <nowiki>{{Res}}</nowiki> for article names, <nowiki>{{Ores}}</nowiki> for names that are titles of works, and <nowiki>{{Anni vitae}}</nowiki> instead of <nowiki>{{Lifetime}}</nowiki>. Correct? I'm sure there are other new formulae, and no doubt I will gradually pick them up, but if there are any more that you think I will need often, feel free to tell me! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:53, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC) : Hi Andrew! I am very glad you are back! Yes, {{Fn|ores}} stands for “res de opere”. It must not be confused with {{Fn|ires}}: both show the lemma in italic, but only {{Fn|ores}} adds the <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><cite>...</cite></syntaxhighlight> tag under the hood, which in turn instructs search engines that the page is about a work. As for {{Fn|anni vitae}}/{{Fn|lifetime}}, the second is simply a redirect to the first, so you are free to choose—although we should prefer Latin in our pages. Among the other things that have changed when you were not here, as far as I can recall, there is that the two old templates {{Fn|nexus desiderati}} and {{Fn|nexus absunt}} have been merged into one single template, and that {{Fn|creanda}} is now transitioning towards {{Fsn|pcc}} (the latter's title might change in the future); long story short, from now on, if you can, please write <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:creanda|...}}</syntaxhighlight> instead of <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{creanda|...}}</syntaxhighlight>. The advantage is that when eventually the missing page gets created, the new template is able to recognize it even if it got created under a different name. I don't know if there have been other big changes. If yes, probably you will notice! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:39, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC) ::That's good. I could not quite follow the developments with "creanda". Your explanation makes it clear, and I will use "subst:creanda". [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 18:48, 2 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::: @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]]: Writing <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:creanda|...}}</syntaxhighlight> is transitory in this phase to facilitate the usage of the new template. You can also directly write <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:pcc|...}}</syntaxhighlight>, although this uses a slightly different syntax. Compare: :::: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:pcc|en=Direction (geometry)|directio|directionem}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: and :::: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:creanda|en|Direction (geometry)|directio|directionem}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: [[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|The documentation]] should explain everything in detail. The point is that the new template is able to get the Wikidata entity of the linked page, and so both <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:creanda|...}}</syntaxhighlight> and <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:pcc|...}}</syntaxhighlight>, once you save the page, will eventually turn into, :::: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|directio|directionem|en|qid=Q2151613}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: where {{para|qid|Q2151613}} contains the Wikidata entity. Once the template has the Wikidata entity, it no longer matters under which name a new page gets created, it will find it. Moreover, when that happens, [[:Categoria:Paginae quae recensionem vacuam exspectant|this category]] will list the pages that now ask for the creation of pages that have already been created, and an empty edit (!) will be enough to remove the template from the page. For instance, on the top-right corner of the “[[Situs interretialis]]” page there is currently the icon of a blinking zero with a pencil; if you click on it and then click on “Mutationes ostendere”, everything should be more clear. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:31, 2 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::I did begin to write "subst:creanda" instead of "creanda". What happened was that immediately on saving my work it changed to the next step, with a much longer template name "safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve" and rearranged elements. This made it harder to continue editing the page. So, to stop that immediate change happening, I've gone back to writing "creanda". I take it the whole series of changes, from "creanda" to "subst:creanda", and on, can be done automatically at some later stage? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:23, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::: @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew]]: I just created {{Fsn|creanda/m}}. Now if you write ::::::: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:creanda/m|en|Julie Gayet|fr|Julie Gayet|Iulia Gayet}}</syntaxhighlight> :::::: when you save the page it gets replaced with ::::::: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{safesubst:creanda|en|Julie Gayet|fr|Julie Gayet|Iulia Gayet}}</syntaxhighlight> :::::: When you save the page one time more it gets replaced with ::::::: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iulia Gayet||fr|en|qid=Q435925}}</syntaxhighlight> :::::: Is that what you were looking for? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:07, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::: P.S. I can also create it with a timer (e.g. it doesn't get replaced before one day passes), but I'll need a bit longer to create that. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:29, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::Grufo, you never cease to amaze me! You can do anything! I don't want to be awkward -- after all, if I were efficient, I could save all my potential improvements for one edit, and then do it, and it wouldn't be a problem. However, there may be some value, to others as well as to me, if it works after a fixed delay (a day, as you suggest). Others, not only me, re-read and revise their edits immediately after saving the essential part. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:58, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::: Thank you, Andrew. Consider it done :) P.S. The long name “Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve” could be temporary: one day, when all transclusions of {{Fn|Creanda}} will be gone (I think they are about 2000 at the moment), we can rename {{Fn|Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve}} to {{Fn|Creanda}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:21, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::: @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew]]: I added a timer of one day to {{Fsn|creanda/m}} (you will have to tolerate a {{para|t}} parameter that gets automatically added to save the starting time). What do you think? You would use {{Fsn|creanda/m}} exacly like you would use {{Fn|creanda}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:15, 15 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::Fine, thanks! I'll use {{Fsn|creanda/m}} from now on. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:31, 16 Iunii 2026 (UTC) == Citation style == Hi, Grufo. Thanks for working on "[[Dis-moi ce que tu manges: je te dirai ce que tu es]]". I have just one question about the citation style. Is it really a good idea to aim to put months as well as years in the parenthetic date that follows the author's name? My impression is that English Wikipedians sometimes do this, and that Google Books sometimes inserts days and months (totally unreliably) alongside years of publication, but that people writing bibliographies in the real world don't do it. It would be quite a matter of chance whether the information is available or not. What do you think about that? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:10, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) : Hi [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew]]. I think that with books definitely the year alone should be enough. The month maybe can be useful with journals (it is true though that volume and issue numbers should be enough). Maybe a general exception is when an author publishes two or more works in the same year: in that case the month might be the only way to write the Chicago-style short citation (e.g. <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{qc|Einstein, Mai. 2021}}</syntaxhighlight> and <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{qc|Einstein, Iul. 2021}}</syntaxhighlight>). Long story short: feel free to remove {{para|mensis}} and {{para|tempus ostentum}} from Melvin's article and {{para|mensis}} from Nemeroff's article! P.S. If you have any suggestions on how to improve the {{[[Formula:Opus|Opus]]}} template, please don't hesitate. When I wrote it I tried to find a compromise between English (and other languages') citation standards and the peculiarities of Latin tradition (for instance, I avoided using non-nominative forms like “Alberto Einstein auctore” or “Alberti Einstein ''Lorem Ipsum''”). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:48, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::In general your template works very well. I'll give it some thought. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 16:05, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) == De involuntaria invocatione == @[[Usor:Amahoney|Amahoney]], @[[Usor:Andreas Raether|Andreas Raether]], @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]], @[[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]], @[[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]], @[[Usor:Frontfrog|Frontfrog]], @[[Usor:Giorno2|Giorno2]], @[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus Rocchio]] et [[Usor:Lesgles|Lesgles]]: Amici, ignoscite mihi, quaeso, si antea invocationem involuntariam a me acceperatis; exemplum tantum novae formulae {{[[Formula:Usores in colloquio#&#123;&#123;subst:Usores in colloquio&#125;&#125;|subst:Usores in colloquio]]}} ostendere volui. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:55, 18 Iunii 2026 (UTC) == Castellum Poseidon == Non video quid huic articulo deficiat. Existimo eum perfecte exigit Wikipediae. Si consentis, potesne tollere observationem negativam? Gratias antehac.[[Usor:Andries Van den Abeele|Andries Van den Abeele]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andries Van den Abeele|disputatio]]) 16:39, 30 Iunii 2026 (UTC) : Salve [[Usor:Andries Van den Abeele|Andries Van den Abeele]]. Bibliographia est Francogallice scripta. Scriptiones quales “Iulio MMXXV” non solemus adhibere, sed potius “Iulio 2025”. Formula {{Fn|Nobr}} non habemus. Formula {{Fn|Sfn}} apud nos appellatur {{Fn|Qc}} et alia syntaxi nititur. Sunt etiam multae aliae res Vicificandae. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:55, 30 Iunii 2026 (UTC) == Meiko Nakahara Autotranslata Correctio == Apud dignatione, cur paginam autotranslatam esse figurabam. Totam paginam transferre a me scio, et Ego volo quod non lingua Anglica sic sit, sed literale et totale volo. Autem tota pagina vere translatio 'by hand' in Anglicā, et sī tu Meiko Nakahara paginam Anglicam apud Vicipaediā translatore transferas, scribitio mea non sic totale est. Sī pagina problema habet, acceptibilius est, et velim corrigere [[Usor:PeterBJohnLemon|PeterBJohnLemon]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:PeterBJohnLemon|disputatio]]) 18:48, 4 Iulii 2026 (UTC) : Salve, PeterBJohnLemon. Capsam addidi quia pagina [[Meiko Nakahara]] ''videtur'' e translatione machinaria orta esse, quamquam certus esse nequeo. Forma enim currens mihi videtur nimis mendosa ut in Vicipaedia maneat (velut: “scita pro musica sua in Urbe Populariā genā musicā est”, “Postquam cantantem cursum suam”, “Tributus grex clamatus Lotos ea formatus erat in 2010 et activus jam dum 2019”, atque multa alia exempla). Si haec translatio re vera manu facta est, eo magis emendationibus eget. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 20:34, 4 Iulii 2026 (UTC) == [https://latin-words.com/word/latin/doctoratu doctoratu] == The Latin supine is a verbal noun derived from a verb, not from an ordinary noun. It is formed from the verbal stem associated with the fourth principal part.The word doctoratus ("doctorate") is a noun, not a verb. A supine must come from a verb such as:[doceo, docere, docui, doctus]. We can thus use [doctum,doctū]. As a fellow lover of Latin "word archaeology," I'd say your instinct is good! :) However, let us stick as much as possible to original latin. eg this is Neolatin. Your contributions, by the way, are highly appreciated! --[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) [[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 10:34, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC) : Hi [[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]]. Almost correct, except that the suffix ''{{swikten|-atus|-atus}}'' (gen. ''-atūs'') can skip the “coming from a verb” part, and so you have nouns like ''senatus'', ''triumviratus'', ''tribunatus'', etc. ''Doctoratus'' (gen. -ūs) is not a new word. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:25, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC) ::''Doctoratu'' looks to me like a fourth-declension noun in the ablative, as seen in ''acu punctum'' 'stuck with a needle' and similar constructions; however, if possible, an encyclopedia might want to specify the field: was it a doctorate of philosophy ([[Ph.D.]])? or a doctorate of something else? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 13:08, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC) ::: Yes, Iacobus (I also agree that specifying the field would be nice). The suffix ''-atus'' and the supine share the same historical origin. The supine ultimately denotes the action expressed by the verb, and the corresponding fourth-declension noun is often synonymous with a noun in ''-io'', ''-ionis'' (e.g. ''positus'', ''-ūs'' and ''positio'', ''-onis'' are synonyms). When we say ''facile dictu'', we are ultimately saying “easy with respect to the act of saying.” I know some grammarians treat the supine and the corresponding fourth-declension noun as distinct; i.e. ''exitu'' as a supine would be different from ''exitu'', the ablative of ''exitus'', except… it isn't (other than the fact that the supine can govern an object). The suffix ''-atus'' is particularly interesting because it can bypass the corresponding verb. Following the scheme above, ''doctoratus'' would be similar to ''*doctoratio'', and both would derive from ''*doctorare''—except that ''*doctorare'' does not actually need to exist. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:30, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC) 07z3rf2hedjkudjencwomoeiupd36qu 3972502 3972501 2026-07-17T13:34:09Z Grufo 64423 /* doctoratu */ 3972502 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Hic sunt tabularia disputationum}} Disputationes veteres: {{Specialis:Praefixa/Disputatio Usoris:Grufo/Tabularium}} == Translation request == Hello, Grufo. Can you create an article about the American Democratic Vice Presidential candidate [[:en:Tim Walz]] ([[Timotheus Iacobus Walz]]) in Latin Wikipedia, just like for the Republican Vice Presidential candidate [[Iacobus David Vance]]? Yours sincerely, [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 12:48, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) : Hi. I did not create the [[Iacobus David Vance]] page, I only [[Specialis:Diff/3848980/3849044|corrected a few things]], mostly of typographical nature. Of course a [[Timotheus Iacobus Walz]] page would be a nice thing to have. But asking users to do something for us usually rarely works. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:01, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) ::I understand. Thank you for the reply. I also posted the same question to the original uploader. Though I think he or she is a "one timer" and might not upload or edit again. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 13:22, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) ::: I do not know why the original author created Vance's page, but it is not to be excluded that they did it as a consequence of political affiliation (nothing is wrong with that, as long their contribution is encyclopedic), and if that is the case asking the same person to create the page of their political adversary will likely not work. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:27, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) ::::That also later crossed my mind. I personally did not request a translation due to political reasons. I just thought that the other Vice Presidential candidate should also have an article in Latin Wikipedia. Never mind. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 13:34, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) ::::: No problem. Let's see how the original author reacts. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:41, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) ::::::To my surprise, the original author uploaded the second article as well. I have thanked him or her and I thank you as well. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 15:59, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) ::::::: I am happy they did! :) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:01, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC) == Nomination == Hi, Grufo. I just proposed you at [[Vicipaedia:Petitio magistratus/Grufo]]. When you have a spare moment, please go there and indicate your willingness -- thank you! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:23, 7 Septembris 2024 (UTC) : Thank you, Andrew! :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:46, 7 Septembris 2024 (UTC) ::As you may have noticed, you are elected nemine contradicente. An excellent result! I will now attempt to give you the appropriate permissions. I'm sorry I have been absent rather often on real world concerns, and this may continue for a while. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:23, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC) :::Done, I think. Next time you log in, verify if you have some unaccustomed powers. Notably, you should be able to delete a page (which should be helpful to you and to others who may need to have a page deleted), and protect a page from some groups of editors, and you should be able to block a user, named or anonymous. Tell me if I can help with anything. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:36, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC) :::: Hooray! :-) You have absolutely nothing to apologize for, Andrew. I am very grateful for your sponsorship. I hope your real world concerns will soon calm down. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:19, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC) == Candidatus ad magistratum propositus == Gratias tibi ago, Grufo optime! Me maxime honorasti me ad electionem in circulum magistratuum proponens. Praeter doctrinam meam debiliorem imprimis inopia temporis liberi me monet, ne hoc munus acciperem. Per septuaginta horas cuiusque hebdomadae munere medici occupatus sum. Ideo non prius quam circa mediam noctem ad Vicipaediam nostram accedere soleo. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 20:47, 11 Octobris 2024 (UTC) : Gratias tibi ago, Bis-Taurine, quia mihi scripsisti. Paucum tempus non est magnum incommodum, multi sunt magistratus apud nos qui inter se laborem distribuunt (nihilominus a magistratu haud maior labor, sed sapientia tantum requiritur). Nisi tibi displacet “magistratus mediae noctis” fieri, tuam petitionem proponere adhuc cupio. Attamen importunē insistere nolo! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:46, 11 Octobris 2024 (UTC) :: @[[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]]: Demetrium Talpam et Marcum Terentium Bibliophilum [[Vicipaedia:Taberna#Magistratus: novae nominationes|nuper proposui]]; et te, volentem, proponere cupio. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:44, 15 Octobris 2024 (UTC) ::: Bis-Taurinus Grufoni salutem! Si paucum tempus et peritia mea exigua non impediunt, me canditatum proponas! [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 05:29, 16 Octobris 2024 (UTC) :::: Euax! :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:47, 16 Octobris 2024 (UTC) == Request == As mentioned in [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 30#Disney cartoon articles]], there are some semi-protected pages that have been protected for 15 years now. Do you think it'd be OK to remove protection from them? I'm asking you because I see you've handled protections before. I also think that there should be some improvement to these pages, as they are generally stubs that have been short for 15 years. Should I start a new discussion at [[Vicipaedia:Taberna]] to get someone to add more content to the pages? [[Specialis:Conlationes/2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB|2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB]] 16:56, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC) : Hi. It seems that the discussion you linked was not really in favour of removing the protection. It is true that four years have passed, however these pages are only semi-protected, all you need to edit them is an account. Have you considered creating one? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:01, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC) :: Some of the pages were unprotected, and those haven't been vandalized since. I actually thought that the discussion was in favor by the end of it. Just a note, I'd have to wait four days to edit after creating an account. However, I was wondering if anyone could add more content to these pages. I saw [[Babe: Pig in the City]] was deleted, but could a new page be written to replace it? Also, I see the tag at [[Rugrats]], should that page be deleted? If I create an account, I'll let you know. [[Specialis:Conlationes/2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB|2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB]] 17:06, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC) ::: Account created. [[Usor:Shopping metaphor|Shopping metaphor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Shopping metaphor|disputatio]]) 17:10, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC) :::: That is great! Happy editing! :-) == Petitio de Formula:AE == Salve Grufo! Potesne Formulam:AE in nostra Vicipaedia ratam facere ut exempli gratia in Vicipaedia Anglica. Nam nexum ad inscriptiones Latinas et Graecas praebet quae in ''[[L'Année épigraphique]]'' publicatae sunt. Vide exempli gratia [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindia_gens Mindia gens] apud Anglicos (AE|2018|325). Etenim epigraphia Latinitati fons non negligendus aestimanda est. Ante aliquot annos Andreas Dalby hoc idem ad Formulam [[CIL]] effecerat. Te amabo si temptabis. --[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:17, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC) Tibi gratias ago. Non difficile fortasse erat sed talium rerum non peritus sum.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:28, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC) : Noli timere, magnopere quidem fuit facile factu. :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:33, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC) :: {{Tpe|Postilla}} [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marce]], formulam {{Fn|AE ref}} quoque nunc habemus. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:54, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC) == Capsa mendosa? == Hi! I’ve just noticed your [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 33#Capsa mendosa?|your ping from over a year ago]], but the problem seems to still persist, so better late than never. ☺ It’s probably because the same coats of arms are listed both [[d:Q81162#P154|as logos]] and [[d:Q81162#P94|as actual coats of arms]], so the solution is removing the logos from the Wikidata items. —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 11:39, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC) : Hi [[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]], thank you for reaching out. How about [[Specialis:Diff/3850542/3861571|this solution]]? To be really unbreakable it should be extended to the other image properties as well – because, for example, [[Collegium Sanctae Catharinae (Oxonia)|here]] the problem still persists. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:48, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC) :: {{tpe|Nova}} Maybe [[Specialis:Diff/3850542/3861576|this other solution]] solves everything once and for all. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:59, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC) :::I think it’s more of a workaround than a solution: Wikidata data is simply wrong (these images are coats of arms, not logos), so that should be fixed instead of changing the Wikipedia infobox. [https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Property_talk:P94&diff=2273008387 I’ve added a complex constraint on Wikidata that lists exact duplicates] (it won’t catch St Catherine’s College, but it will catch the others). —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 22:15, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC) :::: It makes sense. What our template does is simply a check for duplicate images (which under no circumstances need to be shown twice). Feel free to restore the check-free version if you want. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:28, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC) :::::I <em>think</em> the checks shouldn’t be there, but I don’t <em>want</em> to remove them, because I don’t consider myself part of the Latin Wikipedia community and thus want to leave the decision up to the community. (I’m not angry or something like that; it’s perfectly fine for me that you do whatever you want.) —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 23:15, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC) :::::: No problem, [[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]]. [[Specialis:Diff/3861576/3861607|I removed the checks]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:35, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC) == Create a page for Peshkopi - Penestae in Latin == @[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Hi dear Grufo! I am from Albania and I have a request. I want to ask you please can you create a page for Peshkopi: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshkopi (Penestae in Latin) on Latin Wiki. I have asked Andrew Dalby to create it and he didn't created it. So I would be very grateful to you if you will create it yourself. Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 13:28, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC) : Hi, [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]]. You have already sent me an email three days ago, to which I already replied. Please stop spamming. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:46, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC) ::@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Hi Grufo! Now I see the email as I didn't checked it. When you will have time, you will create it? The title for Peshkopi in Latin is Penestae: https://www.loquis.com/en/loquis/2174022/Peshkopi https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/45532/PENESTAE https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Penestae_(tribe) Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 17:14, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC) ::: @[[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]]: As I already wrote you via email, it is not my intention to create the page you are requesting, for at least the following reasons: :::* The subject is not among my priorities :::* Based on what I know '''and your own sources''' ([https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/45532/PENESTAE #1], [https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Penestae_(tribe) #2]), the ''Penestae'' were a tribe, not a place, and I don't know reliable sources that state otherwise (I will be happy to be contradicted) – actually, the Latin name of Peshkopi seems to be [[Episcopia (discretiva)|Episcopia]] (again, I am happy to be contradicted), whereas the locality where the ''Penestae'' lived was called ''Penestia'', as it seems :::* If I ever had any intention to create such page, your fixation on a proper name without sources made any intention vanish (you started insisting on it already [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 34#Create articles for Korçë (Coryza - in Latin), Kukës (unknown name in Latin) and Peshkopi (Penestae - in Latin)|five months ago]]) – Btw, we can attempt to propose our translations of common names (see {{Fn|Convertimus}}), but doing the same with proper names is definitely out of question (it's like if I insisted – without sources – that your name is “Donald”) ::: --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:04, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC) == De quadam difficultate == Salve Grufo, scisne, cur <nowiki>{{Titulus italicus}}</nowiki> non valeat textum italicum reddere in commentatione [[Fabian oder Der Gang vor die Hunde (pellicula 2021)]]? [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:10, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC) : Salve Neander! Credo titulum nimis longum esse causam (formula {{Fn|Titulus italicus}} non est sine defectibus). [[Specialis:Diff/3887061/3887066|Haec excogitatio]] similia incommoda solvere potest. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:31, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC) :: Rectum igitur hominem adii auxilium petens. Gratias ago quam maximas! [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC) == De voce [[Disportus in Italia]] == Ciao, Grufo. Avrei voluto scriverti in latino, ma presumendo che tu sia italiano ti parlerò nella nostra lingua. Scusami tanto se ti disturbo, ma volevo chiederti: come mai hai cancellato la voce [[Disportus in Italia]], creata da me nella giornata di ieri? Sarebbe stato un approfondimento importante sullo sport italiano (argomento di cui mi sto occupando molto), presente anche in molte altre edizioni di Wikipedia. È vero che quando hai cancellato la pagina essa consisteva in un mero elenco di sport con link rossi indirizzanti a sottopagine, ma avrei avuto l'intenzione di scriverla, ampliarla, correggerla, magari in giorni futuri: quindi non l'avrei lasciata in sospeso, abbandonando una voce appena creata, anzi, avrei anche scritto le pagine con i dettagli per ogni disciplina e magari creato una voce simile per altri paesi del mondo. Perciò volevo chiederti soltanto se la voce potrà essere riammessa o potrò comunque ricrearla (anche non adesso, lavorandoci magari prima sulla mia [[Usor:Davide2025/Harenarium|sandbox]]). Puoi rispondermi sulla mia [[Usor:Davide2025/Disputatio|talk]] ed eventualmente continuare a darmi suggerimenti per il futuro. A presto e ''magnas gratias tibi, mi Grufo''! [[Usor:Davide2025|Davide2025]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Davide2025|disputatio]]) 14:07, 21 Octobris 2025 (UTC) : Ciao [[Usor:Davide2025|Davide]]. Il problema è che non si accettano pagine non finite nello spazio enciclopedico. Ci possono essere dei lavori in corso, ma allora si aggiunge {{Fn|In usu}} in cima alla pagina, altrimenti altri utenti assumeranno che la pagina è stata lasciata così (e infatti un altro utente ha chiesto la cancellazione immediata della pagina in quanto incompleta). Ho ripristinato la pagina in [[Usor:Davide2025/Harenarium/Disportus in Italia]]. Ti consiglio di svilupparla ulteriormente prima di metterla nello spazio enciclopedico. Buon lavoro. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:25, 21 Octobris 2025 (UTC) == Transylvania et dies 11 Ianuarii == Salve Grufo! Tibi [[Disputatio:11 Ianuarii|hic]] respondi. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 22:10, 5 Februarii 2026 (UTC) : Gratias tibi ago, [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurine]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:41, 5 Februarii 2026 (UTC) == Tiro sum == Salve Grufo! Tiro hic sum, et magis scire volo de Vikipedia Latina. Nunc disco grammaticam Latinan libro Arnoldiis qui vocatur est “A practical introduction to Latin prose”, et libros Ciceronis lego. Estne fas hic scribere ut linguam Latinam discam? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 17:37, 11 Martii 2026 (UTC) : Salve, [[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]. Utilissimum est Latine scribere ad Latinum discendum! Tua peritia linguae mihi videtur esse satis bona. Suadeo ut incipias paginas iam exstantes emendando. Si autem novas paginas scribere cupis, tibi licet sive eas statim creare sive nostro novo “[[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|systemate adumbrationum]]” uti. Tibi faustas emendationes auguror! Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:11, 11 Martii 2026 (UTC) ::Gratias tibi ago! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 10:53, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC) == Adumbratorne ego? == Salve Grufo, demiror, qua de causa pagina [[Der fliegende Holländer (melodrama)]] a me incepta Adumbrationis titulo dignata sit. Melius hoc intellegerem, si fere omnes aliae paginae "Adumbrationes" essent. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC) : Salve [[Usor:Neander|Neander]]! Hoc evēnit quia [[Usor:Bartholomite]] putavit [[Special:PermanentLink/3948086|hanc versionem paginae]] esse nimis brevem, idcirco in spatium adumbrationum [[Special:Diff/3948160/3948161|movit]]. Puto motionem rectam fuisse, sed nunc pagina est satis longa. Nihilominus [[Disputatio Usoris:Bartholomite#De paginis ad spatium adumbrationum motis|ei scripsi]] te monendum fore quotienscumque paginam a te creatam moveret. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:47, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC) == [[UEFA Nations League]] == Salve Grufo, potesne paginae huius nomen ex Anglico in Latinum mutare? Vale, -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 14:39, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC) : Salve [[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]. Credo istam mutationem in [[Disputatio:UEFA Nations League|pagina disputationis illius commentationis]] melius petendam esse. Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:10, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC) ::Petivi. Vale. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:20, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC) == Quae sunt "negativa lineamenta"? == Dixisti quod differt motus "caterva" et "grex" inquantum caterva est grex negativis cum lineamentis. Cur? Caterva ergo annon extat ut motus pro structura abstracta-algebraica in Neo-Latinitate? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:11, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) : Salve, [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. “Caterva” est sicut “turba”, “multitudo sine ordine” (cf. “caterva verborum”), at “grex” est tantummodo aggregatio quaedam. Romani “catervam” saepe excercitūs aliarum gentium appellabant, raro suos. Vide {{Lewshort|caterva|catervam}} et {{L&S|grex|gregem}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:06, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::Oh, ergo in sensibus communibus differt, non in sensibus ut termata artis. (Sed "grex" erat terma ab Evaristo Galois confectum, ut pagina dicit.) Gratias ago! -- [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:14, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Ita. Ultro, quod ad nomen ab Evaristo Galois confectum attinet, mihi videtur ipse nullum nomen Latinum, sed tantummodo vocabulum Francogallicum ''groupe'' adhibuisse. Erravine? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:25, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) ::::Sic videtur. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:40, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:06, 28 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472432 --> == Formulae == Hi, Grufo. I am happy to be back among Vicipaedians, and also happy that Vicipaedia has been getting better and better in my absence. I am very glad that you have been able to work so hard on it at a time when I could not. I notice, in creating new pages, that I should be using formulae <nowiki>{{Res}}</nowiki> for article names, <nowiki>{{Ores}}</nowiki> for names that are titles of works, and <nowiki>{{Anni vitae}}</nowiki> instead of <nowiki>{{Lifetime}}</nowiki>. Correct? I'm sure there are other new formulae, and no doubt I will gradually pick them up, but if there are any more that you think I will need often, feel free to tell me! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:53, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC) : Hi Andrew! I am very glad you are back! Yes, {{Fn|ores}} stands for “res de opere”. It must not be confused with {{Fn|ires}}: both show the lemma in italic, but only {{Fn|ores}} adds the <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><cite>...</cite></syntaxhighlight> tag under the hood, which in turn instructs search engines that the page is about a work. As for {{Fn|anni vitae}}/{{Fn|lifetime}}, the second is simply a redirect to the first, so you are free to choose—although we should prefer Latin in our pages. Among the other things that have changed when you were not here, as far as I can recall, there is that the two old templates {{Fn|nexus desiderati}} and {{Fn|nexus absunt}} have been merged into one single template, and that {{Fn|creanda}} is now transitioning towards {{Fsn|pcc}} (the latter's title might change in the future); long story short, from now on, if you can, please write <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:creanda|...}}</syntaxhighlight> instead of <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{creanda|...}}</syntaxhighlight>. The advantage is that when eventually the missing page gets created, the new template is able to recognize it even if it got created under a different name. I don't know if there have been other big changes. If yes, probably you will notice! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:39, 31 Maii 2026 (UTC) ::That's good. I could not quite follow the developments with "creanda". Your explanation makes it clear, and I will use "subst:creanda". [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 18:48, 2 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::: @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]]: Writing <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:creanda|...}}</syntaxhighlight> is transitory in this phase to facilitate the usage of the new template. You can also directly write <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:pcc|...}}</syntaxhighlight>, although this uses a slightly different syntax. Compare: :::: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:pcc|en=Direction (geometry)|directio|directionem}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: and :::: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:creanda|en|Direction (geometry)|directio|directionem}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: [[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|The documentation]] should explain everything in detail. The point is that the new template is able to get the Wikidata entity of the linked page, and so both <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:creanda|...}}</syntaxhighlight> and <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:pcc|...}}</syntaxhighlight>, once you save the page, will eventually turn into, :::: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|directio|directionem|en|qid=Q2151613}}</syntaxhighlight> ::: where {{para|qid|Q2151613}} contains the Wikidata entity. Once the template has the Wikidata entity, it no longer matters under which name a new page gets created, it will find it. Moreover, when that happens, [[:Categoria:Paginae quae recensionem vacuam exspectant|this category]] will list the pages that now ask for the creation of pages that have already been created, and an empty edit (!) will be enough to remove the template from the page. For instance, on the top-right corner of the “[[Situs interretialis]]” page there is currently the icon of a blinking zero with a pencil; if you click on it and then click on “Mutationes ostendere”, everything should be more clear. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:31, 2 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::I did begin to write "subst:creanda" instead of "creanda". What happened was that immediately on saving my work it changed to the next step, with a much longer template name "safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve" and rearranged elements. This made it harder to continue editing the page. So, to stop that immediate change happening, I've gone back to writing "creanda". I take it the whole series of changes, from "creanda" to "subst:creanda", and on, can be done automatically at some later stage? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:23, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::: @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew]]: I just created {{Fsn|creanda/m}}. Now if you write ::::::: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{subst:creanda/m|en|Julie Gayet|fr|Julie Gayet|Iulia Gayet}}</syntaxhighlight> :::::: when you save the page it gets replaced with ::::::: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{safesubst:creanda|en|Julie Gayet|fr|Julie Gayet|Iulia Gayet}}</syntaxhighlight> :::::: When you save the page one time more it gets replaced with ::::::: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iulia Gayet||fr|en|qid=Q435925}}</syntaxhighlight> :::::: Is that what you were looking for? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:07, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::: P.S. I can also create it with a timer (e.g. it doesn't get replaced before one day passes), but I'll need a bit longer to create that. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:29, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::Grufo, you never cease to amaze me! You can do anything! I don't want to be awkward -- after all, if I were efficient, I could save all my potential improvements for one edit, and then do it, and it wouldn't be a problem. However, there may be some value, to others as well as to me, if it works after a fixed delay (a day, as you suggest). Others, not only me, re-read and revise their edits immediately after saving the essential part. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:58, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::::::::: Thank you, Andrew. Consider it done :) P.S. The long name “Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve” could be temporary: one day, when all transclusions of {{Fn|Creanda}} will be gone (I think they are about 2000 at the moment), we can rename {{Fn|Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve}} to {{Fn|Creanda}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:21, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::: @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew]]: I added a timer of one day to {{Fsn|creanda/m}} (you will have to tolerate a {{para|t}} parameter that gets automatically added to save the starting time). What do you think? You would use {{Fsn|creanda/m}} exacly like you would use {{Fn|creanda}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:15, 15 Iunii 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::Fine, thanks! I'll use {{Fsn|creanda/m}} from now on. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:31, 16 Iunii 2026 (UTC) == Citation style == Hi, Grufo. Thanks for working on "[[Dis-moi ce que tu manges: je te dirai ce que tu es]]". I have just one question about the citation style. Is it really a good idea to aim to put months as well as years in the parenthetic date that follows the author's name? My impression is that English Wikipedians sometimes do this, and that Google Books sometimes inserts days and months (totally unreliably) alongside years of publication, but that people writing bibliographies in the real world don't do it. It would be quite a matter of chance whether the information is available or not. What do you think about that? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:10, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) : Hi [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew]]. I think that with books definitely the year alone should be enough. The month maybe can be useful with journals (it is true though that volume and issue numbers should be enough). Maybe a general exception is when an author publishes two or more works in the same year: in that case the month might be the only way to write the Chicago-style short citation (e.g. <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{qc|Einstein, Mai. 2021}}</syntaxhighlight> and <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{qc|Einstein, Iul. 2021}}</syntaxhighlight>). Long story short: feel free to remove {{para|mensis}} and {{para|tempus ostentum}} from Melvin's article and {{para|mensis}} from Nemeroff's article! P.S. If you have any suggestions on how to improve the {{[[Formula:Opus|Opus]]}} template, please don't hesitate. When I wrote it I tried to find a compromise between English (and other languages') citation standards and the peculiarities of Latin tradition (for instance, I avoided using non-nominative forms like “Alberto Einstein auctore” or “Alberti Einstein ''Lorem Ipsum''”). --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:48, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) ::In general your template works very well. I'll give it some thought. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 16:05, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC) == De involuntaria invocatione == @[[Usor:Amahoney|Amahoney]], @[[Usor:Andreas Raether|Andreas Raether]], @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]], @[[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]], @[[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]], @[[Usor:Frontfrog|Frontfrog]], @[[Usor:Giorno2|Giorno2]], @[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus Rocchio]] et [[Usor:Lesgles|Lesgles]]: Amici, ignoscite mihi, quaeso, si antea invocationem involuntariam a me acceperatis; exemplum tantum novae formulae {{[[Formula:Usores in colloquio#&#123;&#123;subst:Usores in colloquio&#125;&#125;|subst:Usores in colloquio]]}} ostendere volui. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:55, 18 Iunii 2026 (UTC) == Castellum Poseidon == Non video quid huic articulo deficiat. Existimo eum perfecte exigit Wikipediae. Si consentis, potesne tollere observationem negativam? Gratias antehac.[[Usor:Andries Van den Abeele|Andries Van den Abeele]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andries Van den Abeele|disputatio]]) 16:39, 30 Iunii 2026 (UTC) : Salve [[Usor:Andries Van den Abeele|Andries Van den Abeele]]. Bibliographia est Francogallice scripta. Scriptiones quales “Iulio MMXXV” non solemus adhibere, sed potius “Iulio 2025”. Formula {{Fn|Nobr}} non habemus. Formula {{Fn|Sfn}} apud nos appellatur {{Fn|Qc}} et alia syntaxi nititur. Sunt etiam multae aliae res Vicificandae. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:55, 30 Iunii 2026 (UTC) == Meiko Nakahara Autotranslata Correctio == Apud dignatione, cur paginam autotranslatam esse figurabam. Totam paginam transferre a me scio, et Ego volo quod non lingua Anglica sic sit, sed literale et totale volo. Autem tota pagina vere translatio 'by hand' in Anglicā, et sī tu Meiko Nakahara paginam Anglicam apud Vicipaediā translatore transferas, scribitio mea non sic totale est. Sī pagina problema habet, acceptibilius est, et velim corrigere [[Usor:PeterBJohnLemon|PeterBJohnLemon]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:PeterBJohnLemon|disputatio]]) 18:48, 4 Iulii 2026 (UTC) : Salve, PeterBJohnLemon. Capsam addidi quia pagina [[Meiko Nakahara]] ''videtur'' e translatione machinaria orta esse, quamquam certus esse nequeo. Forma enim currens mihi videtur nimis mendosa ut in Vicipaedia maneat (velut: “scita pro musica sua in Urbe Populariā genā musicā est”, “Postquam cantantem cursum suam”, “Tributus grex clamatus Lotos ea formatus erat in 2010 et activus jam dum 2019”, atque multa alia exempla). Si haec translatio re vera manu facta est, eo magis emendationibus eget. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 20:34, 4 Iulii 2026 (UTC) == [https://latin-words.com/word/latin/doctoratu doctoratu] == The Latin supine is a verbal noun derived from a verb, not from an ordinary noun. It is formed from the verbal stem associated with the fourth principal part.The word doctoratus ("doctorate") is a noun, not a verb. A supine must come from a verb such as:[doceo, docere, docui, doctus]. We can thus use [doctum,doctū]. As a fellow lover of Latin "word archaeology," I'd say your instinct is good! :) However, let us stick as much as possible to original latin. eg this is Neolatin. Your contributions, by the way, are highly appreciated! --[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) [[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 10:34, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC) : Hi [[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]]. Almost correct, except that the suffix ''{{swikten|-atus|-atus}}'' (gen. ''-atūs'') can skip the “coming from a verb” part, and so you have nouns like ''senatus'', ''triumviratus'', ''tribunatus'', etc. ''Doctoratus'' (gen. -ūs) is not a new word. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 12:25, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC) ::''Doctoratu'' looks to me like a fourth-declension noun in the ablative, as seen in ''acu punctum'' 'stuck with a needle' and similar constructions; however, if possible, an encyclopedia might want to specify the field: was it a doctorate of philosophy ([[Ph.D.]])? or a doctorate of something else? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 13:08, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC) ::: Yes, Iacobus (I also agree that specifying the field would be nice). The suffix ''-atus'' and the supine share the same historical origin. The supine ultimately denotes the action expressed by the verb, and the corresponding fourth-declension noun is often synonymous with a noun in ''-io'', ''-ionis'' (e.g. ''positus'', ''-ūs'' and ''positio'', ''-onis'' are synonyms). When we say ''facile dictu'', we are ultimately saying “easy with respect to the act of saying.” I know some grammarians treat the supine and the corresponding fourth-declension noun as distinct; i.e. ''exitu'' as a supine would be different from ''exitu'', the ablative of ''exitus'', except… it isn't (other than the fact that sometimes the supine can govern an object). The suffix ''-atus'' is particularly interesting because it can bypass the corresponding verb. Following the scheme above, ''doctoratus'' would be similar to ''*doctoratio'', and both would derive from ''*doctorare''—except that ''*doctorare'' does not actually need to exist. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:30, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC) sa69h764pf9ntd8c2wlxft4x5dqdn7p 0 318489 3972595 3901295 2026-07-18T00:49:34Z LilyKitty 18316 de ratificatione recente Ucrainae 3972595 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:International Criminal Court logo.svg|thumb|[[Logotypus]] Tribunalis criminalis internationalis]] [[Fasciculus:ICC member states.svg|thumb|Status civitatium de Foedu Romae de Tribunali criminali internationali]] '''Foedus Romae de Tribunali criminali internationali''' est [[pactio]] internationalis ad [[Tribunal criminale internationale]] creandum et confirmandum, quod [[genocidium]], [[scelus bellicum]] et [[crimen contra humanitatem]] iudicat, decerata in [[Roma]] die [[17 Iulii]] [[1998]] et in potestatem iit die [[1 Iulii]] [[2002]]. Hodie 125 civitates hoc ratam habent.<ref>Recens ultime, [[Ucraina]] die [[25 Octobris]] [[2024]] hoc ratam habet.</ref> At civitates sicut [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]], [[Israël]] et [[Russia]] sunt qui eius [[subscriptio]]nes ad Foedum Romae abrogaverunt.<ref>Civitates Foederatatae Americae anno 2002 et Russia anno 2016 abrogationem subscriptionis declaraverunt.</ref> == Notae == <references/> {{NexInt}} *[[Dies internationali pro iustitia criminali]] == Nexus externi == *[https://legal.un.org/icc/statute/99_corr/cstatute.htm Texus integralis ] ([[Anglice]]) *[https://legal.un.org/icc/statute/french/rome_statute(f).pdf Texus integralis] ([[lingua Francogallica|Francogallice]]) [[Categoria:Tribunal criminale internationale]] [[Categoria:Ius internationale]] [[Categoria:Scripta 1998]] o0qvt8lx60ouwo79nq40n8hk9vgq01b 0 319357 3972591 3959735 2026-07-17T23:32:51Z LilyKitty 18316 de Aeone 3972591 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Britannia2.jpg|thumb|[[Britannia (dea)|Britannia]], personificata [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanniarum Regni]]]] [[Fasciculus:CathedralOfTrier_Skeleton.JPG|thumb|[[Mors (personificatio)|Mors]] personificata cum [[falx|falce]]]] '''Personificatio''' est [[figura dicendi]] quae rem vel [[abstractio]]nem ut [[ens|entem]] [[homo sapiens|humanum]] exprimet.<ref>[https://www.oed.com/dictionary/personification_n?tab=meaning_and_use#30966621 De personoficatione] (''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'').</ref> In [[ars|arte]], personificatio rem non humana vel [[civitas|civitates]] quasi hominis actionem repraesentat, cum charactero [[motus animi]] ut [[metaphora]]. Personificatio saepe in [[ars oculorum|arte oculorum]] adhibetur. == Exempli personificatio == *[[Abundantia (dea)]] *[[Aeon]] *[[Ate (mythologia)]] *[[Britannia (dea)]] *[[Fortuna (dea)]] *[[Harmonia]] *[[Irene (mythologia)]] *[[Laetitia (dea)]] *[[Mors (personificatio)]] *[[Nemesis]] *[[Parcae]] *[[Proioxis]] *[[Rhenus (personificatio)]] *[[Selene]] == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Personifications|Personificationes}} [[Categoria:Ars rhetorica]] [[Categoria:Figurae orationis]] [[Categoria:Litterae]] [[Categoria:Personificationes]] 7rkb0ezl2gbwaunkvlib4mdrf1at2tb 0 324391 3972547 3972381 2026-07-17T16:26:36Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Descriptio */ 3972547 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | titulus = | imago = | descriptio = | categoria = | numerus = | auctor = | argumenta = | tempus = | lingua = | contextus = | praecedens = | sequens = }} {{lres|In huius mundi domo}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XXXIXa reperitur.<ref name="de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45">{{Opus | titulus = De ammonitione prelatorum 33-45 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo4.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| In huius mundi domo miser qui vivis homo, quod cinis es, memento: transibis in momento. post carnem cinis eris atque morte teneris. cinis et origo. sit tibi formido, cum spiritus cadit et ad Dominum vadit, qui eum dedit. miser, qui hoc non credit. Vanitatum vanitas et omnia vanitas! est animalis homo in huius mundi domo. cuncta, que sub sole, assimilantur mole, nam omnia volvuntur, quedam dissolvuntur, quedam ad vitam crescunt et omnia decrescunt. sed spiritalis homo Dei regnat in domo.<ref name="de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45"/> }} == Descriptio == Hoc carmen, in sectione [[Moralitas|moralium]] et [[Satura|satiricorum]] servatum, argumentum [[Memento mori|commemorationis mortis]] et fragilitatis humanae tractat. Primis in versibus, auctor hominem monet de natura eius terrena, admonens eum [[cinis|cinerem]] esse et cito periturum; mors enim spiritum a carne separat ut ad Creatorem redeat. Haec admonitio ad timorem Dei et ad fidem incitandam adhibetur, ne homo in miseria spirituali permaneat.<ref name="de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45"/> In altera parte, carmen celebrem locutionem [[Biblia|biblicam]] “[[Ecclesiastes|Vanitatum vanitas]]” usurpat ad mundi fluxibilitatem demonstrandam. Auctor differentiam ponit inter “hominem animalem”, qui in domo mundana rebus subsolaribus et mutabilibus implicatur, et “hominem spiritalem”, qui aeternitatem petit. Dum omnia sub [[sol]]e decrescunt vel volvuntur, solus homo spiritualis in domo Dei regnare dicitur, vitam stabilem post mortem inveniens.<ref name="de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45"/> == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] 27ar041oll5o8qadhmwyof0a0mcte63 0 325879 3972553 3971863 2026-07-17T18:51:39Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De cursu honorum */ 3972553 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Diptych Nicomachi-Symmachi collated.jpg|thumb|Diptychum Symmachorum et Nicomachorum, quod matrimonium inter illas gentes fortasse celebrabat.]] '''Nicomachus Flavianus iunior''' ('''floruit''' exeunte quarto ineunte quinto saeculo) fuit senator Romanus qui ter [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefecturam urbi]] curavit. Homo litteratus quoque fuit qui [[Titus Livius|Titum Livium]] recensuit (eius nomen in subscriptione librorum sexti, septimi, octavi legitur). Primo in patris vestigiis [[Paganismus|paganismo]] favit sed [[Eugenius (imperator)|Eugenio]] usurpatore, cui praefectus urbi fuit, victo necatoque, ne poenas defectionis [[Theodosius I|Theodosio]] daret aut [[cursus honorum]] omnino frangeretur ad [[christianismus|christianismum]] sese convertisse videtur<ref>Quod ex testimonio [[Augustinus Hipponensis|Augustini]] ducitur, ''[[De civitate Dei|De Civitate Dei]]'' V.26.</ref>. == De familia == Filius paganorum partium ducis [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus|Virii Nicomachi Flaviani]] erat qui sese post cladem ad [[Frigidus (flumen)|Frigidum Flumen]] occidit ([[394]]). Filiam scriptoris [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Quinti Aurelii Symmachi]], Gallam, uxorem duxit et multas epistulas a socero accepit<ref>''Epistulae'' VI.1-81.</ref> == De cursu honorum == Nicomachus iunior fuit consularis [[Campania (Italia)|Campaniae]] anno incerto ac deinde [[Fasti proconsulum Asiae|proconsul Asiae]] (382/3) e qua dignitate tamen pulsus est postquam [[centurio|centurionem]] verberavit. Theodosii iram metuens statim Romam rediit<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Oratio'' 28.5. Ad hunc eventum alludere videtur Symmachus lib.III ep.69.</ref>. Post intervallum honoribus carens ab usurpatore Eugenio praefectus Urbi anno [[392]] creatus est; eodem tempore pater praefectus Italiae erat et anno [[394]] [[Consul ordinarius|consul ordinarius]]. Qui tamen post Eugenium victum mortem sibi conscivit in consulatu. Nicomachus iunior [[salarium]] patri ob praefecturam datum rependere debuit<ref>Symmachus IV.19.1.</ref>, alio supplicio adfectus non visus fortasse quia conversionem ad Christianismum non aspernatus est. Post novum intervallum [[Flavius Stilicho|Stilichonis]] gratia<ref>Symmachus, ''Ep'' IV.4.</ref> praefectus Urbi iterum annis 399/400 [[Honorius (imperator)|Honorio imperante]] factus est atque etiam tertium anno 408 et postremo iam senex annis [[431]]/2 praefectus praetorio Italiae, Illyrici et Africae.<ref>{{CIL|6|1783}}. A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/344/mode/2up 345-347]</ref>. Inter magistratus plerumque [[Henna|Hennae]] in Sicilia in praedio suo morabatur. Ut eius maiores patrocinium [[Neapolis|Naepolitanorum]] civitatis curabat. == Notae == <references/> == Fontes == *{{CIL|6|1783}} Dessau 8985 {{AE|1934|147}} *Symmachus, ''Epistulae'' VI.1-81 ad Nicomachum missae, sed etiam II.17 19 22 24, III.69.2 89, IV.19 47 51, VI.12, VII.104 et imprimis IV.4. == Plura legere si cupis == *Alan Cameron, ''The Last Pagans of Rome''. Oxford University Press, 2011 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=AIQ8DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] [https://www.academia.edu/117724893/The_Last_Pagans_of_Rome_By_Alan_Cameron Recensio critica] [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2011/2011.12.35 Altera recensio critica] * Robert Malcolm Errington, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436261 The Praetorian Prefectures of Virius Nicomachus Flavianus]", ''Historia'' vol. 41 (1992) pp. 439–461. * Michel Festy, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_2004_num_148_2_22744 Les Nicomaques, auteurs de l'Histoire auguste. La jalousie des méchants]",''Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres'', 2004: 757-767 == Nexus externi == *[https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Flavianus_15 Flavianus 15] in [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] [[Categoria:Proconsules Asiae]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 4]] [[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 4]] qmtceo3r33zy3swmkj4p3wye75s4rh6 3972554 3972553 2026-07-17T18:52:03Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De cursu honorum */ 3972554 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Diptych Nicomachi-Symmachi collated.jpg|thumb|Diptychum Symmachorum et Nicomachorum, quod matrimonium inter illas gentes fortasse celebrabat.]] '''Nicomachus Flavianus iunior''' ('''floruit''' exeunte quarto ineunte quinto saeculo) fuit senator Romanus qui ter [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefecturam urbi]] curavit. Homo litteratus quoque fuit qui [[Titus Livius|Titum Livium]] recensuit (eius nomen in subscriptione librorum sexti, septimi, octavi legitur). Primo in patris vestigiis [[Paganismus|paganismo]] favit sed [[Eugenius (imperator)|Eugenio]] usurpatore, cui praefectus urbi fuit, victo necatoque, ne poenas defectionis [[Theodosius I|Theodosio]] daret aut [[cursus honorum]] omnino frangeretur ad [[christianismus|christianismum]] sese convertisse videtur<ref>Quod ex testimonio [[Augustinus Hipponensis|Augustini]] ducitur, ''[[De civitate Dei|De Civitate Dei]]'' V.26.</ref>. == De familia == Filius paganorum partium ducis [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus|Virii Nicomachi Flaviani]] erat qui sese post cladem ad [[Frigidus (flumen)|Frigidum Flumen]] occidit ([[394]]). Filiam scriptoris [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Quinti Aurelii Symmachi]], Gallam, uxorem duxit et multas epistulas a socero accepit<ref>''Epistulae'' VI.1-81.</ref> == De cursu honorum == Nicomachus iunior fuit consularis [[Campania (Italia)|Campaniae]] anno incerto ac deinde [[Fasti proconsulum Asiae|proconsul Asiae]] (382/3) e qua dignitate tamen pulsus est postquam [[centurio|centurionem]] verberavit. Theodosii iram metuens statim Romam rediit<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Oratio'' 28.5. Ad hunc eventum alludere videtur Symmachus lib.III ep.69.</ref>. Post intervallum honoribus carens ab usurpatore Eugenio praefectus Urbi anno [[392]] creatus est; eodem tempore pater praefectus Italiae erat et anno [[394]] [[Consul ordinarius|consul ordinarius]]. Qui tamen post Eugenium victum mortem sibi conscivit in consulatu. Nicomachus iunior [[salarium]] patri ob praefecturam datum rependere debuit<ref>Symmachus IV.19.1.</ref>, alio supplicio adfectus non visus fortasse quia conversionem ad Christianismum non aspernatus est. Post novum intervallum [[Flavius Stilicho|Stilichonis]] gratia<ref>Symmachus IV.4.</ref> praefectus Urbi iterum annis 399/400 [[Honorius (imperator)|Honorio imperante]] factus est atque etiam tertium anno 408 et postremo iam senex annis [[431]]/2 praefectus praetorio Italiae, Illyrici et Africae.<ref>{{CIL|6|1783}}. A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/344/mode/2up 345-347]</ref>. Inter magistratus plerumque [[Henna|Hennae]] in Sicilia in praedio suo morabatur. Ut eius maiores patrocinium [[Neapolis|Naepolitanorum]] civitatis curabat. == Notae == <references/> == Fontes == *{{CIL|6|1783}} Dessau 8985 {{AE|1934|147}} *Symmachus, ''Epistulae'' VI.1-81 ad Nicomachum missae, sed etiam II.17 19 22 24, III.69.2 89, IV.19 47 51, VI.12, VII.104 et imprimis IV.4. == Plura legere si cupis == *Alan Cameron, ''The Last Pagans of Rome''. Oxford University Press, 2011 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=AIQ8DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] [https://www.academia.edu/117724893/The_Last_Pagans_of_Rome_By_Alan_Cameron Recensio critica] [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2011/2011.12.35 Altera recensio critica] * Robert Malcolm Errington, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436261 The Praetorian Prefectures of Virius Nicomachus Flavianus]", ''Historia'' vol. 41 (1992) pp. 439–461. * Michel Festy, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_2004_num_148_2_22744 Les Nicomaques, auteurs de l'Histoire auguste. La jalousie des méchants]",''Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres'', 2004: 757-767 == Nexus externi == *[https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Flavianus_15 Flavianus 15] in [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] [[Categoria:Proconsules Asiae]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 4]] [[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 4]] tocxbl4lnwtopz1cxvec9omx6wu6rbw 3972573 3972554 2026-07-17T20:27:03Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Fontes */ 3972573 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Diptych Nicomachi-Symmachi collated.jpg|thumb|Diptychum Symmachorum et Nicomachorum, quod matrimonium inter illas gentes fortasse celebrabat.]] '''Nicomachus Flavianus iunior''' ('''floruit''' exeunte quarto ineunte quinto saeculo) fuit senator Romanus qui ter [[Praefectus urbi Romae|praefecturam urbi]] curavit. Homo litteratus quoque fuit qui [[Titus Livius|Titum Livium]] recensuit (eius nomen in subscriptione librorum sexti, septimi, octavi legitur). Primo in patris vestigiis [[Paganismus|paganismo]] favit sed [[Eugenius (imperator)|Eugenio]] usurpatore, cui praefectus urbi fuit, victo necatoque, ne poenas defectionis [[Theodosius I|Theodosio]] daret aut [[cursus honorum]] omnino frangeretur ad [[christianismus|christianismum]] sese convertisse videtur<ref>Quod ex testimonio [[Augustinus Hipponensis|Augustini]] ducitur, ''[[De civitate Dei|De Civitate Dei]]'' V.26.</ref>. == De familia == Filius paganorum partium ducis [[Virius Nicomachus Flavianus|Virii Nicomachi Flaviani]] erat qui sese post cladem ad [[Frigidus (flumen)|Frigidum Flumen]] occidit ([[394]]). Filiam scriptoris [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Quinti Aurelii Symmachi]], Gallam, uxorem duxit et multas epistulas a socero accepit<ref>''Epistulae'' VI.1-81.</ref> == De cursu honorum == Nicomachus iunior fuit consularis [[Campania (Italia)|Campaniae]] anno incerto ac deinde [[Fasti proconsulum Asiae|proconsul Asiae]] (382/3) e qua dignitate tamen pulsus est postquam [[centurio|centurionem]] verberavit. Theodosii iram metuens statim Romam rediit<ref>[[Libanius]], ''Oratio'' 28.5. Ad hunc eventum alludere videtur Symmachus lib.III ep.69.</ref>. Post intervallum honoribus carens ab usurpatore Eugenio praefectus Urbi anno [[392]] creatus est; eodem tempore pater praefectus Italiae erat et anno [[394]] [[Consul ordinarius|consul ordinarius]]. Qui tamen post Eugenium victum mortem sibi conscivit in consulatu. Nicomachus iunior [[salarium]] patri ob praefecturam datum rependere debuit<ref>Symmachus IV.19.1.</ref>, alio supplicio adfectus non visus fortasse quia conversionem ad Christianismum non aspernatus est. Post novum intervallum [[Flavius Stilicho|Stilichonis]] gratia<ref>Symmachus IV.4.</ref> praefectus Urbi iterum annis 399/400 [[Honorius (imperator)|Honorio imperante]] factus est atque etiam tertium anno 408 et postremo iam senex annis [[431]]/2 praefectus praetorio Italiae, Illyrici et Africae.<ref>{{CIL|6|1783}}. A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/344/mode/2up 345-347]</ref>. Inter magistratus plerumque [[Henna|Hennae]] in Sicilia in praedio suo morabatur. Ut eius maiores patrocinium [[Neapolis|Naepolitanorum]] civitatis curabat. == Notae == <references/> == Fontes == *[https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche?hd_nr=&tm_nr=&fo_antik=&fo_modern=&fundstelle=&region=&compFundjahr=eq&fundjahr=&aufbewahrung=&compHoehe=eq&hoehe=&compBreite=eq&breite=&compTiefe=eq&tiefe=&bh=&dat_tag=&dat_monat=&jahre=600+BC+-+1500+AD&literatur=CIL+06%2C+01783&kommentar=&p_name=&p_praenomen=&p_nomen=&p_cognomen=&p_supernomen=&p_origo=&p_geschlecht=&p_ljahre_comp=gt&p_ljahre=&p_lmonate_comp=gt&p_lmonate=&p_ltage_comp=gt&p_ltage=&p_lstunden_comp=gt&p_lstunden=&atext1=&bool=AND&atext2=&sort=hd_nr&anzahl=20 CIL|6|1783] Dessau 8985 {{AE|1934|147}} *Symmachus, ''Epistulae'' VI.1-81 ad Nicomachum missae, sed etiam II.17 19 22 24, III.69.2 89, IV.19 47 51, VI.12, VII.104 et imprimis IV.4. == Plura legere si cupis == *Alan Cameron, ''The Last Pagans of Rome''. Oxford University Press, 2011 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=AIQ8DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] [https://www.academia.edu/117724893/The_Last_Pagans_of_Rome_By_Alan_Cameron Recensio critica] [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2011/2011.12.35 Altera recensio critica] * Robert Malcolm Errington, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436261 The Praetorian Prefectures of Virius Nicomachus Flavianus]", ''Historia'' vol. 41 (1992) pp. 439–461. * Michel Festy, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_2004_num_148_2_22744 Les Nicomaques, auteurs de l'Histoire auguste. La jalousie des méchants]",''Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres'', 2004: 757-767 == Nexus externi == *[https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Flavianus_15 Flavianus 15] in [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]] [[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]] [[Categoria:Proconsules Asiae]] [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 4]] [[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 4]] ep5higsryefcxoaqtttkfuixig261cc 1 326705 3972486 3972469 2026-07-17T12:51:03Z IacobusAmor 1163 /* as gradum admittere */ + 3972486 wikitext text/x-wiki == Absolutorio == Verbum proprium videtur mihi. " He graduated from...." [[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 07:13, 15 Iulii 2026 (UTC) :Since ''[[absolutorium]]'' is apparently a newfangled coinage, it may want to be defined in its own article. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 11:43, 15 Iulii 2026 (UTC) Changed to 'Ad gradum admisit'.---[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) For reference: [https://eathealthy365.com/oxford-degree-ceremony-traditions-explained/ ad gradum admisit]---[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) ==as gradum admittere== Traupman isn't at hand, but if that's the idiom, it looks misinterpreted here. English ''graduate from'' is intransitive, but the Latin construction is transitive, so <nowiki>"Ad gradum admisit<!--Traupman,graduate . " He graduated from...."--> in gymnasio</nowiki>" = 'He graduated [someone else] in the gymnasium'. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:21, 16 Iulii 2026 (UTC) :I reverted the changes, which (I agree with Iacobus) did not altogether make sense. :The article [[:en:Absolutorium]] shows that this is a real modern Latin word (used perhaps exclusively in German, but even so ...). Vicipaedia can therefore use it -- e.g. here -- and explain it at the future article [[Absolutorium]]. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 16:50, 16 Iulii 2026 (UTC) The phrase "ad gradum admittere" literally translates to "to admit to a degree" and has been used in academic Latin for centuries to denote the formal act of conferring a degree or graduating someone. An instance was provided. There is also "diploma studiorum adipisci". ---[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) Thanks for pointing nout the Absolutorium article. It is very educative!---[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) Do please obtain a Traupman dictionary(even if German-Latin). It is possible Traupman even wrote a German -Latin dictionary.---[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) :Since Maitzen did not admit anyone to a degree, the phrase is not immediately applicable to him here. :Traupman was a great U.S. teacher of Latin, and was fluent in German, so anything is possible, but even if he had written a German-Latin dictionary, and even if he omitted the word "absolutorium" from it, it wouldn't help. It's a technical term in German-speaking and German-influenced secondary education, and the Wikipedia articles in English and German explain it. The German article even has an illustration of someone's absolutorium. Since Maitzen was educated in that system, it is a correct word for the certificate that he received at this moment: he got his "absolutorium". :An aside: the Grokipedia article about Traupman is very very long (as are all the Grokipedia articles I happen to have looked at) and contains lots of source references, much easier for a machine to gather than for mere humans. It contains this interesting remark: ::"he became fluent in Japanese, despite his prior fluency in German" :I think universal human experience is that a fourth language comes easier than a third, and so on, but this machine doesn't know that, because people don't say it very much, and for the machine all languages are equally easy. For the machine, by contrast, in any project, each added language requires a little bit of added electricity. Hence the word "despite", which is quite out of place in that sentence. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:05, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC) :::"Despite"!—as if knowledge of German somehow indisposes people to learn Japanese! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:51, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC) ;>Since Maitzen did not admit anyone to a degree, the phrase is not immediately applicable to him here.:The intended meaning, I believe and by context , is that he graduated from a University. Of course Universities weren't around during the time of the Romans. The term 'ad gradum admittere' was/is used in diplomas/certificates of graduation. Absolutorium is acceptable but do pls be informed.--[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) :::Are you still thinking that ''ad gradum admittere'' (to admit to a degree) is the same as ''ad gradum admitti'' (to be admitted to a degree)? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:51, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC) ;>Traupman was a great U.S. teacher of Latin, and was fluent in German, so anything is possible,: I haven't researched this yet but I feel he is native to the German language and his family may have immigrated to the US. German was really the second most spoken language(not Spanish) in the US before the wars until it gained notoriety because of those wars.--[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) ;>that, because people don't say it very much, and for the machine all languages are equally easy. For the machine, by contrast, in:I try hard not to use Grokipedia and AIs because we humans <i>are</i> the ultimate source. I do use them however for advice and as a last resource.--[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) iisssmajuvvan2vggxvo9s06s1vnmm0 3972489 3972486 2026-07-17T12:52:52Z IacobusAmor 1163 /* as gradum admittere */ 3972489 wikitext text/x-wiki == Absolutorio == Verbum proprium videtur mihi. " He graduated from...." [[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 07:13, 15 Iulii 2026 (UTC) :Since ''[[absolutorium]]'' is apparently a newfangled coinage, it may want to be defined in its own article. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 11:43, 15 Iulii 2026 (UTC) Changed to 'Ad gradum admisit'.---[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) For reference: [https://eathealthy365.com/oxford-degree-ceremony-traditions-explained/ ad gradum admisit]---[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) ==as gradum admittere== Traupman isn't at hand, but if that's the idiom, it looks misinterpreted here. English ''graduate from'' is intransitive, but the Latin construction is transitive, so <nowiki>"Ad gradum admisit<!--Traupman,graduate . " He graduated from...."--> in gymnasio</nowiki>" = 'He graduated [someone else] in the gymnasium'. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:21, 16 Iulii 2026 (UTC) :I reverted the changes, which (I agree with Iacobus) did not altogether make sense. :The article [[:en:Absolutorium]] shows that this is a real modern Latin word (used perhaps exclusively in German, but even so ...). Vicipaedia can therefore use it -- e.g. here -- and explain it at the future article [[Absolutorium]]. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 16:50, 16 Iulii 2026 (UTC) The phrase "ad gradum admittere" literally translates to "to admit to a degree" and has been used in academic Latin for centuries to denote the formal act of conferring a degree or graduating someone. An instance was provided. There is also "diploma studiorum adipisci". ---[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) Thanks for pointing nout the Absolutorium article. It is very educative!---[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) Do please obtain a Traupman dictionary(even if German-Latin). It is possible Traupman even wrote a German -Latin dictionary.---[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) :Since Maitzen did not admit anyone to a degree, the phrase is not immediately applicable to him here. :Traupman was a great U.S. teacher of Latin, and was fluent in German, so anything is possible, but even if he had written a German-Latin dictionary, and even if he omitted the word "absolutorium" from it, it wouldn't help. It's a technical term in German-speaking and German-influenced secondary education, and the Wikipedia articles in English and German explain it. The German article even has an illustration of someone's absolutorium. Since Maitzen was educated in that system, it is a correct word for the certificate that he received at this moment: he got his "absolutorium". :An aside: the Grokipedia article about Traupman is very very long (as are all the Grokipedia articles I happen to have looked at) and contains lots of source references, much easier for a machine to gather than for mere humans. It contains this interesting remark: ::"he became fluent in Japanese, despite his prior fluency in German" :I think universal human experience is that a fourth language comes easier than a third, and so on, but this machine doesn't know that, because people don't say it very much, and for the machine all languages are equally easy. For the machine, by contrast, in any project, each added language requires a little bit of added electricity. Hence the word "despite", which is quite out of place in that sentence. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:05, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC) :::"Despite"!—as if knowledge of German somehow indisposes people to learn Japanese! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:51, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC) ;>Since Maitzen did not admit anyone to a degree, the phrase is not immediately applicable to him here.:The intended meaning, I believe and by context , is that he graduated from a University. Of course Universities weren't around during the time of the Romans. The term 'ad gradum admittere' was/is used in diplomas/certificates of graduation. Absolutorium is acceptable but do pls be informed.--[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) :::Are you still thinking that ''ad gradum admittere'' (to admit to a degree) has the same syntax as ''ad gradum admitti'' (to be admitted to a degree)? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:51, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC) ;>Traupman was a great U.S. teacher of Latin, and was fluent in German, so anything is possible,: I haven't researched this yet but I feel he is native to the German language and his family may have immigrated to the US. German was really the second most spoken language(not Spanish) in the US before the wars until it gained notoriety because of those wars.--[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) ;>that, because people don't say it very much, and for the machine all languages are equally easy. For the machine, by contrast, in:I try hard not to use Grokipedia and AIs because we humans <i>are</i> the ultimate source. I do use them however for advice and as a last resource.--[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) ppup55ka4qylbw9hsy38ggcj9w9xhks 3972507 3972489 2026-07-17T14:06:34Z Andrew Dalby 1084 /* as gradum admittere */ 3972507 wikitext text/x-wiki == Absolutorio == Verbum proprium videtur mihi. " He graduated from...." [[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 07:13, 15 Iulii 2026 (UTC) :Since ''[[absolutorium]]'' is apparently a newfangled coinage, it may want to be defined in its own article. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 11:43, 15 Iulii 2026 (UTC) Changed to 'Ad gradum admisit'.---[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) For reference: [https://eathealthy365.com/oxford-degree-ceremony-traditions-explained/ ad gradum admisit]---[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) ==as gradum admittere== Traupman isn't at hand, but if that's the idiom, it looks misinterpreted here. English ''graduate from'' is intransitive, but the Latin construction is transitive, so <nowiki>"Ad gradum admisit<!--Traupman,graduate . " He graduated from...."--> in gymnasio</nowiki>" = 'He graduated [someone else] in the gymnasium'. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:21, 16 Iulii 2026 (UTC) :I reverted the changes, which (I agree with Iacobus) did not altogether make sense. :The article [[:en:Absolutorium]] shows that this is a real modern Latin word (used perhaps exclusively in German, but even so ...). Vicipaedia can therefore use it -- e.g. here -- and explain it at the future article [[Absolutorium]]. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 16:50, 16 Iulii 2026 (UTC) The phrase "ad gradum admittere" literally translates to "to admit to a degree" and has been used in academic Latin for centuries to denote the formal act of conferring a degree or graduating someone. An instance was provided. There is also "diploma studiorum adipisci". ---[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) Thanks for pointing nout the Absolutorium article. It is very educative!---[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) Do please obtain a Traupman dictionary(even if German-Latin). It is possible Traupman even wrote a German -Latin dictionary.---[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) :Since Maitzen did not admit anyone to a degree, the phrase is not immediately applicable to him here. :Traupman was a great U.S. teacher of Latin, and was fluent in German, so anything is possible, but even if he had written a German-Latin dictionary, and even if he omitted the word "absolutorium" from it, it wouldn't help. It's a technical term in German-speaking and German-influenced secondary education, and the Wikipedia articles in English and German explain it. The German article even has an illustration of someone's absolutorium. Since Maitzen was educated in that system, it is a correct word for the certificate that he received at this moment: he got his "absolutorium". :An aside: the Grokipedia article about Traupman is very very long (as are all the Grokipedia articles I happen to have looked at) and contains lots of source references, much easier for a machine to gather than for mere humans. It contains this interesting remark: ::"he became fluent in Japanese, despite his prior fluency in German" :I think universal human experience is that a fourth language comes easier than a third, and so on, but this machine doesn't know that, because people don't say it very much, and for the machine all languages are equally easy. For the machine, by contrast, in any project, each added language requires a little bit of added electricity. Hence the word "despite", which is quite out of place in that sentence. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:05, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC) :::"Despite"!—as if knowledge of German somehow indisposes people to learn Japanese! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:51, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC) ::::Note my error in "for the machine all languages are equally easy". The exception (as yet) is Ciceronian Latin. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:06, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC) ;>Since Maitzen did not admit anyone to a degree, the phrase is not immediately applicable to him here.:The intended meaning, I believe and by context , is that he graduated from a University. Of course Universities weren't around during the time of the Romans. The term 'ad gradum admittere' was/is used in diplomas/certificates of graduation. Absolutorium is acceptable but do pls be informed.--[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) :::Are you still thinking that ''ad gradum admittere'' (to admit to a degree) has the same syntax as ''ad gradum admitti'' (to be admitted to a degree)? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:51, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC) ;>Traupman was a great U.S. teacher of Latin, and was fluent in German, so anything is possible,: I haven't researched this yet but I feel he is native to the German language and his family may have immigrated to the US. German was really the second most spoken language(not Spanish) in the US before the wars until it gained notoriety because of those wars.--[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) ;>that, because people don't say it very much, and for the machine all languages are equally easy. For the machine, by contrast, in:I try hard not to use Grokipedia and AIs because we humans <i>are</i> the ultimate source. I do use them however for advice and as a last resource.--[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) dqz55syoee2pxmrclsnk2kpzu55jnyw 3972508 3972507 2026-07-17T14:21:21Z Andrew Dalby 1084 3972508 wikitext text/x-wiki == Absolutorio == Verbum proprium videtur mihi. " He graduated from...." [[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 07:13, 15 Iulii 2026 (UTC) :Since ''[[absolutorium]]'' is apparently a newfangled coinage, it may want to be defined in its own article. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 11:43, 15 Iulii 2026 (UTC) Changed to 'Ad gradum admisit'.---[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) For reference: [https://eathealthy365.com/oxford-degree-ceremony-traditions-explained/ ad gradum admisit]---[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) ==as gradum admittere== Traupman isn't at hand, but if that's the idiom, it looks misinterpreted here. English ''graduate from'' is intransitive, but the Latin construction is transitive, so <nowiki>"Ad gradum admisit<!--Traupman,graduate . " He graduated from...."--> in gymnasio</nowiki>" = 'He graduated [someone else] in the gymnasium'. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:21, 16 Iulii 2026 (UTC) :I reverted the changes, which (I agree with Iacobus) did not altogether make sense. :The article [[:en:Absolutorium]] shows that this is a real modern Latin word (used perhaps exclusively in German, but even so ...). Vicipaedia can therefore use it -- e.g. here -- and explain it at the future article [[Absolutorium]]. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 16:50, 16 Iulii 2026 (UTC) The phrase "ad gradum admittere" literally translates to "to admit to a degree" and has been used in academic Latin for centuries to denote the formal act of conferring a degree or graduating someone. An instance was provided. There is also "diploma studiorum adipisci". ---[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) Thanks for pointing nout the Absolutorium article. It is very educative!---[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) Do please obtain a Traupman dictionary(even if German-Latin). It is possible Traupman even wrote a German -Latin dictionary.---[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) :Since Maitzen did not admit anyone to a degree, the phrase is not immediately applicable to him here. :Traupman was a great U.S. teacher of Latin, and was fluent in German, so anything is possible, but even if he had written a German-Latin dictionary, and even if he omitted the word "absolutorium" from it, it wouldn't help. It's a technical term in German-speaking and German-influenced secondary education, and the Wikipedia articles in English and German explain it. The German article even has an illustration of someone's absolutorium. Since Maitzen was educated in that system, it is a correct word for the certificate that he received at this moment: he got his "absolutorium". :An aside: the Grokipedia article about Traupman is very very long (as are all the Grokipedia articles I happen to have looked at) and contains lots of source references, much easier for a machine to gather than for mere humans. It contains this interesting remark: ::"he became fluent in Japanese, despite his prior fluency in German" :I think universal human experience is that a fourth language comes easier than a third, and so on, but this machine doesn't know that, because people don't say it very much, and for the machine all languages are equally easy. For the machine, by contrast, in any project, each added language requires a little bit of added electricity. Hence the word "despite", which is quite out of place in that sentence. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:05, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC) :::"Despite"!—as if knowledge of German somehow indisposes people to learn Japanese! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:51, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC) ::::Note my error in "for the machine all languages are equally easy". The exception (as yet) is Ciceronian Latin. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:06, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC) ;>Since Maitzen did not admit anyone to a degree, the phrase is not immediately applicable to him here.:The intended meaning, I believe and by context , is that he graduated from a University. Of course Universities weren't around during the time of the Romans. The term 'ad gradum admittere' was/is used in diplomas/certificates of graduation. Absolutorium is acceptable but do pls be informed.--[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) :::Are you still thinking that ''ad gradum admittere'' (to admit to a degree) has the same syntax as ''ad gradum admitti'' (to be admitted to a degree)? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:51, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC) ::::He got his absolutorium, left the humanistic gymnasium, and then began his university studies. No degree yet. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:21, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC) ;>Traupman was a great U.S. teacher of Latin, and was fluent in German, so anything is possible,: I haven't researched this yet but I feel he is native to the German language and his family may have immigrated to the US. German was really the second most spoken language(not Spanish) in the US before the wars until it gained notoriety because of those wars.--[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) ;>that, because people don't say it very much, and for the machine all languages are equally easy. For the machine, by contrast, in:I try hard not to use Grokipedia and AIs because we humans <i>are</i> the ultimate source. I do use them however for advice and as a last resource.--[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) ::Yes, agreed. Once or twice. For the sources that it finds. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:21, 17 Iulii 2026 (UTC) czue8grrfjygaysuh27cc0wzfukj2zl 0 326706 3972592 3972066 2026-07-18T00:21:03Z Xqbot 9619 rectificatio redirectionis duplicis → [[Institutum Studiorum Superiorum Internationalium (Genava)]] 3972592 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Institutum Studiorum Superiorum Internationalium (Genava)]] ozrneokiz3n6svlog2eopx7qsg4xtb0 0 326707 3972485 3972480 2026-07-17T12:33:56Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3972485 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in Saxony-Anhalt.svg|thumb|450px|Divisio [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] [[Saxonia et Anhaltium|Saxoniae et Anhaltii]] in communia urbesque, consociationes communium atque [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulos]].]] '''Index urbium atque communium in [[Saxonia et Anhaltium|Saxonia et Anhaltio]]''' urbes atque communia [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] [[Germania|Germanicae]] Saxoniae et Anhaltii complectitur. Is constat omnino ex * 218 urbibus et communibus sui iuris in administratione politica (status [[31 Decembris|pridie Kalendas Ianuarias]] anni [[2018]]). Quae ita distribuuntur: * 104 urbes ([[Theodisce]] ''Städte''), quarum: ** tres [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli urbani]] ([[Theodisce]] ''kreisfreie Städte''), inter quos [[Caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] [[Magdeburgum]]; ** 81 urbes ad nullam consociationem communium pertinentes seu communia unitaria ([[Theodisce]] ''verbandsgemeindefreie Städte'' seu ''Einheitsgemeinden''); ** viginti urbes in consociationibus communium ([[Theodisce]] ''Städte in Verbandsgemeinden'') constitutae; * 114 communia, quorum: ** viginti communia ad nullam consociationem communium pertinentia seu communia unitaria ([[Theodisce]] ''verbandsgemeindefreie Gemeinden'' seu ''Einheitsgemeinden''); ** 94 communia in 18 consociationibus communium ([[Theodisce]] ''Verbandsgemeinden'') constituta. === A === {{div col|3}} * [[Ahlsdorfium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730">Mencken, J. B. (1730). ''Scriptores rerum Germanicarum, praecipue Saxonicarum, in quibus scriptores aliquot rariotes nusquam adhuc editi'' (Tomus III). Ioannes Christianus Martinus.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ahlsdorf'')</small> * [[Alandum]]<ref name="Schmauss 1730">Schmauss, J. J. (1730). ''Corpus Juris Gentium Academicum: In quo potissimum seculi XV, XVI, XVII et hujus currentis pacificationes, foedera... continentur''. Ioannes Christianus Martinus.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Aland'')</small> * [[Albimontium (Harthici Montes)|Albimontium]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Blankenburg'')</small> * [[Albis-Pareia]]<ref name="Merian VII 1653">Merian, M. (1653). ''Topographia Archiepiscopatus Magdeburgensis et Ducatus Pomeraniae''. In ''Topographia Germaniae'' (Tomus VII). Merian Editore.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Elbe-Parey''; [[Saxonice]] ''Elve-Porey'')</small> * [[Altenhausenium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Altenhausen'')</small> * [[Altstadium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Allstedt'')</small> * [[Altum Bordium]]<ref name="Thal 1588"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hohe Börde'')</small> * [[Alvenslebianum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Alsleben'')</small> * [[Amoenaeburgum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Annaburg'')</small> * [[Angra (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Angra]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Angern'')</small> * [[Apenburgum-Winterfeldium]]<ref name="Schmauss 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Apenburg-Winterfeld'')</small> * [[Aquae Saxonicae]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Aken'')</small> * [[Aquilastenum]]<ref name="Krühne 1884">Krühne, M. (Ed.) (1884). ''Urkundenbuch der Klöster der Grafschaft Mansfeld''. Otto Hendel.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arnstein'')</small> * [[Arctopolis (Saxoniae et Anhaltium)|Arctopolis]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bernburg'')</small> * [[Arnburgum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arneburg'')</small> * [[Arnseo]]<ref name="Kurze 1895">Kurze, F. (Ed.) (1895). ''Annales Regni Francorum (741–829) qui dicuntur Annales Laurissenses Maiores et Einhardi''. Hahniani.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arendsee'')</small> * [[Ascaria]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Aschersleben''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ascherslebbe'')</small> * [[Aureus Torrens]]<ref name="Merian V 1650"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Goldbeck'')</small> {{div col end}} === B === {{div col|3}} * [[Balgstadium]]<ref name="Mencken 1728">Mencken, J. B. (1728). ''Scriptores rerum Germanicarum, praecipue Saxonicarum, in quibus scriptores aliquot rariotes nusquam adhuc editi'' (Tomus I). Ioannes Christianus Martinus.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Balgstädt'')</small> * [[Ballenstadium]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ballenstedt'')</small> * [[Barbium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barby'')</small> * [[Barlebium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barleben'')</small> * [[Barnstadium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barnstädt'')</small> * [[Beendorffium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beendorf'')</small> * [[Beetzendorfium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beetzendorf'')</small> * [[Bergae (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Bergae]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berga'')</small> * [[Bevera (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Bevera]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Bibra'')</small> * [[Bidrici]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Biederitz'')</small> * [[Bismarkium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bismark'')</small> * [[Bitterfeldia-Wolfna]]<ref name="Dicasterium 2008">Dicasterium de Divino Cultū: ''Notitiae: Commentarium ad nuntia de re liturgica edenda''. [[Civitas Vaticana|Civitate Vaticanā]]: Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis, 2008.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bitterfeld-Wolfen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bitterfeld-Wolfen'')</small> * [[Blankenhemium (Circulus terrae Mansfeldensis et Austroharthicus)|Blankenhemium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Blankenheim'')</small> * [[Boianvilla (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Boianvilla]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Benndorf'')</small> * [[Bonus Fons]]<ref name="Rosenfeld II 1925">Rosenfeld, F. (Ed.) (1925). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Naumburg: Teil 1 (967–1207). En Geschichtsquellen der Provinz Sachsen und angrenzender Gebiete'' (Band II). Urkunden-Regesten Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gutenborn'')</small> * [[Borda et Hacla]]<ref name="Heinemann II-III 1875-1883">Heinemann, O. von. (Ed.) (1875–1883). ''Codex Diplomaticus Anhaltinus'' (Band II-III). I. C. Schmidt.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Börde-Hakel'')</small> * [[Borda Fluvialis]]<ref name="Schmauss 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bördeaue'')</small> * [[Borstella]]<ref name="Israel & Möllenberg 1937"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Burgstall'')</small> * [[Bruckenium-Hackpfuffelium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brücken-Hackpfüffel'')</small> * [[Brunstorpium et Bedra]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Braunsbedra'')</small> * [[Bulstringium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bülstringen'')</small> * [[Burgum (prope Magdeburgum)|Burgum]]<ref name="Israel & Möllenberg 1937"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Burg'')</small> {{div col end}} === C === {{div col|3}} * [[Calba ad Salam]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Calbe'')</small> * [[Calvordium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Calvörde'')</small> * [[Colbicium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Colbitz'')</small> * [[Colles Marchiae Antiquae]]<ref name="Riedel 1841">Riedel, A. F. (1841). ''Codex Diplomaticus Brandenburgensis: Sammlung der Urkunden, Chroniken und sonstigen Quellenschriften für die Geschichte der Mark Brandenburg und ihrer Regenten'' (Haupttheil I, Band 1). F. H. Morin.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Altmärkische Höhe'')</small> * [[Coryletum (Antiqua Marchia)|Coryletum]]<ref name="Merian V 1650"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hassel'')</small> * [[Cosvigium (Anhaltium)|Cosvigium]]<ref name="Mencken 1728"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Coswig'')</small> {{div col end}} === D === {{div col|3}} * [[Daehrium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dähre'')</small> * [[Dessavia-Rozelauia]]<ref name="Egli 1893">Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.</ref> <small>([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])</small> <small>(Theodisce et [[Saxonice]] ''Dessau-Roßlau'')</small> * [[Droissiga]]<ref name="Schmauss 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Droyßig'')</small> * [[Durrenberga]]<ref name="SS 1882">Sächsisches Staatsarchiv I II (1882). ''Codex Diplomaticus Saxoniae Regiae: Haupttheil I, Band 2. Urkunden der Markgrafen von Meißen und Landgrafen von Thüringen'' (O. Posse, Ed.). Giesecke & Devrient.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Dürrenberg'')</small> {{div col end}} === E === {{div col|3}} * [[Eckartsberga]]<ref name="Gersdorf 1864">Gersdorf, E. G. (Ed.) (1864). ''Codex Diplomaticus Saxoniae Regiae: Haupttheil I, Band 1. Urkunden der Markgrafen von Meißen und Landgrafen von Thüringen''. Giesecke & Devrient.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eckartsberga'')</small> * [[Edrisleba]]<ref name="Ahlfeldt 2012">Ahlfeldt, J. (2012). ''Urkundenbuch der Reichsabtei Hersfeld: Band 1, Teil 1 (754–1000)''. Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Edersleben'')</small> * [[Eilsleba]]<ref name="Heinemann 1883">Heinemann, O. v. (Ed.) (1883). ''Codex diplomaticus Anhaltinus: Fünfter Band (1281–1300)''. Des certificationen und der canzlei Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eilsleben'')</small> * [[Elsteravium]]<ref name="Thal 1588">Thal, J. (1588). ''Sylva Hercynia: Sive Catalogus plantarum sponte nascentium in montibus et locis vicinis Hercyniae''. In ''Opera Botanica''. Apud Joannem Maior.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elsteraue'')</small> * [[Erxlebium (Circulus terrae Bordensis)|Erxlebium]]<ref name="Mülverstedt 1879">Mülverstedt, G. A. v. (Ed.) (1879). ''Codex diplomaticus Alvenslebianus: Urkunden-Sammlung zur Geschichte des Geschlechts von Alvensleben und seiner Besitzungen'' (Band I). E. Baensch jun.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Erxleben''; [[Saxonice]] ''Arxlä'')</small> {{div col end}} === F === {{div col|3}} * [[Falconis Petra (Harthici Montes)|Falconis Petra]]<ref name="Pertz XVI 1868">Pertz, G. H. (Ed.) (1868). ''Annales Magdeburgenses''. In ''Monumenta Germaniae Historica'' (Scriptorum Tomus XVI,). Impensis Bibliopolii Aulici Hahniani.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Falkenstein/Harz'')</small> * [[Filicetum (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Filicetum]]<ref name="Cellarius 1703">Cellarius, C. (1703). ''Notitia Orbis Antiqui, sive Geographia Plenior: Tomus Alter, Asiaticam et Africanam partem continens''. Apud Joannem Fredericum Gleditsch.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Farnstädt'')</small> * [[Finnium]]<ref name="Thal 1588"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Finne'')</small> * [[Fledetinga]]<ref name="Sickel IV 1893">Sickel, T. (Ed.) (1893). ''Conradi II Diplomata. En Monumenta Germaniae Historica'' (Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, Tomus IV). Impensis Bibliopolae Hahniani.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Flechtingen'')</small> * [[Fons (prope Islebiam)|Fons]]<ref name="SS I III 1898"/> <small>(prope [[Islebia]]m<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bornstedt '')</small> * [[Fons (prope Stasfurtum)|Fons]]<ref name="Heinemann II 1873">Heinemann, O. von. (Ed.) (1873). ''Codex Diplomaticus Anhaltinus: II. Band (1201–1300)''. I. C. Schmidt.</ref> <small>(prope [[Stasfurtum]]<ref name="Israel & Möllenberg 1937"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Borne'')</small> * [[Friburgum ad Windam]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Freyburg'')</small> {{div col end}} === G === {{div col|3}} * [[Gardelegia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gardelegen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Garlä'')</small> * [[Genthinum]]<ref name="Thal 1588"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Genthin'')</small> * [[Gerbstedium]]<ref name="Größler XX 1888">Größler, H. (Ed.) (1888). ''Urkundenbuch der Klöster der Grafschaft Mansfeld''. In ''Geschichtsquellen der Provinz Sachsen und angrenzender Gebiete'' (Band XX). Verlag von Otto Hendel.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gerbstedt'')</small> * [[Giersleba]]<ref name="Mülverstedt III 1876">Mülverstedt, G. A. v. (Ed.) (1876). ''Regesta Archiepiscopatus Magdeburgensis: Sammlung von Auszügen aus Urkunden und Chroniken zur Geschichte des Erzstifts und Herzogthums Magdeburg'' (Band III). Verlag von E. Baensch jun.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Giersleben'')</small> * [[Gleina]]<ref name="Schöttgen & Kreysig 1749">Schöttgen, C., & Kreysig, G. C. (Ed.) (1749). ''Diplomataria et Scriptores Historiae Germanicae Medii Aevi'' (Tomus III). Apud Johannem Christianum Martinum.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gleina'')</small> * [[Gozacha]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Goseck'')</small> * [[Groninga (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Groninga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gröningen'')</small> * [[Gumbra]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gommern'')</small> * [[Gustenum]]<ref name="Mülverstedt III 1876"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Güsten'')</small> {{div col end}} === H === {{div col|3}} * [[Hadisleba]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hedersleben'')</small> * [[Halberstadium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Halberstadt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Halwerstidde'')</small> * [[Haldenslebia]]<ref name="Zeiller 1694">Historia Sueviae (1694); auctore Martino Zeiller.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Haldensleben''; [[Saxonice]] ''Halslä'')</small> * [[Harbeccum]]<ref name="Pertz 1854">Pertz, G. H. (Ed.) (1854). ''Monumenta Germaniae Historica (Scriptorum Tomus XI)''. Impensis Bibliopolii Aulici Hahniani.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Harbke'')</small> * [[Harsleba]]<ref name="Schmidt 1883">Schmidt, G. (Ed.) (1883). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Halberstadt und seiner Bischöfe'' (Theil I). Verlag von S. Hirzel.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Harsleben''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harschlew'')</small> * [[Havelberga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Havelberg'')</small> * [[Heccinstada]]<ref name="Sickel 1888">Sickel, T. (Ed.) (1888). ''Heinrici III. Diplomata''. In ''Monumenta Germaniae Historica'' (Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, Tomus V). Impensis Bibliopolae Hahniani.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hettstedt'')</small> * [[Hecklinga]]<ref name="Heinemann 1873"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hecklingen'')</small> * [[Helbra]]<ref name="Größler XX 1888"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Helbra'')</small> * [[Herigisvilla]]<ref name="Größler XX 1888"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hergisdorf'')</small> * [[Hotensleba]]<ref name="Schmidt 1883"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hötensleben'')</small> * [[Huius (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Huius]]<ref name="Breslau 1907 VI I">Breslau, H. (Ed.) (1907). ''Heinrici IV. Diplomata. En Monumenta Germaniae Historica'' (Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, Tomus VI, Pars I). Impensis Bibliopolae Hahniani.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Huy'')</small> {{div col end}} === I === {{div col|3}} * [[Iden (Altmark)|Iden]] * [[Ilberstedt]] * [[Ilsenburg (Harz)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Indago Comitis]]<ref name="Stieler 1683">Stieler, Casparo; ''Epithetorum selectorum brevissima delineatio''. Ienae: Typis Johannis Wertheri, 1683.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gräfenhainichen'')</small> * [[Ingersleben (Saksen-Anhalt)|Ingersleben]] * [[Insula Sanctae Mariae]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913?p=249&cq=Ludwigshafen%20u.a.&lang=en / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diesdorf'')</small> * [[Islebia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lutherstadt Eisleben''; etiam [[Saxonice]] ''Isleven'' seu ''Iesleven'')</small> {{div col end}} === J === {{div col|3}} *[[Jerichow]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Jessen (Elster)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Jübar]] {{div col end}} === K === {{div col|3}} *[[Kabelsketal]] *[[Kaiserpfalz (gemeente)|Kaiserpfalz]] *[[Kalbe (Milde)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Kamern]] *[[Karsdorf]] *[[Kelbra (Kyffhäuser)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Kemberg]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Klietz]] *[[Klostermansfeld]] *[[Klötze]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Könnern]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Köthen (Anhalt)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Kretzschau]] *[[Kroppenstedt]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Kuhfelde]] {{div col end}} === L === {{div col|3}} * [[Landsberg (Saalekreis)|Landsberg]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Lanitz-Hassel-Tal]] * [[Laucha an der Unstrut]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Lauchstadium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Lauchstädt'')</small> * [[Leuna]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Loitsche-Heinrichsberg]] * [[Lützen]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> {{div col end}} === M === {{div col|3}} * [[Magdeburgum]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Magdeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Meideborg'' seu ''Madeborg'')</small> * [[Magna Quensteda]]<ref name="Heinemann 1873">Heinemann, O. v. (Ed.) (1873). ''Codex diplomaticus Anhaltinus: Erster Band (936–1212)''. Des certificationen und der canzlei Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Quenstedt'')</small> * [[Mansfeld]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Meinewehium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Meineweh'')</small> * [[Merseburg]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Mertendorf (bij Naumburg)|Mertendorf]] * [[Milsina Superior]]<ref name="Rosenfeld II 1925"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hohenmölsen'')</small> * [[Möckern]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Molauer Land]] * [[Mons Celsus-Crusemarcha]]<ref name="Pertz XV I 1859"/><ref name="Riedel 1845 I V">Riedel, A. F. (Ed.) (1845). ''Codex diplomaticus Brandenburgensis: Sammlung der Urkunden, Chroniken und sonstigen Quellenschriften für die Geschichte der Mark Brandenburg und ihrer Regenten'' (Haupttheil I, Band 5). F. H. Morin.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hohenberg-Krusemark'')</small> * [[Möser]] * [[Mücheln (Geiseltal)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Muldestausee (Gemeente)]] {{div col end}} === N === {{div col|3}} *[[Naumburg (Saale)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Nebra (Unstrut)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Nemsdorf-Göhrendorf]] *[[Niedere Börde]] *[[Nienburg (Saale)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Nordharz]] {{div col end}} === O === {{div col|3}} * [[Oberharz am Brocken]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Obhausen]] * [[Oebisfelde-Weferlingen]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Oranienbaum-Wörlitz]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Oschersleben (Bode)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Oslebium]]<ref name="Riedel XXV 1862">Riedel, A. F. (1862). ''Codex Diplomaticus Brandenburgensis: Chronologisches Verzeichnis sämtlicher Urkunden, Statuten und Chroniken'' (Band XXV). F. H. Morin.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ausleben'')</small> * [[Osterburg (Altmark)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Osterfeld (bij Naumburg)|Osterfeld]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Ostergeulum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Egeln'')</small> * [[Osternienburger Land]] * [[Osterwieck]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> {{div col end}} === P === {{div col|3}} * [[Palus Magna]]<ref name="SS I III 1898">Sächsisches Staatsarchiv (1898). ''Codex Diplomaticus Saxoniae Regiae: Haupttheil I, Band 3. Urkunden der Markgrafen von Meißen und Landgrafen von Thüringen''. Giesecke & Devrient.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Am Großen Bruch'')</small> * [[Petersberg (Saalekreis)|Petersberg]] * [[Plötzkau]] * [[Prata Marchiae Antiquae]]<ref name="Riedel 1841"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Altmärkische Wische'')</small> {{div col end}} === Q === {{div col|3}} * [[Quedlinburg (stad)|Quedlinburg]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Quercetum (Antiqua Marchia)|Quercetum]]<ref name="Merian V 1650">Merian, M. (1650). ''Topographia Electoratus Brandenburgici et Ducatus Pomeraniae''. In ''Topographia Germaniae'' (Tomus V). Merian Editore.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eichstedt'')</small> * [[Querfurt]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> {{div col end}} === R === {{div col|3}} *[[Raguhn-Jeßnitz]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Rochau]] *[[Rogätz]] *[[Rohrberg (Altmark)|Rohrberg]] {{div col end}} === S === {{div col|3}} * [[Salinae Saxonicae]]<ref>Carolus Ludovicus Oesfeld, Topographische Beschreibung des Herzogthums Magdeburg und der Grafschaft Mansfeld, Berolini, anno 1780.</ref> <small>([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])</small> <small>(Theodisce et [[Saxonice]] ''Halle'')</small> * [[Salzatal]] * [[Salzwedel]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Sandau (Elbe)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Sandersdorf-Brehna]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Sangerhausen (stad)|Sangerhausen]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Schkopau]] * [[Schnaudertal]] * [[Schollene]] * [[Schönburg (Saale)|Schönburg]] * [[Schönebeck (Elbe)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Schönhausen (Elbe)]] * [[Schraplau]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Schwanebeck]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Seegebiet Mansfelder Land]] * [[Seehausen (Altmark)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Seeland (Saksen-Anhalt)|Seeland]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Selke-Aue]] * [[Smedeberga]]<ref name="SS I III 1898"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Schmiedeberg'')</small> * [[Sommersdorf (Landkreis Börde)|Sommersdorf]] * [[Stasfurtum]]<ref name="Israel & Möllenberg 1937">Israel, F., & Möllenberg, W. (Ed.) (1937). ''Urkundenbuch des Erzstifts Magdeburg'' (Band I). Selbstverlag der Historischen Kommission für die Provinz Sachsen und für Anhalt.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Staßfurt'')</small> * [[Steigra]] * [[Stendal (stad)|Stendal]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Stößen]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Südharz]] * [[Südliches Anhalt]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Sülzetal]] * [[Süplingen]] {{div col end}} === T === {{div col|3}} * [[Tangerhütte]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Tangermünde]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Terra Bordensis]]<ref name="Schmauss 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bördeland'')</small> * [[Terra Finnae]]<ref name="Pertz XV I 1859">Pertz, G. H. (Ed.) (1859). ''Annales Isenacenses. En Monumenta Germaniae Historica'' (Scriptorum Tomus XV, Pars I). Impensis Bibliopolii Aulici Hahniani.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Finneland'')</small> * [[Teuchern]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Teutschenthal]] * [[Thale]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Theotfurtum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016">Köbler, G. (2016). ''Alemán antiguo en la historia de los lugares de Alemania: Las fuentes documentales medievales''. Digitalis auctoris editio.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ditfurt'')</small> {{div col end}} === U === {{div col|3}} *[[Ummendorf (Börde)|Ummendorf]] {{div col end}} === V === {{div col|3}} * [[Venatorius Saltus]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Harzgerode'')</small> * [[Via Cursoria]]<ref name="Schmauss 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''An der Poststraße'')</small> * [[Völpke]] {{div col end}} === W === {{div col|3}} *[[Wallhausen (Helme)|Wallhausen]] *[[Wallstawe]] *[[Wanzleben-Börde]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Wefensleben]] *[[Wegeleben]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Weißenfels (stad)|Weißenfels]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Werben (Elbe)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Wernigerode (stad)|Wernigerode]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Westheide]] *[[Wethau]] *[[Wetterzeube]] *[[Wettin-Löbejün]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Wimmelburg]] *[[Lutherstadt Wittenberg|Wittenberg]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Wolmirsleben]] *[[Wolmirstedt]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Wust-Fischbeck]] {{div col end}} === Z === {{div col|3}} *[[Zahna-Elster]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Zehrental]] *[[Zeitz]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Zerbst/Anhalt]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Zielitz]] *[[Zörbig]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> {{div col end}} ==Notae== <references /> [[Categoria: Saxonia et Anhaltium]] [[Categoria: Urbes Saxoniae-Anhaltini]] rf303x77h296mtp3fyyfa42kcppa9vc 3972503 3972485 2026-07-17T13:39:37Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3972503 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in Saxony-Anhalt.svg|thumb|450px|Divisio [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] [[Saxonia et Anhaltium|Saxoniae et Anhaltii]] in communia urbesque, consociationes communium atque [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulos]].]] '''Index urbium atque communium in [[Saxonia et Anhaltium|Saxonia et Anhaltio]]''' urbes atque communia [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] [[Germania|Germanicae]] Saxoniae et Anhaltii complectitur. Is constat omnino ex * 218 urbibus et communibus sui iuris in administratione politica (status [[31 Decembris|pridie Kalendas Ianuarias]] anni [[2018]]). Quae ita distribuuntur: * 104 urbes ([[Theodisce]] ''Städte''), quarum: ** tres [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli urbani]] ([[Theodisce]] ''kreisfreie Städte''), inter quos [[Caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] [[Magdeburgum]]; ** 81 urbes ad nullam consociationem communium pertinentes seu communia unitaria ([[Theodisce]] ''verbandsgemeindefreie Städte'' seu ''Einheitsgemeinden''); ** viginti urbes in consociationibus communium ([[Theodisce]] ''Städte in Verbandsgemeinden'') constitutae; * 114 communia, quorum: ** viginti communia ad nullam consociationem communium pertinentia seu communia unitaria ([[Theodisce]] ''verbandsgemeindefreie Gemeinden'' seu ''Einheitsgemeinden''); ** 94 communia in 18 consociationibus communium ([[Theodisce]] ''Verbandsgemeinden'') constituta. === A === {{div col|3}} * [[Ahlsdorfium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730">Mencken, J. B. (1730). ''Scriptores rerum Germanicarum, praecipue Saxonicarum, in quibus scriptores aliquot rariotes nusquam adhuc editi'' (Tomus III). Ioannes Christianus Martinus.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ahlsdorf'')</small> * [[Alandum]]<ref name="Schmauss 1730">Schmauss, J. J. (1730). ''Corpus Juris Gentium Academicum: In quo potissimum seculi XV, XVI, XVII et hujus currentis pacificationes, foedera... continentur''. Ioannes Christianus Martinus.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Aland'')</small> * [[Albimontium (Harthici Montes)|Albimontium]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Blankenburg'')</small> * [[Albis-Pareia]]<ref name="Merian VII 1653">Merian, M. (1653). ''Topographia Archiepiscopatus Magdeburgensis et Ducatus Pomeraniae''. In ''Topographia Germaniae'' (Tomus VII). Merian Editore.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Elbe-Parey''; [[Saxonice]] ''Elve-Porey'')</small> * [[Altenhausenium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Altenhausen'')</small> * [[Altstadium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Allstedt'')</small> * [[Altum Bordium]]<ref name="Thal 1588"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hohe Börde'')</small> * [[Alvenslebianum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Alsleben'')</small> * [[Amoenaeburgum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Annaburg'')</small> * [[Angra (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Angra]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Angern'')</small> * [[Apenburgum-Winterfeldium]]<ref name="Schmauss 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Apenburg-Winterfeld'')</small> * [[Aquae Saxonicae]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Aken'')</small> * [[Aquilastenum]]<ref name="Krühne 1884">Krühne, M. (Ed.) (1884). ''Urkundenbuch der Klöster der Grafschaft Mansfeld''. Otto Hendel.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arnstein'')</small> * [[Arctopolis (Saxoniae et Anhaltium)|Arctopolis]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bernburg'')</small> * [[Arnburgum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arneburg'')</small> * [[Arnseo]]<ref name="Kurze 1895">Kurze, F. (Ed.) (1895). ''Annales Regni Francorum (741–829) qui dicuntur Annales Laurissenses Maiores et Einhardi''. Hahniani.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arendsee'')</small> * [[Ascaria]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Aschersleben''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ascherslebbe'')</small> * [[Aureus Torrens]]<ref name="Merian V 1650"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Goldbeck'')</small> {{div col end}} === B === {{div col|3}} * [[Balgstadium]]<ref name="Mencken 1728">Mencken, J. B. (1728). ''Scriptores rerum Germanicarum, praecipue Saxonicarum, in quibus scriptores aliquot rariotes nusquam adhuc editi'' (Tomus I). Ioannes Christianus Martinus.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Balgstädt'')</small> * [[Ballenstadium]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ballenstedt'')</small> * [[Barbium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barby'')</small> * [[Barlebium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barleben'')</small> * [[Barnstadium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barnstädt'')</small> * [[Beendorffium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beendorf'')</small> * [[Beetzendorfium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beetzendorf'')</small> * [[Bergae (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Bergae]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berga'')</small> * [[Bevera (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Bevera]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Bibra'')</small> * [[Bidrici]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Biederitz'')</small> * [[Bismarkium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bismark'')</small> * [[Bitterfeldia-Wolfna]]<ref name="Dicasterium 2008">Dicasterium de Divino Cultū: ''Notitiae: Commentarium ad nuntia de re liturgica edenda''. [[Civitas Vaticana|Civitate Vaticanā]]: Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis, 2008.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bitterfeld-Wolfen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bitterfeld-Wolfen'')</small> * [[Blankenhemium (Circulus terrae Mansfeldensis et Austroharthicus)|Blankenhemium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Blankenheim'')</small> * [[Boianvilla (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Boianvilla]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Benndorf'')</small> * [[Bonus Fons]]<ref name="Rosenfeld II 1925">Rosenfeld, F. (Ed.) (1925). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Naumburg: Teil 1 (967–1207). En Geschichtsquellen der Provinz Sachsen und angrenzender Gebiete'' (Band II). Urkunden-Regesten Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gutenborn'')</small> * [[Borda et Hacla]]<ref name="Heinemann II-III 1875-1883">Heinemann, O. von. (Ed.) (1875–1883). ''Codex Diplomaticus Anhaltinus'' (Band II-III). I. C. Schmidt.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Börde-Hakel'')</small> * [[Borda Fluvialis]]<ref name="Schmauss 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bördeaue'')</small> * [[Borstella]]<ref name="Israel & Möllenberg 1937"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Burgstall'')</small> * [[Bruckenium-Hackpfuffelium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brücken-Hackpfüffel'')</small> * [[Brunstorpium et Bedra]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Braunsbedra'')</small> * [[Bulstringium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bülstringen'')</small> * [[Burgum (prope Magdeburgum)|Burgum]]<ref name="Israel & Möllenberg 1937"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Burg'')</small> {{div col end}} === C === {{div col|3}} * [[Calba ad Salam]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Calbe'')</small> * [[Calva ad Mildam]]<ref name="Riedel XXII 1862">Riedel, A. F. (Ed.) (1862). ''Codex diplomaticus Brandenburgensis: Sammlung der Urkunden, Chroniken und sonstigen Quellenschriften für die Geschichte der Mark Brandenburg und ihrer Regenten'' (Haupttheil A, Band XXII). F. H. Morin.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kalbe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Calwe'')</small> * [[Calvordium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Calvörde'')</small> * [[Camera (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Camera]]<ref name="Riedel II III 1846">Riedel, A. F. (Ed.) (1846). ''Codex diplomaticus Brandenburgensis: Sammlung der Urkunden, Chroniken und sonstigen Quellenschriften für die Geschichte der Mark Brandenburg und ihrer Regenten'' (Haupttheil II, Band 3). F. H. Morin.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Kamern'')</small> * [[Caroli Villa (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Caroli Villa]]<ref name="Rosenfeld II 1925"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Karsdorf'')</small> * [[Colbicium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Colbitz'')</small> * [[Colles Marchiae Antiquae]]<ref name="Riedel 1841">Riedel, A. F. (1841). ''Codex Diplomaticus Brandenburgensis: Sammlung der Urkunden, Chroniken und sonstigen Quellenschriften für die Geschichte der Mark Brandenburg und ihrer Regenten'' (Haupttheil I, Band 1). F. H. Morin.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Altmärkische Höhe'')</small> * [[Coryletum (Antiqua Marchia)|Coryletum]]<ref name="Merian V 1650"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hassel'')</small> * [[Cosvigium (Anhaltium)|Cosvigium]]<ref name="Mencken 1728"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Coswig'')</small> {{div col end}} === D === {{div col|3}} * [[Daehrium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dähre'')</small> * [[Dessavia-Rozelauia]]<ref name="Egli 1893">Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.</ref> <small>([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])</small> <small>(Theodisce et [[Saxonice]] ''Dessau-Roßlau'')</small> * [[Droissiga]]<ref name="Schmauss 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Droyßig'')</small> * [[Durrenberga]]<ref name="SS 1882">Sächsisches Staatsarchiv I II (1882). ''Codex Diplomaticus Saxoniae Regiae: Haupttheil I, Band 2. Urkunden der Markgrafen von Meißen und Landgrafen von Thüringen'' (O. Posse, Ed.). Giesecke & Devrient.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Dürrenberg'')</small> {{div col end}} === E === {{div col|3}} * [[Eckartsberga]]<ref name="Gersdorf 1864">Gersdorf, E. G. (Ed.) (1864). ''Codex Diplomaticus Saxoniae Regiae: Haupttheil I, Band 1. Urkunden der Markgrafen von Meißen und Landgrafen von Thüringen''. Giesecke & Devrient.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eckartsberga'')</small> * [[Edrisleba]]<ref name="Ahlfeldt 2012">Ahlfeldt, J. (2012). ''Urkundenbuch der Reichsabtei Hersfeld: Band 1, Teil 1 (754–1000)''. Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Edersleben'')</small> * [[Eilsleba]]<ref name="Heinemann 1883">Heinemann, O. v. (Ed.) (1883). ''Codex diplomaticus Anhaltinus: Fünfter Band (1281–1300)''. Des certificationen und der canzlei Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eilsleben'')</small> * [[Elsteravium]]<ref name="Thal 1588">Thal, J. (1588). ''Sylva Hercynia: Sive Catalogus plantarum sponte nascentium in montibus et locis vicinis Hercyniae''. In ''Opera Botanica''. Apud Joannem Maior.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elsteraue'')</small> * [[Erxlebium (Circulus terrae Bordensis)|Erxlebium]]<ref name="Mülverstedt 1879">Mülverstedt, G. A. v. (Ed.) (1879). ''Codex diplomaticus Alvenslebianus: Urkunden-Sammlung zur Geschichte des Geschlechts von Alvensleben und seiner Besitzungen'' (Band I). E. Baensch jun.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Erxleben''; [[Saxonice]] ''Arxlä'')</small> {{div col end}} === F === {{div col|3}} * [[Falconis Petra (Harthici Montes)|Falconis Petra]]<ref name="Pertz XVI 1868">Pertz, G. H. (Ed.) (1868). ''Annales Magdeburgenses''. In ''Monumenta Germaniae Historica'' (Scriptorum Tomus XVI,). Impensis Bibliopolii Aulici Hahniani.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Falkenstein/Harz'')</small> * [[Filicetum (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Filicetum]]<ref name="Cellarius 1703">Cellarius, C. (1703). ''Notitia Orbis Antiqui, sive Geographia Plenior: Tomus Alter, Asiaticam et Africanam partem continens''. Apud Joannem Fredericum Gleditsch.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Farnstädt'')</small> * [[Finnium]]<ref name="Thal 1588"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Finne'')</small> * [[Fledetinga]]<ref name="Sickel IV 1893">Sickel, T. (Ed.) (1893). ''Conradi II Diplomata. En Monumenta Germaniae Historica'' (Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, Tomus IV). Impensis Bibliopolae Hahniani.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Flechtingen'')</small> * [[Fons (prope Islebiam)|Fons]]<ref name="SS I III 1898"/> <small>(prope [[Islebia]]m<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bornstedt '')</small> * [[Fons (prope Stasfurtum)|Fons]]<ref name="Heinemann II 1873">Heinemann, O. von. (Ed.) (1873). ''Codex Diplomaticus Anhaltinus: II. Band (1201–1300)''. I. C. Schmidt.</ref> <small>(prope [[Stasfurtum]]<ref name="Israel & Möllenberg 1937"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Borne'')</small> * [[Friburgum ad Windam]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Freyburg'')</small> {{div col end}} === G === {{div col|3}} * [[Gardelegia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gardelegen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Garlä'')</small> * [[Genthinum]]<ref name="Thal 1588"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Genthin'')</small> * [[Gerbstedium]]<ref name="Größler XX 1888">Größler, H. (Ed.) (1888). ''Urkundenbuch der Klöster der Grafschaft Mansfeld''. In ''Geschichtsquellen der Provinz Sachsen und angrenzender Gebiete'' (Band XX). Verlag von Otto Hendel.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gerbstedt'')</small> * [[Giersleba]]<ref name="Mülverstedt III 1876">Mülverstedt, G. A. v. (Ed.) (1876). ''Regesta Archiepiscopatus Magdeburgensis: Sammlung von Auszügen aus Urkunden und Chroniken zur Geschichte des Erzstifts und Herzogthums Magdeburg'' (Band III). Verlag von E. Baensch jun.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Giersleben'')</small> * [[Gleina]]<ref name="Schöttgen & Kreysig 1749">Schöttgen, C., & Kreysig, G. C. (Ed.) (1749). ''Diplomataria et Scriptores Historiae Germanicae Medii Aevi'' (Tomus III). Apud Johannem Christianum Martinum.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gleina'')</small> * [[Gozacha]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Goseck'')</small> * [[Groninga (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Groninga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gröningen'')</small> * [[Gumbra]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gommern'')</small> * [[Gustenum]]<ref name="Mülverstedt III 1876"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Güsten'')</small> {{div col end}} === H === {{div col|3}} * [[Hadisleba]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hedersleben'')</small> * [[Halberstadium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Halberstadt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Halwerstidde'')</small> * [[Haldenslebia]]<ref name="Zeiller 1694">Historia Sueviae (1694); auctore Martino Zeiller.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Haldensleben''; [[Saxonice]] ''Halslä'')</small> * [[Harbeccum]]<ref name="Pertz 1854">Pertz, G. H. (Ed.) (1854). ''Monumenta Germaniae Historica (Scriptorum Tomus XI)''. Impensis Bibliopolii Aulici Hahniani.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Harbke'')</small> * [[Harsleba]]<ref name="Schmidt 1883">Schmidt, G. (Ed.) (1883). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Halberstadt und seiner Bischöfe'' (Theil I). Verlag von S. Hirzel.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Harsleben''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harschlew'')</small> * [[Havelberga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Havelberg'')</small> * [[Heccinstada]]<ref name="Sickel 1888">Sickel, T. (Ed.) (1888). ''Heinrici III. Diplomata''. In ''Monumenta Germaniae Historica'' (Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, Tomus V). Impensis Bibliopolae Hahniani.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hettstedt'')</small> * [[Hecklinga]]<ref name="Heinemann 1873"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hecklingen'')</small> * [[Helbra]]<ref name="Größler XX 1888"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Helbra'')</small> * [[Herigisvilla]]<ref name="Größler XX 1888"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hergisdorf'')</small> * [[Hotensleba]]<ref name="Schmidt 1883"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hötensleben'')</small> * [[Huius (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Huius]]<ref name="Breslau 1907 VI I">Breslau, H. (Ed.) (1907). ''Heinrici IV. Diplomata. En Monumenta Germaniae Historica'' (Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, Tomus VI, Pars I). Impensis Bibliopolae Hahniani.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Huy'')</small> {{div col end}} === I === {{div col|3}} * [[Idenium]]<ref name="Merian V 1650"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Iden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Igen'')</small> * [[Ilberstadium]]<ref name="Schöttgen & Kreysig 1755">Schöttgen, C., & Kreysig, G. C. (Ed.) (1755). ''Diplomataria et Scriptores Historiae Germanicae Medii Aevi'' (Tomus IV). Apud Johannem Christianum Martinum.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ilberstedt'')</small> * [[Ilsineburgum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ilsenburg'')</small> * [[Indago Comitis]]<ref name="Stieler 1683">Stieler, Casparo; ''Epithetorum selectorum brevissima delineatio''. Ienae: Typis Johannis Wertheri, 1683.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gräfenhainichen'')</small> * [[Ingerslebium]]<ref name="Kaufmann & Schilling III 2014">Kaufmann, T., & Schilling, J. (Ed.) (2014). ''Epistulae Theologorum ad Melanchthonem et alios directae'' (Vol. III). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ingersleben'')</small> * [[Insula Sanctae Mariae]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913?p=249&cq=Ludwigshafen%20u.a.&lang=en ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit // 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diesdorf'')</small> * [[Ierichowa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jerichow'')</small> * [[Iessena]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jessen'')</small> * [[Islebia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lutherstadt Eisleben''; etiam [[Saxonice]] ''Isleven'' seu ''Iesleven'')</small> *[[Iubaerium]]<ref name="Bekmann II 1751">Bekmann, J. C. (1751). ''Historische Beschreibung der Chur und Mark Brandenburg'' (Band II). Voß Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jübar'')</small> {{div col end}} === K === {{div col|3}} * [[Kelbra (Kyffhäuser)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] '''')</small> * [[Kemberg]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] '''')</small> * [[Klietz]] <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] '''')</small> * [[Klostermansfeld]] <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] '''')</small> * [[Klötze]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] '''')</small> * [[Könnern]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] '''')</small> * [[Köthen (Anhalt)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] '''')</small> * [[Kretzschau]] <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] '''')</small> * [[Kroppenstedt]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] '''')</small> * [[Kuhfelde]] <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] '''')</small> {{div col end}} === L === {{div col|3}} * [[Landsberg (Saalekreis)|Landsberg]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Lanitz-Hassel-Tal]] * [[Laucha an der Unstrut]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Lauchstadium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Lauchstädt'')</small> * [[Leuna]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Loitsche-Heinrichsberg]] * [[Lützen]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> {{div col end}} === M === {{div col|3}} * [[Magdeburgum]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Magdeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Meideborg'' seu ''Madeborg'')</small> * [[Magna Quensteda]]<ref name="Heinemann 1873">Heinemann, O. v. (Ed.) (1873). ''Codex diplomaticus Anhaltinus: Erster Band (936–1212)''. Des certificationen und der canzlei Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Quenstedt'')</small> * [[Mansfeld]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Meinewehium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Meineweh'')</small> * [[Merseburg]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Mertendorf (bij Naumburg)|Mertendorf]] * [[Milsina Superior]]<ref name="Rosenfeld II 1925"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hohenmölsen'')</small> * [[Möckern]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Molauer Land]] * [[Mons Celsus-Crusemarcha]]<ref name="Pertz XV I 1859"/><ref name="Riedel 1845 I V">Riedel, A. F. (Ed.) (1845). ''Codex diplomaticus Brandenburgensis: Sammlung der Urkunden, Chroniken und sonstigen Quellenschriften für die Geschichte der Mark Brandenburg und ihrer Regenten'' (Haupttheil I, Band 5). F. H. Morin.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hohenberg-Krusemark'')</small> * [[Möser]] * [[Mücheln (Geiseltal)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Muldestausee (Gemeente)]] {{div col end}} === N === {{div col|3}} *[[Naumburg (Saale)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Nebra (Unstrut)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Nemsdorf-Göhrendorf]] *[[Niedere Börde]] *[[Nienburg (Saale)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Nordharz]] {{div col end}} === O === {{div col|3}} * [[Oberharz am Brocken]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Obhausen]] * [[Oebisfelde-Weferlingen]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Oranienbaum-Wörlitz]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Oschersleben (Bode)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Oslebium]]<ref name="Riedel XXV 1862">Riedel, A. F. (1862). ''Codex Diplomaticus Brandenburgensis: Chronologisches Verzeichnis sämtlicher Urkunden, Statuten und Chroniken'' (Band XXV). F. H. Morin.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ausleben'')</small> * [[Osterburg (Altmark)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Osterfeld (bij Naumburg)|Osterfeld]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Ostergeulum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Egeln'')</small> * [[Osternienburger Land]] * [[Osterwieck]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> {{div col end}} === P === {{div col|3}} * [[Palatium Regium (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Palatium Regium]]<ref name="Sickel 1884">Sickel, T. (Ed.) (1884). ''Conradi I, Heinrici I et Ottonis I Diplomata''. In ''Monumenta Germaniae Historica'' (Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, Tomus I). Impensis Bibliopolae Hahniani.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kaiserpfalz'')</small> * [[Palus Magna]]<ref name="SS I III 1898">Sächsisches Staatsarchiv (1898). ''Codex Diplomaticus Saxoniae Regiae: Haupttheil I, Band 3. Urkunden der Markgrafen von Meißen und Landgrafen von Thüringen''. Giesecke & Devrient.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Am Großen Bruch'')</small> * [[Petersberg (Saalekreis)|Petersberg]] * [[Plötzkau]] * [[Prata Marchiae Antiquae]]<ref name="Riedel 1841"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Altmärkische Wische'')</small> {{div col end}} === Q === {{div col|3}} * [[Quedlinburg (stad)|Quedlinburg]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Quercetum (Antiqua Marchia)|Quercetum]]<ref name="Merian V 1650">Merian, M. (1650). ''Topographia Electoratus Brandenburgici et Ducatus Pomeraniae''. In ''Topographia Germaniae'' (Tomus V). Merian Editore.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eichstedt'')</small> * [[Querfurt]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> {{div col end}} === R === {{div col|3}} *[[Raguhn-Jeßnitz]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Rochau]] *[[Rogätz]] *[[Rohrberg (Altmark)|Rohrberg]] {{div col end}} === S === {{div col|3}} * [[Salinae Saxonicae]]<ref>Carolus Ludovicus Oesfeld, Topographische Beschreibung des Herzogthums Magdeburg und der Grafschaft Mansfeld, Berolini, anno 1780.</ref> <small>([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])</small> <small>(Theodisce et [[Saxonice]] ''Halle'')</small> * [[Salzatal]] * [[Salzwedel]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Sandau (Elbe)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Sandersdorf-Brehna]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Sangerhausen (stad)|Sangerhausen]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Schkopau]] * [[Schnaudertal]] * [[Schollene]] * [[Schönburg (Saale)|Schönburg]] * [[Schönebeck (Elbe)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Schönhausen (Elbe)]] * [[Schraplau]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Schwanebeck]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Seegebiet Mansfelder Land]] * [[Seehausen (Altmark)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Seeland (Saksen-Anhalt)|Seeland]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Selke-Aue]] * [[Smedeberga]]<ref name="SS I III 1898"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Schmiedeberg'')</small> * [[Sommersdorf (Landkreis Börde)|Sommersdorf]] * [[Stasfurtum]]<ref name="Israel & Möllenberg 1937">Israel, F., & Möllenberg, W. (Ed.) (1937). ''Urkundenbuch des Erzstifts Magdeburg'' (Band I). Selbstverlag der Historischen Kommission für die Provinz Sachsen und für Anhalt.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Staßfurt'')</small> * [[Steigra]] * [[Stendal (stad)|Stendal]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Stößen]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Südharz]] * [[Südliches Anhalt]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Sülzetal]] * [[Süplingen]] {{div col end}} === T === {{div col|3}} * [[Tangerhütte]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Tangermünde]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Terra Bordensis]]<ref name="Schmauss 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bördeland'')</small> * [[Terra Finnae]]<ref name="Pertz XV I 1859">Pertz, G. H. (Ed.) (1859). ''Annales Isenacenses. En Monumenta Germaniae Historica'' (Scriptorum Tomus XV, Pars I). Impensis Bibliopolii Aulici Hahniani.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Finneland'')</small> * [[Teuchern]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Teutschenthal]] * [[Thale]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Theotfurtum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016">Köbler, G. (2016). ''Alemán antiguo en la historia de los lugares de Alemania: Las fuentes documentales medievales''. Digitalis auctoris editio.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ditfurt'')</small> {{div col end}} === U === {{div col|3}} *[[Ummendorf (Börde)|Ummendorf]] {{div col end}} === V === {{div col|3}} * [[Vallis Cabelskensis]]<ref name="Kehr XXXVI 1899">Kehr, P. F. (Ed.) (1899). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Merseburg: Theil 1 (962–1357)''. In ''Geschichtsquellen der Provinz Sachsen und angrenzender Gebiete'' (Band XXXVI). Verlag von Otto Hendel.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kabelsketal'')</small> * [[Venatorius Saltus]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Harzgerode'')</small> * [[Via Cursoria]]<ref name="Schmauss 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''An der Poststraße'')</small> * [[Völpke]] {{div col end}} === W === {{div col|3}} *[[Wallhausen (Helme)|Wallhausen]] *[[Wallstawe]] *[[Wanzleben-Börde]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Wefensleben]] *[[Wegeleben]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Weißenfels (stad)|Weißenfels]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Werben (Elbe)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Wernigerode (stad)|Wernigerode]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Westheide]] *[[Wethau]] *[[Wetterzeube]] *[[Wettin-Löbejün]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Wimmelburg]] *[[Lutherstadt Wittenberg|Wittenberg]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Wolmirsleben]] *[[Wolmirstedt]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Wust-Fischbeck]] {{div col end}} === Z === {{div col|3}} *[[Zahna-Elster]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Zehrental]] *[[Zeitz]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Zerbst/Anhalt]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Zielitz]] *[[Zörbig]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> {{div col end}} ==Notae== <references /> [[Categoria: Saxonia et Anhaltium]] [[Categoria: Urbes Saxoniae-Anhaltini]] 1i9kwfb26jmto7jc91dc6fxypmar1rz 3972509 3972503 2026-07-17T14:31:19Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3972509 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in Saxony-Anhalt.svg|thumb|450px|Divisio [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] [[Saxonia et Anhaltium|Saxoniae et Anhaltii]] in communia urbesque, consociationes communium atque [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulos]].]] '''Index urbium atque communium in [[Saxonia et Anhaltium|Saxonia et Anhaltio]]''' urbes atque communia [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] [[Germania|Germanicae]] Saxoniae et Anhaltii complectitur. Is constat omnino ex * 218 urbibus et communibus sui iuris in administratione politica (status [[31 Decembris|pridie Kalendas Ianuarias]] anni [[2018]]). Quae ita distribuuntur: * 104 urbes ([[Theodisce]] ''Städte''), quarum: ** tres [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli urbani]] ([[Theodisce]] ''kreisfreie Städte''), inter quos [[Caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] [[Magdeburgum]]; ** 81 urbes ad nullam consociationem communium pertinentes seu communia unitaria ([[Theodisce]] ''verbandsgemeindefreie Städte'' seu ''Einheitsgemeinden''); ** viginti urbes in consociationibus communium ([[Theodisce]] ''Städte in Verbandsgemeinden'') constitutae; * 114 communia, quorum: ** viginti communia ad nullam consociationem communium pertinentia seu communia unitaria ([[Theodisce]] ''verbandsgemeindefreie Gemeinden'' seu ''Einheitsgemeinden''); ** 94 communia in 18 consociationibus communium ([[Theodisce]] ''Verbandsgemeinden'') constituta. === A === {{div col|3}} * [[Ahlsdorfium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730">Mencken, J. B. (1730). ''Scriptores rerum Germanicarum, praecipue Saxonicarum, in quibus scriptores aliquot rariotes nusquam adhuc editi'' (Tomus III). Ioannes Christianus Martinus.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ahlsdorf'')</small> * [[Alandum]]<ref name="Schmauss 1730">Schmauss, J. J. (1730). ''Corpus Juris Gentium Academicum: In quo potissimum seculi XV, XVI, XVII et hujus currentis pacificationes, foedera... continentur''. Ioannes Christianus Martinus.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Aland'')</small> * [[Albimontium (Harthici Montes)|Albimontium]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Blankenburg'')</small> * [[Albis-Pareia]]<ref name="Merian VII 1653">Merian, M. (1653). ''Topographia Archiepiscopatus Magdeburgensis et Ducatus Pomeraniae''. In ''Topographia Germaniae'' (Tomus VII). Merian Editore.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Elbe-Parey''; [[Saxonice]] ''Elve-Porey'')</small> * [[Altenhausenium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Altenhausen'')</small> * [[Altstadium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Allstedt'')</small> * [[Altum Bordium]]<ref name="Thal 1588"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hohe Börde'')</small> * [[Alvenslebianum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Alsleben'')</small> * [[Amoenaeburgum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Annaburg'')</small> * [[Angra (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Angra]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Angern'')</small> * [[Apenburgum-Winterfeldium]]<ref name="Schmauss 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Apenburg-Winterfeld'')</small> * [[Aquae Saxonicae]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Aken'')</small> * [[Aquilastenum]]<ref name="Krühne 1884">Krühne, M. (Ed.) (1884). ''Urkundenbuch der Klöster der Grafschaft Mansfeld''. Otto Hendel.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arnstein'')</small> * [[Arctopolis (Saxoniae et Anhaltium)|Arctopolis]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bernburg'')</small> * [[Arnburgum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arneburg'')</small> * [[Arnseo]]<ref name="Kurze 1895">Kurze, F. (Ed.) (1895). ''Annales Regni Francorum (741–829) qui dicuntur Annales Laurissenses Maiores et Einhardi''. Hahniani.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arendsee'')</small> * [[Ascaria]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Aschersleben''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ascherslebbe'')</small> * [[Aureus Torrens]]<ref name="Merian V 1650"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Goldbeck'')</small> {{div col end}} === B === {{div col|3}} * [[Balgstadium]]<ref name="Mencken 1728">Mencken, J. B. (1728). ''Scriptores rerum Germanicarum, praecipue Saxonicarum, in quibus scriptores aliquot rariotes nusquam adhuc editi'' (Tomus I). Ioannes Christianus Martinus.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Balgstädt'')</small> * [[Ballenstadium]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ballenstedt'')</small> * [[Barbium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barby'')</small> * [[Barlebium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barleben'')</small> * [[Barnstadium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barnstädt'')</small> * [[Beendorffium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beendorf'')</small> * [[Beetzendorfium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beetzendorf'')</small> * [[Bergae (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Bergae]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berga'')</small> * [[Bevera (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Bevera]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Bibra'')</small> * [[Bidrici]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Biederitz'')</small> * [[Bismarkium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bismark'')</small> * [[Bitterfeldia-Wolfna]]<ref name="Dicasterium 2008">Dicasterium de Divino Cultū: ''Notitiae: Commentarium ad nuntia de re liturgica edenda''. [[Civitas Vaticana|Civitate Vaticanā]]: Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis, 2008.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bitterfeld-Wolfen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bitterfeld-Wolfen'')</small> * [[Blankenhemium (Circulus terrae Mansfeldensis et Austroharthicus)|Blankenhemium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Blankenheim'')</small> * [[Boianvilla (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Boianvilla]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Benndorf'')</small> * [[Bonus Fons]]<ref name="Rosenfeld II 1925">Rosenfeld, F. (Ed.) (1925). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Naumburg: Teil 1 (967–1207). En Geschichtsquellen der Provinz Sachsen und angrenzender Gebiete'' (Band II). Urkunden-Regesten Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gutenborn'')</small> * [[Borda et Hacla]]<ref name="Heinemann II-III 1875-1883">Heinemann, O. von. (Ed.) (1875–1883). ''Codex Diplomaticus Anhaltinus'' (Band II-III). I. C. Schmidt.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Börde-Hakel'')</small> * [[Borda Fluvialis]]<ref name="Schmauss 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bördeaue'')</small> * [[Borstella]]<ref name="Israel & Möllenberg 1937"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Burgstall'')</small> * [[Bovinus Campus (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Bovinus Campus]]<ref name="Riedel XXIV 1863">Riedel, A. F. (Ed.) (1863). ''Codex diplomaticus Brandenburgensis: Sammlung der Urkunden, Chroniken und sonstigen Quellenschriften für die Geschichte der Mark Brandenburg und ihrer Regenten'' (Haupttheil A, Band XXIV). F. H. Morin.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kuhfelde'')</small> * [[Bruckenium-Hackpfuffelium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brücken-Hackpfüffel'')</small> * [[Brunstorpium et Bedra]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Braunsbedra'')</small> * [[Bulstringium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bülstringen'')</small> * [[Burgum (prope Magdeburgum)|Burgum]]<ref name="Israel & Möllenberg 1937"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Burg'')</small> {{div col end}} === C === {{div col|3}} * [[Calba ad Salam]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Calbe'')</small> * [[Calva ad Mildam]]<ref name="Riedel XXII 1862">Riedel, A. F. (Ed.) (1862). ''Codex diplomaticus Brandenburgensis: Sammlung der Urkunden, Chroniken und sonstigen Quellenschriften für die Geschichte der Mark Brandenburg und ihrer Regenten'' (Haupttheil A, Band XXII). F. H. Morin.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kalbe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Calwe'')</small> * [[Calvordium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Calvörde'')</small> * [[Camera (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Camera]]<ref name="Riedel II III 1846">Riedel, A. F. (Ed.) (1846). ''Codex diplomaticus Brandenburgensis: Sammlung der Urkunden, Chroniken und sonstigen Quellenschriften für die Geschichte der Mark Brandenburg und ihrer Regenten'' (Haupttheil II, Band 3). F. H. Morin.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Kamern'')</small> * [[Cameracum ad Albim]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Kemberg'')</small> * [[Caroli Villa (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Caroli Villa]]<ref name="Rosenfeld II 1925"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Karsdorf'')</small> * [[Chroziwa]]<ref name="Rosenfeld II 1925"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kretzschau'')</small> * [[Clitzium]]<ref name="Mülverstedt III 1876"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Klietz'')</small> * [[Cloetzium]]<ref name="Mülverstedt III 1876"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Klötze'')</small> * [[Colbicium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Colbitz'')</small> * [[Colles Marchiae Antiquae]]<ref name="Riedel 1841">Riedel, A. F. (1841). ''Codex Diplomaticus Brandenburgensis: Sammlung der Urkunden, Chroniken und sonstigen Quellenschriften für die Geschichte der Mark Brandenburg und ihrer Regenten'' (Haupttheil I, Band 1). F. H. Morin.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Altmärkische Höhe'')</small> * [[Coniri]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Könnern'')</small> * [[Coryletum (Antiqua Marchia)|Coryletum]]<ref name="Merian V 1650"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hassel'')</small> * [[Cosvigium (Anhaltium)|Cosvigium]]<ref name="Mencken 1728"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Coswig'')</small> * [[Cothena]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Köthen'')</small> * [[Croppenstadium]]<ref name="Schöttgen & Kreysig IV 1755"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kroppenstedt'')</small> {{div col end}} === D === {{div col|3}} * [[Daehrium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dähre'')</small> * [[Dessavia-Rozelauia]]<ref name="Egli 1893">Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.</ref> <small>([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])</small> <small>(Theodisce et [[Saxonice]] ''Dessau-Roßlau'')</small> * [[Droissiga]]<ref name="Schmauss 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Droyßig'')</small> * [[Durrenberga]]<ref name="SS 1882">Sächsisches Staatsarchiv I II (1882). ''Codex Diplomaticus Saxoniae Regiae: Haupttheil I, Band 2. Urkunden der Markgrafen von Meißen und Landgrafen von Thüringen'' (O. Posse, Ed.). Giesecke & Devrient.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Dürrenberg'')</small> {{div col end}} === E === {{div col|3}} * [[Eckartsberga]]<ref name="Gersdorf 1864">Gersdorf, E. G. (Ed.) (1864). ''Codex Diplomaticus Saxoniae Regiae: Haupttheil I, Band 1. Urkunden der Markgrafen von Meißen und Landgrafen von Thüringen''. Giesecke & Devrient.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eckartsberga'')</small> * [[Edrisleba]]<ref name="Ahlfeldt 2012">Ahlfeldt, J. (2012). ''Urkundenbuch der Reichsabtei Hersfeld: Band 1, Teil 1 (754–1000)''. Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Edersleben'')</small> * [[Eilsleba]]<ref name="Heinemann 1883">Heinemann, O. v. (Ed.) (1883). ''Codex diplomaticus Anhaltinus: Fünfter Band (1281–1300)''. Des certificationen und der canzlei Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eilsleben'')</small> * [[Elsteravium]]<ref name="Thal 1588">Thal, J. (1588). ''Sylva Hercynia: Sive Catalogus plantarum sponte nascentium in montibus et locis vicinis Hercyniae''. In ''Opera Botanica''. Apud Joannem Maior.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elsteraue'')</small> * [[Erxlebium (Circulus terrae Bordensis)|Erxlebium]]<ref name="Mülverstedt 1879">Mülverstedt, G. A. v. (Ed.) (1879). ''Codex diplomaticus Alvenslebianus: Urkunden-Sammlung zur Geschichte des Geschlechts von Alvensleben und seiner Besitzungen'' (Band I). E. Baensch jun.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Erxleben''; [[Saxonice]] ''Arxlä'')</small> {{div col end}} === F === {{div col|3}} * [[Falconis Petra (Harthici Montes)|Falconis Petra]]<ref name="Pertz XVI 1868">Pertz, G. H. (Ed.) (1868). ''Annales Magdeburgenses''. In ''Monumenta Germaniae Historica'' (Scriptorum Tomus XVI,). Impensis Bibliopolii Aulici Hahniani.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Falkenstein/Harz'')</small> * [[Filicetum (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Filicetum]]<ref name="Cellarius 1703">Cellarius, C. (1703). ''Notitia Orbis Antiqui, sive Geographia Plenior: Tomus Alter, Asiaticam et Africanam partem continens''. Apud Joannem Fredericum Gleditsch.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Farnstädt'')</small> * [[Finnium]]<ref name="Thal 1588"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Finne'')</small> * [[Fledetinga]]<ref name="Sickel IV 1893">Sickel, T. (Ed.) (1893). ''Conradi II Diplomata. En Monumenta Germaniae Historica'' (Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, Tomus IV). Impensis Bibliopolae Hahniani.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Flechtingen'')</small> * [[Fons (prope Islebiam)|Fons]]<ref name="SS I III 1898"/> <small>(prope [[Islebia]]m<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bornstedt '')</small> * [[Fons (prope Stasfurtum)|Fons]]<ref name="Heinemann II 1873">Heinemann, O. von. (Ed.) (1873). ''Codex Diplomaticus Anhaltinus: II. Band (1201–1300)''. I. C. Schmidt.</ref> <small>(prope [[Stasfurtum]]<ref name="Israel & Möllenberg 1937"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Borne'')</small> * [[Friburgum ad Windam]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Freyburg'')</small> {{div col end}} === G === {{div col|3}} * [[Gardelegia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gardelegen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Garlä'')</small> * [[Genthinum]]<ref name="Thal 1588"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Genthin'')</small> * [[Gerbstedium]]<ref name="Größler XX 1888">Größler, H. (Ed.) (1888). ''Urkundenbuch der Klöster der Grafschaft Mansfeld''. In ''Geschichtsquellen der Provinz Sachsen und angrenzender Gebiete'' (Band XX). Verlag von Otto Hendel.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gerbstedt'')</small> * [[Giersleba]]<ref name="Mülverstedt III 1876">Mülverstedt, G. A. v. (Ed.) (1876). ''Regesta Archiepiscopatus Magdeburgensis: Sammlung von Auszügen aus Urkunden und Chroniken zur Geschichte des Erzstifts und Herzogthums Magdeburg'' (Band III). Verlag von E. Baensch jun.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Giersleben'')</small> * [[Gleina]]<ref name="Schöttgen & Kreysig 1749">Schöttgen, C., & Kreysig, G. C. (Ed.) (1749). ''Diplomataria et Scriptores Historiae Germanicae Medii Aevi'' (Tomus III). Apud Johannem Christianum Martinum.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gleina'')</small> * [[Gozacha]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Goseck'')</small> * [[Groninga (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Groninga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gröningen'')</small> * [[Gumbra]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gommern'')</small> * [[Gustenum]]<ref name="Mülverstedt III 1876"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Güsten'')</small> {{div col end}} === H === {{div col|3}} * [[Hadisleba]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hedersleben'')</small> * [[Halberstadium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Halberstadt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Halwerstidde'')</small> * [[Haldenslebia]]<ref name="Zeiller 1694">Historia Sueviae (1694); auctore Martino Zeiller.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Haldensleben''; [[Saxonice]] ''Halslä'')</small> * [[Harbeccum]]<ref name="Pertz 1854">Pertz, G. H. (Ed.) (1854). ''Monumenta Germaniae Historica (Scriptorum Tomus XI)''. Impensis Bibliopolii Aulici Hahniani.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Harbke'')</small> * [[Harsleba]]<ref name="Schmidt 1883">Schmidt, G. (Ed.) (1883). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Halberstadt und seiner Bischöfe'' (Theil I). Verlag von S. Hirzel.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Harsleben''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harschlew'')</small> * [[Havelberga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Havelberg'')</small> * [[Heccinstada]]<ref name="Sickel 1888">Sickel, T. (Ed.) (1888). ''Heinrici III. Diplomata''. In ''Monumenta Germaniae Historica'' (Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, Tomus V). Impensis Bibliopolae Hahniani.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hettstedt'')</small> * [[Hecklinga]]<ref name="Heinemann 1873"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hecklingen'')</small> * [[Helbra]]<ref name="Größler XX 1888"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Helbra'')</small> * [[Herigisvilla]]<ref name="Größler XX 1888"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hergisdorf'')</small> * [[Hotensleba]]<ref name="Schmidt 1883"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hötensleben'')</small> * [[Huius (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Huius]]<ref name="Breslau 1907 VI I">Breslau, H. (Ed.) (1907). ''Heinrici IV. Diplomata. En Monumenta Germaniae Historica'' (Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, Tomus VI, Pars I). Impensis Bibliopolae Hahniani.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Huy'')</small> {{div col end}} === I === {{div col|3}} * [[Idenium]]<ref name="Merian V 1650"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Iden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Igen'')</small> * [[Ilberstadium]]<ref name="Schöttgen & Kreysig IV 1755">Schöttgen, C., & Kreysig, G. C. (Ed.) (1755). ''Diplomataria et Scriptores Historiae Germanicae Medii Aevi'' (Tomus IV). Apud Johannem Christianum Martinum.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ilberstedt'')</small> * [[Ilsineburgum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ilsenburg'')</small> * [[Indago Comitis]]<ref name="Stieler 1683">Stieler, Casparo; ''Epithetorum selectorum brevissima delineatio''. Ienae: Typis Johannis Wertheri, 1683.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gräfenhainichen'')</small> * [[Ingerslebium]]<ref name="Kaufmann & Schilling III 2014">Kaufmann, T., & Schilling, J. (Ed.) (2014). ''Epistulae Theologorum ad Melanchthonem et alios directae'' (Vol. III). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ingersleben'')</small> * [[Insula Sanctae Mariae]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913?p=249&cq=Ludwigshafen%20u.a.&lang=en ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit // 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diesdorf'')</small> * [[Ierichowa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jerichow'')</small> * [[Iessena]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jessen'')</small> * [[Islebia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lutherstadt Eisleben''; etiam [[Saxonice]] ''Isleven'' seu ''Iesleven'')</small> *[[Iubaerium]]<ref name="Bekmann II 1751">Bekmann, J. C. (1751). ''Historische Beschreibung der Chur und Mark Brandenburg'' (Band II). Voß Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jübar'')</small> {{div col end}} === K === {{div col|3}} * [[Kelvera]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kelbra'')</small> {{div col end}} === L === {{div col|3}} * [[Landsberg (Saalekreis)|Landsberg]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Lanitz-Hassel-Tal]] * [[Laucha an der Unstrut]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Lauchstadium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Lauchstädt'')</small> * [[Leuna]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Loitsche-Heinrichsberg]] * [[Lützen]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> {{div col end}} === M === {{div col|3}} * [[Magdeburgum]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Magdeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Meideborg'' seu ''Madeborg'')</small> * [[Magna Quensteda]]<ref name="Heinemann 1873">Heinemann, O. v. (Ed.) (1873). ''Codex diplomaticus Anhaltinus: Erster Band (936–1212)''. Des certificationen und der canzlei Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Quenstedt'')</small> * [[Mansfeld]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Mansfeldia Monastica]]<ref name="Mülverstedt III 1876"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Klostermansfeld'')</small> * [[Meinewehium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Meineweh'')</small> * [[Merseburg]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Mertendorf (bij Naumburg)|Mertendorf]] * [[Milsina Superior]]<ref name="Rosenfeld II 1925"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hohenmölsen'')</small> * [[Möckern]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Molauer Land]] * [[Mons Celsus-Crusemarcha]]<ref name="Pertz XV I 1859"/><ref name="Riedel 1845 I V">Riedel, A. F. (Ed.) (1845). ''Codex diplomaticus Brandenburgensis: Sammlung der Urkunden, Chroniken und sonstigen Quellenschriften für die Geschichte der Mark Brandenburg und ihrer Regenten'' (Haupttheil I, Band 5). F. H. Morin.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hohenberg-Krusemark'')</small> * [[Möser]] * [[Mücheln (Geiseltal)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Muldestausee (Gemeente)]] {{div col end}} === N === {{div col|3}} *[[Naumburg (Saale)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Nebra (Unstrut)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Nemsdorf-Göhrendorf]] *[[Niedere Börde]] *[[Nienburg (Saale)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Nordharz]] {{div col end}} === O === {{div col|3}} * [[Oberharz am Brocken]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Obhausen]] * [[Oebisfelde-Weferlingen]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Oranienbaum-Wörlitz]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Oschersleben (Bode)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Oslebium]]<ref name="Riedel XXV 1862">Riedel, A. F. (1862). ''Codex Diplomaticus Brandenburgensis: Chronologisches Verzeichnis sämtlicher Urkunden, Statuten und Chroniken'' (Band XXV). F. H. Morin.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ausleben'')</small> * [[Osterburg (Altmark)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Osterfeld (bij Naumburg)|Osterfeld]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Ostergeulum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Egeln'')</small> * [[Osternienburger Land]] * [[Osterwieck]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> {{div col end}} === P === {{div col|3}} * [[Palatium Regium (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Palatium Regium]]<ref name="Sickel 1884">Sickel, T. (Ed.) (1884). ''Conradi I, Heinrici I et Ottonis I Diplomata''. In ''Monumenta Germaniae Historica'' (Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, Tomus I). Impensis Bibliopolae Hahniani.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kaiserpfalz'')</small> * [[Palus Magna]]<ref name="SS I III 1898">Sächsisches Staatsarchiv (1898). ''Codex Diplomaticus Saxoniae Regiae: Haupttheil I, Band 3. Urkunden der Markgrafen von Meißen und Landgrafen von Thüringen''. Giesecke & Devrient.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Am Großen Bruch'')</small> * [[Petersberg (Saalekreis)|Petersberg]] * [[Plötzkau]] * [[Prata Marchiae Antiquae]]<ref name="Riedel 1841"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Altmärkische Wische'')</small> {{div col end}} === Q === {{div col|3}} * [[Quedlinburg (stad)|Quedlinburg]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Quercetum (Antiqua Marchia)|Quercetum]]<ref name="Merian V 1650">Merian, M. (1650). ''Topographia Electoratus Brandenburgici et Ducatus Pomeraniae''. In ''Topographia Germaniae'' (Tomus V). Merian Editore.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eichstedt'')</small> * [[Querfurt]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> {{div col end}} === R === {{div col|3}} *[[Raguhn-Jeßnitz]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Rochau]] *[[Rogätz]] *[[Rohrberg (Altmark)|Rohrberg]] {{div col end}} === S === {{div col|3}} * [[Salinae Saxonicae]]<ref>Carolus Ludovicus Oesfeld, Topographische Beschreibung des Herzogthums Magdeburg und der Grafschaft Mansfeld, Berolini, anno 1780.</ref> <small>([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])</small> <small>(Theodisce et [[Saxonice]] ''Halle'')</small> * [[Salzatal]] * [[Salzwedel]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Sandau (Elbe)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Sandersdorf-Brehna]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Sangerhausen (stad)|Sangerhausen]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Schkopau]] * [[Schnaudertal]] * [[Schollene]] * [[Schönburg (Saale)|Schönburg]] * [[Schönebeck (Elbe)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Schönhausen (Elbe)]] * [[Schraplau]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Schwanebeck]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Seegebiet Mansfelder Land]] * [[Seehausen (Altmark)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Seeland (Saksen-Anhalt)|Seeland]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Selke-Aue]] * [[Smedeberga]]<ref name="SS I III 1898"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Schmiedeberg'')</small> * [[Sommersdorf (Landkreis Börde)|Sommersdorf]] * [[Stasfurtum]]<ref name="Israel & Möllenberg 1937">Israel, F., & Möllenberg, W. (Ed.) (1937). ''Urkundenbuch des Erzstifts Magdeburg'' (Band I). Selbstverlag der Historischen Kommission für die Provinz Sachsen und für Anhalt.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Staßfurt'')</small> * [[Steigra]] * [[Stendal (stad)|Stendal]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Stößen]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Südharz]] * [[Südliches Anhalt]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Sülzetal]] * [[Süplingen]] {{div col end}} === T === {{div col|3}} * [[Tangerhütte]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Tangermünde]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Terra Bordensis]]<ref name="Schmauss 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bördeland'')</small> * [[Terra Finnae]]<ref name="Pertz XV I 1859">Pertz, G. H. (Ed.) (1859). ''Annales Isenacenses. En Monumenta Germaniae Historica'' (Scriptorum Tomus XV, Pars I). Impensis Bibliopolii Aulici Hahniani.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Finneland'')</small> * [[Teuchern]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Teutschenthal]] * [[Thale]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Theotfurtum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016">Köbler, G. (2016). ''Alemán antiguo en la historia de los lugares de Alemania: Las fuentes documentales medievales''. Digitalis auctoris editio.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ditfurt'')</small> {{div col end}} === U === {{div col|3}} *[[Ummendorf (Börde)|Ummendorf]] {{div col end}} === V === {{div col|3}} * [[Vallis Cabelskensis]]<ref name="Kehr XXXVI 1899">Kehr, P. F. (Ed.) (1899). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Merseburg: Theil 1 (962–1357)''. In ''Geschichtsquellen der Provinz Sachsen und angrenzender Gebiete'' (Band XXXVI). Verlag von Otto Hendel.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kabelsketal'')</small> * [[Venatorius Saltus]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Harzgerode'')</small> * [[Via Cursoria]]<ref name="Schmauss 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''An der Poststraße'')</small> * [[Völpke]] {{div col end}} === W === {{div col|3}} *[[Wallhausen (Helme)|Wallhausen]] *[[Wallstawe]] *[[Wanzleben-Börde]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Wefensleben]] *[[Wegeleben]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Weißenfels (stad)|Weißenfels]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Werben (Elbe)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Wernigerode (stad)|Wernigerode]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Westheide]] *[[Wethau]] *[[Wetterzeube]] *[[Wettin-Löbejün]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Wimmelburg]] *[[Lutherstadt Wittenberg|Wittenberg]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Wolmirsleben]] *[[Wolmirstedt]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Wust-Fischbeck]] {{div col end}} === Z === {{div col|3}} *[[Zahna-Elster]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Zehrental]] *[[Zeitz]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Zerbst/Anhalt]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Zielitz]] *[[Zörbig]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> {{div col end}} ==Notae== <references /> [[Categoria: Saxonia et Anhaltium]] [[Categoria: Urbes Saxoniae-Anhaltini]] iwcwnb426neek7h078zn0tsreoa5mva 3972574 3972509 2026-07-17T20:33:07Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3972574 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in Saxony-Anhalt.svg|thumb|450px|Divisio [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] [[Saxonia et Anhaltium|Saxoniae et Anhaltii]] in communia urbesque, consociationes communium atque [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulos]].]] '''Index urbium atque communium in [[Saxonia et Anhaltium|Saxonia et Anhaltio]]''' urbes atque communia [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] [[Germania|Germanicae]] Saxoniae et Anhaltii complectitur. Is constat omnino ex * 218 urbibus et communibus sui iuris in administratione politica (status [[31 Decembris|pridie Kalendas Ianuarias]] anni [[2018]]). Quae ita distribuuntur: * 104 urbes ([[Theodisce]] ''Städte''), quarum: ** tres [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli urbani]] ([[Theodisce]] ''kreisfreie Städte''), inter quos [[Caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] [[Magdeburgum]]; ** 81 urbes ad nullam consociationem communium pertinentes seu communia unitaria ([[Theodisce]] ''verbandsgemeindefreie Städte'' seu ''Einheitsgemeinden''); ** viginti urbes in consociationibus communium ([[Theodisce]] ''Städte in Verbandsgemeinden'') constitutae; * 114 communia, quorum: ** viginti communia ad nullam consociationem communium pertinentia seu communia unitaria ([[Theodisce]] ''verbandsgemeindefreie Gemeinden'' seu ''Einheitsgemeinden''); ** 94 communia in 18 consociationibus communium ([[Theodisce]] ''Verbandsgemeinden'') constituta. === A === {{div col|3}} * [[Ahlsdorfium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730">Mencken, J. B. (1730). ''Scriptores rerum Germanicarum, praecipue Saxonicarum, in quibus scriptores aliquot rariotes nusquam adhuc editi'' (Tomus III). Ioannes Christianus Martinus.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ahlsdorf'')</small> * [[Alandum]]<ref name="Schmauss 1730">Schmauss, J. J. (1730). ''Corpus Juris Gentium Academicum: In quo potissimum seculi XV, XVI, XVII et hujus currentis pacificationes, foedera... continentur''. Ioannes Christianus Martinus.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Aland'')</small> * [[Albimontium (Harthici Montes)|Albimontium]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Blankenburg'')</small> * [[Albis-Pareia]]<ref name="Merian VII 1653">Merian, M. (1653). ''Topographia Archiepiscopatus Magdeburgensis et Ducatus Pomeraniae''. In ''Topographia Germaniae'' (Tomus VII). Merian Editore.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Elbe-Parey''; [[Saxonice]] ''Elve-Porey'')</small> * [[Altenhausenium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Altenhausen'')</small> * [[Altstadium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Allstedt'')</small> * [[Altum Bordium]]<ref name="Thal 1588"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hohe Börde'')</small> * [[Alvenslebianum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Alsleben'')</small> * [[Amoenaeburgum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Annaburg'')</small> * [[Angra (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Angra]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Angern'')</small> * [[Apenburgum-Winterfeldium]]<ref name="Schmauss 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Apenburg-Winterfeld'')</small> * [[Aquae Saxonicae]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Aken'')</small> * [[Aquilastenum]]<ref name="Krühne 1884">Krühne, M. (Ed.) (1884). ''Urkundenbuch der Klöster der Grafschaft Mansfeld''. Otto Hendel.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arnstein'')</small> * [[Arctopolis (Saxoniae et Anhaltium)|Arctopolis]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bernburg'')</small> * [[Arnburgum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arneburg'')</small> * [[Arnseo]]<ref name="Kurze 1895">Kurze, F. (Ed.) (1895). ''Annales Regni Francorum (741–829) qui dicuntur Annales Laurissenses Maiores et Einhardi''. Hahniani.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arendsee'')</small> * [[Ascaria]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Aschersleben''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ascherslebbe'')</small> * [[Aureus Torrens]]<ref name="Merian V 1650"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Goldbeck'')</small> {{div col end}} === B === {{div col|3}} * [[Balgstadium]]<ref name="Mencken 1728">Mencken, J. B. (1728). ''Scriptores rerum Germanicarum, praecipue Saxonicarum, in quibus scriptores aliquot rariotes nusquam adhuc editi'' (Tomus I). Ioannes Christianus Martinus.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Balgstädt'')</small> * [[Ballenstadium]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ballenstedt'')</small> * [[Barbium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barby'')</small> * [[Barlebium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barleben'')</small> * [[Barnstadium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barnstädt'')</small> * [[Beendorffium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beendorf'')</small> * [[Beetzendorfium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beetzendorf'')</small> * [[Bergae (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Bergae]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berga'')</small> * [[Bevera (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Bevera]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Bibra'')</small> * [[Bidrici]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Biederitz'')</small> * [[Bismarkium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bismark'')</small> * [[Bitterfeldia-Wolfna]]<ref name="Dicasterium 2008">Dicasterium de Divino Cultū: ''Notitiae: Commentarium ad nuntia de re liturgica edenda''. [[Civitas Vaticana|Civitate Vaticanā]]: Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis, 2008.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bitterfeld-Wolfen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bitterfeld-Wolfen'')</small> * [[Blankenhemium (Circulus terrae Mansfeldensis et Austroharthicus)|Blankenhemium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Blankenheim'')</small> * [[Boianvilla (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Boianvilla]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Benndorf'')</small> * [[Bonus Fons]]<ref name="Rosenfeld II 1925">Rosenfeld, F. (Ed.) (1925). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Naumburg: Teil 1 (967–1207). En Geschichtsquellen der Provinz Sachsen und angrenzender Gebiete'' (Band II). Urkunden-Regesten Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gutenborn'')</small> * [[Borda et Hacla]]<ref name="Heinemann II-III 1875-1883">Heinemann, O. von. (Ed.) (1875–1883). ''Codex Diplomaticus Anhaltinus'' (Band II-III). I. C. Schmidt.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Börde-Hakel'')</small> * [[Borda Fluvialis]]<ref name="Schmauss 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bördeaue'')</small> * [[Borstella]]<ref name="Israel & Möllenberg 1937"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Burgstall'')</small> * [[Bovinus Campus (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Bovinus Campus]]<ref name="Riedel XXIV 1863">Riedel, A. F. (Ed.) (1863). ''Codex diplomaticus Brandenburgensis: Sammlung der Urkunden, Chroniken und sonstigen Quellenschriften für die Geschichte der Mark Brandenburg und ihrer Regenten'' (Haupttheil A, Band XXIV). F. H. Morin.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kuhfelde'')</small> * [[Bruckenium-Hackpfuffelium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brücken-Hackpfüffel'')</small> * [[Brunstorpium et Bedra]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Braunsbedra'')</small> * [[Bulstringium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bülstringen'')</small> * [[Burgum (prope Magdeburgum)|Burgum]]<ref name="Israel & Möllenberg 1937"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Burg'')</small> {{div col end}} === C === {{div col|3}} * [[Calba ad Salam]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Calbe'')</small> * [[Calva ad Mildam]]<ref name="Riedel XXII 1862">Riedel, A. F. (Ed.) (1862). ''Codex diplomaticus Brandenburgensis: Sammlung der Urkunden, Chroniken und sonstigen Quellenschriften für die Geschichte der Mark Brandenburg und ihrer Regenten'' (Haupttheil A, Band XXII). F. H. Morin.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kalbe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Calwe'')</small> * [[Calvordium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Calvörde'')</small> * [[Camera (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Camera]]<ref name="Riedel II III 1846">Riedel, A. F. (Ed.) (1846). ''Codex diplomaticus Brandenburgensis: Sammlung der Urkunden, Chroniken und sonstigen Quellenschriften für die Geschichte der Mark Brandenburg und ihrer Regenten'' (Haupttheil II, Band 3). F. H. Morin.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Kamern'')</small> * [[Cameracum ad Albim]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Kemberg'')</small> * [[Caroli Villa (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Caroli Villa]]<ref name="Rosenfeld II 1925"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Karsdorf'')</small> * [[Chroziwa]]<ref name="Rosenfeld II 1925"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kretzschau'')</small> * [[Clitzium]]<ref name="Mülverstedt III 1876"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Klietz'')</small> * [[Cloetzium]]<ref name="Mülverstedt III 1876"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Klötze'')</small> * [[Colbicium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Colbitz'')</small> * [[Colles Marchiae Antiquae]]<ref name="Riedel 1841">Riedel, A. F. (1841). ''Codex Diplomaticus Brandenburgensis: Sammlung der Urkunden, Chroniken und sonstigen Quellenschriften für die Geschichte der Mark Brandenburg und ihrer Regenten'' (Haupttheil I, Band 1). F. H. Morin.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Altmärkische Höhe'')</small> * [[Coniri]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Könnern'')</small> * [[Coryletum (Antiqua Marchia)|Coryletum]]<ref name="Merian V 1650"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hassel'')</small> * [[Cosvigium (Anhaltium)|Cosvigium]]<ref name="Mencken 1728"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Coswig'')</small> * [[Cothena]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Köthen'')</small> * [[Croppenstadium]]<ref name="Schöttgen & Kreysig IV 1755"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kroppenstedt'')</small> {{div col end}} === D === {{div col|3}} * [[Daehrium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dähre'')</small> * [[Dessavia-Rozelauia]]<ref name="Egli 1893">Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.</ref> <small>([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])</small> <small>(Theodisce et [[Saxonice]] ''Dessau-Roßlau'')</small> * [[Droissiga]]<ref name="Schmauss 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Droyßig'')</small> * [[Durrenberga]]<ref name="SS 1882">Sächsisches Staatsarchiv I II (1882). ''Codex Diplomaticus Saxoniae Regiae: Haupttheil I, Band 2. Urkunden der Markgrafen von Meißen und Landgrafen von Thüringen'' (O. Posse, Ed.). Giesecke & Devrient.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Dürrenberg'')</small> {{div col end}} === E === {{div col|3}} * [[Eckartsberga]]<ref name="Gersdorf 1864">Gersdorf, E. G. (Ed.) (1864). ''Codex Diplomaticus Saxoniae Regiae: Haupttheil I, Band 1. Urkunden der Markgrafen von Meißen und Landgrafen von Thüringen''. Giesecke & Devrient.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eckartsberga'')</small> * [[Edrisleba]]<ref name="Ahlfeldt 2012">Ahlfeldt, J. (2012). ''Urkundenbuch der Reichsabtei Hersfeld: Band 1, Teil 1 (754–1000)''. Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Edersleben'')</small> * [[Eilsleba]]<ref name="Heinemann 1883">Heinemann, O. v. (Ed.) (1883). ''Codex diplomaticus Anhaltinus: Fünfter Band (1281–1300)''. Des certificationen und der canzlei Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eilsleben'')</small> * [[Elsteravium]]<ref name="Thal 1588">Thal, J. (1588). ''Sylva Hercynia: Sive Catalogus plantarum sponte nascentium in montibus et locis vicinis Hercyniae''. In ''Opera Botanica''. Apud Joannem Maior.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elsteraue'')</small> * [[Erxlebium (Circulus terrae Bordensis)|Erxlebium]]<ref name="Mülverstedt 1879">Mülverstedt, G. A. v. (Ed.) (1879). ''Codex diplomaticus Alvenslebianus: Urkunden-Sammlung zur Geschichte des Geschlechts von Alvensleben und seiner Besitzungen'' (Band I). E. Baensch jun.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Erxleben''; [[Saxonice]] ''Arxlä'')</small> {{div col end}} === F === {{div col|3}} * [[Falconis Petra (Harthici Montes)|Falconis Petra]]<ref name="Pertz XVI 1868">Pertz, G. H. (Ed.) (1868). ''Annales Magdeburgenses''. In ''Monumenta Germaniae Historica'' (Scriptorum Tomus XVI,). Impensis Bibliopolii Aulici Hahniani.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Falkenstein/Harz'')</small> * [[Filicetum (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Filicetum]]<ref name="Cellarius 1703">Cellarius, C. (1703). ''Notitia Orbis Antiqui, sive Geographia Plenior: Tomus Alter, Asiaticam et Africanam partem continens''. Apud Joannem Fredericum Gleditsch.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Farnstädt'')</small> * [[Finnium]]<ref name="Thal 1588"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Finne'')</small> * [[Fledetinga]]<ref name="Sickel IV 1893">Sickel, T. (Ed.) (1893). ''Conradi II Diplomata. En Monumenta Germaniae Historica'' (Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, Tomus IV). Impensis Bibliopolae Hahniani.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Flechtingen'')</small> * [[Fons (prope Islebiam)|Fons]]<ref name="SS I III 1898"/> <small>(prope [[Islebia]]m<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bornstedt '')</small> * [[Fons (prope Stasfurtum)|Fons]]<ref name="Heinemann II 1873">Heinemann, O. von. (Ed.) (1873). ''Codex Diplomaticus Anhaltinus: II. Band (1201–1300)''. I. C. Schmidt.</ref> <small>(prope [[Stasfurtum]]<ref name="Israel & Möllenberg 1937"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Borne'')</small> * [[Friburgum ad Windam]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Freyburg'')</small> {{div col end}} === G === {{div col|3}} * [[Gardelegia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gardelegen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Garlä'')</small> * [[Genthinum]]<ref name="Thal 1588"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Genthin'')</small> * [[Gerbstedium]]<ref name="Größler XX 1888">Größler, H. (Ed.) (1888). ''Urkundenbuch der Klöster der Grafschaft Mansfeld''. In ''Geschichtsquellen der Provinz Sachsen und angrenzender Gebiete'' (Band XX). Verlag von Otto Hendel.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gerbstedt'')</small> * [[Giersleba]]<ref name="Mülverstedt III 1876">Mülverstedt, G. A. v. (Ed.) (1876). ''Regesta Archiepiscopatus Magdeburgensis: Sammlung von Auszügen aus Urkunden und Chroniken zur Geschichte des Erzstifts und Herzogthums Magdeburg'' (Band III). Verlag von E. Baensch jun.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Giersleben'')</small> * [[Gleina]]<ref name="Schöttgen & Kreysig 1749">Schöttgen, C., & Kreysig, G. C. (Ed.) (1749). ''Diplomataria et Scriptores Historiae Germanicae Medii Aevi'' (Tomus III). Apud Johannem Christianum Martinum.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gleina'')</small> * [[Gozacha]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Goseck'')</small> * [[Groninga (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Groninga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gröningen'')</small> * [[Gumbra]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gommern'')</small> * [[Gustenum]]<ref name="Mülverstedt III 1876"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Güsten'')</small> {{div col end}} === H === {{div col|3}} * [[Hadisleba]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hedersleben'')</small> * [[Halberstadium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Halberstadt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Halwerstidde'')</small> * [[Haldenslebia]]<ref name="Zeiller 1694">Historia Sueviae (1694); auctore Martino Zeiller.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Haldensleben''; [[Saxonice]] ''Halslä'')</small> * [[Harbeccum]]<ref name="Pertz 1854">Pertz, G. H. (Ed.) (1854). ''Monumenta Germaniae Historica (Scriptorum Tomus XI)''. Impensis Bibliopolii Aulici Hahniani.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Harbke'')</small> * [[Harsleba]]<ref name="Schmidt 1883">Schmidt, G. (Ed.) (1883). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Halberstadt und seiner Bischöfe'' (Theil I). Verlag von S. Hirzel.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Harsleben''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harschlew'')</small> * [[Havelberga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Havelberg'')</small> * [[Heccinstada]]<ref name="Sickel 1888">Sickel, T. (Ed.) (1888). ''Heinrici III. Diplomata''. In ''Monumenta Germaniae Historica'' (Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, Tomus V). Impensis Bibliopolae Hahniani.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hettstedt'')</small> * [[Hecklinga]]<ref name="Heinemann 1873"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hecklingen'')</small> * [[Helbra]]<ref name="Größler XX 1888"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Helbra'')</small> * [[Hercinia Septentrionalis]]<ref name="Thal 1588"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Nordharz'')</small> * [[Herigisvilla]]<ref name="Größler XX 1888"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hergisdorf'')</small> * [[Hotensleba]]<ref name="Schmidt 1883"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hötensleben'')</small> * [[Huius (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Huius]]<ref name="Breslau 1907 VI I">Breslau, H. (Ed.) (1907). ''Heinrici IV. Diplomata. En Monumenta Germaniae Historica'' (Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, Tomus VI, Pars I). Impensis Bibliopolae Hahniani.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Huy'')</small> {{div col end}} === I === {{div col|3}} * [[Idenium]]<ref name="Merian V 1650"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Iden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Igen'')</small> * [[Ilberstadium]]<ref name="Schöttgen & Kreysig IV 1755">Schöttgen, C., & Kreysig, G. C. (Ed.) (1755). ''Diplomataria et Scriptores Historiae Germanicae Medii Aevi'' (Tomus IV). Apud Johannem Christianum Martinum.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ilberstedt'')</small> * [[Ilsineburgum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ilsenburg'')</small> * [[Indago Comitis]]<ref name="Stieler 1683">Stieler, Casparo; ''Epithetorum selectorum brevissima delineatio''. Ienae: Typis Johannis Wertheri, 1683.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gräfenhainichen'')</small> * [[Inferius Bordium]]<ref name="Thal 1588"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Niedere Börde'')</small> * [[Ingerslebium]]<ref name="Kaufmann & Schilling III 2014">Kaufmann, T., & Schilling, J. (Ed.) (2014). ''Epistulae Theologorum ad Melanchthonem et alios directae'' (Vol. III). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ingersleben'')</small> * [[Insula Sanctae Mariae]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913?p=249&cq=Ludwigshafen%20u.a.&lang=en ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit // 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diesdorf'')</small> * [[Ierichowa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jerichow'')</small> * [[Iessena]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jessen'')</small> * [[Islebia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lutherstadt Eisleben''; etiam [[Saxonice]] ''Isleven'' seu ''Iesleven'')</small> *[[Iubaerium]]<ref name="Bekmann II 1751">Bekmann, J. C. (1751). ''Historische Beschreibung der Chur und Mark Brandenburg'' (Band II). Voß Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jübar'')</small> {{div col end}} === K === {{div col|3}} * [[Kelvera]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kelbra'')</small> {{div col end}} === L === {{div col|3}} * [[Lacus Moldae]]<ref name="Schöttgen & Kreysig IV 1755"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Muldestausee'')</small> * [[Laucha ad Unstrutum]]<ref name="Schöttgen & Kreysig IV 1755"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Laucha an der Unstrut'')</small> * [[Lauchstadium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Lauchstädt'')</small> * [[Leuna]]<ref name="Sickel 1884"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leuna'')</small> * [[Lucena (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Lucena]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lützen'')</small> * [[Luciza et Henricomontium]]<ref name="Schöttgen & Kreysig IV 1755"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Loitsche-Heinrichsberg'')</small> {{div col end}} === M === {{div col|3}} * [[Magdeburgum]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Magdeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Meideborg'' seu ''Madeborg'')</small> * [[Magna Quensteda]]<ref name="Heinemann 1873">Heinemann, O. v. (Ed.) (1873). ''Codex diplomaticus Anhaltinus: Erster Band (936–1212)''. Des certificationen und der canzlei Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Quenstedt'')</small> * [[Mansfelda]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Mansfeld'')</small> * [[Mansfeldia Monastica]]<ref name="Mülverstedt III 1876"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Klostermansfeld'')</small> * [[Martini Villa]]<ref name="Rosenfeld II 1925"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Mertendorf'')</small> * [[Megara (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Megara]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Möckern'')</small> * [[Meinewehium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Meineweh'')</small> * [[Merseburga]]<ref name="Kehr XXXVI 1899"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Merseburg'')</small> * [[Milsina Superior]]<ref name="Rosenfeld II 1925"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hohenmölsen'')</small> * [[Mons Celsus-Crusemarcha]]<ref name="Pertz XV I 1859"/><ref name="Riedel 1845 I V">Riedel, A. F. (Ed.) (1845). ''Codex diplomaticus Brandenburgensis: Sammlung der Urkunden, Chroniken und sonstigen Quellenschriften für die Geschichte der Mark Brandenburg und ihrer Regenten'' (Haupttheil I, Band 5). F. H. Morin.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hohenberg-Krusemark'')</small> * [[Moeserium]]<ref name="Schöttgen & Kreysig IV 1755"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Möser'')</small> * [[Muchilanta]]<ref name="Kehr XXXVI 1899"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Mücheln'')</small> {{div col end}} === N === {{div col|3}} * [[Nandisvilla et Gorendorfium]]<ref name="Schöttgen & Kreysig IV 1755"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Nemsdorf-Göhrendorf'')</small> * [[Naumburgum ad Salam]]<ref name="Schöttgen & Kreysig IV 1755"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Naumburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Naumborg'')</small> * [[Neviri villa|Neviri Villa]]<ref>"(...)''das 876 erstmals erwähnte Nebra, zunächst "''villa Neuiri''", später "''Nebure''" (1150) und "''Neberi''" (1323) genannt" [http://www.arge-ndg.de/tagbd/ndg_73_halle_2006.pdf Fons].</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Nebra'')</small> * [[Nova Urbs (ad Salam)|Nova Urbs]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Nienburg'')</small> {{div col end}} === O === {{div col|3}} * [[Oberharz am Brocken]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Obhausen]] * [[Oebisfelde-Weferlingen]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Oranienbaum-Wörlitz]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Oschersleben (Bode)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Oslebium]]<ref name="Riedel XXV 1862">Riedel, A. F. (1862). ''Codex Diplomaticus Brandenburgensis: Chronologisches Verzeichnis sämtlicher Urkunden, Statuten und Chroniken'' (Band XXV). F. H. Morin.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ausleben'')</small> * [[Osterburg (Altmark)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Osterfeld (bij Naumburg)|Osterfeld]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Ostergeulum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Egeln'')</small> * [[Osternienburger Land]] * [[Osterwieck]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> {{div col end}} === P === {{div col|3}} * [[Palatium Regium (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Palatium Regium]]<ref name="Sickel 1884">Sickel, T. (Ed.) (1884). ''Conradi I, Heinrici I et Ottonis I Diplomata''. In ''Monumenta Germaniae Historica'' (Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, Tomus I). Impensis Bibliopolae Hahniani.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kaiserpfalz'')</small> * [[Palus Magna]]<ref name="SS I III 1898">Sächsisches Staatsarchiv (1898). ''Codex Diplomaticus Saxoniae Regiae: Haupttheil I, Band 3. Urkunden der Markgrafen von Meißen und Landgrafen von Thüringen''. Giesecke & Devrient.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Am Großen Bruch'')</small> * [[Petersberg (Saalekreis)|Petersberg]] * [[Plötzkau]] * [[Prata Marchiae Antiquae]]<ref name="Riedel 1841"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Altmärkische Wische'')</small> {{div col end}} === Q === {{div col|3}} * [[Quedlinburg (stad)|Quedlinburg]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Quercetum (Antiqua Marchia)|Quercetum]]<ref name="Merian V 1650">Merian, M. (1650). ''Topographia Electoratus Brandenburgici et Ducatus Pomeraniae''. In ''Topographia Germaniae'' (Tomus V). Merian Editore.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eichstedt'')</small> * [[Querfurt]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> {{div col end}} === R === {{div col|3}} *[[Raguhn-Jeßnitz]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Rochau]] *[[Rogätz]] *[[Rohrberg (Altmark)|Rohrberg]] {{div col end}} === S === {{div col|3}} * [[Salinae Saxonicae]]<ref>Carolus Ludovicus Oesfeld, Topographische Beschreibung des Herzogthums Magdeburg und der Grafschaft Mansfeld, Berolini, anno 1780.</ref> <small>([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])</small> <small>(Theodisce et [[Saxonice]] ''Halle'')</small> * [[Salzatal]] * [[Salzwedel]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Sandau (Elbe)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Sandersdorf-Brehna]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Sangerhausen (stad)|Sangerhausen]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Schkopau]] * [[Schnaudertal]] * [[Schollene]] * [[Schönburg (Saale)|Schönburg]] * [[Schönebeck (Elbe)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Schönhausen (Elbe)]] * [[Schraplau]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Schwanebeck]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Seegebiet Mansfelder Land]] * [[Seehausen (Altmark)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Seeland (Saksen-Anhalt)|Seeland]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Selke-Aue]] * [[Smedeberga]]<ref name="SS I III 1898"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Schmiedeberg'')</small> * [[Sommersdorf (Landkreis Börde)|Sommersdorf]] * [[Stasfurtum]]<ref name="Israel & Möllenberg 1937">Israel, F., & Möllenberg, W. (Ed.) (1937). ''Urkundenbuch des Erzstifts Magdeburg'' (Band I). Selbstverlag der Historischen Kommission für die Provinz Sachsen und für Anhalt.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Staßfurt'')</small> * [[Steigra]] * [[Stendal (stad)|Stendal]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Stößen]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Südharz]] * [[Südliches Anhalt]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Sülzetal]] * [[Süplingen]] {{div col end}} === T === {{div col|3}} * [[Tangerhütte]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Tangermünde]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Terra Bordensis]]<ref name="Schmauss 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bördeland'')</small> * [[Terra Finnae]]<ref name="Pertz XV I 1859">Pertz, G. H. (Ed.) (1859). ''Annales Isenacenses. En Monumenta Germaniae Historica'' (Scriptorum Tomus XV, Pars I). Impensis Bibliopolii Aulici Hahniani.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Finneland'')</small> * [[Terra Molae]]<ref name="Rosenfeld II 1925"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Molauer Land'')</small> * [[Territorii Mons (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Territorii Mons]]<ref name="Schöttgen & Kreysig IV 1755"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Landsberg'')</small> * [[Teuchern]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Teutschenthal]] * [[Thale]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Theotfurtum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016">Köbler, G. (2016). ''Alemán antiguo en la historia de los lugares de Alemania: Las fuentes documentales medievales''. Digitalis auctoris editio.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ditfurt'')</small> {{div col end}} === U === {{div col|3}} *[[Ummendorf (Börde)|Ummendorf]] {{div col end}} === V === {{div col|3}} * [[Vallis Cabelskensis]]<ref name="Kehr XXXVI 1899">Kehr, P. F. (Ed.) (1899). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Merseburg: Theil 1 (962–1357)''. In ''Geschichtsquellen der Provinz Sachsen und angrenzender Gebiete'' (Band XXXVI). Verlag von Otto Hendel.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kabelsketal'')</small> * [[Vallis Lanicensis et Hasselae]]<ref name="Rosenfeld II 1925"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lanitz-Hassel-Tal'')</small> * [[Venatorius Saltus]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Harzgerode'')</small> * [[Via Cursoria]]<ref name="Schmauss 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''An der Poststraße'')</small> * [[Völpke]] {{div col end}} === W === {{div col|3}} *[[Wallhausen (Helme)|Wallhausen]] *[[Wallstawe]] *[[Wanzleben-Börde]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Wefensleben]] *[[Wegeleben]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Weißenfels (stad)|Weißenfels]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Werben (Elbe)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Wernigerode (stad)|Wernigerode]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Westheide]] *[[Wethau]] *[[Wetterzeube]] *[[Wettin-Löbejün]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Wimmelburg]] *[[Lutherstadt Wittenberg|Wittenberg]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Wolmirsleben]] *[[Wolmirstedt]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Wust-Fischbeck]] {{div col end}} === Z === {{div col|3}} *[[Zahna-Elster]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Zehrental]] *[[Zeitz]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Zerbst/Anhalt]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Zielitz]] *[[Zörbig]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> {{div col end}} ==Notae== <references /> [[Categoria: Saxonia et Anhaltium]] [[Categoria: Urbes Saxoniae-Anhaltini]] oe0bl4bqt9h11gflw9utnz79bhtckih 3972575 3972574 2026-07-17T20:34:48Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 /* I */ 3972575 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in Saxony-Anhalt.svg|thumb|450px|Divisio [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] [[Saxonia et Anhaltium|Saxoniae et Anhaltii]] in communia urbesque, consociationes communium atque [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulos]].]] '''Index urbium atque communium in [[Saxonia et Anhaltium|Saxonia et Anhaltio]]''' urbes atque communia [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] [[Germania|Germanicae]] Saxoniae et Anhaltii complectitur. Is constat omnino ex * 218 urbibus et communibus sui iuris in administratione politica (status [[31 Decembris|pridie Kalendas Ianuarias]] anni [[2018]]). Quae ita distribuuntur: * 104 urbes ([[Theodisce]] ''Städte''), quarum: ** tres [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli urbani]] ([[Theodisce]] ''kreisfreie Städte''), inter quos [[Caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] [[Magdeburgum]]; ** 81 urbes ad nullam consociationem communium pertinentes seu communia unitaria ([[Theodisce]] ''verbandsgemeindefreie Städte'' seu ''Einheitsgemeinden''); ** viginti urbes in consociationibus communium ([[Theodisce]] ''Städte in Verbandsgemeinden'') constitutae; * 114 communia, quorum: ** viginti communia ad nullam consociationem communium pertinentia seu communia unitaria ([[Theodisce]] ''verbandsgemeindefreie Gemeinden'' seu ''Einheitsgemeinden''); ** 94 communia in 18 consociationibus communium ([[Theodisce]] ''Verbandsgemeinden'') constituta. === A === {{div col|3}} * [[Ahlsdorfium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730">Mencken, J. B. (1730). ''Scriptores rerum Germanicarum, praecipue Saxonicarum, in quibus scriptores aliquot rariotes nusquam adhuc editi'' (Tomus III). Ioannes Christianus Martinus.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ahlsdorf'')</small> * [[Alandum]]<ref name="Schmauss 1730">Schmauss, J. J. (1730). ''Corpus Juris Gentium Academicum: In quo potissimum seculi XV, XVI, XVII et hujus currentis pacificationes, foedera... continentur''. Ioannes Christianus Martinus.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Aland'')</small> * [[Albimontium (Harthici Montes)|Albimontium]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Blankenburg'')</small> * [[Albis-Pareia]]<ref name="Merian VII 1653">Merian, M. (1653). ''Topographia Archiepiscopatus Magdeburgensis et Ducatus Pomeraniae''. In ''Topographia Germaniae'' (Tomus VII). Merian Editore.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Elbe-Parey''; [[Saxonice]] ''Elve-Porey'')</small> * [[Altenhausenium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Altenhausen'')</small> * [[Altstadium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Allstedt'')</small> * [[Altum Bordium]]<ref name="Thal 1588"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hohe Börde'')</small> * [[Alvenslebianum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Alsleben'')</small> * [[Amoenaeburgum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Annaburg'')</small> * [[Angra (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Angra]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Angern'')</small> * [[Apenburgum-Winterfeldium]]<ref name="Schmauss 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Apenburg-Winterfeld'')</small> * [[Aquae Saxonicae]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Aken'')</small> * [[Aquilastenum]]<ref name="Krühne 1884">Krühne, M. (Ed.) (1884). ''Urkundenbuch der Klöster der Grafschaft Mansfeld''. Otto Hendel.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arnstein'')</small> * [[Arctopolis (Saxoniae et Anhaltium)|Arctopolis]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bernburg'')</small> * [[Arnburgum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arneburg'')</small> * [[Arnseo]]<ref name="Kurze 1895">Kurze, F. (Ed.) (1895). ''Annales Regni Francorum (741–829) qui dicuntur Annales Laurissenses Maiores et Einhardi''. Hahniani.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arendsee'')</small> * [[Ascaria]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Aschersleben''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ascherslebbe'')</small> * [[Aureus Torrens]]<ref name="Merian V 1650"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Goldbeck'')</small> {{div col end}} === B === {{div col|3}} * [[Balgstadium]]<ref name="Mencken 1728">Mencken, J. B. (1728). ''Scriptores rerum Germanicarum, praecipue Saxonicarum, in quibus scriptores aliquot rariotes nusquam adhuc editi'' (Tomus I). Ioannes Christianus Martinus.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Balgstädt'')</small> * [[Ballenstadium]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ballenstedt'')</small> * [[Barbium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barby'')</small> * [[Barlebium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barleben'')</small> * [[Barnstadium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barnstädt'')</small> * [[Beendorffium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beendorf'')</small> * [[Beetzendorfium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beetzendorf'')</small> * [[Bergae (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Bergae]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berga'')</small> * [[Bevera (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Bevera]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Bibra'')</small> * [[Bidrici]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Biederitz'')</small> * [[Bismarkium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bismark'')</small> * [[Bitterfeldia-Wolfna]]<ref name="Dicasterium 2008">Dicasterium de Divino Cultū: ''Notitiae: Commentarium ad nuntia de re liturgica edenda''. [[Civitas Vaticana|Civitate Vaticanā]]: Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis, 2008.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bitterfeld-Wolfen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bitterfeld-Wolfen'')</small> * [[Blankenhemium (Circulus terrae Mansfeldensis et Austroharthicus)|Blankenhemium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Blankenheim'')</small> * [[Boianvilla (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Boianvilla]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Benndorf'')</small> * [[Bonus Fons]]<ref name="Rosenfeld II 1925">Rosenfeld, F. (Ed.) (1925). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Naumburg: Teil 1 (967–1207). En Geschichtsquellen der Provinz Sachsen und angrenzender Gebiete'' (Band II). Urkunden-Regesten Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gutenborn'')</small> * [[Borda et Hacla]]<ref name="Heinemann II-III 1875-1883">Heinemann, O. von. (Ed.) (1875–1883). ''Codex Diplomaticus Anhaltinus'' (Band II-III). I. C. Schmidt.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Börde-Hakel'')</small> * [[Borda Fluvialis]]<ref name="Schmauss 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bördeaue'')</small> * [[Borstella]]<ref name="Israel & Möllenberg 1937"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Burgstall'')</small> * [[Bovinus Campus (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Bovinus Campus]]<ref name="Riedel XXIV 1863">Riedel, A. F. (Ed.) (1863). ''Codex diplomaticus Brandenburgensis: Sammlung der Urkunden, Chroniken und sonstigen Quellenschriften für die Geschichte der Mark Brandenburg und ihrer Regenten'' (Haupttheil A, Band XXIV). F. H. Morin.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kuhfelde'')</small> * [[Bruckenium-Hackpfuffelium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brücken-Hackpfüffel'')</small> * [[Brunstorpium et Bedra]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Braunsbedra'')</small> * [[Bulstringium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bülstringen'')</small> * [[Burgum (prope Magdeburgum)|Burgum]]<ref name="Israel & Möllenberg 1937"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Burg'')</small> {{div col end}} === C === {{div col|3}} * [[Calba ad Salam]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Calbe'')</small> * [[Calva ad Mildam]]<ref name="Riedel XXII 1862">Riedel, A. F. (Ed.) (1862). ''Codex diplomaticus Brandenburgensis: Sammlung der Urkunden, Chroniken und sonstigen Quellenschriften für die Geschichte der Mark Brandenburg und ihrer Regenten'' (Haupttheil A, Band XXII). F. H. Morin.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kalbe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Calwe'')</small> * [[Calvordium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Calvörde'')</small> * [[Camera (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Camera]]<ref name="Riedel II III 1846">Riedel, A. F. (Ed.) (1846). ''Codex diplomaticus Brandenburgensis: Sammlung der Urkunden, Chroniken und sonstigen Quellenschriften für die Geschichte der Mark Brandenburg und ihrer Regenten'' (Haupttheil II, Band 3). F. H. Morin.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Kamern'')</small> * [[Cameracum ad Albim]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Kemberg'')</small> * [[Caroli Villa (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Caroli Villa]]<ref name="Rosenfeld II 1925"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Karsdorf'')</small> * [[Chroziwa]]<ref name="Rosenfeld II 1925"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kretzschau'')</small> * [[Clitzium]]<ref name="Mülverstedt III 1876"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Klietz'')</small> * [[Cloetzium]]<ref name="Mülverstedt III 1876"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Klötze'')</small> * [[Colbicium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Colbitz'')</small> * [[Colles Marchiae Antiquae]]<ref name="Riedel 1841">Riedel, A. F. (1841). ''Codex Diplomaticus Brandenburgensis: Sammlung der Urkunden, Chroniken und sonstigen Quellenschriften für die Geschichte der Mark Brandenburg und ihrer Regenten'' (Haupttheil I, Band 1). F. H. Morin.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Altmärkische Höhe'')</small> * [[Coniri]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Könnern'')</small> * [[Coryletum (Antiqua Marchia)|Coryletum]]<ref name="Merian V 1650"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hassel'')</small> * [[Cosvigium (Anhaltium)|Cosvigium]]<ref name="Mencken 1728"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Coswig'')</small> * [[Cothena]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Köthen'')</small> * [[Croppenstadium]]<ref name="Schöttgen & Kreysig IV 1755"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kroppenstedt'')</small> {{div col end}} === D === {{div col|3}} * [[Daehrium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dähre'')</small> * [[Dessavia-Rozelauia]]<ref name="Egli 1893">Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.</ref> <small>([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])</small> <small>(Theodisce et [[Saxonice]] ''Dessau-Roßlau'')</small> * [[Droissiga]]<ref name="Schmauss 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Droyßig'')</small> * [[Durrenberga]]<ref name="SS 1882">Sächsisches Staatsarchiv I II (1882). ''Codex Diplomaticus Saxoniae Regiae: Haupttheil I, Band 2. Urkunden der Markgrafen von Meißen und Landgrafen von Thüringen'' (O. Posse, Ed.). Giesecke & Devrient.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Dürrenberg'')</small> {{div col end}} === E === {{div col|3}} * [[Eckartsberga]]<ref name="Gersdorf 1864">Gersdorf, E. G. (Ed.) (1864). ''Codex Diplomaticus Saxoniae Regiae: Haupttheil I, Band 1. Urkunden der Markgrafen von Meißen und Landgrafen von Thüringen''. Giesecke & Devrient.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eckartsberga'')</small> * [[Edrisleba]]<ref name="Ahlfeldt 2012">Ahlfeldt, J. (2012). ''Urkundenbuch der Reichsabtei Hersfeld: Band 1, Teil 1 (754–1000)''. Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Edersleben'')</small> * [[Eilsleba]]<ref name="Heinemann 1883">Heinemann, O. v. (Ed.) (1883). ''Codex diplomaticus Anhaltinus: Fünfter Band (1281–1300)''. Des certificationen und der canzlei Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eilsleben'')</small> * [[Elsteravium]]<ref name="Thal 1588">Thal, J. (1588). ''Sylva Hercynia: Sive Catalogus plantarum sponte nascentium in montibus et locis vicinis Hercyniae''. In ''Opera Botanica''. Apud Joannem Maior.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elsteraue'')</small> * [[Erxlebium (Circulus terrae Bordensis)|Erxlebium]]<ref name="Mülverstedt 1879">Mülverstedt, G. A. v. (Ed.) (1879). ''Codex diplomaticus Alvenslebianus: Urkunden-Sammlung zur Geschichte des Geschlechts von Alvensleben und seiner Besitzungen'' (Band I). E. Baensch jun.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Erxleben''; [[Saxonice]] ''Arxlä'')</small> {{div col end}} === F === {{div col|3}} * [[Falconis Petra (Harthici Montes)|Falconis Petra]]<ref name="Pertz XVI 1868">Pertz, G. H. (Ed.) (1868). ''Annales Magdeburgenses''. In ''Monumenta Germaniae Historica'' (Scriptorum Tomus XVI,). Impensis Bibliopolii Aulici Hahniani.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Falkenstein/Harz'')</small> * [[Filicetum (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Filicetum]]<ref name="Cellarius 1703">Cellarius, C. (1703). ''Notitia Orbis Antiqui, sive Geographia Plenior: Tomus Alter, Asiaticam et Africanam partem continens''. Apud Joannem Fredericum Gleditsch.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Farnstädt'')</small> * [[Finnium]]<ref name="Thal 1588"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Finne'')</small> * [[Fledetinga]]<ref name="Sickel IV 1893">Sickel, T. (Ed.) (1893). ''Conradi II Diplomata. En Monumenta Germaniae Historica'' (Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, Tomus IV). Impensis Bibliopolae Hahniani.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Flechtingen'')</small> * [[Fons (prope Islebiam)|Fons]]<ref name="SS I III 1898"/> <small>(prope [[Islebia]]m<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bornstedt '')</small> * [[Fons (prope Stasfurtum)|Fons]]<ref name="Heinemann II 1873">Heinemann, O. von. (Ed.) (1873). ''Codex Diplomaticus Anhaltinus: II. Band (1201–1300)''. I. C. Schmidt.</ref> <small>(prope [[Stasfurtum]]<ref name="Israel & Möllenberg 1937"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Borne'')</small> * [[Friburgum ad Windam]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Freyburg'')</small> {{div col end}} === G === {{div col|3}} * [[Gardelegia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gardelegen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Garlä'')</small> * [[Genthinum]]<ref name="Thal 1588"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Genthin'')</small> * [[Gerbstedium]]<ref name="Größler XX 1888">Größler, H. (Ed.) (1888). ''Urkundenbuch der Klöster der Grafschaft Mansfeld''. In ''Geschichtsquellen der Provinz Sachsen und angrenzender Gebiete'' (Band XX). Verlag von Otto Hendel.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gerbstedt'')</small> * [[Giersleba]]<ref name="Mülverstedt III 1876">Mülverstedt, G. A. v. (Ed.) (1876). ''Regesta Archiepiscopatus Magdeburgensis: Sammlung von Auszügen aus Urkunden und Chroniken zur Geschichte des Erzstifts und Herzogthums Magdeburg'' (Band III). Verlag von E. Baensch jun.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Giersleben'')</small> * [[Gleina]]<ref name="Schöttgen & Kreysig 1749">Schöttgen, C., & Kreysig, G. C. (Ed.) (1749). ''Diplomataria et Scriptores Historiae Germanicae Medii Aevi'' (Tomus III). Apud Johannem Christianum Martinum.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gleina'')</small> * [[Gozacha]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Goseck'')</small> * [[Groninga (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Groninga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gröningen'')</small> * [[Gumbra]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gommern'')</small> * [[Gustenum]]<ref name="Mülverstedt III 1876"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Güsten'')</small> {{div col end}} === H === {{div col|3}} * [[Hadisleba]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hedersleben'')</small> * [[Halberstadium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Halberstadt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Halwerstidde'')</small> * [[Haldenslebia]]<ref name="Zeiller 1694">Historia Sueviae (1694); auctore Martino Zeiller.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Haldensleben''; [[Saxonice]] ''Halslä'')</small> * [[Harbeccum]]<ref name="Pertz 1854">Pertz, G. H. (Ed.) (1854). ''Monumenta Germaniae Historica (Scriptorum Tomus XI)''. Impensis Bibliopolii Aulici Hahniani.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Harbke'')</small> * [[Harsleba]]<ref name="Schmidt 1883">Schmidt, G. (Ed.) (1883). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Halberstadt und seiner Bischöfe'' (Theil I). Verlag von S. Hirzel.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Harsleben''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harschlew'')</small> * [[Havelberga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Havelberg'')</small> * [[Heccinstada]]<ref name="Sickel 1888">Sickel, T. (Ed.) (1888). ''Heinrici III. Diplomata''. In ''Monumenta Germaniae Historica'' (Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, Tomus V). Impensis Bibliopolae Hahniani.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hettstedt'')</small> * [[Hecklinga]]<ref name="Heinemann 1873"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hecklingen'')</small> * [[Helbra]]<ref name="Größler XX 1888"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Helbra'')</small> * [[Hercinia Septentrionalis]]<ref name="Thal 1588"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Nordharz'')</small> * [[Herigisvilla]]<ref name="Größler XX 1888"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hergisdorf'')</small> * [[Hotensleba]]<ref name="Schmidt 1883"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hötensleben'')</small> * [[Huius (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Huius]]<ref name="Breslau 1907 VI I">Breslau, H. (Ed.) (1907). ''Heinrici IV. Diplomata. En Monumenta Germaniae Historica'' (Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, Tomus VI, Pars I). Impensis Bibliopolae Hahniani.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Huy'')</small> {{div col end}} === I === {{div col|3}} * [[Idenium]]<ref name="Merian V 1650"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Iden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Igen'')</small> * [[Ierichowa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jerichow'')</small> * [[Iessena]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jessen'')</small> * [[Ilberstadium]]<ref name="Schöttgen & Kreysig IV 1755">Schöttgen, C., & Kreysig, G. C. (Ed.) (1755). ''Diplomataria et Scriptores Historiae Germanicae Medii Aevi'' (Tomus IV). Apud Johannem Christianum Martinum.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ilberstedt'')</small> * [[Ilsineburgum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ilsenburg'')</small> * [[Indago Comitis]]<ref name="Stieler 1683">Stieler, Casparo; ''Epithetorum selectorum brevissima delineatio''. Ienae: Typis Johannis Wertheri, 1683.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gräfenhainichen'')</small> * [[Inferius Bordium]]<ref name="Thal 1588"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Niedere Börde'')</small> * [[Ingerslebium]]<ref name="Kaufmann & Schilling III 2014">Kaufmann, T., & Schilling, J. (Ed.) (2014). ''Epistulae Theologorum ad Melanchthonem et alios directae'' (Vol. III). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ingersleben'')</small> * [[Insula Sanctae Mariae]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913?p=249&cq=Ludwigshafen%20u.a.&lang=en ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit // 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diesdorf'')</small> * [[Islebia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lutherstadt Eisleben''; etiam [[Saxonice]] ''Isleven'' seu ''Iesleven'')</small> *[[Iubaerium]]<ref name="Bekmann II 1751">Bekmann, J. C. (1751). ''Historische Beschreibung der Chur und Mark Brandenburg'' (Band II). Voß Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jübar'')</small> {{div col end}} === K === {{div col|3}} * [[Kelvera]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kelbra'')</small> {{div col end}} === L === {{div col|3}} * [[Lacus Moldae]]<ref name="Schöttgen & Kreysig IV 1755"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Muldestausee'')</small> * [[Laucha ad Unstrutum]]<ref name="Schöttgen & Kreysig IV 1755"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Laucha an der Unstrut'')</small> * [[Lauchstadium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Lauchstädt'')</small> * [[Leuna]]<ref name="Sickel 1884"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leuna'')</small> * [[Lucena (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Lucena]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lützen'')</small> * [[Luciza et Henricomontium]]<ref name="Schöttgen & Kreysig IV 1755"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Loitsche-Heinrichsberg'')</small> {{div col end}} === M === {{div col|3}} * [[Magdeburgum]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Magdeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Meideborg'' seu ''Madeborg'')</small> * [[Magna Quensteda]]<ref name="Heinemann 1873">Heinemann, O. v. (Ed.) (1873). ''Codex diplomaticus Anhaltinus: Erster Band (936–1212)''. Des certificationen und der canzlei Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Quenstedt'')</small> * [[Mansfelda]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Mansfeld'')</small> * [[Mansfeldia Monastica]]<ref name="Mülverstedt III 1876"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Klostermansfeld'')</small> * [[Martini Villa]]<ref name="Rosenfeld II 1925"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Mertendorf'')</small> * [[Megara (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Megara]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Möckern'')</small> * [[Meinewehium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Meineweh'')</small> * [[Merseburga]]<ref name="Kehr XXXVI 1899"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Merseburg'')</small> * [[Milsina Superior]]<ref name="Rosenfeld II 1925"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hohenmölsen'')</small> * [[Mons Celsus-Crusemarcha]]<ref name="Pertz XV I 1859"/><ref name="Riedel 1845 I V">Riedel, A. F. (Ed.) (1845). ''Codex diplomaticus Brandenburgensis: Sammlung der Urkunden, Chroniken und sonstigen Quellenschriften für die Geschichte der Mark Brandenburg und ihrer Regenten'' (Haupttheil I, Band 5). F. H. Morin.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hohenberg-Krusemark'')</small> * [[Moeserium]]<ref name="Schöttgen & Kreysig IV 1755"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Möser'')</small> * [[Muchilanta]]<ref name="Kehr XXXVI 1899"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Mücheln'')</small> {{div col end}} === N === {{div col|3}} * [[Nandisvilla et Gorendorfium]]<ref name="Schöttgen & Kreysig IV 1755"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Nemsdorf-Göhrendorf'')</small> * [[Naumburgum ad Salam]]<ref name="Schöttgen & Kreysig IV 1755"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Naumburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Naumborg'')</small> * [[Neviri villa|Neviri Villa]]<ref>"(...)''das 876 erstmals erwähnte Nebra, zunächst "''villa Neuiri''", später "''Nebure''" (1150) und "''Neberi''" (1323) genannt" [http://www.arge-ndg.de/tagbd/ndg_73_halle_2006.pdf Fons].</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Nebra'')</small> * [[Nova Urbs (ad Salam)|Nova Urbs]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Nienburg'')</small> {{div col end}} === O === {{div col|3}} * [[Oberharz am Brocken]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Obhausen]] * [[Oebisfelde-Weferlingen]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Oranienbaum-Wörlitz]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Oschersleben (Bode)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Oslebium]]<ref name="Riedel XXV 1862">Riedel, A. F. (1862). ''Codex Diplomaticus Brandenburgensis: Chronologisches Verzeichnis sämtlicher Urkunden, Statuten und Chroniken'' (Band XXV). F. H. Morin.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ausleben'')</small> * [[Osterburg (Altmark)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Osterfeld (bij Naumburg)|Osterfeld]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Ostergeulum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Egeln'')</small> * [[Osternienburger Land]] * [[Osterwieck]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> {{div col end}} === P === {{div col|3}} * [[Palatium Regium (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Palatium Regium]]<ref name="Sickel 1884">Sickel, T. (Ed.) (1884). ''Conradi I, Heinrici I et Ottonis I Diplomata''. In ''Monumenta Germaniae Historica'' (Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, Tomus I). Impensis Bibliopolae Hahniani.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kaiserpfalz'')</small> * [[Palus Magna]]<ref name="SS I III 1898">Sächsisches Staatsarchiv (1898). ''Codex Diplomaticus Saxoniae Regiae: Haupttheil I, Band 3. Urkunden der Markgrafen von Meißen und Landgrafen von Thüringen''. Giesecke & Devrient.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Am Großen Bruch'')</small> * [[Petersberg (Saalekreis)|Petersberg]] * [[Plötzkau]] * [[Prata Marchiae Antiquae]]<ref name="Riedel 1841"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Altmärkische Wische'')</small> {{div col end}} === Q === {{div col|3}} * [[Quedlinburg (stad)|Quedlinburg]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Quercetum (Antiqua Marchia)|Quercetum]]<ref name="Merian V 1650">Merian, M. (1650). ''Topographia Electoratus Brandenburgici et Ducatus Pomeraniae''. In ''Topographia Germaniae'' (Tomus V). Merian Editore.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eichstedt'')</small> * [[Querfurt]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> {{div col end}} === R === {{div col|3}} *[[Raguhn-Jeßnitz]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Rochau]] *[[Rogätz]] *[[Rohrberg (Altmark)|Rohrberg]] {{div col end}} === S === {{div col|3}} * [[Salinae Saxonicae]]<ref>Carolus Ludovicus Oesfeld, Topographische Beschreibung des Herzogthums Magdeburg und der Grafschaft Mansfeld, Berolini, anno 1780.</ref> <small>([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])</small> <small>(Theodisce et [[Saxonice]] ''Halle'')</small> * [[Salzatal]] * [[Salzwedel]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Sandau (Elbe)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Sandersdorf-Brehna]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Sangerhausen (stad)|Sangerhausen]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Schkopau]] * [[Schnaudertal]] * [[Schollene]] * [[Schönburg (Saale)|Schönburg]] * [[Schönebeck (Elbe)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Schönhausen (Elbe)]] * [[Schraplau]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Schwanebeck]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Seegebiet Mansfelder Land]] * [[Seehausen (Altmark)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Seeland (Saksen-Anhalt)|Seeland]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Selke-Aue]] * [[Smedeberga]]<ref name="SS I III 1898"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Schmiedeberg'')</small> * [[Sommersdorf (Landkreis Börde)|Sommersdorf]] * [[Stasfurtum]]<ref name="Israel & Möllenberg 1937">Israel, F., & Möllenberg, W. (Ed.) (1937). ''Urkundenbuch des Erzstifts Magdeburg'' (Band I). Selbstverlag der Historischen Kommission für die Provinz Sachsen und für Anhalt.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Staßfurt'')</small> * [[Steigra]] * [[Stendal (stad)|Stendal]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Stößen]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Südharz]] * [[Südliches Anhalt]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Sülzetal]] * [[Süplingen]] {{div col end}} === T === {{div col|3}} * [[Tangerhütte]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Tangermünde]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Terra Bordensis]]<ref name="Schmauss 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bördeland'')</small> * [[Terra Finnae]]<ref name="Pertz XV I 1859">Pertz, G. H. (Ed.) (1859). ''Annales Isenacenses. En Monumenta Germaniae Historica'' (Scriptorum Tomus XV, Pars I). Impensis Bibliopolii Aulici Hahniani.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Finneland'')</small> * [[Terra Molae]]<ref name="Rosenfeld II 1925"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Molauer Land'')</small> * [[Territorii Mons (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Territorii Mons]]<ref name="Schöttgen & Kreysig IV 1755"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Landsberg'')</small> * [[Teuchern]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Teutschenthal]] * [[Thale]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Theotfurtum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016">Köbler, G. (2016). ''Alemán antiguo en la historia de los lugares de Alemania: Las fuentes documentales medievales''. Digitalis auctoris editio.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ditfurt'')</small> {{div col end}} === U === {{div col|3}} *[[Ummendorf (Börde)|Ummendorf]] {{div col end}} === V === {{div col|3}} * [[Vallis Cabelskensis]]<ref name="Kehr XXXVI 1899">Kehr, P. F. (Ed.) (1899). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Merseburg: Theil 1 (962–1357)''. In ''Geschichtsquellen der Provinz Sachsen und angrenzender Gebiete'' (Band XXXVI). Verlag von Otto Hendel.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kabelsketal'')</small> * [[Vallis Lanicensis et Hasselae]]<ref name="Rosenfeld II 1925"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lanitz-Hassel-Tal'')</small> * [[Venatorius Saltus]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Harzgerode'')</small> * [[Via Cursoria]]<ref name="Schmauss 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''An der Poststraße'')</small> * [[Völpke]] {{div col end}} === W === {{div col|3}} *[[Wallhausen (Helme)|Wallhausen]] *[[Wallstawe]] *[[Wanzleben-Börde]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Wefensleben]] *[[Wegeleben]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Weißenfels (stad)|Weißenfels]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Werben (Elbe)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Wernigerode (stad)|Wernigerode]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Westheide]] *[[Wethau]] *[[Wetterzeube]] *[[Wettin-Löbejün]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Wimmelburg]] *[[Lutherstadt Wittenberg|Wittenberg]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Wolmirsleben]] *[[Wolmirstedt]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Wust-Fischbeck]] {{div col end}} === Z === {{div col|3}} *[[Zahna-Elster]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Zehrental]] *[[Zeitz]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Zerbst/Anhalt]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Zielitz]] *[[Zörbig]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> {{div col end}} ==Notae== <references /> [[Categoria: Saxonia et Anhaltium]] [[Categoria: Urbes Saxoniae-Anhaltini]] iqi1r2vu2vnz1zlg6nyargndlctfreg 3972576 3972575 2026-07-17T20:37:41Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 3972576 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in Saxony-Anhalt.svg|thumb|450px|Divisio [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] [[Saxonia et Anhaltium|Saxoniae et Anhaltii]] in communia urbesque, consociationes communium atque [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulos]].]] '''Index urbium atque communium in [[Saxonia et Anhaltium|Saxonia et Anhaltio]]''' urbes atque communia [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] [[Germania|Germanicae]] Saxoniae et Anhaltii complectitur. Is constat omnino ex * 218 urbibus et communibus sui iuris in administratione politica (status [[31 Decembris|pridie Kalendas Ianuarias]] anni [[2018]]). Quae ita distribuuntur: * 104 urbes ([[Theodisce]] ''Städte''), quarum: ** tres [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli urbani]] ([[Theodisce]] ''kreisfreie Städte''), inter quos [[Caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] [[Magdeburgum]]; ** 81 urbes ad nullam consociationem communium pertinentes seu communia unitaria ([[Theodisce]] ''verbandsgemeindefreie Städte'' seu ''Einheitsgemeinden''); ** viginti urbes in consociationibus communium ([[Theodisce]] ''Städte in Verbandsgemeinden'') constitutae; * 114 communia, quorum: ** viginti communia ad nullam consociationem communium pertinentia seu communia unitaria ([[Theodisce]] ''verbandsgemeindefreie Gemeinden'' seu ''Einheitsgemeinden''); ** 94 communia in 18 consociationibus communium ([[Theodisce]] ''Verbandsgemeinden'') constituta. === A === {{div col|3}} * [[Ahlsdorfium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730">Mencken, J. B. (1730). ''Scriptores rerum Germanicarum, praecipue Saxonicarum, in quibus scriptores aliquot rariotes nusquam adhuc editi'' (Tomus III). Ioannes Christianus Martinus.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ahlsdorf'')</small> * [[Alandum]]<ref name="Schmauss 1730">Schmauss, J. J. (1730). ''Corpus Juris Gentium Academicum: In quo potissimum seculi XV, XVI, XVII et hujus currentis pacificationes, foedera... continentur''. Ioannes Christianus Martinus.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Aland'')</small> * [[Albimontium (Harthici Montes)|Albimontium]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Blankenburg'')</small> * [[Albis-Pareia]]<ref name="Merian VII 1653">Merian, M. (1653). ''Topographia Archiepiscopatus Magdeburgensis et Ducatus Pomeraniae''. In ''Topographia Germaniae'' (Tomus VII). Merian Editore.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Elbe-Parey''; [[Saxonice]] ''Elve-Porey'')</small> * [[Altenhausenium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Altenhausen'')</small> * [[Altstadium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Allstedt'')</small> * [[Altum Bordium]]<ref name="Thal 1588"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hohe Börde'')</small> * [[Alvenslebianum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Alsleben'')</small> * [[Amoenaeburgum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Annaburg'')</small> * [[Angra (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Angra]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Angern'')</small> * [[Apenburgum-Winterfeldium]]<ref name="Schmauss 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Apenburg-Winterfeld'')</small> * [[Aquae Saxonicae]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Aken'')</small> * [[Aquilastenum]]<ref name="Krühne 1884">Krühne, M. (Ed.) (1884). ''Urkundenbuch der Klöster der Grafschaft Mansfeld''. Otto Hendel.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arnstein'')</small> * [[Arctopolis (Saxoniae et Anhaltium)|Arctopolis]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bernburg'')</small> * [[Arnburgum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arneburg'')</small> * [[Arnseo]]<ref name="Kurze 1895">Kurze, F. (Ed.) (1895). ''Annales Regni Francorum (741–829) qui dicuntur Annales Laurissenses Maiores et Einhardi''. Hahniani.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arendsee'')</small> * [[Ascaria]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Aschersleben''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ascherslebbe'')</small> * [[Aureus Torrens]]<ref name="Merian V 1650"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Goldbeck'')</small> {{div col end}} === B === {{div col|3}} * [[Balgstadium]]<ref name="Mencken 1728">Mencken, J. B. (1728). ''Scriptores rerum Germanicarum, praecipue Saxonicarum, in quibus scriptores aliquot rariotes nusquam adhuc editi'' (Tomus I). Ioannes Christianus Martinus.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Balgstädt'')</small> * [[Ballenstadium]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ballenstedt'')</small> * [[Barbium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barby'')</small> * [[Barlebium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barleben'')</small> * [[Barnstadium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barnstädt'')</small> * [[Beendorffium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beendorf'')</small> * [[Beetzendorfium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beetzendorf'')</small> * [[Bergae (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Bergae]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berga'')</small> * [[Bevera (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Bevera]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Bibra'')</small> * [[Bidrici]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Biederitz'')</small> * [[Bismarkium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bismark'')</small> * [[Bitterfeldia-Wolfna]]<ref name="Dicasterium 2008">Dicasterium de Divino Cultū: ''Notitiae: Commentarium ad nuntia de re liturgica edenda''. [[Civitas Vaticana|Civitate Vaticanā]]: Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis, 2008.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bitterfeld-Wolfen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bitterfeld-Wolfen'')</small> * [[Blankenhemium (Circulus terrae Mansfeldensis et Austroharthicus)|Blankenhemium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Blankenheim'')</small> * [[Boianvilla (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Boianvilla]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Benndorf'')</small> * [[Bonus Fons]]<ref name="Rosenfeld II 1925">Rosenfeld, F. (Ed.) (1925). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Naumburg: Teil 1 (967–1207). En Geschichtsquellen der Provinz Sachsen und angrenzender Gebiete'' (Band II). Urkunden-Regesten Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gutenborn'')</small> * [[Borda et Hacla]]<ref name="Heinemann II-III 1875-1883">Heinemann, O. von. (Ed.) (1875–1883). ''Codex Diplomaticus Anhaltinus'' (Band II-III). I. C. Schmidt.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Börde-Hakel'')</small> * [[Borda Fluvialis]]<ref name="Schmauss 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bördeaue'')</small> * [[Borstella]]<ref name="Israel & Möllenberg 1937"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Burgstall'')</small> * [[Bovinus Campus (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Bovinus Campus]]<ref name="Riedel XXIV 1863">Riedel, A. F. (Ed.) (1863). ''Codex diplomaticus Brandenburgensis: Sammlung der Urkunden, Chroniken und sonstigen Quellenschriften für die Geschichte der Mark Brandenburg und ihrer Regenten'' (Haupttheil A, Band XXIV). F. H. Morin.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kuhfelde'')</small> * [[Bruckenium-Hackpfuffelium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brücken-Hackpfüffel'')</small> * [[Brunstorpium et Bedra]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Braunsbedra'')</small> * [[Bulstringium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bülstringen'')</small> * [[Burgum (prope Magdeburgum)|Burgum]]<ref name="Israel & Möllenberg 1937"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Burg'')</small> {{div col end}} === C === {{div col|3}} * [[Calba ad Salam]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Calbe'')</small> * [[Calva ad Mildam]]<ref name="Riedel XXII 1862">Riedel, A. F. (Ed.) (1862). ''Codex diplomaticus Brandenburgensis: Sammlung der Urkunden, Chroniken und sonstigen Quellenschriften für die Geschichte der Mark Brandenburg und ihrer Regenten'' (Haupttheil A, Band XXII). F. H. Morin.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kalbe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Calwe'')</small> * [[Calvordium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Calvörde'')</small> * [[Camera (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Camera]]<ref name="Riedel II III 1846">Riedel, A. F. (Ed.) (1846). ''Codex diplomaticus Brandenburgensis: Sammlung der Urkunden, Chroniken und sonstigen Quellenschriften für die Geschichte der Mark Brandenburg und ihrer Regenten'' (Haupttheil II, Band 3). F. H. Morin.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Kamern'')</small> * [[Cameracum ad Albim]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Kemberg'')</small> * [[Caroli Villa (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Caroli Villa]]<ref name="Rosenfeld II 1925"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Karsdorf'')</small> * [[Chroziwa]]<ref name="Rosenfeld II 1925"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kretzschau'')</small> * [[Clitzium]]<ref name="Mülverstedt III 1876"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Klietz'')</small> * [[Cloetzium]]<ref name="Mülverstedt III 1876"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Klötze'')</small> * [[Colbicium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Colbitz'')</small> * [[Colles Marchiae Antiquae]]<ref name="Riedel 1841">Riedel, A. F. (1841). ''Codex Diplomaticus Brandenburgensis: Sammlung der Urkunden, Chroniken und sonstigen Quellenschriften für die Geschichte der Mark Brandenburg und ihrer Regenten'' (Haupttheil I, Band 1). F. H. Morin.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Altmärkische Höhe'')</small> * [[Coniri]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Könnern'')</small> * [[Coryletum (Antiqua Marchia)|Coryletum]]<ref name="Merian V 1650"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hassel'')</small> * [[Cosvigium (Anhaltium)|Cosvigium]]<ref name="Mencken 1728"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Coswig'')</small> * [[Cothena]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Köthen'')</small> * [[Croppenstadium]]<ref name="Schöttgen & Kreysig IV 1755"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kroppenstedt'')</small> {{div col end}} === D === {{div col|3}} * [[Daehrium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dähre'')</small> * [[Dessavia-Rozelauia]]<ref name="Egli 1893">Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.</ref> <small>([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])</small> <small>(Theodisce et [[Saxonice]] ''Dessau-Roßlau'')</small> * [[Droissiga]]<ref name="Schmauss 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Droyßig'')</small> * [[Durrenberga]]<ref name="SS 1882">Sächsisches Staatsarchiv I II (1882). ''Codex Diplomaticus Saxoniae Regiae: Haupttheil I, Band 2. Urkunden der Markgrafen von Meißen und Landgrafen von Thüringen'' (O. Posse, Ed.). Giesecke & Devrient.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Dürrenberg'')</small> {{div col end}} === E === {{div col|3}} * [[Eckartsberga]]<ref name="Gersdorf 1864">Gersdorf, E. G. (Ed.) (1864). ''Codex Diplomaticus Saxoniae Regiae: Haupttheil I, Band 1. Urkunden der Markgrafen von Meißen und Landgrafen von Thüringen''. Giesecke & Devrient.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eckartsberga'')</small> * [[Edrisleba]]<ref name="Ahlfeldt 2012">Ahlfeldt, J. (2012). ''Urkundenbuch der Reichsabtei Hersfeld: Band 1, Teil 1 (754–1000)''. Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Edersleben'')</small> * [[Eilsleba]]<ref name="Heinemann 1883">Heinemann, O. v. (Ed.) (1883). ''Codex diplomaticus Anhaltinus: Fünfter Band (1281–1300)''. Des certificationen und der canzlei Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eilsleben'')</small> * [[Elsteravium]]<ref name="Thal 1588">Thal, J. (1588). ''Sylva Hercynia: Sive Catalogus plantarum sponte nascentium in montibus et locis vicinis Hercyniae''. In ''Opera Botanica''. Apud Joannem Maior.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elsteraue'')</small> * [[Erxlebium (Circulus terrae Bordensis)|Erxlebium]]<ref name="Mülverstedt 1879">Mülverstedt, G. A. v. (Ed.) (1879). ''Codex diplomaticus Alvenslebianus: Urkunden-Sammlung zur Geschichte des Geschlechts von Alvensleben und seiner Besitzungen'' (Band I). E. Baensch jun.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Erxleben''; [[Saxonice]] ''Arxlä'')</small> {{div col end}} === F === {{div col|3}} * [[Falconis Petra (Harthici Montes)|Falconis Petra]]<ref name="Pertz XVI 1868">Pertz, G. H. (Ed.) (1868). ''Annales Magdeburgenses''. In ''Monumenta Germaniae Historica'' (Scriptorum Tomus XVI,). Impensis Bibliopolii Aulici Hahniani.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Falkenstein/Harz'')</small> * [[Filicetum (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Filicetum]]<ref name="Cellarius 1703">Cellarius, C. (1703). ''Notitia Orbis Antiqui, sive Geographia Plenior: Tomus Alter, Asiaticam et Africanam partem continens''. Apud Joannem Fredericum Gleditsch.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Farnstädt'')</small> * [[Finnium]]<ref name="Thal 1588"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Finne'')</small> * [[Fledetinga]]<ref name="Sickel IV 1893">Sickel, T. (Ed.) (1893). ''Conradi II Diplomata. En Monumenta Germaniae Historica'' (Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, Tomus IV). Impensis Bibliopolae Hahniani.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Flechtingen'')</small> * [[Fons (prope Islebiam)|Fons]]<ref name="SS I III 1898"/> <small>(prope [[Islebia]]m<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bornstedt '')</small> * [[Fons (prope Stasfurtum)|Fons]]<ref name="Heinemann II 1873">Heinemann, O. von. (Ed.) (1873). ''Codex Diplomaticus Anhaltinus: II. Band (1201–1300)''. I. C. Schmidt.</ref> <small>(prope [[Stasfurtum]]<ref name="Israel & Möllenberg 1937"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Borne'')</small> * [[Friburgum ad Windam]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Freyburg'')</small> {{div col end}} === G === {{div col|3}} * [[Gardelegia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gardelegen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Garlä'')</small> * [[Genthinum]]<ref name="Thal 1588"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Genthin'')</small> * [[Gerbstedium]]<ref name="Größler XX 1888">Größler, H. (Ed.) (1888). ''Urkundenbuch der Klöster der Grafschaft Mansfeld''. In ''Geschichtsquellen der Provinz Sachsen und angrenzender Gebiete'' (Band XX). Verlag von Otto Hendel.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gerbstedt'')</small> * [[Giersleba]]<ref name="Mülverstedt III 1876">Mülverstedt, G. A. v. (Ed.) (1876). ''Regesta Archiepiscopatus Magdeburgensis: Sammlung von Auszügen aus Urkunden und Chroniken zur Geschichte des Erzstifts und Herzogthums Magdeburg'' (Band III). Verlag von E. Baensch jun.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Giersleben'')</small> * [[Gleina]]<ref name="Schöttgen & Kreysig 1749">Schöttgen, C., & Kreysig, G. C. (Ed.) (1749). ''Diplomataria et Scriptores Historiae Germanicae Medii Aevi'' (Tomus III). Apud Johannem Christianum Martinum.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gleina'')</small> * [[Gozacha]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Goseck'')</small> * [[Groninga (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Groninga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gröningen'')</small> * [[Gumbra]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gommern'')</small> * [[Gustenum]]<ref name="Mülverstedt III 1876"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Güsten'')</small> {{div col end}} === H === {{div col|3}} * [[Hadisleba]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hedersleben'')</small> * [[Halberstadium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Halberstadt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Halwerstidde'')</small> * [[Haldenslebia]]<ref name="Zeiller 1694">Historia Sueviae (1694); auctore Martino Zeiller.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Haldensleben''; [[Saxonice]] ''Halslä'')</small> * [[Harbeccum]]<ref name="Pertz 1854">Pertz, G. H. (Ed.) (1854). ''Monumenta Germaniae Historica (Scriptorum Tomus XI)''. Impensis Bibliopolii Aulici Hahniani.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Harbke'')</small> * [[Harsleba]]<ref name="Schmidt 1883">Schmidt, G. (Ed.) (1883). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Halberstadt und seiner Bischöfe'' (Theil I). Verlag von S. Hirzel.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Harsleben''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harschlew'')</small> * [[Havelberga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Havelberg'')</small> * [[Heccinstada]]<ref name="Sickel 1888">Sickel, T. (Ed.) (1888). ''Heinrici III. Diplomata''. In ''Monumenta Germaniae Historica'' (Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, Tomus V). Impensis Bibliopolae Hahniani.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hettstedt'')</small> * [[Hecklinga]]<ref name="Heinemann 1873"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hecklingen'')</small> * [[Helbra]]<ref name="Größler XX 1888"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Helbra'')</small> * [[Hercinia Septentrionalis]]<ref name="Thal 1588"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Nordharz'')</small> * [[Herigisvilla]]<ref name="Größler XX 1888"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hergisdorf'')</small> * [[Hotensleba]]<ref name="Schmidt 1883"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hötensleben'')</small> * [[Huius (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Huius]]<ref name="Breslau 1907 VI I">Breslau, H. (Ed.) (1907). ''Heinrici IV. Diplomata. En Monumenta Germaniae Historica'' (Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, Tomus VI, Pars I). Impensis Bibliopolae Hahniani.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Huy'')</small> {{div col end}} === I === {{div col|3}} * [[Idenium]]<ref name="Merian V 1650"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Iden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Igen'')</small> * [[Ierichowa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jerichow'')</small> * [[Iessena]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jessen'')</small> * [[Ilberstadium]]<ref name="Schöttgen & Kreysig IV 1755">Schöttgen, C., & Kreysig, G. C. (Ed.) (1755). ''Diplomataria et Scriptores Historiae Germanicae Medii Aevi'' (Tomus IV). Apud Johannem Christianum Martinum.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ilberstedt'')</small> * [[Ilsineburgum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ilsenburg'')</small> * [[Indago Comitis]]<ref name="Stieler 1683">Stieler, Casparo; ''Epithetorum selectorum brevissima delineatio''. Ienae: Typis Johannis Wertheri, 1683.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gräfenhainichen'')</small> * [[Inferius Bordium]]<ref name="Thal 1588"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Niedere Börde'')</small> * [[Ingerslebium]]<ref name="Kaufmann & Schilling III 2014">Kaufmann, T., & Schilling, J. (Ed.) (2014). ''Epistulae Theologorum ad Melanchthonem et alios directae'' (Vol. III). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ingersleben'')</small> * [[Insula Sanctae Mariae]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913?p=249&cq=Ludwigshafen%20u.a.&lang=en ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit // 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diesdorf'')</small> * [[Islebia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lutherstadt Eisleben''; etiam [[Saxonice]] ''Isleven'' seu ''Iesleven'')</small> *[[Iubaerium]]<ref name="Bekmann II 1751">Bekmann, J. C. (1751). ''Historische Beschreibung der Chur und Mark Brandenburg'' (Band II). Voß Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jübar'')</small> {{div col end}} === K === {{div col|3}} * [[Kelvera]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kelbra'')</small> {{div col end}} === L === {{div col|3}} * [[Lacus Moldae]]<ref name="Schöttgen & Kreysig IV 1755"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Muldestausee'')</small> * [[Laucha ad Unstrutum]]<ref name="Schöttgen & Kreysig IV 1755"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Laucha an der Unstrut'')</small> * [[Lauchstadium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Lauchstädt'')</small> * [[Leuna]]<ref name="Sickel 1884"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leuna'')</small> * [[Lucena (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Lucena]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lützen'')</small> * [[Luciza et Henricomontium]]<ref name="Schöttgen & Kreysig IV 1755"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Loitsche-Heinrichsberg'')</small> {{div col end}} === M === {{div col|3}} * [[Magdeburgum]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Magdeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Meideborg'' seu ''Madeborg'')</small> * [[Magna Quensteda]]<ref name="Heinemann 1873">Heinemann, O. v. (Ed.) (1873). ''Codex diplomaticus Anhaltinus: Erster Band (936–1212)''. Des certificationen und der canzlei Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Quenstedt'')</small> * [[Mansfelda]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Mansfeld'')</small> * [[Mansfeldia Monastica]]<ref name="Mülverstedt III 1876"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Klostermansfeld'')</small> * [[Martini Villa]]<ref name="Rosenfeld II 1925"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Mertendorf'')</small> * [[Megara (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Megara]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Möckern'')</small> * [[Meinewehium]]<ref name="Mencken III 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Meineweh'')</small> * [[Merseburga]]<ref name="Kehr XXXVI 1899"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Merseburg'')</small> * [[Milsina Superior]]<ref name="Rosenfeld II 1925"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hohenmölsen'')</small> * [[Mons Celsus-Crusemarcha]]<ref name="Pertz XV I 1859"/><ref name="Riedel 1845 I V">Riedel, A. F. (Ed.) (1845). ''Codex diplomaticus Brandenburgensis: Sammlung der Urkunden, Chroniken und sonstigen Quellenschriften für die Geschichte der Mark Brandenburg und ihrer Regenten'' (Haupttheil I, Band 5). F. H. Morin.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hohenberg-Krusemark'')</small> * [[Moeserium]]<ref name="Schöttgen & Kreysig IV 1755"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Möser'')</small> * [[Muchilanta]]<ref name="Kehr XXXVI 1899"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Mücheln'')</small> {{div col end}} === N === {{div col|3}} * [[Nandisvilla et Gorendorfium]]<ref name="Schöttgen & Kreysig IV 1755"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Nemsdorf-Göhrendorf'')</small> * [[Naumburgum ad Salam]]<ref name="Schöttgen & Kreysig IV 1755"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Naumburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Naumborg'')</small> * [[Neviri villa|Neviri Villa]]<ref>"(...)''das 876 erstmals erwähnte Nebra, zunächst "''villa Neuiri''", später "''Nebure''" (1150) und "''Neberi''" (1323) genannt" [http://www.arge-ndg.de/tagbd/ndg_73_halle_2006.pdf Fons].</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Nebra'')</small> * [[Nova Urbs (ad Salam)|Nova Urbs]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Nienburg'')</small> {{div col end}} === O === {{div col|3}} * [[Oberharz am Brocken]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Obhausen]] * [[Oebisfelde-Weferlingen]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Oranienbaum-Wörlitz]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Oschersleben (Bode)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Oslebium]]<ref name="Riedel XXV 1862">Riedel, A. F. (1862). ''Codex Diplomaticus Brandenburgensis: Chronologisches Verzeichnis sämtlicher Urkunden, Statuten und Chroniken'' (Band XXV). F. H. Morin.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ausleben'')</small> * [[Osterburg (Altmark)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Osterfeld (bij Naumburg)|Osterfeld]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Ostergeulum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Egeln'')</small> * [[Osternienburger Land]] * [[Osterwieck]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> {{div col end}} === P === {{div col|3}} * [[Palatium Regium (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Palatium Regium]]<ref name="Sickel 1884">Sickel, T. (Ed.) (1884). ''Conradi I, Heinrici I et Ottonis I Diplomata''. In ''Monumenta Germaniae Historica'' (Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, Tomus I). Impensis Bibliopolae Hahniani.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kaiserpfalz'')</small> * [[Palus Magna]]<ref name="SS I III 1898">Sächsisches Staatsarchiv (1898). ''Codex Diplomaticus Saxoniae Regiae: Haupttheil I, Band 3. Urkunden der Markgrafen von Meißen und Landgrafen von Thüringen''. Giesecke & Devrient.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Am Großen Bruch'')</small> * [[Petersberg (Saalekreis)|Petersberg]] * [[Plötzkau]] * [[Prata Marchiae Antiquae]]<ref name="Riedel 1841"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Altmärkische Wische'')</small> {{div col end}} === Q === {{div col|3}} * [[Quedlinburg (stad)|Quedlinburg]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Quercetum (Antiqua Marchia)|Quercetum]]<ref name="Merian V 1650">Merian, M. (1650). ''Topographia Electoratus Brandenburgici et Ducatus Pomeraniae''. In ''Topographia Germaniae'' (Tomus V). Merian Editore.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eichstedt'')</small> * [[Querfurt]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> {{div col end}} === R === {{div col|3}} *[[Raguhn-Jeßnitz]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Rochau]] *[[Rogätz]] *[[Rohrberg (Altmark)|Rohrberg]] {{div col end}} === S === {{div col|3}} * [[Salinae Saxonicae]]<ref>Carolus Ludovicus Oesfeld, Topographische Beschreibung des Herzogthums Magdeburg und der Grafschaft Mansfeld, Berolini, anno 1780.</ref> <small>([[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]])</small> <small>(Theodisce et [[Saxonice]] ''Halle'')</small> * [[Salzatal]] * [[Salzwedel]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Sandau (Elbe)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Sandersdorf-Brehna]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Sangerhausen (stad)|Sangerhausen]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Schkopau]] * [[Schnaudertal]] * [[Schollene]] * [[Schönburg (Saale)|Schönburg]] * [[Schönebeck (Elbe)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Schönhausen (Elbe)]] * [[Schraplau]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Schwanebeck]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Seegebiet Mansfelder Land]] * [[Seehausen (Altmark)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Seeland (Saksen-Anhalt)|Seeland]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Selke-Aue]] * [[Smedeberga]]<ref name="SS I III 1898"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Schmiedeberg'')</small> * [[Sommersdorf (Landkreis Börde)|Sommersdorf]] * [[Stasfurtum]]<ref name="Israel & Möllenberg 1937">Israel, F., & Möllenberg, W. (Ed.) (1937). ''Urkundenbuch des Erzstifts Magdeburg'' (Band I). Selbstverlag der Historischen Kommission für die Provinz Sachsen und für Anhalt.</ref> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Staßfurt'')</small> * [[Steigra]] * [[Stendal (stad)|Stendal]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Stößen]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Südharz]] * [[Südliches Anhalt]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Sülzetal]] * [[Süplingen]] {{div col end}} === T === {{div col|3}} * [[Tangerhütte]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Tangermünde]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Terra Bordensis]]<ref name="Schmauss 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bördeland'')</small> * [[Terra Finnae]]<ref name="Pertz XV I 1859">Pertz, G. H. (Ed.) (1859). ''Annales Isenacenses. En Monumenta Germaniae Historica'' (Scriptorum Tomus XV, Pars I). Impensis Bibliopolii Aulici Hahniani.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Finneland'')</small> * [[Terra Molae]]<ref name="Rosenfeld II 1925"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Molauer Land'')</small> * [[Territorii Mons (Saxonia et Anhaltium)|Territorii Mons]]<ref name="Schöttgen & Kreysig IV 1755"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Landsberg'')</small> * [[Teuchern]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Teutschenthal]] * [[Thale]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> * [[Theotfurtum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016">Köbler, G. (2016). ''Alemán antiguo en la historia de los lugares de Alemania: Las fuentes documentales medievales''. Digitalis auctoris editio.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ditfurt'')</small> {{div col end}} === U === {{div col|3}} *[[Ummendorf (Börde)|Ummendorf]] {{div col end}} === V === {{div col|3}} * [[Vallis Cabelskensis]]<ref name="Kehr XXXVI 1899">Kehr, P. F. (Ed.) (1899). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Merseburg: Theil 1 (962–1357)''. In ''Geschichtsquellen der Provinz Sachsen und angrenzender Gebiete'' (Band XXXVI). Verlag von Otto Hendel.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kabelsketal'')</small> * [[Vallis Lanicensis et Hasselae]]<ref name="Rosenfeld II 1925"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lanitz-Hassel-Tal'')</small> * [[Venatorius Saltus]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[urbs]])</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Harzgerode'')</small> * [[Via Cursoria]]<ref name="Schmauss 1730"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''An der Poststraße'')</small> * [[Völpke]] {{div col end}} === W === {{div col|3}} *[[Wallhausen (Helme)|Wallhausen]] *[[Wallstawe]] *[[Wanzleben-Börde]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Wefensleben]] *[[Wegeleben]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Weißenfels (stad)|Weißenfels]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Werben (Elbe)]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Wernigerode (stad)|Wernigerode]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Westheide]] *[[Wethau]] *[[Wetterzeube]] *[[Wettin-Löbejün]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Wimmelburg]] *[[Lutherstadt Wittenberg|Wittenberg]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Wolmirsleben]] *[[Wolmirstedt]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Wust-Fischbeck]] {{div col end}} === Z === {{div col|3}} *[[Zahna-Elster]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Zehrental]] *[[Zeitz]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Zerbst/Anhalt]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> *[[Zielitz]] *[[Zörbig]] <small>([[urbs]])</small> {{div col end}} ==Notae== <references /> [[Categoria: Saxonia et Anhaltium]] [[Categoria: Urbes Saxoniae-Anhaltini]] kiqhgzqfa7n6jxigvb3xwxt2kcdz4pe 0 326716 3972539 3972358 2026-07-17T15:58:06Z Andrew Dalby 1084 3972539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{In usu}} {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Ioannes Beale''' ... socius [[Regalis Societas Londini|Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]] ... == Scripta == * 1657 : ''Herefordshire orchards a pattern for all England: written in an epistolary address to Samuel Hartlib, esq.'' Londinii: Roger Daniel; [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A27154.0001.001?view=toc editio interretialis apud Michiganenses] ** [https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_herefordshire-orchards-_beale-john_1724_0 Editio Dublinensis 1724] ** Reimpressum in appendice operis [[Ricardus Bradley|Ricardi Bradley]], ''New Improvements of Planting and Gardening, both Philosophical and Practical'' (Londinii: W. Mears) [https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_new-improvements-of-plan_bradley-richard_1724 4a ed., 1724] {{GB|1TBJAAAAMAAJ|separatim}} {{Google Books|-cw6AAAAcAAJ|6a ed., 1731}} [https://archive.org/details/b3053558x/page/n5/mode/2up 7a ed., 1739] * 1664 : "[https://archive.org/details/sylvaordiscourse00eveluoft/page/n163/mode/2up Aphorisms concerning cider]" in [[Ioannes Evelyn|John Evelyn]], "Pomona" (1664) pp. 21-29. -- In editionibus posterioribus sub titulo "General advertisements concerning cider": [https://archive.org/details/b30337914/page/n333/mode/2up editio 1670]; [https://archive.org/details/b30414155/page/84/mode/2up editio 1706] * 1677 : "[https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_nurseries-orchards-pro_lawrence-anthony_1677/page/(18)/mode/2up Concerning orchards & vineyards]" in [[Henricus Oldenburg|Henry Oldenburg]], ed., ''Nurseries, Orchards, profitable Gardens and Vineyards encouraged'' (Londinii: Henry Brome, 1677) pp. 19-28 {{Google Books|EyhkAAAAcAAJ}} == Bibliographia == * Thomas Cooper, "[[:s:en:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Beale, John|Beale, John, D.D. (1608–1683?)]]" in {{DNB}} * Patrick Woodland, "Beale, John (bap. 1608; d. 1683)" (2004/2008) in {{ODNB}} == Nexus externi == * William Poole, "[https://www.cidermuseum.co.uk/news/pomona-cider-and-scientists-in-restoration-england/ Pomona: cider and scientists in Restoration England]" * Charles Webster, ''[https://books.openbookpublishers.com/10.11647/obp.0486/contents.xhtml A Portrait of Samuel Hartlib]'' (2025) {{Lifetime|1608|1683|Beale, Ioannes}} [[Categoria:Horticultores]] [[Categoria:Eruditi Angliae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores de re rustica]] [[Categoria:Clerici Angliae]] fdmbwsmwzkrrdzil6ynb4jceau57aa6 0 326728 3972493 2026-07-17T13:02:26Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Museum historiae regionalis (Ingersleben)]] ad [[Museum historiae regionalis (Ingerslebium)]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3972493 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Museum historiae regionalis (Ingerslebium)]] 8mx1lz2cnjh5fwbqi020an96gbnatvt 1 326729 3972495 2026-07-17T13:02:26Z Cyprianus Marcus 66550 Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Disputatio:Museum historiae regionalis (Ingersleben)]] ad [[Disputatio:Museum historiae regionalis (Ingerslebium)]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam 3972495 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Disputatio:Museum historiae regionalis (Ingerslebium)]] i7fzxxp0p3ge1a9sm146xepyiq8hy8i 0 326730 3972549 2026-07-17T16:56:06Z Bartholomite 116968 nova 3972549 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa pelliculae | Titulus = カウボーイビバップ Cowboy Bebop | Imago = Cowboy Bebop.svg | Descriptio imaginis = [[Logotypus]] | Genus = Neo-noir<br/>Space Western | Moderator = Shinichirō Watanabe | Factor = Hajime Yatate | Scriptor = Keiko Nobumoto | Compositor = Yoko Kanno | Editor = Sunrise<br/>[[Namco Bandai Games|Bandai Visual]] | Dies editionis = 1998-1999 | Natio = [[Iaponia]] | Lingua = [[Iaponice]] }}{{Titulus italicus}} {{ires|Cowboy Bebop}} ([[Iaponice]] カウボーイビバップ, ''Kaubōi Bibappu'') est [[series televisifica]] animata facta [[Iaponia]]e. [[Anime]] neo-noir Space Western est. Ab anno [[1998]] ad annum [[1999]] emissum est. Successum toto orbe terrarum habuit et inter optimas series animatas omnium temporum habetur. == Distributio personarum == * Koichi Yamadera hic Spike Spiegel * Unshō Ishizuka hic Jet Black * Megumi Hayashibara hic Faye Valentine * Aoi Tada hic Edward * Ein ([[canis]]) == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat}} * {{IMDb title|0213338|Cowboy Bebop}} [[Categoria:Anime]] [[Categoria:Programmata televisifica Iaponiae]] [[Categoria:Programmata televisifica 1998]] [[Categoria:Series animata]] ix2w6hets8y3xpifj6cf5g38jjtbrz9 3972550 3972549 2026-07-17T16:58:01Z Bartholomite 116968 3972550 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa pelliculae | Titulus = カウボーイビバップ Cowboy Bebop | Imago = Cowboy Bebop.svg | Descriptio imaginis = [[Logotypus]] | Genus = Neo-noir<br/>Space Western | Moderator = Shinichirō Watanabe | Factor = Hajime Yatate | Scriptor = Keiko Nobumoto | Compositor = Yoko Kanno | Editor = Sunrise<br/>[[Namco Bandai Games|Bandai Visual]] | Dies editionis = 1998-1999 | Natio = [[Iaponia]] | Lingua = [[Iaponice]] }}{{Titulus italicus}} {{ires|Cowboy Bebop}} ([[Iaponice]] カウボーイビバップ, ''Kaubōi Bibappu'') est [[series televisifica]] animata facta [[Iaponia]]e. [[Anime]] neo-noir Space Western est. Ab anno [[1998]] ad annum [[1999]] emissum est. Successum toto orbe terrarum habuit et inter optimas series animatas omnium temporum habetur. == Distributio personarum == * Koichi Yamadera hic Spike Spiegel * Unshō Ishizuka hic Jet Black * Megumi Hayashibara hic Faye Valentine * Aoi Tada hic Edward * Ein ([[canis]]) == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat}} * {{IMDb title|0213338|Cowboy Bebop}} {{cine-stipula}} [[Categoria:Anime]] [[Categoria:Programmata televisifica Iaponiae]] [[Categoria:Programmata televisifica 1998]] [[Categoria:Series animata]] 1azeh79n1zbg078nff6liefx49pmq8k 118 326731 3972552 2026-07-17T18:13:21Z Lpoj50 211721 Paginam instituit, scribens '{{Short description|Varietates linguae Anglicae in Britannia}} {{Redirect|BrE|alios usus|BRE (discretiva){{!}}BRE}} {{pp|small=yes}} {{Use British English|date=December 2016}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}} {{Infobox language | name = Anglica Britannica | altname = | nativename = British English | states = [[Regnum Britanniarum]] (primum [[Anglia]]) | region = [[Insulae Britannicae]] | ethnicity = Br...' 3972552 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Varietates linguae Anglicae in Britannia}} {{Redirect|BrE|alios usus|BRE (discretiva){{!}}BRE}} {{pp|small=yes}} {{Use British English|date=December 2016}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}} {{Infobox language | name = Anglica Britannica | altname = | nativename = British English | states = [[Regnum Britanniarum]] (primum [[Anglia]]) | region = [[Insulae Britannicae]] | ethnicity = [[Britanni]] | familycolor = Indo-Europaea | fam2 = [[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] | fam3 = [[Linguae Germanicae Occidentales|Germanica Occidentalis]] | fam4 = [[Linguae Germanicae Maris Septentrionalis|Germanica Maris Septentrionalis]] | fam5 = [[Linguae Anglo-Frisicae|Anglo-Frisica]] | fam6 = [[Linguae Anglicae|Anglica]] | fam7 = [[Lingua Anglica|Anglica]] | dia1 = [[Lingua Anglica in Anglia]] | dia2 = [[Anglica Scotica]] | dia3 = [[Anglica Cambrica]] | dia4 = [[Anglica Ultoniensis]] | dia5 = [[Anglica Hibernica]] | dia6 = [[Anglica Bermudensis]] | dia7 = [[Anglica Insularum Falklandensium]] | dia8 = [[Anglica Insularum Cayanarum]] | dia9 = [[Anglica Calpensis]] | dia10 = [[Anglica Monensis]] | dia11 = [[Anglica Insularum Vectae]] | ancestor = [[Proto-Anglica]] | ancestor2 = [[Lingua Anglica Antiqua|Anglica Antiqua]] | ancestor3 = [[Lingua Anglica Media|Anglica Media]] | ancestor4 = [[Lingua Anglica Recentioris Aetatis Primae|Anglica Recentioris Aetatis Primae]] | stand1 = [[Pronuntiatio Recepta]] | script = [[Scriptura Latina|Latina]] ([[Abecedarium Anglicum]]) <br /> [[Unified English Braille]] | nation = [[Nationes Unitae]] (cum [[orthographia Oxoniensi]]) | isoexception = dialectus | ietf = {{wikidata|property|references|P305}} }} {{Differentiae Anglicae Americanae et Britannicae}} '''Anglica Britannica'''{{efn|Abbreviationes: '''BrE''', '''en-GB''', et '''BE'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/british_english |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020400/https://www.lexico.com/definition/british_english |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 November 2020 |title=British English |publisher=Lexico.com |date= |access-date=18 February 2022}}</ref>}} est copia [[Varietas (linguistica)|varietatum]] [[Lingua Anglica|linguae Anglicae]] in [[Regnum Britanniarum|Regno Britanniarum]] indigenarum, praesertim in [[Britannia|Britannia Maiore]].{{refn|''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' vocabulum applicat ad Anglicam "sicut in [[Insulis Britannicis]] dictam vel scriptam; praesertim formae Anglicae in Britannia Maiore usitatae", reservans "[[Anglica Hibernica]]" pro "lingua Anglica sicut in Hibernia dicta et scripta".<ref name="Oxford English Dictionary">{{cite book|title=Oxford English Dictionary|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordenglishdic0015unse|chapter-url-access=registration|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, England|year=1989|edition=2|chapter=British English; Hiberno-English}}</ref> Alii, sicut ''Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary'', eam definiunt sicut "[[Lingua Anglica in Anglia|lingua Anglica sicut in Anglia dicitur et scribitur]]".<ref name="Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary">[http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/american-english/british-english?q=British+English ''British English''], Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary</ref>}} Stricte, potest referri specialiter ad [[Lingua Anglica in Anglia|Anglicam in Anglia]], vel latius ad dialectos collectivas Anglicae per totum Regnum Britanniarum ut umbracula varietas, exempli gratia etiam incorporans [[Anglicam Scoticam]], [[Anglicam Cambricam]], et [[Anglicam Ultoniensem]]. [[Tom McArthur (linguista)|Tom McArthur]] in ''Oxford Guide to World English'' agnoscit Anglicam Britannicam participare "omnes ambiguitates et contentiones [cum] verbo 'Britannico' et ideo posse adhiberi et interpretari duobus modis, latius vel strictius, intra ambitum confusum et ambiguum". Variationes exstant in Anglica formali (tam scripta quam dicta) in Regno Britanniarum. Exempli gratia, adiectivum ''wee'' paene solum in partibus Scotiae, Angliae boreo-orientalis, Hiberniae Septentrionalis, Hiberniae, et interdum [[Dialectus Eboracensis|Eboraci]] adhibetur, cum adiectivum ''little'' alibi praedominet. Tamen, gradus significativus uniformitatis in Anglica scripta intra Regnum Britanniarum exstat, et hoc per vocabulum ''Anglica Britannica'' describi posset. Formae [[Lingua dicta|Anglicae dictae]], autem, multo magis variant quam in plerisque aliis mundi regionibus ubi Anglica dicitur<ref>{{cite news|first=Stuart |last=Jeffries|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/mar/27/regional-english-dialects|title=The G2 Guide to Regional English|journal=[[The Guardian]]|date=27 March 2009|at=section G2, p.&nbsp;12}}</ref> et ideo conceptus uniformis Anglicae Britannicae difficilius ad linguam dictam applicari potest. Globatim, nationes quae sunt [[Index civitatum quae independentiam a Regno Britanniarum consecutae sunt|ex-coloniae Britannicae]] vel membra [[Consortio Populorum|Consortii Populorum]] tendunt ad Anglicam Britannicam sequendam,<ref>{{cite book|title=New Oxford Style Manual|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2016}}</ref> sicut est casus pro Anglica adhibita ab institutis Unionis Europaeae.<ref>{{cite web |title=10.3. Spelling |url=https://style-guide.europa.eu/en/content/-/isg/topic?identifier=10.3-spelling |website=Interinstitutional Style Guide |publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |access-date=11 June 2024}}</ref> [[Nationes Unitae]] etiam utuntur Anglica Britannica cum [[orthographia Oxoniensi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Six Official UN Languages |url=https://languages.un.org/en/language-and-communications/six-official-un-languages |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Language and Communications Training |publisher=United Nations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Spelling |url=https://www.un.org/dgacm/en/content/editorial-manual/spelling |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Department for General Assembly and Conference Management |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> In Sinis, tam Anglica Britannica quam Americana docentur.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Dezuruigbo Journal|title=A study of British and American English for Chinese students|last=Odinye|first=Sunny|year=2016}}</ref> Regimen Britannicum active docet et promovet Anglicam circum orbem et [[British Council|operatur in plus quam 100 civitatibus]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/british-council |title=British Council |date=19 July 2018 |access-date=21 January 2023 |archive-date=21 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121174726/https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/british-council |url-status=live |website=GOV.UK }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org// |title=Learn English Online |website=British Council |access-date=4 February 2023 |archive-date=21 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121175722/https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org// |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/learningenglish/english/hygiene |title=About BBC Learning English |access-date=4 February 2023 |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204204233/https://www.bbc.com/learningenglish/english/hygiene |url-status=live}}</ref> == Historia == {{Main|Historia linguae Anglicae}} ### Origines {{further|Historia linguae Anglicae|Proto-Indo-Europaea|Proto-Germanica|Proto-Germanica Occidentalis|Proto-Anglica|Anglica Antiqua|Anglica Media|Anglica Recentioris Aetatis Primae|Anglica Moderna}} Anglica est [[Linguae Germanicae Occidentales|lingua Germanica Occidentalis]] quae ex [[Linguae Anglo-Frisicae|dialectis Anglo-Frisicis]] orta est, quae in Britanniam a [[Populi Germanici|colonis Germanicis]] ex variis partibus eorum quae nunc sunt Germania boreo-occidentalis et Nederlandia septentrionalis allatae sunt. Populatio indigena hoc tempore plerumque loquebatur [[Brittonica Communis|Brittonicam Communem]] – varietatem insularem [[Celticae Continentalis]], quae a [[Exercitus Romanus|occupatione Romana]] affecta erat. Hic linguarum grex ([[Lingua Cambrica|Cambrica]], [[Lingua Cornubica|Cornubica]], et [[Lingua Cumbrica|Cumbrica]]) una cum Anglica in periodum modernam exstiterunt, sed propter eorum distantiam a [[Linguae Germanicae|linguis Germanicis]], eorum influxus in Anglicam [[Index verborum Anglicorum originis Celticae|notabiliter limitatus]] erat. Tamen, gradus influxus disputatur, et nuper argutum est influxum grammaticum ex Brittonica rationem habere innovationum substantialium quae Anglicam ab aliis linguis Germanicis Occidentalibus distinguunt.<ref>[[English and Welsh]], 1955 J. R. R. Tolkien, etiam vide references in [[Brittonicismi in Anglica]]</ref> Initio, [[Anglica Antiqua]] erat diversus dialectorum grex, varias origines [[Anglo-Saxonica|regulorum Anglo-Saxonum]] Angliae referens. Una harum dialectorum, [[Saxonica Occidentalis Posterior|Saxonica Occidentalis Posterioris]], tandem dominari coepit. Originalis Anglica Antiqua deinde a duobus fluctibus invasionis affecta est: primus a loquentibus rami [[Linguae Germanicae|Germanici]] Scandinavici, qui in partibus Britanniae saeculis octavo et nono consederunt; secundus a [[Normanni|Normannis]] saeculo 11, qui loquebantur [[Normannica Antiqua]] et tandem varietatem Anglicam eius nomine [[Lingua Anglo-Normannica|Anglo-Normannicam]] evolverunt. Hae duae invasiones fecerunt ut Anglica quodammodo 'mixta' fieret (quamvis numquam vere [[lingua mixta]] in sensu strictissimo verbi; linguae mixtae oriuntur ex cohabitatione loquentium diversarum linguarum, qui hybridam linguam pro communicatione fundamentali evolvunt). Quo magis idiomatica, concreta, et descriptiva Anglica est, eo magis ex originibus Anglo-Saxonicis derivat. Quo magis intellectualis et abstracta Anglica est, eo magis [[Lingua Latina|Latina]] et [[Lingua Francogallica|Francogallica]] influxus continet. Exempli gratia, ''swine'' (sicut Germanicum {{Lang|de|Schwein}}) est animal in agro, ab occupatis Anglo-Saxonibus educatum, dum ''pork'' (sicut Francogallicum {{Lang|fr|porc}}) est animal in mensa, a Normannis occupantibus comestum.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ling201/test3materials/HistEngoverhead.htm|title=Linguistics 201: History of English|website=Pandora Internet Web Server |access-date=29 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018113704/http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ling201/test3materials/HistEngoverhead.htm|archive-date=18 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Aliud exemplum est Anglo-Saxonicum {{Lang|ang|cū}} quod 'vacca' significat, et Francogallicum {{Lang|fr|bœuf}} quod 'bubula' significat.<ref>{{Citation|title=Why You Swear in Anglo-Saxon and Order Fancy Food in French: Registers |first1=Tom |last1=Scott |website=YouTube |date= 14 June 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wA2xRVMOThc| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/wA2xRVMOThc| archive-date=28 October 2021|language=en|access-date=18 March 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Cohabitatio cum Scandina viculis resultavit in simplificatione grammatica significanti et ditetione lexica nuclei [[Linguae Anglo-Frisicae|Anglo-Frisici]] Anglicae. Posterior occupatio Normannica duxit ad insertionem in nucleum Germanicum strati magis elaborati verborum ex ramo [[Linguae Romanae|Romano]] linguarum Europaearum. Hic influxus Normannicus in Anglicam intravit maxime per aulam et regimen. Sic Anglica evolvit in linguam [[Mutuum verbum|'mutuantem']] magnae flexibilitatis et cum [[Vocabularium|vocabulario]] amplissimo. ## Dialecti {{see also|Lingua Anglica in Anglia|Anglica Scotica|Anglica Cambrica|Anglica Ultoniensis|Anglica Hibernica|Anguillana Creola|Montserrat Creola|Anglica Bermudensis|Anglica Insularum Falklandensium|Anglica Insularum Cayanarum|Anglica Calpensis|Anglica Monensis|Anglica Insularum Vectae}} {{IPA notice}}[[Index dialectorum linguae Anglicae#Europa|Dialecti]] et [[Accentus regionales Anglici|accentus]] variant inter quattuor [[Civitates Regni Britanniarum|regiones Regni Britanniarum]], ac intra ipsas regiones. Principales divisiones normaliter classificatae sunt sicut [[Lingua Anglica in Anglia|Anglica Anglica]] (vel Anglica sicut in Anglia dicta, quae ipsa late dividitur in [[Lingua Anglica in Anglia Australi|Anglicam Australem]], [[Lingua Anglica in partibus occidentalibus|Anglicam Occidentalem]], [[Lingua Anglica in Mediis Terris Orientalibus|Anglicam Mediis Terrarum Orientalem]] et [[Lingua Anglica in Mediis Terris Occidentalibus|Occidentalem]], et [[Lingua Anglica in Anglia Boreali|Anglicam Borealem]]), [[Anglica Ultoniensis]] (in Hibernia Septentrionali), [[Anglica Cambrica]] (non confundenda cum [[Lingua Cambrica|lingua Cambrica]]), et [[Anglica Scotica]] (non confundenda cum [[Lingua Scotica|lingua Scotica]] vel [[Lingua Scotica Gaelica|Gaelica Scotica]]). Quisque grex includit amplitudinem dialectorum, quarum aliae notabiliter ab aliis differunt. Variae dialecti Britannicae etiam differunt in verbis quae ex aliis linguis mutuatae sunt. Circa medium saeculi 15, erant puncta ubi intra 5 dialectos maiores erant fere 500 modi scribendi verbum ''though''.<ref name="thehistoryofenglish.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehistoryofenglish.com/history_early_modern.html|title= Early Modern English (c. 1500 – c. 1800)|website=The History of English |access-date=28 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209013306/http://www.thehistoryofenglish.com/history_early_modern.html|archive-date=9 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> ### Investigatio Post suum ultimum magnum [[Survey of English Dialects|Inquisitum Dialectorum Anglicarum]] (1949–1950), [[Universitas Loidensis]] opus in novo incepto incepit. Mense Maio 2007, [[Arts and Humanities Research Council]] concessum Universitati Loidensi ad dialectos regionales Britannicas investigandas dedit.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050313183453/http://www.personal.leeds.ac.uk/~smlsaj/ Professor Sally Johnson] biographia in [[Universitas Loidensis|Universitati Loidensi]] situ</ref><ref name=MEO>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061003092355/http://reporter.leeds.ac.uk/press_releases/current/voices.htm Mapping the English language—from cockney to Orkney], [[Universitas Loidensis]] situs, 25 Maii 2007.</ref> Turma{{efn|name=note}} perlegit magnam collectionem exemplorum verborum et locutionum regionalium slang revelatorum per inceptum 'Voices' a [[BBC]] curatum, in quo publicus invitatus est ut exempla Anglicae adhuc per patriam dictae mitteret. Inceptum BBC Voices etiam collegit centum articulos nuntiorum de quomodo Britanni Anglicam loquuntur – a maledictionibus ad res de scholis linguarum. Haec informatio etiam colligetur et analyzabitur a turma Professoris Johnsonis, tam pro contento quam pro loco unde relata est. "Forsitan inventum notabilissimum in studio Voices est quod lingua Anglica tam diversa est quam umquam, non obstante nostra mobilitate aucta et expositione constanti ad alios accentus et dialectos per televisionem et radiophonium."<ref name=MEO/> Cum de concessione anno 2007 dissereret, [[Universitas Loidensis]] affirmavit: {{blockquote|se "valde placere" – et quidem, "bene chuffed" – ob acceptum concessum generosum. Universitas, utique, potuisset esse "bostin" si venisset ex [[Black Country]], aut si esset [[Scouser]] bene "made up" fuisset super tot spondoolicks, quia, sicut [[Geordie]] diceret, £460,000 est "canny load of chink".<ref name=Indi-20070601>McSmith, Andy. ''Dialect researchers given a "canny load of chink" to sort "pikeys" from "chavs" in regional accents'', [[The Independent]], 1 Iunii 2007. Pagina 20</ref>}} ### Regionalis Anglica {{Expand section|with=details about other different [[regional accents]] and [[dialects]]|talk=Shortcomings|small=no|date=April 2024}} Plerique in Britannia loquuntur cum accentu regionali vel dialecto. Attamen, circa 2% Britonum loquuntur cum accentu nomine [[Pronuntiatio Recepta|Pronunciatione Recepta]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/received-pronunciation/|title=Received Pronunciation|access-date=20 March 2017|archive-date=22 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722181432/http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/received-pronunciation/|url-status=dead}}</ref> (etiam nota ut 'Anglica Regis', 'Anglica Oxoniensis' vel '[[BBC]] Anglica'<ref>BBC Anglica quia haec originaliter erat forma Anglicae in radiophonio et televisione adhibita, quamvis latior varietas accentuum his diebus audiri possit.</ref>), quae essentialiter est regionis expers.<ref name=sweet>{{cite book |last=Sweet |first=Henry |title=The Sounds of English |page=[https://archive.org/details/soundsenglishan00sweegoog/page/n11 7] |url=https://archive.org/details/soundsenglishan00sweegoog |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1908 }}</ref><ref name=fowler>{{cite news |last=Fowler |first=H.W. |editor=R.W. Birchfield |title=Fowler's Modern English Usage |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 }}</ref> Derivatur ex mixtura dialectorum Mediis Terrarum et Australium in Londonio in periodo recentiore antiqua dictarum.<ref name=fowler/> Frequenter adhibetur ut exemplar pro docenda Anglica ad exteros discentes.<ref name=fowler/> In Australia Meridiana, sunt accentus valde differentes: accentus [[Cockney]] a nonnullis orientalibus Londoniensibus dictus est valde differens a Pronunciatione Recepta (RP). [[Cockney]] [[rhyming slang]] potest (et initio intentum erat) difficilis esse externis ad intelligendum,<ref name="Franklyn1975">{{cite book|last=Franklyn|first=Julian|title=A dictionary of rhyming slang|year=1975|publisher=Routledge and Kegan Paul|location=London|isbn=0-415-04602-5|page=9}}</ref> quamvis amplitudo usus eius saepe exaggeratur. [[Londonienses]] loquuntur cum mixtura accentuum, secundum ethnicitatem, vicinatum, classem, aetatem, educationem et varia alia factora. [[Anglica Aestuaria]] in recentibus decenniis eminentiam obtinuit: habet quasdam notas RP et quasdam Cockney.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Crystal |first1=David |title=Language and time |website=BBC - Voices - Your Voice |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/yourvoice/feature2_4.shtml}}</ref> Immigrantes in Britanniam recentibus decenniis plures linguas in patriam attulerunt, et praesertim Londonium. Inquisitiones ab anno 1979 ab [[Inner London Education Authority]] inceptae plus quam 125 linguas domestice loqui a familiis puerorum scholarium intra urbem invenerunt.<ref>{{cite report |author=Department of Education and Science |date=Summer 1980 |title="Report by HM Inspectors on Educational Provision by the Inner London Educational Authority" |via=Education in England |url=http://www.educationengland.org.uk/documents/hmi/1980-ilea.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119045234/http://www.educationengland.org.uk/documents/hmi/1980-ilea.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 November 2017 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |page=4 |access-date=17 January 2023 |quote=A survey of all school pupils conducted by ILEA's Research and Statistics Division has established that one in ten children in inner London speak English as a second language; ILEA pupils have over 125 different mother tongues, far more than any other LEA in England and more than in New York.}}</ref> Notabiliter, [[Anglica Multiculturalis Londoniensis]] – [[sociolectus]] qui saeculo 20 exeunte emersit – dicitur maxime a iuvenibus [[Classis laborans|classis laborantis]] in partibus [[Multiculturalismus|multiculturalibus]] [[Londinium|Londinii]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.urben-id.org/|title=UrBEn-ID {{!}} The UrBEn-ID project |website=urben-id.org |access-date=23 May 2016|archive-date=19 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319181015/https://www.urben-id.org/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2 November 2013|title=Argot bargy|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/britain/2013/11/02/argot-bargy |url-access=subscription |access-date=15 April 2021|issn=0013-0613 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=How Is Immigration Changing Language In the UK?|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/how-is-immigration-changing-language-in-the-uk/ |first1=Hannah |last1=Ewens |access-date=16 April 2021|website=Vice |date=24 February 2016 }}</ref> Cum magna [[migratio interna]] ad [[Northamptonshire]] in annis 1940, et cum positione inter plures accentuum regiones maiores, comitatus factus est fons variarum accentuum evolutionum. In Northampton, accentus antiquior ab influxu ex Londonio affectus est. Est accentus localiter ut accentus [[Kettering]] notus, qui est accentus transitorius inter [[Medi Terrae Orientales]] et [[Anglia Orientalis|Angliam Orientalem]]. Est ultimus accentus Australis Mediis Terrarum qui utitur lato 'a' in verbis sicut ''bath'' vel ''grass'' (i.e. {{respell|barth}} vel {{respell|grarss}}). Econtra, ''crass'' vel ''plastic'' utuntur stricto 'a'. Paucis milibus passuum ad boream-occidentem, in [[Leicestria]], stricta 'a' fit latius generaliter diffusa. In oppido [[Corby]], {{convert|5|mi|km|0|spell=in}} ad boream, invenitur dialectus Corbyitica, quae – dissimilis accentui Kettering – maxime ab accentu Scotico Occidentali afficitur. == Notae == Notae phonologicae propriae Anglicae Britannicae circa pronunciationem litterae R, necnon plosivam dentalem T et quosdam diphthongos huic dialecto proprios versantur. ### T-glottalizatio Olim ut proprietas Cockney habita, in multis formis Anglicae Britannicae dictae, {{IPA|/t/}} facta est communiter realisata ut [[clausura glottalis]] {{IPA|[ʔ]}} cum est in positione intervocalica, in processu [[T-glottalizatio|T-glottalizationis]] appellato. Media nationalia, in Londonio sita, viderunt clausuram glottalem latius se diffundentem quam olim in terminationibus verborum, ''not'' auditum ut "no{{IPA|[ʔ]}}" et ''bottle of water'' auditum ut "bo{{IPA|[ʔ]}}le of wa{{IPA|[ʔ]}}er". Adhuc stigmatizatur cum in positionibus medialibus verborum adhibetur, sicut ''later''.<ref name="Trudghill56">{{cite book|last=Trudgill|first=Peter |author-link=Peter Trudgill|title=Language in the British Isles|year=1984|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=0-521-28409-0|pages=56–57}}</ref> Aliae consonantes huic usui in Cockney Anglica subiectae sunt ''p'', sicut in pa{{IPA|[ʔ]}}er, et ''k'', sicut in ba{{IPA|[ʔ]}}er.<ref name="Trudghill56" /> ### R-demissio In plerisque Angliae et Cambriae regionibus, extra [[West Country English|West Country]] et alia comitatus vicina Britanniae, consonans R non pronuntiatur si non sequitur vocalis, sed vocalem praecedentem prolongans. Hoc phaenomenon notum est ut [[Rhoticitas in Anglica|non-rhoticitas]]. In hisdem regionibus, tendentia existit inserendi R inter verbum in vocali desinens et proximum verbum in vocali incipiens. Hoc vocatur [[R intrusivum]]. Potest intelligi ut merger, quia verba quae olim in R desinebant et verba quae non desinebant non amplius diversimode tractantur. Hoc etiam ob influxus Londonienses centricos est. Exempla R-demissionis sunt ''car'' et ''sugar'', ubi R non pronuntiatur. ### Diphthongizatio Dialecti Britannicae differunt de extensione diphthongizationis vocalium longarum, cum varietatibus australibus eas late in diphthongos vertentibus, et cum dialectis borealibus normaliter multas earum servantibus. Pro comparatione, varietates Americanae Septentrionales dici possunt intermediae. #### Borealis Vocalis longae /iː/ et /uː/ plerumque servantur, et in pluribus regionibus etiam /oː/ et /eː/, sicut in '''go''' et '''say''' (dissimiles aliis varietatibus Anglicae, quae eas mutant in [oʊ] et [eɪ] respective). Aliquae regiones eo usque vadunt ut non diphthongizent /iː/ et /uː/ medievales, quae dant modernas /aɪ/ et /aʊ/. Hoc est, exempli gratia, in accentu traditionali [[Novum Castrum super Tynum|Novi Castri super Tynum]], 'out' sonabit sicut 'oot', et in partibus Scotiae et Angliae Boreo-Occidentalis, 'my' pronuntiabitur ut 'me'. #### Australis Vocalis longae /iː/ et /uː/ diphthongizantur ad [ɪi] et [ʊu] respective (vel, magis technice, [ʏʉ], cum lingua elevata), ita ut '''ee''' et '''oo''' in '''feed''' et '''food''' cum motu pronuntientur. Diphthongus [oʊ] etiam pronuntiatur cum maiore motu, normaliter [əʊ], [əʉ] vel [əɨ]. ### Nomina collectiva Tendentia ad concordantiam morphologicam [[numerus grammaticus|numeri grammatici]] in [[nomen collectivum|nominibus collectivis]] omittendam fortior est in Anglica Britannica quam in Americana Septentrionali.<ref name="BOD">{{cite web |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118122015/http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2011/09/agreement-over-collective-nouns/ |archive-date=18 November 2011 |url=http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2011/09/agreement-over-collective-nouns/ |publisher= [[Oxford Dictionaries (website)|Oxford Dictionaries]] |website=OxfordWords |title=A quest for agreement over collective nouns |date=5 September 2011 |first1=Catherine |last1=Soanes }}</ref> Hoc significat tractare ea ut pluralia etiam cum grammatice singularia sunt, cum numerus naturalis perceptus praevalet – praesertim cum ad nomina institutionalia et coetus hominum applicatur. Nomen 'police', exempli gratia, hoc tractamentum patitur: {{blockquote|'''Police are''' investigating the theft of work tools worth £500 from a van at the Sprucefield park and ride car park in Lisburn.<ref name=BBC1>[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-38547391 Police are investigating the theft of work tools in Lisburn], [[BBC]], 8 Ianuarii 2017.</ref>}} Manus athletica similiter tractari potest: {{blockquote|Arsenal '''have''' lost just one of 20 home Premier League matches against Manchester City.<ref name=BBC2>[https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/39396482 Arsenal 2-2 Manchester City], [[BBC]], 2 Aprilis 2017.</ref>}} Haec tendentia observari potest in textibus tam primis quam saeculo 19 productis. Exempli gratia, [[Iana Austen]], auctrix Britannica, in Capite 4 ''[[Superbia et Praeiudicium (mythistoria)|Superbiae et Praeiudicii]]'', anno 1813 editi, scribit: {{blockquote|All '''the world are''' good and agreeable in your eyes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1342/1342-h/1342-h.htm|title=Pride and Prejudice |first1=Jane |last1=Austen |website=The Project Gutenberg |access-date=2020-02-27}}</ref>}} Attamen, in Capite 16, singularis grammaticus adhibetur: {{blockquote|'''The world is''' blinded by his fortune and consequence.}} Negationes Aliquae dialecti Anglicae Britannicae utuntur concordantia negativa, etiam nota ut [[negationes duplices]]. Potius quam verbum mutare vel forma positiva uti, verba sicut ''nobody'', ''not'', ''nothing'', et ''never'' in eadem sententia adhibentur.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/grammar/british-grammar/types-of-english-formal-informal-etc/double-negatives-and-usage|title=Double negatives and usage |website=Cambridge Dictionary }}</ref> Dum hoc in Anglica Normali non occurrit, occurrit in dialectis non-normalibus. Negatio duplex involvit duo morphemata diversa: unum quod negationem duplicem inducit, et aliud quod cum puncto vel verbo associatur.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Susagna |last=Tubau |title=Lexical variation and Negative Concord in Traditional Dialects of British English |journal=The Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=143–177 |doi=10.1007/s10828-016-9079-4|year=2016 |s2cid=123799620 |url=https://ddd.uab.cat/record/287774 }}</ref> Anglica Britannica Normalis [[Anglica Normalis]] in Regno Britanniarum, sicut in aliis nationibus Anglicam loquentibus, late in scholis et per normas sociales pro contextibus formalibus exercetur, sed non ab ulla auctoritate singulari. Exempli gratia, nullum institutum aequivalens {{Lang|fr|[[Académie Française|Académie française]]|italic=no}} pro Francogallica vel [[Academia Regia Hispanica]] pro Hispanica est. Anglica Britannica Normalis [[Comparatio Anglicae Americanae et Britannicae|notabiliter differt]] in quibusdam vocabulis, grammatica, et pronuntiationis notis a norma [[Anglica Americana|Anglicae Americanae]] et a quibusdam aliis varietatibus normalibus Anglicae circum orbem. [[Differentiae orthographicae Americanae et Britannicae|Orthographia Britannica et Americana]] etiam in minoribus modis differunt. Accentus, vel ratio pronuntiationis, Anglicae Britannicae normalis – in Anglia australi-orientali fundata – plus quam saeculum nota est ut [[Pronuntiatio Recepta]] (RP). Attamen, ob [[mutatio linguae|evolutionem linguae]] et trends sociales mutantes, aliqui linguistae arguunt RP [[Prestigium (sociolinguisticum)|praestigium]] amittere vel ab alio accentu substitutum esse – uno quem linguista [[Geoff Lindsey]], exempli gratia, vocat 'Anglicam Britannicam Australem Normalem'.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lindsey |first=Geoff |title=English after RP: standard British pronunciation today |date=2019 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-3-030-04356-8 |location=Cham, Switzerland}}</ref> Alii scholares suggerunt accentus normales magis regionales in Anglia emergere.<ref>Strycharczuk, P., López-Ibáñez, M., Brown, G., & Leemann, A. (2020). "General Northern English. Exploring regional variation in the North of England with machine learning". Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 3, 545883.</ref> Extra Angliam – hoc est in Scotia et Hibernia Septentrionali – RP valde parvam vim exercet, praesertim saeculo 21. RP, dum diu constitutum est ut accentus normalis Anglicae circum globum ob propagationem [[Imperium Britannicum|Imperii Britannici]], distinctus est a pronuntiatione normali Anglicae in nonnullis mundi partibus; eminentissime, RP [[Comparatio Generalis Americanae et Pronunciationis Receptae|notabiliter contra]] cum accentibus normalibus Americanis Septentrionalibus. Ab saeculo 21, dictionaria sicut ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', ''[[Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English]]'', ''[[Chambers Dictionary]]'', et ''[[Collins Dictionary]]'' commemorant usum actualem [[Usus (linguistica)|usum]] potius quam conantur [[Praescriptio linguistica|praescribere]] eum.<ref name="courses.nus.edu.sg">{{cite web|url=https://courses.nus.edu.sg/course/elltankw/history/standardisation/c.htm|title=The Standardisation of English|website=courses.nus.edu.sg|access-date=28 July 2017|archive-date=8 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208131549/http://courses.nus.edu.sg/course/elltankw/history/Standardisation/C.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Praeterea, vocabularium et usus cum tempore mutantur: verba libere mutuantur ex aliis linguis et ex aliis varietatibus Anglicae, et [[neologismi]] frequentes sunt. Historia normae Ob rationes historicas ad ortum [[Londinium|Londinii]] saeculo nono referentes, forma linguae in Londonio et [[Mediis Terris Orientalibus]] dicta facta est Anglica normalis in Aula, et tandem facta est basis pro usu generaliter accepto in lege, regimine, litteris, et educatione in Britannia. Normalizatio Anglicae Britannicae putatur ex utraque [[Aequatio dialectorum in Britannia|aequatione dialectorum]] et sensu percepto superioritatis socialis orta esse. Loquens dialectum normalem creavit distinctiones classium: illi qui non loquebantur Anglicam normalem habebantur inferioris classis vel status socialis, et saepe neglegebantur vel habebantur ut parvae intellegentiae.<ref name="courses.nus.edu.sg"/> Alia contributio ad normalizationem Anglicae Britannicae fuit introductio preli typographici in Angliam medio saeculo 15. Hoc faciendo, Gulielmus Caxton permisit communem linguam et orthographiam per Angliam multo celeriore rate disseminari.<ref name="thehistoryofenglish.com"/> ''[[Samuel Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (1755) magnus gradus fuit in [[Reformatio orthographica Anglica|reformatione orthographica Anglica]], in qua purificatio linguae ad tam sermonem quam orthographiam normalizandam intendebat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~kemmer/Histengl/spelling.html|title=The History of English: Spelling and Standardization (Suzanne Kemmer)|website=ruf.rice.edu}}</ref> Ineunte saeculo 20, auctores Britannici producerant numerosos libros ut duces ad grammaticam et usum Anglicum destinatos, quorum nonnulli satis acclamationis consecuti sunt ut in typis longis temporibus manerent et post aliquot decennia in novis editionibus redivivi essent. Inter eos sunt, eminentissime, Fowleri ''[[Modern English Usage]]'' et ''[[The Complete Plain Words]]'' a [[Eques Ernestus Gowers|Equite Ernesto Gowers]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/new-edition-of-the-complete-plain-words-will-delight-fans-of-no-frills-prose-but-can-breaking-the-9219926.html|title=New edition of The Complete Plain Words will delight fans of no‑frills|website=[[Independent.co.uk]]|date=27 March 2014}}</ref> Ductus accuratus de multis aspectibus scribendi Anglicae Britannicae pro editione includitur in stylorum libellis a variis editoribus editis, inter quae ''[[The Times]]'' diurna, ''[[Oxford University Press]]'', et ''[[Cambridge University Press]]''. Ductus ''Oxford University Press'' originaliter redacti sunt sicut una pagina ampla ab Horatio Henrico Hart et erant, tempore (1893), primi duces sui generis in Anglica. Paulatim amplificati sunt et tandem editi, primum sicut ''[[Hart's Rules]]'' et, anno 2002, ut pars ''The Oxford Manual of Style''. Comparabilis auctoritate et statura ad ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]'' pro edita [[Anglica Americana]], Manuale Oxoniense est manuale satis exhaustivum pro edita Anglica Britannica, ad quod scriptores consulere possunt in absentia ductuum specificorum a sua domo editoria.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/media_wysiwyg/University%20of%20Oxford%20Style%20Guide.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/media_wysiwyg/University%20of%20Oxford%20Style%20Guide.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |work=[[University of Oxford]] |title=Style Guide |access-date=14 June 2019 }}</ref> Relatio cum Anglica Consortii Anglica Britannica est fundamentum, et valde similis, [[Anglica in Consortio Populorum|Anglicae Consortii]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Matthews |first=R. J. |title=New Zealand English: A Case Study |date=December 1982 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-971X.1982.tb00525.x |journal=World Englishes |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=75–80 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-971X.1982.tb00525.x |issn=0883-2919|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Anglica Consortii est Anglica sicut in [[Consortium Populorum|civitatibus Consortii]] dicitur et scribitur, quamvis saepe cum aliqua variatione locali. Hoc includit Anglicam in [[Anglica Australiana|Australia]], [[Linguae Melitae#Anglica|Melita]], [[Anglica Nova Zelandica|Nova Zelandia]], [[Anglica Nigerianica|Nigeria]], et [[Anglica Africae Australis|Africa Australi]] dictam. Etiam includit [[Anglica Asiae Australis|Anglicam Asiae Australis]] in Asia Australi adhibitam, varietates Anglicae in [[Asia Meridionalis|Asia Meridionali]], et partes Africae. [[Anglica Canadensis]] in Anglica Britannica fundata est sed plus influxum ex [[Anglica Americana|Americana]] habet, et duae saepe [[Anglica Americana Septentrionalis|simul coniunguntur]] propter eorum propinquitatem.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tirban |first=N |date=2012 |title=The Major Difference between British and American English in Written and Oral Communication. |url=https://old.upm.ro/cci12/volCCI_II/Pages%20from%20Volum_texteCCI2-117.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724103127/https://old.upm.ro/cci12/volCCI_II/Pages%20from%20Volum_texteCCI2-117.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2022 |url-status=live |journal=Communication, Context, Interdisciplinarity |issue=2012 |pages=985–990 |via=Google Scholar}}</ref> Anglica Britannica, exempli gratia, est proxima Anglica ad Anglicam Indicum, sed Anglica Indica habet vocabularium additicium, et quaedam verba Anglica diversis significationibus attribuuntur.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dash |first=Niladri Sekhar |date=2007 |title=Indian and British English: A handbook of usage and pronunciation (review) |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/218142 |journal=Language |volume=83 |issue=2 |pages=465 |doi=10.1353/lan.2007.0065 |s2cid=144960858 |issn=1535-0665|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Vide etiam {{Cols}} [[Anglica Americana]] [[Anglica Australiana]] [[Lingua signorum Britannica]] [[Anglica Canadensis]] [[Comparatio Anglicae Americanae et Britannicae]] [[Anglica in Consortio Populorum]] [[Anglica Hibernica]] [[Anglica Terranovensis]] [[Anglica Nova Zelandica]] [[Anglica Africae Australis]] {{Colend}} Notae Adnotata {{notes | refs = {{efn | name = note | In Anglica Britannica [[nomen collectivum|nomina collectiva]] possunt esse vel singularia vel pluralia, secundum contextum. Exemplum ab [[Eric Partridge|Partridge]] datum est: " 'The committee of public safety is to consider the matter', sed 'the committee of public safety quarrel regarding their next chairman' ...Ita...singularia cum...unitas intenditur; pluralia cum idea pluralitatis praedominat". [[BBC News|Nuntii televisifici BBC]] et [https://www.theguardian.com/styleguide/c ''The Guardian''] libelli styli sequuntur Partridge sed alii fontes, sicut [[BBC Online]] et ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20080821181421/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/tools_and_services/specials/style_guide/article986720.ece The Times]'' libelli styli, commendant strictam concordantiam nominis-verbi cum nomine collectivo semper regente verbum [[Coniugatio grammatica|coniugatum]] in singulari. Nuntii radiophonici BBC, autem, insistunt in verbo plurali. Partridge, Eric (1947) ''Usage and Abusage'': "Collective Nouns". Allen, John (2003) ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110707214856/http://www.bbctraining.com/pdfs/newsStyleGuide.pdf BBC News style guide]'', pagina 31. }} }} Citationes {{Reflist}} Bibliographia McArthur, Tom (2002). ''Oxford Guide to World English''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-866248-3}} hardback, {{ISBN|0-19-860771-7}} paperback. Bragg, Melvyn (2004). ''The Adventure of English'', London: Sceptre. {{ISBN|0-340-82993-1}} *{{Cite book |title=English After RP: Standard British Pronunciation Today |first=Geoff |last=Lindsey |year=2019 |publisher=Springer Nature |location=Switzerland |isbn=978-3030043568 }} Peters, Pam (2004). ''The Cambridge Guide to English Usage''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-62181-X}}. Simpson, John (ed.) (1989). ''Oxford English Dictionary'', 2nd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Nexus externi {{commons category}} [http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/index.html Sounds Familiar?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912081632/http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/index.html |date=12 September 2016 }} – Exempla accentuum regionalium et dialectorum per Regnum Britanniarum in situ 'Sounds Familiar' [[Bibliotheca Britannica|Bibliothecae Britannicae]] [http://sounds.bl.uk/BrowseCategory.aspx?category=Accents-and-dialects Accentus et dialecti ex Archivio Sono Bibliothecae Britannicae] [http://www.soundcomparisons.com/ Accentus Anglicae ex Toto Orbe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429190515/http://www.soundcomparisons.com/ |date=29 April 2011 }} Audi et compara quomodo eadem 110 verba in 50 accentibus Anglicis ex toto orbe pronuntiantur – reproductio instantanea online [http://septicscompanion.com/ The Septic's Companion: Dictionarium Slang Britannicum] – dictionarium online slang Britannici, visum alphabetice vel per categoriam [http://www.britishenglish.com.tr/ Anglica Britannica Turcica] {{Dialecti Anglicae per continentem}} {{Tabula muralis linguae Anglicae officialis}} {{Portal bar|Regnum Britanniarum|Lingua}} {{Authority control}} [[Categoria:Anglica Britannica| ]] [[Categoria:Dialecti linguae Anglicae]] [[Categoria:Linguae Gibraltariae]] [[Categoria:Linguae Regni Britanniarum]] 4jyhi4i48hmrrhrcqkiw9ssaayfgr25 3972606 3972552 2026-07-18T05:43:19Z Bartholomite 116968 Bartholomite movit paginam [[Anglica Britannica]] ad [[Adumbratio:Anglica Britannica]]: turbamentum 3972552 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Varietates linguae Anglicae in Britannia}} {{Redirect|BrE|alios usus|BRE (discretiva){{!}}BRE}} {{pp|small=yes}} {{Use British English|date=December 2016}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}} {{Infobox language | name = Anglica Britannica | altname = | nativename = British English | states = [[Regnum Britanniarum]] (primum [[Anglia]]) | region = [[Insulae Britannicae]] | ethnicity = [[Britanni]] | familycolor = Indo-Europaea | fam2 = [[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] | fam3 = [[Linguae Germanicae Occidentales|Germanica Occidentalis]] | fam4 = [[Linguae Germanicae Maris Septentrionalis|Germanica Maris Septentrionalis]] | fam5 = [[Linguae Anglo-Frisicae|Anglo-Frisica]] | fam6 = [[Linguae Anglicae|Anglica]] | fam7 = [[Lingua Anglica|Anglica]] | dia1 = [[Lingua Anglica in Anglia]] | dia2 = [[Anglica Scotica]] | dia3 = [[Anglica Cambrica]] | dia4 = [[Anglica Ultoniensis]] | dia5 = [[Anglica Hibernica]] | dia6 = [[Anglica Bermudensis]] | dia7 = [[Anglica Insularum Falklandensium]] | dia8 = [[Anglica Insularum Cayanarum]] | dia9 = [[Anglica Calpensis]] | dia10 = [[Anglica Monensis]] | dia11 = [[Anglica Insularum Vectae]] | ancestor = [[Proto-Anglica]] | ancestor2 = [[Lingua Anglica Antiqua|Anglica Antiqua]] | ancestor3 = [[Lingua Anglica Media|Anglica Media]] | ancestor4 = [[Lingua Anglica Recentioris Aetatis Primae|Anglica Recentioris Aetatis Primae]] | stand1 = [[Pronuntiatio Recepta]] | script = [[Scriptura Latina|Latina]] ([[Abecedarium Anglicum]]) <br /> [[Unified English Braille]] | nation = [[Nationes Unitae]] (cum [[orthographia Oxoniensi]]) | isoexception = dialectus | ietf = {{wikidata|property|references|P305}} }} {{Differentiae Anglicae Americanae et Britannicae}} '''Anglica Britannica'''{{efn|Abbreviationes: '''BrE''', '''en-GB''', et '''BE'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/british_english |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020400/https://www.lexico.com/definition/british_english |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 November 2020 |title=British English |publisher=Lexico.com |date= |access-date=18 February 2022}}</ref>}} est copia [[Varietas (linguistica)|varietatum]] [[Lingua Anglica|linguae Anglicae]] in [[Regnum Britanniarum|Regno Britanniarum]] indigenarum, praesertim in [[Britannia|Britannia Maiore]].{{refn|''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' vocabulum applicat ad Anglicam "sicut in [[Insulis Britannicis]] dictam vel scriptam; praesertim formae Anglicae in Britannia Maiore usitatae", reservans "[[Anglica Hibernica]]" pro "lingua Anglica sicut in Hibernia dicta et scripta".<ref name="Oxford English Dictionary">{{cite book|title=Oxford English Dictionary|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordenglishdic0015unse|chapter-url-access=registration|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, England|year=1989|edition=2|chapter=British English; Hiberno-English}}</ref> Alii, sicut ''Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary'', eam definiunt sicut "[[Lingua Anglica in Anglia|lingua Anglica sicut in Anglia dicitur et scribitur]]".<ref name="Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary">[http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/american-english/british-english?q=British+English ''British English''], Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary</ref>}} Stricte, potest referri specialiter ad [[Lingua Anglica in Anglia|Anglicam in Anglia]], vel latius ad dialectos collectivas Anglicae per totum Regnum Britanniarum ut umbracula varietas, exempli gratia etiam incorporans [[Anglicam Scoticam]], [[Anglicam Cambricam]], et [[Anglicam Ultoniensem]]. [[Tom McArthur (linguista)|Tom McArthur]] in ''Oxford Guide to World English'' agnoscit Anglicam Britannicam participare "omnes ambiguitates et contentiones [cum] verbo 'Britannico' et ideo posse adhiberi et interpretari duobus modis, latius vel strictius, intra ambitum confusum et ambiguum". Variationes exstant in Anglica formali (tam scripta quam dicta) in Regno Britanniarum. Exempli gratia, adiectivum ''wee'' paene solum in partibus Scotiae, Angliae boreo-orientalis, Hiberniae Septentrionalis, Hiberniae, et interdum [[Dialectus Eboracensis|Eboraci]] adhibetur, cum adiectivum ''little'' alibi praedominet. Tamen, gradus significativus uniformitatis in Anglica scripta intra Regnum Britanniarum exstat, et hoc per vocabulum ''Anglica Britannica'' describi posset. Formae [[Lingua dicta|Anglicae dictae]], autem, multo magis variant quam in plerisque aliis mundi regionibus ubi Anglica dicitur<ref>{{cite news|first=Stuart |last=Jeffries|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/mar/27/regional-english-dialects|title=The G2 Guide to Regional English|journal=[[The Guardian]]|date=27 March 2009|at=section G2, p.&nbsp;12}}</ref> et ideo conceptus uniformis Anglicae Britannicae difficilius ad linguam dictam applicari potest. Globatim, nationes quae sunt [[Index civitatum quae independentiam a Regno Britanniarum consecutae sunt|ex-coloniae Britannicae]] vel membra [[Consortio Populorum|Consortii Populorum]] tendunt ad Anglicam Britannicam sequendam,<ref>{{cite book|title=New Oxford Style Manual|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2016}}</ref> sicut est casus pro Anglica adhibita ab institutis Unionis Europaeae.<ref>{{cite web |title=10.3. Spelling |url=https://style-guide.europa.eu/en/content/-/isg/topic?identifier=10.3-spelling |website=Interinstitutional Style Guide |publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |access-date=11 June 2024}}</ref> [[Nationes Unitae]] etiam utuntur Anglica Britannica cum [[orthographia Oxoniensi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Six Official UN Languages |url=https://languages.un.org/en/language-and-communications/six-official-un-languages |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Language and Communications Training |publisher=United Nations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Spelling |url=https://www.un.org/dgacm/en/content/editorial-manual/spelling |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Department for General Assembly and Conference Management |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> In Sinis, tam Anglica Britannica quam Americana docentur.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Dezuruigbo Journal|title=A study of British and American English for Chinese students|last=Odinye|first=Sunny|year=2016}}</ref> Regimen Britannicum active docet et promovet Anglicam circum orbem et [[British Council|operatur in plus quam 100 civitatibus]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/british-council |title=British Council |date=19 July 2018 |access-date=21 January 2023 |archive-date=21 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121174726/https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/british-council |url-status=live |website=GOV.UK }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org// |title=Learn English Online |website=British Council |access-date=4 February 2023 |archive-date=21 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121175722/https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org// |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/learningenglish/english/hygiene |title=About BBC Learning English |access-date=4 February 2023 |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204204233/https://www.bbc.com/learningenglish/english/hygiene |url-status=live}}</ref> == Historia == {{Main|Historia linguae Anglicae}} ### Origines {{further|Historia linguae Anglicae|Proto-Indo-Europaea|Proto-Germanica|Proto-Germanica Occidentalis|Proto-Anglica|Anglica Antiqua|Anglica Media|Anglica Recentioris Aetatis Primae|Anglica Moderna}} Anglica est [[Linguae Germanicae Occidentales|lingua Germanica Occidentalis]] quae ex [[Linguae Anglo-Frisicae|dialectis Anglo-Frisicis]] orta est, quae in Britanniam a [[Populi Germanici|colonis Germanicis]] ex variis partibus eorum quae nunc sunt Germania boreo-occidentalis et Nederlandia septentrionalis allatae sunt. Populatio indigena hoc tempore plerumque loquebatur [[Brittonica Communis|Brittonicam Communem]] – varietatem insularem [[Celticae Continentalis]], quae a [[Exercitus Romanus|occupatione Romana]] affecta erat. Hic linguarum grex ([[Lingua Cambrica|Cambrica]], [[Lingua Cornubica|Cornubica]], et [[Lingua Cumbrica|Cumbrica]]) una cum Anglica in periodum modernam exstiterunt, sed propter eorum distantiam a [[Linguae Germanicae|linguis Germanicis]], eorum influxus in Anglicam [[Index verborum Anglicorum originis Celticae|notabiliter limitatus]] erat. Tamen, gradus influxus disputatur, et nuper argutum est influxum grammaticum ex Brittonica rationem habere innovationum substantialium quae Anglicam ab aliis linguis Germanicis Occidentalibus distinguunt.<ref>[[English and Welsh]], 1955 J. R. R. Tolkien, etiam vide references in [[Brittonicismi in Anglica]]</ref> Initio, [[Anglica Antiqua]] erat diversus dialectorum grex, varias origines [[Anglo-Saxonica|regulorum Anglo-Saxonum]] Angliae referens. Una harum dialectorum, [[Saxonica Occidentalis Posterior|Saxonica Occidentalis Posterioris]], tandem dominari coepit. Originalis Anglica Antiqua deinde a duobus fluctibus invasionis affecta est: primus a loquentibus rami [[Linguae Germanicae|Germanici]] Scandinavici, qui in partibus Britanniae saeculis octavo et nono consederunt; secundus a [[Normanni|Normannis]] saeculo 11, qui loquebantur [[Normannica Antiqua]] et tandem varietatem Anglicam eius nomine [[Lingua Anglo-Normannica|Anglo-Normannicam]] evolverunt. Hae duae invasiones fecerunt ut Anglica quodammodo 'mixta' fieret (quamvis numquam vere [[lingua mixta]] in sensu strictissimo verbi; linguae mixtae oriuntur ex cohabitatione loquentium diversarum linguarum, qui hybridam linguam pro communicatione fundamentali evolvunt). Quo magis idiomatica, concreta, et descriptiva Anglica est, eo magis ex originibus Anglo-Saxonicis derivat. Quo magis intellectualis et abstracta Anglica est, eo magis [[Lingua Latina|Latina]] et [[Lingua Francogallica|Francogallica]] influxus continet. Exempli gratia, ''swine'' (sicut Germanicum {{Lang|de|Schwein}}) est animal in agro, ab occupatis Anglo-Saxonibus educatum, dum ''pork'' (sicut Francogallicum {{Lang|fr|porc}}) est animal in mensa, a Normannis occupantibus comestum.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ling201/test3materials/HistEngoverhead.htm|title=Linguistics 201: History of English|website=Pandora Internet Web Server |access-date=29 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018113704/http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ling201/test3materials/HistEngoverhead.htm|archive-date=18 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Aliud exemplum est Anglo-Saxonicum {{Lang|ang|cū}} quod 'vacca' significat, et Francogallicum {{Lang|fr|bœuf}} quod 'bubula' significat.<ref>{{Citation|title=Why You Swear in Anglo-Saxon and Order Fancy Food in French: Registers |first1=Tom |last1=Scott |website=YouTube |date= 14 June 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wA2xRVMOThc| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/wA2xRVMOThc| archive-date=28 October 2021|language=en|access-date=18 March 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Cohabitatio cum Scandina viculis resultavit in simplificatione grammatica significanti et ditetione lexica nuclei [[Linguae Anglo-Frisicae|Anglo-Frisici]] Anglicae. Posterior occupatio Normannica duxit ad insertionem in nucleum Germanicum strati magis elaborati verborum ex ramo [[Linguae Romanae|Romano]] linguarum Europaearum. Hic influxus Normannicus in Anglicam intravit maxime per aulam et regimen. Sic Anglica evolvit in linguam [[Mutuum verbum|'mutuantem']] magnae flexibilitatis et cum [[Vocabularium|vocabulario]] amplissimo. ## Dialecti {{see also|Lingua Anglica in Anglia|Anglica Scotica|Anglica Cambrica|Anglica Ultoniensis|Anglica Hibernica|Anguillana Creola|Montserrat Creola|Anglica Bermudensis|Anglica Insularum Falklandensium|Anglica Insularum Cayanarum|Anglica Calpensis|Anglica Monensis|Anglica Insularum Vectae}} {{IPA notice}}[[Index dialectorum linguae Anglicae#Europa|Dialecti]] et [[Accentus regionales Anglici|accentus]] variant inter quattuor [[Civitates Regni Britanniarum|regiones Regni Britanniarum]], ac intra ipsas regiones. Principales divisiones normaliter classificatae sunt sicut [[Lingua Anglica in Anglia|Anglica Anglica]] (vel Anglica sicut in Anglia dicta, quae ipsa late dividitur in [[Lingua Anglica in Anglia Australi|Anglicam Australem]], [[Lingua Anglica in partibus occidentalibus|Anglicam Occidentalem]], [[Lingua Anglica in Mediis Terris Orientalibus|Anglicam Mediis Terrarum Orientalem]] et [[Lingua Anglica in Mediis Terris Occidentalibus|Occidentalem]], et [[Lingua Anglica in Anglia Boreali|Anglicam Borealem]]), [[Anglica Ultoniensis]] (in Hibernia Septentrionali), [[Anglica Cambrica]] (non confundenda cum [[Lingua Cambrica|lingua Cambrica]]), et [[Anglica Scotica]] (non confundenda cum [[Lingua Scotica|lingua Scotica]] vel [[Lingua Scotica Gaelica|Gaelica Scotica]]). Quisque grex includit amplitudinem dialectorum, quarum aliae notabiliter ab aliis differunt. Variae dialecti Britannicae etiam differunt in verbis quae ex aliis linguis mutuatae sunt. Circa medium saeculi 15, erant puncta ubi intra 5 dialectos maiores erant fere 500 modi scribendi verbum ''though''.<ref name="thehistoryofenglish.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehistoryofenglish.com/history_early_modern.html|title= Early Modern English (c. 1500 – c. 1800)|website=The History of English |access-date=28 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209013306/http://www.thehistoryofenglish.com/history_early_modern.html|archive-date=9 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> ### Investigatio Post suum ultimum magnum [[Survey of English Dialects|Inquisitum Dialectorum Anglicarum]] (1949–1950), [[Universitas Loidensis]] opus in novo incepto incepit. Mense Maio 2007, [[Arts and Humanities Research Council]] concessum Universitati Loidensi ad dialectos regionales Britannicas investigandas dedit.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050313183453/http://www.personal.leeds.ac.uk/~smlsaj/ Professor Sally Johnson] biographia in [[Universitas Loidensis|Universitati Loidensi]] situ</ref><ref name=MEO>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061003092355/http://reporter.leeds.ac.uk/press_releases/current/voices.htm Mapping the English language—from cockney to Orkney], [[Universitas Loidensis]] situs, 25 Maii 2007.</ref> Turma{{efn|name=note}} perlegit magnam collectionem exemplorum verborum et locutionum regionalium slang revelatorum per inceptum 'Voices' a [[BBC]] curatum, in quo publicus invitatus est ut exempla Anglicae adhuc per patriam dictae mitteret. Inceptum BBC Voices etiam collegit centum articulos nuntiorum de quomodo Britanni Anglicam loquuntur – a maledictionibus ad res de scholis linguarum. Haec informatio etiam colligetur et analyzabitur a turma Professoris Johnsonis, tam pro contento quam pro loco unde relata est. "Forsitan inventum notabilissimum in studio Voices est quod lingua Anglica tam diversa est quam umquam, non obstante nostra mobilitate aucta et expositione constanti ad alios accentus et dialectos per televisionem et radiophonium."<ref name=MEO/> Cum de concessione anno 2007 dissereret, [[Universitas Loidensis]] affirmavit: {{blockquote|se "valde placere" – et quidem, "bene chuffed" – ob acceptum concessum generosum. Universitas, utique, potuisset esse "bostin" si venisset ex [[Black Country]], aut si esset [[Scouser]] bene "made up" fuisset super tot spondoolicks, quia, sicut [[Geordie]] diceret, £460,000 est "canny load of chink".<ref name=Indi-20070601>McSmith, Andy. ''Dialect researchers given a "canny load of chink" to sort "pikeys" from "chavs" in regional accents'', [[The Independent]], 1 Iunii 2007. Pagina 20</ref>}} ### Regionalis Anglica {{Expand section|with=details about other different [[regional accents]] and [[dialects]]|talk=Shortcomings|small=no|date=April 2024}} Plerique in Britannia loquuntur cum accentu regionali vel dialecto. Attamen, circa 2% Britonum loquuntur cum accentu nomine [[Pronuntiatio Recepta|Pronunciatione Recepta]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/received-pronunciation/|title=Received Pronunciation|access-date=20 March 2017|archive-date=22 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722181432/http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/received-pronunciation/|url-status=dead}}</ref> (etiam nota ut 'Anglica Regis', 'Anglica Oxoniensis' vel '[[BBC]] Anglica'<ref>BBC Anglica quia haec originaliter erat forma Anglicae in radiophonio et televisione adhibita, quamvis latior varietas accentuum his diebus audiri possit.</ref>), quae essentialiter est regionis expers.<ref name=sweet>{{cite book |last=Sweet |first=Henry |title=The Sounds of English |page=[https://archive.org/details/soundsenglishan00sweegoog/page/n11 7] |url=https://archive.org/details/soundsenglishan00sweegoog |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1908 }}</ref><ref name=fowler>{{cite news |last=Fowler |first=H.W. |editor=R.W. Birchfield |title=Fowler's Modern English Usage |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 }}</ref> Derivatur ex mixtura dialectorum Mediis Terrarum et Australium in Londonio in periodo recentiore antiqua dictarum.<ref name=fowler/> Frequenter adhibetur ut exemplar pro docenda Anglica ad exteros discentes.<ref name=fowler/> In Australia Meridiana, sunt accentus valde differentes: accentus [[Cockney]] a nonnullis orientalibus Londoniensibus dictus est valde differens a Pronunciatione Recepta (RP). [[Cockney]] [[rhyming slang]] potest (et initio intentum erat) difficilis esse externis ad intelligendum,<ref name="Franklyn1975">{{cite book|last=Franklyn|first=Julian|title=A dictionary of rhyming slang|year=1975|publisher=Routledge and Kegan Paul|location=London|isbn=0-415-04602-5|page=9}}</ref> quamvis amplitudo usus eius saepe exaggeratur. [[Londonienses]] loquuntur cum mixtura accentuum, secundum ethnicitatem, vicinatum, classem, aetatem, educationem et varia alia factora. [[Anglica Aestuaria]] in recentibus decenniis eminentiam obtinuit: habet quasdam notas RP et quasdam Cockney.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Crystal |first1=David |title=Language and time |website=BBC - Voices - Your Voice |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/yourvoice/feature2_4.shtml}}</ref> Immigrantes in Britanniam recentibus decenniis plures linguas in patriam attulerunt, et praesertim Londonium. Inquisitiones ab anno 1979 ab [[Inner London Education Authority]] inceptae plus quam 125 linguas domestice loqui a familiis puerorum scholarium intra urbem invenerunt.<ref>{{cite report |author=Department of Education and Science |date=Summer 1980 |title="Report by HM Inspectors on Educational Provision by the Inner London Educational Authority" |via=Education in England |url=http://www.educationengland.org.uk/documents/hmi/1980-ilea.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119045234/http://www.educationengland.org.uk/documents/hmi/1980-ilea.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 November 2017 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |page=4 |access-date=17 January 2023 |quote=A survey of all school pupils conducted by ILEA's Research and Statistics Division has established that one in ten children in inner London speak English as a second language; ILEA pupils have over 125 different mother tongues, far more than any other LEA in England and more than in New York.}}</ref> Notabiliter, [[Anglica Multiculturalis Londoniensis]] – [[sociolectus]] qui saeculo 20 exeunte emersit – dicitur maxime a iuvenibus [[Classis laborans|classis laborantis]] in partibus [[Multiculturalismus|multiculturalibus]] [[Londinium|Londinii]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.urben-id.org/|title=UrBEn-ID {{!}} The UrBEn-ID project |website=urben-id.org |access-date=23 May 2016|archive-date=19 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319181015/https://www.urben-id.org/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2 November 2013|title=Argot bargy|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/britain/2013/11/02/argot-bargy |url-access=subscription |access-date=15 April 2021|issn=0013-0613 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=How Is Immigration Changing Language In the UK?|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/how-is-immigration-changing-language-in-the-uk/ |first1=Hannah |last1=Ewens |access-date=16 April 2021|website=Vice |date=24 February 2016 }}</ref> Cum magna [[migratio interna]] ad [[Northamptonshire]] in annis 1940, et cum positione inter plures accentuum regiones maiores, comitatus factus est fons variarum accentuum evolutionum. In Northampton, accentus antiquior ab influxu ex Londonio affectus est. Est accentus localiter ut accentus [[Kettering]] notus, qui est accentus transitorius inter [[Medi Terrae Orientales]] et [[Anglia Orientalis|Angliam Orientalem]]. Est ultimus accentus Australis Mediis Terrarum qui utitur lato 'a' in verbis sicut ''bath'' vel ''grass'' (i.e. {{respell|barth}} vel {{respell|grarss}}). Econtra, ''crass'' vel ''plastic'' utuntur stricto 'a'. Paucis milibus passuum ad boream-occidentem, in [[Leicestria]], stricta 'a' fit latius generaliter diffusa. In oppido [[Corby]], {{convert|5|mi|km|0|spell=in}} ad boream, invenitur dialectus Corbyitica, quae – dissimilis accentui Kettering – maxime ab accentu Scotico Occidentali afficitur. == Notae == Notae phonologicae propriae Anglicae Britannicae circa pronunciationem litterae R, necnon plosivam dentalem T et quosdam diphthongos huic dialecto proprios versantur. ### T-glottalizatio Olim ut proprietas Cockney habita, in multis formis Anglicae Britannicae dictae, {{IPA|/t/}} facta est communiter realisata ut [[clausura glottalis]] {{IPA|[ʔ]}} cum est in positione intervocalica, in processu [[T-glottalizatio|T-glottalizationis]] appellato. Media nationalia, in Londonio sita, viderunt clausuram glottalem latius se diffundentem quam olim in terminationibus verborum, ''not'' auditum ut "no{{IPA|[ʔ]}}" et ''bottle of water'' auditum ut "bo{{IPA|[ʔ]}}le of wa{{IPA|[ʔ]}}er". Adhuc stigmatizatur cum in positionibus medialibus verborum adhibetur, sicut ''later''.<ref name="Trudghill56">{{cite book|last=Trudgill|first=Peter |author-link=Peter Trudgill|title=Language in the British Isles|year=1984|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=0-521-28409-0|pages=56–57}}</ref> Aliae consonantes huic usui in Cockney Anglica subiectae sunt ''p'', sicut in pa{{IPA|[ʔ]}}er, et ''k'', sicut in ba{{IPA|[ʔ]}}er.<ref name="Trudghill56" /> ### R-demissio In plerisque Angliae et Cambriae regionibus, extra [[West Country English|West Country]] et alia comitatus vicina Britanniae, consonans R non pronuntiatur si non sequitur vocalis, sed vocalem praecedentem prolongans. Hoc phaenomenon notum est ut [[Rhoticitas in Anglica|non-rhoticitas]]. In hisdem regionibus, tendentia existit inserendi R inter verbum in vocali desinens et proximum verbum in vocali incipiens. Hoc vocatur [[R intrusivum]]. Potest intelligi ut merger, quia verba quae olim in R desinebant et verba quae non desinebant non amplius diversimode tractantur. Hoc etiam ob influxus Londonienses centricos est. Exempla R-demissionis sunt ''car'' et ''sugar'', ubi R non pronuntiatur. ### Diphthongizatio Dialecti Britannicae differunt de extensione diphthongizationis vocalium longarum, cum varietatibus australibus eas late in diphthongos vertentibus, et cum dialectis borealibus normaliter multas earum servantibus. Pro comparatione, varietates Americanae Septentrionales dici possunt intermediae. #### Borealis Vocalis longae /iː/ et /uː/ plerumque servantur, et in pluribus regionibus etiam /oː/ et /eː/, sicut in '''go''' et '''say''' (dissimiles aliis varietatibus Anglicae, quae eas mutant in [oʊ] et [eɪ] respective). Aliquae regiones eo usque vadunt ut non diphthongizent /iː/ et /uː/ medievales, quae dant modernas /aɪ/ et /aʊ/. Hoc est, exempli gratia, in accentu traditionali [[Novum Castrum super Tynum|Novi Castri super Tynum]], 'out' sonabit sicut 'oot', et in partibus Scotiae et Angliae Boreo-Occidentalis, 'my' pronuntiabitur ut 'me'. #### Australis Vocalis longae /iː/ et /uː/ diphthongizantur ad [ɪi] et [ʊu] respective (vel, magis technice, [ʏʉ], cum lingua elevata), ita ut '''ee''' et '''oo''' in '''feed''' et '''food''' cum motu pronuntientur. Diphthongus [oʊ] etiam pronuntiatur cum maiore motu, normaliter [əʊ], [əʉ] vel [əɨ]. ### Nomina collectiva Tendentia ad concordantiam morphologicam [[numerus grammaticus|numeri grammatici]] in [[nomen collectivum|nominibus collectivis]] omittendam fortior est in Anglica Britannica quam in Americana Septentrionali.<ref name="BOD">{{cite web |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118122015/http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2011/09/agreement-over-collective-nouns/ |archive-date=18 November 2011 |url=http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2011/09/agreement-over-collective-nouns/ |publisher= [[Oxford Dictionaries (website)|Oxford Dictionaries]] |website=OxfordWords |title=A quest for agreement over collective nouns |date=5 September 2011 |first1=Catherine |last1=Soanes }}</ref> Hoc significat tractare ea ut pluralia etiam cum grammatice singularia sunt, cum numerus naturalis perceptus praevalet – praesertim cum ad nomina institutionalia et coetus hominum applicatur. Nomen 'police', exempli gratia, hoc tractamentum patitur: {{blockquote|'''Police are''' investigating the theft of work tools worth £500 from a van at the Sprucefield park and ride car park in Lisburn.<ref name=BBC1>[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-38547391 Police are investigating the theft of work tools in Lisburn], [[BBC]], 8 Ianuarii 2017.</ref>}} Manus athletica similiter tractari potest: {{blockquote|Arsenal '''have''' lost just one of 20 home Premier League matches against Manchester City.<ref name=BBC2>[https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/39396482 Arsenal 2-2 Manchester City], [[BBC]], 2 Aprilis 2017.</ref>}} Haec tendentia observari potest in textibus tam primis quam saeculo 19 productis. Exempli gratia, [[Iana Austen]], auctrix Britannica, in Capite 4 ''[[Superbia et Praeiudicium (mythistoria)|Superbiae et Praeiudicii]]'', anno 1813 editi, scribit: {{blockquote|All '''the world are''' good and agreeable in your eyes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1342/1342-h/1342-h.htm|title=Pride and Prejudice |first1=Jane |last1=Austen |website=The Project Gutenberg |access-date=2020-02-27}}</ref>}} Attamen, in Capite 16, singularis grammaticus adhibetur: {{blockquote|'''The world is''' blinded by his fortune and consequence.}} Negationes Aliquae dialecti Anglicae Britannicae utuntur concordantia negativa, etiam nota ut [[negationes duplices]]. Potius quam verbum mutare vel forma positiva uti, verba sicut ''nobody'', ''not'', ''nothing'', et ''never'' in eadem sententia adhibentur.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/grammar/british-grammar/types-of-english-formal-informal-etc/double-negatives-and-usage|title=Double negatives and usage |website=Cambridge Dictionary }}</ref> Dum hoc in Anglica Normali non occurrit, occurrit in dialectis non-normalibus. Negatio duplex involvit duo morphemata diversa: unum quod negationem duplicem inducit, et aliud quod cum puncto vel verbo associatur.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Susagna |last=Tubau |title=Lexical variation and Negative Concord in Traditional Dialects of British English |journal=The Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=143–177 |doi=10.1007/s10828-016-9079-4|year=2016 |s2cid=123799620 |url=https://ddd.uab.cat/record/287774 }}</ref> Anglica Britannica Normalis [[Anglica Normalis]] in Regno Britanniarum, sicut in aliis nationibus Anglicam loquentibus, late in scholis et per normas sociales pro contextibus formalibus exercetur, sed non ab ulla auctoritate singulari. Exempli gratia, nullum institutum aequivalens {{Lang|fr|[[Académie Française|Académie française]]|italic=no}} pro Francogallica vel [[Academia Regia Hispanica]] pro Hispanica est. Anglica Britannica Normalis [[Comparatio Anglicae Americanae et Britannicae|notabiliter differt]] in quibusdam vocabulis, grammatica, et pronuntiationis notis a norma [[Anglica Americana|Anglicae Americanae]] et a quibusdam aliis varietatibus normalibus Anglicae circum orbem. [[Differentiae orthographicae Americanae et Britannicae|Orthographia Britannica et Americana]] etiam in minoribus modis differunt. Accentus, vel ratio pronuntiationis, Anglicae Britannicae normalis – in Anglia australi-orientali fundata – plus quam saeculum nota est ut [[Pronuntiatio Recepta]] (RP). Attamen, ob [[mutatio linguae|evolutionem linguae]] et trends sociales mutantes, aliqui linguistae arguunt RP [[Prestigium (sociolinguisticum)|praestigium]] amittere vel ab alio accentu substitutum esse – uno quem linguista [[Geoff Lindsey]], exempli gratia, vocat 'Anglicam Britannicam Australem Normalem'.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lindsey |first=Geoff |title=English after RP: standard British pronunciation today |date=2019 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-3-030-04356-8 |location=Cham, Switzerland}}</ref> Alii scholares suggerunt accentus normales magis regionales in Anglia emergere.<ref>Strycharczuk, P., López-Ibáñez, M., Brown, G., & Leemann, A. (2020). "General Northern English. Exploring regional variation in the North of England with machine learning". Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 3, 545883.</ref> Extra Angliam – hoc est in Scotia et Hibernia Septentrionali – RP valde parvam vim exercet, praesertim saeculo 21. RP, dum diu constitutum est ut accentus normalis Anglicae circum globum ob propagationem [[Imperium Britannicum|Imperii Britannici]], distinctus est a pronuntiatione normali Anglicae in nonnullis mundi partibus; eminentissime, RP [[Comparatio Generalis Americanae et Pronunciationis Receptae|notabiliter contra]] cum accentibus normalibus Americanis Septentrionalibus. Ab saeculo 21, dictionaria sicut ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', ''[[Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English]]'', ''[[Chambers Dictionary]]'', et ''[[Collins Dictionary]]'' commemorant usum actualem [[Usus (linguistica)|usum]] potius quam conantur [[Praescriptio linguistica|praescribere]] eum.<ref name="courses.nus.edu.sg">{{cite web|url=https://courses.nus.edu.sg/course/elltankw/history/standardisation/c.htm|title=The Standardisation of English|website=courses.nus.edu.sg|access-date=28 July 2017|archive-date=8 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208131549/http://courses.nus.edu.sg/course/elltankw/history/Standardisation/C.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Praeterea, vocabularium et usus cum tempore mutantur: verba libere mutuantur ex aliis linguis et ex aliis varietatibus Anglicae, et [[neologismi]] frequentes sunt. Historia normae Ob rationes historicas ad ortum [[Londinium|Londinii]] saeculo nono referentes, forma linguae in Londonio et [[Mediis Terris Orientalibus]] dicta facta est Anglica normalis in Aula, et tandem facta est basis pro usu generaliter accepto in lege, regimine, litteris, et educatione in Britannia. Normalizatio Anglicae Britannicae putatur ex utraque [[Aequatio dialectorum in Britannia|aequatione dialectorum]] et sensu percepto superioritatis socialis orta esse. Loquens dialectum normalem creavit distinctiones classium: illi qui non loquebantur Anglicam normalem habebantur inferioris classis vel status socialis, et saepe neglegebantur vel habebantur ut parvae intellegentiae.<ref name="courses.nus.edu.sg"/> Alia contributio ad normalizationem Anglicae Britannicae fuit introductio preli typographici in Angliam medio saeculo 15. Hoc faciendo, Gulielmus Caxton permisit communem linguam et orthographiam per Angliam multo celeriore rate disseminari.<ref name="thehistoryofenglish.com"/> ''[[Samuel Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (1755) magnus gradus fuit in [[Reformatio orthographica Anglica|reformatione orthographica Anglica]], in qua purificatio linguae ad tam sermonem quam orthographiam normalizandam intendebat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~kemmer/Histengl/spelling.html|title=The History of English: Spelling and Standardization (Suzanne Kemmer)|website=ruf.rice.edu}}</ref> Ineunte saeculo 20, auctores Britannici producerant numerosos libros ut duces ad grammaticam et usum Anglicum destinatos, quorum nonnulli satis acclamationis consecuti sunt ut in typis longis temporibus manerent et post aliquot decennia in novis editionibus redivivi essent. Inter eos sunt, eminentissime, Fowleri ''[[Modern English Usage]]'' et ''[[The Complete Plain Words]]'' a [[Eques Ernestus Gowers|Equite Ernesto Gowers]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/new-edition-of-the-complete-plain-words-will-delight-fans-of-no-frills-prose-but-can-breaking-the-9219926.html|title=New edition of The Complete Plain Words will delight fans of no‑frills|website=[[Independent.co.uk]]|date=27 March 2014}}</ref> Ductus accuratus de multis aspectibus scribendi Anglicae Britannicae pro editione includitur in stylorum libellis a variis editoribus editis, inter quae ''[[The Times]]'' diurna, ''[[Oxford University Press]]'', et ''[[Cambridge University Press]]''. Ductus ''Oxford University Press'' originaliter redacti sunt sicut una pagina ampla ab Horatio Henrico Hart et erant, tempore (1893), primi duces sui generis in Anglica. Paulatim amplificati sunt et tandem editi, primum sicut ''[[Hart's Rules]]'' et, anno 2002, ut pars ''The Oxford Manual of Style''. Comparabilis auctoritate et statura ad ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]'' pro edita [[Anglica Americana]], Manuale Oxoniense est manuale satis exhaustivum pro edita Anglica Britannica, ad quod scriptores consulere possunt in absentia ductuum specificorum a sua domo editoria.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/media_wysiwyg/University%20of%20Oxford%20Style%20Guide.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/media_wysiwyg/University%20of%20Oxford%20Style%20Guide.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |work=[[University of Oxford]] |title=Style Guide |access-date=14 June 2019 }}</ref> Relatio cum Anglica Consortii Anglica Britannica est fundamentum, et valde similis, [[Anglica in Consortio Populorum|Anglicae Consortii]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Matthews |first=R. J. |title=New Zealand English: A Case Study |date=December 1982 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-971X.1982.tb00525.x |journal=World Englishes |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=75–80 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-971X.1982.tb00525.x |issn=0883-2919|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Anglica Consortii est Anglica sicut in [[Consortium Populorum|civitatibus Consortii]] dicitur et scribitur, quamvis saepe cum aliqua variatione locali. Hoc includit Anglicam in [[Anglica Australiana|Australia]], [[Linguae Melitae#Anglica|Melita]], [[Anglica Nova Zelandica|Nova Zelandia]], [[Anglica Nigerianica|Nigeria]], et [[Anglica Africae Australis|Africa Australi]] dictam. Etiam includit [[Anglica Asiae Australis|Anglicam Asiae Australis]] in Asia Australi adhibitam, varietates Anglicae in [[Asia Meridionalis|Asia Meridionali]], et partes Africae. [[Anglica Canadensis]] in Anglica Britannica fundata est sed plus influxum ex [[Anglica Americana|Americana]] habet, et duae saepe [[Anglica Americana Septentrionalis|simul coniunguntur]] propter eorum propinquitatem.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tirban |first=N |date=2012 |title=The Major Difference between British and American English in Written and Oral Communication. |url=https://old.upm.ro/cci12/volCCI_II/Pages%20from%20Volum_texteCCI2-117.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724103127/https://old.upm.ro/cci12/volCCI_II/Pages%20from%20Volum_texteCCI2-117.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2022 |url-status=live |journal=Communication, Context, Interdisciplinarity |issue=2012 |pages=985–990 |via=Google Scholar}}</ref> Anglica Britannica, exempli gratia, est proxima Anglica ad Anglicam Indicum, sed Anglica Indica habet vocabularium additicium, et quaedam verba Anglica diversis significationibus attribuuntur.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dash |first=Niladri Sekhar |date=2007 |title=Indian and British English: A handbook of usage and pronunciation (review) |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/218142 |journal=Language |volume=83 |issue=2 |pages=465 |doi=10.1353/lan.2007.0065 |s2cid=144960858 |issn=1535-0665|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Vide etiam {{Cols}} [[Anglica Americana]] [[Anglica Australiana]] [[Lingua signorum Britannica]] [[Anglica Canadensis]] [[Comparatio Anglicae Americanae et Britannicae]] [[Anglica in Consortio Populorum]] [[Anglica Hibernica]] [[Anglica Terranovensis]] [[Anglica Nova Zelandica]] [[Anglica Africae Australis]] {{Colend}} Notae Adnotata {{notes | refs = {{efn | name = note | In Anglica Britannica [[nomen collectivum|nomina collectiva]] possunt esse vel singularia vel pluralia, secundum contextum. Exemplum ab [[Eric Partridge|Partridge]] datum est: " 'The committee of public safety is to consider the matter', sed 'the committee of public safety quarrel regarding their next chairman' ...Ita...singularia cum...unitas intenditur; pluralia cum idea pluralitatis praedominat". [[BBC News|Nuntii televisifici BBC]] et [https://www.theguardian.com/styleguide/c ''The Guardian''] libelli styli sequuntur Partridge sed alii fontes, sicut [[BBC Online]] et ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20080821181421/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/tools_and_services/specials/style_guide/article986720.ece The Times]'' libelli styli, commendant strictam concordantiam nominis-verbi cum nomine collectivo semper regente verbum [[Coniugatio grammatica|coniugatum]] in singulari. Nuntii radiophonici BBC, autem, insistunt in verbo plurali. Partridge, Eric (1947) ''Usage and Abusage'': "Collective Nouns". Allen, John (2003) ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110707214856/http://www.bbctraining.com/pdfs/newsStyleGuide.pdf BBC News style guide]'', pagina 31. }} }} Citationes {{Reflist}} Bibliographia McArthur, Tom (2002). ''Oxford Guide to World English''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-866248-3}} hardback, {{ISBN|0-19-860771-7}} paperback. Bragg, Melvyn (2004). ''The Adventure of English'', London: Sceptre. {{ISBN|0-340-82993-1}} *{{Cite book |title=English After RP: Standard British Pronunciation Today |first=Geoff |last=Lindsey |year=2019 |publisher=Springer Nature |location=Switzerland |isbn=978-3030043568 }} Peters, Pam (2004). ''The Cambridge Guide to English Usage''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-62181-X}}. Simpson, John (ed.) (1989). ''Oxford English Dictionary'', 2nd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Nexus externi {{commons category}} [http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/index.html Sounds Familiar?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912081632/http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/index.html |date=12 September 2016 }} – Exempla accentuum regionalium et dialectorum per Regnum Britanniarum in situ 'Sounds Familiar' [[Bibliotheca Britannica|Bibliothecae Britannicae]] [http://sounds.bl.uk/BrowseCategory.aspx?category=Accents-and-dialects Accentus et dialecti ex Archivio Sono Bibliothecae Britannicae] [http://www.soundcomparisons.com/ Accentus Anglicae ex Toto Orbe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429190515/http://www.soundcomparisons.com/ |date=29 April 2011 }} Audi et compara quomodo eadem 110 verba in 50 accentibus Anglicis ex toto orbe pronuntiantur – reproductio instantanea online [http://septicscompanion.com/ The Septic's Companion: Dictionarium Slang Britannicum] – dictionarium online slang Britannici, visum alphabetice vel per categoriam [http://www.britishenglish.com.tr/ Anglica Britannica Turcica] {{Dialecti Anglicae per continentem}} {{Tabula muralis linguae Anglicae officialis}} {{Portal bar|Regnum Britanniarum|Lingua}} {{Authority control}} [[Categoria:Anglica Britannica| ]] [[Categoria:Dialecti linguae Anglicae]] [[Categoria:Linguae Gibraltariae]] [[Categoria:Linguae Regni Britanniarum]] 4jyhi4i48hmrrhrcqkiw9ssaayfgr25 3972608 3972606 2026-07-18T05:43:50Z Bartholomite 116968 3972608 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Adumbratio}}</noinclude> {{Short description|Varietates linguae Anglicae in Britannia}} {{Redirect|BrE|alios usus|BRE (discretiva){{!}}BRE}} {{pp|small=yes}} {{Use British English|date=December 2016}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}} {{Infobox language | name = Anglica Britannica | altname = | nativename = British English | states = [[Regnum Britanniarum]] (primum [[Anglia]]) | region = [[Insulae Britannicae]] | ethnicity = [[Britanni]] | familycolor = Indo-Europaea | fam2 = [[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] | fam3 = [[Linguae Germanicae Occidentales|Germanica Occidentalis]] | fam4 = [[Linguae Germanicae Maris Septentrionalis|Germanica Maris Septentrionalis]] | fam5 = [[Linguae Anglo-Frisicae|Anglo-Frisica]] | fam6 = [[Linguae Anglicae|Anglica]] | fam7 = [[Lingua Anglica|Anglica]] | dia1 = [[Lingua Anglica in Anglia]] | dia2 = [[Anglica Scotica]] | dia3 = [[Anglica Cambrica]] | dia4 = [[Anglica Ultoniensis]] | dia5 = [[Anglica Hibernica]] | dia6 = [[Anglica Bermudensis]] | dia7 = [[Anglica Insularum Falklandensium]] | dia8 = [[Anglica Insularum Cayanarum]] | dia9 = [[Anglica Calpensis]] | dia10 = [[Anglica Monensis]] | dia11 = [[Anglica Insularum Vectae]] | ancestor = [[Proto-Anglica]] | ancestor2 = [[Lingua Anglica Antiqua|Anglica Antiqua]] | ancestor3 = [[Lingua Anglica Media|Anglica Media]] | ancestor4 = [[Lingua Anglica Recentioris Aetatis Primae|Anglica Recentioris Aetatis Primae]] | stand1 = [[Pronuntiatio Recepta]] | script = [[Scriptura Latina|Latina]] ([[Abecedarium Anglicum]]) <br /> [[Unified English Braille]] | nation = [[Nationes Unitae]] (cum [[orthographia Oxoniensi]]) | isoexception = dialectus | ietf = {{wikidata|property|references|P305}} }} {{Differentiae Anglicae Americanae et Britannicae}} '''Anglica Britannica'''{{efn|Abbreviationes: '''BrE''', '''en-GB''', et '''BE'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/british_english |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020400/https://www.lexico.com/definition/british_english |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 November 2020 |title=British English |publisher=Lexico.com |date= |access-date=18 February 2022}}</ref>}} est copia [[Varietas (linguistica)|varietatum]] [[Lingua Anglica|linguae Anglicae]] in [[Regnum Britanniarum|Regno Britanniarum]] indigenarum, praesertim in [[Britannia|Britannia Maiore]].{{refn|''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' vocabulum applicat ad Anglicam "sicut in [[Insulis Britannicis]] dictam vel scriptam; praesertim formae Anglicae in Britannia Maiore usitatae", reservans "[[Anglica Hibernica]]" pro "lingua Anglica sicut in Hibernia dicta et scripta".<ref name="Oxford English Dictionary">{{cite book|title=Oxford English Dictionary|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordenglishdic0015unse|chapter-url-access=registration|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, England|year=1989|edition=2|chapter=British English; Hiberno-English}}</ref> Alii, sicut ''Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary'', eam definiunt sicut "[[Lingua Anglica in Anglia|lingua Anglica sicut in Anglia dicitur et scribitur]]".<ref name="Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary">[http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/american-english/british-english?q=British+English ''British English''], Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary</ref>}} Stricte, potest referri specialiter ad [[Lingua Anglica in Anglia|Anglicam in Anglia]], vel latius ad dialectos collectivas Anglicae per totum Regnum Britanniarum ut umbracula varietas, exempli gratia etiam incorporans [[Anglicam Scoticam]], [[Anglicam Cambricam]], et [[Anglicam Ultoniensem]]. [[Tom McArthur (linguista)|Tom McArthur]] in ''Oxford Guide to World English'' agnoscit Anglicam Britannicam participare "omnes ambiguitates et contentiones [cum] verbo 'Britannico' et ideo posse adhiberi et interpretari duobus modis, latius vel strictius, intra ambitum confusum et ambiguum". Variationes exstant in Anglica formali (tam scripta quam dicta) in Regno Britanniarum. Exempli gratia, adiectivum ''wee'' paene solum in partibus Scotiae, Angliae boreo-orientalis, Hiberniae Septentrionalis, Hiberniae, et interdum [[Dialectus Eboracensis|Eboraci]] adhibetur, cum adiectivum ''little'' alibi praedominet. Tamen, gradus significativus uniformitatis in Anglica scripta intra Regnum Britanniarum exstat, et hoc per vocabulum ''Anglica Britannica'' describi posset. Formae [[Lingua dicta|Anglicae dictae]], autem, multo magis variant quam in plerisque aliis mundi regionibus ubi Anglica dicitur<ref>{{cite news|first=Stuart |last=Jeffries|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/mar/27/regional-english-dialects|title=The G2 Guide to Regional English|journal=[[The Guardian]]|date=27 March 2009|at=section G2, p.&nbsp;12}}</ref> et ideo conceptus uniformis Anglicae Britannicae difficilius ad linguam dictam applicari potest. Globatim, nationes quae sunt [[Index civitatum quae independentiam a Regno Britanniarum consecutae sunt|ex-coloniae Britannicae]] vel membra [[Consortio Populorum|Consortii Populorum]] tendunt ad Anglicam Britannicam sequendam,<ref>{{cite book|title=New Oxford Style Manual|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2016}}</ref> sicut est casus pro Anglica adhibita ab institutis Unionis Europaeae.<ref>{{cite web |title=10.3. Spelling |url=https://style-guide.europa.eu/en/content/-/isg/topic?identifier=10.3-spelling |website=Interinstitutional Style Guide |publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |access-date=11 June 2024}}</ref> [[Nationes Unitae]] etiam utuntur Anglica Britannica cum [[orthographia Oxoniensi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Six Official UN Languages |url=https://languages.un.org/en/language-and-communications/six-official-un-languages |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Language and Communications Training |publisher=United Nations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Spelling |url=https://www.un.org/dgacm/en/content/editorial-manual/spelling |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Department for General Assembly and Conference Management |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> In Sinis, tam Anglica Britannica quam Americana docentur.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Dezuruigbo Journal|title=A study of British and American English for Chinese students|last=Odinye|first=Sunny|year=2016}}</ref> Regimen Britannicum active docet et promovet Anglicam circum orbem et [[British Council|operatur in plus quam 100 civitatibus]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/british-council |title=British Council |date=19 July 2018 |access-date=21 January 2023 |archive-date=21 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121174726/https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/british-council |url-status=live |website=GOV.UK }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org// |title=Learn English Online |website=British Council |access-date=4 February 2023 |archive-date=21 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121175722/https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org// |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/learningenglish/english/hygiene |title=About BBC Learning English |access-date=4 February 2023 |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204204233/https://www.bbc.com/learningenglish/english/hygiene |url-status=live}}</ref> == Historia == {{Main|Historia linguae Anglicae}} ### Origines {{further|Historia linguae Anglicae|Proto-Indo-Europaea|Proto-Germanica|Proto-Germanica Occidentalis|Proto-Anglica|Anglica Antiqua|Anglica Media|Anglica Recentioris Aetatis Primae|Anglica Moderna}} Anglica est [[Linguae Germanicae Occidentales|lingua Germanica Occidentalis]] quae ex [[Linguae Anglo-Frisicae|dialectis Anglo-Frisicis]] orta est, quae in Britanniam a [[Populi Germanici|colonis Germanicis]] ex variis partibus eorum quae nunc sunt Germania boreo-occidentalis et Nederlandia septentrionalis allatae sunt. Populatio indigena hoc tempore plerumque loquebatur [[Brittonica Communis|Brittonicam Communem]] – varietatem insularem [[Celticae Continentalis]], quae a [[Exercitus Romanus|occupatione Romana]] affecta erat. Hic linguarum grex ([[Lingua Cambrica|Cambrica]], [[Lingua Cornubica|Cornubica]], et [[Lingua Cumbrica|Cumbrica]]) una cum Anglica in periodum modernam exstiterunt, sed propter eorum distantiam a [[Linguae Germanicae|linguis Germanicis]], eorum influxus in Anglicam [[Index verborum Anglicorum originis Celticae|notabiliter limitatus]] erat. Tamen, gradus influxus disputatur, et nuper argutum est influxum grammaticum ex Brittonica rationem habere innovationum substantialium quae Anglicam ab aliis linguis Germanicis Occidentalibus distinguunt.<ref>[[English and Welsh]], 1955 J. R. R. Tolkien, etiam vide references in [[Brittonicismi in Anglica]]</ref> Initio, [[Anglica Antiqua]] erat diversus dialectorum grex, varias origines [[Anglo-Saxonica|regulorum Anglo-Saxonum]] Angliae referens. Una harum dialectorum, [[Saxonica Occidentalis Posterior|Saxonica Occidentalis Posterioris]], tandem dominari coepit. Originalis Anglica Antiqua deinde a duobus fluctibus invasionis affecta est: primus a loquentibus rami [[Linguae Germanicae|Germanici]] Scandinavici, qui in partibus Britanniae saeculis octavo et nono consederunt; secundus a [[Normanni|Normannis]] saeculo 11, qui loquebantur [[Normannica Antiqua]] et tandem varietatem Anglicam eius nomine [[Lingua Anglo-Normannica|Anglo-Normannicam]] evolverunt. Hae duae invasiones fecerunt ut Anglica quodammodo 'mixta' fieret (quamvis numquam vere [[lingua mixta]] in sensu strictissimo verbi; linguae mixtae oriuntur ex cohabitatione loquentium diversarum linguarum, qui hybridam linguam pro communicatione fundamentali evolvunt). Quo magis idiomatica, concreta, et descriptiva Anglica est, eo magis ex originibus Anglo-Saxonicis derivat. Quo magis intellectualis et abstracta Anglica est, eo magis [[Lingua Latina|Latina]] et [[Lingua Francogallica|Francogallica]] influxus continet. Exempli gratia, ''swine'' (sicut Germanicum {{Lang|de|Schwein}}) est animal in agro, ab occupatis Anglo-Saxonibus educatum, dum ''pork'' (sicut Francogallicum {{Lang|fr|porc}}) est animal in mensa, a Normannis occupantibus comestum.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ling201/test3materials/HistEngoverhead.htm|title=Linguistics 201: History of English|website=Pandora Internet Web Server |access-date=29 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018113704/http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ling201/test3materials/HistEngoverhead.htm|archive-date=18 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Aliud exemplum est Anglo-Saxonicum {{Lang|ang|cū}} quod 'vacca' significat, et Francogallicum {{Lang|fr|bœuf}} quod 'bubula' significat.<ref>{{Citation|title=Why You Swear in Anglo-Saxon and Order Fancy Food in French: Registers |first1=Tom |last1=Scott |website=YouTube |date= 14 June 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wA2xRVMOThc| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/wA2xRVMOThc| archive-date=28 October 2021|language=en|access-date=18 March 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Cohabitatio cum Scandina viculis resultavit in simplificatione grammatica significanti et ditetione lexica nuclei [[Linguae Anglo-Frisicae|Anglo-Frisici]] Anglicae. Posterior occupatio Normannica duxit ad insertionem in nucleum Germanicum strati magis elaborati verborum ex ramo [[Linguae Romanae|Romano]] linguarum Europaearum. Hic influxus Normannicus in Anglicam intravit maxime per aulam et regimen. Sic Anglica evolvit in linguam [[Mutuum verbum|'mutuantem']] magnae flexibilitatis et cum [[Vocabularium|vocabulario]] amplissimo. ## Dialecti {{see also|Lingua Anglica in Anglia|Anglica Scotica|Anglica Cambrica|Anglica Ultoniensis|Anglica Hibernica|Anguillana Creola|Montserrat Creola|Anglica Bermudensis|Anglica Insularum Falklandensium|Anglica Insularum Cayanarum|Anglica Calpensis|Anglica Monensis|Anglica Insularum Vectae}} {{IPA notice}}[[Index dialectorum linguae Anglicae#Europa|Dialecti]] et [[Accentus regionales Anglici|accentus]] variant inter quattuor [[Civitates Regni Britanniarum|regiones Regni Britanniarum]], ac intra ipsas regiones. Principales divisiones normaliter classificatae sunt sicut [[Lingua Anglica in Anglia|Anglica Anglica]] (vel Anglica sicut in Anglia dicta, quae ipsa late dividitur in [[Lingua Anglica in Anglia Australi|Anglicam Australem]], [[Lingua Anglica in partibus occidentalibus|Anglicam Occidentalem]], [[Lingua Anglica in Mediis Terris Orientalibus|Anglicam Mediis Terrarum Orientalem]] et [[Lingua Anglica in Mediis Terris Occidentalibus|Occidentalem]], et [[Lingua Anglica in Anglia Boreali|Anglicam Borealem]]), [[Anglica Ultoniensis]] (in Hibernia Septentrionali), [[Anglica Cambrica]] (non confundenda cum [[Lingua Cambrica|lingua Cambrica]]), et [[Anglica Scotica]] (non confundenda cum [[Lingua Scotica|lingua Scotica]] vel [[Lingua Scotica Gaelica|Gaelica Scotica]]). Quisque grex includit amplitudinem dialectorum, quarum aliae notabiliter ab aliis differunt. Variae dialecti Britannicae etiam differunt in verbis quae ex aliis linguis mutuatae sunt. Circa medium saeculi 15, erant puncta ubi intra 5 dialectos maiores erant fere 500 modi scribendi verbum ''though''.<ref name="thehistoryofenglish.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehistoryofenglish.com/history_early_modern.html|title= Early Modern English (c. 1500 – c. 1800)|website=The History of English |access-date=28 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209013306/http://www.thehistoryofenglish.com/history_early_modern.html|archive-date=9 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> ### Investigatio Post suum ultimum magnum [[Survey of English Dialects|Inquisitum Dialectorum Anglicarum]] (1949–1950), [[Universitas Loidensis]] opus in novo incepto incepit. Mense Maio 2007, [[Arts and Humanities Research Council]] concessum Universitati Loidensi ad dialectos regionales Britannicas investigandas dedit.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050313183453/http://www.personal.leeds.ac.uk/~smlsaj/ Professor Sally Johnson] biographia in [[Universitas Loidensis|Universitati Loidensi]] situ</ref><ref name=MEO>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061003092355/http://reporter.leeds.ac.uk/press_releases/current/voices.htm Mapping the English language—from cockney to Orkney], [[Universitas Loidensis]] situs, 25 Maii 2007.</ref> Turma{{efn|name=note}} perlegit magnam collectionem exemplorum verborum et locutionum regionalium slang revelatorum per inceptum 'Voices' a [[BBC]] curatum, in quo publicus invitatus est ut exempla Anglicae adhuc per patriam dictae mitteret. Inceptum BBC Voices etiam collegit centum articulos nuntiorum de quomodo Britanni Anglicam loquuntur – a maledictionibus ad res de scholis linguarum. Haec informatio etiam colligetur et analyzabitur a turma Professoris Johnsonis, tam pro contento quam pro loco unde relata est. "Forsitan inventum notabilissimum in studio Voices est quod lingua Anglica tam diversa est quam umquam, non obstante nostra mobilitate aucta et expositione constanti ad alios accentus et dialectos per televisionem et radiophonium."<ref name=MEO/> Cum de concessione anno 2007 dissereret, [[Universitas Loidensis]] affirmavit: {{blockquote|se "valde placere" – et quidem, "bene chuffed" – ob acceptum concessum generosum. Universitas, utique, potuisset esse "bostin" si venisset ex [[Black Country]], aut si esset [[Scouser]] bene "made up" fuisset super tot spondoolicks, quia, sicut [[Geordie]] diceret, £460,000 est "canny load of chink".<ref name=Indi-20070601>McSmith, Andy. ''Dialect researchers given a "canny load of chink" to sort "pikeys" from "chavs" in regional accents'', [[The Independent]], 1 Iunii 2007. Pagina 20</ref>}} ### Regionalis Anglica {{Expand section|with=details about other different [[regional accents]] and [[dialects]]|talk=Shortcomings|small=no|date=April 2024}} Plerique in Britannia loquuntur cum accentu regionali vel dialecto. Attamen, circa 2% Britonum loquuntur cum accentu nomine [[Pronuntiatio Recepta|Pronunciatione Recepta]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/received-pronunciation/|title=Received Pronunciation|access-date=20 March 2017|archive-date=22 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722181432/http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/received-pronunciation/|url-status=dead}}</ref> (etiam nota ut 'Anglica Regis', 'Anglica Oxoniensis' vel '[[BBC]] Anglica'<ref>BBC Anglica quia haec originaliter erat forma Anglicae in radiophonio et televisione adhibita, quamvis latior varietas accentuum his diebus audiri possit.</ref>), quae essentialiter est regionis expers.<ref name=sweet>{{cite book |last=Sweet |first=Henry |title=The Sounds of English |page=[https://archive.org/details/soundsenglishan00sweegoog/page/n11 7] |url=https://archive.org/details/soundsenglishan00sweegoog |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1908 }}</ref><ref name=fowler>{{cite news |last=Fowler |first=H.W. |editor=R.W. Birchfield |title=Fowler's Modern English Usage |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 }}</ref> Derivatur ex mixtura dialectorum Mediis Terrarum et Australium in Londonio in periodo recentiore antiqua dictarum.<ref name=fowler/> Frequenter adhibetur ut exemplar pro docenda Anglica ad exteros discentes.<ref name=fowler/> In Australia Meridiana, sunt accentus valde differentes: accentus [[Cockney]] a nonnullis orientalibus Londoniensibus dictus est valde differens a Pronunciatione Recepta (RP). [[Cockney]] [[rhyming slang]] potest (et initio intentum erat) difficilis esse externis ad intelligendum,<ref name="Franklyn1975">{{cite book|last=Franklyn|first=Julian|title=A dictionary of rhyming slang|year=1975|publisher=Routledge and Kegan Paul|location=London|isbn=0-415-04602-5|page=9}}</ref> quamvis amplitudo usus eius saepe exaggeratur. [[Londonienses]] loquuntur cum mixtura accentuum, secundum ethnicitatem, vicinatum, classem, aetatem, educationem et varia alia factora. [[Anglica Aestuaria]] in recentibus decenniis eminentiam obtinuit: habet quasdam notas RP et quasdam Cockney.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Crystal |first1=David |title=Language and time |website=BBC - Voices - Your Voice |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/yourvoice/feature2_4.shtml}}</ref> Immigrantes in Britanniam recentibus decenniis plures linguas in patriam attulerunt, et praesertim Londonium. Inquisitiones ab anno 1979 ab [[Inner London Education Authority]] inceptae plus quam 125 linguas domestice loqui a familiis puerorum scholarium intra urbem invenerunt.<ref>{{cite report |author=Department of Education and Science |date=Summer 1980 |title="Report by HM Inspectors on Educational Provision by the Inner London Educational Authority" |via=Education in England |url=http://www.educationengland.org.uk/documents/hmi/1980-ilea.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119045234/http://www.educationengland.org.uk/documents/hmi/1980-ilea.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 November 2017 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |page=4 |access-date=17 January 2023 |quote=A survey of all school pupils conducted by ILEA's Research and Statistics Division has established that one in ten children in inner London speak English as a second language; ILEA pupils have over 125 different mother tongues, far more than any other LEA in England and more than in New York.}}</ref> Notabiliter, [[Anglica Multiculturalis Londoniensis]] – [[sociolectus]] qui saeculo 20 exeunte emersit – dicitur maxime a iuvenibus [[Classis laborans|classis laborantis]] in partibus [[Multiculturalismus|multiculturalibus]] [[Londinium|Londinii]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.urben-id.org/|title=UrBEn-ID {{!}} The UrBEn-ID project |website=urben-id.org |access-date=23 May 2016|archive-date=19 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319181015/https://www.urben-id.org/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2 November 2013|title=Argot bargy|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/britain/2013/11/02/argot-bargy |url-access=subscription |access-date=15 April 2021|issn=0013-0613 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=How Is Immigration Changing Language In the UK?|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/how-is-immigration-changing-language-in-the-uk/ |first1=Hannah |last1=Ewens |access-date=16 April 2021|website=Vice |date=24 February 2016 }}</ref> Cum magna [[migratio interna]] ad [[Northamptonshire]] in annis 1940, et cum positione inter plures accentuum regiones maiores, comitatus factus est fons variarum accentuum evolutionum. In Northampton, accentus antiquior ab influxu ex Londonio affectus est. Est accentus localiter ut accentus [[Kettering]] notus, qui est accentus transitorius inter [[Medi Terrae Orientales]] et [[Anglia Orientalis|Angliam Orientalem]]. Est ultimus accentus Australis Mediis Terrarum qui utitur lato 'a' in verbis sicut ''bath'' vel ''grass'' (i.e. {{respell|barth}} vel {{respell|grarss}}). Econtra, ''crass'' vel ''plastic'' utuntur stricto 'a'. Paucis milibus passuum ad boream-occidentem, in [[Leicestria]], stricta 'a' fit latius generaliter diffusa. In oppido [[Corby]], {{convert|5|mi|km|0|spell=in}} ad boream, invenitur dialectus Corbyitica, quae – dissimilis accentui Kettering – maxime ab accentu Scotico Occidentali afficitur. == Notae == Notae phonologicae propriae Anglicae Britannicae circa pronunciationem litterae R, necnon plosivam dentalem T et quosdam diphthongos huic dialecto proprios versantur. ### T-glottalizatio Olim ut proprietas Cockney habita, in multis formis Anglicae Britannicae dictae, {{IPA|/t/}} facta est communiter realisata ut [[clausura glottalis]] {{IPA|[ʔ]}} cum est in positione intervocalica, in processu [[T-glottalizatio|T-glottalizationis]] appellato. Media nationalia, in Londonio sita, viderunt clausuram glottalem latius se diffundentem quam olim in terminationibus verborum, ''not'' auditum ut "no{{IPA|[ʔ]}}" et ''bottle of water'' auditum ut "bo{{IPA|[ʔ]}}le of wa{{IPA|[ʔ]}}er". Adhuc stigmatizatur cum in positionibus medialibus verborum adhibetur, sicut ''later''.<ref name="Trudghill56">{{cite book|last=Trudgill|first=Peter |author-link=Peter Trudgill|title=Language in the British Isles|year=1984|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=0-521-28409-0|pages=56–57}}</ref> Aliae consonantes huic usui in Cockney Anglica subiectae sunt ''p'', sicut in pa{{IPA|[ʔ]}}er, et ''k'', sicut in ba{{IPA|[ʔ]}}er.<ref name="Trudghill56" /> ### R-demissio In plerisque Angliae et Cambriae regionibus, extra [[West Country English|West Country]] et alia comitatus vicina Britanniae, consonans R non pronuntiatur si non sequitur vocalis, sed vocalem praecedentem prolongans. Hoc phaenomenon notum est ut [[Rhoticitas in Anglica|non-rhoticitas]]. In hisdem regionibus, tendentia existit inserendi R inter verbum in vocali desinens et proximum verbum in vocali incipiens. Hoc vocatur [[R intrusivum]]. Potest intelligi ut merger, quia verba quae olim in R desinebant et verba quae non desinebant non amplius diversimode tractantur. Hoc etiam ob influxus Londonienses centricos est. Exempla R-demissionis sunt ''car'' et ''sugar'', ubi R non pronuntiatur. ### Diphthongizatio Dialecti Britannicae differunt de extensione diphthongizationis vocalium longarum, cum varietatibus australibus eas late in diphthongos vertentibus, et cum dialectis borealibus normaliter multas earum servantibus. Pro comparatione, varietates Americanae Septentrionales dici possunt intermediae. #### Borealis Vocalis longae /iː/ et /uː/ plerumque servantur, et in pluribus regionibus etiam /oː/ et /eː/, sicut in '''go''' et '''say''' (dissimiles aliis varietatibus Anglicae, quae eas mutant in [oʊ] et [eɪ] respective). Aliquae regiones eo usque vadunt ut non diphthongizent /iː/ et /uː/ medievales, quae dant modernas /aɪ/ et /aʊ/. Hoc est, exempli gratia, in accentu traditionali [[Novum Castrum super Tynum|Novi Castri super Tynum]], 'out' sonabit sicut 'oot', et in partibus Scotiae et Angliae Boreo-Occidentalis, 'my' pronuntiabitur ut 'me'. #### Australis Vocalis longae /iː/ et /uː/ diphthongizantur ad [ɪi] et [ʊu] respective (vel, magis technice, [ʏʉ], cum lingua elevata), ita ut '''ee''' et '''oo''' in '''feed''' et '''food''' cum motu pronuntientur. Diphthongus [oʊ] etiam pronuntiatur cum maiore motu, normaliter [əʊ], [əʉ] vel [əɨ]. ### Nomina collectiva Tendentia ad concordantiam morphologicam [[numerus grammaticus|numeri grammatici]] in [[nomen collectivum|nominibus collectivis]] omittendam fortior est in Anglica Britannica quam in Americana Septentrionali.<ref name="BOD">{{cite web |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118122015/http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2011/09/agreement-over-collective-nouns/ |archive-date=18 November 2011 |url=http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2011/09/agreement-over-collective-nouns/ |publisher= [[Oxford Dictionaries (website)|Oxford Dictionaries]] |website=OxfordWords |title=A quest for agreement over collective nouns |date=5 September 2011 |first1=Catherine |last1=Soanes }}</ref> Hoc significat tractare ea ut pluralia etiam cum grammatice singularia sunt, cum numerus naturalis perceptus praevalet – praesertim cum ad nomina institutionalia et coetus hominum applicatur. Nomen 'police', exempli gratia, hoc tractamentum patitur: {{blockquote|'''Police are''' investigating the theft of work tools worth £500 from a van at the Sprucefield park and ride car park in Lisburn.<ref name=BBC1>[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-38547391 Police are investigating the theft of work tools in Lisburn], [[BBC]], 8 Ianuarii 2017.</ref>}} Manus athletica similiter tractari potest: {{blockquote|Arsenal '''have''' lost just one of 20 home Premier League matches against Manchester City.<ref name=BBC2>[https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/39396482 Arsenal 2-2 Manchester City], [[BBC]], 2 Aprilis 2017.</ref>}} Haec tendentia observari potest in textibus tam primis quam saeculo 19 productis. Exempli gratia, [[Iana Austen]], auctrix Britannica, in Capite 4 ''[[Superbia et Praeiudicium (mythistoria)|Superbiae et Praeiudicii]]'', anno 1813 editi, scribit: {{blockquote|All '''the world are''' good and agreeable in your eyes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1342/1342-h/1342-h.htm|title=Pride and Prejudice |first1=Jane |last1=Austen |website=The Project Gutenberg |access-date=2020-02-27}}</ref>}} Attamen, in Capite 16, singularis grammaticus adhibetur: {{blockquote|'''The world is''' blinded by his fortune and consequence.}} Negationes Aliquae dialecti Anglicae Britannicae utuntur concordantia negativa, etiam nota ut [[negationes duplices]]. Potius quam verbum mutare vel forma positiva uti, verba sicut ''nobody'', ''not'', ''nothing'', et ''never'' in eadem sententia adhibentur.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/grammar/british-grammar/types-of-english-formal-informal-etc/double-negatives-and-usage|title=Double negatives and usage |website=Cambridge Dictionary }}</ref> Dum hoc in Anglica Normali non occurrit, occurrit in dialectis non-normalibus. Negatio duplex involvit duo morphemata diversa: unum quod negationem duplicem inducit, et aliud quod cum puncto vel verbo associatur.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Susagna |last=Tubau |title=Lexical variation and Negative Concord in Traditional Dialects of British English |journal=The Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=143–177 |doi=10.1007/s10828-016-9079-4|year=2016 |s2cid=123799620 |url=https://ddd.uab.cat/record/287774 }}</ref> Anglica Britannica Normalis [[Anglica Normalis]] in Regno Britanniarum, sicut in aliis nationibus Anglicam loquentibus, late in scholis et per normas sociales pro contextibus formalibus exercetur, sed non ab ulla auctoritate singulari. Exempli gratia, nullum institutum aequivalens {{Lang|fr|[[Académie Française|Académie française]]|italic=no}} pro Francogallica vel [[Academia Regia Hispanica]] pro Hispanica est. Anglica Britannica Normalis [[Comparatio Anglicae Americanae et Britannicae|notabiliter differt]] in quibusdam vocabulis, grammatica, et pronuntiationis notis a norma [[Anglica Americana|Anglicae Americanae]] et a quibusdam aliis varietatibus normalibus Anglicae circum orbem. [[Differentiae orthographicae Americanae et Britannicae|Orthographia Britannica et Americana]] etiam in minoribus modis differunt. Accentus, vel ratio pronuntiationis, Anglicae Britannicae normalis – in Anglia australi-orientali fundata – plus quam saeculum nota est ut [[Pronuntiatio Recepta]] (RP). Attamen, ob [[mutatio linguae|evolutionem linguae]] et trends sociales mutantes, aliqui linguistae arguunt RP [[Prestigium (sociolinguisticum)|praestigium]] amittere vel ab alio accentu substitutum esse – uno quem linguista [[Geoff Lindsey]], exempli gratia, vocat 'Anglicam Britannicam Australem Normalem'.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lindsey |first=Geoff |title=English after RP: standard British pronunciation today |date=2019 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-3-030-04356-8 |location=Cham, Switzerland}}</ref> Alii scholares suggerunt accentus normales magis regionales in Anglia emergere.<ref>Strycharczuk, P., López-Ibáñez, M., Brown, G., & Leemann, A. (2020). "General Northern English. Exploring regional variation in the North of England with machine learning". Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 3, 545883.</ref> Extra Angliam – hoc est in Scotia et Hibernia Septentrionali – RP valde parvam vim exercet, praesertim saeculo 21. RP, dum diu constitutum est ut accentus normalis Anglicae circum globum ob propagationem [[Imperium Britannicum|Imperii Britannici]], distinctus est a pronuntiatione normali Anglicae in nonnullis mundi partibus; eminentissime, RP [[Comparatio Generalis Americanae et Pronunciationis Receptae|notabiliter contra]] cum accentibus normalibus Americanis Septentrionalibus. Ab saeculo 21, dictionaria sicut ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', ''[[Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English]]'', ''[[Chambers Dictionary]]'', et ''[[Collins Dictionary]]'' commemorant usum actualem [[Usus (linguistica)|usum]] potius quam conantur [[Praescriptio linguistica|praescribere]] eum.<ref name="courses.nus.edu.sg">{{cite web|url=https://courses.nus.edu.sg/course/elltankw/history/standardisation/c.htm|title=The Standardisation of English|website=courses.nus.edu.sg|access-date=28 July 2017|archive-date=8 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208131549/http://courses.nus.edu.sg/course/elltankw/history/Standardisation/C.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Praeterea, vocabularium et usus cum tempore mutantur: verba libere mutuantur ex aliis linguis et ex aliis varietatibus Anglicae, et [[neologismi]] frequentes sunt. Historia normae Ob rationes historicas ad ortum [[Londinium|Londinii]] saeculo nono referentes, forma linguae in Londonio et [[Mediis Terris Orientalibus]] dicta facta est Anglica normalis in Aula, et tandem facta est basis pro usu generaliter accepto in lege, regimine, litteris, et educatione in Britannia. Normalizatio Anglicae Britannicae putatur ex utraque [[Aequatio dialectorum in Britannia|aequatione dialectorum]] et sensu percepto superioritatis socialis orta esse. Loquens dialectum normalem creavit distinctiones classium: illi qui non loquebantur Anglicam normalem habebantur inferioris classis vel status socialis, et saepe neglegebantur vel habebantur ut parvae intellegentiae.<ref name="courses.nus.edu.sg"/> Alia contributio ad normalizationem Anglicae Britannicae fuit introductio preli typographici in Angliam medio saeculo 15. Hoc faciendo, Gulielmus Caxton permisit communem linguam et orthographiam per Angliam multo celeriore rate disseminari.<ref name="thehistoryofenglish.com"/> ''[[Samuel Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (1755) magnus gradus fuit in [[Reformatio orthographica Anglica|reformatione orthographica Anglica]], in qua purificatio linguae ad tam sermonem quam orthographiam normalizandam intendebat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~kemmer/Histengl/spelling.html|title=The History of English: Spelling and Standardization (Suzanne Kemmer)|website=ruf.rice.edu}}</ref> Ineunte saeculo 20, auctores Britannici producerant numerosos libros ut duces ad grammaticam et usum Anglicum destinatos, quorum nonnulli satis acclamationis consecuti sunt ut in typis longis temporibus manerent et post aliquot decennia in novis editionibus redivivi essent. Inter eos sunt, eminentissime, Fowleri ''[[Modern English Usage]]'' et ''[[The Complete Plain Words]]'' a [[Eques Ernestus Gowers|Equite Ernesto Gowers]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/new-edition-of-the-complete-plain-words-will-delight-fans-of-no-frills-prose-but-can-breaking-the-9219926.html|title=New edition of The Complete Plain Words will delight fans of no‑frills|website=[[Independent.co.uk]]|date=27 March 2014}}</ref> Ductus accuratus de multis aspectibus scribendi Anglicae Britannicae pro editione includitur in stylorum libellis a variis editoribus editis, inter quae ''[[The Times]]'' diurna, ''[[Oxford University Press]]'', et ''[[Cambridge University Press]]''. Ductus ''Oxford University Press'' originaliter redacti sunt sicut una pagina ampla ab Horatio Henrico Hart et erant, tempore (1893), primi duces sui generis in Anglica. Paulatim amplificati sunt et tandem editi, primum sicut ''[[Hart's Rules]]'' et, anno 2002, ut pars ''The Oxford Manual of Style''. Comparabilis auctoritate et statura ad ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]'' pro edita [[Anglica Americana]], Manuale Oxoniense est manuale satis exhaustivum pro edita Anglica Britannica, ad quod scriptores consulere possunt in absentia ductuum specificorum a sua domo editoria.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/media_wysiwyg/University%20of%20Oxford%20Style%20Guide.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/media_wysiwyg/University%20of%20Oxford%20Style%20Guide.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |work=[[University of Oxford]] |title=Style Guide |access-date=14 June 2019 }}</ref> Relatio cum Anglica Consortii Anglica Britannica est fundamentum, et valde similis, [[Anglica in Consortio Populorum|Anglicae Consortii]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Matthews |first=R. J. |title=New Zealand English: A Case Study |date=December 1982 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-971X.1982.tb00525.x |journal=World Englishes |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=75–80 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-971X.1982.tb00525.x |issn=0883-2919|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Anglica Consortii est Anglica sicut in [[Consortium Populorum|civitatibus Consortii]] dicitur et scribitur, quamvis saepe cum aliqua variatione locali. Hoc includit Anglicam in [[Anglica Australiana|Australia]], [[Linguae Melitae#Anglica|Melita]], [[Anglica Nova Zelandica|Nova Zelandia]], [[Anglica Nigerianica|Nigeria]], et [[Anglica Africae Australis|Africa Australi]] dictam. Etiam includit [[Anglica Asiae Australis|Anglicam Asiae Australis]] in Asia Australi adhibitam, varietates Anglicae in [[Asia Meridionalis|Asia Meridionali]], et partes Africae. [[Anglica Canadensis]] in Anglica Britannica fundata est sed plus influxum ex [[Anglica Americana|Americana]] habet, et duae saepe [[Anglica Americana Septentrionalis|simul coniunguntur]] propter eorum propinquitatem.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tirban |first=N |date=2012 |title=The Major Difference between British and American English in Written and Oral Communication. |url=https://old.upm.ro/cci12/volCCI_II/Pages%20from%20Volum_texteCCI2-117.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724103127/https://old.upm.ro/cci12/volCCI_II/Pages%20from%20Volum_texteCCI2-117.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2022 |url-status=live |journal=Communication, Context, Interdisciplinarity |issue=2012 |pages=985–990 |via=Google Scholar}}</ref> Anglica Britannica, exempli gratia, est proxima Anglica ad Anglicam Indicum, sed Anglica Indica habet vocabularium additicium, et quaedam verba Anglica diversis significationibus attribuuntur.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dash |first=Niladri Sekhar |date=2007 |title=Indian and British English: A handbook of usage and pronunciation (review) |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/218142 |journal=Language |volume=83 |issue=2 |pages=465 |doi=10.1353/lan.2007.0065 |s2cid=144960858 |issn=1535-0665|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Vide etiam {{Cols}} [[Anglica Americana]] [[Anglica Australiana]] [[Lingua signorum Britannica]] [[Anglica Canadensis]] [[Comparatio Anglicae Americanae et Britannicae]] [[Anglica in Consortio Populorum]] [[Anglica Hibernica]] [[Anglica Terranovensis]] [[Anglica Nova Zelandica]] [[Anglica Africae Australis]] {{Colend}} Notae Adnotata {{notes | refs = {{efn | name = note | In Anglica Britannica [[nomen collectivum|nomina collectiva]] possunt esse vel singularia vel pluralia, secundum contextum. Exemplum ab [[Eric Partridge|Partridge]] datum est: " 'The committee of public safety is to consider the matter', sed 'the committee of public safety quarrel regarding their next chairman' ...Ita...singularia cum...unitas intenditur; pluralia cum idea pluralitatis praedominat". [[BBC News|Nuntii televisifici BBC]] et [https://www.theguardian.com/styleguide/c ''The Guardian''] libelli styli sequuntur Partridge sed alii fontes, sicut [[BBC Online]] et ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20080821181421/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/tools_and_services/specials/style_guide/article986720.ece The Times]'' libelli styli, commendant strictam concordantiam nominis-verbi cum nomine collectivo semper regente verbum [[Coniugatio grammatica|coniugatum]] in singulari. Nuntii radiophonici BBC, autem, insistunt in verbo plurali. Partridge, Eric (1947) ''Usage and Abusage'': "Collective Nouns". Allen, John (2003) ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110707214856/http://www.bbctraining.com/pdfs/newsStyleGuide.pdf BBC News style guide]'', pagina 31. }} }} Citationes {{Reflist}} Bibliographia McArthur, Tom (2002). ''Oxford Guide to World English''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-866248-3}} hardback, {{ISBN|0-19-860771-7}} paperback. Bragg, Melvyn (2004). ''The Adventure of English'', London: Sceptre. {{ISBN|0-340-82993-1}} *{{Cite book |title=English After RP: Standard British Pronunciation Today |first=Geoff |last=Lindsey |year=2019 |publisher=Springer Nature |location=Switzerland |isbn=978-3030043568 }} Peters, Pam (2004). ''The Cambridge Guide to English Usage''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-62181-X}}. Simpson, John (ed.) (1989). ''Oxford English Dictionary'', 2nd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Nexus externi {{commons category}} [http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/index.html Sounds Familiar?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912081632/http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/index.html |date=12 September 2016 }} – Exempla accentuum regionalium et dialectorum per Regnum Britanniarum in situ 'Sounds Familiar' [[Bibliotheca Britannica|Bibliothecae Britannicae]] [http://sounds.bl.uk/BrowseCategory.aspx?category=Accents-and-dialects Accentus et dialecti ex Archivio Sono Bibliothecae Britannicae] [http://www.soundcomparisons.com/ Accentus Anglicae ex Toto Orbe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429190515/http://www.soundcomparisons.com/ |date=29 April 2011 }} Audi et compara quomodo eadem 110 verba in 50 accentibus Anglicis ex toto orbe pronuntiantur – reproductio instantanea online [http://septicscompanion.com/ The Septic's Companion: Dictionarium Slang Britannicum] – dictionarium online slang Britannici, visum alphabetice vel per categoriam [http://www.britishenglish.com.tr/ Anglica Britannica Turcica] {{Dialecti Anglicae per continentem}} {{Tabula muralis linguae Anglicae officialis}} {{Portal bar|Regnum Britanniarum|Lingua}} {{Authority control}} [[Categoria:Anglica Britannica| ]] [[Categoria:Dialecti linguae Anglicae]] [[Categoria:Linguae Gibraltariae]] [[Categoria:Linguae Regni Britanniarum]] 6es88j86319p0ajkauptgcsdlbx5m4y 0 326732 3972555 2026-07-17T18:52:07Z Praytt 212253 Paginam instituit, scribens '{{Capsa situs interretialis | nomen = Skonflix | logo = [[File:Skonflix Logomark.png|thumb]] | logodescriptio = | url = | lucro = Ita | genus = [[Streaming]] aggregator | lingua = | dominus = Skon Inc. | creator = | dies incepta = 2024 | status = Alacris | vectigal = | sententia = }} '''Skonflix''' est situs interretialis qui index navigatorius transmi...' 3972555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa situs interretialis | nomen = Skonflix | logo = [[File:Skonflix Logomark.png|thumb]] | logodescriptio = | url = | lucro = Ita | genus = [[Streaming]] aggregator | lingua = | dominus = Skon Inc. | creator = | dies incepta = 2024 | status = Alacris | vectigal = | sententia = }} '''Skonflix''' est situs interretialis qui index navigatorius transmissionis continuae et aggregator perscrutationis cinematographicae fungitur. Sub tutela societatis parentis Skon Inc. (anno 2024 conditae) ordinatum, hoc [[repositorium]] interactivum sinit cinematographiae amatores opera aestimare, iudicia communicare, atque historicum spectationis (notatis diebus et pelliculis dilectis) servare. Dum instrumentum cinematographicas ac televisificas series investigat, statim indicat ubi haec opera legitime spectari possint in principalibus suggestis digitalibus sicut [[Netflix]], HBO Max, [[Disney+]], [[Hulu]], Fandango at Home, [[Apple TV]], et [[Amazon Prime Video]] Et ploo-rah. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://skonflix.com/about/|title=About Skonflix|website=skonflix.com}}</ref> Structura interna data colligit et disponit sine ullis capsulis cinematographicis in propriis serveribus servatis aut transmissis. == Historia == Inceptum die 8 Aprilis anno 2024 a Skon Inc. institutum est, quae est societas technologica crescens et solutionibus digitalibus intenta, praesertim ad evolutionem applicationum telis et suggestorum mediorum optimizatorum. Causa principalis Skonflix creandi fuit solutio fragmentationis mercatus digitalis, quae saepe spectatores cogit multa rationum subscribed percurrere ut tituli disponibilitatem cognoscant. == Descriptio Suggesti == Pro usitatis partitionibus indicum, hoc suggestum omnia elementa in uno oecosystemate coniungit. Cum titulus quaeritur, systema summata spectaculorum, praevisiones (trailers), fragmenta officialia, dies emissionis et pecuniarias rationes (ut exitus capsae cinematographicae) monstrat. Indices etiam societates productrices, tempora rotulorum, et loca ubi scaenae pictae sunt exhibent. Eadem instrumenta automataria indicem actorum artificumque regunt, eorum vitas cum operum catalogis nectendo. In communitate, usoribus licet iudicia textilia scribere et puncta tribuere per calculum iustum qui ab iniustis aestimationibus cavet. Ad usum proprium, homines indices custodiendorum (watchlists) fingere possunt et progressum serierum memoriis servare. Denique, modulus locorum sinit nexus directos ad emptiones vel transmissiones officiales in unaquaque regione adaptare. == Fontes == {{reflist}} == Nexus externi == * [https://skonflix.com Skonflix – Pagina officialis] * [https://www.trustpilot.com/review/skonflix.com Trustpilot – Iudicia de Skonflix] [[Category:Sedes interretiales]] [[Category:Motoris quaesitorii]] [[Category:Societates conditae anno 2024]] t72qo59w5i2u2o3ou7zb2zuvyp3dm41 0 326733 3972580 2026-07-17T21:09:14Z Atsarb 163736 Atsarb movit paginam [[Givet]] ad [[Givetum]]: nomen latinum 3972580 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Givetum]] hvb82a7kbnic4724gjjmgyf7pujg8y2 0 326734 3972607 2026-07-18T05:43:19Z Bartholomite 116968 Bartholomite movit paginam [[Anglica Britannica]] ad [[Adumbratio:Anglica Britannica]]: turbamentum 3972607 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Adumbratio:Anglica Britannica]] {{De hac redirectione}} j0fltq3ugkmmhxiquzeyxy5aymapt8u 3 326735 3972611 2026-07-18T05:46:05Z Bartholomite 116968 /* Pagina “Anglica Britannica” facta est adumbratio */ nova pars 3972611 wikitext text/x-wiki == Pagina “[[Anglica Britannica]]” facta est adumbratio == <!-- Substitutio formulae {{Nuntium de pagina facta adumbratione}} secundum recensionem 3969843 -->[[Imago:Information.svg|x25px|alt=Inspicienda]] Salve Lpoj50! Quum criteriis Vicipaedianis minimis careat, pagina a te creata “[[Anglica Britannica]]” nuper facta est [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|adumbratio]]—novus titulus est “[[Adumbratio:Anglica Britannica]]”. Si aucta erit, libenter in encyclopediam iterum accipietur. Si ulteriora de commentationibus creandis legere vis, [[Vicipaedia:Praefatio|nostrum enchiridion]] inspicere potes. Vale. --[[Usor:Bartholomite|Bartholomite]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bartholomite|disputatio]]) 05:46, 18 Iulii 2026 (UTC) 3r681dlti9b7j5fn0z1czuqol77yzzz