Elagabalus

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    <title>Elagabalus</title>
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{{Capsa principis Vicidata}}
{{Videdis|Elagabalus (discretiva)}}
[[Fasciculus:Bust of Elagabalus - Palazzo Nuovo - Musei Capitolini - Rome 2016 (2).jpg|thumbnail|Elagabalus (e [[Musea Capitolina|Museis Capitolinis]])]]
'''Varius Avitus Bassianus''' ([[203]]/204–[[222]]) fuit dei [[Emesa]]ni [[Elagabalus (deus)|Elagabali]] pontifex et [[Imperatores Romani|Imperator Romanus]] ab anno [[218]] usque ad [[222]], nomine '''Marcus Aurelius Antoninus''' et '''Elagabalus''' (et apud scriptores posteriores '''Heliogabalus''').

==De origine et iuventute==
Natus anno [[203]] vel 204, fortasse in [[Italia]],&lt;ref&gt;Natus est Emesae secundum eruditos nonnullos (vide e.g. &quot;Elagabalus. 2&quot; in {{KP}} vol. 2 col. 230), fontibus antiquis minime consentientibus.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Iulia Soaemias|Iuliae Soaemiatis]] et [[Sextus Varius Marcellus|Sexti Varii Marcelli]] [[filius]], nepos igitur [[Iulia Maesa|Iuliae Maesae]], quae [[soror]] erat [[Iulia Domna|Iuliae Domnae]] [[Septimius Severus|Septimii Severi]] uxoris.&lt;ref&gt;Cassius Dio, ''Historia Romana'' 79.30.2.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Puer]] tempore ignoto [[Emesa]]m profectus est et, proavi successor, pontifex hereditarius [[deus|dei]] [[Elagabalus|Elagabali]] factus est. Huc avia Iulia Maesa divitissima (nepote [[Caracalla]] nuper mortuo) anno [[217]] fugit.&lt;ref&gt;Herodianus, ''Ab excessu Divi Marci'' 5.3.2; ''Historia Augusta, &quot;Vita Macrini&quot; 9.1.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mater]] aviaque praetenderunt [[Caracalla]]m patrem Elagabali esse; istae, [[Macrinus|Macrinum]] evertentes, Elagabalum imperatorem constituerunt. Nomen ei idem erat atque nomen dei patroni Emesae, et anno [[220]] hunc deum instituere ut deum [[Imperium Romanum|imperii]] nomine [[Sol Invictus|Sole Invicto]] conatus est.

==De principatu==
Elagabalo interfecto avia [[Iulia Maesa]] alterum nepotem [[Alexander Severus|Alexandrum Severum]] imperio praeposuit.

==De fama Elagabali==
[[Fasciculus:8denarii.jpg|thumbnail|upright=1.2|left|[[Denarius|Denarii]] Romani octo, quorum quattuor aevo Elagabali incusi sunt: prima linea ad dextrum: [[Septimius Severus]]; secunda linea a sinistro dextrum versus: [[Caracalla]], [[Iulia Domna]], Elagabalus]]
Elagabalo ante centum et quinquaginta annos mortuo, [[Eutropius (rerum gestarum scriptor)|Eutropius]] in ''[[Breviarium (Eutropius)|Breviario]]'' iussu imperatoris [[Valens (imperator)|Valentis]] confecto compendiose indolem descripsit hisce verbis: &quot;Is cum Romam ingenti et militum et senatus exspectatione venisset, probris se omnibus contaminavit. Impudicissime et obscenissime vixit.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Eutropius, ''Breviarium'' 8.22; similiter et [[Orosius]], ''[[Historia adversum paganos]]'' 7.18.5; [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]], ''[[Historia nova]]'' 1.&lt;/ref&gt; Eodem fere tempore [[Aurelius Victor]] in ''[[Liber de Caesaribus|libro de Caesaribus]]'' verbis etiam curiosioribus usus est: &quot;Hoc impurius ne improbae quidem aut petulantes mulieres fuerunt; quippe orbe toto obscenissimos perquirebat visendis tractandisve artibus libidinum ferendarum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Aurelius Victor, ''De Caesaribus'' 23.&lt;/ref&gt; Post paucos annos scriptor alius in ''[[Epitome de Caesaribus]]'' de petulantia Elagabali iam plura dixit: &quot;Cupiditatem stupri -- quam assequi naturae defectu nondum poterat! -- in se convertens muliebri nomine Bassianam se pro Bassiano iusserat appellari ... abscisisque genitalibus Matri se Magnae sacravit&quot;; addiditque populum Romanum post mortem &quot;indomitae rabidaeque libidinis catulam&quot; appellavisse.&lt;ref&gt;''Epitome de Caesaribus'' 23.3-6.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Fasciculus:As Elagabalus 218-leg 3 Gallica.jpg|thumbnail|200px|Nummus aëneus Elagabali [[Tyrus|Tyro]] factus, [[Legio III Gallica|legionem III Gallicam]] commemorans. Verso: COLO SEPTIM TYRO et in vexillo LEG III GAL]]

Auctor ''[[Historia Augusta|Historiae Augustae]]'' mythistoricae [[saeculum 4|saeculo IV]] exeunte in &quot;Vita Heliogabali&quot; luxuriam huius principis plene exscripsit:&lt;ref&gt;''Historia Augusta'', &quot;Heliogabalus&quot; 18-32.&lt;/ref&gt; ut privatum dixisse se [[Marcus Gavius Apicius|Apicium]] imitari, ut imperator [[Nero]]nem, [[Otho]]nem et [[Vitellius|Vitellium]]; transegisse et dierum actus noctibus et nocturnos diebus, aestimantem hoc signum esse luxuriae; nunquam minus centum sestertiis cenavisse (hoc est ad pretium 100&amp;nbsp;000 sestertia), aliquando autem tribus milibus sestertium (3&amp;nbsp;000&amp;nbsp;000); amicis cotidie largiri nec quemquam facile sine dono relinquisse; Pisces e vivariis suis bubus traxisse, transientem autem per [[macellum]] flevisse mendicitatem publicam; naves onustas mersisse in portum signumque hoc magnanimitatis dixisse. Haec res plurimasque quae sequuntur an verae sint nescimus; vidimus autem aliquas res a scriptoribus coaevalibus iam testatas.

== Luxuria Elagabali in ''Historia Augusta'' descripta ==
=== Luxuria convivialis ===
Exhibebat aliquando [[Convivium|convivia]] in quibus viginti et duo fercula producebantur, et inter singula fercula convivae se lavabant et mulieribus utebantur. Celebravit etiam tale convivium ut apud amicos singulos singuli missus appararentur, in [[Capitolium|Capitolio]], in [[Mons Palatinus|Palatio]], in [[Mons Caelius|monte Caelio]], trans Tiberim, et ut quisque habitavisset, tamen per ordinem singula fercula ederentur; sic unum convivium vix toto die finitum est, cum et lavarent per singula fercula et mulieribus uterentur.

Gladiatores ante convivium pugnantes sibi et pyctas frequenter exhibuit; stravit sibi triclinium in summo lusorio et, dum pranderet, venationes sibi exhibuit. [[Quadrigae|Quadriga]]s circensium in tricliniis semper exhibuit pransitans et cenitans, convivas senes agitare cogens. Vasorum ad convivia destinatorum nonnulla schematibus libidinosissimis inquinata sunt.

Pro apophoretis dedit eunuchos, quadrigas, equos stratos, mulos, basternas, raedas, aureos millenos, centena pondo argenti. Sortes convivales scriptas habuit in coclearibus tales ut &quot;decem [[Camelus|camelos]]&quot;, &quot;decem [[Musca|muscas]]&quot;, &quot;decem libras auri&quot;, &quot;decem plumbi&quot;, &quot;decem [[struthio]]nes&quot;, &quot;decem [[Ovum|ova]] pullina&quot;. Quod quidem et ludis suis exhibuit, ut &quot;[[Ursus|ursos]] decem&quot;, &quot;decem [[Glis|glires]]&quot;, &quot;decem [[lactuca]]s&quot;, &quot;decem libras auri&quot;, &quot;canes mortuos&quot;, &quot;libram bubulae carnis&quot;, &quot;centum aureos&quot;, &quot;mille argenteos&quot;, &quot;centum folles aeris&quot;. Primus hunc morem sortis instituit, et ad sortem scaenicos vocavit; quae populus libenter accepit. Fertur promisisse convivis [[Phoenix|phoenicem]], vel pro eo libras auri mille. Donavit saepius ad convivis argentum omne quod habuit in convivio et omnem apparatum poculorum. Fertur de [[Crocus|croco]] sigma stravisse, cum summos viros rogaverat ad prandium, dicens se fenum pro eorum dignitate exhibere.

=== Luxuria rerum culinarium ===
Aestiva convivia coloribus exhibuit, ut hodie prasinum, cras vitreum, alia die venetum. Habuit etiam eam consuetudinem ut una die nonnisi de [[Phasianus|phasianis]] totum ederet, alia die de [[Pullus|pullis]], alia de [[Piscis|pisce]], ali de [[Porcus|porcis]], alia de struthionibus, alia de [[Holus|holeribus]], alia de [[Pomum|pomis]], ali de [[Dulcia|dulciis]], alia de opere [[Lacticinia|lactario]]. Pisces semper quasi in marina aqua cum colore suo coctos [[conditura]] veneta comedit. Ad imitationem Apicii comedit saepius calcanea camelorum, cristas vivis gallinaceis demptas, linguas [[pavo]]num et [[luscinia]]rum (quod qui ederet a pestilentia tutus diceretur). Struthiones exhibuit in cenas aliquotiens, dicens praeceptum esse [[Iudaei]]s ut ederent. Sescentorum struthionum capita una cena multis mensis exhibuit ad edenda [[cerebellum|cerebella]].

Primus fecit [[Isicium|isicia]] de piscibus, de [[Ostreum|ostreis]], de [[Locusta marina|locustis]] et [[Cammarus|cammaris]] et [[Scilla|scillis]]. Dulciarios et lactarios tales habuit ut quaecumque coqui vel structores vel pomarii de diversis edulibus exhibuissent, illi modo de dulciis modo de lactariis exhiberent. [[Vinum]] et [[masticha]]tum et [[Puleium|puleiatum]] primus invenit; [[rosatum]] (iam ab aliis acceptum) [[pinea]]rum attritione odoratius reddidit. Sed etiam [[hydrogarum]] primus ducum Romanorum publice exhibuit, cum antea militaris mensa esset. Barbas [[Mullus|mullorum]] exhibuit plenis fabatariis et discis pro nasturtiis, apiasteris, phaselaribus, foeno graeco. Proponebat themata ut iura nova dapibus condiendis convivae invenirent; et cuius placuisset commentum ei dabat maximum praemium, ita ut sericam vestem donaret; si cuius autem displicuisset, iubebat ut semper id comedisset quamdiu tamen melius invenisset.

Exhibuit [[Sumen|sumina]] [[Aper|apruna]] cum suis [[Vulva|vulvis]] per dies decem tricena cotidie, [[pisum]] cum aureis, [[Lens|lentem]] cum [[Ceraunia|cerauniis]], [[faba]]m cum [[Succinum|succinis]], [[oryza]]m cum albis. [[Alba]]s in vicem piperis piscibus et [[tuber]]ibus conspersit. Miscuit gemmas pomis et floribus. [[Sybariticum missum]] semper exhibuit ex oleo et garo quem quo anno [[Sybaris|Sybaritae]] reppererunt et perierunt. Exhibuit et servis suis patinas ingentes refertas extis mullorum, cerebellis [[Phoenicopterus|phoenicopterum]], ovis [[Perdix|perdicum]], cerebellis [[Turdus|turdorum]], capitibus [[Psittacus|psittacorum]] et phasianorum et pavonum. [[Muraena]]rum et [[Lupus marinus|luporum marinorum]] lactibus in locis mediterraneis rusticos pavit. Canes [[Iecur|iecineribus]] [[anser]]um pascuit. Misit [[uva]]s [[Vinum Apamenum|Apamenas]] in praesepia [[equus|equis]] suis. Psittacis et phasianis [[leo]]nes pavit.

[[Fasciculus:The Roses of Heliogabalus.jpg|thumbnail|350px|&quot;[[Heliogabali Rosae]]&quot; a [[Laurentius Alma-Tadema|Laurentio Alma-Tadema]] anno [[1888]] pictae]]

=== Luxuria sensuum ===
Stravit triclinia et lecta et porticus de [[Rosa|rosis]], [[Lilium|liliis]], [[Viola|violis]], [[Hyacinthus (planta)|hyacinthis]], [[Narcissus|narcissis]] ac sic ea deambulavit. Semper aut inter flores sedit aut inter odores pretiosos. Non nisi piscinis unguento nobili aut croco infectis natavit. Piscinas et solia temperavit condito et rosato et [[Absinthites|absinthato]]. Momentarias piscinas exhibuit de rosato et rosis. Lavit, cum omnibus suis, [[caldarium (thermae)|caldarias]] de [[Nardus|nardo]] exhibens. In lucernis [[balsamum]] exhibuit. Odores Indicos sine carbonibus ad triclinia vaporanda iubebat incendi. Oppressit in tricliniis versatilibus parasitos suos violis et floribus, sic ut animam aliqui efflaverint cum erepere ad summum non possunt.

Difficile in accubitis cubuit nisi his quae pilum [[Lepus|leporinum]] haberent aut plumas subalares perdicum, saepe culcitas mutans. Mulieres nunquam iteravit (praeter uxorem). Libidinum genera quaedam invenit, ut [[spintria]]s [[Tiberius|Tiberii]], [[Caligula]]e, [[Nero]]nis vinceret. In [[Mimica|mimicis]] adulteriis ea quae solent simulato fieri iussit effici ad verum.

=== Luxuria ostentationis ===
Scobe auri et argenti porticum stravit, dolens quod non posset et succini. Primus omnium privatorum toros aureis toralibus texit; habuit lectos et tricliniares et cubiculares solido argento factos. Montem [[Nix|nivium]] in viridiario domus aestate fecit, advectis nivibus. Primus [[authepsa]]s argenteas habuit, caccabos etiam et vasa centenaria.

Calceamentum nunquam iteravit, anulos etiam negavit iteravisse; pretiosas vestes saepe conscidit. Linteamen lotum nunquam attigit, mendicos dicens qui lineis lotis uterentur. Primus Romanorum holo[[serica]] veste usus fertur, cum iam subsericae in usu essent. Usus est tunica omni aurea, purpurea, de [[Gemma|gemmis]] Persica, cum gravari se diceret onere voluptatis; habuit et in calceamentis gemmas, et quidem scalptas (quod risum omnibus movit, quasi possent scalpturae nobilium artificum videri in gemmis quae pedibus adhaerebant). Voluit uti et diademate gemmato (magis ad feminarum vultum aptum), et domi usus est.

[[Fasciculus:Elagabalus Aureus Sol Invictus.png|thumbnail|left|[[Aureus]] Elagabali. Recto, Laureatum caput imperatoris : IMP C M AVR ANTONINVS P F AVG. verso, [[Baetulus]] Solis Invicti [[Quadrigae|quadrigis]] vectus : SANCT DEO SOLI / ELAGABAL]]
Stravit et saxis Lacedaemoniis ac porphyreticis plateas in Palatio. Habuit gemmata vehicula et aurata, contemptis argentatis et eboratis et aeratis. Canes quattuor ingentes iunxit ad currum et sic est vectatus intra domum regiam, idque privatus in agris suis fecit; processit in publicum et quattuor [[Cervus|cervis]] iunctis; iunxit sibi et [[leo]]nes, [[Magna Mater|Matrem Magnam]] se appellans; iunxit et [[Tigris|tigres]], [[Liber Pater|Liberum]] se vocans, eodemque habitu agens quo dii pinguntur. Iunxit quaternas vel binas vel ternas mulieres nudas ad pabillum et sic nudus ille vectatus est.
 
Fertur in euripis vino plenis navales circenses exhibuisse, pallia de oenanthio fudisse, [[Elephas|elephantorum]] quattuor quadrigas in [[Ager Vaticanus|Vaticano]] agitavisse (dirutis sepulchris quae obsistebant); iunxisse etiam camelos quaternos ad currus in circo privato. Iter fecisse dicitur semper sescentis vehiculis; causa vehiculorum erat lenonum, lenarum, meretricum, exoletorum, subactorum bene vasatorum multitudo. 
Pinxit se ut cuppedinarium, seplasiarium, popinarium, tabernarium, lenonem.

=== Ioci ===
Habuit consuetudinem ut octo calvos rogaret ad cenam, item octo luscos, octo podagrosos, octo surdos, octo nigros, octo longos; etiam octo pingues, qui capi non possent uno sigmate. Vilioribus amicis folles pro accubitis sternebat eosque reflabat, illis prandentibus, ita ut sub mensis invenirentur. Parasitis in secunda mensa saepe cenam ceream, ligneam, vitream, eburneam, fictilem, [[marmor]]eam, lapideam, manteliis aut tabulis pictam exhibuit. Parasitos ad rotam aquariam ligabat et cum vertigine sub aquas mittebat rursusque in summum revolvebat eosque [[Ixion]]ios amicos vocavit.

Amicos suos inclusit nocte cum aniculis Aethiopibus, aut cum pueris, et usque ad lucem detinuit, dicens mulieres pulcherrimas esse. Habuit [[leo]]nes et [[leopardus|leopardos]] exarmatos, quos edoctos per mansuetarios subito ad secundam et tertiam mensam iubebat accumbere, ignorantibus cunctis quod exarmati essent, ad pavorem ridiculum excitandum. Fertur [[serpens|serpentes]] per [[Marsi|Marsicae gentis]] sacerdotes collegisse fertur eosque subito ante lucem, ut populus solet ad ludos celebres convenire, effudisse, multosque adflictos morsu et fuga. Ebrios amicos plerumque claudebat et subito nocte leones et leopardos et [[Ursus|ursos]] exarmatos immittebat, ita ut expergefacti in cubiculo eodem leones, ursos, leopardos cum luce vel, quod est gravius, nocte invenirent, ex quo plerique exanimati sunt.

[[Fasciculus:Heliogabalus High Priest of the Sun.jpg|thumbnail|&quot;Heliogabalus Dei Solis pontifex&quot; a [[Simeon Solomon|Simeone Solomon]] anno [[1866]] pictus]]

=== Meretricibus mulieribusque sympathia ===
In balneis semper cum mulieribus fuit, ita ut eas ipse psilothro curaret, ipse quoque barbam et virilia psilothro accurans eadem hora; rasit et virilia subactoribus suis, adhibens novaculum manu sua quo postea barbam fecit. Fertur [[permutatio sexus (chirurgia)|voluisse vaginam]] in corpore suo secare.

Omnes [[meretrix|meretrices]] de circo, de theatro, de stadio de balneis et omnibus locis collegit in aedes publicas et apud eas contionem habuit quasi militarem, dicens eas commilitones, disputavitque de generibus schematum et [[voluptas|voluptatum]]; ad meretrices muliebri ornatu processit, papilla eiecta. Postea adhibuit in tali contione lenones, exoletos undique collectos, luxuriosissimos puerulos et iuvenes; ad exoletos habitu puerorum qui prostituuntur processit. Post contionem pronuntiavit his quasi militibus ternos aureos donativum.

Iusserat canonem unius anni meretricibus, lenonibus, exoletis intramuranis dari, extramuranis alio promisso. Meretrices a lenonibus cunctis redemit saepe et manumisit. Fertur meretricem notissimam et pulcherrimam redemisse centum sestertiis eamque intactam velut virginem coluisse. Fertur una die ad omnes meretrices circi, theatri, amphitheatri et aliorum locorum urbis ingressus, tectus cucullione mulionico ne agnosceretur, omnibusque (sine effectu [[libido|libidinis]]) aureos singulos donavisse et dixisse: &quot;Nemo sciat, Elagabalus haec donat.&quot;

== Fontes de vita et principatu Elagabali ==
* [[Aurelius Victor]], ''[[De Caesaribus (Victor)|De Caesaribus]]'' 23
* [[Cassius Dio Cocceianus]], ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historia Romana]]'' libri 79 et 80 (deperditi; exstant autem epitome a [[Iohannes Xiphilinus|Xiphilino]] facta et excerpta nonnulla in collectaneis [[Constantinus Porphyrogenitus|Constantini Porphyrogeniti]])
* ''[[Epitome de Caesaribus]]'' 23
* [[Herodianus]], ''[[Ab excessu Divi Marci]]'' liber 5
* ''[[Historia Augusta]]'', &quot;Antoninus Heliogabalus&quot; (vita [[Aelius Lampridius|Aelio Lampridio]] adscripta: [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Elagabalus/1*.html Textus])

== Artes aevi recentioris ==
; Opera historica
* [[Antonius de Guevara]], ''[[Una década de Césares]]''. Valdoleti, 1539
** [[Francogallice]] versa vel potius refecta ab [[Antonius Allègre|Antonio Allègre]], ''Décade contenant les vies des empereurs Trajanus, Adrianus etc.'' Lutetiae, 1556
* [[Eduardus Gibbon]], ''[[Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire]]'' cap. 6 [https://web.archive.org/web/19981202074007/http://members.aol.com/heliogabby/private/elagib.htm Textus Anglice]
* John Stuart Hay, ''The Amazing Emperor Heliogabalus''. Londinii, 1911 ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Amazing_Emperor_Heliogabalus Textus incompletus])
* Roland Villeneuve, ''Héliogabale: le César fou''. Lutetiae: Pierre Amiot, 1957

; Litterae
* [[Thomas Artus]], ''[[Les Hermaphrodites]]'' (1605; [http://books.google.fr/books?id=UG8GAAAAQAAJ Textus])
* [[Petrus Ioannes Baptista Chaussard]], ''[[Héliogabale (Chaussard)|Héliogabale, ou esquisse morale de la dissolution romaine sous les empereurs]]'' (1802)
* [[Algernon Carolus Swinburne]], &quot;[[St. Dorothy (Swinburne)|St. Dorothy]]&quot; (1866; [http://people.virginia.edu/~bpn2f/Swinburne/1866.html Textus])
* [[Ioannes Lombard]], ''[[L'agonie]]'' (1888)
* [[Stephanus George]], ''[[Algabal (George)|Algabal]]'' (1892; [http://www.zeno.org/Literatur/M/George,+Stefan/Gesamtausgabe+der+Werke/Hymnen,+Pilgerfahrten,+Algabal/Algabal Textus])
* [[Ludovicus Couperus]], ''[[De berg van licht]]'' (mythistoria, 1905; versio Theodisca, 1917)
* [[Henricus Mirande]], ''[[Élagabal (Mirande)|Élagabal]]'' (mythistoria, 1910)
* [[Ludovicus Estève]], ''[[Élagabal ou un Lénine de l’androgynat]]'' (1933)
* [[Antoninus Artaud]], ''[[Héliogabale, ou l'anarchiste couronné]]'' (mythistoria, 1934)
* [[Alfredus Duggan]], ''[[Family Favourites]]'' (mythistoria, 1960)
* [[Lance Horner]], [[Kyle Onstott]], ''[[Child of the Sun]]'' (mythistoria, 1966)
* [[Martinus Duberman|Martin Duberman]], ''[[Elagabalus (Duberman)|Elagabalus]]'' (ludus scaenicus 1973 doctus; 1975 in libro ''[[Male Armor (Duberman)|Male Armor]]'' editus)
* Luigi Malerba, ''Interviste impossibili'' (dialogi, 1997)

; Musica
* [[Franciscus Cavalli]] et [[Aurelius Aureli]], ''[[Eliogabalo (Cavalli)|Eliogabalo]]'' (opera, 1667)
* [[Deodatus de Séverac]], ''[[Héliogabale (Séverac)|Héliogabale]]'' (tragoedia lyrica, 1910) 
* [[Ioannes Guarnerius Henze]], ''[[Heliogabalus Imperator]]'' (1971-1972; 1986 recensus)
* [[Mauritius Béjart]], ''[[Héliogabale (Béjart)|Héliogabale]]'' (saltatio; 1977. [http://au.youtube.com/watch?v=WY5_q64ZLJc&amp;feature=related Selectum])
* [[Devil Doll]], ''[[Eliogabalus (Devil Doll)|Eliogabalus]]'' (1990; ab Antonino Artaud inspiratus)
* [[Iohannes Zorn]], ''[[Six Litanies for Heliogabalus]]'' (2007; Antonino Artaud aliisque dicatae)

; Bellae artes
* [[Laurentius Alma Tadema]], &quot;[[Heliogabali rosae]]&quot;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Elisabeth Alföldi-Rosenbaum, &quot;Apicius, ''De Re Coquinaria'' and the ''Vita Heliogabali''&quot; et &quot;Notes on Some Birds and Fishes of Luxury in the Historia Augusta&quot; in ''Bonner Historia-Augusta-Colloquium 1970'' (Bonnae: Habelt, 1972) pp. 1-18 cum tabulis I-II
* Butler, O. F. [[1910]]. &quot;Studies in the Life of Heliogabalus.&quot; In ''Roman History and Mythology'' ed. H. A. Sanders, 1-169. Novi Eboraci.
* Duviquet, G. ed. [[1903]]. ''Héliogabale raconté par les historiens grecs et latins''. Lutetiae: Société du Mercure de France.
* Frey, Martin. [[1989]]. ''Untersuchungen zur Religion und zur Religionspolitik des Kaisers Elagabal''. Stuttgarti: Fritz Steiner. ISBN 3-515-05370-0.
* Saverio Gualerzi, ''Né uomo, né donna, né dio, né dea: ruolo sessuale e ruolo religioso dell'imperatore Elagabalo''. Bologna: Patron, 2005. ISBN 88-555-2842-4
* Karl Hönn, editor, ''Quellenuntersuchungen zu den Viten des Heliogabalus und des Severus Alexander im Corpus der Scriptores historiae Augustae''. Lipsiae: Teubner, 1911
* Olivier Marmin, &quot;Héliogabale&quot; in opere eiusdem ''Diagonales de la danse'' (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1997) p. 53 ff. ([http://books.google.fr/books?id=ijokqkIVb4wC&amp;pg=PA51&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=0_0&amp;sig=ACfU3U0CXoVfb3qdVMOv7i8zYH_yhPIS7w#PPA53,M1 Paginae selectae])
* Theo Optendrenk, ''Die Religionspolitik des Kaisers Elagabal im Spiegel der Historia Augusta''. Bonnae: R. Habelt, 1969
* John Rea, &quot;A letter of the emperor Elagabalus&quot; in ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'' vol. 96 (1993) pp. 127-132 
* Benet Salway, &quot;A Fragment of Severan History: The Unusual Career of ...atus, Praetorian Prefect of Elagabalus&quot; in ''Chiron'' vol. 27 (1997) pp. 127-153
* Marcel Thirion, ''Le monnayage d’Élagabale, 218-222''. Bruxellis: J. De Mey, 1968
* Robert Turcan, ''Les cultes orientaux dans le monde romain''. Lutetiae: Les Belles Lettres, 1989. ISBN 978-2-251-38001-8
* Robert Turcan, &quot;Les Dieux de l’Orient dans l'Histoire Auguste&quot; in ''JS'' (1993) pp. 21-62 
* Robert Turcan, ''Heliogabale et le sacre du soleil''. Lutetiae: Albin Michel, 1985. ISBN 978-2-226-02316-2

{{NexInt}}
* [[Gordius (auriga)]]
* [[Hierocles (auriga)]]
* [[Nuptiae Romanae inter duos viros celebratae]]
* [[Zoticus]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{communia|Elagabalus}}
* [http://www.roman-emperors.org/elagabal.htm Vita a Michael L. Meckler scripta] {{Ling|Anglice}}
* [http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/ric/elagabalus/t.html Nummi Elagabali]
* [http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=574&amp;pos=0 Nummi Elagabali]
** [http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=Dictionary%20Of%20Roman%20Coins &quot;Elagabalus&quot;] in S. W. Stevenson, C. R. Smith, F. W. Madden, ''A Dictionary of Roman Coins'' (1889) 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080705141915/http://www.aztriad.com/elagabal.html Laura Darlene Lansberry], &quot;The Untold History of Elagabalus&quot;
* [http://www.jerryfielden.com/essays/elagabalus.htm Jerry Fielden], &quot;Antoninus Elagabalus and his relationship with the Senate &quot; {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{Imperatores Romani}}

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores= [[Macrinus|Imp. Caesar Marcus Opellius Severus Macrinus Augustus]] II et [[Marcus Oclatinius Adventus]] II|
annus= 219&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Quintus Tineius Sacerdos|Quinto Tineio Sacerdote]] II|
successores=ipse III et [[Publius Valerius Comazon Eutychianus]] II}}
{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores= [[Macrinus|Imp. Caesar Marcus Opellius Severus Macrinus Augustus]] II et [[Marcus Oclatinius Adventus]] II|
annus= 220&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Publius Valerius Comazon Eutychianus|Publio Valerio Comazone Eutychiano]] II|
successores= [[Gaius Vettius Gratus Sabinianus]] et [[Marcus Flavius Vitellius Seleucus]] II}}
{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores= [[Gaius Vettius Gratus Sabinianus]] et [[Marcus Flavius Vitellius Seleucus]]|
annus= 222&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Severus Alexander|Imp. Caesare Marco Aurelio Severo Alexandre Augusto]]|
successores= [[Lucius Marius Maximus Perpetuus Aurelianus]] II et [[Lucius Roscius Aelianus Paculus Salvius Iulianus]]}}

[[Categoria:Imperatores Romani]]
[[Categoria:Nati 203]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 222]]
[[Categoria:Elagabalus|!]]
[[Categoria:Necati]]
[[Categoria:Homosexualitas]]</text>
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{{Capsa principis Vicidata}}
{{Videdis|Elagabalus (discretiva)}}
'''Varius Avitus Bassianus''' ([[203]]/204–[[222]]) fuit dei [[Emesa]]ni [[Elagabalus (deus)|Elagabali]] pontifex et [[Imperatores Romani|Imperator Romanus]] ab anno [[218]] usque ad [[222]], nomine '''Marcus Aurelius Antoninus''' et '''Elagabalus''' (et apud scriptores posteriores '''Heliogabalus''').

==De origine et iuventute==
Natus anno [[203]] vel 204, fortasse in [[Italia]],&lt;ref&gt;Natus est Emesae secundum eruditos nonnullos (vide e.g. &quot;Elagabalus. 2&quot; in {{KP}} vol. 2 col. 230), fontibus antiquis minime consentientibus.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Iulia Soaemias|Iuliae Soaemiatis]] et [[Sextus Varius Marcellus|Sexti Varii Marcelli]] [[filius]], nepos igitur [[Iulia Maesa|Iuliae Maesae]], quae [[soror]] erat [[Iulia Domna|Iuliae Domnae]] [[Septimius Severus|Septimii Severi]] uxoris.&lt;ref&gt;Cassius Dio, ''Historia Romana'' 79.30.2.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Puer]] tempore ignoto [[Emesa]]m profectus est et, proavi successor, pontifex hereditarius [[deus|dei]] [[Elagabalus|Elagabali]] factus est. Huc avia Iulia Maesa divitissima (nepote [[Caracalla]] nuper mortuo) anno [[217]] fugit.&lt;ref&gt;Herodianus, ''Ab excessu Divi Marci'' 5.3.2; ''Historia Augusta, &quot;Vita Macrini&quot; 9.1.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mater]] aviaque praetenderunt [[Caracalla]]m patrem Elagabali esse; istae, [[Macrinus|Macrinum]] evertentes, Elagabalum imperatorem constituerunt. Nomen ei idem erat atque nomen dei patroni Emesae, et anno [[220]] hunc deum instituere ut deum [[Imperium Romanum|imperii]] nomine [[Sol Invictus|Sole Invicto]] conatus est.

==De principatu==
Elagabalo interfecto avia [[Iulia Maesa]] alterum nepotem [[Alexander Severus|Alexandrum Severum]] imperio praeposuit.

==De fama Elagabali==
[[Fasciculus:8denarii.jpg|thumbnail|upright=1.2|left|[[Denarius|Denarii]] Romani octo, quorum quattuor aevo Elagabali incusi sunt: prima linea ad dextrum: [[Septimius Severus]]; secunda linea a sinistro dextrum versus: [[Caracalla]], [[Iulia Domna]], Elagabalus]]
Elagabalo ante centum et quinquaginta annos mortuo, [[Eutropius (rerum gestarum scriptor)|Eutropius]] in ''[[Breviarium (Eutropius)|Breviario]]'' iussu imperatoris [[Valens (imperator)|Valentis]] confecto compendiose indolem descripsit hisce verbis: &quot;Is cum Romam ingenti et militum et senatus exspectatione venisset, probris se omnibus contaminavit. Impudicissime et obscenissime vixit.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Eutropius, ''Breviarium'' 8.22; similiter et [[Orosius]], ''[[Historia adversum paganos]]'' 7.18.5; [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]], ''[[Historia nova]]'' 1.&lt;/ref&gt; Eodem fere tempore [[Aurelius Victor]] in ''[[Liber de Caesaribus|libro de Caesaribus]]'' verbis etiam curiosioribus usus est: &quot;Hoc impurius ne improbae quidem aut petulantes mulieres fuerunt; quippe orbe toto obscenissimos perquirebat visendis tractandisve artibus libidinum ferendarum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Aurelius Victor, ''De Caesaribus'' 23.&lt;/ref&gt; Post paucos annos scriptor alius in ''[[Epitome de Caesaribus]]'' de petulantia Elagabali iam plura dixit: &quot;Cupiditatem stupri -- quam assequi naturae defectu nondum poterat! -- in se convertens muliebri nomine Bassianam se pro Bassiano iusserat appellari ... abscisisque genitalibus Matri se Magnae sacravit&quot;; addiditque populum Romanum post mortem &quot;indomitae rabidaeque libidinis catulam&quot; appellavisse.&lt;ref&gt;''Epitome de Caesaribus'' 23.3-6.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Fasciculus:As Elagabalus 218-leg 3 Gallica.jpg|thumbnail|200px|Nummus aëneus Elagabali [[Tyrus|Tyro]] factus, [[Legio III Gallica|legionem III Gallicam]] commemorans. Verso: COLO SEPTIM TYRO et in vexillo LEG III GAL]]

Auctor ''[[Historia Augusta|Historiae Augustae]]'' mythistoricae [[saeculum 4|saeculo IV]] exeunte in &quot;Vita Heliogabali&quot; luxuriam huius principis plene exscripsit:&lt;ref&gt;''Historia Augusta'', &quot;Heliogabalus&quot; 18-32.&lt;/ref&gt; ut privatum dixisse se [[Marcus Gavius Apicius|Apicium]] imitari, ut imperator [[Nero]]nem, [[Otho]]nem et [[Vitellius|Vitellium]]; transegisse et dierum actus noctibus et nocturnos diebus, aestimantem hoc signum esse luxuriae; nunquam minus centum sestertiis cenavisse (hoc est ad pretium 100&amp;nbsp;000 sestertia), aliquando autem tribus milibus sestertium (3&amp;nbsp;000&amp;nbsp;000); amicis cotidie largiri nec quemquam facile sine dono relinquisse; Pisces e vivariis suis bubus traxisse, transientem autem per [[macellum]] flevisse mendicitatem publicam; naves onustas mersisse in portum signumque hoc magnanimitatis dixisse. Haec res plurimasque quae sequuntur an verae sint nescimus; vidimus autem aliquas res a scriptoribus coaevalibus iam testatas.

== Luxuria Elagabali in ''Historia Augusta'' descripta ==
=== Luxuria convivialis ===
Exhibebat aliquando [[Convivium|convivia]] in quibus viginti et duo fercula producebantur, et inter singula fercula convivae se lavabant et mulieribus utebantur. Celebravit etiam tale convivium ut apud amicos singulos singuli missus appararentur, in [[Capitolium|Capitolio]], in [[Mons Palatinus|Palatio]], in [[Mons Caelius|monte Caelio]], trans Tiberim, et ut quisque habitavisset, tamen per ordinem singula fercula ederentur; sic unum convivium vix toto die finitum est, cum et lavarent per singula fercula et mulieribus uterentur.

Gladiatores ante convivium pugnantes sibi et pyctas frequenter exhibuit; stravit sibi triclinium in summo lusorio et, dum pranderet, venationes sibi exhibuit. [[Quadrigae|Quadriga]]s circensium in tricliniis semper exhibuit pransitans et cenitans, convivas senes agitare cogens. Vasorum ad convivia destinatorum nonnulla schematibus libidinosissimis inquinata sunt.

Pro apophoretis dedit eunuchos, quadrigas, equos stratos, mulos, basternas, raedas, aureos millenos, centena pondo argenti. Sortes convivales scriptas habuit in coclearibus tales ut &quot;decem [[Camelus|camelos]]&quot;, &quot;decem [[Musca|muscas]]&quot;, &quot;decem libras auri&quot;, &quot;decem plumbi&quot;, &quot;decem [[struthio]]nes&quot;, &quot;decem [[Ovum|ova]] pullina&quot;. Quod quidem et ludis suis exhibuit, ut &quot;[[Ursus|ursos]] decem&quot;, &quot;decem [[Glis|glires]]&quot;, &quot;decem [[lactuca]]s&quot;, &quot;decem libras auri&quot;, &quot;canes mortuos&quot;, &quot;libram bubulae carnis&quot;, &quot;centum aureos&quot;, &quot;mille argenteos&quot;, &quot;centum folles aeris&quot;. Primus hunc morem sortis instituit, et ad sortem scaenicos vocavit; quae populus libenter accepit. Fertur promisisse convivis [[Phoenix|phoenicem]], vel pro eo libras auri mille. Donavit saepius ad convivis argentum omne quod habuit in convivio et omnem apparatum poculorum. Fertur de [[Crocus|croco]] sigma stravisse, cum summos viros rogaverat ad prandium, dicens se fenum pro eorum dignitate exhibere.

=== Luxuria rerum culinarium ===
Aestiva convivia coloribus exhibuit, ut hodie prasinum, cras vitreum, alia die venetum. Habuit etiam eam consuetudinem ut una die nonnisi de [[Phasianus|phasianis]] totum ederet, alia die de [[Pullus|pullis]], alia de [[Piscis|pisce]], ali de [[Porcus|porcis]], alia de struthionibus, alia de [[Holus|holeribus]], alia de [[Pomum|pomis]], ali de [[Dulcia|dulciis]], alia de opere [[Lacticinia|lactario]]. Pisces semper quasi in marina aqua cum colore suo coctos [[conditura]] veneta comedit. Ad imitationem Apicii comedit saepius calcanea camelorum, cristas vivis gallinaceis demptas, linguas [[pavo]]num et [[luscinia]]rum (quod qui ederet a pestilentia tutus diceretur). Struthiones exhibuit in cenas aliquotiens, dicens praeceptum esse [[Iudaei]]s ut ederent. Sescentorum struthionum capita una cena multis mensis exhibuit ad edenda [[cerebellum|cerebella]].

Primus fecit [[Isicium|isicia]] de piscibus, de [[Ostreum|ostreis]], de [[Locusta marina|locustis]] et [[Cammarus|cammaris]] et [[Scilla|scillis]]. Dulciarios et lactarios tales habuit ut quaecumque coqui vel structores vel pomarii de diversis edulibus exhibuissent, illi modo de dulciis modo de lactariis exhiberent. [[Vinum]] et [[masticha]]tum et [[Puleium|puleiatum]] primus invenit; [[rosatum]] (iam ab aliis acceptum) [[pinea]]rum attritione odoratius reddidit. Sed etiam [[hydrogarum]] primus ducum Romanorum publice exhibuit, cum antea militaris mensa esset. Barbas [[Mullus|mullorum]] exhibuit plenis fabatariis et discis pro nasturtiis, apiasteris, phaselaribus, foeno graeco. Proponebat themata ut iura nova dapibus condiendis convivae invenirent; et cuius placuisset commentum ei dabat maximum praemium, ita ut sericam vestem donaret; si cuius autem displicuisset, iubebat ut semper id comedisset quamdiu tamen melius invenisset.

Exhibuit [[Sumen|sumina]] [[Aper|apruna]] cum suis [[Vulva|vulvis]] per dies decem tricena cotidie, [[pisum]] cum aureis, [[Lens|lentem]] cum [[Ceraunia|cerauniis]], [[faba]]m cum [[Succinum|succinis]], [[oryza]]m cum albis. [[Alba]]s in vicem piperis piscibus et [[tuber]]ibus conspersit. Miscuit gemmas pomis et floribus. [[Sybariticum missum]] semper exhibuit ex oleo et garo quem quo anno [[Sybaris|Sybaritae]] reppererunt et perierunt. Exhibuit et servis suis patinas ingentes refertas extis mullorum, cerebellis [[Phoenicopterus|phoenicopterum]], ovis [[Perdix|perdicum]], cerebellis [[Turdus|turdorum]], capitibus [[Psittacus|psittacorum]] et phasianorum et pavonum. [[Muraena]]rum et [[Lupus marinus|luporum marinorum]] lactibus in locis mediterraneis rusticos pavit. Canes [[Iecur|iecineribus]] [[anser]]um pascuit. Misit [[uva]]s [[Vinum Apamenum|Apamenas]] in praesepia [[equus|equis]] suis. Psittacis et phasianis [[leo]]nes pavit.

[[Fasciculus:The Roses of Heliogabalus.jpg|thumbnail|350px|&quot;[[Heliogabali Rosae]]&quot; a [[Laurentius Alma-Tadema|Laurentio Alma-Tadema]] anno [[1888]] pictae]]

=== Luxuria sensuum ===
Stravit triclinia et lecta et porticus de [[Rosa|rosis]], [[Lilium|liliis]], [[Viola|violis]], [[Hyacinthus (planta)|hyacinthis]], [[Narcissus|narcissis]] ac sic ea deambulavit. Semper aut inter flores sedit aut inter odores pretiosos. Non nisi piscinis unguento nobili aut croco infectis natavit. Piscinas et solia temperavit condito et rosato et [[Absinthites|absinthato]]. Momentarias piscinas exhibuit de rosato et rosis. Lavit, cum omnibus suis, [[caldarium (thermae)|caldarias]] de [[Nardus|nardo]] exhibens. In lucernis [[balsamum]] exhibuit. Odores Indicos sine carbonibus ad triclinia vaporanda iubebat incendi. Oppressit in tricliniis versatilibus parasitos suos violis et floribus, sic ut animam aliqui efflaverint cum erepere ad summum non possunt.

Difficile in accubitis cubuit nisi his quae pilum [[Lepus|leporinum]] haberent aut plumas subalares perdicum, saepe culcitas mutans. Mulieres nunquam iteravit (praeter uxorem). Libidinum genera quaedam invenit, ut [[spintria]]s [[Tiberius|Tiberii]], [[Caligula]]e, [[Nero]]nis vinceret. In [[Mimica|mimicis]] adulteriis ea quae solent simulato fieri iussit effici ad verum.

=== Luxuria ostentationis ===
Scobe auri et argenti porticum stravit, dolens quod non posset et succini. Primus omnium privatorum toros aureis toralibus texit; habuit lectos et tricliniares et cubiculares solido argento factos. Montem [[Nix|nivium]] in viridiario domus aestate fecit, advectis nivibus. Primus [[authepsa]]s argenteas habuit, caccabos etiam et vasa centenaria.

Calceamentum nunquam iteravit, anulos etiam negavit iteravisse; pretiosas vestes saepe conscidit. Linteamen lotum nunquam attigit, mendicos dicens qui lineis lotis uterentur. Primus Romanorum holo[[serica]] veste usus fertur, cum iam subsericae in usu essent. Usus est tunica omni aurea, purpurea, de [[Gemma|gemmis]] Persica, cum gravari se diceret onere voluptatis; habuit et in calceamentis gemmas, et quidem scalptas (quod risum omnibus movit, quasi possent scalpturae nobilium artificum videri in gemmis quae pedibus adhaerebant). Voluit uti et diademate gemmato (magis ad feminarum vultum aptum), et domi usus est.

[[Fasciculus:Elagabalus Aureus Sol Invictus.png|thumbnail|left|[[Aureus]] Elagabali. Recto, Laureatum caput imperatoris : IMP C M AVR ANTONINVS P F AVG. verso, [[Baetulus]] Solis Invicti [[Quadrigae|quadrigis]] vectus : SANCT DEO SOLI / ELAGABAL]]
Stravit et saxis Lacedaemoniis ac porphyreticis plateas in Palatio. Habuit gemmata vehicula et aurata, contemptis argentatis et eboratis et aeratis. Canes quattuor ingentes iunxit ad currum et sic est vectatus intra domum regiam, idque privatus in agris suis fecit; processit in publicum et quattuor [[Cervus|cervis]] iunctis; iunxit sibi et [[leo]]nes, [[Magna Mater|Matrem Magnam]] se appellans; iunxit et [[Tigris|tigres]], [[Liber Pater|Liberum]] se vocans, eodemque habitu agens quo dii pinguntur. Iunxit quaternas vel binas vel ternas mulieres nudas ad pabillum et sic nudus ille vectatus est.
 
Fertur in euripis vino plenis navales circenses exhibuisse, pallia de oenanthio fudisse, [[Elephas|elephantorum]] quattuor quadrigas in [[Ager Vaticanus|Vaticano]] agitavisse (dirutis sepulchris quae obsistebant); iunxisse etiam camelos quaternos ad currus in circo privato. Iter fecisse dicitur semper sescentis vehiculis; causa vehiculorum erat lenonum, lenarum, meretricum, exoletorum, subactorum bene vasatorum multitudo. 
Pinxit se ut cuppedinarium, seplasiarium, popinarium, tabernarium, lenonem.

=== Ioci ===
Habuit consuetudinem ut octo calvos rogaret ad cenam, item octo luscos, octo podagrosos, octo surdos, octo nigros, octo longos; etiam octo pingues, qui capi non possent uno sigmate. Vilioribus amicis folles pro accubitis sternebat eosque reflabat, illis prandentibus, ita ut sub mensis invenirentur. Parasitis in secunda mensa saepe cenam ceream, ligneam, vitream, eburneam, fictilem, [[marmor]]eam, lapideam, manteliis aut tabulis pictam exhibuit. Parasitos ad rotam aquariam ligabat et cum vertigine sub aquas mittebat rursusque in summum revolvebat eosque [[Ixion]]ios amicos vocavit.

Amicos suos inclusit nocte cum aniculis Aethiopibus, aut cum pueris, et usque ad lucem detinuit, dicens mulieres pulcherrimas esse. Habuit [[leo]]nes et [[leopardus|leopardos]] exarmatos, quos edoctos per mansuetarios subito ad secundam et tertiam mensam iubebat accumbere, ignorantibus cunctis quod exarmati essent, ad pavorem ridiculum excitandum. Fertur [[serpens|serpentes]] per [[Marsi|Marsicae gentis]] sacerdotes collegisse fertur eosque subito ante lucem, ut populus solet ad ludos celebres convenire, effudisse, multosque adflictos morsu et fuga. Ebrios amicos plerumque claudebat et subito nocte leones et leopardos et [[Ursus|ursos]] exarmatos immittebat, ita ut expergefacti in cubiculo eodem leones, ursos, leopardos cum luce vel, quod est gravius, nocte invenirent, ex quo plerique exanimati sunt.

[[Fasciculus:Heliogabalus High Priest of the Sun.jpg|thumbnail|&quot;Heliogabalus Dei Solis pontifex&quot; a [[Simeon Solomon|Simeone Solomon]] anno [[1866]] pictus]]

=== Meretricibus mulieribusque sympathia ===
In balneis semper cum mulieribus fuit, ita ut eas ipse psilothro curaret, ipse quoque barbam et virilia psilothro accurans eadem hora; rasit et virilia subactoribus suis, adhibens novaculum manu sua quo postea barbam fecit. Fertur [[permutatio sexus (chirurgia)|voluisse vaginam]] in corpore suo secare.

Omnes [[meretrix|meretrices]] de circo, de theatro, de stadio de balneis et omnibus locis collegit in aedes publicas et apud eas contionem habuit quasi militarem, dicens eas commilitones, disputavitque de generibus schematum et [[voluptas|voluptatum]]; ad meretrices muliebri ornatu processit, papilla eiecta. Postea adhibuit in tali contione lenones, exoletos undique collectos, luxuriosissimos puerulos et iuvenes; ad exoletos habitu puerorum qui prostituuntur processit. Post contionem pronuntiavit his quasi militibus ternos aureos donativum.

Iusserat canonem unius anni meretricibus, lenonibus, exoletis intramuranis dari, extramuranis alio promisso. Meretrices a lenonibus cunctis redemit saepe et manumisit. Fertur meretricem notissimam et pulcherrimam redemisse centum sestertiis eamque intactam velut virginem coluisse. Fertur una die ad omnes meretrices circi, theatri, amphitheatri et aliorum locorum urbis ingressus, tectus cucullione mulionico ne agnosceretur, omnibusque (sine effectu [[libido|libidinis]]) aureos singulos donavisse et dixisse: &quot;Nemo sciat, Elagabalus haec donat.&quot;

== Fontes de vita et principatu Elagabali ==
* [[Aurelius Victor]], ''[[De Caesaribus (Victor)|De Caesaribus]]'' 23
* [[Cassius Dio Cocceianus]], ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historia Romana]]'' libri 79 et 80 (deperditi; exstant autem epitome a [[Iohannes Xiphilinus|Xiphilino]] facta et excerpta nonnulla in collectaneis [[Constantinus Porphyrogenitus|Constantini Porphyrogeniti]])
* ''[[Epitome de Caesaribus]]'' 23
* [[Herodianus]], ''[[Ab excessu Divi Marci]]'' liber 5
* ''[[Historia Augusta]]'', &quot;Antoninus Heliogabalus&quot; (vita [[Aelius Lampridius|Aelio Lampridio]] adscripta: [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Elagabalus/1*.html Textus])

== Artes aevi recentioris ==
; Opera historica
* [[Antonius de Guevara]], ''[[Una década de Césares]]''. Valdoleti, 1539
** [[Francogallice]] versa vel potius refecta ab [[Antonius Allègre|Antonio Allègre]], ''Décade contenant les vies des empereurs Trajanus, Adrianus etc.'' Lutetiae, 1556
* [[Eduardus Gibbon]], ''[[Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire]]'' cap. 6 [https://web.archive.org/web/19981202074007/http://members.aol.com/heliogabby/private/elagib.htm Textus Anglice]
* John Stuart Hay, ''The Amazing Emperor Heliogabalus''. Londinii, 1911 ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Amazing_Emperor_Heliogabalus Textus incompletus])
* Roland Villeneuve, ''Héliogabale: le César fou''. Lutetiae: Pierre Amiot, 1957

; Litterae
* [[Thomas Artus]], ''[[Les Hermaphrodites]]'' (1605; [http://books.google.fr/books?id=UG8GAAAAQAAJ Textus])
* [[Petrus Ioannes Baptista Chaussard]], ''[[Héliogabale (Chaussard)|Héliogabale, ou esquisse morale de la dissolution romaine sous les empereurs]]'' (1802)
* [[Algernon Carolus Swinburne]], &quot;[[St. Dorothy (Swinburne)|St. Dorothy]]&quot; (1866; [http://people.virginia.edu/~bpn2f/Swinburne/1866.html Textus])
* [[Ioannes Lombard]], ''[[L'agonie]]'' (1888)
* [[Stephanus George]], ''[[Algabal (George)|Algabal]]'' (1892; [http://www.zeno.org/Literatur/M/George,+Stefan/Gesamtausgabe+der+Werke/Hymnen,+Pilgerfahrten,+Algabal/Algabal Textus])
* [[Ludovicus Couperus]], ''[[De berg van licht]]'' (mythistoria, 1905; versio Theodisca, 1917)
* [[Henricus Mirande]], ''[[Élagabal (Mirande)|Élagabal]]'' (mythistoria, 1910)
* [[Ludovicus Estève]], ''[[Élagabal ou un Lénine de l’androgynat]]'' (1933)
* [[Antoninus Artaud]], ''[[Héliogabale, ou l'anarchiste couronné]]'' (mythistoria, 1934)
* [[Alfredus Duggan]], ''[[Family Favourites]]'' (mythistoria, 1960)
* [[Lance Horner]], [[Kyle Onstott]], ''[[Child of the Sun]]'' (mythistoria, 1966)
* [[Martinus Duberman|Martin Duberman]], ''[[Elagabalus (Duberman)|Elagabalus]]'' (ludus scaenicus 1973 doctus; 1975 in libro ''[[Male Armor (Duberman)|Male Armor]]'' editus)
* Luigi Malerba, ''Interviste impossibili'' (dialogi, 1997)

; Musica
* [[Franciscus Cavalli]] et [[Aurelius Aureli]], ''[[Eliogabalo (Cavalli)|Eliogabalo]]'' (opera, 1667)
* [[Deodatus de Séverac]], ''[[Héliogabale (Séverac)|Héliogabale]]'' (tragoedia lyrica, 1910) 
* [[Ioannes Guarnerius Henze]], ''[[Heliogabalus Imperator]]'' (1971-1972; 1986 recensus)
* [[Mauritius Béjart]], ''[[Héliogabale (Béjart)|Héliogabale]]'' (saltatio; 1977. [http://au.youtube.com/watch?v=WY5_q64ZLJc&amp;feature=related Selectum])
* [[Devil Doll]], ''[[Eliogabalus (Devil Doll)|Eliogabalus]]'' (1990; ab Antonino Artaud inspiratus)
* [[Iohannes Zorn]], ''[[Six Litanies for Heliogabalus]]'' (2007; Antonino Artaud aliisque dicatae)

; Bellae artes
* [[Laurentius Alma Tadema]], &quot;[[Heliogabali rosae]]&quot;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Elisabeth Alföldi-Rosenbaum, &quot;Apicius, ''De Re Coquinaria'' and the ''Vita Heliogabali''&quot; et &quot;Notes on Some Birds and Fishes of Luxury in the Historia Augusta&quot; in ''Bonner Historia-Augusta-Colloquium 1970'' (Bonnae: Habelt, 1972) pp. 1-18 cum tabulis I-II
* Butler, O. F. [[1910]]. &quot;Studies in the Life of Heliogabalus.&quot; In ''Roman History and Mythology'' ed. H. A. Sanders, 1-169. Novi Eboraci.
* Duviquet, G. ed. [[1903]]. ''Héliogabale raconté par les historiens grecs et latins''. Lutetiae: Société du Mercure de France.
* Frey, Martin. [[1989]]. ''Untersuchungen zur Religion und zur Religionspolitik des Kaisers Elagabal''. Stuttgarti: Fritz Steiner. ISBN 3-515-05370-0.
* Saverio Gualerzi, ''Né uomo, né donna, né dio, né dea: ruolo sessuale e ruolo religioso dell'imperatore Elagabalo''. Bologna: Patron, 2005. ISBN 88-555-2842-4
* Karl Hönn, editor, ''Quellenuntersuchungen zu den Viten des Heliogabalus und des Severus Alexander im Corpus der Scriptores historiae Augustae''. Lipsiae: Teubner, 1911
* Olivier Marmin, &quot;Héliogabale&quot; in opere eiusdem ''Diagonales de la danse'' (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1997) p. 53 ff. ([http://books.google.fr/books?id=ijokqkIVb4wC&amp;pg=PA51&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=0_0&amp;sig=ACfU3U0CXoVfb3qdVMOv7i8zYH_yhPIS7w#PPA53,M1 Paginae selectae])
* Theo Optendrenk, ''Die Religionspolitik des Kaisers Elagabal im Spiegel der Historia Augusta''. Bonnae: R. Habelt, 1969
* John Rea, &quot;A letter of the emperor Elagabalus&quot; in ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'' vol. 96 (1993) pp. 127-132 
* Benet Salway, &quot;A Fragment of Severan History: The Unusual Career of ...atus, Praetorian Prefect of Elagabalus&quot; in ''Chiron'' vol. 27 (1997) pp. 127-153
* Marcel Thirion, ''Le monnayage d’Élagabale, 218-222''. Bruxellis: J. De Mey, 1968
* Robert Turcan, ''Les cultes orientaux dans le monde romain''. Lutetiae: Les Belles Lettres, 1989. ISBN 978-2-251-38001-8
* Robert Turcan, &quot;Les Dieux de l’Orient dans l'Histoire Auguste&quot; in ''JS'' (1993) pp. 21-62 
* Robert Turcan, ''Heliogabale et le sacre du soleil''. Lutetiae: Albin Michel, 1985. ISBN 978-2-226-02316-2

{{NexInt}}
* [[Gordius (auriga)]]
* [[Hierocles (auriga)]]
* [[Nuptiae Romanae inter duos viros celebratae]]
* [[Zoticus]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{communia|Elagabalus}}
* [http://www.roman-emperors.org/elagabal.htm Vita a Michael L. Meckler scripta] {{Ling|Anglice}}
* [http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/ric/elagabalus/t.html Nummi Elagabali]
* [http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=574&amp;pos=0 Nummi Elagabali]
** [http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=Dictionary%20Of%20Roman%20Coins &quot;Elagabalus&quot;] in S. W. Stevenson, C. R. Smith, F. W. Madden, ''A Dictionary of Roman Coins'' (1889) 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080705141915/http://www.aztriad.com/elagabal.html Laura Darlene Lansberry], &quot;The Untold History of Elagabalus&quot;
* [http://www.jerryfielden.com/essays/elagabalus.htm Jerry Fielden], &quot;Antoninus Elagabalus and his relationship with the Senate &quot; {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{Imperatores Romani}}

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores= [[Macrinus|Imp. Caesar Marcus Opellius Severus Macrinus Augustus]] II et [[Marcus Oclatinius Adventus]] II|
annus= 219&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Quintus Tineius Sacerdos|Quinto Tineio Sacerdote]] II|
successores=ipse III et [[Publius Valerius Comazon Eutychianus]] II}}
{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores= [[Macrinus|Imp. Caesar Marcus Opellius Severus Macrinus Augustus]] II et [[Marcus Oclatinius Adventus]] II|
annus= 220&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Publius Valerius Comazon Eutychianus|Publio Valerio Comazone Eutychiano]] II|
successores= [[Gaius Vettius Gratus Sabinianus]] et [[Marcus Flavius Vitellius Seleucus]] II}}
{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores= [[Gaius Vettius Gratus Sabinianus]] et [[Marcus Flavius Vitellius Seleucus]]|
annus= 222&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Severus Alexander|Imp. Caesare Marco Aurelio Severo Alexandre Augusto]]|
successores= [[Lucius Marius Maximus Perpetuus Aurelianus]] II et [[Lucius Roscius Aelianus Paculus Salvius Iulianus]]}}

[[Categoria:Imperatores Romani]]
[[Categoria:Nati 203]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 222]]
[[Categoria:Elagabalus|!]]
[[Categoria:Necati]]
[[Categoria:Homosexualitas]]</text>
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    <title>Roma</title>
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      <text bytes="50031" sha1="hb782m08ebzl0r6ippro8xmacet48zp" xml:space="preserve">{{Vide discretivam|''caput Italiae''}}
{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Roma dall'aereo.JPG|thumb|Despectus in urbem.]]
{{Citatio|''Alme sol, possis nihil urbe Roma''&lt;br/&gt;''visere maius'' |[[Quintus Horatius Flaccus|Horatius]], ''[[Carmen saeculare]]'', 11–12}}
'''Roma'''&lt;ref&gt;Apud [[Romani antiqui|Romanos antiquos]] etiam ''Urbs'' tantum nuncupata.&lt;/ref&gt; est [[urbs]] in [[Latium|Latio]] ad [[Tiberis|Tiberim]] [[flumen]] sita, [[caput (urbs)|caput]] Latii atque [[Italia]]e. [[Roma antiqua]], quae origo et nucleus hodiernae urbis est, inter [[Septem Montes Romae|septem colles]] crevit. Urbs ipsa, quae maxima Italiae est, ad tricies centena milia incolarum habet, [[Urbs metropolitana Romae capitis|Roma maior]] (i.e. Roma cum vicis circumiectis) fere ter et quadragies centena milia.

In [[regio]]ne Romana orta est [[Latina lingua]], ex qua [[linguae Romanicae]] natae sunt; inter quas et [[lingua Italiana]], quae Romae totaque in Italia praevalet et [[lingua publica|rei publicae Italiae lingua]] est. 

Roma [[caput mundi]] et [[urbs aeterna]] [[litterae|litteris]] saepe appellatur. Primus quem novimus Romam urbem aeternam dixisse fuit [[Tibullus]] poeta, qui&lt;ref&gt;In carmine 2,5,23 s.&lt;/ref&gt; scripsit: &quot;Romulus aeternae nondum formaverat urbis / moenia.&quot; Atque [[Ovidius]]&lt;ref&gt;''[[Fasti (Ovidius)|Fasti]]'' 2.684.&lt;/ref&gt; dixit &quot;[[Romanae spatium est urbis et orbis idem|Romanae [sc. genti] spatium est urbis et orbis idem]].&quot; 

Intra urbem sita est [[Civitas Vaticana]], quae est [[civitas sui iuris]] et sedes [[Dioecesis Urbis seu Romana|episcopi Romani]], qui simul est [[papa]], sive praesidium [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]]. Praeterea Roma sedes est [[Ordo Fratrum Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani|Ordinis Fratrum Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani]], qui ordo [[ius internationale|iuris internationalis]] est, nec non sedes quorundam conciliorum [[Consociatio Nationum|Consociationis Nationum]] ([[Institutum Unitarum Nationum alimoniae et agriculturae provehendae|FAO]], [[IFAD]], et [[WFP]]).

Romae plurima [[aedificium|aedificia]] et [[museum|musea]] maximi momenti sunt, quae a magna [[periegesis|viatorum]] [[multitudo|multitudine]] visuntur. Urbs vetus, [[Basilica Vaticana]], Civitasque Vaticana anno [[1980]] [[patrimonium totius mundi]] declaratae sunt.

== Nominis Romae notatio ==
Multae sunt sententiae et opiniones de origine nominis ''Romae.'' &lt;ref&gt;Claudio Rendina, ''Roma ieri, oggi, domani'' (Romae: Newton Compton, 2007), 17.&lt;/ref&gt; Quarum in numero sunt hae:
* A nomine ''Rommylü'' ([[Romulus]]), progenie [[Ascanius|Ascanii]] atque urbis conditore.
* A ''Rumone'' sive ''Rumene'', nomine vetere fluminis [[Tiberis]].&lt;ref&gt;Quod sentit [[Maurus Servius Honoratus]].&lt;/ref&gt;
* A verbo [[Lingua Etrusca|Etrusco]] ''ruma'' sive ''rumach'', fere '[[flumen]]' significante; fortasse a [[Tiberis|flumine Tiberi]] nominata sit.
* A verbo [[Lingua Graeca|Graeco]] ῥώμη (rhòme), quod '[[robur]]' significat.&lt;ref&gt;Quod [[Plutarchus|Plutarcho]] censebat.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
''Vide etiam indicem commentariorum de [[Roma antiqua]].''

=== Antiquitas ===

==== Origo urbis ====
[[Fasciculus:Die_sieben_H%C3%BCgel_Roms_de.svg|thumb|Tabula [[regionis]] cum [[Tiberis|Tiberi]] flumine et septem montibus ubi Roma condita est.]]
:''Vide etiam paginam de [[Roma condita]].''
Romam anno [[753 a.C.n.]] die [[21 Aprilis]] a [[Romulus|Romulo]] cum Remo fratre conditam esse memoria proditur. Non solum de fabula, sed etiam de tempore urbis conditae varie disputatur.&lt;ref&gt;John Nobel Wilford (2007), [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/12/science/12rome.html &quot;More Clues in the Legend (or Is It Fact?) of Romulus,&quot;] ''New York Times,'' 12 Iunii.&lt;/ref&gt; Post Romulum, sex reges Romam 244 annos rexisse dicuntur, initio gente [[Latini|Latina]] ac [[Sabini|Sabina]], tum [[Etrusci|Etrusca]] oriundi. Illorum septem nomina sunt haec: Romulus, [[Numa Pompilius]], [[Tullus Hostilius]], [[Ancus Marcius]], [[Lucius Tarquinius Priscus|Tarquinius Priscus]], [[Servius Tullius]], [[Tarquinius Superbus]].

[[Historicus|Rerum gestarum scriptores]] nostri temporis putant in collibus Romanis iam ante annum [[753 a.C.n.]] nonnullos vicos fuisse et urbem conditam esse (forsitan [[saeculum 7 a.C.n.|saeculo septimo a.C.n]]), cum illi vici antiqui coniuncti essent. Sed iam antea (14000–10000 a.C.n.?) homines in regione habitavisse, ubi postea Roma orta est, ut inventa [[Palaeolithicum|Palaeolithica]] et [[Neolithicum|Neolithica]] demonstrant.&lt;ref&gt;Heiken, Funiciello, et De Rita 2005.&lt;/ref&gt; Reliquiae autem insequentium temporum sedes antiquissimas obscurant.

[[Templum|Templa]] in [[Mons Capitolinus|monte Capitolino]] iam temporibus regum [[Iuppiter|Iovi]], [[Iuno]]ni aliisque diis dicata sunt. Etiam templa [[Fortuna (dea)|Fortunae]] et [[Mater Matuta|Matris Matutae]] in hodierna ''[[Area sacra di Sant’Omobono]]'' ab illo tempore ducuntur. 
Tum etiam primum [[Forum Romanum]] cum [[Regia]], [[Comitium|Comitio]] et [[Lapis Niger|Lapide Nigro]] factum est, postquam [[Cloaca Maxima]] facta aquae ex valle in [[Tiberis|Tiberim]] deductae sunt. Sed murus qui dicitur [[Murus Servii Tulli|Servii Tullii]], quamquam nomen sexti regis commemorat, tempore [[Libera res publica Romana|rei publicae]] post Romam a [[Galli]]s anno [[390 a.C.n.]] captam aedificatus est.

==== Libera res publica Romana ====
[[Fasciculus:Roma Plan.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Tabula Romae antiquae.]]
[[Tarquinius Superbus|Tarquinio Superbo]], ultimo [[rex|rege]], anno [[509 a.C.n.]] urbe expulso urbani [[respublica|rem publicam]] instituerunt quae ab [[senatus|senatu]] et [[consul]]ibus gerebatur citoque per [[Latium]] et reliquas Italicae paeninsulae regiones extendebatur; simul de diuturna inter [[Patricii (ordo)|patricios]] et [[plebs|plebeios]] controversia, quae civitatem in periculum adduxerat, ita decretum est, ut plebeiis [[Lex XII Tabularum|duodecim tabulae]] ac plus potentiae concederentur. [[Saeculum|Saeculis]] [[saeculum 3 a.C.n.|tertio]] et [[saeculum 2 a.C.n.|secundo a.C.n.]] [[Carthago|Carthaginiensibus]] profligatis (vide [[Bella Punica]]) per [[Mare Mediterraneum]] imperium populi Romani constitutum est: [[Magna Graecia]] Romana facta, [[Karthago]] et [[Corinthus]] anno [[146 a.C.n.]] deletae, primae [[Provincia Romana|provinciae]] constitutae sunt ([[Sicilia (provincia Romana)|Sicilia]], [[Corsica et Sardinia]], [[Hispania Romana|Hispania]], [[Macedonia (provincia Romana)|Macedonia]], [[Achaia (provincia Romana)|Achaia]], [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africa]]).

Regibus pulsis, aedificia facta sunt quae rei publicae usui erant, sicut suggestus [[orator]]um, qui ab anno [[338 a.C.n.]] [[Rostra]] dictus est, [[Templum Saturni]] ad [[aerarium publicum]] asservandum destinatum et [[Aedes Castoris]]. A [[saeculum 4 a.C.n.|saeculo quarto]] exeunte in foro [[statua]]rum [[monumentum|monumenta]], quae civibus excelsis laudi essent, poni coepta sunt. [[Saeculum 3 a.C.n.|Tertio saeculo]] in foro septentrionali [[macellum]] institutum est. A [[saeculum 2 a.C.n.|saeculo secundo]] primae [[basilica]]e (velut [[Basilica Aemilia]]) aedificatae sunt; eodem tempore, [[tabularium]] factum est.

==== Discrimen rei publicae ====
[[Fasciculus:Senatorenpalast_7.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|[[Tabularium]] Romanum a [[Forum Romanum|Foro Romano]] visum.]]
A [[saeculum 2 a.C.n.|saeculo secundo a.C.n.]] ineunte, duae [[factio politica|factiones]] [[nobilitas|nobilitatis]] de rerum potentia certaverunt, [[optimates]], qui partes [[senatus]] sequebantur, et [[populares]], qui populo Romano freti rerum potiri studebant. Eodem tempore multi [[agricola]]e aere alieno coacti fundis venditis Romam migraverunt, qua de re [[latifundium|latifundia]] creverunt. [[Tiberius et Gaius Gracchus]] cum agros plebi dividere conati essent interfecti sunt. Propter bella continua [[legio Romana|legiones]] conscribebantur, quae magis imperatoribus quam rei publicae parebant. Numerus servorum in dies crescebat. 

His et aliis rebus pendentibus [[saeculum 1 a.C.n.|primo saeculo a.C.n.]] res publica bellis civilibus vexata est; primo [[Sulla]] cum [[Gaius Marius|Mario]], deinde [[C. Iulius Caesar]] cum [[Pompeius|Pompeio Magno]], denique [[Augustus|Octavianus]] cum [[Marcus Antonius|Marco Antonio]] de imperio certavit. Praeterea inter annos [[73 a.C.n.|73]] et [[71 a.C.n.]] [[Tertium Bellum Servile|Bellum Servile]] [[Spartacus|Spartaco duce]] partes Italiae devastavit. Caesar, qui [[Gallia]]m sub potestatem Romanam redegerat, adversariis victis per breve tempus solus regnavit, sed [[15 Martii|Idibus Martiis]] anno [[44 a.C.n.]] manu coniuratorum [[Marcus Iunius Brutus|Bruto]] [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassioque]] auctoribus occisus est. [[Bellum Actiacum|Bello Actiaco]] ([[31 a.C.n.]]) pugnato atque Antonio terra marique victo, Octavianus solus imperium obtinuit, cumque multis honoribus decoratus tum praecipue &quot;Augustus&quot; a [[Senatus Romanus|senatu]] appellatus est. Ita factum est, ut Augustus non nomine quidem, sed re primus imperator Romanorum fieret.

Caesar pro antiqua [[Curia Hostilia]] [[Curia Iulia|Curiam Iuliam]] fieri iussit, pro [[Basilica Sempronia]] [[Basilica Iulia|Basilicam Iuliam]] et idem, cum [[Forum Romanum]] propter vulgi frequentiam iam nimis angustum videretur, [[Forum Iulium]] inchoavit. Hoc forum Augustus perfecit, [[Forum Augustum|Forumque Augustum]] adiunxit. Alii deinde alia fora aedificaverunt (vide [[Fora Imperatorum]]). Augustus vero gloriabatur se Romam [[marmor]]eam reliquisse, quam latericiam accepisset.&lt;ref&gt;[[Suetonius]], Div. Aug. 28.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Principatus ====
[[Fasciculus:Tempio di Marte Ultore (Roma).jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|[[Forum Augusti]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Rom (IT), Kolosseum -- 2024 -- 0610.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Amphitheatrum Flavium]] nocte visum.]]
[[Fasciculus:RomaTermeDiCaracallaPanoramica.01.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Reliquiae [[Thermae Antoninianae|Thermarum Caracallae]] ut ex horto adiacente visuntur (2005).]]
Augustum deinceps principes subsecuti sunt, cum Imperium Romanum magnam partem Europae ([[Hispania]]m, [[Gallia]]m, [[Helvetia]]m, [[Raetia]]m, [[Noricum]], [[Pannonia]]m, [[Illyricum]], [[Dacia]]m), nonnullasque in [[oriens|orientem]] versas regiones teneret, inter quas [[Aegyptus|Aegyptum]], [[Libya]]m, ut provinciae saltem notissimae enumerentur. [[Hadrianus]] limitem in [[Britannia (provincia Romana)|Britannia]] [[Vallum Aelium|vallo]] exstruxit, ut [[Picti]] et [[Scoti]] imperio prohiberentur; [[Germania|Germani]] autem numquam profligati sunt, quare contra eos imperii fines flumina [[Rhenus]] et [[Danuvius]] coniuncta sunt limite Germano-Raetico. Regio [[triangulum|triangularis]] inter haec duo flumina et limitem sita ''agri Decumates'' dicebantur.&lt;ref&gt;[[Tacitus]], ''[[Germania (Tacitus)|Germania]]'' 29.3: &quot;Non numeraverim inter Germaniae populos, quamquam trans Rhenum Danuviumque consederint, eos qui decumates agros exercent. Levissimus quisque Gallorum et inopia audax dubiae possessionis solum occupavere; mox limite acto promotisque praesidiis sinus imperii et pars provinciae habentur.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; 

Illis temporibus urbs Roma iure &quot;caput mundi&quot; dicebatur. Urbi plus quam decena milia incolarum erant, [[Aquae ductus|aquaeductus]] abunde multis centenis [[thermae|balineorum]] aquas suppeditabant, numerosae viae urbem cum provinciis longinquis coniungebant, [[vigil]]es publici incolas ab incendiis iniuriaque tuebantur. Roma ab Augusti successoribus, etiamsi incendium urbis [[Nero]]ne imperatore hoc tardavit, novis et magnificis aedificiis ornata est. 

[[Gens Flavia|Gente Flavia]] imperante ([[69]]–[[96]]) inter alia [[Amphitheatrum Flavium]] et pars [[Fora Imperatorum|Fororum Imperatorum]] aedificata sunt. Ultimum forum [[saeculum 2|saeculo secundo]] ineunte a [[Traianus|Traiano]] imperatore perfectum est. Quo regnante imperium Romanum ad maximam terrarum magnitudinem accessit. Magnificae [[thermae]] cum ab ipso (vide [[Thermae Traiani]]) tum a successoribus factae sunt ([[Thermae Antoninianae]], [[Thermae Diocletiani]]), quae etiam [[bibliotheca]]s [[palaestra]]sque comprehenderunt. Maxima basilicarum [[Constantinus I|Constantino]] imperatore [[Basilica Constantiniana|Constantiniana]] perfecta est. Praeterea [[saeculum 3|saeculo tertio]] [[Muri Aureliani]] exstructi sunt, quoniam urbs iam pridem extra [[Murus Servii Tullii|Murum Servii Tullii]] creverat.

==== Antiquitas posterior ====
[[Fasciculus:Eroberung_roms_410.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Roma anno [[410]], cum ab [[Alaricus I (rex Visigothorum)|Alarico]], [[Reges Visigothorum|rege Visigothorum]], capta esset.]]
Initio [[Antiquitas posterior|antiquitatis posterioris]] Roma maximum incolarum numerum habuisse videtur; plerique ad quinquies decies centena milia incolarum fuisse coniciunt.&lt;ref&gt;Historiae docti incolas numero inter quadringenta quinquaginta milia et tricies quinquies centena milia aestimant. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130130090938/http://www.mandatory.com/2013/01/24/the-16-greatest-cities-in-human-history/9 Haec pagina] duodecies centena milia proponit.&lt;/ref&gt; Paulo post urbs pondus in rebus politicis perdidit, quod imperatores aliis in locis (velut [[Ravenna]]e, [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]], [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]], [[Augusta Treverorum|Augustae Treverorum]], [[Thessalonica]]e, [[Spalatum|Spalati]]) sedem regni habuerunt. Simul post [[Edictum Mediolanense]] ([[313]]) et imprimis [[Edictum Thessalonicense]] ([[380]]) ex urbe multarum religionum paulatim urbs [[religio Christiana|Christiana]] facta est; post [[Basilicae Patriarchales|basilicas papales]] quae iam a [[Constantinus I|Constantino Magno]] imperatore aedificatae sunt, ([[Basilica Vaticana]], [[Archibasilica Sanctissimi Salvatoris]], [[Basilica Sanctae Mariae Maioris]], [[Basilica Sancti Pauli extra muros]]) multaeque aliae ecclesiae ac [[monasterium|monasteria]] exstructa sunt. 

Quamquam ingens [[Muri Aureliani|Murorum Aurelianorum]] opus ad urbem protegendam exstructum erat, Roma tamen anno [[410]] ab [[Alaricus I (rex Visigothorum)|Alarico]], [[Reges Visigothorum|rege Visigothorum]] capta, et anno [[455]] a [[Vandali]]s despoliata est. Die [[22 Augusti]] [[476]], [[Romulus Augustulus|Romulo Augustulo]] ultimo imperatore ab [[Odoacer|Odoacre]] dimisso, Imperium Romanum Occidentale esse desiit. Deinde Roma ad regnum Odoacris accessit; quo autem interfecto in dicionem [[Ostrogothi|Ostrogothorum]] transiit.

Quae cum ita essent, [[aedificium|aedificia]], [[thermae]], [[aquaeductus]] etiam Ostrogothis regnantibus conservata sunt, ut [[Procopius]] refert. Circiter annum [[530]] urbi prope centum milia incolarum fuerunt. Cum autem [[Iustinianus I|Iustinianus]] imperator [[Bellum Gothicum|Bello Gothico]] ([[535]]–[[554]]) Italiam recuperari regnumque Ostrogothorum excidi iussisset, omnes fere aquaeductus deleti ([[537]]), [[Senatus Romanus|ordo senatorius]], qui patrimonium antiquitatis conservaverat, exstinctus, vita urbana paene finita est, ut urbs vix excidium effugeret. Ostrogothi quamquam anno [[546]] rege [[Totila (rex Ostrogothorum)|Totila]] Romam anno [[539]] a [[Belisarius|Belisario]] imperatore [[Imperium Romanum Orientale|Imperii Romani Orientalis]] expugnatam iterum ceperunt, postremo a Romanis tamen victi sunt. Ab anno [[554]], Roma publice iterum ad Imperium Romanum Orientale pertinebat; anno [[608]] ante [[Rostra]] in [[Forum Romanum|Foro Romano]] [[Columna Phocae]], ultimum monumentum antiquitatis, erecta est. Re vera autem [[papa]]e magis magisque disciplinam institutaque rei publicae servaverunt.

=== &quot;Urbs aeterna&quot; ===
Iam [[Tibullus]] poeta pro Roma epitheton &quot;urbis aeternae&quot; invenerat;&lt;ref&gt;3,5,23-24: &quot;Romulus aeternae nondum formaverat urbis / moenia.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; [[Vergilius]] poeta in [[Aeneis|Aeneide]], quae mox in scholis legebatur et Romanae gentis poema [[Poësis epica|epicum]] maximi momenti habetur, [[Iuppiter|Iovem]] praedicentem facit Romam aeternam fore.&lt;ref&gt;Aeneis 1, 278–279: &quot;His ego nec metas rerum nec tempora pono: imperium sine fine dedi.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Etiam [[Livius]] pluries verbo aeterno utitur: &quot;in aeternum urbe condita&quot; (4,4,4), &quot;beatam urbem Romanam et invictam et aeternam&quot; (5,7,10), &quot;urbem . . . in aeternam conditam&quot; (28,28,11).

Etiam [[saeculum 4|saeculo quarto]] quidam scriptores Romam aeternam laudant: [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] (fere 333–post 391) affirmat Romam aeternam esse, quod virtus et fortuna in urbe condenda foedus pacis pepigissent, ut urbs post hominum memoriam permaneret.&lt;ref&gt;14,6,3: &quot;Tempore quo primis auspiciis in mundanum fulgorem surgeret victura dum erunt homines Roma, ut augeretur sublimibus incrementis, foedere pacis aeternae Virtus convenit atque Fortuna plerumque dissidentes, quarum si altera defuisset, ad perfectam non venerat summitatem.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; [[Aurelius Prudentius Clemens]] (348–post 405) Romam Christianam perfectionem Romae Caesarum esse dixit; Imperium Romanum populos consociasse paceque Romana religioni Christianae viam parasse.&lt;ref&gt;Hymnus in Honorem Passionis Laurentii (Peristephon II), 413.417-434: &quot;O Christe, . . . qui sceptra Romae in vertice locasti sanciens mundum Quirinali togae servire et armis cedere,ut discrepantum gentium mores et observantiam linguasque et ingenia et sacra unis domares legibus! Hoc destinatum, quo magis ius Christiani nominis, quodcumque terrarum iacet uno inligaret vinculo. Da, Christe, Romanis tuis, sit Christiana ut civitas.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Medium Aevum ===
:''Vide etiam'' [[Regiones Romae mediaevalis]]

==== Medium aevum iniens ====
[[Fasciculus:Sacre de Charlemagne.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Carolus Magnus]] die [[25 Decembris]] anno [[800]] in [[Basilica Vaticana]] antiqua coronatur.]]
[[Medium aevum|Medio aevo ineunte]] urbs a [[Langobardi]]s, [[Saraceni]]s, [[Normanni]]s obsessa, capta, spoliata est, ut maxima urbis pars destituta et vix [[Tiberis]] ripae habitatae essent. Intra muros antiquos domus habitatae cum ruinis, pratis, vineis miscebantur. Numerus incolarum usque ad annum [[700]] ad 50&amp;thinsp;000 minutus est, anno [[1000]] fere 35&amp;thinsp;000 incolarum in urbe habitavisse putantur, anno [[1377]] inter 15&amp;thinsp;000 et 20&amp;thinsp;000.&lt;ref&gt;Tellier 2009: 185.&lt;/ref&gt;

Postquam [[Langobardi]] Italiam invaserunt, Roma nomine pars Imperii Romani (Orientalis) remansit, re vera autem papae aequilibrium inter Byzantinos, [[Franci|Francos]] et Langobardos tenere studuerunt.&lt;ref&gt;Luigi Vittorio Bertarelli, ''Guida d'Italia,'' 1925: 19.&lt;/ref&gt; Anno [[729]] [[Liutprandus (rex Langobardorum)|Liutprandus]] rex Langobardorum [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae]] [[Sutrium]], oppidum in [[Latium|Latio]] septentrionali situm, donavit, quo temporalis ecclesiae potestas initium fecit. Anno [[756]] [[Pippinus III (maior domus)|Pippinus III]], postquam Langobardos devicit, papae iurisdictionem temporalem [[Ducatus Romanus|Ducatus Romani]] et totius [[Exarchatus Ravennae]] tradidit, ex quo [[Dicio Pontificia|Status Pontificius]] progressus est.&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem&lt;/ref&gt; Ex tunc per totum Medium aevum tres potestates de urbe regenda certaverunt: papatus, nobilitas Romana (una cum ducibus militaribus, iudicibus, senatu, populo) et reges Francici sive postea imperatores. Die [[25 Decembris]] anno [[800]] in festo [[Nativitas Iesu|Nativitatis Iesu]] [[Carolus Magnus]] Romae a [[Leo III|Leone III]] papa imperator Imperii Romani coronatus est. 

Anno [[846]] [[Arabi|Saraceni]] a [[Sicilia]] venientes, etsi ab ipsa urbe prohibiti sunt, tamen [[Ostia]]m, portum Romae, vicos in dextra Tiberis ripa sitos et basilicas Vaticanam et Sancti Pauli extra muros vastaverunt. [[Carolingorum stirps|Carolingorum]] potestate collapsa Roma [[anarchia]]e obiecta est: gentes nobiles contra papam, imperatores et inter se pugnabant. Ipse papatus ludibrium nobilitatis factus est, quod historiae [[Theodora (senatrix)|Theodorae]] et filiae eius [[Marotia]]e necnon [[Crescentius minor|Crescentii minoris]] demonstrant, illae [[concubinatus|concubinae]] et matres plurium paparum, hic potens dominus [[feudum|feudalis]], qui contra imperatores [[Otto II (imperator)|Ottones II]] et [[Otto III (imperator)|III]] pugnavit.&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem, p. 20.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Medium aevum altum ====
[[Fasciculus:Salerno_PopeGregoriousVIITomb.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|Funeralis [[Gregorius VII|Gregorii VII]] effigies e cera ficta, [[Salernum|Salerni]] in ecclesia cathedrali exposita.]]
Res pessimi exempli huius temporis papatum, ut se ipsum restitueretur, impulerunt; electio papalis [[cardinalis|cardinalibus]] reservata, renovatio [[clerus|ordinis clericorum]] temptata est. Cum autem propugnator renovationis, Hildebrandus monachus, nomine [[Gregorius VII|Gregorii VII]] papa factus est, acris [[controversia de investitura]] inter hunc et [[Henricus IV (imperator)|Henricum IV]] imperatorem orta est. Tum Roma a [[Normanni]]s [[Robertus Guiscardus|Roberto Guiscardo]] duce, qui papae in [[Castellum Sancti Angeli (Roma)|Castello Sancti Angeli]] obsesso auxilio venit, spoliata et incendio deleta est.&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem&lt;/ref&gt; 

Hoc tempore urbs libere a [[senatus|senatore]] sive [[patricii (ordo)|patricio]] administrata est. [[Saeculum 12|Saeculo duodecimo]] haec administratio sicut et in aliis urbibus [[Italia|Italicis]] in [[commune]] profecta est. Quae nova civitatis moderandae ratio familias, quae negotiatione ac mercatura divites factae sunt, potentiae participes fecit. Romae controversia de potentia inter papatum et commune acerrime arsit, cum [[Arnaldus Brixiensis]] monachus communem sustinere coepit et papa [[Eugenius III]] exsul factus est. Eugenio mortuo successor [[Hadrianus IV]] potestatem recuperavit, Arnaldus comprehensus et morte punitus est. [[Innocentius III|Innocentio III]] regnante papatus summum fastigium adeptus est; papa senatum dissolvit et uno senatore permutavit, qui ei subiectus erat.

Anno [[1266]] [[Carolus I (rex Siciliae)|Carolus I]] Andegavensis Senator declaratus est, qui cum exercitu in meridiem processit, ut iussu papae [[Stirps Waiblingensium|gentem Stauficam]] devinceret. Carolus [[Studium Urbis]], primam Romae universitatem, condidit. Illo tempore, cum cardinales [[Viterbium|Viterbii]] congregati in papa eligendo non convenerunt, cives irati eos in aedificio incluserunt, quod tecto nudaverunt, dum papa eligeretur: Ita [[conclave]] ortum est. Urbs autem rixis gentium nobilium quassata est: [[Hannibaldi]], [[Domus Gaetana|Gaetani]], [[Familia Columnensis|Columnenses]], [[Domus Ursinensis|Ursinenses]], [[Conti]] in [[castrum|castris]] suis super aedificia antiqua erectis se muniebant et inter se pugnabant, ut papatum dominarentur.

==== Medium aevum exiens ====
[[Bonifacius VIII]] (natus gente Gaetana) annum [[1300]] primum [[Iobeleus|annum sanctum]] promulgavit, quo plurimi [[Peregrinatio (religio)|peregrini]] Romam adducti sunt. Strenue dominationem papae in rebus et spiritalibus et temporalibus defendit (vide: [[Doctrina de duplici in ecclesia gladio]]), frustra tamen: [[Philippus IV (rex Francorum)|Philippus IV]] rex Francorum eum [[Anagnia]]e comprehendi iussit, quod papae causa mortis fuit. Successor eius cum rege Francorum stetit, et aulam papalem [[Avennio]]men transtulit ([[1309]]–1377). Papa absente, urbs neglecta est, donec [[Nicolaus Laurentii]], homo plebeius, rerum potitus est, qui amator Romae antiquae renascentiam imperii Romanae desiderabat; populus autem correctiones et emendationes eius reiciens, eum eiecit. [[Aegidius Albornotius|Aegidio Albornotio]] cardinale adiutore revertit, sed mox a populo necatus est. Albornotius tandem urbem, quae anno [[1377]] iterum sedes papae facta est, in potestatem papalem redegit. Reditu papae [[magnum schisma occidentale]] (1377-1418) excitatum est, quo ecclesia per quadraginta annos concutiebatur. Anno [[1418]], [[Concilium Constantiense]] schismatis finem fecit et [[Martinus V|Martinum V]] papam elegit. Quo regnante Romae saeculum coepit pacis.

=== Aevum renascentiae litterarum ===
[[Fasciculus:Tempietto di San Pietro in Montorio.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''Tempietto'' (Italice '[[templum]] parvum' valens) est exemplum [[architectura]]e [[Renascentia]]e ([[Ecclesia Sancti Petri in Monte Aureo]]).]]
Papae, qui usque ad [[saeculum 16|saeculum decimum sextum]] iniens rexerunt (a [[Nicolaus V|Nicolao V]], qui [[Bibliotheca Vaticana|Bibliothecam Vaticanam]] condidit, ad [[Pius II|Pium II]], [[humanista]]m et virum eruditum, a [[Sixtus IV|Sixto IV]], papa bello strenuo ad [[Alexander VI|Alexandrum VI]], corruptis [[mores|moribus]] et [[nepotismus|nepotistam]] effrenatum, a [[Iulius II|Iulio II]], [[miles|milite]] et [[patronus|patrono]], ad [[Leo X|Leonem X]]) omnes conisi sunt ut urbs aeterna pulchrior fieret, gentes suae divitiis ac potestate crescerent, [[ars|artes]] [[floruit|florerent]]. Illa aetate non iam [[Florentia]], sed Roma domicilium [[Renascentia|renascentiae litterarum ac artium]] erat. Opera magnifica sicut [[Basilica Vaticana]] (loco antiquae erecta), [[Sacellum Sixtinum]] et [[Pons Sixti]] (primus pons post antiquitatem in Tiberim factus, quamvis in fundamentis Romanis) creata sunt. Optimi illius aetatis artifices ad haec opera conficienda mercede conducti sunt, inter quos [[Michael Angelus Bonarotius]], [[Petrus Perusinus]], [[Raphael Sanctius Urbinas]], [[Dominicus Girlandaeus]], [[Lucas Signorelli]], [[Alexander Botticelli]] et [[Cosimus Rosselli]]. Roma fastigium splendoris attigit [[Iulius II|Iulio II]] (1503–1513) et successoribus [[Leo X|Leone X]] [[Clemens VII|Clemente VII]] regnantibus, quorum uterque [[Gens Medicaea|gente Medicaea]] natus est. 

Paparum [[clericus|clericorumque]] vitae ratio, [[simonia]] et venditio [[litterae indulgentiales|litterarum indulgentialium]], quibus opes ad Basilicam Vaticanam aedificandam colligerentur, multis hominibus piis odio erant et inter causas principales numerantur, quare in terris [[Germania|Germanis]] anno [[1517]] orta est [[Reformatio]] ecclesiae Christianae. Novi motus, quos [[Hieronymus Savonarola]] Florentiae incitaverat, quasi primi rerum futurarum monitus erant. Die [[31 Decembris]] [[1494]], Roma ab [[exercitus|exercitu]] [[Carolus VIII (rex Franciae)|Caroli VIII]] regis [[Francia]]e expugnata, sed mox iterum liberata est. 

Commutatio autem [[fortuna]]e incidit, cum die [[6 Maii]] [[1527]] [[miles|milites]] [[imperator]]is [[Carolus V|Caroli V]] urbem ingressi sunt et vastaverunt; hunc casum [[historicus|historici]] Italici ''il sacco di Roma'' appellant, id est [[Latine]] ''[[direptio Romana|direptionem Romae]].'' [[Landsknecti]], quorum maxima pars [[Protestantes]] erant, iam diu nulla stipendia acceperant; cupiditate effrenati et partim odio ecclesiae Romanae commoti urbem spoliaverunt, ut fere 90 partes artificiorum direptae&lt;ref&gt;Vide [[:de:Sacco di Roma]]&lt;/ref&gt; et 20 000, ut putatur, pristinorum 55 000 incolarum interfecti aut morbis consumpti sint.&lt;ref&gt;Vide [[:it:Sacco di Roma (1527)]].&lt;/ref&gt; Cum Papa [[Clemens VII]] in [[Castellum Sancti Angeli (Roma)|Castello Sancti Angeli]] oppugnatus die [[7 Iunii]] 1527 denique se dedisset, urbs vastata et ad paupertatem redacta, Renascentia Romae finita erat.

=== Reformatio Catholica et tempus Barocum ===
[[Fasciculus:1652 Merian Panoramic View or Map of Rome, Italy - Geographicus - Roma-merian-1642.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Roma a [[Matthaeus Merian Senior|Matthaeo Merian]] anno fere [[1642]] picta.]]
Post Romam direptam, [[mores]] urbani mutati sunt: Clementis VII papae successor [[Paulus III]] [[Domus Farnesia|Farnesius]] anno [[1545]] [[Concilium Tridentinum]] indixit, cuius consiliis ad effectum adducendis Reformatio Catholica sive [[Contrareformatio]], quae dicitur, profecta est. [[Ars|Artes]], antea sublimes et antiquis aemulae, nunc magis [[religio]]ni docendae serviverunt, et hominibus simplicibus facilius erant tcomprehensibiles. Ipsum Michaelem Angelum Clemens VII anno [[1534]] [[ultimum iudicium]] in Sacello Sixtino depingere iussit (confectum 1536–1541, Paulo III regnante), quo omnes horrorem direptionis Romae memorantes ad conversionem morum suorum vocati sunt.

Postquam ecclesia iterum confirmata est, Roma novis [[monumentum|monumentis]], quibus papatus restitutus celebrabatur, et permultis ecclesiis ornata est. Familiae [[nobiles]] ([[familia Barbarinorum|Barbarini]], [[Familia Pamphiliorum|Pamphili]], [[Gens Chisia|Chisii]], [[Rospigliosi]], [[Altieri]], [[Odescalchi]]) a papis ex iis oriundis adiutae palatia sua [[barocus|baroca]] aedificaverunt. Longae viae per [[vicus|vicos]] antiquos directos saepe aspectus [[obeliscus|obeliscorum]] vel aliorum monumentorum praebent. Fora fontibus sive fontanis instructa sunt. Quod barocus aspectus ad hunc diem paene immutatus asservatus est, urbs una cum [[Civitas Vaticana|civitate Vaticana]] in indicem [[UNESCO Mundi Hereditas|UNESCO Mundi Hereditatis]] relata est.

=== Tempus recentius ===
[[Fasciculus:Panorama of Trevi fountain 2015.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|[[Fons Trivii]], maximus Romae fons.]]
[[Fasciculus:Breccia_di_Porta_Pia_Ademollo.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Copiae Italianae die [[20 Septembris]] [[1870]] [[Expugnatio Romae|Romam invadunt]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Altar della Patria September 2015-1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Monumentum Victoris Emmanuelis II]].]]
[[Fasciculus:March_on_Rome.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Mussolini]] cum ducibus iter Romam facit.]]
[[Aevum Illuminationis|Aevo Illuminationis]] papae studiis archaeologicis faverunt et vitam hominum meliorem reddiderunt. Tamen potentia papatus paulatim minuta est et finis dominatus saecularis appropinquare videbatur: Anno [[1773]] [[Clemens XIV]] a potentibus saecularibus [[Iesuitae|Iesuitas]] opprimere coactus est. Annis ab [[1798]] ad [[1800]] [[Prima Res Publica Romana]] militibus [[Francia|Francogallicis]] adiuvantibus constituta est. Status papalis mense Iunio 1800 restitutus, sed mox [[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleone I]] regnante, provincia imperii Francici facta est, quae primo ''Département du Tibre'' (1808–10) et postea ''Département Rome'' (1810–14) appellata est. Napoleone autem dimisso, status ecclesiasticus [[Consilium Vindobonense|Consilio Vindobonensi]] anno [[1814]] iterum restitutus est.

Anno [[1849]], [[Secunda Res publica Romana]], quam inter alios [[Iosephus Mazzini]] et [[Iosephus Garibaldi]] sustentaverunt, orta, mox autem opressa est. Anno [[1861]], postquam tota fere [[Italia]] a potentiis exteris liberata est, Roma caput novae civitatis declarata est, quamquam adhuc in dicione papae erat, qui a [[Napoleo III (imperator Franciae)|Napoleone III]] rege Franciae protectus est propter principium monarchicum, quod ut custodiendum esset a Consilio Vindobonensi constitutum est. Cum anno [[1870]] propter [[Bellum Germano-Francicum]] copiae Francicae abductae essent, manus Italianae Romam per [[Porta Pia|Portam Piam]] ingressi sunt (vide: [[Expugnatio Romae]]). Anno [[1871]] Roma (post [[Augusta Taurinorum|Augustam Taurinorum]] et [[Florentia]]m) caput Italiae facta est. Clarum unitatis et regni Italiae signum monumentum nationale factum est nomine [[Monumentum Victoris Emmanuelis II]] (''Monumento a Vittorio Emanuele II'' sive ''Vittoriano'', regi [[Victorius Emmanuel II (rex Italiae)|homonymo]] dedicato) in septentrionali [[Capitolium|Capitolii]] clivo aedificatum, quod anno [[1911]] inauguratum est. [[Papa]]e et civitas Italiana per multos annos hostiliter se gerebant; papae se captivos in Vaticano dixerunt.

Paulo post [[primum bellum mundanum]] motus politicus [[Fascismus|Fascismi]] in Italia exarsit. Anno [[1922]] [[Benitus Mussolini]] [[iter Romam factum|iter Romam]], quod dicitur, fecit, novum Imperium Italianum declaravit, alias partes suppressit, cum [[Germania Nazistica]] foedus iniit. Mussolini magnas urbis partes destrui iussit, ut viae latae et fora magnifica ad renascentiam imperii Romani celebrandam aedificarentur. Numerus incolarum celeriter super 1&amp;thinsp;000&amp;thinsp;000 ascendit. Anno [[1929]] Romae minima mundi [[civitas sui iuris]], [[Civitas Vaticana]] nata est, cum die [[11 Februarii]] [[Lateranensia pacta]] a [[Cardinalis Secretarius Status|cardinale Secretario Status]] [[Petrus Gasparri|Petro Gasparri]] et Benito Mussolini subscripta sunt, quibus mutua inter Italiam et [[Sancta Sedes|Sanctam Sedem]] recognitio data est. 

[[Secundum bellum mundanum|Secundo bello mundano]] Romae maxima ex parte temperatum est. Tamen die [[18 Iulii]] [[1943]], cum [[Basilica Sancti Laurentii extra muros]] et vici vicini [[bomba|bombis]] Anglo-Americanis deleti sunt, plus quam 3000 incolarum necati et 11&amp;thinsp;000 vulnerati sunt. Mussolini delapso urbs a copiis [[Germania|Germanis]] occupata et urbs libera declarata, die [[4 Iunii]] [[1944]] demum liberata est.

=== Roma hodierna ===
Post [[secundum bellum mundanum]], Roma celeriter crevit; sic dictum &quot;[[miraculum]] oeconomicum Italianum&quot; Romam fecit urbem iucundam, quae etiam multis [[pellicula|pelliculis]] (sicut ''[[La dolce vita]]'') scaenam praebuit. Post annum [[1990]], cum urbs plus quam 2.8 milliones incolarum nancta est, numerus incolarum decrescere coepit, quod multi extra urbem vivere malebant. Magna [[aedificium|aedifica]] extra urbem historicam erecta sunt, ut puta in vico [[E.U.R.]], qui, iam anno [[1938]] a duce Mussolini inchoatus, post secundum bellum mundanum perfectus est. Quod reliquiae [[antiquitas|antiquitatis]] non solum multis locis visibiles sunt, sed praesertim paene ubique in aedificiis et sub solo exstant, quaevis mutatio sive adaptatio (renovatio aedificiorum, aedificatio novarum viarum et [[ferrivia subterranea|ferriviae subterraneae]]) difficilis est. 

Maiores autem difficultates quam nucleus historicus suburbia saepe turpia praebent, in quibus multa scelera committuntur. Ibi post secundum bellum mundanum saepe aedificia sine auctoritate et paene nullo ordine erecta sunt. Cum vetere in urbe tot [[ecclesia]]e sint, ut conservari vix possent, in suburbiis non raro desunt. Praeterea urbi, quae olim omnibus incolis [[thermae|thermas]] vel balnearia praebebat, hodie thermae paene non sunt.

Magnus numerus hominum, qui ex toto orbe terrarum confluunt, ut reliquias antiquitatis aut sepulcra [[apostolus|apostolorum]] visant, plurimis incolis laborem et [[victus]] praebent.

== Geographia ==
=== Situs urbis ===
[[Fasciculus:Satellite view of Rome 2001.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Roma a satellite visa.]]
Roma medio in Latio prope [[mare Tyrrhenum]] ad Tiberim flumen iacet, plus minusve 37 metra supra [[maris aequor]]. Tiberis pluribus flexionibus per urbem in meridiem versus fluit. In urbe septentrionali [[Anien]] se Tiberi coniungit. Vicina regio Italiane ''Campagna Romana''&lt;ref&gt;Nomen derivatum est ex [[Regio I Latium et Campania|Regione I Campania]], una ex undecim regionum, in quas divisa est Italia ab Augusto imperatore. [[Paretymologia]] ''campagna'' a verbo Latino ''campus'' deducit.&lt;/ref&gt; vel brevius ''Campagna'' vocatur; planities est, quae se a Tiberi usque ad [[Circeum]] extendit.&lt;ref&gt;Distinguenda est ab [[Ager Romanus|Agro Romano]].&lt;/ref&gt; A Roma in orientem versus [[Aprutium]] est, in boreo-orientem versus sunt [[montes Sabini]], in meridiem [[montes Albani]].

Prior [[provincia Romana]], nunc &quot;Urbs metropolitana Romae capitis&quot; appellata, in septentrionibus finitima est provinciis [[Provincia Viterbiensis|Viterbiensi]] et [[Provincia Reatina|Reatinae]], in oriente [[Provincia Aquilana|Aquilanae]] in Aprutio regione, et in meridie provinciis [[Provincia Frusinas|Frusinati]] et [[Provincia Latinensis|Latinensi]]. Maxima urbis pars in sinistra [[Tiber]]is ripa iacet.

=== Subdivisiones Romae ===
[[Fasciculus:Roma municipi (2001-2013) locator map with roman numbers.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|Pristina subdivisio Romae (2001-2013).]]
[[Fasciculus:Roma municipi locator map with roman numbers.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|Subdivisio hodierna.]]
[[Commune]] Romanum, sive ''Roma Capitale'' ('Roma capitalis'), ut nunc publice vocatur, in tres categorias divisum est: administrativam, urbanisticam, historicam (vel toponomasticam).

==== Subdivisio administrativa ====
Ratione administrativa Roma anno [[1972]] in viginti ''circoscrizioni'' (circumscriptiones) divisa est, quae numeris Latinis ab I ad XX numerantus (indicem pristinorum circumsriptionum invenies in [[:Categoria:Municipia Romae]]). Anno [[1992]] circumscriptio XIV a Roma separata et commune autonomum nomine [[Portus (Roma)|Flumen Micinum]] factum est. Postea, anno [[2001]], circumscriptiones [[municipium|municipia]] facta sunt, numeris immutatis. Anno [[2013]] ordo municipiorum mutatus est, ut fierent quindecim municipia.

==== Subdivisio urbanistica ====
Mense Iulio anni [[1977]] tota Roma divisa est in zonas sub aspectu urbano similes; quae zonae urbanisticae vocatae sunt. Municipia hodierna divisa sunt in 155 zonas urbanisticas.

==== Subdivisio toponomastica ====
Subdivisio toponomastica e 116 regionibus constat, qui iterum dividuntur, ut sequitur:
* 22 ''rioni'' sive regiones urbis (omnes inter [[Muri Aureliani|Muros Aurelianos]], [[Borgo]] et [[Prati]] exceptis; vide: [[Regiones Romae urbis]]);
* 35 ''quartieri'' sive vici (circa Muros Aurelianos);
* 6 ''suburbi'' sive suburbia (trans vicos sita);
* 53 ''zone'' sive zonae, quae una cum [[Portus (Roma)|Flumine Micino]] [[Ager Romanus|Agrum Romanum]] efficiunt.

==== Urbes finitimae ====
;Civitas
* [[Civitas Vaticana]]
;Municipia finitima
{{div col|3}}
* [[Albanum (Latium)|Albanum]], olim Alba Longa
* [[Angularia]]
* [[Ardea (urbs)|Ardea]]
* [[Burgus Sancti Gregorii]] ( interdum fortasse Aefulae)
* [[Castrimoenium]] vel Marinum
* [[Castrum Columnae]] (ad Columnam)
* [[Castrum Gandulphi]]
* [[Castrum Montis Rotundi]]
* [[Castrum Poli]] vel Castrum Pauli
* [[Castrum Sancti Petri (Latium)]]
* [[Ciampinum]]
* [[Crypta Ferrata]] 
* [[Fons Nova]]
* [[Fundus Formellum]]
* [[Fundus Scrofanum]] vel Sacrum Fanum
* [[Gazzarolum]]
* [[Guidoniopolis - Mons Celius]] (olim Castrum Monticellorum)
* [[Mons Compatrum]]
* [[Mons Portius]]
* [[Nomentum]]
* [[Praeneste]]
* [[Pedum]], deinde Gallicanus
* [[Pometia]], interdum fortasse Suessa Pometia
* [[Portus Augusti Claudii]], deinde Flumen Micinum
* [[Castrum Raiani]] 
* [[Tibur]]
* [[Trebonianum]]
* [[Tusculum Novum]] vel Frascata
* [[Vicus Baccanensis]]
{{div col end}}

=== Status caeli ===
[[Tres]] stationes [[meteorologia|meteorologicae]] Romae sunt: statio &quot;Roma media&quot;, statio &quot;Roma - Mons Marius&quot;, statio &quot;Roma Urbs&quot;.
[[Clima]] Romae est [[Clima mediterraneum|mediterraneum]], [[aestas|aestates]] calidae et aridae sunt, [[hiems|hiemes]] humidae, [[aer]]e plerumque temperato, raro tamen ningit, exempli gratia annis [[1929]] et [[1985]].
[[Fasciculus:View from Stpeters bottomcropped.jpg|thumb|upright=3|center|Despectus in urbem.]]

== Monumenta ac loci delectationis ==
[[Fasciculus:Arc de titus frontal.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|&lt;center&gt;SENATVS
POPVLVSQVE·ROMANVS
DIVO·TITO·DIVI·VESPASIANI·F[ILIO]
VESPASIANO·AVGVSTO&lt;/center&gt;]]

=== Aedificia ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Amphitheatrum Flavium]] vulgo &quot;Colosseum&quot; 
* [[Arcus Constantini]]
* [[Arcus Titi]]
* Basilicae patriarchales
** [[Archibasilica Sanctissimi Salvatoris]] vel Basilica Sancti Ioannis in Laterano 
** [[Basilica Vaticana|Basilica Sancti Petri]] vel Basilica Vaticana
** [[Basilica Sancti Pauli extra moenia]]
** [[Basilica Sanctae Mariae Maioris]]
* [[Basilica Sanctae Sabinae in Monte Aventino]]
* [[Castellum Sancti Angeli (Roma)|Castellum Sancti Angeli]] 
* [[Circus Maximus]]
* [[Fons Trivii]] 
* [[Fontana Tritonis]]
* [[Forum Romanum]]
* [[Forum et Mercatus Traiani]]
* [[Pantheum]]
* [[Pyramis Cestia]]
* [[Septizodium]]
* [[Synagoga]] ''Tempio Maggiore'' ('templum maius')
* [[Universitas Romana]]
* [[Villa Borgesia]]
{{div col end}}

=== Pontes ===
* [[Pons Sixti]]
* [[Ponte Vittorio Emanuele II]]

=== Viae praeclarae ===
* [[Via dei Cerchi]]
* [[Via Salaria]]
* [[Via Sistina]]

== Societas ==
=== Progressus incolarum ===
[[Fasciculus:Romepopulation.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Progressus [[incola]]rum Romanarum inter annos 1750 et 2005.]]
Numerus incolarum sequentis indicis usque ad annum [[1858]] aestimatio est, annis ab 1871 ad 2001 census cuiusvis anni, anno [[2005]] ratio Instituti Nationalis Statisticae (ISTAT).
{|
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;
! Annus
! Numerus civium
|-
| 350 a.C.n. || align=&quot;right&quot; | 30&amp;thinsp;000
|-
| 250 a.C.n. || align=&quot;right&quot; | 150&amp;thinsp;000
|-
| 44 a.C.n.  || align=&quot;right&quot; | 1&amp;thinsp;000&amp;thinsp;000
|-
| 120 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 1&amp;thinsp;000&amp;thinsp;000
|-
| 330 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 800&amp;thinsp;000
|-
| 410 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 700&amp;thinsp;000-800&amp;thinsp;000
|-
| 530 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 90&amp;thinsp;000-150&amp;thinsp;000
|-
| 650 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 70&amp;thinsp;000
|-
| 1000 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 20&amp;thinsp;000
|-
| 1400 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 20&amp;thinsp;000*
|-
| 1526 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 50&amp;thinsp;000–60&amp;thinsp;000 
|-
| 1528 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 20&amp;thinsp;000**
|-
| 1600 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 100&amp;thinsp;000
|-
| 1750 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 156&amp;thinsp;000
|- 	
| 1800 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 163&amp;thinsp;000
|- 	
| 1820 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 139&amp;thinsp;900
|-	
| 1850 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 175&amp;thinsp;000
|-
| 1853 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 175&amp;thinsp;800
|-
| 1858 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 182&amp;thinsp;600
|-	
| 1861 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 194&amp;thinsp;500
|-	
| 1871 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 212&amp;thinsp;432
|-		
| 1881 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 273&amp;thinsp;952
|-
| 1901 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 422&amp;thinsp;411
|- 	
| 1911 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 518&amp;thinsp;917
|-	
| 1921 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 660&amp;thinsp;235
|-	
| 1931 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 930&amp;thinsp;926
|- 	
| 1936 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 1&amp;thinsp;150&amp;thinsp;589
|- 	
| 1951 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 1&amp;thinsp;651&amp;thinsp;754
|- 
| 1961 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 2&amp;thinsp;188&amp;thinsp;160
|- 	
| 1971 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 2&amp;thinsp;781&amp;thinsp;993
|-	
| 1981 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 2&amp;thinsp;840&amp;thinsp;259 
|-	
| 1991 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 2&amp;thinsp;775&amp;thinsp;250
|-	
| 2001 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 2&amp;thinsp;663&amp;thinsp;182
|-	
| 2007 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 2&amp;thinsp;718&amp;thinsp;768
|-	
| 2009 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 2&amp;thinsp;728&amp;thinsp;296
|-	
| 2011 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 2&amp;thinsp;617&amp;thinsp;175
|-	
| 2019 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 2&amp;thinsp;837&amp;thinsp;332
|}
|}
(*) Magnum schisma occidentale [[1309]]–[[1376]], [[pestis]] [[1348]]/[[1350]]&lt;br /&gt;
(**) direptio Romana 1527 (ab exercitu vel Landsknectis Caroli V facta)

== Cultura ==
Post [[secundum bellum mundanum]] Romae [[cinematographia]] [[floruit|florebat]] et [[pellicula]]e in [[Cinecittà]] creatae toto [[orbis terrarum|orbe]] magnum exitum habuerunt, exempli gratia: ''[[La dolce vita]]'', ''[[Quo vadis (pellicula anni 1951)|Quo vadis]],'' ''[[Ben Hur]].''

Romae adhuc hodie est praeclarorum [[periodicum|diariorum]] (ut ''[[La Repubblica]]'' et ''[[Il Tempo]]'') sedes.

== Homines notabiles praesenti urbi Romae colligati ==
De hominibus antiquae Romae vide [[:Categoria:Romani antiqui|&quot;Romani antiqui&quot;]]

=== Romae nati ===
* [[1654]] - [[Ioannes Maria Lancisius]]
* [[1941]] - [[Helena Ornella Paciotti]]
* [[1943]] - [[Lucianus Onder]]
* [[1961]] - [[Carolus Sarandrea]], diurnarius
* [[1962]] - [[Renata Polverini]]
* [[1970]] - [[Gaia Zucchi]]
* [[1971]] - [[Milena Miconi]]
* [[1972]] - [[Birgitta Boccoli]]
* [[1980]] - [[Maria Anna Madia]]

=== Romae mortui ===
* [[1720]] - [[Ioannes Maria Lancisius]]
* [[1830]] (die 27 mensis Octobris) Augustus Goethe, [[Ioannes Volfgangus Goethe|Ioannis Volfgangi Goethe]] poetae filius
* [[1904]] - [[Antonius Labriola]], [[philosophus]]

=== Saecula XX et XXI ===
* [[Aldus Fabrizi]], [[histrio]]
* [[Franca Falcucci]], ministra eruditionis (1982-1987)
* [[Henricus Fermi]], [[physicus]]
* [[Marcus Frisina]], [[musica sacra|musicae sacrae]] [[compositor]] et [[concentus magister]]
* [[Anna Magnani]], actrix
* [[Albertus Moravia]], [[scriptor]]
* [[Eugenius Pacelli]], Pius XII, ultimus [[papa]] Romae natus
* [[Eugenius Scalfari]], [[diurnarius]]
* [[Albertus Sordi]], [[histrio]]

== Municipia Romae ==
{{Romae municipia}}

Praeterea haec regiones antiquae sunt:
* [[Sanctus Ioannes in Nono]], hodie [[Italiane]] ''La Storta.''

== Res oeconomicae ==
Romae multa [[diarium|diaria]] edita sunt, exempli gratia ''[[Res Publica (diarium)|Res Publica]], [[Il tempo]], [[Unitas]], [[Nuntius (diarium)|Nuntius]], [[Observator Romanus]],'' etc. Romae est sedes [[Organizatio Alimentaria et Agriculturalis|Organizationis Alimentariae et Agriculturalis]] ('''OAA''') [[Consociatio Nationum|Consociationis Nationum]] .

== Commeatus ==
Romae sunt tres [[Ferrivia subterranea|Ferriviae subterraneae]], A, B et C. Novae viae, quae C et D appellantur, modo aedificantur. Ferrivia a societate publica ''Metropolitana di Roma'' administratur.

== Administratio urbis ==
Praesens praefectus urbis est a die [[20 Iunii]] [[2016]] [[Virginia Raggi]] ([[Motus V stellarum]]). Antea urbis praefecti fuerunt: [[Ignatius Marino]] (2013-2015), [[Franciscus Rutelli]] ([[1993]]–2001), [[Gualterus Veltroni]] (2001–[[2008]]), [[Ioannes Alemanno]] (2008–2013) ([[Populus Libertatis]]). Vide etiam [[:Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae recentes|Romae praefectos urbis]].

== Miracula ==
* Proverbio ferunt omnes vias Romam ducere. Rectius tamen est temporibus Imperii Romani antiqui omnes vias Roma ortas et in provincias varias perductas esse. Quae etiam postea in usu manebant. Via [[Medium aevum|mediaevalis]] maximi momenti erat &quot;[[Via Francigena]]&quot;.
* Litterae ''[[SPQR|S.P.Q.R.]]'' in [[monumentum|monumentis]] scriptae et in [[nummus|nummis]] percussae significant 'Senatus Populusque Romanus'.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Cursus Marathonius Romanus|Cursum Marathonium Romanum]]
* [[Comitium]]
* [[Saxa Rubra]]
* [[Urbes Italiae]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Bertarelli, Luigi Vittorio. [[1925]]. ''Guida d'Italia.'' Vol. 4. Romae: CTI. {{ling|Italiane}}
* Brilliant, Richard. [[2006]]. ''Roman Art: An American's View.'' Romae: Di Renzo Editore. ISBN 88-8323-085-X. {{ling|Anglice}}
* Coarelli, Filippo. [[1984]]. ''Guida archeologica di Roma.'' Mediolani: Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. {{ling|Italiane}}
* [[Ferdinandus Gregorovius|Gregorovius, Ferdinandus]]. ([[1859]], [[1872]]), [[1988]]. ''Geschichte der Stadt Rom im Mittelalter.'' Nova editio, secunda ed. 4 vol. Monaci: Beck. ISBN 3-406-07107-4. {{ling|Theodisce}}
* Heiken, Grant, Renato Funiciello, et Donatella De Rita. [[2005]]. ''The Seven Hills of Rome: A Geological Tour of the Eternal City.'' Princetoniae: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-06995-6. {{ling|Anglice}}
* Hughes, Robert. [[2011]]. ''Rome.'' Novi Eboraci: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-307-26844-0. {{ling|Anglice}}
* Lucentini, Mario. [[2002]]. ''La Grande Guida di Roma.'' Romae: Newton &amp; Compton Editori. ISBN 88-8289-053-8. {{ling|Italiane}}
* Mourby, Adrian. 2016. &quot;[http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/mar/15/story-cities-part-2-secret-ancient-rome Story of cities #2: Rome wasn't planned in a day . . . in fact it wasn't planned at all].&quot; ''[[The Guardian]]'' (15 Martii 2016). {{ling|Anglice}}
* Rendina, Mario. [[2007]]. ''Roma ieri, oggi, domani.'' Romae: Newton &amp; Compton Editori. {{ling|Italiane}}
* ''Rome—Eyewitness Travel.'' [[2006]]. DK. ISBN 1-4053-1090-1. {{ling|Anglice}}
* Spoto, Salvatore. [[1999]]. ''Roma Esoterica.'' Romae: Newton &amp; Compton Editori. ISBN 88-8289-265-4. {{ling|Italiane}}
* Tellier, Luc-Normand Tellier. [[2009]]. [http://books.google.at/books?id=cXuCjDbxC1YC&amp;pg=PA185&amp;dq=&amp;hl=en&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false ''Urban world history: an economic and geographical perspective.''] PUQ. ISBN 2-7605-1588-5. {{ling|Anglice}}

== Documentarium ==
* ''The Holy Cities: Rome.'' [[2006]]. Danae Film Production, ab HDH Communications divulgatum.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Rome|Romam}}
{{Fontes geographici}}
{{Coord|41|53|35|N|12|28|58|E|display=title}}
{{Vicicitatio|Roma|Romam}}
* [[LacusCurtius]], [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/home*.html Dictionarium antiquae Romae''] (pars huius operis, Anglice, 1929) {{Ling|Anglice}}
* [[Perseus (situs interretialis)|Perseus Project]], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0054&amp;query=toc:head%3D%231524 ''A Dictionarium topographicum antiquae Romae''''] (omne opus, Anglice, 1929) {{Ling|Anglice}}
* Gulielmi Thayeri situs, [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/churches/home.html Ecclesiae Romae] cum libris Armellini, Titi, Huelseni {{Ling|Anglice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041209215246/http://w1.131.comhem.se/~u13117202/main.htm ''Romae occultae Ecclesiae ''] {{Ling|Anglice}}
* [http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/propylaeumdok/volltexte/2008/81/pdf/Taruashvili_Roma2007.pdf L. Taruashvili], ''Monimenta Antiquae Urbis Romae ad Artes Elegantes Pertinentia: Itinerarium Latine Adumbratum'' (liber PDF) {{Ling|Latine}}
* [http://www.comune.roma.it/was/wps/portal/pcr Situs publicus Urbis Romanae] {{Ling|Italice}}
* [https://www.romapop.it APT of the City of Rome] {{Ling|Italice}}
* [http://www.museiincomuneroma.it/ Situs proprius Museorum Romanorum] {{Ling|Italice}} 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081204022431/http://mv.vatican.va/StartNew_EN.html Musea Vaticana] {{Ling|Anglice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061115225506/http://www.museicapitolini.org/en/index_msie.htm Musea Capitolina] {{Ling|Anglice}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Roma-Via della conciliazione2.jpg|[[Via Conciliationis]].
Fasciculus:Santa Maria dei Miracoli and Santa Maria in Montesanto - esterno.jpg|[[Forum Populi]].
Fasciculus:Rzym Oltarz Ojczyzny.jpg|[[Ara patriae]].
Fasciculus:FontanaNettuno8.JPG|[[Fons Neptuni]] in [[Area Agonalis|Area Agonali]].
Fasciculus:Piazza esedra 051112-04.JPG|[[Res publica libera|Forum Liberae Rei Publicae]], olim, et a populo hodie quoque saepius, Esedra nuncupata.
Fasciculus:Vista Panoramica - Giardino degli Aranci.JPG|Prospectus urbis.
Fasciculus:Lupa Capitolina, Rome.jpg|Imago lupae capitolinae, symboli Romae.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

{{Urbes Europae maximae}}
{{Urbes Europae capitales}}
{{Capita regionum Italicarum}}
{{Capita provinciarum Italicarum}}

{{1000 paginae}}
{{Myrias|Geographia}}
{{FA stella}}

[[Categoria:Capita]]
[[Categoria:Condita 753 a.C.n.]]
[[Categoria:Loci hereditatis mundialis in Italia]]
[[Categoria:Roma| ]]
[[Categoria:Urbes milies milium incolarum]]</text>
      <sha1>hb782m08ebzl0r6ippro8xmacet48zp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Alchemia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>5958</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3974643</id>
      <parentid>3869411</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T22:34:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>de magia</comment>
      <origin>3974643</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10403" sha1="9pebpqcjvnm4yip5xbg9z8zrra64dpy" xml:space="preserve">{{L1}}
[[Fasciculus:Alchemy of Happiness.png|thumb|''[[Kimiya-yi sa'ādat]]'' (''Alchemia Felicitatis''), [[liber]] [[philosophia Islamica|philosophiae Islamicae]] et  [[alchemia et chemia in Islam mediaevale|alchemiae]] ab [[Algazelus|Algazelo]], [[philosophus|philosopho]] [[mystica|mystico]]que [[Persia|Persico]], [[saeculum 1|saeculo undecimo]] scriptus.]]
[[Fasciculus:Aurora consurgens zurich 044 f-21v-44 dragon-pot.jpg|thumb|[[Ouroboros]]. [[Pictura]] in ''[[Aurora consurgens]]'' tractatu chemico ([[saeculum 15|saeculo quinto decimo]]). [[Zentralbibliothek Zürich]] in [[Helvetia]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Carl Spitzweg - Der Alchemist (1837, Grohmann Museum).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Alchemista. [[Pictura]] a [[Carolus Spitzweg|Carolo Spitzweg]] facta.]]
'''Alchemia''',&lt;ref name=&quot;Kraus1844&quot;&gt;L. A. Kraus, ''Kritisch-etymologisches medicinisches Lexikon,'' ed. tertia (Gotingae: Verlag der Deuerlich- und Dieterichschen Buchhandlung,1844).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Siebenhaar1850&quot;&gt;F. J. Siebenhaar, ''Terminologisches Wörterbuch der medicinischen Wissenschaften,'' ed. secunda (Lipsiae: Arnoldische Buchhandlung, 1850).&lt;/ref&gt; sive '''alchimia'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Sommerhoff1713&quot;&gt;J. C. Sommerhoff, ''Lexicon pharmaceuticochymicum Latino-Germanicum et Gemanico-Latinum'' (Nürnberg: J. F. Rüdiger, 1713).&lt;/ref&gt; et '''alchymia'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Kraus1844&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Siebenhaar1850&quot;/&gt; (a [[nomen substantivum|nomine]] [[Arabice|Arabico]] '''الخيمياء''' ''al-ḫīmiyāʾ'' aut '''الكيمياء''' ''al-kīmiyāʾ'', a [[Graece|Graeco]] χυμεία = '[[ars]] miscendi' aut χημεία,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Liddell|first1=Henry George|last2=Scott|first2=Robert|last3=Jones|first3=Henry Stuart|year=[[1940]]|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|location=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon Press|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=xumei/a}}&lt;/ref&gt; fortasse ab [[Lingua Aegyptia|Aegyptio]] ''keme'' = '[[terra]] [[niger|nigra]]'),&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Chemistry (etymology)|Chemistry (etymology)]] {{Ling|Anglice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Raja Tazi, ''Arabismen im Deutschen'' (1998), [http://books.google.com/books?id=GHaGxm4TZ5wC&amp;pg=PA136&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=0_0&amp;sig=ACfU3U089pbNHIaZhI6iKt8y-h2XQgSQQQ#PPA113,M1 paginae 113–14].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;J. D. Latham, &quot;Arabic into Medieval Latin,&quot; ''Journal of Semitic Studies'' 17 (1972): 44.&lt;/ref&gt; est [[antiquitas|antiquus]] [[philosophia naturalis|philosophiae naturalis]] ramus in [[Sina]], [[Rasayana|India]], [[mundus Musulmanus|mundo Musulmano]], atque [[Europa]] olim tractata.&lt;ref name=&quot;Routledge&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |last=Pereira |first=Michela |editor-last=Craig |editor-first=Edward |editor-link=Eduardus Craig (philosophus) |encyclopedia=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |chapter=Alchemy |chapter-url=https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/alchemy/v-1 |year=[[2018]] |publisher=Routledge |isbn= 9780415250696|doi=10.4324/9780415249126-Q001-1 |quote=Alchemy is the quest for an agent of material perfection, produced through a creative activity (''opus''), in which humans and nature collaborate. It exists in many cultures (China, India, Islam; in the Western world since Hellenistic times) under different specifications: aiming at the production of gold and/or other perfect substances from baser ones, or of the elixir that prolongs life, or even of life itself. Because of its purpose, the alchemists' quest is always strictly linked to the religious doctrine of redemption current in each civilization where alchemy is practiced.&lt;br/&gt; In the Western world alchemy presented itself at its advent as a sacred art. But when, after a long detour via Byzantium and Islamic culture, it came back again to Europe in the twelfth century, adepts designated themselves philosophers. Since then alchemy has confronted natural philosophy for several centuries.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Qua [[traditio]]nem [[philosophia|philosophicam]] et [[protoscientia|protoscientificam]], ut in [[cultura Occidentalis|cultura Occidentali]] [[perceptio|percipitur]], aliquot [[textus]] [[pseudepigraphica|pseudepigraphi]] in [[Aegyptus (provincia Romana)|Aegypto Graeco-Romano]] primis [[saeculum|saeculis]] [[p.C.n.|post Christum natum]] scripti attestantur.&lt;ref&gt;Lawrence M. Principe, [https://books.google.ca/books?&amp;id=sR2qKWpO-ssC&amp;pg=PR5&amp;dq=lawrence+principe+alchemy#v=onepage&amp;q=egypt ''The Secrets of Alchemy''] (Sicagi: University of Chicago Press, 2012), 9–14.&lt;/ref&gt; Fons [[chemia]]e hodiernae habetur.

Alchemistae certas materias purificare, crescere, perficere conabantur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Routledge&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |last=Malouin |first=Paul-Jacques |contribution=Alchimie [Alchemy] |title=Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire Raisonné des Sciences, des Arts, et des Métiers |volume=I |location=Lutetiae |year=[[1751]] |editor-last=Diderot |editor-link=Diderot |editor2-last=d'Alembert |editor2-link=D'Alembert |display-editors=0 |translator=Lauren Yoder |title-link=Encyclopédie |hdl=2027/spo.did2222.0000.057}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Linden 1996: 7, 11.&lt;/ref&gt; Inter eorum consilia erant [[chrysopoeia]] (transmutatio [[metallum turpe|metallorum turpium]], sicut [[plumbum]], in [[metallum nobile|metalla nobilia]], praecipue [[aurum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Routledge&quot;/&gt;), [[inventio]] [[elixir]]is [[immortalitas|immortalitatis]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Routledge&quot;/&gt; et inventio [[panacea (medicina)|panacearum]] quae omnes [[morbus|morbos]] curare poterint.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |contribution=Alchemy |contribution-url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/alchemy |title=Dictionary.com }}.&lt;/ref&gt; Perfectio [[corpus humanum|corporis]] [[anima]]eque [[homo|humanae]] exoriri putabatur ex [[magnum opus (alchemia)|magno opere]], ut eorum [[labor]] usitate appellabatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Routledge&quot;/&gt; [[Coniectura]] [[lapis philosophi|lapidis philosophi]] fingendi cum omnibus eorum propositis varie coniungebatur.

Uti solebant alchemistae [[tabula smaragdina]], quae magna ex parte eorum [[doctrina]] erat. Alchemiam indagantes materias novas invenerunt, in quibus erant [[elementum|elementa]] [[arsenicum]], [[bismuthum]], [[phosphorus]], [[stibium]], [[zincum]].

{{NexInt}}
{{div col|3}}
* [[Alembicus]]
* [[Aqua regia]]
* [[Aqua vitae]]
* ''[[Aurora consurgens]]''
* [[Avicenna]]
* [[Azoth]]
* [[Ioannes Dee]]
* [[Elementa alchemica]]
* [[Fabricatio auri]]
* [[Nicolaus Flamellus]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Glossarium alchemicum|Glossarium alchemicum]]
* ''[[Harrius Potter et Philosophi Lapis]]''
* [[Magia (mystica)|Magia]]
* [[Quattuor elementa]]
* [[Sophia (sapientia)]]
* [[Syzygia (gnosis)]]
* [[Transmutatio nuclearis]]
{{div col end}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Bibliographia==
* Calian, George. [[2010]]. ''Alkimia Operativa and Alkimia Speculativa: Some Modern Controversies on the Historiography of Alchemy.&quot; ''Annual of Medieval Studies at CEU'' 16. [https://archive.org/details/AlkimiaOperativaAndAlkimiaSpeculativa.SomeModernControversiesOnThe/mode/2up?view=theater Textus.]
* Eliade, Mircea. [[1994]]. ''The Forge and the Crucible.'' State University of New York Press.
* Forshaw, Peter J. [[2013]]. &quot;Chemistry, That Starry Science: Early Modern Conjunctions of Astrology and Alchemy.&quot; In ''Sky and Symbol,'' ed. Nicholas Campion et Liz Greene, Sophia Centre Press.
* Forshaw, Peter J. [[2013]]. &quot;Cabala Chymica or Chemica Cabalistica: Early Modern Alchemists and Cabala.&quot; ''Ambix'' 60: 4 (4): 361–89. {{doi|10.1179/0002698013Z.00000000039}}. S2CID 170459930.
* von Franz, Marie Louise (1997) ''Alchemical Active Imagination.'' Shambhala Publications. ISBN 978-0-87773-589-2.
* Holmyard, Eric John. [[1931]]. ''Makers of Chemistry.'' Oxoniae: Clarendon Press.
* Holmyard, Eric John. [[1957]]. ''Alchemy.'' Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 9780486262987.
* Kripal, Jeffrey John, et Glenn W. Shuck. (2005) ''On the Edge of the Future.'' Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34556-1.
* Linden, Stanton J. [[1996]]. ''Darke Hierogliphicks: Alchemy in English literature from Chaucer to the Restoration.'' University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 9780813150178.
* Linden, Stanton J. [[2003]]. ''The Alchemy Reader: from Hermes Trismegistus to Isaac Newton.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press.
* Newman, William R., et Lawrence M. Principe. [[2002]]. ''Alchemy Tried in the Fire.'' Sicagi: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226577029.
* Norja, Sara (2021) ''Alchemy in the Vernacular: An Edition and Study of Early English Witnesses of The Mirror of Alchemy.'' Annales Universitatis Turkuensis.
* Principe, Lawrence M. [[2013]]. ''The secrets of alchemy.'' Sicagi et Londinii: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-68295-2.
* Principe, Lawrence M., et William R. Newman. [[2001]]. &quot;Some Problems with the Historiography of Alchemy.&quot; In ''Secrets of Nature: Astrology and Alchemy in Modern Europe,'' ed. William R. Newman et Anthony Grafton, 385–432. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-14075-1.
* Rampling, Jennifer M. [[2020]]. ''The Experimental Fire: Inventing English Alchemy, 1300–1700.'' Sicagi: University of Chicago Press.
* Rutkin, H. Darrel. [[2001]]. &quot;Celestial Offerings: Astrological Motifs in the Dedicatory Letters of Kepler's ''Astronomia Nova'' and Galileo's ''Sidereus Nuncius.''&quot; In ''Secrets of Nature, Astrology and Alchemy in Modern Europe,'' ed. William R. Newman et Anthony Grafton, 133–172. Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-14075-1.

== Nexus externi ==
* {{cite book | author= George-Florin Calian  | title= Alkimia Operativa and Alkimia Speculativa. Some Modern Controversies on the Historiography of Alchemy | publisher= Annual  of  Medieval  Studies at  CEU | year=[[2010]] | url=http://www.archive.org/stream/AlkimiaOperativaAndAlkimiaSpeculativa.SomeModernControversiesOnThe/FlorinGeorgeCalian-AlkimiaOperativaAndAlkimiaSpeculativa.SomeModernControversiesOnTheHistoriographyOfAlchemy#page/n0/mode/2up }}
* Raja Tazi, ''Arabismen im Deutschen'' ([[1998]]), [http://books.google.com/books?id=GHaGxm4TZ5wC&amp;pg=PA136&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=0_0&amp;sig=ACfU3U089pbNHIaZhI6iKt8y-h2XQgSQQQ#PPA106,M1 pp.106-110]
* Luis Carlos de Morais Junior. [[2013]]. ''Alchimiaseu Archimagisterium Solis in V libris.'' Rio de Janeiro: Quártica. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160221233846/http://alchimiaseuarchimagisteriumsolis.blogspot.com.br/ Textus interretialis.]

[[Categoria:Alchemia|!]]
[[Categoria:Esotericismus]]
[[Categoria:Hermetismus]]
[[Categoria:Historia philosophiae]]
[[Categoria:Historia scientiae]]
[[Categoria:Verba Arabica mutuata]]
{{Myrias|Physica}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>27 Iulii</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>7058</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3974644</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-25T22:45:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bis-Taurinus</username>
        <id>70496</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Solitas emendationes feci.</comment>
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      <text bytes="7708" sha1="o1j7wqw628nobg414etnd67atll4iyu" xml:space="preserve">{{Calendarium-Iulii}}
'''27 Iulii''' est [[dies]] 208ª anni (209ª [[Annus bisextilis|anni bissextilis]]) in [[Calendarium Gregorianum|calendario Gregoriano]]. 157 dies manent.

Secundum [[calendarium Romanum]] est '''ante diem sextum Kalendas Augustas''', quod a. d. VI Kal. Aug. [[abbreviatio|abbreviatur]].

[[Fasciculus:Grandes Chroniques de France (Castres) - bataille de Bouvines.jpg|thumb|left|110px|[[Philippus II (rex Francorum)|Philippus II]] rex ad [[Bovinae (commune)|Bovinas]] certans]]
== Eventa ==
=== Saeculo 13 ===
* [[1214]] - [[Philippus II (rex Francorum)|Philippus II augustus]], rex [[Francia|Francorum]] pugnam ad [[Bovinae|Bovinas]] factam vincit.

=== Saeculo 16 ===
[[1532]] - [[Constitutio Criminalis Carolina]] rata fit.

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1830]] - [[Res novae Iulii (1830)|Res novae Iulii]] in Francia incipiunt.

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1912]] - [[1912 Olympia Aestiva|Ludi V Olympii]] [[Holmia]]e in [[Suecia]]e finiuntur.
* [[1924]] - [[1924 Olympia Aestiva|Ludi VIII Olympii]] [[Lutetia]]e in Francia finiuntur.
* [[1929]] - Conventus [[Geneva|Genevensis]] de captis belli [[humanitarium belli ius]] decernit.  
* [[1953]] - [[Bellum Coreanum]] foedere in [[Panmunjeom]] signato finitur.
* [[1955]] - [[Pactum status Austriaci]] viget.
* [[1974]] - [[Constantinus Caramanles]] ex exilio Parisiensi revocatus [[Primi ministri Graeciae|praeses ministrorum]] [[Graecia]]e nominatur. Eo facto dictatura militum suffertur et libertas Graeciae restituitur.
* [[1976]] - In [[Sinae|Sinis]] urbs Tangshan terrae motu deletur et 655&amp;thinsp;000 hominum necantur.

=== Saeculo 21 ===
* [[2012]] - [[Londinium|Londinii]]  [[2012 Olympia Aestiva|Ludorum XXX Olympiorum]] dedicationis ceremonia datur.
* [[2023]] - [[Antonius Guterres]] mensem Iulium anni 2023 &quot;perfervidum mundi&quot; e [[calefactio globalis|calefactione globali]] factum declarat.
* [[2024]] - [[UNESCO]] cuniculum auri [[Sado (urbs)|Sado]]nis ad tabulam [[Patrimonium totius mundi|patrimonii totius mundi]] adscribit.  

== Natales ==
=== Saeculo 15 ===
* [[1452]] - [[Ludovicus Sfortia]], [[Ducatus Mediolani|dux Mediolani]] (mortuus anno [[1508]])

=== Saeculo 17 ===
* [[1667]] - [[Iohannes Bernoullius]], [[mathematicus]] [[Helvetia|Helveticus]] (mortuus [[1748]])

=== Saeculo 18 ===
* [[1752]] - [[Ambrosius Maria Franciscus Iosephus Palisot, baro de Beauvois]], [[botanica|botanista]] Francicus (mortuus anno [[1820]])
* [[1781]] - [[Maurus Giuliani]], compositor [[Italia|Italicus]] (mortuus anno [[1829]])

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1824]] - [[Alexander Dumas (filius)|Alexander Dumas, filius]], [[scriptor]] Francicus (mortuus anno [[1895]])
* [[1835]] - [[Iosue Carducci]], scriptor ac [[poeta]] Italicus (mortuus anno [[1907]])
* [[1851]] - [[Gulielmus Billinghurst]], praeses [[Peruvia]]e (mortuus anno [[1915]])
* [[1853]] - [[Vladimirus Korolenko]], scriptor [[Russia|Russicus]] (mortuus anno [[1921]])
* [[1854]] - [[Takahashi Korekiyo]], primus minister [[Iaponia]]e (mortuus anno [[1936]])
* [[1867]] - [[Henricus Granados]], [[compositor]] et [[clavicen]] [[Hispania|Hispanicus]] (mortuus anno [[1916]])
* [[1870]] - [[Hilarius Belloc]], scriptor Franco-[[Anglia|Anglicus]] (mortuus anno [[1953]])
* [[1871]]
** [[Ákos Buttykay]], compositor [[Hungaria|Hungaricus]] (mortuus anno [[1935]])
** [[Ernestus Zermelo]], mathematicus [[Germania|Germanicus]] (mortuus anno 1953)
* [[1877]] - [[Ernestus de Dohnányi]], clavista et compositor Hungaricus (mortuus anno [[1960]])
* [[1881]] - [[Ioannes Fischer (chemicus)|Ioannes Fischer]], chemicus Germanicus, [[Praemium Nobelianum chemiae|praemio Nobeliano chemiae]] affectus (mortuus anno [[1945]])

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1910]] - [[Iulianus Gracq]], scriptor Francicus (mortuus anno [[2007]])
* [[1919]] - [[Gogó Andreu]], [[histrio]], [[comoedus]], musicus et scriptor [[Argentina|Argentinus]] (mortuus anno 2012)
* 1921 - [[Fridericus Hindermann]], [[Linguae Romanicae|linguarum Romanicarum]] peritus, linguae Germanicae Italianaeque [[poeta]] et [[diurnarius]] Helveticus (mortuus anno 2012)
* [[1927]] - [[Guido Carawan]], musicus et musicologus [[Americanus]] (mortuus anno [[2015]])
* [[1930]] - [[Shirley Williams]], rerum politicarum perita [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britannica]] factionis [[Factio Liberalis Democratica (Britanniarum Regnum)|Liberalis Democraticae]] (mortua anno [[2021]])
* [[1938]] - [[Ernestus Geisericus Gygax]], scriptor et ludorum partium agendarum auctor Americanus (mortuus anno [[2008]])
* [[1940]] - [[Philippina Bausch]], saltatrix Germanica (mortua anno [[2009]])
* [[1957]] - [[Geraldus Cyprianus Lacroix]], [[Quebecum urbs|Quebeci urbis]] ([[Archidioecesis Quebecensis]]) [[archiepiscopus]] [[Ecclesia Catholica|catholicus]].
* [[1970]] - [[David T. C. Davies|David Davies]], rerum politicarum peritus Britannicus factionis [[Factio Conservativa (Britanniarum Regnum)|Conservativae]].
* 1976 - [[Demis Hassabis]], informaticae peritus Britannicus
* [[1977]] - [[Ionathan Rhys Meyers]], histrio [[Hibernia|Hibernicus]]
* [[1987]] - [[Marcus Hamšík]], pedilusor [[Slovenia|Slovenicus]]

== Mortes ==
=== Saeculo 5 ===
* [[432]] - [[Caelestinus I]], [[papa]] (natus ignoto die)

=== Saeculo 11 ===
* [[1061]] - [[Nicolaus II (papa)|Nicolaus II]], [[papa]] (natus inter annos [[990]] et [[995]])

=== Saeculo 17 ===
* [[1656]] - [[Salomo Glassius]], [[theologus]] Germanicus (natus anno [[1593]])

=== Saeculo 18 ===
* [[1783]] - [[Ioannes Philippus Kirnberger]], compositor Germanicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1721]])

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1807]] - [[Petrus Maria Augustus Broussonet]], [[medicus]] et botanista Francicus (natus anno [[1761]])
* [[1841]] - [[Michael Lermontov]], poeta Russicus (natus anno [[1814]])
* [[1844]] - [[Ioannes Dalton]], chemicus, mathematicus et physicus Anglicus (natus anno [[1766]])
* [[1873]] - [[Theodorus Tiutcev]], poeta et diplomaticus Russicus (natus anno [[1803]])

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* 1924 - [[Ferruccius Busoni]], composizor Italicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1866]])
* [[1932]] - [[Iosephina Crowell]], actrix [[Canada|Canadiensis]] (nata anno [[1849]])
* [[1946]] - [[Geretrudis Stein]], poeta et scriptrix Americana (nata anno [[1874]])
* [[1959]] - [[Alexander Tsankov]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Bulgaria|Bulgaricus]] (*&amp;nbsp;[[1879]])
* [[1960]] - [[Georgius Kjoseivanov]], legatus atque rerum politicarum peritus Bulgaricus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1884]])
* 1970 - [[Antonius de Oliveira Salazar]], praeses [[Lusitania]]e (*&amp;nbsp;[[1889]])
* [[1980]] - [[Mahometus Reza Pahlavi]], imperator [[Irania]]e (*&amp;nbsp;1919)
* [[1990]] - [[Elizabeth Allan]], actrix Britannica (nata anno [[1908]])
* [[1998]] - [[Elius Augustus Di Carlo]], medicus, [[Ornithologia|ornithologus]], naturae et historiae studiosus Italicus (natus anno [[1918]])

=== Saeculo 21 ===
* [[2003]] - [[Robertus Hope]], comicus, actor et scriptor Americanus (natus anno [[1903]])
* [[2009]] - [[Dominicus Lam Ka-Tseung]], [[Macao]]nis (dioecesis Macaonensis) [[episcopus]] (natus anno [[1928]])
* [[2011]] - [[Agota Kristof]], fabularum mythistoriarumque scriptrix Helvetica oriunda e Hungaria (nata anno 1935)
* 2012 - [[Carolus-Ludovicus Wagner]], vir publicus Germanicus (natus anno 1930)
* [[2014]] - [[Franciscus Marchisano]], cardinalis Italicus (natus anno [[1929]])
* 2015
** [[Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam]], praeses [[India]]e (*&amp;nbsp;[[1931]])
** [[Sebastianus Vassalli]], scriptor Italicus (natus anno [[1941]])
* [[2016]]
** [[Petrus de Jong]], primus minister [[Nederlandia]]e (*&amp;nbsp;1915)
** [[Iacobus Alanus McPherson]], scriptor Americanus (natus anno [[1943]])

== Festa et Feriae ==
* Festum [[Pantaleon (sanctus)|Sancti Pantaleonis]], martyris (calendarium Romanae ecclesiae antiquus)

{{menses}}

[[Categoria:Dies]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Odyssea</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>8082</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3974661</id>
      <parentid>3973839</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T03:05:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-41643-59</username>
        <id>212611</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>menda perpauca correxi. variotionisque causa addidi verba quaedam et abripui</comment>
      <origin>3974661</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="34055" sha1="r48ax2evm2jovozhh07x5fcjyj0x323" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:Homer, Odyssey, Vaticanus Palatinus graecus 7.jpg|thumb|''Odysseae'' manuscriptum (codex Vaticanus Palatinus Graecus 7). Carminis quinti versus 319–350 cum scholiis.]]
[[Fasciculus:Villa Romana de La Olmeda Mosaicos romanos 001 Ulises.jpg|thumb|''[[Odysseus]].'' [[Opus tessellatum]] in [[villa]] [[La Olmeda]] apud [[Pedrosa de la Vega]] in [[Hispania]], [[saeculum|saeculis]] [[saeculum 4|quarto]] exeunte vel [[saeculum 5|quinto]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Odysseus Sirens BM E440 n2.jpg|thumb|upright=1|''Odysseus et Sirenes.'' Eponymum [[Pictor Sirenum|Pictoris Sirenum]] [[vas]], circa [[480 a.C.n.|480]]–[[470 a.C.n.]] [[Museum Britannicum]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Mosaïque d'Ulysse et les sirènes.jpg|thumb|upright=1|''Odysseus et Sirenes: [[scaena]] [[mare|maritima]].'' [[Opus tessellatum]] [[Imperium Romanum|Romanum]],  [[Carthago|Carthagini]], [[saeculum 2|saeculo secundo]], nunc in [[Bardo Museum]] [[Tunisia]]e.]]

{{ores|Odyssea}} est [[poësis epica|carmen epicum]] [[Graece]] [[saeculum 8 a.C.n.|saeculo octavo]] seu [[saeculum 7 a.C.n.|septimo a.C.n.]] [[compositio|compositum]] et [[Homerus|Homero]] adscriptum. [[Historia]]m [[Ilias|Iliadis]] post intervallum continuans, de itinere [[Ulixes|Ulixis]] post [[Bellum Troianum]] tractat.

==Argumentum==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|I ||'''α'''&lt;ref&gt;In hac columna significationes carminum Graecae traditionales positae sunt, quas saepe in scholiis et in lexicis invenire potes.&lt;/ref&gt;||Ad initium carminis poëta [[Musae|Musam]] invocat. Deorum concilium fit de [[Ulixes|Ulixe]] a [[Calypso|Calypsus]] insula liberando et in [[Ithaca (insula)|Ithacam]] mittendo. Dea [[Minerva]] in Ithacam proficiscitur ad [[Telemachus|Telemachum]], similis facta [[Mentes|Menti]] regi [[Taphii|Taphiorum]]. Facto autem colloquio, Telemacho Minerva persuasit ut proficisceretur ad patris inquisitionem, in [[Pylos|Pylum]] quidem ad [[Nestor]]em, in [[Sparta]]m vero ad [[Menelaus|Menelaum]]. [[Penelopae proci|Procorum]] fit convivium.
|-
|II ||'''β'''||Congregato concilio Telemachus denuntiat procis ut exeant e domo Ulixis. Acceptis autem ab [[Euryclea]] quae peregrinationem necessaria essent, a Minerva sociis et navi, navigationem solvit post solis occasum.
|-
|III ||'''γ'''||Telemachum venientem cum Minerva (quae personam [[Mentor (persona)|Mentor]]is, Odysseo consiliarii, adsumit) Nestor hospitio excipit, et narrat quid accidisset [[Graeci]]s a [[Troia]] navigantibus. Sacrificium facit. Telemachus curru accepto cum [[Pisistratus (Nestoris filius)|Pisistrato]] Nestoris filio Spartam proficiscitur. Nocte superveniente divertuntur apud Dioclem [[Pherae|Pheris]].
|-
|IV ||'''δ'''||Apud Menelaum hospitio exceptus cum Pisistrato Telemachus de procis factisque in Ithaca agit. Ipsi narrat Menelaus de reditu Graecorum et [[Proteus|Protei]] vaticinio, per quod cognovit [[Agamemnon]]is mortem Ulixemque apud Calypso retentum. Proci eo tempore de Telemacho occidendo consultant. Consolatur autem Minerva per somnium [[Penelope|Penelopam]], Telemachi profectionem graviter ferentem, persona Iphthimae Penelopae sorori adsumpta.
|-
|V ||'''ε'''||Concilio deorum iterum facto, [[Iuppiter]] [[Mercurius (deus)|Mercurium]] mittit ad Calypso, Ulixem dimittere iubens. Quae iusso paret. Decima vero octava die conspicatus eum [[Neptunus (deus)|Neptunus]], et indignatus, solvit [[Ratis|ratem]]. [[Ino|Leucothea]] vero ei dat vitam, praecipiens ut postquam ad terram appulisset, abiiceret eam, et multa passus, in [[Phaeaces|Phaeacum]] regionem venit servatus.
|-
|VI ||'''ζ'''||Minerva adstans per [[Nausicaa]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;e [[Alcinous|Alcinoi]] filiae iubet illam vestis ad flumen  ferri lotum; instari enim ei nuptias. Illa vero iussa facit, deinde ludit cum ancillis. Audiens autem ipsas Ulixes expergiscitur, et precatus Nausicaam, vetemque et cibum ab ipsa accipiens, sequitur eam in urbem.
|-
|VII ||'''η'''||Nausicaa in urbem pervenit, et paulo post Ulixes supplicat [[Arete (Alcinoi mulier)|Aretae]] Alcinoi regis uxori. Atque illi post cenam interroganti unde vestimenta haberet (cognoverat enim ea), omnia quae acciderant sibi in navigatione ab [[Ogygia]] usque ad Phaeacum terram narrat.
|-
|VIII ||'''θ'''||Contio fit Phaeacum de hospite, et navis reducitur ad reductionem Ulixis; et convivio suspiciuntur ab Alcinoo Phaeacum optimates. Et posthac disco certant Phaeaces et Ulixes. Et [[Demodocus]] canit, primum quidem ea quae circa introductionem lignei equi: atque Ulixe flente interrogatur quis et unde sit.
|-
|IX ||'''ι'''||Principium Ulixis narrationum, in quo ait se bellavisse cum [[Cicones|Ciconibus]], et ad [[Lotophagi|Lotophagos]] appulisse, et ad [[Cyclops|Cyclopem]] [[Polyphemus|Polyphemum]] venisse, et eum (postquam comedisset sex iam socios) excaecavisse.
|-
|X ||'''κ'''||Ea quae apud [[Aeolus|Aeolum]] acciderunt narrat ventorum custodem, ut dederit Ulixi secundum ventum [[Zephyrus|Zephyrum]], aliis ventis inclusis in utre: quem socii solventes (dormiente Ulixe) videlicet in ipso aurum esse existimantes, redeunt ad Aeolum. Sed non recipiente Aeolo Ulixes, illinc navigans ad [[Laestrygones|Laestrygonas]] pervenit; apud quos undecim navibus amissis, una in [[Aeaea]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;m insulam proficiscitur. Et cum [[Eurylochus|Eurylocho]] dimidium sociorum sorte electum emisit, interrogaturos quinam essent inhabitatores. Transformatis autem illis in sues a [[Circe]] praeter Eurylochum, ipse ad inquisitionem egressus, accepto a Mercurio medicamento [[moly]], non est labefactus: imo etiam sociis pristinam naturam adeptis, postquam annum mansit apud Circen, ad infernos descendit.
|-
|XI ||'''λ'''||(''[[Νέκυια]]'') Enarrat quomodo ad Circes mandata ad inferos descenderit, et quo pacto audiverit [[Tiresias|Tiresiam]] vatem de sua et ceterorum fortuna. Et ut heroas et heroidas viderit apud inferos, et eorum qui ad [[Ilium]] militaverunt nonnullos; et eorum qui apud inferos puniuntur.
|-
|XII ||'''μ'''||Enarrat ab inferis qualis fuerit sibi reditus ad Circen et quomodo [[Sirenes|Sirenas]] praeternavigaverit [[Scylla]]mque et [[Charybdis|Charybdim]]: et suae navis et sociorum interitum, qui occiderant Solis boves: et ut solus in ligno ad [[Calypso]] evaserit.
|-
|XIII ||'''ν'''||Navis Phaeacum Ulixem celeriter in Ithacam transtulit, ubi nautae eum dormientem in litore relinquunt. Experrectus patriam suam minime agnoscat, sed Minerva ei veritatem aperit et in senem mendicum eum transformavit, ne cognitus sit. Ad [[Eumaeus|Eumaeum]] subulcum ire iubet.
|-
|XIV ||'''ξ'''||Ulixes incognitus ad Eumaeum venit, qui domini reditum desiderat. Hospitaliter ab eo exceptus post multas sermones et post vespernam in casa Eumaei pernoctat.
|-
|XV ||'''ο'''||Minerva Telemacho in somno apparet et domum reverti cogit. Ille Menelaum reliquit et navem cum [[Theoclymenes|Theoclymene]] propheta ascendit. Ulixes Eumaeo se in urbem profecturum esse dicit, sed subulcus ei, ut maneat, dum Telemachus revertatur, persuadet multaque narrat. Telemachus Ithacae navem suam appellit.
|-
|XVI ||'''π'''||Telemachus ad Eumaeum venit, qui in urbem proficiscitur, ut Penelopae filii adventum nuntiet. Ulixes Minerva monente Telemacho se aperit. De procis necandis illi consiliantur, proci eo tempore de Telemachum occidere consilium capiunt, sed Penelope certior facta eos obiurgat. Eumaeus domum revertitur.
|-
|XVII ||'''ρ'''||Telemachus in urbem venit et Theoclymenes Penelopae Ulixis reditum prodicat. Eumaeus et Ulixes in urbem proficiscuntur. Ad domum suam Ulixes [[Argos (canis Ulixis)|Argum canem suum]] veterem videt, qui illum agnoscat et moritur. Ulixes ut mendicus domum, ubi proci epulantur, intrat.
|-
|XVIII ||'''σ'''||Ulixes cum [[Irus|Iro]] mendico battuat et [[Amphinomus|Amphinomum]] procos relinquere monet, sed frustra. Penelope procis spem dat. Hi dona ei colligunt. [[Melantho]] ancilla et [[Eurymachus]] procus Ulixem laedant. Proci domos abeunt.
|-
|XIX ||'''τ'''||Ulixes et Telemachus arma ex atrio auferunt. Ulixes incognitus cum Penelope colloquitur. [[Euryclea]] nutrix pedes Ulixi lavans cicatricem veterem videt et agnovit eum, sed Ulixes eam tacere iubet. Penelope cras se ei procorum nuptum iri proclamat, qui arcum Ulixis tendere et sagittam per viginti circulos mittere poterit.  
|-
|XX ||'''υ'''||Post noctem inquietem convivium novum paratur. Omen procos Telemachum occidere prohibet. Sensus eorum turbantur. Theoclymenes perniciem eis praedicat.
|-
|XXI ||'''φ'''||Penelope arcum et sagittas Ulixis affert. Ulixes Eumaeo et [[Philoetius|Philoetio]] armentario se aperit. Proci arcum tendere nequeunt et Antimachus hic in diem crastinum differre proponit. Ulixes arcum rogat et Telemacho iubente accipit. Arcum tendit et sagittam in viginti circulos mittit.
|-
|XXII ||'''χ'''||Ulixes [[Antinous (procus Penelopae)|Antinoum]] occidit et procis se aperit. Telemacho et Eumaeo et Philoetio adiuvantibus omnes procos interficit. [[Medon|Medonti]] nuntio et [[Phemius|Phemio]] rhapsodo parcit. Servis infidelibus punitis Eurycleam mittit, ut Penelopem vocet.
|-
|XXIII ||'''ψ'''||Penelope coniugem agnoscere dubitat. Ulixes choream instituit, ut cives fallat, se lavat et Penelopae, ut dubitationes eius opprimat, de toro eorum talia narrat, quod nemo nisi ipse scire potest. Dormitum veniunt. Mane Ulixes ad [[Laertes|Laertem]] patrem suum proficiscitur.
|-
|XXIV ||'''ω'''||Procorum animae in Orco cum [[Achilles|Achille]] et [[Agamemnon]]e colloquuntur. Ulixes Laerti se aperit. Procorum morte cognita cives Ithacae turbantur; Eupeithes Antinoi pater contra Ulixem et Telemachum eos ducit, sed Laertes Eupeithem interficit. Pugnam incipientem Minerva retentat et pacem instituit.
|}

==Versiones==

===Latinae===
[[Fasciculus:Homerus - Odissea, 1794 - 3939651 F.jpg|thumb|Exemplar anno 1794 editum Homeri ''Odysseae'' et ''[[Batrachomyomachia]]e'' falso Homero ascriptae.]]
[[Livius Andronicus]] primus ''Odysseam'' Latine [[versus Saturnius|versu Saturnio]] vertit, cuius versionis fragmenta habemus. [[Horatius]] in ''Arte poëtica'' (141—142) tres primos versus duobus reddit. De versione ''Odysseae'' Attii Labeonis, quam [[Persius]] (I 4) memorat, nihil servatur (dimidia pars versus ''Iliadis'' nota est). [[Aevum Medium]] Homerum nesciebat. [[Leontius Pilatus]] a [[Petrarca]] inspiratus ''Odysseam'' totam oratione soluta vertit, sed versio illius minime laudatur. [[Raphael Volaterranus]] ''Odysseam'' etiam oratione soluta cum primis tantum versibus hexametricis vertit (edita est versio cum versione ''Iliadis'' [[Laurentius Valla|Laurentii Vallae]], [[Brixia]]e 1474). Versio [[Franciscus Aretinus|Francisci Aretini]]&lt;ref&gt;Francesco Griffolini, videas de eo in [http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/francesco-griffolini_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ ''Treccani'']&lt;/ref&gt;, anni 1462 facta, solum 1507 [[Argentoratum|Argentorati]] sine nomine eius, sed Georgio Maxillo attributa, edita est. [[Andreas Divus]] et [[Henricus Stephanus Minor|Henricus Stephanus]] ''Odysseam'' cum versione Latina prosaica ediderunt. [[Simon Lemnius]] totam ''Odysseam'' hexametris Latinis vertit. Alteram versionem plenam  hexametricam elegantiorem [[Bernardus Zamagna]] edidit anno 1777.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|Homerus Graece||Ἄνδρα μοι ἔννεπε, Μοῦσα, πολύτροπον, ὅς μάλα πολλὰ / πλάγχθη, ἐπεὶ Τροίης ἱερὸν πτολίεθρον ἔπερσεν· / πολλῶν δ' ἀνθρώπων ἴδεν ἄστεα καὶ νόον ἔγνω...
|-
|Livius Andronicus||Virum mihi, Camena, insece versutum...
|-
|Horatius&lt;ref&gt;Quem Volaterranus repetit.&lt;/ref&gt;||Dic mihi, Musa, virum, captae post tempora Troiae / qui mores hominum multorum vidit et urbes...
|-
|Franciscus Aretinus||Dic mihi, Musa, virum pericula exercitatum, qui post sacram urbem Ilium dirutam longis erroribus et civitates multas vidit et hominum mentes cognovit... 
|-
|Simon Lemnius||Dic mihi, Musa, virum, qui postquam Pergama Troiae / Celsa sacra evertit, populatus moenia flammae / Classe diu raptus, variis erroribus actus, / Qui mores hominum multorum vidit et urbes...
|-
|Bernardus Zamagna||Musa virum memora, varium qui pectore versans / Ingenium, erravit longum post eruta Troiae / Pergama. multorum mores inspexit et urbes / Ille hominum...
|}

===Theodiscae===

Inter linguas novas prima ''Odysseae'' versio Theodisca fuit, a [[Simon Minervius|Simone Minervio]] e Volaterrani textu Latino facta et anno 1537 edita. Post Minervium [[Ioannes Iacobus Bodmer]] versionem [[hexameter|hexametricam]] fecit (1780) et [[Ioannes Henricus Voß]] (1781, editio altera 1792), cuiis versio Germaniae maxime laudatur; post eum etiam multae versiones hexametricae factae sunt. Ex oratione soluta factis notissima est versio a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gustavus Schwab|Gustavo Schwab|de|qid=Q77428}} composita; saeculo XX et aliae factae sunt metricae et prosaicae.

Anno 1956 {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Albertus Meyer (interpres)|Albertus Meyer|de|qid=Q26710532}} versionem hexametricam in dialectum [[Berna (pagus)|Bernanum]] confecit; anno 2008 Henricus Muller in [[Lingua Luxemburgensis|linguam Luxemburgensem]] sex carmina interpretatus est.

===Hispanicae===
Secunda versio ''Odysseae'' vulgaris a [[Gundisalvus Pérez|Gundisalvo Pérez]] facta est, qui anno 1556 versionem Hispanicam [[hendecasyllabus|hendecasyllabis]] compositam edidit, quae et prima poetica, et prima e textu Graeco facta est. Sed post Perez tantum [[Mariano Esparza]] versionem [[octava (strophe)|octavis]] compositam anno 1837 [[Mexicopolis|Mexicopoli]] edidit&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231228165038/https://bdh-rd.bne.es/viewer.vm?id=0000012155 ''Odisea de Homero o sean Los Trabajos de Ulises: en metro castellano'', 1837];  [https://phte.upf.edu/dhte/griego-clasico/homero/ Emilio Crespo, ''Homero''] (''Diccionario histórico de la traducción en España'').&lt;/ref&gt;. Versio poetica [[Antonius de Gironella|Antonii de Gironella]] (1851) Hispaniae notissima videtur. Versionem doctam oratione soluta [[Ludovicus Segalá y Estalella]] edidit anno 1910; factae sunt et aliae tempore recentiore.

===Francogallicae===
Ab [[Iacobus Peletarius|Iacobo Peletario]] prima versio Francogallica facta est; carmen primum et secundum versu [[decasyllabus|decasyllabo]] [[Rima (poësis)|rimis]] binis vertit anno 1547. Vesrionem plenam {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Salomon Certon||fr|qid=Q3470044}} [[versus Alexandrinus|versu Alexandrino]] edidit anno 1594. Saeculo XVII versiones vel imitationes oratione soluta factae duae editae sunt: [[Claudius Boitel|Claudii Boitel]] (1619) variatio libera&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.ru/books?id=JTBrzXDYHe8C ''GoogleBooks''].&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Achilles de La Valterie|Achillis de La Valterie]], [[fabula romanica|fabulae Romanicae]] assilmilata (1681).

[[Anna Daceria|Anna Daceria]] versionem prosaicam a multis laudatam anno 1716 edidit. Post Daceriam anno 1777 versio nova a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gulielmus Dubois de Rochefort|Gulielmo Dubois de Rochefort|fr|qid=Q3119818}} docta, sed versu Alexandrino; quam autem {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Paulus Ieremias Bitaubé||fr|qid=Q3371560}} (1785)oratione soluta facta est, sed pro ornametis falsis reprehendebatur. 

Saeculo XIX multae versiones oratione soluta factae sunt, quarum [[Carolus Franciscus Lebrun|Caroli Francisci Lebrun]] (1819) et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Petrus Giguet|Petri Giguet|fr|qid=Q3385208}} (1843), quae multis usui erat, et [[Carolus Leconte de Lisle|Caroli Leconte de Lisle]] poetae Parnassici notemus. Postrema versio versu Alexandrino vero anno 1895 a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ulixes Franciscus Angelus de Séguier|Ulixe comite de Séguier|fr|qid=Q16681666}} edita est. {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Victor Bérard||fr|qid=Q2484224}} ''Odysseae'' vertendae versu Alexandrino sine rimis usus est (1924), [[Versus liber|versu libero]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Philippus Jaccottet||d|qid=Q123521}} (1955) et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Fridericus Mugler||d|qid=Q21705546}} versu quattuordecim syllabarum sine rimis (1995). {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Philippus Brunet||fr|qid=Q3379465}} versionem suam (2010) [[hexameter|hexametricam]] appellat&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceculture/podcasts/celui-que-l-on-appelle-homere/l-iliade-par-philippe-brunet-2895245 ''RadioFrance''].&lt;/ref&gt;.

===Nederlandicae===
{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theodoricus Coornhert||nl|qid=Q765465}} primus ''Odysseam'' Nederlandice vertit, versu quinque accentibus cum rimis multis ordine complexo positis; e textu Latino versio facta est; carmina duodecim anno 1561 edita sunt&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.nl/books?id=Qf9hAAAAcAAJ ''GoogleBooks''].&lt;/ref&gt;, cetera 1601. Anno 1651 versio libera oratione soluta facta edita est, &quot;G. v. S.&quot; inscripta; interpres fortasse [[Gilles van Staveren]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.biografischportaal.nl/persoon/85617587 ''Biografisch Portaal van Nederland''].&lt;/ref&gt; fuit.

Versionem novam oratione soluta  {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Henricus Glazemaker||nl|qid=Q2221565}} anno 1654&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231227153343/https://lib.ugent.be/europeana/900000050989?pg=PP7 Editio].&lt;/ref&gt; edidit. Prima versu Alexandrino a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Conradus Droste|Conrado Droste|nl|qid=Q52154093}} anno 1719 edita est, altera ab [[Ioannes van 's Gravenweert|Ioanne van 's Gravenweert]] (1823–1824). Anno 1889 {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Carolus Vosmaer||nl|qid=Q4885435}} primam hexametricam edidit&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_taa008199501_01/_taa008199501_01_0051.php De metro].&lt;/ref&gt;. Inter recentiores multas hexametricas vel prosaicas versionem iambis quinque pedum a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Patricius Lateur|Patricio Lateur|nl|qid=Q2682295}} anno 2016 editam notemus.

===Italicae===

''Odysseae'' prima versio fuit {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ludovicus Dolce|Ludovici Dolce|it|qid=Q1867806}} opus posthumum anno 1573 editum [[octava (strophe)|octavis]] factum; satis libera est variatio&lt;ref&gt;[[:s:it:L%27Ulisse|''Vicifons'']].&lt;/ref&gt;. Versio plen oratione soluta a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Fredericus Malipiero|Frederico Malipiero|d|qid=Q63347394}} edita est (1643), et illa libera. {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Antonius Maria Salvini||it|qid=Q349065}} versionem plenam et exactam, quamvis [[versus exsolutus|versu exsoluto]] (''verso sciolto'') compositam, fecit (1723)&lt;ref&gt;[[:s:it:Odissea_(Salvini)|''Vicifons'']].&lt;/ref&gt; 

Anno 1822 versio [[Hippolytus Pindemonte|Hippolyti Pindemonte]] edita est versu exsoluto facta&lt;ref&gt;[[:s:it:Odissea_(Pindemonte)|''Vicifons'']].&lt;/ref&gt;, quae in Italiae laudes maximas accepit.

E recentioribus multis versionem hexametricam primam (sed non solam) a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Manilius Faggella|Manilio Faggella|it|qid=Q48658569}} factam (1924) nominemus et versionem {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Rosa Calzecchi Onesti|Rosae Calzecchi Onesti|it|qid=Q3941239}} (1963), cuius oratio soluta in Italia serena et lectui apta habetur.

===Anglicae===

Iambis septem pedum (cum dihaeresi post quartum) rimis binis primam versionem fecit [[Georgius Chapmanus]], quam ab anno 1611 ad 1615 edebat. Multas laudes versio Chapmaniana accepit. Anno 1665 versio [[Iohannes Ogilbius|Ioannis Ogilbii]] chartographi rimata edita est et anno 1675 [[Thomas Hobbius|Thomae Hobbii]] philosophi clarissimi (iambis quinque pedum cum rimis cruce positis, ''abab''). Anno 1726 versio [[Alexander Pope|Alexandri Pope]] distichis heroicis facta edebatur, Pope ipse carmina duodecim vertit; {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Guilielmus Broome||en|qid=Q8005989}} carmina II, VI, VIII, XI, XII, XVI, XVIII, XXIII, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Elias Fenton||en|qid=Q3050995}} I, IV, XIX, XX.

{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gulielmus Cowper||en|qid=Q315537}} versu [[Ioannes Miltonus|Miltonio]] (i.e. iambis quinque pedum sine rimis) factam versionem anno 1791 edidit. quae exacta putatur. 
Permultae tempore posteriore versiones factae sunt.

===Slavicae===
[[Russice]] primam versionem [[Cyriacus Kondratovič]] ex editione [[Ioannes Spondanus|Spondani]] oratione soluta annis sexagesimis saeculi XVIII fecit; adhuc inedita manet. [[Petrus Iekimov]] versionem alteram prosaicam anno 1788 edidit et tertiam [[Ioannes Martynov|Ioannis Martynov]] anno 1828. [[Basilius Žukovskij|Basilii Žukovskij]] versio hexametrica tum laudatur, tum reprehenditur, sed multum in Russia valet. Alteram hexametricam {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Paulus Šujskij||ru|qid=Q4527414}} anno 1948 et tertiam, a multis laudatam, [[Vincentius Veresaev]] anno (1953) confecerunt. Sunt et recentiores aliquot; [[Georgiius Golubets]] anno 2020 versionem edidit hexametricam, sed cum multis licentiis, et [[Gregorius Starikovskij]] anno 2026 versu libero cum quinque accentibus (sed aequo numero linearum) factam.

[[Polonice]] primus [[Hyacinthus Przybylski]] [[tridecasyllabus|tridecasyllabo]] ''Odysseam'' vertit anno 1815. {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Lucianus Siemieński||pl|qid=Q1873662}} alteram tridecasyllabicam fecit (1873) et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iosephus Wittlin||pl|qid=Q364741}} tertiam (1924), ter editam. [[Ioannes Parandowski]] oratione soluta (1953). Recentissima est versio {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Roberti Chodkowski||d|qid=Q112387017}} (2020).

[[Bohemice|Bohemicam]] versionem primam oratione soluta {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Antonínus Liška||cs|qid=Q24208183}} edidit (1844–1848)&lt;ref&gt;[[:s:cs:Soubor:Homer,_Antonín_Liška_-_Homérowa_Odyssea_-_1848.djvu|''Vicifons'']].&lt;/ref&gt;. Hexametricas fecerunt {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Henricus Iaroslaus Mejsnar||cs|qid=Q24732882}} (1873) et [[Antoninus Škoda]] (1883–1885). E recentioribus versionem {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Vladimírus Šrámek|Vladimíri Šrámek|cs|qid=Q20983747}} [[versus liber|versu libero]] factam (1940) notemus.

{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Tomislaus Maretić||hr|qid=Q1256156}} versionem [[Croatice|Croatam]] anno 1880 edidit.

[[Ucrainice]] [[saeculum 19|saeculo XIX]] exeunte fragmenta ''Odysseae'' {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Panteleimon Kuliš||uk|qid=Q2382842}}, [[Alexander Potebnja]] (partes rhapsodiarum  III, VII et VIII), [[Ioannes Franko]] (rhapsodiam primam) et [[Lesja Ukrajinka]] (tertiam et pars quartae) hexametris verterunt. {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Petrus Niščyns'kyj||uk|qid=Q4321754}} versionem hexametricam plenam edidit (pseudonyno ''Petrus Bajda'', 1889–1892). Alteram  [[Boris Thenes]] anno 1963 edidit.

Primam versionem [[Slovacice|Slovacam]] hexametro compositam [[Miloslaus Okál]] edidit anno 1966.

===Hungaricae===

[[Hungarice]] [[Andreas Dugonicius]] ''Odysseae'' variationem prosaicam edidit  anno 1780; versio laudata hexametrica a [[Stephanus Szabó|Stephano Szabó]] anno 1857 facta est; alteram hexametricam {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iosephus Kemenes Kempf||hu|qid=Q1106633}} anno 1906 composuit.{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Eugenius Vértesy||hu|qid=Q1462703}} anno 1909 versionem oratione soluta et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iulianus Gyomlay||hu|qid=Q1029673}} versionem fragmentorum 1920 ediderunt; hexametricam et [[Gabriel Devecseri]] anno 1947 fecit. Postremam {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gedeon Mészöly||hu|qid=Q1213131}} anno 1959 edidit.

===Scandinavicae===

[[Danice]] [[Christianus Wilster]] primam plenam versionem fecit (1837), quae notissima (si non unica) manebat ad annum 2002, cum versio {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Otto Due|Ottonis Due|da|qid=Q12330613}} edita esset. Ambae hexametricae sunt. 

[[Suecice]] versionem hexametricam  [[Erland Lagerlöf]] anno 1912 edidit. Versiones recentiores a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Tord Bæckström||sv|qid=Q5563862}} (1975) et ab {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Inguarus Björkeson|Inguaro Björkeson|sv|qid=Q5577613}} (1995) factae sunt. 

Versionem [[Norvegice|Norvegicam]] in ''[[Nynorsk|linguam Norvegicam novam]]'' (''Nynorsk'') [[Arne Garborg]] anno 1918 edidit, in ''[[Bokmål|linguam librorum]]'' (''Bokmål'') [[Petrus Østbye]] fecit et anno 1920 edidit. Ambae hexametricae sunt.

[[Islandice|Islandicam]] versionem [[Sveinbiörn Egilssonius|Sveinbiörnus Egilli filius]] oratione soluta fecit.

===In terris Balticis===

Anno 1895 [[Carolus Mīlenbahs]] versionem [[Lettonice|Lettonicam]] confecit. [[Otto Manninen]] versionem [[Finnice|Finnicam]] hexametricam anno 1919 edidit; versionem oratione soluta [[Pentti Saarikoski]] poeta Finnicus clarus anno 1972 et alteram doctam et exactam [[Paavo Castrén]] anno 2016. Versionem [[Lituanice|Lituanicam]] primam {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Hieronymus Ralys||lt|qid=Q628918}} anno 1921 edidit. Alteram versionem Lithuanicam [[Antonius Dambrauskas]] anno 1979 edidit. [[Estonice]] Anna Öpik duodecim carmina anno 1938 edidit; plenam versionem {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Augustus Annist||et|qid=Q455057}} anno 1963 edidit.

===Lusitanae===

Decasyllabo sine rimis poesi [[Lusitane|Lusitanae]] epicae proprio primam plenam versionem [[Udalricus Mendes]] fecit; multo post mortem eius edita est, anno 1928. Brevis textu Homerico est; nunc auctoritatem quandam habet. Hexametris usus est {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Carolus Albertus Nunes||pt|qid=Q9696830}} (1941),  [[versus liber|versu libero]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Fredericus Lourenço||pt|qid=Q28799892}} (2003), {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Donaldus Schüler||pt|qid=Q10268276}} et [[Christianus Werner]] (2014), [[dodecasyllabus|dodecasyllabo]] [[Traianus Vieira]] (2011).

===Catalanae===

Versiones [[Catalane|Catalanae]] vel oratione soluta, vel hexametro factae sunt. {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Carolus Riba||ca|qid=Q2595695}} duas versiones hexametricas fecit, primam anno 1919, secundam 1948, quae magnas laudes accepit. Hexametro et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Franciscud Mira||ca|qid=Q3064017}} usus est (2011). Oratione soluta {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ιoannes Alberich i Mariné||ca|qid=Q27554000}} ''Odysseam'' vertit anno 1998.

===Ceterae===

[[Neograece|Neograecae]] multae versiones factae sunt, quarum versionem {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Argyres Ephtaliotes|Argyrae Ephtaliotae|el|qid=Q12873967}} (1914-1923)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mikrosapoplous.gr/homer/odm0.htm Textus interretialis].&lt;/ref&gt;, [[pentedecasyllabus|pentedecasyllabo]] compositam, sicut et carmina epica Neograeca popularia, et alteram vix non notissimam, a [[Nicolaus Cazantzaces|Nicolao Cazantzace]] et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Cacrides|Ioanne Cacride|el|qid=Q1671914}} versu decem et septem syllabis cum caesura post decimum anno 1965 editam.

[[Dacoromanice|Dacoromanicam]] [[Georgius Coşbuc]] versionem [[octava (strophe)|octavis]] versu [[Decasyllabus|decasyllabo]] composuit (1918); [[Georgius Murnu]]  alteram iambicam (1956); nova hexametrica a [[Dan Slușanschi|Daniele Slușanschi]] anno 2012 edita. 
 
Versionem [[Armenice|Armenicam]] hexametricam [[Amazasp Ambartsumian]] anno 1958 edidit.

[[Hebraice]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Saul Černichovskij||he|qid=Q521410}} ''Odysseam'' [[decennium 193|annis vicesimis]] saeculi XX hexametris vertit. Ab {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ahuvia Kahane||en|qid=Q97304019}} [[versus liber|versu libero]] et versio anno 1996 edita est et ab {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Abraham Arouetty|Abrahamo Arouetty|he|qid=Q68793893}} oratione soluta cum notis anno 2012; ab {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Aaron Shabtai|Aarone Shabtai|he|qid=Q4694998}} versio hexametrica altera (2014) facta est.

E versionum [[Iaponice|Iaponicarum]] a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Shigeichi Kure||ja|qid=Q11416811}} facta versu Iaponico quinque et septem syllabarum composita est {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Chiaki Matsudaira||ja|qid=Q11530379}} (1994) versionem doctam oratione soluta fecit. Sunt et duae recentiores oratione soluta factae; {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Tetsuo Nakatsukasa||ja|qid=Q11363065}} versu libero (oratione soluta cum lineis abruptis, ut Iaponi dicunt) fragmentorum versio facta est.
 
Versionem [[Esperantice|Esperanticam]] plenam [[oratio soluta|oratione soluta]] factam {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Wilhelmus Ioannes Arnoldus Manders||eo|qid=Q12356769}} edidit anno [[1932]].

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Editiones et versiones aliquae ==
* 1510 : Gregorius Maxillus, ed., ''Homeri poetarum clarissimi Odyssea de erroribvs Ulyxis''. Argentoraci: ex officina Ioannis Schotti {{Ling|Latine}} ([https://www.e-rara.ch/zuz/content/titleinfo/17496595 textus] apud ''e-Rara'')
* 1799 : Samuel Clarke, ed., ''Odyssea''. 2 voll. Edinburgi, etc., 1799 {{Ling|Graece|Latine}} ([http://www.archive.org/details/odysseagraeceet01home vol. 1]; [http://www.archive.org/details/odysseagraeceetl02home vol. 2])
* 1827 : Ricardus Porson, ed., ''Homeri Odyssea cum scholiis veteribus; accedunt Batrachomyomachia, Hymni, fragmenta''. 2 voll. Oxonii, 1827 {{Ling|Graece}} ([http://www.archive.org/details/odysseacumscholi01home vol. 1]; [http://www.archive.org/details/odysseacumscholi02home vol. 2])
* 1855 : [[Gulielmus Dindorfius]], ed., ''Homeri Odyssea''. Oxonii: e typographeo academico, 1855 {{Ling|Graece}} ([http://www.archive.org/details/odysseahome00home textus apud ''archive.org''])
* 1856 : Gulielmus Dindorfius, ed., ''Homeri Odyssea''. Lipsiae: Teubner, 1856. 4a ed. {{Ling|Graece}} ([http://www.archive.org/details/homeriodyssea00homeuoft textus apud ''archive.org''])
* 1890 : J. van Leeuwen, M. B. Mendes da Costa, edd., ''Homeri Odysseae carmina cum apparatu critico''. Lugduni Batavorum: Sijthoff, 1890 {{Ling|Graece}} ([http://www.archive.org/details/odysseaecarminac00homeuoft textus apud ''archive.org''])

=== Bibliographia===
*Austin, N. [[1975]]. ''Archery at the Dark of the Moon: Poetic Problems in Homer’s Odyssey.'' Berkeleiae: University of California Press.
*Bakker, E. J. [[2013]]. ''The Meaning of Meat and the Structure of the Odyssey.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press.
*Barnouw, J. [[2004]]. ''Odysseus, Hero of Practical Intelligence. Deliberation and Signs in Homer's Odyssey.'' Lanhamiae Terrae Mariae: University Press of America.
*Clayton, B. [[2004]]. ''A Penelopean Poetics: Reweaving the Feminine in Homer's Odyssey.'' Lanhamiae Terrae Mariae: Lexington Books.
*Clayton, B. [[2011]]. &quot;Polyphemus and Odysseus in the Nursery: Mother’s Milk in the Cyclopeia.&quot; ''Arethusa'' 44 (3): 255–77.
*Dougherty, C. [[2001]]. ''The Raft of Odysseus: The Ethnographic Imagination of Homer's Odyssey.'' Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press.
*Fenik, B. [[1974]]. &quot;Studies in the Odyssey.&quot; In ''Hermes: Einzelschriften'' 30. Wiesbaden: F. Steiner.
*Griffin, J. [[1987]]. ''Homer: The Odyssey. Landmarks in World Literature.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press.
*Lattimore, Richmond, conv. [[1975]]. ''The Odyssey of Homer.'' Novi Eboraci: Harper &amp; Row.
*Louden, B. [[2011]]. ''Homer’s Odyssey and the Near East.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press.
* Alessandra Lukinovich, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/gaia_1287-3349_1998_num_3_1_1337 Le cercle des douze étapes du voyage d'Ulysse aux confins du monde]&quot;, ''GAIA. Revue interdisciplinaire sur la Grèce ancienne'', 1998ː 9-26
*Louden, B. [[1999]]. ''The Odyssey: Structure, Narration and Meaning.'' Baltimorae: Johns Hopkins University Press.
*Minchin, E. [[2010]]. &quot;The Expression of Sarcasm in the 'Odyssey'.&quot; ''Mnemosyne''  63 (4): 533–56.
*Müller, W. G. [[2015]]. &quot;From Homer’s Odyssey to Joyce’s Ulysses: Theory and Practice of an Ethical Narratology.&quot; ''Arcadia'' 50 (1): 9–36.
*Perpinyà, Núria. [[2008]]. ''Las criptas de la crítica: Veinte lecturas de la Odisea.'' Matriti: Gredos. [https://elcultural.com/Las-criptas-de-la-critica-20-interpretaciones-de-la-Odisea Summarium.]
*Reece, Steve. [[1993]]. ''The Stranger's Welcome: Oral Theory and the Aesthetics of the Homeric Hospitality Scene.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
*Reece, Steve. [[2011]]. [https://www.academia.edu/30640650/Toward_an_Ethnopoetically_Grounded_Edition_of_Homers_Odyssey &quot;Toward an Ethnopoetically Grounded Edition of Homer’s Odyssey.&quot;] ''Oral Tradition'' 26: 299–326.
*Reece, Steve. [[2011]]. [https://www.academia.edu/30640742/Penelopes_Early_Recognition_of_Odysseus_from_a_Neoanalytic_and_Oral_Perspective &quot;Penelope's Early Recognition’ of Odysseus from a Neoanalytic and Oral Perspective.&quot;] ''College Literature'' 38 (2): 101–17.
*Saïd, S. (1998) [[2011]]. ''Homer and the Odyssey.'' Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press.
*Turkeltaub, D. [[2014]]. “Penelope's ‘Stout Hand’ and Odyssean Humour.” ''The Journal of Hellenic Studies'' 134: 103–19.
*West, E. [[2014]]. “Circe, Calypso, Hiḍimbā.” ''Journal of Indo-European Studies'' 42 (1): 144–74.

{{NexInt}}
*[[Aeneis]]
*[[Cyclus epicus]]
*''[[Gulliver's Travels]]''

== Nexus externus ==
{{Vicifons|el:Ὀδύσσεια|Ὀδύσσεια}}

[[Categoria:Carmina epica]]
[[Categoria:Itinera ficta]]
[[Categoria:Libri de bello Troiano]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Graecae antiquae]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latine versae]]
[[Categoria:Odyssea|!]]
[[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 7 a.C.n.]]
{{Myrias|Ars}}

{{Appendicula de hac pagina|
{{PagMens|07|2024}}
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  <page>
    <title>Milvauchia</title>
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      <text bytes="1139" sha1="infhf8muz8m1xhz2l0jbq43to6li9in" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
'''Milvauchia'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Milvauchia&quot;: ''[https://books.google.it/books?hl=it&amp;id=0WdfAAAAMAAJ&amp;dq=arcansia&amp;focus=searchwithinvolume&amp;q=Wisconsin Latinitas]'' Vaticana (1972)&lt;/ref&gt; est urbs in [[Visconsinia]] maxima, quae iuxta litus occidentale [[Michiganus Lacus|Michigani lacus]] iacet. Secundum censum anno 2000 factam 600&amp;thinsp;974 hominum Milvauchiae incolunt, quae igitur magnitudine vicesima secunda urbs Americana est. Urbs faciendo [[cervisia]]m clara est.

Milvauchia anno 1846 condita est. Primus auctor fuit Solomon Juneau. Multae officinae et multa braxatoria Milvauchiae crescebant, quorum multi post annum 1980 corruerunt. Milvauchia anno 2014 est urbs multi incrementi sed {{Latinitas dolet|ordinem criminis est causa controversiae}}. Praefectus Milvauchiae est Cavalier Johnson, qui inservivit anno 2021.

== Universitates ==
* [http://www.marquette.edu Universitas Marquettae (Anglice)]
* [http://www.uwm.edu Universitas Visconsiniae apud Milvauchiam (Anglice)]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Archidioecesis Milvauchiensis]]

{{Formula:MaximaeUrbesAmericanae}}

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  <page>
    <title>Sapientia</title>
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      <text bytes="8690" sha1="eguqm4jyjosxlf4fzs9i3nrj415js3o" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Meynier - Wisdom defending Youth against Love.jpg|thumb|''Sapientia [[iuventus|adulescentulum]] [[amor]]e defendit.'' [[Pictura]] a Meynier facta, circa [[1810]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Efez Celsus Library 3 RB.jpg|thumb|[[Personificatio]] sapientiae ([[Graece]] Σοφία, [[Sophia (sapientia)|Sophia]]) in [[Bibliotheca Celsi]] [[Ephesus|Ephesi]] [[Turcia]]e sita.]]
[[Fasciculus:Jacob de Wit - Allegorie op het schrijven van de geschiedenis 1754.jpg|thumb|''[[Veritas]] et sapientia [[historia]]m scribentem adiuvant.'' [[Pictura]] ab [[Iacobus de Wit|Iacobo de Wit]], anno [[1754]] picta.]]
[[Fasciculus:Wither - Emblem Wisdom.jpg|thumb|''Sapiens dominabitur astris.'']]
[[Fasciculus:Schloss Rosenau (Waldviertel) - Saal - Deckenfresco Heilige Weisheit.jpg|thumb|''Sapientia sancta.'' [[Opus tectorium]]. Castellum Rosenau.]]
'''Sapientia''' {{victio|Sapientia|ae|f}} vel '''sagacitas''' est facultas [[cogitatio|cogitandi]] et [[actio|agendi]] per [[scientia (ratio)|scientiam]], [[experientia]]m, [[intellectus|intellectum]], [[prudentia]]m, et aestimationem.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/wisdom|title=Wisdom - Define Wisdom at Dictionary.com|work=Dictionary.com}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Sapientia una ex quattuor [[virtutes cardinales|virtutibus cardinalibus]], et ut [[virtus]] consuetudo vel indoles ad actionem agendam summa sufficientia e re nata habetur. Quod indicat possessionem [[scientia (declarativa)|scientiae]] vel scientiae petitae ad tempora adhibenda, et vicissim [[homo|homines]], res, eventus, et tempora intellegenda, atque [[voluntas|voluntatem]] et [[animus|animum]] ingeniumque ad [[perceptio]]nem, [[iudicium]], et actum adhibendum pro optimo actionis cursu intellegendo.

[[Homo sapiens|Homines]] qui sapientiae student ''sapientes'' appellantur. Apud [[Graecia|Graecos]] [[Aevum Antiquum|antiquos]], homines qui sapientiam ([[Graece]] σοφία) docebant ''[[sophistae]]'' appellabantur.

== Sapientia et sagacitas in lingua Latina ==
Differentia inter ambo verba exigua est.
* ''Sapientia'' cum sapio ut gusto, potius ad ''praesentem'' (hic et nunc gusto) refert.
* ''Sagacitas'' cum verbum ''[[saga (prophetissa)|saga]]e'', feminae ad ''futurum''  spectantis (sagio, ut quaero aliquid, quod erit), coniuncta est.

== Antiquitas classica ==
[[Graeci antiqui]] putabant sapientiam [[virtus|virtutem]] magni momenti, in [[dea|deabus]] [[Metis (mythologia Graeca)|Meti]] [[Athena]]que [[persona|personificatam]]. Athena quidem dicebatur ex [[caput|capite]] [[Zeus|Iovis]] ortam esse, quae [[vocabulum|verbis]] figuraque depingitur fortis, aequa, [[misericordia|misericors]], casta.&lt;ref&gt;S. Turnbill (12 Augusti 2011), [https://web.archive.org/web/20190513173428/http://www.goddessgift.com/goddess-myths/greek_goddess_athena.htm &quot;Athena, Greek goddess of wisdom and craftsmanship&quot;] (Goddessgift.com).&lt;/ref&gt;

{{NexInt}}
{{div col|3}}
*[[Analogia]]
*[[Aristoteles]]
*[[Bildung]]
*[[Chronosophia]]
*[[Conscientia]]
*[[Cynismus]]
*[[Domus Sapientiae (Bagdatum)]]
*[[Hagia Sophia]]
*''[[Homo sapiens]]''
*[[Minerva]]
*[[Liber Sapientiae]]
*[[Perspicacitas]]
*[[Philosophia]]
*[[Proverbium]]
*[[Pietas]]
*[[Plato]]
*''[[Sapere aude]]''
*[[Sentientia]]
*[[Septem sapientes]]
*[[Septem sapientium convivium]]
*[[Septem virtutes principales]]
*[[Socrates]]
*[[Sophia]]
*[[Sophiologia]]
*[[Virtus]]
*''[[The Wisdom of Crowds]]''
*[[275 Sapientia]]
{{div col end}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
*Assmann, Aleida, ed. [[1988]]. Weisheit. ''Tagung des Arbeitskreises &quot;Archäologie der literarischen Kommunikation.&quot;'' Archäologie der literarischen Kommunikation, 3. Bad Homburg. Et Monaci: Fink, 1991. ISBN 3770526554.
*Engelbrecht, Alexander. [[2010]]. ''Autonomes Lernen und Weisheit: Zur Begründung der kynischen Pädagogik und der Idee der Liebe im pädagogischen Prozess.'' Aquis Mattiaquis. ISBN 9783531173245.
*Heerlein, Karin Johanna. [[1997]], [[2000]]. Sophia-Sapientia: Ikonographische Studien zum Bild der göttlichen Weisheit im Mittelalter. Dissertatio. Monaci.
*Heindrichs, Ursula, et Heinz-Albert Heindrichs. [[2000]]. Alter und Weisheit im Märchen: Forschungsberichte aus der Welt der Märchen. ''Auftr. der Europäischen Märchengesellschaft hrsg.  Diederichs.'' Veröffentlichungen der Europäischen Märchengesellschaft, 25. Monaci. ISBN 3896314033.
*Hernández Carballid, Flor Alejandrina. [[2004]]. ''Los Fines de la Educación: Invitación a conocer la filosofía de Alfred North Whitehead.'' Revista Digital Universitaria. [http://www.revista.unam.mx/vol.5/num1/art5/portada.htm Textus htm.]
*Holliday, Stephen G., et Michael J. Chandler. [[1986]]. ''Wisdom: Explorations in adult competence.'' Contributions to human development, 17. Basel: Karger. ISBN 3805542836.
*Langenkamp, Thomas. [[1998]]. ''Wissenssoziologische Aspekte weisheitlichen Denkens.'' Dissertatio. Bonnae.
*Lay, Rupert Lay. [[1998]]. ''Weisheit für Unweise.'' Dusseldorpiae: Econ. ISBN 3430159571.
*Linden, Michael, cum Kai Baumann. [[2008]]. ''Weisheitskompetenzen und Weisheitstherapie: die Bewältigung von Lebensbelastungen und Anpassungsstörungen.'' Verlag Lengerich. ISBN 9783899674903.
*Oelmüller, Willi, ed. [[1988]]. ''Philosophie und Weisheit.'' Mit Beitr. von Gerd B. Achenbach et al. Kolloquium zur Gegenwartsphilosophie, Bad Homburg, 24–26 Maii 1988. Kolloquien zur Gegenwartsphilosophie, 12. Schöningh, Paderborn et al. ISBN 3506993976.
*Orwoll, L., et M. Perlmutter, M. [[1990]]. In ''Wisdom: Its Nature, Origins, and Development,'' ed. R. J. Sternberg, 160–177. Novi Eboraci: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521367182.
*Panikkar, Raimon. ''Einführung in die Weisheit.'' Ed. nova. Herder Spektrum 5256. Freiburg: Herder. ISBN 3451052563.
*Peterson, Christopher, et Martin E. P. Seligman. [[2004]]. ''Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195167015.
*Pieper, Josef. [[1987]]. ''Suche nach der Weisheit: 4 Vorlesungen.'' Mit einem Nachwort von [[T. S. Eliot]]. Lipsiae: St.-Benno-Verlag. ISBN 3746201535.
*Preuß, Horst Dietrich. [[1987]]. ''Einführung in die alttestamentliche Weisheitsliteratur.'' Stuttgartiae: Kohlhammer. ISBN 3170095900.
*Riedel, Ingrid. [[1997]]. ''Die weise Frau in Märchen und Mythen: Ein Archetyp im Märchen.'' Ed. 2a. Dialog und Praxis. Monaci: DTV. ISBN 3423350989.
*Scobel, Gert. [[2008]]. ''Weisheit: Über das, was uns fehlt.'' Coloniae: DuMont Buchverlag. ISBN 9783832180164.
*Speer, Andreas. Weisheit. ''Historisches Wörterbuch der Philosophie.'' 12:371–397.
*Sternberg, Robert J. [[2003]]. Wisdom, Intelligence, and Creativity Synthesized. Novi Eboraci: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521802385.
*Vorländer, Wolfgang. [[2010]]. ''Weisheit für Vielbeschäftigte.'' Schwarzenfeld: Neufeld Verlag. ISBN 9783862560011.

==Nexus externi==
{{Wiktionary}}
{{wiktionary|-wise}}
{{wiktionary|sophont}}
{{Communia|Wisdom|sapientiam}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190124152859/http://www.path-work.info/ ''Atlas sapientiae: sapientia in psychologia et spiritualitate''] www.path-work.info
*[http://www.ucl.ac.uk/from-knowledge-to-wisdom A scientia ad sapientiam,] www.ucl.ac.uk
*[http://www.foundationsmag.com/wisdom.html Ubi est sapientia quam in scientia amisimus?] www.foundationsmag.com
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170917115252/http://excaliburbooks.com/ Sapientia in conspectu,] www.excaliburbooks.com
*[http://www.ancienttexts.org/ Textus antiqui,] www.ancienttexts.org
*[http://hermetic.com/ Scripturae hermeticae,] hermetic.com
*[http://tinybuddha.com/category/quotes/ Loci de sapientia Buddhae minusculi,] tinybuddha.com
*[http://www.textfiles.com/occult/ Scripturae occultae mundi,] www.textfiles.com
*[http://www.foundationsmag.com/wisdom2.html Sapientia: spatium inter notas,] www.foundations.mag.com
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20230716184842/http://www.john-uebersax.com/plato/lexicon.htm Propositum lexici sapientiae,] www.john-uebersax.com
*[http://www.equip.org/articles/who-is-wisdom-in-proverbs-8/ Quis est sapientias in Proverbia 8?] www.equip.org
;Res additae
*Baltes, Paul. [http://library.mpib-berlin.mpg.de/ft/pb/PB_Wisdom_2004.pdf Liber de sapientia,] library.mpib-berlin.mpg.de
*[http://www.wisdompage.com Pagina sapientiae,] www.wisdompage.com
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20201109020801/http://www.wisdomation.com/ Communica tuam sapientiam hic,] www.wisdomation.com
*[http://www.wisdomresearch.org Propositum sapientiae definiendae Universitatis Sicaginiensis,] www.wisdomresearch.org

[[Categoria:Dialectica]]
[[Categoria:Psychologia positiva]]
[[Categoria:Scientia declarativa]]
[[Categoria:Spiritualitas]]
[[Categoria:Veritas]]
[[Categoria:Virtutes]]

{{Myrias|Philosophia}}</text>
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    <title>Henricus Bullingerus</title>
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      <text bytes="2341" sha1="kycrzaxs3le9gcj6wixpe4pkwjdpspc" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Thesaurus Evonymi Philiatri 1552 tp.jpg|thumb|Prima editio ''Thesauri Evonymi Philiatri'' a [[Conradus Gesnerus|Conrado Gesnero]] scripta, anno [[1552]] sine nomine auctoris [[Turicum|Tiguri]] divulgata. Exemplar ab ipso auctore &quot;Henrycho Bullingero patrono&quot; dono datum (Zentralbibliothek Zürich, Md E 377)]] 
'''Henricus Bullingerus''' vel '''Bulingerus''',{{FD ref}} [[Lingua Theodisca|Theodisce]] ''Heinrich Bullinger'' ([[Bremogartum|Bremogarti]] natus die [[18 Iulii]] [[1504]]; [[Turicum|Turici]] die [[17 Septembris]] [[1575]] mprtuus) fuit [[Reformatio|reformator]], [[theologus]] et [[Antistes|antistes]] [[Helvetia|Helveticus]].

Natus est Henricus Bullingerus [[Bremogartum|Bremogarti]] ad [[Rusa]]m, filius urbis [[paroecia|paroci]], qui etiam appellabatur Henricus Bullingerus, eiusque sponsatae, filiae molitoris.

Quinque annis natus, Henricus filius studebat in urbis schola linguae Latinae. Postea [[Colonia Agrippina|Coloniae Agrippinae]] studebat, ubi reformationis amicus factus est; magister tunc erat in claustro [[Kappel am Albis]]. Anno [[1528]], Henricus et [[Uldrychus Zwinglius]] [[Berna]]m adiverunt, ut etiam novam fidem agnoscant.

Anno insequenti Bullingeri patrem ex urbe Bremogarto pulserunt, quia ille reformationi faverat. Post filii Bullingeri sermonem in urbe, ipse parochus factus est, et urbs reformata est. Illo anno, Bullingerus Annam Adlischvileram uxorem duxit, quae religiosa fuerat. Anno [[1531]], Zwinglii homines in [[proelium apud Kappel|proelio apud Kappel]] victi sunt, et Bremogartum totaque regio a Catholicis Romanis iterum imperati sunt. Bullingerus [[Turicum]] effugit, ubi Zwinglii successor factus est. Ibi obiit [[17 Septembris]] [[1575]].

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
* ''[https://bullinger-digital.ch/index.html Bullinger Digitel]'' (editio interretialis epistularum)
* [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/adam/adam4/books/adamvitae4_76.html Litteris longissimis ex Lexicum Universale domini Hofmann de Bullingero]
* [http://www.eresie.it/it/id452.htm De Henrico Bullingero in pagina haeresibus dicata] {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bullingerus, Henricus}}
[[Categoria:Theologi Helvetiae]]
[[Categoria:Reformatores]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1504]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1575]]</text>
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    <title>Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby</title>
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      <text bytes="23394" sha1="s1ry3ppppt7y2g2mo30e34onit0shbf" xml:space="preserve">{{Hic sunt tabularia disputationum}}

Disputationes anteriores hic habes: [[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby/Tabularium 1|Tabularium 1]], [[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby/Tabularium 2|Tabularium 2]], [[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby/Tabularium 3|Tabularium 3]], [[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby/Tabularium 4|Tabularium 4]]. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:04, 27 Martii 2009 (UTC)

== Άρης Neograece ==
{{Accepta|Disputatio:Andreas Dalby|Άρης Neograece}}

Salve, Andrea, dubius sum, quomodo verba Neograeca apud nos tractanda sint. Videas quaeso commentationem quam de [[Μήλα (pellicula 2020)]] nuper scripsi. Utrum Latine ''Mila'' an ''Mela'' and ''Mēla'' scribam? Et Άρης Σερβετάλης histrio: Utrum ''Aris Servetalis'' an ''Ares Servetales''? [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:34, 10 Ianuarii 2025 (UTC)

:Quamquam ego Andreas non sum, nolo silere de modo quo Theodisce res tractatur: Neograeca (nomina propria praesertim) saepissime modum in antiquum transscribi solent. Inde ego praeferrem res Neograecas modum in veterem Latine reddere [[Usor:Giorno2|Giorno2]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Giorno2|disputatio]]) 18:39, 10 Ianuarii 2025 (UTC)

::Vide etiam hanc paginam: [[Vicipaedia:Translitteratio]]. [[Usor:Lesgles|Lesgles]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Lesgles|disputatio]]) 16:55, 12 Ianuarii 2025 (UTC)
:::Date veniam: pro tempore rarius apud Vicipaediam versor. Tribus rationibus translitterationem classicam nominum Neograecorum commendo: primo quod lingua Latina utimur atque hoc modo antiqui lingua nostra utentes verba Graeca in Latina convertebant; secundo quod nullam translitterationem hodiernam sine ambiguitate, sine incongruitate, sine inconsistentia reperire possumus; tertio quia eruditi scientifici, qui etiam hodie neologismos Graecos vel Graecolatinos creant, saepius translitteratione Latina uti solent. Salvete! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 21:13, 12 Ianuarii 2025 (UTC)
:::: Gratias omnibus vobis ago. Ipse quoque ita ut dicitis faciendum esse cogitavi. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 14:34, 13 Ianuarii 2025 (UTC)

== Foods in Latin questions ==
Hello, I wrote a couple of questions on different pages related to food (&lt;bdi&gt;[[Disputatio:Capsicum e carne]], [[Disputatio:Salsa alba]], [[Disputatio:Gruellum Bretonicum]], [[Disputatio:Brodium]]&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi&gt;[[Disputatio:Iuscellum]], [[Disputatio Categoriae:Embammata]],  [[Disputatio Categoriae:Pastilla_panicea]], [[Disputatio:Ius (cibus)]], [[Disputatio:Botulus]]&lt;/bdi&gt;) and then saw that you had worked on all of the pages, so linking the questions to you directly might be better. I understand this topic is difficult because medieval authors were very inaccurate with their terms and rather stole words from their own languages, and even the Latins themselves seem to have used the words to mean a wide range of things that don't quite match the terms moderns use and it's difficult so cypher foods/dishes from text anyway, but it would be nice to at least have some consistency on Vicipaedia. [[Usor:Krken|Krken]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Krken|disputatio]]) 07:32, 15 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:It's difficult finding convincing names. I commented at [[Gruellum Bretonicum]]: I gave quite a bit of thought to that, and chose the medieval term intentionally, but I may not have reached the ideal conclusion after all! I'm too busy just now to spend long on Vicipaedia, but please write about food, please improve where you can. Pages can be moved easily: as a rule, a changed or new lemma should be justified with a footnote. I added a footnote to your well-justified addition of &quot;lupus&quot; under ''[[Esox lucius]]'': &quot;lupus&quot; is in fact more classical, so I moved it up to second place. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 16:32, 15 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::Attestations of lemmata may also help. Where attestations are missing, the formula &quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{FD ref}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot; may want to be attached to lemmata. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 17:49, 15 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:::Greetings, {{Ping|IacobusAmor}} you're quite right. I found attestations for the previous '''lucius''' and the '''lupus''' that Krken added -- if I'd had no time to do that, adding &lt;nowiki&gt;{{FD ref}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; would have been my fallback position. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 18:09, 15 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== Create an article for Peshkopi (Penestae - in Latin) ==
@[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] Hi Andrew! I am LevaneNevale who has communicated with you last year regarding a request made by me to create an article for Peshkopi: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshkopi on Latin Wiki. The title for it should be &quot;Penestae&quot; in Latin. Please can you create the article for Peshkopi on Latin Wiki with short content? Then add it to its corresponding Wikidata page. I would thank you so much if you will create it. Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 10:58, 17 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

:@[[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] Please can you create the article for Peshkopi - Penestae in Latin yourself. Since Andrew isn't responding. Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 20:09, 19 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::@[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] Hi dear Andrew! Please can you create the article for Peshkopi - &quot;Penestae&quot; on Latin Wiki? Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 11:00, 21 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== De nova formula citationum ==
Hi Andrew. If I don't remember wrong, you did not like the {{Fn|Cite book}}, {{Fn|Cite link}}, {{Fn|Cite journal}} templates due to their lack of flexibility. I am creating our own version, a single template that should be able to replace all of them. It's called {{Fn|Opus}} (sorry, the documentation is still minimal), and we can make it do whatever we want. I would like to know what exactly were the shortcomings of our &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Cite ...}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; templates according to you; maybe that will help me improve the {{Fn|Opus}} template accordingly! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:28, 19 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:Thanks for asking, Grufo. My objections were practical, not a matter of principle. 1. I felt it would be better to agree, if we could, on a format, before designing a template ... but I don't know whether we really could ever agree! 2. I feel that bibliographical templates encourage users who are unfamiliar with citations and bibliography to include too much information, to try to fill all the boxes (examples: on English Wikipedia, citing an unsigned news or periodical article, editors often write &quot;staff&quot; in the author space -- without evidence -- so as to fill the box; and sometimes, when citing a periodical, they add details of the publisher. In both cases, a editor who knows about citations would leave those boxes empty). It's hard to give concise advice on things like that, and the result is that Wikipedia bibliographies tend to be padded with unnecessary and distracting detail. However, if you want to make a suitable template, I still say, go ahead. Since I am currently busy elsewhere, I can't offer to help. (But watch out, this may well change!) [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:30, 20 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:: Hi Andrew, I would be very happy to discuss the format! I am not really a big fan of using dots to separate the various fields, although after working on the template, I must admit that it solves several practical obstacles – but I am open to anything. As for filling too many fields, well, in the {{Fn|Opus}} template the only mandatory field is the title. And so
:: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Divina Comoedia
}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
:: will produce
::: {{Opus
	| titulus = Divina Comoedia
}}
:: Everything else is optional. Maybe we could emphasize this aspect! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:25, 20 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]: If you are developing a citation template why would you name it &quot;Opus&quot;? Sure, a citation should refer to some work but unpublished works are not really that useful unless they are well known ancient manuscripts so wouldn't a better name be &quot;Citationem&quot; or even &quot;Publicatio&quot; (excuse my lack of Latin knowledge). It just seems to me, something named &quot;Opus&quot; might be better for something like an Infobox template for creating infoboxes about works or a Navbox about topics related to works, etc. Maybe &quot;Citatio opus&quot; or &quot;Opus cita&quot; would be okay but even something like &quot;Citatio publicatio&quot; (''a la'' {{tlx|citatio libri}}) or maybe &quot;Publicationem citare&quot; sounds better to me. The Opus/work can then be the article/chapter, etc. referred to in that publication (be it a book, magazine, etc.). So then you might have a publication title and a work title (of course they are sometimes the same like novels that are typically published in books with the same title as the work contained within). —[[Usor:Uzume|Uzume]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Uzume|disputatio]]) 13:00, 20 Iulii 2025 (UTC)
:: Hi [[User:Uzume|Uzume]]. The latin word “opus” simply means “work” (noun). The idea is to have a template as generic as possible. Rather than “publicatio”, classical Latin would prefer “editio” (“edere” means “to publish” – for an English speaker it is a bit of a false friend). But as you mentioned, that would limit the template to published works. It would not be much of a problem, really; it is just that “opus” is the most open and generic name that came into my mind. Of course it could also indicate an infobox, but usually here on Latin Wikipedia we add “capsa” (“box”) to infobox templates (e.g. {{Fn|Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}, {{Fn|Capsa insulae}}, and many others). “Citatio” could also work, but we have already the old {{Fn|Citatio}} template, and the two will need to coexist for a while. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:08, 21 Iulii 2025 (UTC)
:::@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]: So can I cite a sculpture, a building, or canal? These could all also be considered works or &quot;Opus&quot; I suppose you could do something limit it via something like &quot;opus litterarium&quot;. I just think &quot;opus&quot; is too general and as a citation it should contain &quot;citation&quot; somehow like &quot;Opus cita&quot; or some such. —[[Usor:Uzume|Uzume]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Uzume|disputatio]]) 00:21, 21 Iulii 2025 (UTC)
:::: @[[Usor:Uzume|Uzume]]: Exactly, the idea was exactly that (I just love [[:en:Robustness principle|Postel's law]])! You can cite a sculpture, a building, or canal :-) It is an experiment, but so far it seems to be working well! I have not finished writing it however. I still have to differentiate the current {{para|series}} parameter into two different parameters: one for the case in which the series is a minor detail (e.g. a collection of books belonging to the same series) and one for the case in which the series is a more important feature (e.g. a journal). I have still to find the right wording, but it is in the back of my mind. Other capabilities will need to be implemented too. As you can see, the nomenclature is left open and generic on purpose. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:28, 21 Iulii 2025 (UTC)

== Wikipedia in Ancient Greek ==
Hi, I have seen that you speak Ancient Greek and I wanted to ask you whether you could please help us improve the Ancient Greek Wikipedia, which [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?hidebots=1&amp;translations=filter&amp;hidecategorization=1&amp;hideWikibase=1&amp;hideWikifunctions=1&amp;limit=500&amp;days=30&amp;urlversion=2&amp;rc-testwiki-project=p&amp;rc-testwiki-code=grc we have been reviving for the past months]. --[[Usor:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Caro de Segeda|disputatio]]) 10:42, 27 Novembris 2025 (UTC)
:Currently I have too little spare time even to work on the Latin Vicipaedia -- so, sadly, I cannot help with ancient Greek right now. I wish you good luck and success! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:48, 27 Novembris 2025 (UTC)
::Thank you for the answer and good luck with the Latin Wikipedia, you are all doing a great job here. [[Usor:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Caro de Segeda|disputatio]]) 17:15, 28 Novembris 2025 (UTC)

== Mensis Martius adest ==
Salve, Andrea. Spero te bene valere. Iam mensis Martius adest; velisne Paginae Mensis nostrae [[Disputatio Vicipaediae:Pagina mensis#2026|opem ferre]]? Vale! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:21, 26 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:Cito respondeo -- Salve optime, mi Grufo! hoc tempore non iam possum sed inter duos menses revenire cupio -- [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:04, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:: Gratias tibi ago ob alacre responsum, Andrea. Gestio te videre in Vicipaediam revenientem! Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:15, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC)

== Dining with the Caesars: written source and collective memory in Suetonius ==

Dear Andrew Dalby, I found your paper &quot;Dining with the Caesars: written source and collective memory in Suetonius” on academia.eu. It is said to have been published in the proceedings of the Oxford Food Symposium, but I cannot find the precise bibliographic details (year and place of publication, page numbers etc.). Could you help me? I would like to cite your paper in a bibliographic overview of Suetonius. Kind regards, Marijke Crab [[Specialis:Conlationes/&amp;#126;2026-21490-69|&amp;#126;2026-21490-69]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:&amp;#126;2026-21490-69|talk]]) 11:41, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

:Dear Marijke, I am glad you found my paper useful. Here is a full citation: 
::Andrew Dalby, ”Dining with the Caesars” in Harlan Walker, ed., ''Food and the memory: proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery'' (Totnes: Prospect Books, 2001. ISBN 978-1-903018-16-3) pp. 62-88.
:[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:03, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== nofendare ==

&lt;nowiki&gt;;&lt;/nowiki&gt;kokkshin0@1234|#crfpinkae [[Specialis:Conlationes/&amp;#126;2026-24722-75|&amp;#126;2026-24722-75]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:&amp;#126;2026-24722-75|talk]]) 08:13, 22 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

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== Latina ==

Hello. I'm looking for Latin translation of descriptions of a few items for Wikidata. Would you help? [[Usor:Eurohunter|Eurohunter]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Eurohunter|disputatio]]) 08:18, 16 Maii 2026 (UTC)

== Sub alia subcriptione his diebus me observabis ==
Revenire in Vicipaediam his diebus volebam, sed superiores mihi dicunt nomen bina authentificatione dare necesse erit quia &lt;s&gt;magistratus&lt;/s&gt; grapheocrates sum. Quomodo et cur inter methodos multiplices huius authentificationis seligam, quomodo efficere, haud iam intellego. Fortasse amicus quis inter vicinos me adiuvare poterit. Ergo pro tempore non Andreas Dalby sed sub hoc nomine (multos annos desueto) videbor ... [[Usor:Andronikos Komnenos|Andronicus Comnenus]] 13:07, 21 Maii 2026 (UTC)

:Salve, Andrea! Bene est, quod certiores nos fecisti, ut Andronici subscriptio tua est. De bina authentificatione nescio, qui modus melior sit, numquam hoc temptabam. Sed non magistratibus illa necessaria est, solum grapheocratis. [[usor:Adam Bishop|Adam Bishop]] iam non est grapheocrates, nemo, nisi tu, iura magistratuum mutare potes. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 08:32, 22 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::Recte dicis, mi Demetri. Diebus proximis de methodis me certiorem facere possum, sine dubio. Quo facto, nomen solitum (et verum!) resumere potebo. [[Usor:Andronikos Komnenos|Andronicus Comnenus]] 12:47, 22 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::: Salve, Andrea! Infeliciter neque ego de duplici authenticatione quicquam scio (eamque odi). Fortasse potes tertium nomen Vicipaedianum creare atque per id periclitari? Spero te solutionem mox inventurum esse. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:42, 22 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::::Salvete amici! Vicino quodam adiuvante, in Vicipaediam nostram bina authenticatione plenaque potestate revenio. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:49, 26 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::::: Euax! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 03:52, 27 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::::::Io! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:50, 27 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::Is that Yo? as in Bush's greeting to Tony Blair, &quot;Yo, Blair!&quot; [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:22, 28 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::Etiamnunc, sed rarius, nomen Andronici Comneni subscribo, quando paginas Vicipaedicas e telephono mobili aut e tabula in rebus minoribus emendo. His &quot;mediis&quot; facilius nomen sine duplici authenticatione dare possum. (NB: de tabula electronica, non cuneiforma, scribo.) [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:57, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== Alius mensis adest ==
Salve Andrea! Alius mensis adest et adhuc paginā mensis caremus. Visne [[Disputatio Vicipaediae:Pagina mensis#2026|adiuvare]] ad novas paginas mensium inveniendas? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:44, 27 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:Propositionem feci: vide [[VP:Pam]]. Alias paginas in mente habeo proponere: enumerationem ad approbationem aliorum ibidem addere volo. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:56, 28 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:: Gratias tibi ago, Andrea! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:23, 28 Maii 2026 (UTC)

== About the confusing warning ==
Hi Andrew! I saw [[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel#c-Andronikos Komnenos-20260629103400-Grufo-20260627052800|your comment]] (via Andronicus Comnenus) at {{Caput|Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|Pagina “Spider-Man” facta est adumbratio}}. I am sorry if that warning confused you. The idea is that if there is an “adumbratio” there shouldn't be a page at the same time. So if that happens and you edit the page, it simply tells you that there is an “adumbratio” that shouldn't exist (basically it invites you to inspect it, and in case, turn it into a redirect, although this second part is not explicitly written). If you want I can make it more explicit. At the moment the warning says:
: “Etiam pagina “[[Adumbratio:Bla bla bla]]” exsistit! Suademus ut illam inspicias prius quam hanc paginam recenseas.”
I could make it become
: “Etiam pagina “[[Adumbratio:Bla bla bla]]” exsistit! Suademus ut illam inspicias et, si opus est, ad redirectionem vertas prius quam hanc paginam recenseas.”
What do you think? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 20:33, 2 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
:: {{Tpe|Nova}} Sententiam sicut supra scripsi [[Special:Diff/3951634/3969583|mutavi]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:48, 2 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
::: [I'm travelling at present, therefore logging in this way!] I see what you intended, Grufo. I expect it worked well, and I wouldn't have pressed you to change it -- but the change you have now made seems a good idea. When I saw that Jondel was at work at that moment, it was clear to me why the two pages temporarily existed and I retreated. There's plenty of time for editing, and lots to edit! [[Usor:Andronikos Komnenos|Andronicus Comnenus]] 15:45, 3 Iulii 2026 (UTC)

== Courtesy Call ==
Just saying hello! :) and let's get back to work, renew the daily wiki grind here at vicipaedia! All the best!---[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]])
:Here is an Andrew replying, even if not the Andrew you expect. I'm glad to see you around, Jondel. All the best [[Usor:Andronikos Komnenos|Andronicus Comnenus]] 15:46, 3 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
Thank you. Nice to see you guys. Are you (still) studying German?--[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]])
:No, Jondel, I don't really do German (though I sometimes have to try to read it). I did take some lessons from a neighbour a few years ago: maybe I told you that?
:By the way, to be clear about it, &quot;Andronicus Comnenus&quot; is a name that I use when travelling -- because as &quot;Andrew Dalby&quot;, a bureaucrat on Vicipaedia, I have to do double authentication, and I haven't learned how to do it on my phone or tablet. I am addicted to Vicipaedia, so I have to log in somehow! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:28, 20 Iulii 2026 (UTC)

== Vandalismus ==

[[Specialis:Conlationes/NDG]] - 100% lingua latina destructa est. [[Usor:Kalligraphiemonk|Kalligraphiemonk]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Kalligraphiemonk|disputatio]]) 17:28, 25 Iulii 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>s1ry3ppppt7y2g2mo30e34onit0shbf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974599</id>
      <parentid>3974598</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T17:31:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kalligraphiemonk</username>
        <id>212594</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Vandalismus */</comment>
      <origin>3974599</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="23520" sha1="60mdf4j86bt9bz3cdeca55wf2bi1smf" xml:space="preserve">{{Hic sunt tabularia disputationum}}

Disputationes anteriores hic habes: [[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby/Tabularium 1|Tabularium 1]], [[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby/Tabularium 2|Tabularium 2]], [[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby/Tabularium 3|Tabularium 3]], [[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby/Tabularium 4|Tabularium 4]]. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:04, 27 Martii 2009 (UTC)

== Άρης Neograece ==
{{Accepta|Disputatio:Andreas Dalby|Άρης Neograece}}

Salve, Andrea, dubius sum, quomodo verba Neograeca apud nos tractanda sint. Videas quaeso commentationem quam de [[Μήλα (pellicula 2020)]] nuper scripsi. Utrum Latine ''Mila'' an ''Mela'' and ''Mēla'' scribam? Et Άρης Σερβετάλης histrio: Utrum ''Aris Servetalis'' an ''Ares Servetales''? [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:34, 10 Ianuarii 2025 (UTC)

:Quamquam ego Andreas non sum, nolo silere de modo quo Theodisce res tractatur: Neograeca (nomina propria praesertim) saepissime modum in antiquum transscribi solent. Inde ego praeferrem res Neograecas modum in veterem Latine reddere [[Usor:Giorno2|Giorno2]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Giorno2|disputatio]]) 18:39, 10 Ianuarii 2025 (UTC)

::Vide etiam hanc paginam: [[Vicipaedia:Translitteratio]]. [[Usor:Lesgles|Lesgles]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Lesgles|disputatio]]) 16:55, 12 Ianuarii 2025 (UTC)
:::Date veniam: pro tempore rarius apud Vicipaediam versor. Tribus rationibus translitterationem classicam nominum Neograecorum commendo: primo quod lingua Latina utimur atque hoc modo antiqui lingua nostra utentes verba Graeca in Latina convertebant; secundo quod nullam translitterationem hodiernam sine ambiguitate, sine incongruitate, sine inconsistentia reperire possumus; tertio quia eruditi scientifici, qui etiam hodie neologismos Graecos vel Graecolatinos creant, saepius translitteratione Latina uti solent. Salvete! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 21:13, 12 Ianuarii 2025 (UTC)
:::: Gratias omnibus vobis ago. Ipse quoque ita ut dicitis faciendum esse cogitavi. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 14:34, 13 Ianuarii 2025 (UTC)

== Foods in Latin questions ==
Hello, I wrote a couple of questions on different pages related to food (&lt;bdi&gt;[[Disputatio:Capsicum e carne]], [[Disputatio:Salsa alba]], [[Disputatio:Gruellum Bretonicum]], [[Disputatio:Brodium]]&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi&gt;[[Disputatio:Iuscellum]], [[Disputatio Categoriae:Embammata]], [[Disputatio Categoriae:Pastilla_panicea]], [[Disputatio:Ius (cibus)]], [[Disputatio:Botulus]]&lt;/bdi&gt;) and then saw that you had worked on all of the pages, so linking the questions to you directly might be better. I understand this topic is difficult because medieval authors were very inaccurate with their terms and rather stole words from their own languages, and even the Latins themselves seem to have used the words to mean a wide range of things that don't quite match the terms moderns use and it's difficult so cypher foods/dishes from text anyway, but it would be nice to at least have some consistency on Vicipaedia. [[Usor:Krken|Krken]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Krken|disputatio]]) 07:32, 15 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:It's difficult finding convincing names. I commented at [[Gruellum Bretonicum]]: I gave quite a bit of thought to that, and chose the medieval term intentionally, but I may not have reached the ideal conclusion after all! I'm too busy just now to spend long on Vicipaedia, but please write about food, please improve where you can. Pages can be moved easily: as a rule, a changed or new lemma should be justified with a footnote. I added a footnote to your well-justified addition of &quot;lupus&quot; under ''[[Esox lucius]]'': &quot;lupus&quot; is in fact more classical, so I moved it up to second place. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 16:32, 15 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::Attestations of lemmata may also help. Where attestations are missing, the formula &quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{FD ref}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot; may want to be attached to lemmata. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 17:49, 15 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:::Greetings, {{Ping|IacobusAmor}} you're quite right. I found attestations for the previous '''lucius''' and the '''lupus''' that Krken added -- if I'd had no time to do that, adding &lt;nowiki&gt;{{FD ref}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; would have been my fallback position. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 18:09, 15 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== Create an article for Peshkopi (Penestae - in Latin) ==
@[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] Hi Andrew! I am LevaneNevale who has communicated with you last year regarding a request made by me to create an article for Peshkopi: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshkopi on Latin Wiki. The title for it should be &quot;Penestae&quot; in Latin. Please can you create the article for Peshkopi on Latin Wiki with short content? Then add it to its corresponding Wikidata page. I would thank you so much if you will create it. Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 10:58, 17 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

:@[[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] Please can you create the article for Peshkopi - Penestae in Latin yourself. Since Andrew isn't responding. Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 20:09, 19 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::@[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] Hi dear Andrew! Please can you create the article for Peshkopi - &quot;Penestae&quot; on Latin Wiki? Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 11:00, 21 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== De nova formula citationum ==
Hi Andrew. If I don't remember wrong, you did not like the {{Fn|Cite book}}, {{Fn|Cite link}}, {{Fn|Cite journal}} templates due to their lack of flexibility. I am creating our own version, a single template that should be able to replace all of them. It's called {{Fn|Opus}} (sorry, the documentation is still minimal), and we can make it do whatever we want. I would like to know what exactly were the shortcomings of our &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Cite ...}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; templates according to you; maybe that will help me improve the {{Fn|Opus}} template accordingly! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:28, 19 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:Thanks for asking, Grufo. My objections were practical, not a matter of principle. 1. I felt it would be better to agree, if we could, on a format, before designing a template ... but I don't know whether we really could ever agree! 2. I feel that bibliographical templates encourage users who are unfamiliar with citations and bibliography to include too much information, to try to fill all the boxes (examples: on English Wikipedia, citing an unsigned news or periodical article, editors often write &quot;staff&quot; in the author space -- without evidence -- so as to fill the box; and sometimes, when citing a periodical, they add details of the publisher. In both cases, a editor who knows about citations would leave those boxes empty). It's hard to give concise advice on things like that, and the result is that Wikipedia bibliographies tend to be padded with unnecessary and distracting detail. However, if you want to make a suitable template, I still say, go ahead. Since I am currently busy elsewhere, I can't offer to help. (But watch out, this may well change!) [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:30, 20 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:: Hi Andrew, I would be very happy to discuss the format! I am not really a big fan of using dots to separate the various fields, although after working on the template, I must admit that it solves several practical obstacles – but I am open to anything. As for filling too many fields, well, in the {{Fn|Opus}} template the only mandatory field is the title. And so
:: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Divina Comoedia
}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
:: will produce
::: {{Opus
	| titulus = Divina Comoedia
}}
:: Everything else is optional. Maybe we could emphasize this aspect! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:25, 20 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]: If you are developing a citation template why would you name it &quot;Opus&quot;? Sure, a citation should refer to some work but unpublished works are not really that useful unless they are well known ancient manuscripts so wouldn't a better name be &quot;Citationem&quot; or even &quot;Publicatio&quot; (excuse my lack of Latin knowledge). It just seems to me, something named &quot;Opus&quot; might be better for something like an Infobox template for creating infoboxes about works or a Navbox about topics related to works, etc. Maybe &quot;Citatio opus&quot; or &quot;Opus cita&quot; would be okay but even something like &quot;Citatio publicatio&quot; (''a la'' {{tlx|citatio libri}}) or maybe &quot;Publicationem citare&quot; sounds better to me. The Opus/work can then be the article/chapter, etc. referred to in that publication (be it a book, magazine, etc.). So then you might have a publication title and a work title (of course they are sometimes the same like novels that are typically published in books with the same title as the work contained within). —[[Usor:Uzume|Uzume]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Uzume|disputatio]]) 13:00, 20 Iulii 2025 (UTC)
:: Hi [[User:Uzume|Uzume]]. The latin word “opus” simply means “work” (noun). The idea is to have a template as generic as possible. Rather than “publicatio”, classical Latin would prefer “editio” (“edere” means “to publish” – for an English speaker it is a bit of a false friend). But as you mentioned, that would limit the template to published works. It would not be much of a problem, really; it is just that “opus” is the most open and generic name that came into my mind. Of course it could also indicate an infobox, but usually here on Latin Wikipedia we add “capsa” (“box”) to infobox templates (e.g. {{Fn|Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}, {{Fn|Capsa insulae}}, and many others). “Citatio” could also work, but we have already the old {{Fn|Citatio}} template, and the two will need to coexist for a while. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:08, 21 Iulii 2025 (UTC)
:::@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]: So can I cite a sculpture, a building, or canal? These could all also be considered works or &quot;Opus&quot; I suppose you could do something limit it via something like &quot;opus litterarium&quot;. I just think &quot;opus&quot; is too general and as a citation it should contain &quot;citation&quot; somehow like &quot;Opus cita&quot; or some such. —[[Usor:Uzume|Uzume]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Uzume|disputatio]]) 00:21, 21 Iulii 2025 (UTC)
:::: @[[Usor:Uzume|Uzume]]: Exactly, the idea was exactly that (I just love [[:en:Robustness principle|Postel's law]])! You can cite a sculpture, a building, or canal :-) It is an experiment, but so far it seems to be working well! I have not finished writing it however. I still have to differentiate the current {{para|series}} parameter into two different parameters: one for the case in which the series is a minor detail (e.g. a collection of books belonging to the same series) and one for the case in which the series is a more important feature (e.g. a journal). I have still to find the right wording, but it is in the back of my mind. Other capabilities will need to be implemented too. As you can see, the nomenclature is left open and generic on purpose. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:28, 21 Iulii 2025 (UTC)

== Wikipedia in Ancient Greek ==
Hi, I have seen that you speak Ancient Greek and I wanted to ask you whether you could please help us improve the Ancient Greek Wikipedia, which [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?hidebots=1&amp;translations=filter&amp;hidecategorization=1&amp;hideWikibase=1&amp;hideWikifunctions=1&amp;limit=500&amp;days=30&amp;urlversion=2&amp;rc-testwiki-project=p&amp;rc-testwiki-code=grc we have been reviving for the past months]. --[[Usor:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Caro de Segeda|disputatio]]) 10:42, 27 Novembris 2025 (UTC)
:Currently I have too little spare time even to work on the Latin Vicipaedia -- so, sadly, I cannot help with ancient Greek right now. I wish you good luck and success! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:48, 27 Novembris 2025 (UTC)
::Thank you for the answer and good luck with the Latin Wikipedia, you are all doing a great job here. [[Usor:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Caro de Segeda|disputatio]]) 17:15, 28 Novembris 2025 (UTC)

== Mensis Martius adest ==
Salve, Andrea. Spero te bene valere. Iam mensis Martius adest; velisne Paginae Mensis nostrae [[Disputatio Vicipaediae:Pagina mensis#2026|opem ferre]]? Vale! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:21, 26 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:Cito respondeo -- Salve optime, mi Grufo! hoc tempore non iam possum sed inter duos menses revenire cupio -- [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:04, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:: Gratias tibi ago ob alacre responsum, Andrea. Gestio te videre in Vicipaediam revenientem! Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:15, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC)

== Dining with the Caesars: written source and collective memory in Suetonius ==

Dear Andrew Dalby, I found your paper &quot;Dining with the Caesars: written source and collective memory in Suetonius” on academia.eu. It is said to have been published in the proceedings of the Oxford Food Symposium, but I cannot find the precise bibliographic details (year and place of publication, page numbers etc.). Could you help me? I would like to cite your paper in a bibliographic overview of Suetonius. Kind regards, Marijke Crab [[Specialis:Conlationes/&amp;#126;2026-21490-69|&amp;#126;2026-21490-69]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:&amp;#126;2026-21490-69|talk]]) 11:41, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

:Dear Marijke, I am glad you found my paper useful. Here is a full citation: 
::Andrew Dalby, ”Dining with the Caesars” in Harlan Walker, ed., ''Food and the memory: proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery'' (Totnes: Prospect Books, 2001. ISBN 978-1-903018-16-3) pp. 62-88.
:[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:03, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== nofendare ==

&lt;nowiki&gt;;&lt;/nowiki&gt;kokkshin0@1234|#crfpinkae [[Specialis:Conlationes/&amp;#126;2026-24722-75|&amp;#126;2026-24722-75]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:&amp;#126;2026-24722-75|talk]]) 08:13, 22 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

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== Latina ==

Hello. I'm looking for Latin translation of descriptions of a few items for Wikidata. Would you help? [[Usor:Eurohunter|Eurohunter]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Eurohunter|disputatio]]) 08:18, 16 Maii 2026 (UTC)

== Sub alia subcriptione his diebus me observabis ==
Revenire in Vicipaediam his diebus volebam, sed superiores mihi dicunt nomen bina authentificatione dare necesse erit quia &lt;s&gt;magistratus&lt;/s&gt; grapheocrates sum. Quomodo et cur inter methodos multiplices huius authentificationis seligam, quomodo efficere, haud iam intellego. Fortasse amicus quis inter vicinos me adiuvare poterit. Ergo pro tempore non Andreas Dalby sed sub hoc nomine (multos annos desueto) videbor ... [[Usor:Andronikos Komnenos|Andronicus Comnenus]] 13:07, 21 Maii 2026 (UTC)

:Salve, Andrea! Bene est, quod certiores nos fecisti, ut Andronici subscriptio tua est. De bina authentificatione nescio, qui modus melior sit, numquam hoc temptabam. Sed non magistratibus illa necessaria est, solum grapheocratis. [[usor:Adam Bishop|Adam Bishop]] iam non est grapheocrates, nemo, nisi tu, iura magistratuum mutare potes. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 08:32, 22 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::Recte dicis, mi Demetri. Diebus proximis de methodis me certiorem facere possum, sine dubio. Quo facto, nomen solitum (et verum!) resumere potebo. [[Usor:Andronikos Komnenos|Andronicus Comnenus]] 12:47, 22 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::: Salve, Andrea! Infeliciter neque ego de duplici authenticatione quicquam scio (eamque odi). Fortasse potes tertium nomen Vicipaedianum creare atque per id periclitari? Spero te solutionem mox inventurum esse. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:42, 22 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::::Salvete amici! Vicino quodam adiuvante, in Vicipaediam nostram bina authenticatione plenaque potestate revenio. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:49, 26 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::::: Euax! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 03:52, 27 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::::::Io! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:50, 27 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::Is that Yo? as in Bush's greeting to Tony Blair, &quot;Yo, Blair!&quot; [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:22, 28 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::Etiamnunc, sed rarius, nomen Andronici Comneni subscribo, quando paginas Vicipaedicas e telephono mobili aut e tabula in rebus minoribus emendo. His &quot;mediis&quot; facilius nomen sine duplici authenticatione dare possum. (NB: de tabula electronica, non cuneiforma, scribo.) [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:57, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== Alius mensis adest ==
Salve Andrea! Alius mensis adest et adhuc paginā mensis caremus. Visne [[Disputatio Vicipaediae:Pagina mensis#2026|adiuvare]] ad novas paginas mensium inveniendas? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:44, 27 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:Propositionem feci: vide [[VP:Pam]]. Alias paginas in mente habeo proponere: enumerationem ad approbationem aliorum ibidem addere volo. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:56, 28 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:: Gratias tibi ago, Andrea! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:23, 28 Maii 2026 (UTC)

== About the confusing warning ==
Hi Andrew! I saw [[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel#c-Andronikos Komnenos-20260629103400-Grufo-20260627052800|your comment]] (via Andronicus Comnenus) at {{Caput|Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|Pagina “Spider-Man” facta est adumbratio}}. I am sorry if that warning confused you. The idea is that if there is an “adumbratio” there shouldn't be a page at the same time. So if that happens and you edit the page, it simply tells you that there is an “adumbratio” that shouldn't exist (basically it invites you to inspect it, and in case, turn it into a redirect, although this second part is not explicitly written). If you want I can make it more explicit. At the moment the warning says:
: “Etiam pagina “[[Adumbratio:Bla bla bla]]” exsistit! Suademus ut illam inspicias prius quam hanc paginam recenseas.”
I could make it become
: “Etiam pagina “[[Adumbratio:Bla bla bla]]” exsistit! Suademus ut illam inspicias et, si opus est, ad redirectionem vertas prius quam hanc paginam recenseas.”
What do you think? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 20:33, 2 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
:: {{Tpe|Nova}} Sententiam sicut supra scripsi [[Special:Diff/3951634/3969583|mutavi]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:48, 2 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
::: [I'm travelling at present, therefore logging in this way!] I see what you intended, Grufo. I expect it worked well, and I wouldn't have pressed you to change it -- but the change you have now made seems a good idea. When I saw that Jondel was at work at that moment, it was clear to me why the two pages temporarily existed and I retreated. There's plenty of time for editing, and lots to edit! [[Usor:Andronikos Komnenos|Andronicus Comnenus]] 15:45, 3 Iulii 2026 (UTC)

== Courtesy Call ==
Just saying hello! :) and let's get back to work, renew the daily wiki grind here at vicipaedia! All the best!---[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]])
:Here is an Andrew replying, even if not the Andrew you expect. I'm glad to see you around, Jondel. All the best [[Usor:Andronikos Komnenos|Andronicus Comnenus]] 15:46, 3 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
Thank you. Nice to see you guys. Are you (still) studying German?--[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]])
:No, Jondel, I don't really do German (though I sometimes have to try to read it). I did take some lessons from a neighbour a few years ago: maybe I told you that?
:By the way, to be clear about it, &quot;Andronicus Comnenus&quot; is a name that I use when travelling -- because as &quot;Andrew Dalby&quot;, a bureaucrat on Vicipaedia, I have to do double authentication, and I haven't learned how to do it on my phone or tablet. I am addicted to Vicipaedia, so I have to log in somehow! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:28, 20 Iulii 2026 (UTC)

== Vandalismus ==

Exemplum: [https://la.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahathir_Mohamad&amp;diff=3946147&amp;oldid=3946144 Malaesia &gt; Malaysia], etc... [[Specialis:Conlationes/NDG]] - 100% lingua latina destructa est. [[Usor:Kalligraphiemonk|Kalligraphiemonk]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Kalligraphiemonk|disputatio]]) 17:28, 25 Iulii 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>60mdf4j86bt9bz3cdeca55wf2bi1smf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974616</id>
      <parentid>3974599</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T19:11:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Vandalismus */</comment>
      <origin>3974616</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="23742" sha1="0fhbu11mtyz1msj21fpfe2vpv5z1xi4" xml:space="preserve">{{Hic sunt tabularia disputationum}}

Disputationes anteriores hic habes: [[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby/Tabularium 1|Tabularium 1]], [[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby/Tabularium 2|Tabularium 2]], [[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby/Tabularium 3|Tabularium 3]], [[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby/Tabularium 4|Tabularium 4]]. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:04, 27 Martii 2009 (UTC)

== Άρης Neograece ==
{{Accepta|Disputatio:Andreas Dalby|Άρης Neograece}}

Salve, Andrea, dubius sum, quomodo verba Neograeca apud nos tractanda sint. Videas quaeso commentationem quam de [[Μήλα (pellicula 2020)]] nuper scripsi. Utrum Latine ''Mila'' an ''Mela'' and ''Mēla'' scribam? Et Άρης Σερβετάλης histrio: Utrum ''Aris Servetalis'' an ''Ares Servetales''? [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:34, 10 Ianuarii 2025 (UTC)

:Quamquam ego Andreas non sum, nolo silere de modo quo Theodisce res tractatur: Neograeca (nomina propria praesertim) saepissime modum in antiquum transscribi solent. Inde ego praeferrem res Neograecas modum in veterem Latine reddere [[Usor:Giorno2|Giorno2]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Giorno2|disputatio]]) 18:39, 10 Ianuarii 2025 (UTC)

::Vide etiam hanc paginam: [[Vicipaedia:Translitteratio]]. [[Usor:Lesgles|Lesgles]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Lesgles|disputatio]]) 16:55, 12 Ianuarii 2025 (UTC)
:::Date veniam: pro tempore rarius apud Vicipaediam versor. Tribus rationibus translitterationem classicam nominum Neograecorum commendo: primo quod lingua Latina utimur atque hoc modo antiqui lingua nostra utentes verba Graeca in Latina convertebant; secundo quod nullam translitterationem hodiernam sine ambiguitate, sine incongruitate, sine inconsistentia reperire possumus; tertio quia eruditi scientifici, qui etiam hodie neologismos Graecos vel Graecolatinos creant, saepius translitteratione Latina uti solent. Salvete! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 21:13, 12 Ianuarii 2025 (UTC)
:::: Gratias omnibus vobis ago. Ipse quoque ita ut dicitis faciendum esse cogitavi. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 14:34, 13 Ianuarii 2025 (UTC)

== Foods in Latin questions ==
Hello, I wrote a couple of questions on different pages related to food (&lt;bdi&gt;[[Disputatio:Capsicum e carne]], [[Disputatio:Salsa alba]], [[Disputatio:Gruellum Bretonicum]], [[Disputatio:Brodium]]&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi&gt;[[Disputatio:Iuscellum]], [[Disputatio Categoriae:Embammata]], [[Disputatio Categoriae:Pastilla_panicea]], [[Disputatio:Ius (cibus)]], [[Disputatio:Botulus]]&lt;/bdi&gt;) and then saw that you had worked on all of the pages, so linking the questions to you directly might be better. I understand this topic is difficult because medieval authors were very inaccurate with their terms and rather stole words from their own languages, and even the Latins themselves seem to have used the words to mean a wide range of things that don't quite match the terms moderns use and it's difficult so cypher foods/dishes from text anyway, but it would be nice to at least have some consistency on Vicipaedia. [[Usor:Krken|Krken]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Krken|disputatio]]) 07:32, 15 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:It's difficult finding convincing names. I commented at [[Gruellum Bretonicum]]: I gave quite a bit of thought to that, and chose the medieval term intentionally, but I may not have reached the ideal conclusion after all! I'm too busy just now to spend long on Vicipaedia, but please write about food, please improve where you can. Pages can be moved easily: as a rule, a changed or new lemma should be justified with a footnote. I added a footnote to your well-justified addition of &quot;lupus&quot; under ''[[Esox lucius]]'': &quot;lupus&quot; is in fact more classical, so I moved it up to second place. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 16:32, 15 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::Attestations of lemmata may also help. Where attestations are missing, the formula &quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{FD ref}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot; may want to be attached to lemmata. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 17:49, 15 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:::Greetings, {{Ping|IacobusAmor}} you're quite right. I found attestations for the previous '''lucius''' and the '''lupus''' that Krken added -- if I'd had no time to do that, adding &lt;nowiki&gt;{{FD ref}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; would have been my fallback position. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 18:09, 15 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== Create an article for Peshkopi (Penestae - in Latin) ==
@[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] Hi Andrew! I am LevaneNevale who has communicated with you last year regarding a request made by me to create an article for Peshkopi: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshkopi on Latin Wiki. The title for it should be &quot;Penestae&quot; in Latin. Please can you create the article for Peshkopi on Latin Wiki with short content? Then add it to its corresponding Wikidata page. I would thank you so much if you will create it. Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 10:58, 17 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

:@[[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] Please can you create the article for Peshkopi - Penestae in Latin yourself. Since Andrew isn't responding. Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 20:09, 19 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::@[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] Hi dear Andrew! Please can you create the article for Peshkopi - &quot;Penestae&quot; on Latin Wiki? Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 11:00, 21 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== De nova formula citationum ==
Hi Andrew. If I don't remember wrong, you did not like the {{Fn|Cite book}}, {{Fn|Cite link}}, {{Fn|Cite journal}} templates due to their lack of flexibility. I am creating our own version, a single template that should be able to replace all of them. It's called {{Fn|Opus}} (sorry, the documentation is still minimal), and we can make it do whatever we want. I would like to know what exactly were the shortcomings of our &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Cite ...}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; templates according to you; maybe that will help me improve the {{Fn|Opus}} template accordingly! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:28, 19 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:Thanks for asking, Grufo. My objections were practical, not a matter of principle. 1. I felt it would be better to agree, if we could, on a format, before designing a template ... but I don't know whether we really could ever agree! 2. I feel that bibliographical templates encourage users who are unfamiliar with citations and bibliography to include too much information, to try to fill all the boxes (examples: on English Wikipedia, citing an unsigned news or periodical article, editors often write &quot;staff&quot; in the author space -- without evidence -- so as to fill the box; and sometimes, when citing a periodical, they add details of the publisher. In both cases, a editor who knows about citations would leave those boxes empty). It's hard to give concise advice on things like that, and the result is that Wikipedia bibliographies tend to be padded with unnecessary and distracting detail. However, if you want to make a suitable template, I still say, go ahead. Since I am currently busy elsewhere, I can't offer to help. (But watch out, this may well change!) [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:30, 20 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:: Hi Andrew, I would be very happy to discuss the format! I am not really a big fan of using dots to separate the various fields, although after working on the template, I must admit that it solves several practical obstacles – but I am open to anything. As for filling too many fields, well, in the {{Fn|Opus}} template the only mandatory field is the title. And so
:: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Divina Comoedia
}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
:: will produce
::: {{Opus
	| titulus = Divina Comoedia
}}
:: Everything else is optional. Maybe we could emphasize this aspect! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:25, 20 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]: If you are developing a citation template why would you name it &quot;Opus&quot;? Sure, a citation should refer to some work but unpublished works are not really that useful unless they are well known ancient manuscripts so wouldn't a better name be &quot;Citationem&quot; or even &quot;Publicatio&quot; (excuse my lack of Latin knowledge). It just seems to me, something named &quot;Opus&quot; might be better for something like an Infobox template for creating infoboxes about works or a Navbox about topics related to works, etc. Maybe &quot;Citatio opus&quot; or &quot;Opus cita&quot; would be okay but even something like &quot;Citatio publicatio&quot; (''a la'' {{tlx|citatio libri}}) or maybe &quot;Publicationem citare&quot; sounds better to me. The Opus/work can then be the article/chapter, etc. referred to in that publication (be it a book, magazine, etc.). So then you might have a publication title and a work title (of course they are sometimes the same like novels that are typically published in books with the same title as the work contained within). —[[Usor:Uzume|Uzume]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Uzume|disputatio]]) 13:00, 20 Iulii 2025 (UTC)
:: Hi [[User:Uzume|Uzume]]. The latin word “opus” simply means “work” (noun). The idea is to have a template as generic as possible. Rather than “publicatio”, classical Latin would prefer “editio” (“edere” means “to publish” – for an English speaker it is a bit of a false friend). But as you mentioned, that would limit the template to published works. It would not be much of a problem, really; it is just that “opus” is the most open and generic name that came into my mind. Of course it could also indicate an infobox, but usually here on Latin Wikipedia we add “capsa” (“box”) to infobox templates (e.g. {{Fn|Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}, {{Fn|Capsa insulae}}, and many others). “Citatio” could also work, but we have already the old {{Fn|Citatio}} template, and the two will need to coexist for a while. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:08, 21 Iulii 2025 (UTC)
:::@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]: So can I cite a sculpture, a building, or canal? These could all also be considered works or &quot;Opus&quot; I suppose you could do something limit it via something like &quot;opus litterarium&quot;. I just think &quot;opus&quot; is too general and as a citation it should contain &quot;citation&quot; somehow like &quot;Opus cita&quot; or some such. —[[Usor:Uzume|Uzume]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Uzume|disputatio]]) 00:21, 21 Iulii 2025 (UTC)
:::: @[[Usor:Uzume|Uzume]]: Exactly, the idea was exactly that (I just love [[:en:Robustness principle|Postel's law]])! You can cite a sculpture, a building, or canal :-) It is an experiment, but so far it seems to be working well! I have not finished writing it however. I still have to differentiate the current {{para|series}} parameter into two different parameters: one for the case in which the series is a minor detail (e.g. a collection of books belonging to the same series) and one for the case in which the series is a more important feature (e.g. a journal). I have still to find the right wording, but it is in the back of my mind. Other capabilities will need to be implemented too. As you can see, the nomenclature is left open and generic on purpose. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:28, 21 Iulii 2025 (UTC)

== Wikipedia in Ancient Greek ==
Hi, I have seen that you speak Ancient Greek and I wanted to ask you whether you could please help us improve the Ancient Greek Wikipedia, which [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?hidebots=1&amp;translations=filter&amp;hidecategorization=1&amp;hideWikibase=1&amp;hideWikifunctions=1&amp;limit=500&amp;days=30&amp;urlversion=2&amp;rc-testwiki-project=p&amp;rc-testwiki-code=grc we have been reviving for the past months]. --[[Usor:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Caro de Segeda|disputatio]]) 10:42, 27 Novembris 2025 (UTC)
:Currently I have too little spare time even to work on the Latin Vicipaedia -- so, sadly, I cannot help with ancient Greek right now. I wish you good luck and success! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:48, 27 Novembris 2025 (UTC)
::Thank you for the answer and good luck with the Latin Wikipedia, you are all doing a great job here. [[Usor:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Caro de Segeda|disputatio]]) 17:15, 28 Novembris 2025 (UTC)

== Mensis Martius adest ==
Salve, Andrea. Spero te bene valere. Iam mensis Martius adest; velisne Paginae Mensis nostrae [[Disputatio Vicipaediae:Pagina mensis#2026|opem ferre]]? Vale! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:21, 26 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:Cito respondeo -- Salve optime, mi Grufo! hoc tempore non iam possum sed inter duos menses revenire cupio -- [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:04, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:: Gratias tibi ago ob alacre responsum, Andrea. Gestio te videre in Vicipaediam revenientem! Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:15, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC)

== Dining with the Caesars: written source and collective memory in Suetonius ==

Dear Andrew Dalby, I found your paper &quot;Dining with the Caesars: written source and collective memory in Suetonius” on academia.eu. It is said to have been published in the proceedings of the Oxford Food Symposium, but I cannot find the precise bibliographic details (year and place of publication, page numbers etc.). Could you help me? I would like to cite your paper in a bibliographic overview of Suetonius. Kind regards, Marijke Crab [[Specialis:Conlationes/&amp;#126;2026-21490-69|&amp;#126;2026-21490-69]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:&amp;#126;2026-21490-69|talk]]) 11:41, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

:Dear Marijke, I am glad you found my paper useful. Here is a full citation: 
::Andrew Dalby, ”Dining with the Caesars” in Harlan Walker, ed., ''Food and the memory: proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery'' (Totnes: Prospect Books, 2001. ISBN 978-1-903018-16-3) pp. 62-88.
:[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:03, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== nofendare ==

&lt;nowiki&gt;;&lt;/nowiki&gt;kokkshin0@1234|#crfpinkae [[Specialis:Conlationes/&amp;#126;2026-24722-75|&amp;#126;2026-24722-75]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:&amp;#126;2026-24722-75|talk]]) 08:13, 22 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

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== Latina ==

Hello. I'm looking for Latin translation of descriptions of a few items for Wikidata. Would you help? [[Usor:Eurohunter|Eurohunter]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Eurohunter|disputatio]]) 08:18, 16 Maii 2026 (UTC)

== Sub alia subcriptione his diebus me observabis ==
Revenire in Vicipaediam his diebus volebam, sed superiores mihi dicunt nomen bina authentificatione dare necesse erit quia &lt;s&gt;magistratus&lt;/s&gt; grapheocrates sum. Quomodo et cur inter methodos multiplices huius authentificationis seligam, quomodo efficere, haud iam intellego. Fortasse amicus quis inter vicinos me adiuvare poterit. Ergo pro tempore non Andreas Dalby sed sub hoc nomine (multos annos desueto) videbor ... [[Usor:Andronikos Komnenos|Andronicus Comnenus]] 13:07, 21 Maii 2026 (UTC)

:Salve, Andrea! Bene est, quod certiores nos fecisti, ut Andronici subscriptio tua est. De bina authentificatione nescio, qui modus melior sit, numquam hoc temptabam. Sed non magistratibus illa necessaria est, solum grapheocratis. [[usor:Adam Bishop|Adam Bishop]] iam non est grapheocrates, nemo, nisi tu, iura magistratuum mutare potes. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 08:32, 22 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::Recte dicis, mi Demetri. Diebus proximis de methodis me certiorem facere possum, sine dubio. Quo facto, nomen solitum (et verum!) resumere potebo. [[Usor:Andronikos Komnenos|Andronicus Comnenus]] 12:47, 22 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::: Salve, Andrea! Infeliciter neque ego de duplici authenticatione quicquam scio (eamque odi). Fortasse potes tertium nomen Vicipaedianum creare atque per id periclitari? Spero te solutionem mox inventurum esse. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:42, 22 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::::Salvete amici! Vicino quodam adiuvante, in Vicipaediam nostram bina authenticatione plenaque potestate revenio. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:49, 26 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::::: Euax! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 03:52, 27 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::::::Io! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:50, 27 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::Is that Yo? as in Bush's greeting to Tony Blair, &quot;Yo, Blair!&quot; [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:22, 28 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::Etiamnunc, sed rarius, nomen Andronici Comneni subscribo, quando paginas Vicipaedicas e telephono mobili aut e tabula in rebus minoribus emendo. His &quot;mediis&quot; facilius nomen sine duplici authenticatione dare possum. (NB: de tabula electronica, non cuneiforma, scribo.) [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:57, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== Alius mensis adest ==
Salve Andrea! Alius mensis adest et adhuc paginā mensis caremus. Visne [[Disputatio Vicipaediae:Pagina mensis#2026|adiuvare]] ad novas paginas mensium inveniendas? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:44, 27 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:Propositionem feci: vide [[VP:Pam]]. Alias paginas in mente habeo proponere: enumerationem ad approbationem aliorum ibidem addere volo. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:56, 28 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:: Gratias tibi ago, Andrea! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:23, 28 Maii 2026 (UTC)

== About the confusing warning ==
Hi Andrew! I saw [[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel#c-Andronikos Komnenos-20260629103400-Grufo-20260627052800|your comment]] (via Andronicus Comnenus) at {{Caput|Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|Pagina “Spider-Man” facta est adumbratio}}. I am sorry if that warning confused you. The idea is that if there is an “adumbratio” there shouldn't be a page at the same time. So if that happens and you edit the page, it simply tells you that there is an “adumbratio” that shouldn't exist (basically it invites you to inspect it, and in case, turn it into a redirect, although this second part is not explicitly written). If you want I can make it more explicit. At the moment the warning says:
: “Etiam pagina “[[Adumbratio:Bla bla bla]]” exsistit! Suademus ut illam inspicias prius quam hanc paginam recenseas.”
I could make it become
: “Etiam pagina “[[Adumbratio:Bla bla bla]]” exsistit! Suademus ut illam inspicias et, si opus est, ad redirectionem vertas prius quam hanc paginam recenseas.”
What do you think? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 20:33, 2 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
:: {{Tpe|Nova}} Sententiam sicut supra scripsi [[Special:Diff/3951634/3969583|mutavi]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:48, 2 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
::: [I'm travelling at present, therefore logging in this way!] I see what you intended, Grufo. I expect it worked well, and I wouldn't have pressed you to change it -- but the change you have now made seems a good idea. When I saw that Jondel was at work at that moment, it was clear to me why the two pages temporarily existed and I retreated. There's plenty of time for editing, and lots to edit! [[Usor:Andronikos Komnenos|Andronicus Comnenus]] 15:45, 3 Iulii 2026 (UTC)

== Courtesy Call ==
Just saying hello! :) and let's get back to work, renew the daily wiki grind here at vicipaedia! All the best!---[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]])
:Here is an Andrew replying, even if not the Andrew you expect. I'm glad to see you around, Jondel. All the best [[Usor:Andronikos Komnenos|Andronicus Comnenus]] 15:46, 3 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
Thank you. Nice to see you guys. Are you (still) studying German?--[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]])
:No, Jondel, I don't really do German (though I sometimes have to try to read it). I did take some lessons from a neighbour a few years ago: maybe I told you that?
:By the way, to be clear about it, &quot;Andronicus Comnenus&quot; is a name that I use when travelling -- because as &quot;Andrew Dalby&quot;, a bureaucrat on Vicipaedia, I have to do double authentication, and I haven't learned how to do it on my phone or tablet. I am addicted to Vicipaedia, so I have to log in somehow! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:28, 20 Iulii 2026 (UTC)

== Vandalismus ==

Exemplum: [https://la.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahathir_Mohamad&amp;diff=3946147&amp;oldid=3946144 Malaesia &gt; Malaysia], etc... [[Specialis:Conlationes/NDG]] - 100% lingua latina destructa est. [[Usor:Kalligraphiemonk|Kalligraphiemonk]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Kalligraphiemonk|disputatio]]) 17:28, 25 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
:Ne vandalismum citius impute, amice. Tibi licet apud &quot;[[Disputatio: Babylonokia]]&quot; utilitatem paginae suadere. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:11, 25 Iulii 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>0fhbu11mtyz1msj21fpfe2vpv5z1xi4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974676</id>
      <parentid>3974616</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T06:55:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kalligraphiemonk</username>
        <id>212594</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Vandalismus */</comment>
      <origin>3974676</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="23948" sha1="9sqdb7z09k3woyfsy5ors99uknkdd4m" xml:space="preserve">{{Hic sunt tabularia disputationum}}

Disputationes anteriores hic habes: [[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby/Tabularium 1|Tabularium 1]], [[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby/Tabularium 2|Tabularium 2]], [[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby/Tabularium 3|Tabularium 3]], [[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby/Tabularium 4|Tabularium 4]]. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:04, 27 Martii 2009 (UTC)

== Άρης Neograece ==
{{Accepta|Disputatio:Andreas Dalby|Άρης Neograece}}

Salve, Andrea, dubius sum, quomodo verba Neograeca apud nos tractanda sint. Videas quaeso commentationem quam de [[Μήλα (pellicula 2020)]] nuper scripsi. Utrum Latine ''Mila'' an ''Mela'' and ''Mēla'' scribam? Et Άρης Σερβετάλης histrio: Utrum ''Aris Servetalis'' an ''Ares Servetales''? [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:34, 10 Ianuarii 2025 (UTC)

:Quamquam ego Andreas non sum, nolo silere de modo quo Theodisce res tractatur: Neograeca (nomina propria praesertim) saepissime modum in antiquum transscribi solent. Inde ego praeferrem res Neograecas modum in veterem Latine reddere [[Usor:Giorno2|Giorno2]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Giorno2|disputatio]]) 18:39, 10 Ianuarii 2025 (UTC)

::Vide etiam hanc paginam: [[Vicipaedia:Translitteratio]]. [[Usor:Lesgles|Lesgles]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Lesgles|disputatio]]) 16:55, 12 Ianuarii 2025 (UTC)
:::Date veniam: pro tempore rarius apud Vicipaediam versor. Tribus rationibus translitterationem classicam nominum Neograecorum commendo: primo quod lingua Latina utimur atque hoc modo antiqui lingua nostra utentes verba Graeca in Latina convertebant; secundo quod nullam translitterationem hodiernam sine ambiguitate, sine incongruitate, sine inconsistentia reperire possumus; tertio quia eruditi scientifici, qui etiam hodie neologismos Graecos vel Graecolatinos creant, saepius translitteratione Latina uti solent. Salvete! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 21:13, 12 Ianuarii 2025 (UTC)
:::: Gratias omnibus vobis ago. Ipse quoque ita ut dicitis faciendum esse cogitavi. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 14:34, 13 Ianuarii 2025 (UTC)

== Foods in Latin questions ==
Hello, I wrote a couple of questions on different pages related to food (&lt;bdi&gt;[[Disputatio:Capsicum e carne]], [[Disputatio:Salsa alba]], [[Disputatio:Gruellum Bretonicum]], [[Disputatio:Brodium]]&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi&gt;[[Disputatio:Iuscellum]], [[Disputatio Categoriae:Embammata]], [[Disputatio Categoriae:Pastilla_panicea]], [[Disputatio:Ius (cibus)]], [[Disputatio:Botulus]]&lt;/bdi&gt;) and then saw that you had worked on all of the pages, so linking the questions to you directly might be better. I understand this topic is difficult because medieval authors were very inaccurate with their terms and rather stole words from their own languages, and even the Latins themselves seem to have used the words to mean a wide range of things that don't quite match the terms moderns use and it's difficult so cypher foods/dishes from text anyway, but it would be nice to at least have some consistency on Vicipaedia. [[Usor:Krken|Krken]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Krken|disputatio]]) 07:32, 15 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:It's difficult finding convincing names. I commented at [[Gruellum Bretonicum]]: I gave quite a bit of thought to that, and chose the medieval term intentionally, but I may not have reached the ideal conclusion after all! I'm too busy just now to spend long on Vicipaedia, but please write about food, please improve where you can. Pages can be moved easily: as a rule, a changed or new lemma should be justified with a footnote. I added a footnote to your well-justified addition of &quot;lupus&quot; under ''[[Esox lucius]]'': &quot;lupus&quot; is in fact more classical, so I moved it up to second place. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 16:32, 15 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::Attestations of lemmata may also help. Where attestations are missing, the formula &quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{FD ref}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot; may want to be attached to lemmata. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 17:49, 15 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:::Greetings, {{Ping|IacobusAmor}} you're quite right. I found attestations for the previous '''lucius''' and the '''lupus''' that Krken added -- if I'd had no time to do that, adding &lt;nowiki&gt;{{FD ref}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; would have been my fallback position. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 18:09, 15 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== Create an article for Peshkopi (Penestae - in Latin) ==
@[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] Hi Andrew! I am LevaneNevale who has communicated with you last year regarding a request made by me to create an article for Peshkopi: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshkopi on Latin Wiki. The title for it should be &quot;Penestae&quot; in Latin. Please can you create the article for Peshkopi on Latin Wiki with short content? Then add it to its corresponding Wikidata page. I would thank you so much if you will create it. Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 10:58, 17 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

:@[[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] Please can you create the article for Peshkopi - Penestae in Latin yourself. Since Andrew isn't responding. Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 20:09, 19 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::@[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] Hi dear Andrew! Please can you create the article for Peshkopi - &quot;Penestae&quot; on Latin Wiki? Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 11:00, 21 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== De nova formula citationum ==
Hi Andrew. If I don't remember wrong, you did not like the {{Fn|Cite book}}, {{Fn|Cite link}}, {{Fn|Cite journal}} templates due to their lack of flexibility. I am creating our own version, a single template that should be able to replace all of them. It's called {{Fn|Opus}} (sorry, the documentation is still minimal), and we can make it do whatever we want. I would like to know what exactly were the shortcomings of our &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Cite ...}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; templates according to you; maybe that will help me improve the {{Fn|Opus}} template accordingly! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:28, 19 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:Thanks for asking, Grufo. My objections were practical, not a matter of principle. 1. I felt it would be better to agree, if we could, on a format, before designing a template ... but I don't know whether we really could ever agree! 2. I feel that bibliographical templates encourage users who are unfamiliar with citations and bibliography to include too much information, to try to fill all the boxes (examples: on English Wikipedia, citing an unsigned news or periodical article, editors often write &quot;staff&quot; in the author space -- without evidence -- so as to fill the box; and sometimes, when citing a periodical, they add details of the publisher. In both cases, a editor who knows about citations would leave those boxes empty). It's hard to give concise advice on things like that, and the result is that Wikipedia bibliographies tend to be padded with unnecessary and distracting detail. However, if you want to make a suitable template, I still say, go ahead. Since I am currently busy elsewhere, I can't offer to help. (But watch out, this may well change!) [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:30, 20 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:: Hi Andrew, I would be very happy to discuss the format! I am not really a big fan of using dots to separate the various fields, although after working on the template, I must admit that it solves several practical obstacles – but I am open to anything. As for filling too many fields, well, in the {{Fn|Opus}} template the only mandatory field is the title. And so
:: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Divina Comoedia
}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
:: will produce
::: {{Opus
	| titulus = Divina Comoedia
}}
:: Everything else is optional. Maybe we could emphasize this aspect! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:25, 20 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]: If you are developing a citation template why would you name it &quot;Opus&quot;? Sure, a citation should refer to some work but unpublished works are not really that useful unless they are well known ancient manuscripts so wouldn't a better name be &quot;Citationem&quot; or even &quot;Publicatio&quot; (excuse my lack of Latin knowledge). It just seems to me, something named &quot;Opus&quot; might be better for something like an Infobox template for creating infoboxes about works or a Navbox about topics related to works, etc. Maybe &quot;Citatio opus&quot; or &quot;Opus cita&quot; would be okay but even something like &quot;Citatio publicatio&quot; (''a la'' {{tlx|citatio libri}}) or maybe &quot;Publicationem citare&quot; sounds better to me. The Opus/work can then be the article/chapter, etc. referred to in that publication (be it a book, magazine, etc.). So then you might have a publication title and a work title (of course they are sometimes the same like novels that are typically published in books with the same title as the work contained within). —[[Usor:Uzume|Uzume]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Uzume|disputatio]]) 13:00, 20 Iulii 2025 (UTC)
:: Hi [[User:Uzume|Uzume]]. The latin word “opus” simply means “work” (noun). The idea is to have a template as generic as possible. Rather than “publicatio”, classical Latin would prefer “editio” (“edere” means “to publish” – for an English speaker it is a bit of a false friend). But as you mentioned, that would limit the template to published works. It would not be much of a problem, really; it is just that “opus” is the most open and generic name that came into my mind. Of course it could also indicate an infobox, but usually here on Latin Wikipedia we add “capsa” (“box”) to infobox templates (e.g. {{Fn|Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}, {{Fn|Capsa insulae}}, and many others). “Citatio” could also work, but we have already the old {{Fn|Citatio}} template, and the two will need to coexist for a while. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:08, 21 Iulii 2025 (UTC)
:::@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]: So can I cite a sculpture, a building, or canal? These could all also be considered works or &quot;Opus&quot; I suppose you could do something limit it via something like &quot;opus litterarium&quot;. I just think &quot;opus&quot; is too general and as a citation it should contain &quot;citation&quot; somehow like &quot;Opus cita&quot; or some such. —[[Usor:Uzume|Uzume]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Uzume|disputatio]]) 00:21, 21 Iulii 2025 (UTC)
:::: @[[Usor:Uzume|Uzume]]: Exactly, the idea was exactly that (I just love [[:en:Robustness principle|Postel's law]])! You can cite a sculpture, a building, or canal :-) It is an experiment, but so far it seems to be working well! I have not finished writing it however. I still have to differentiate the current {{para|series}} parameter into two different parameters: one for the case in which the series is a minor detail (e.g. a collection of books belonging to the same series) and one for the case in which the series is a more important feature (e.g. a journal). I have still to find the right wording, but it is in the back of my mind. Other capabilities will need to be implemented too. As you can see, the nomenclature is left open and generic on purpose. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:28, 21 Iulii 2025 (UTC)

== Wikipedia in Ancient Greek ==
Hi, I have seen that you speak Ancient Greek and I wanted to ask you whether you could please help us improve the Ancient Greek Wikipedia, which [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?hidebots=1&amp;translations=filter&amp;hidecategorization=1&amp;hideWikibase=1&amp;hideWikifunctions=1&amp;limit=500&amp;days=30&amp;urlversion=2&amp;rc-testwiki-project=p&amp;rc-testwiki-code=grc we have been reviving for the past months]. --[[Usor:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Caro de Segeda|disputatio]]) 10:42, 27 Novembris 2025 (UTC)
:Currently I have too little spare time even to work on the Latin Vicipaedia -- so, sadly, I cannot help with ancient Greek right now. I wish you good luck and success! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:48, 27 Novembris 2025 (UTC)
::Thank you for the answer and good luck with the Latin Wikipedia, you are all doing a great job here. [[Usor:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Caro de Segeda|disputatio]]) 17:15, 28 Novembris 2025 (UTC)

== Mensis Martius adest ==
Salve, Andrea. Spero te bene valere. Iam mensis Martius adest; velisne Paginae Mensis nostrae [[Disputatio Vicipaediae:Pagina mensis#2026|opem ferre]]? Vale! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:21, 26 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:Cito respondeo -- Salve optime, mi Grufo! hoc tempore non iam possum sed inter duos menses revenire cupio -- [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:04, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:: Gratias tibi ago ob alacre responsum, Andrea. Gestio te videre in Vicipaediam revenientem! Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:15, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC)

== Dining with the Caesars: written source and collective memory in Suetonius ==

Dear Andrew Dalby, I found your paper &quot;Dining with the Caesars: written source and collective memory in Suetonius” on academia.eu. It is said to have been published in the proceedings of the Oxford Food Symposium, but I cannot find the precise bibliographic details (year and place of publication, page numbers etc.). Could you help me? I would like to cite your paper in a bibliographic overview of Suetonius. Kind regards, Marijke Crab [[Specialis:Conlationes/&amp;#126;2026-21490-69|&amp;#126;2026-21490-69]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:&amp;#126;2026-21490-69|talk]]) 11:41, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

:Dear Marijke, I am glad you found my paper useful. Here is a full citation: 
::Andrew Dalby, ”Dining with the Caesars” in Harlan Walker, ed., ''Food and the memory: proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery'' (Totnes: Prospect Books, 2001. ISBN 978-1-903018-16-3) pp. 62-88.
:[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:03, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== nofendare ==

&lt;nowiki&gt;;&lt;/nowiki&gt;kokkshin0@1234|#crfpinkae [[Specialis:Conlationes/&amp;#126;2026-24722-75|&amp;#126;2026-24722-75]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:&amp;#126;2026-24722-75|talk]]) 08:13, 22 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election ==

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== Latina ==

Hello. I'm looking for Latin translation of descriptions of a few items for Wikidata. Would you help? [[Usor:Eurohunter|Eurohunter]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Eurohunter|disputatio]]) 08:18, 16 Maii 2026 (UTC)

== Sub alia subcriptione his diebus me observabis ==
Revenire in Vicipaediam his diebus volebam, sed superiores mihi dicunt nomen bina authentificatione dare necesse erit quia &lt;s&gt;magistratus&lt;/s&gt; grapheocrates sum. Quomodo et cur inter methodos multiplices huius authentificationis seligam, quomodo efficere, haud iam intellego. Fortasse amicus quis inter vicinos me adiuvare poterit. Ergo pro tempore non Andreas Dalby sed sub hoc nomine (multos annos desueto) videbor ... [[Usor:Andronikos Komnenos|Andronicus Comnenus]] 13:07, 21 Maii 2026 (UTC)

:Salve, Andrea! Bene est, quod certiores nos fecisti, ut Andronici subscriptio tua est. De bina authentificatione nescio, qui modus melior sit, numquam hoc temptabam. Sed non magistratibus illa necessaria est, solum grapheocratis. [[usor:Adam Bishop|Adam Bishop]] iam non est grapheocrates, nemo, nisi tu, iura magistratuum mutare potes. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 08:32, 22 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::Recte dicis, mi Demetri. Diebus proximis de methodis me certiorem facere possum, sine dubio. Quo facto, nomen solitum (et verum!) resumere potebo. [[Usor:Andronikos Komnenos|Andronicus Comnenus]] 12:47, 22 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::: Salve, Andrea! Infeliciter neque ego de duplici authenticatione quicquam scio (eamque odi). Fortasse potes tertium nomen Vicipaedianum creare atque per id periclitari? Spero te solutionem mox inventurum esse. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:42, 22 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::::Salvete amici! Vicino quodam adiuvante, in Vicipaediam nostram bina authenticatione plenaque potestate revenio. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:49, 26 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::::: Euax! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 03:52, 27 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::::::Io! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:50, 27 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::Is that Yo? as in Bush's greeting to Tony Blair, &quot;Yo, Blair!&quot; [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:22, 28 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::Etiamnunc, sed rarius, nomen Andronici Comneni subscribo, quando paginas Vicipaedicas e telephono mobili aut e tabula in rebus minoribus emendo. His &quot;mediis&quot; facilius nomen sine duplici authenticatione dare possum. (NB: de tabula electronica, non cuneiforma, scribo.) [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:57, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== Alius mensis adest ==
Salve Andrea! Alius mensis adest et adhuc paginā mensis caremus. Visne [[Disputatio Vicipaediae:Pagina mensis#2026|adiuvare]] ad novas paginas mensium inveniendas? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:44, 27 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:Propositionem feci: vide [[VP:Pam]]. Alias paginas in mente habeo proponere: enumerationem ad approbationem aliorum ibidem addere volo. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:56, 28 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:: Gratias tibi ago, Andrea! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:23, 28 Maii 2026 (UTC)

== About the confusing warning ==
Hi Andrew! I saw [[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel#c-Andronikos Komnenos-20260629103400-Grufo-20260627052800|your comment]] (via Andronicus Comnenus) at {{Caput|Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|Pagina “Spider-Man” facta est adumbratio}}. I am sorry if that warning confused you. The idea is that if there is an “adumbratio” there shouldn't be a page at the same time. So if that happens and you edit the page, it simply tells you that there is an “adumbratio” that shouldn't exist (basically it invites you to inspect it, and in case, turn it into a redirect, although this second part is not explicitly written). If you want I can make it more explicit. At the moment the warning says:
: “Etiam pagina “[[Adumbratio:Bla bla bla]]” exsistit! Suademus ut illam inspicias prius quam hanc paginam recenseas.”
I could make it become
: “Etiam pagina “[[Adumbratio:Bla bla bla]]” exsistit! Suademus ut illam inspicias et, si opus est, ad redirectionem vertas prius quam hanc paginam recenseas.”
What do you think? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 20:33, 2 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
:: {{Tpe|Nova}} Sententiam sicut supra scripsi [[Special:Diff/3951634/3969583|mutavi]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:48, 2 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
::: [I'm travelling at present, therefore logging in this way!] I see what you intended, Grufo. I expect it worked well, and I wouldn't have pressed you to change it -- but the change you have now made seems a good idea. When I saw that Jondel was at work at that moment, it was clear to me why the two pages temporarily existed and I retreated. There's plenty of time for editing, and lots to edit! [[Usor:Andronikos Komnenos|Andronicus Comnenus]] 15:45, 3 Iulii 2026 (UTC)

== Courtesy Call ==
Just saying hello! :) and let's get back to work, renew the daily wiki grind here at vicipaedia! All the best!---[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]])
:Here is an Andrew replying, even if not the Andrew you expect. I'm glad to see you around, Jondel. All the best [[Usor:Andronikos Komnenos|Andronicus Comnenus]] 15:46, 3 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
Thank you. Nice to see you guys. Are you (still) studying German?--[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]])
:No, Jondel, I don't really do German (though I sometimes have to try to read it). I did take some lessons from a neighbour a few years ago: maybe I told you that?
:By the way, to be clear about it, &quot;Andronicus Comnenus&quot; is a name that I use when travelling -- because as &quot;Andrew Dalby&quot;, a bureaucrat on Vicipaedia, I have to do double authentication, and I haven't learned how to do it on my phone or tablet. I am addicted to Vicipaedia, so I have to log in somehow! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:28, 20 Iulii 2026 (UTC)

== Vandalismus ==

Exemplum: [https://la.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahathir_Mohamad&amp;diff=3946147&amp;oldid=3946144 Malaesia &gt; Malaysia], etc... [[Specialis:Conlationes/NDG]] - 100% lingua latina destructa est. [[Usor:Kalligraphiemonk|Kalligraphiemonk]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Kalligraphiemonk|disputatio]]) 17:28, 25 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
:Ne vandalismum citius impute, amice. Tibi licet apud &quot;[[Disputatio:Babylonokia]]&quot; utilitatem paginae suadere. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:11, 25 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
[[wikidata:Q28114063#sitelinks-wikipedia]] [[Babylonokia]] - 19 linguae rectae sunt. [[Usor:Kalligraphiemonk|Kalligraphiemonk]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Kalligraphiemonk|disputatio]]) 06:55, 26 Iulii 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>9sqdb7z09k3woyfsy5ors99uknkdd4m</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974706</id>
      <parentid>3974676</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T10:02:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kalligraphiemonk</username>
        <id>212594</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>articulus non reprehensibilis est</comment>
      <origin>3974706</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24130" sha1="0z7005dttmh3djjdzlik11vqzalbuic" xml:space="preserve">{{Hic sunt tabularia disputationum}}

Disputationes anteriores hic habes: [[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby/Tabularium 1|Tabularium 1]], [[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby/Tabularium 2|Tabularium 2]], [[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby/Tabularium 3|Tabularium 3]], [[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby/Tabularium 4|Tabularium 4]]. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:04, 27 Martii 2009 (UTC)

== Άρης Neograece ==
{{Accepta|Disputatio:Andreas Dalby|Άρης Neograece}}

Salve, Andrea, dubius sum, quomodo verba Neograeca apud nos tractanda sint. Videas quaeso commentationem quam de [[Μήλα (pellicula 2020)]] nuper scripsi. Utrum Latine ''Mila'' an ''Mela'' and ''Mēla'' scribam? Et Άρης Σερβετάλης histrio: Utrum ''Aris Servetalis'' an ''Ares Servetales''? [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:34, 10 Ianuarii 2025 (UTC)

:Quamquam ego Andreas non sum, nolo silere de modo quo Theodisce res tractatur: Neograeca (nomina propria praesertim) saepissime modum in antiquum transscribi solent. Inde ego praeferrem res Neograecas modum in veterem Latine reddere [[Usor:Giorno2|Giorno2]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Giorno2|disputatio]]) 18:39, 10 Ianuarii 2025 (UTC)

::Vide etiam hanc paginam: [[Vicipaedia:Translitteratio]]. [[Usor:Lesgles|Lesgles]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Lesgles|disputatio]]) 16:55, 12 Ianuarii 2025 (UTC)
:::Date veniam: pro tempore rarius apud Vicipaediam versor. Tribus rationibus translitterationem classicam nominum Neograecorum commendo: primo quod lingua Latina utimur atque hoc modo antiqui lingua nostra utentes verba Graeca in Latina convertebant; secundo quod nullam translitterationem hodiernam sine ambiguitate, sine incongruitate, sine inconsistentia reperire possumus; tertio quia eruditi scientifici, qui etiam hodie neologismos Graecos vel Graecolatinos creant, saepius translitteratione Latina uti solent. Salvete! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 21:13, 12 Ianuarii 2025 (UTC)
:::: Gratias omnibus vobis ago. Ipse quoque ita ut dicitis faciendum esse cogitavi. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 14:34, 13 Ianuarii 2025 (UTC)

== Foods in Latin questions ==
Hello, I wrote a couple of questions on different pages related to food (&lt;bdi&gt;[[Disputatio:Capsicum e carne]], [[Disputatio:Salsa alba]], [[Disputatio:Gruellum Bretonicum]], [[Disputatio:Brodium]]&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi&gt;[[Disputatio:Iuscellum]], [[Disputatio Categoriae:Embammata]], [[Disputatio Categoriae:Pastilla_panicea]], [[Disputatio:Ius (cibus)]], [[Disputatio:Botulus]]&lt;/bdi&gt;) and then saw that you had worked on all of the pages, so linking the questions to you directly might be better. I understand this topic is difficult because medieval authors were very inaccurate with their terms and rather stole words from their own languages, and even the Latins themselves seem to have used the words to mean a wide range of things that don't quite match the terms moderns use and it's difficult so cypher foods/dishes from text anyway, but it would be nice to at least have some consistency on Vicipaedia. [[Usor:Krken|Krken]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Krken|disputatio]]) 07:32, 15 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:It's difficult finding convincing names. I commented at [[Gruellum Bretonicum]]: I gave quite a bit of thought to that, and chose the medieval term intentionally, but I may not have reached the ideal conclusion after all! I'm too busy just now to spend long on Vicipaedia, but please write about food, please improve where you can. Pages can be moved easily: as a rule, a changed or new lemma should be justified with a footnote. I added a footnote to your well-justified addition of &quot;lupus&quot; under ''[[Esox lucius]]'': &quot;lupus&quot; is in fact more classical, so I moved it up to second place. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 16:32, 15 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::Attestations of lemmata may also help. Where attestations are missing, the formula &quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{FD ref}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot; may want to be attached to lemmata. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 17:49, 15 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:::Greetings, {{Ping|IacobusAmor}} you're quite right. I found attestations for the previous '''lucius''' and the '''lupus''' that Krken added -- if I'd had no time to do that, adding &lt;nowiki&gt;{{FD ref}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; would have been my fallback position. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 18:09, 15 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== Create an article for Peshkopi (Penestae - in Latin) ==
@[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] Hi Andrew! I am LevaneNevale who has communicated with you last year regarding a request made by me to create an article for Peshkopi: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshkopi on Latin Wiki. The title for it should be &quot;Penestae&quot; in Latin. Please can you create the article for Peshkopi on Latin Wiki with short content? Then add it to its corresponding Wikidata page. I would thank you so much if you will create it. Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 10:58, 17 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

:@[[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] Please can you create the article for Peshkopi - Penestae in Latin yourself. Since Andrew isn't responding. Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 20:09, 19 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::@[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] Hi dear Andrew! Please can you create the article for Peshkopi - &quot;Penestae&quot; on Latin Wiki? Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 11:00, 21 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== De nova formula citationum ==
Hi Andrew. If I don't remember wrong, you did not like the {{Fn|Cite book}}, {{Fn|Cite link}}, {{Fn|Cite journal}} templates due to their lack of flexibility. I am creating our own version, a single template that should be able to replace all of them. It's called {{Fn|Opus}} (sorry, the documentation is still minimal), and we can make it do whatever we want. I would like to know what exactly were the shortcomings of our &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Cite ...}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; templates according to you; maybe that will help me improve the {{Fn|Opus}} template accordingly! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:28, 19 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:Thanks for asking, Grufo. My objections were practical, not a matter of principle. 1. I felt it would be better to agree, if we could, on a format, before designing a template ... but I don't know whether we really could ever agree! 2. I feel that bibliographical templates encourage users who are unfamiliar with citations and bibliography to include too much information, to try to fill all the boxes (examples: on English Wikipedia, citing an unsigned news or periodical article, editors often write &quot;staff&quot; in the author space -- without evidence -- so as to fill the box; and sometimes, when citing a periodical, they add details of the publisher. In both cases, a editor who knows about citations would leave those boxes empty). It's hard to give concise advice on things like that, and the result is that Wikipedia bibliographies tend to be padded with unnecessary and distracting detail. However, if you want to make a suitable template, I still say, go ahead. Since I am currently busy elsewhere, I can't offer to help. (But watch out, this may well change!) [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:30, 20 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:: Hi Andrew, I would be very happy to discuss the format! I am not really a big fan of using dots to separate the various fields, although after working on the template, I must admit that it solves several practical obstacles – but I am open to anything. As for filling too many fields, well, in the {{Fn|Opus}} template the only mandatory field is the title. And so
:: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Divina Comoedia
}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
:: will produce
::: {{Opus
	| titulus = Divina Comoedia
}}
:: Everything else is optional. Maybe we could emphasize this aspect! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:25, 20 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]: If you are developing a citation template why would you name it &quot;Opus&quot;? Sure, a citation should refer to some work but unpublished works are not really that useful unless they are well known ancient manuscripts so wouldn't a better name be &quot;Citationem&quot; or even &quot;Publicatio&quot; (excuse my lack of Latin knowledge). It just seems to me, something named &quot;Opus&quot; might be better for something like an Infobox template for creating infoboxes about works or a Navbox about topics related to works, etc. Maybe &quot;Citatio opus&quot; or &quot;Opus cita&quot; would be okay but even something like &quot;Citatio publicatio&quot; (''a la'' {{tlx|citatio libri}}) or maybe &quot;Publicationem citare&quot; sounds better to me. The Opus/work can then be the article/chapter, etc. referred to in that publication (be it a book, magazine, etc.). So then you might have a publication title and a work title (of course they are sometimes the same like novels that are typically published in books with the same title as the work contained within). —[[Usor:Uzume|Uzume]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Uzume|disputatio]]) 13:00, 20 Iulii 2025 (UTC)
:: Hi [[User:Uzume|Uzume]]. The latin word “opus” simply means “work” (noun). The idea is to have a template as generic as possible. Rather than “publicatio”, classical Latin would prefer “editio” (“edere” means “to publish” – for an English speaker it is a bit of a false friend). But as you mentioned, that would limit the template to published works. It would not be much of a problem, really; it is just that “opus” is the most open and generic name that came into my mind. Of course it could also indicate an infobox, but usually here on Latin Wikipedia we add “capsa” (“box”) to infobox templates (e.g. {{Fn|Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}, {{Fn|Capsa insulae}}, and many others). “Citatio” could also work, but we have already the old {{Fn|Citatio}} template, and the two will need to coexist for a while. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:08, 21 Iulii 2025 (UTC)
:::@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]: So can I cite a sculpture, a building, or canal? These could all also be considered works or &quot;Opus&quot; I suppose you could do something limit it via something like &quot;opus litterarium&quot;. I just think &quot;opus&quot; is too general and as a citation it should contain &quot;citation&quot; somehow like &quot;Opus cita&quot; or some such. —[[Usor:Uzume|Uzume]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Uzume|disputatio]]) 00:21, 21 Iulii 2025 (UTC)
:::: @[[Usor:Uzume|Uzume]]: Exactly, the idea was exactly that (I just love [[:en:Robustness principle|Postel's law]])! You can cite a sculpture, a building, or canal :-) It is an experiment, but so far it seems to be working well! I have not finished writing it however. I still have to differentiate the current {{para|series}} parameter into two different parameters: one for the case in which the series is a minor detail (e.g. a collection of books belonging to the same series) and one for the case in which the series is a more important feature (e.g. a journal). I have still to find the right wording, but it is in the back of my mind. Other capabilities will need to be implemented too. As you can see, the nomenclature is left open and generic on purpose. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:28, 21 Iulii 2025 (UTC)

== Wikipedia in Ancient Greek ==
Hi, I have seen that you speak Ancient Greek and I wanted to ask you whether you could please help us improve the Ancient Greek Wikipedia, which [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?hidebots=1&amp;translations=filter&amp;hidecategorization=1&amp;hideWikibase=1&amp;hideWikifunctions=1&amp;limit=500&amp;days=30&amp;urlversion=2&amp;rc-testwiki-project=p&amp;rc-testwiki-code=grc we have been reviving for the past months]. --[[Usor:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Caro de Segeda|disputatio]]) 10:42, 27 Novembris 2025 (UTC)
:Currently I have too little spare time even to work on the Latin Vicipaedia -- so, sadly, I cannot help with ancient Greek right now. I wish you good luck and success! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:48, 27 Novembris 2025 (UTC)
::Thank you for the answer and good luck with the Latin Wikipedia, you are all doing a great job here. [[Usor:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Caro de Segeda|disputatio]]) 17:15, 28 Novembris 2025 (UTC)

== Mensis Martius adest ==
Salve, Andrea. Spero te bene valere. Iam mensis Martius adest; velisne Paginae Mensis nostrae [[Disputatio Vicipaediae:Pagina mensis#2026|opem ferre]]? Vale! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:21, 26 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:Cito respondeo -- Salve optime, mi Grufo! hoc tempore non iam possum sed inter duos menses revenire cupio -- [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:04, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:: Gratias tibi ago ob alacre responsum, Andrea. Gestio te videre in Vicipaediam revenientem! Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:15, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC)

== Dining with the Caesars: written source and collective memory in Suetonius ==

Dear Andrew Dalby, I found your paper &quot;Dining with the Caesars: written source and collective memory in Suetonius” on academia.eu. It is said to have been published in the proceedings of the Oxford Food Symposium, but I cannot find the precise bibliographic details (year and place of publication, page numbers etc.). Could you help me? I would like to cite your paper in a bibliographic overview of Suetonius. Kind regards, Marijke Crab [[Specialis:Conlationes/&amp;#126;2026-21490-69|&amp;#126;2026-21490-69]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:&amp;#126;2026-21490-69|talk]]) 11:41, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

:Dear Marijke, I am glad you found my paper useful. Here is a full citation: 
::Andrew Dalby, ”Dining with the Caesars” in Harlan Walker, ed., ''Food and the memory: proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery'' (Totnes: Prospect Books, 2001. ISBN 978-1-903018-16-3) pp. 62-88.
:[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:03, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== nofendare ==

&lt;nowiki&gt;;&lt;/nowiki&gt;kokkshin0@1234|#crfpinkae [[Specialis:Conlationes/&amp;#126;2026-24722-75|&amp;#126;2026-24722-75]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:&amp;#126;2026-24722-75|talk]]) 08:13, 22 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election ==

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== Latina ==

Hello. I'm looking for Latin translation of descriptions of a few items for Wikidata. Would you help? [[Usor:Eurohunter|Eurohunter]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Eurohunter|disputatio]]) 08:18, 16 Maii 2026 (UTC)

== Sub alia subcriptione his diebus me observabis ==
Revenire in Vicipaediam his diebus volebam, sed superiores mihi dicunt nomen bina authentificatione dare necesse erit quia &lt;s&gt;magistratus&lt;/s&gt; grapheocrates sum. Quomodo et cur inter methodos multiplices huius authentificationis seligam, quomodo efficere, haud iam intellego. Fortasse amicus quis inter vicinos me adiuvare poterit. Ergo pro tempore non Andreas Dalby sed sub hoc nomine (multos annos desueto) videbor ... [[Usor:Andronikos Komnenos|Andronicus Comnenus]] 13:07, 21 Maii 2026 (UTC)

:Salve, Andrea! Bene est, quod certiores nos fecisti, ut Andronici subscriptio tua est. De bina authentificatione nescio, qui modus melior sit, numquam hoc temptabam. Sed non magistratibus illa necessaria est, solum grapheocratis. [[usor:Adam Bishop|Adam Bishop]] iam non est grapheocrates, nemo, nisi tu, iura magistratuum mutare potes. [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 08:32, 22 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::Recte dicis, mi Demetri. Diebus proximis de methodis me certiorem facere possum, sine dubio. Quo facto, nomen solitum (et verum!) resumere potebo. [[Usor:Andronikos Komnenos|Andronicus Comnenus]] 12:47, 22 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::: Salve, Andrea! Infeliciter neque ego de duplici authenticatione quicquam scio (eamque odi). Fortasse potes tertium nomen Vicipaedianum creare atque per id periclitari? Spero te solutionem mox inventurum esse. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:42, 22 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::::Salvete amici! Vicino quodam adiuvante, in Vicipaediam nostram bina authenticatione plenaque potestate revenio. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:49, 26 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::::: Euax! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 03:52, 27 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::::::Io! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:50, 27 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:::::::Is that Yo? as in Bush's greeting to Tony Blair, &quot;Yo, Blair!&quot; [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:22, 28 Maii 2026 (UTC)
::::::::Etiamnunc, sed rarius, nomen Andronici Comneni subscribo, quando paginas Vicipaedicas e telephono mobili aut e tabula in rebus minoribus emendo. His &quot;mediis&quot; facilius nomen sine duplici authenticatione dare possum. (NB: de tabula electronica, non cuneiforma, scribo.) [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:57, 14 Iunii 2026 (UTC)

== Alius mensis adest ==
Salve Andrea! Alius mensis adest et adhuc paginā mensis caremus. Visne [[Disputatio Vicipaediae:Pagina mensis#2026|adiuvare]] ad novas paginas mensium inveniendas? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:44, 27 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:Propositionem feci: vide [[VP:Pam]]. Alias paginas in mente habeo proponere: enumerationem ad approbationem aliorum ibidem addere volo. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 14:56, 28 Maii 2026 (UTC)
:: Gratias tibi ago, Andrea! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:23, 28 Maii 2026 (UTC)

== About the confusing warning ==
Hi Andrew! I saw [[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel#c-Andronikos Komnenos-20260629103400-Grufo-20260627052800|your comment]] (via Andronicus Comnenus) at {{Caput|Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|Pagina “Spider-Man” facta est adumbratio}}. I am sorry if that warning confused you. The idea is that if there is an “adumbratio” there shouldn't be a page at the same time. So if that happens and you edit the page, it simply tells you that there is an “adumbratio” that shouldn't exist (basically it invites you to inspect it, and in case, turn it into a redirect, although this second part is not explicitly written). If you want I can make it more explicit. At the moment the warning says:
: “Etiam pagina “[[Adumbratio:Bla bla bla]]” exsistit! Suademus ut illam inspicias prius quam hanc paginam recenseas.”
I could make it become
: “Etiam pagina “[[Adumbratio:Bla bla bla]]” exsistit! Suademus ut illam inspicias et, si opus est, ad redirectionem vertas prius quam hanc paginam recenseas.”
What do you think? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 20:33, 2 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
:: {{Tpe|Nova}} Sententiam sicut supra scripsi [[Special:Diff/3951634/3969583|mutavi]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:48, 2 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
::: [I'm travelling at present, therefore logging in this way!] I see what you intended, Grufo. I expect it worked well, and I wouldn't have pressed you to change it -- but the change you have now made seems a good idea. When I saw that Jondel was at work at that moment, it was clear to me why the two pages temporarily existed and I retreated. There's plenty of time for editing, and lots to edit! [[Usor:Andronikos Komnenos|Andronicus Comnenus]] 15:45, 3 Iulii 2026 (UTC)

== Courtesy Call ==
Just saying hello! :) and let's get back to work, renew the daily wiki grind here at vicipaedia! All the best!---[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]])
:Here is an Andrew replying, even if not the Andrew you expect. I'm glad to see you around, Jondel. All the best [[Usor:Andronikos Komnenos|Andronicus Comnenus]] 15:46, 3 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
Thank you. Nice to see you guys. Are you (still) studying German?--[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]])
:No, Jondel, I don't really do German (though I sometimes have to try to read it). I did take some lessons from a neighbour a few years ago: maybe I told you that?
:By the way, to be clear about it, &quot;Andronicus Comnenus&quot; is a name that I use when travelling -- because as &quot;Andrew Dalby&quot;, a bureaucrat on Vicipaedia, I have to do double authentication, and I haven't learned how to do it on my phone or tablet. I am addicted to Vicipaedia, so I have to log in somehow! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:28, 20 Iulii 2026 (UTC)

== Vandalismus ==

Exemplum: [https://la.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahathir_Mohamad&amp;diff=3946147&amp;oldid=3946144 Malaesia &gt; Malaysia], etc... [[Specialis:Conlationes/NDG]] - 100% lingua latina destructa est. [[Usor:Kalligraphiemonk|Kalligraphiemonk]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Kalligraphiemonk|disputatio]]) 17:28, 25 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
:Ne vandalismum citius impute, amice. Tibi licet apud &quot;[[Disputatio:Babylonokia]]&quot; utilitatem paginae suadere. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:11, 25 Iulii 2026 (UTC)

[[wikidata:Q28114063#sitelinks-wikipedia]] [[Babylonokia]] - 19 linguae rectae sunt. [[Usor:Kalligraphiemonk|Kalligraphiemonk]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Kalligraphiemonk|disputatio]]) 06:55, 26 Iulii 2026 (UTC)

[[w:en:Babylonokia]] - articulus non reprehensibilis est. [[Usor:Kalligraphiemonk|Kalligraphiemonk]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Kalligraphiemonk|disputatio]]) 10:02, 26 Iulii 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Discus compactus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15967</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3974653</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-26T01:50:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>de albo musico</comment>
      <origin>3974653</origin>
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      <text bytes="869" sha1="bzm3h3hqgrjie3kpyddbf2hc90ioby1" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas}}
[[Fasciculus:CD-R Back.jpg|thumbnail|Discus compactus (versione CD-R).]]

{{res|Discus compactus}} sive abbreviatio {{res|DC}} sive {{res|CD}} est [[Discus opticus|discus opticus]] ad indicia [[systema digitale|numerice]] servanda adhibitus, velut [[musica]], vel [[sonus (physica)|sonus]], vel [[data|indicia computatralia]].

Anno [[1981]] discus compactus primus, qui solum musicam servare potuit, apud expositionem Berolini demonstratus est, volunt discos compactos [[Phonodiscus|phonodisco]] succedere. Post annum unum mense Augusto productio in Langenhagen prope [[Hannoveria]]m Germaniae persequitur.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Album musicum]]
* [[Discus opticus]]
* [[DVD]]
* [[Phonodiscus]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Compact discs|discum compactum}}

{{tech-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Musica]]
[[Categoria:Instrumenta servandi]]

{{Myrias|Technologia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Flavius Stilicho</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
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      <origin>3974487</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="13256" sha1="4vpnuu5jeu7381oqdmablpo731dqzcn" xml:space="preserve">{{L1}}
[[Imago:Stilico diptych.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Diptychon consulare]] Stilichonis anni circiter [[400]], [[Modicia]]e in thesauro ecclesiae cathedralis conservatum. Monstrat autem Stilichonem cum uxore [[Serena]] et filio [[Eucherius (filius Stilichonis)|Eucherio]]. Puerorum in clipeo Stilichonis sculptorum sunt qui [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] [[Honorius|Honoriique]] fratrum Augustorum imagines esse doceant, ut quorum pro tutela atque patrono Stilicho se gesserit.]] 

{{res|Flavius Stilicho}} (anno [[359]] circiter natus anno [[408]] die [[22 Augusti|22 mensis Augusti]] [[Ravenna]]e iussu [[Heraclianus|Heracliani]] ducis exercitus [[imperator]]is [[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorii]] supplicio adfectus) fuit [[magister militum]] originis [[barbari]]cae et [[Comes|comes stabuli]] et [[consul]] annorum [[400]] et [[405]]. Testis atque interpres rerum a Stilichone gestarum maximus [[Claudianus]] poeta extat in carminibus 2–28 et nonnullis carminibus minoribus. Contra ab [[Orosius|Orosio]] Stilichonis facta depinguntur ut vituperanda. Quod Vandalus erat, etiam [[Arianismus|Arianus]].

== De familia ==
Uxor ei fuit [[Serena]] neptis Theodosii I quae cum maritus hostis publicus iudicatus est una cum eo periit. E qua genuit Eucherium&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.32-37.&lt;/ref&gt; filium et filias Mariam, quae Imperatori Honorio anno 395 nupsit et sive 407 sive 408 obiit, et Termantiam quae eidem Honorio nupsit post sororis mortem. Matrimonium paucos menses duravit et patre damnato repudiata est&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.28, 35, 37.&lt;/ref&gt;.

==De vita==
Stilicho in hodierna [[Germania]] a patre [[Vandali|Vandalo]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Orosius]] VII.38.1.&lt;/ref&gt; natus est, auxiliario in exercitu Romano&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu Stilichonis'' I.35-9.&lt;/ref&gt;, et matre quae civis [[Roma|Romana]] erat&lt;ref&gt;Ita [[Hieronymus]] (Ep. 123.16) eum semibarbarum dicit.&lt;/ref&gt;. Tamen semper se Romanum putavit etiamsi erat, sicut plurimi Germani, [[Arianismus|arianus]], ergo putatus [[Haeresis|haereticus]]. Correcte tres linguas principales illius temporis loquebatur: [[Lingua Germanica|Germanicam]] communem, [[Lingua Latina|Latinam]] [[Lingua Graeca|Graecamque]]. In [[historiographia]] vir multum ambiguus depingitur: putatus dux fidelis causae Imperii Romani, egit negative{{dubsig}} pro se. Nam [[Alaricus|Alaricum]] non pepulit neque limitem ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] servavit.

[[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] regnante, qui ultimus utriusque partis Imperi imperator fuit, tribunus praetorianus militaris fuit qui circa [[384]] eum 'vix primaevum' ad regem Persarum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sapor III|Saporem III|en|qid=Q310267}} misit, ut de pace et partitione [[Armenia|Armeniae]] ageret&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu'' I.51-68&lt;/ref&gt;. Legatio felix fuit et Stilicho, cum Theodosium [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] adisset, comes sacri stabuli et mox comes domesticorum&lt;ref&gt;Ausonius, ''Laus Serenae'' 90-94.&lt;/ref&gt; (385-392) ac postremo circa 392 magister militum  factus est, ut limites a [[Visigothi|Visigothis]] defenderet: ita hoc negotium per circa viginta annos&lt;ref&gt;Viginti tres si [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimi]] computationi credimus (V.34.6).&lt;/ref&gt; habuit. Theodosius quia virtutem eius videbat, ei [[Serena|Serenam]] suam neptem uxorem dedit&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu'' I.69-83 et ''Laus Serenae''.&lt;/ref&gt;, quae postea filia adoptiva fuit. Eo coniugio nati sunt filius [[Eucherius]] et duae filiae, Maria et Termantia, quae uxores imperatoris [[Honorius|Honorii]] fuerunt .
[[Fasciculus:Rione XV Esquilino, Roma, Italy - panoramio (49).jpg|thumb| Nomen Stilichonis in porta Honoriana Romae legitur (CIL VI.1189)]]
Imperatore [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] anno [[392]] interfecto, Stilicho exercitum paravit qui, Theodosio duce, [[Eugenius (imperator)|Flavium Eugenium]] proelio ad flumen Frigidum vicit (sept. 394). In hac quoque pugna Stilicho imperavit, cum haberet subordinatum [[Alaricus I (rex Visigothorum)|Alaricum]] Visigothum (deinde suum inimicum), qui magnam auxiliariorum [[Gothi|Gothorum]] copiam ducebat. Deinde magister utriusque militiae in parte occidentali imperii nominatur. Simul Honorium iussu Theodosii custodiebat atque ita Theodosio mortuo occidentalibus partibus imperabat ut [[Flavius Rufinus|Rufinus]] orientalibus&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus IV.59.1. [[Orosius]] VII.37.1:  ''interea cum a Theodosio imperatore seniore singulis potissimis infantum cura et disciplina utriusque palatii commissa esset, hoc est Rufino orientalis aulae, Stiliconi occidentalis imperii''... Eunapius fr. 62. Iohannes Antiochensis fr.188.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quia tum (395) magna pars exercitus orientalis in eius manu erat quia Eugenium pugnatum venerat curam totius imperii sibi vindicavit&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.4.3. [[Ausonius]], ''In Rufinum'' II.4-6: ''Tibi credita fratrum utraque maiestas geminaeque exercitus aulae''.&lt;/ref&gt;. Exercitum adversus Alarici Visigothos in Graeciam ducebat cum ab Arcadio, Rufino auctore, sibi remittere et in occidentem retro cedere iussus est&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.7. ''In Rufinum'' II.202sqq.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quod fecit sed eodem tempore eorum duci Gainae Rufinum occidendum mandasse videtur. Annis 396/7 ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] venit ac deinde in [[Peloponnesus|Peloponnesum]] adpulit ad Alaricum impugnandum sed iterum recedere ab Arcadio iussus est qui tum [[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropio]] morem gerebat. Qua de causa etiam hostis publicus a senatu [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopolitano]] iudicatus est&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.7 et 11.1. Ausonius, ''de Quarto consulatu Honorii'' 459sqq.&lt;/ref&gt;. Eodem anno rebellionem [[Gildo|Gildonis]] in Africa oppressit fratre ipsius Mascezel nomine adversus eum misso&lt;ref&gt;Ausonius, ''de Bello Gildonis''. Zosimus V.11.2-5, Orosius VII.36.2-13.&lt;/ref&gt;. Nam ob teneram Honorii aetatem occidentalem imperii partem ipse regebat ut Eutropius orientalem pro Arcadio.

Anno [[400]] una cum [[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]] [[consul|consulatum]] gessit. Autumno 401 Alaricus Italiam invadit sed Stilicho eum duabus pugnis apud [[Pollentia (Marchia Anconitana)|Pollentiam]] et [[Verona|Veronam]] anno [[402]] vicit&lt;ref&gt;[[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]]  ''[[De bello Gothico|de Bello Gothico]]'' et ''de VI consulatu Honorii'' 127sqq. [[Orosius]] VII.37.2, [[Prudentius]], ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'' II.711sqq., [[Iordanes (scriptor)|Iordanes]] ''[[De origine actibusque Getarum|Getica]]'' 154.&lt;/ref&gt;. Anno [[405]] consul iterum fuit cum [[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]] praefecto praetorio per Orientem. Hoc ipso anno [[Radagaisus]] Italiam invadit sed iam anno 407 a Stilichone [[Faesulae|Faesulis]] profligatur&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.26.3-5, Orosius VII.37.4-16,  [[Iordanes (scriptor)|Iordanes]] ''[[De origine actibusque Getarum|Getica]]''. [[Augustinus Hipponensis|Augustinus]] ''[[De civitate Dei|de Civitate Dei]]'' V.23.&lt;/ref&gt;. Eodem anno [[Illyricum]] in suam dicionem redigere cupiens Alaricum [[magister militum|magistrum militum]] suum fecit et Iovium praefectum praetorio per Illyricum nominavit. Mox tamen nuntiato Constantino usurpatore e [[Britannia (provincia Romana)|Britannia]] in Galliam traiecisse a proposito deterritus est&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.27.2-3. [[Sozomenus|Sozomenos]] VII.25.&lt;/ref&gt;. Iam Alaricum aliosque duces adversus Constantinum missurus erat et [[Arcadius|Arcadio]] mortuo orientales res ordinandas sibi mandari volebat cum ab Olympio accusatus quod filium Eucherium usque ad imperatoriam dignitatem extollere in animo haberet iussu Honorii adprehensus et celeriter mense Augusto 408 necatus est. Bonis publicatis hostis publicus declaratus est et fautores eius persequebantur&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.32-37.  Sozomenus IX.4. Philostratus XI.3 et XII.1, Orosius VII.38, Iordanes ''[[De origine actibusque Romanorum (Iordanes)|Romana]]'' 322. Olympiodorus fr. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;. Post duos annos Alaricus Romam urbem cepit et diripuit.

[[Monumentum]] [[marmor]]eum annis circa 400 factum et dictum sepulcrum Stilichonis in [[basilica]] sancti [[Ambrosius|Ambrosii]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] exstat, sed Stilichonem hac in urbe sepultum esse vix veri simile videtur. Nam primo testimonia desunt, deinde omnino corpus illis temporibus inquietissimis ac bellicosis a loco supplicii Mediolanum tralatum esse a multis viris doctis denegatur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*[[CIL]] V.6250, VI.1188-1190, VI.1730-4, VI.31987-9, IX,4051, XIV.165. [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche Hic textus quaerere potes (Literature)] [[L'Année épigraphique|AE]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche?literatur=1926,%200124 1926,124]
* [[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]],  ''De consulatu Stilichonis'', ''In Rufinum'' et alia poemata
* ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]''
* [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]], ''[[Historia nova]]''
* [[Orosius|Paulus Orosius]], ''[[Historiae adversum paganos]]''
* [[Claudius Rutilius Namatianus]], ''De reditu suo''
* [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' IV.1-14

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Emma Burrell, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436726 A Re-Examination of Why Stilicho Abandoned His Pursuit of Alaric in 397]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2004: 251-256 
*	Alan Cameron, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/25506845/Theodosius_the_Great_and_the_Regency_of_Stilico Theodosius the Great and the regency of Stilico]&quot;, ''Harvard Studies'', 1969: 247-280 
*Emilienne Demougeot, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44168669 Note sur la politique orientale de Stilichon de 405 à 407]&quot;, ''Byzantion'', 1950(II):  27-37 
* [[Eduardus Gibbon]], ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire''
* Ian Hughes, ''Stilicho : the Vandal who saved Rome'', Pen and Sword Military, 2021 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=79TIDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT74&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/852/mode/2up 853-858]
*Rudolf Keller, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=jMDTNtkscXQC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Stilicho, oder, Die Geschichte des weströmischen Reiches von 395-408]'', Berolini, 1884
*Giulia Marolla, &quot;[https://storicamente.org/marolla-stilicone-generale Dagli altari alla polvere. Stilicone da parens Augusti a semibarbarus proditor]&quot;, ''Storicamente'', 2018: 30.
*[[Theodorus Mommsenus|Theodorus Mommsen]], &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4472880 Stilicho und Alarich]&quot;, ''Hermes'', 1903: 101-115
* Bruno Pottier, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2005_num_117_1_10947 Un pamphlet contre Stilichon dans l’Histoire Auguste : la vie de Maximin Le Thrace]&quot;, ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2005 (117-1): 223-267
* Santo Mazzarino, ''Stilicone. La Crisi Imperiale dopo Teodosio'', [[1942]] (Rizzoli ISBN 978-88-17-33616-1) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1942_num_11_2_2700_t1_0335_0000_2 Recensio critica]
* Heinricus Richter, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&amp;lr=&amp;id=ponfsh4ruPkC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=serena+stilichonis&amp;ots=vaSabmKd8r&amp;sig=kMRQOGElZOJXCFoqw6FoLMeZj2U&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Stilichone et Rufino]'', Halis Saxonum, 1860 '''LATINE'''
*Michele Renee Salzman, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the &quot;Barbarian&quot; Generals]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367
*Paulus Schulz, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&amp;lr=&amp;id=kv6unNYVlEUC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=serena+stilichonis&amp;ots=zPymhMZ5rA&amp;sig=LlWeNoL9PBOQcOJSI22m7f53z88&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Stilichone iisque qui de eo agunt fontibus, Claudiano imprimis et Zosimo]'', Regimonti, 1864 '''LATINE'''
*Lucien Sigayret, &quot;[https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/29079 Les deux voyages de Stilichon]&quot; in ''Bouleversants voyages'',  Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 2000: 85-100
*Michaël Vannesse,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_1_7794 L’armée romaine en Occident sous Stilichon (395-408 ap. J.-C.) : le témoignage des décrets impériaux]&quot;, ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2010:  99-112
*	Edmundus Vogt, ''[https://archive.org/details/clclaudianicarmi00vogt/mode/2up Cl. Claudiani carminum quae Stiliconem praedicant fides historica ex comparatione ceterorum fontium recensetur]'', Bonnae, 1863 '''LATINE'''

== Nexus externi ==
{{communia|Stilicho|Flavium Stilichonem}}
* Guillaume Vincent, ''Stilicon, architecte de la victoire: un examen du rôle stratégique du général lors de la bataille de la rivière Frigidus'' [https://mastersfdl.hypotheses.org/6020 Investigatio]

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropius]] et [[Flavius Mallius Theodorus]]|
annus= 400&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]]|
successores=[[Flavius Fravitta]] et [[Flavius Vincentius]]}}
{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] VI et [[Aristaenetus]]|
annus= 405&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]]|
successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] VI et [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]}} 

{{Lifetime|saeculo 4|408|Stilicho, Flavius}}
[[Categoria:Ductores exercitus]]
[[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Morte damnati]]</text>
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[[Imago:Stilico diptych.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Diptychon consulare]] Stilichonis anni circiter [[400]], [[Modicia]]e in thesauro ecclesiae cathedralis conservatum. Monstrat autem Stilichonem cum uxore [[Serena]] et filio [[Eucherius (filius Stilichonis)|Eucherio]]. Puerorum in clipeo Stilichonis sculptorum sunt qui [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] [[Honorius|Honoriique]] fratrum Augustorum imagines esse doceant, ut quorum pro tutela atque patrono Stilicho se gesserit.]] 

{{res|Flavius Stilicho}} (anno [[359]] circiter natus anno [[408]] die [[22 Augusti|22 mensis Augusti]] [[Ravenna]]e iussu [[Heraclianus|Heracliani]] ducis exercitus [[imperator]]is [[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorii]] supplicio adfectus) fuit [[magister militum]] originis [[barbari]]cae et [[Comes|comes stabuli]] et [[consul]] annorum [[400]] et [[405]]. Testis atque interpres rerum a Stilichone gestarum maximus [[Claudianus]] poeta extat in carminibus 2–28 et nonnullis carminibus minoribus. Contra ab [[Orosius|Orosio]] Stilichonis facta depinguntur ut vituperanda. Quod Vandalus erat, etiam [[Arianismus|Arianus]].

== De familia ==
Uxor ei fuit [[Serena]] neptis Theodosii I quae cum maritus hostis publicus iudicatus est una cum eo periit. E qua genuit Eucherium&lt;ref&gt;[[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]] V.32-37.&lt;/ref&gt; filium et filias Mariam, quae Imperatori Honorio anno 395 nupsit&lt;ref&gt;[[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]], ''Epithalamium dictum Honorio Augusto et Mariae''.&lt;/ref&gt; et sive 407 sive 408 obiit, et Termantiam quae eidem Honorio nupsit post sororis mortem. Matrimonium paucos menses duravit et patre damnato repudiata est&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.28, 35, 37.&lt;/ref&gt;.

==De vita==
Stilicho in hodierna [[Germania]] a patre [[Vandali|Vandalo]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Orosius]] VII.38.1.&lt;/ref&gt; natus est, auxiliario in exercitu Romano&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu Stilichonis'' I.35-9.&lt;/ref&gt;, et matre quae civis [[Roma|Romana]] erat&lt;ref&gt;Ita [[Hieronymus]] (Ep. 123.16) eum semibarbarum dicit.&lt;/ref&gt;. Tamen semper se Romanum putavit etiamsi erat, sicut plurimi Germani, [[Arianismus|arianus]], ergo putatus [[Haeresis|haereticus]]. Correcte tres linguas principales illius temporis loquebatur: [[Lingua Germanica|Germanicam]] communem, [[Lingua Latina|Latinam]] [[Lingua Graeca|Graecamque]]. In [[historiographia]] vir multum ambiguus depingitur: putatus dux fidelis causae Imperii Romani, egit negative{{dubsig}} pro se. Nam [[Alaricus|Alaricum]] non pepulit neque limitem ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] servavit.

[[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] regnante, qui ultimus utriusque partis Imperi imperator fuit, tribunus praetorianus militaris fuit qui circa [[384]] eum 'vix primaevum' ad regem Persarum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sapor III|Saporem III|en|qid=Q310267}} misit, ut de pace et partitione [[Armenia|Armeniae]] ageret&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu'' I.51-68&lt;/ref&gt;. Legatio felix fuit et Stilicho, cum Theodosium [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] adisset, comes sacri stabuli et mox comes domesticorum&lt;ref&gt;Ausonius, ''Laus Serenae'' 90-94.&lt;/ref&gt; (385-392) ac postremo circa 392 magister militum  factus est, ut limites a [[Visigothi|Visigothis]] defenderet: ita hoc negotium per circa viginta annos&lt;ref&gt;Viginti tres si [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimi]] computationi credimus (V.34.6).&lt;/ref&gt; habuit. Theodosius quia virtutem eius videbat, ei [[Serena|Serenam]] suam neptem uxorem dedit&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu'' I.69-83 et ''Laus Serenae''.&lt;/ref&gt;, quae postea filia adoptiva fuit. Eo coniugio nati sunt filius [[Eucherius]] et duae filiae, Maria et Termantia, quae uxores imperatoris [[Honorius|Honorii]] fuerunt .
[[Fasciculus:Rione XV Esquilino, Roma, Italy - panoramio (49).jpg|thumb| Nomen Stilichonis in porta Honoriana Romae legitur (CIL VI.1189)]]
Imperatore [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] anno [[392]] interfecto, Stilicho exercitum paravit qui, Theodosio duce, [[Eugenius (imperator)|Flavium Eugenium]] proelio ad flumen Frigidum vicit (sept. 394). In hac quoque pugna Stilicho imperavit, cum haberet subordinatum [[Alaricus I (rex Visigothorum)|Alaricum]] Visigothum (deinde suum inimicum), qui magnam auxiliariorum [[Gothi|Gothorum]] copiam ducebat. Deinde magister utriusque militiae in parte occidentali imperii nominatur. Simul Honorium iussu Theodosii custodiebat atque ita Theodosio mortuo occidentalibus partibus imperabat ut [[Flavius Rufinus|Rufinus]] orientalibus&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus IV.59.1. [[Orosius]] VII.37.1:  ''interea cum a Theodosio imperatore seniore singulis potissimis infantum cura et disciplina utriusque palatii commissa esset, hoc est Rufino orientalis aulae, Stiliconi occidentalis imperii''... Eunapius fr. 62. Iohannes Antiochensis fr.188.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quia tum (395) magna pars exercitus orientalis in eius manu erat quia Eugenium pugnatum venerat curam totius imperii sibi vindicavit&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.4.3. [[Ausonius]], ''In Rufinum'' II.4-6: ''Tibi credita fratrum utraque maiestas geminaeque exercitus aulae''.&lt;/ref&gt;. Exercitum adversus Alarici Visigothos in Graeciam ducebat cum ab Arcadio, Rufino auctore, sibi remittere et in occidentem retro cedere iussus est&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.7. ''In Rufinum'' II.202sqq.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quod fecit sed eodem tempore eorum duci Gainae Rufinum occidendum mandasse videtur. Annis 396/7 ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] venit ac deinde in [[Peloponnesus|Peloponnesum]] adpulit ad Alaricum impugnandum sed iterum recedere ab Arcadio iussus est qui tum [[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropio]] morem gerebat. Qua de causa etiam hostis publicus a senatu [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopolitano]] iudicatus est&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.7 et 11.1. Ausonius, ''de Quarto consulatu Honorii'' 459sqq.&lt;/ref&gt;. Eodem anno rebellionem [[Gildo|Gildonis]] in Africa oppressit fratre ipsius Mascezel nomine adversus eum misso&lt;ref&gt;Ausonius, ''de Bello Gildonis''. Zosimus V.11.2-5, Orosius VII.36.2-13.&lt;/ref&gt;. Nam ob teneram Honorii aetatem occidentalem imperii partem ipse regebat ut Eutropius orientalem pro Arcadio.

Anno [[400]] una cum [[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]] [[consul|consulatum]] gessit. Autumno 401 Alaricus Italiam invadit sed Stilicho eum duabus pugnis apud [[Pollentia (Marchia Anconitana)|Pollentiam]] et [[Verona|Veronam]] anno [[402]] vicit&lt;ref&gt;[[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]]  ''[[De bello Gothico|de Bello Gothico]]'' et ''de VI consulatu Honorii'' 127sqq. [[Orosius]] VII.37.2, [[Prudentius]], ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'' II.711sqq., [[Iordanes (scriptor)|Iordanes]] ''[[De origine actibusque Getarum|Getica]]'' 154.&lt;/ref&gt;. Anno [[405]] consul iterum fuit cum [[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]] praefecto praetorio per Orientem. Hoc ipso anno [[Radagaisus]] Italiam invadit sed iam anno 407 a Stilichone [[Faesulae|Faesulis]] profligatur&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.26.3-5, Orosius VII.37.4-16,  [[Iordanes (scriptor)|Iordanes]] ''[[De origine actibusque Getarum|Getica]]''. [[Augustinus Hipponensis|Augustinus]] ''[[De civitate Dei|de Civitate Dei]]'' V.23.&lt;/ref&gt;. Eodem anno [[Illyricum]] in suam dicionem redigere cupiens Alaricum [[magister militum|magistrum militum]] suum fecit et Iovium praefectum praetorio per Illyricum nominavit. Mox tamen nuntiato Constantino usurpatore e [[Britannia (provincia Romana)|Britannia]] in Galliam traiecisse a proposito deterritus est&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.27.2-3. [[Sozomenus|Sozomenos]] VII.25.&lt;/ref&gt;. Iam Alaricum aliosque duces adversus Constantinum missurus erat et [[Arcadius|Arcadio]] mortuo orientales res ordinandas sibi mandari volebat cum ab Olympio accusatus quod filium Eucherium usque ad imperatoriam dignitatem extollere in animo haberet iussu Honorii adprehensus et celeriter mense Augusto 408 necatus est. Bonis publicatis hostis publicus declaratus est et fautores eius persequebantur&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.32-37.  Sozomenus IX.4. Philostratus XI.3 et XII.1, Orosius VII.38, Iordanes ''[[De origine actibusque Romanorum (Iordanes)|Romana]]'' 322. Olympiodorus fr. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;. Post duos annos Alaricus Romam urbem cepit et diripuit.

[[Monumentum]] [[marmor]]eum annis circa 400 factum et dictum sepulcrum Stilichonis in [[basilica]] sancti [[Ambrosius|Ambrosii]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] exstat, sed Stilichonem hac in urbe sepultum esse vix veri simile videtur. Nam primo testimonia desunt, deinde omnino corpus illis temporibus inquietissimis ac bellicosis a loco supplicii Mediolanum tralatum esse a multis viris doctis denegatur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*[[CIL]] V.6250, VI.1188-1190, VI.1730-4, VI.31987-9, IX,4051, XIV.165. [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche Hic textus quaerere potes (Literature)] [[L'Année épigraphique|AE]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche?literatur=1926,%200124 1926,124]
* [[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]],  ''De consulatu Stilichonis'', ''In Rufinum'' et alia poemata
* ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]''
* [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]], ''[[Historia nova]]''
* [[Orosius|Paulus Orosius]], ''[[Historiae adversum paganos]]''
* [[Claudius Rutilius Namatianus]], ''De reditu suo''
* [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' IV.1-14

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Emma Burrell, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436726 A Re-Examination of Why Stilicho Abandoned His Pursuit of Alaric in 397]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2004: 251-256 
*	Alan Cameron, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/25506845/Theodosius_the_Great_and_the_Regency_of_Stilico Theodosius the Great and the regency of Stilico]&quot;, ''Harvard Studies'', 1969: 247-280 
*Emilienne Demougeot, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44168669 Note sur la politique orientale de Stilichon de 405 à 407]&quot;, ''Byzantion'', 1950(II):  27-37 
* [[Eduardus Gibbon]], ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire''
* Ian Hughes, ''Stilicho : the Vandal who saved Rome'', Pen and Sword Military, 2021 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=79TIDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT74&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/852/mode/2up 853-858]
*Rudolf Keller, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=jMDTNtkscXQC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Stilicho, oder, Die Geschichte des weströmischen Reiches von 395-408]'', Berolini, 1884
*Giulia Marolla, &quot;[https://storicamente.org/marolla-stilicone-generale Dagli altari alla polvere. Stilicone da parens Augusti a semibarbarus proditor]&quot;, ''Storicamente'', 2018: 30.
*[[Theodorus Mommsenus|Theodorus Mommsen]], &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4472880 Stilicho und Alarich]&quot;, ''Hermes'', 1903: 101-115
* Bruno Pottier, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2005_num_117_1_10947 Un pamphlet contre Stilichon dans l’Histoire Auguste : la vie de Maximin Le Thrace]&quot;, ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2005 (117-1): 223-267
* Santo Mazzarino, ''Stilicone. La Crisi Imperiale dopo Teodosio'', [[1942]] (Rizzoli ISBN 978-88-17-33616-1) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1942_num_11_2_2700_t1_0335_0000_2 Recensio critica]
* Heinricus Richter, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&amp;lr=&amp;id=ponfsh4ruPkC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=serena+stilichonis&amp;ots=vaSabmKd8r&amp;sig=kMRQOGElZOJXCFoqw6FoLMeZj2U&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Stilichone et Rufino]'', Halis Saxonum, 1860 '''LATINE'''
*Michele Renee Salzman, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the &quot;Barbarian&quot; Generals]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367
*Paulus Schulz, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&amp;lr=&amp;id=kv6unNYVlEUC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=serena+stilichonis&amp;ots=zPymhMZ5rA&amp;sig=LlWeNoL9PBOQcOJSI22m7f53z88&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Stilichone iisque qui de eo agunt fontibus, Claudiano imprimis et Zosimo]'', Regimonti, 1864 '''LATINE'''
*Lucien Sigayret, &quot;[https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/29079 Les deux voyages de Stilichon]&quot; in ''Bouleversants voyages'',  Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 2000: 85-100
*Michaël Vannesse,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_1_7794 L’armée romaine en Occident sous Stilichon (395-408 ap. J.-C.) : le témoignage des décrets impériaux]&quot;, ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2010:  99-112
*	Edmundus Vogt, ''[https://archive.org/details/clclaudianicarmi00vogt/mode/2up Cl. Claudiani carminum quae Stiliconem praedicant fides historica ex comparatione ceterorum fontium recensetur]'', Bonnae, 1863 '''LATINE'''

== Nexus externi ==
{{communia|Stilicho|Flavium Stilichonem}}
* Guillaume Vincent, ''Stilicon, architecte de la victoire: un examen du rôle stratégique du général lors de la bataille de la rivière Frigidus'' [https://mastersfdl.hypotheses.org/6020 Investigatio]

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropius]] et [[Flavius Mallius Theodorus]]|
annus= 400&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]]|
successores=[[Flavius Fravitta]] et [[Flavius Vincentius]]}}
{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] VI et [[Aristaenetus]]|
annus= 405&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]]|
successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] VI et [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]}} 

{{Lifetime|saeculo 4|408|Stilicho, Flavius}}
[[Categoria:Ductores exercitus]]
[[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Morte damnati]]</text>
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[[Imago:Stilico diptych.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Diptychon consulare]] Stilichonis anni circiter [[400]], [[Modicia]]e in thesauro ecclesiae cathedralis conservatum. Monstrat autem Stilichonem cum uxore [[Serena]] et filio [[Eucherius (filius Stilichonis)|Eucherio]]. Puerorum in clipeo Stilichonis sculptorum sunt qui [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] [[Honorius|Honoriique]] fratrum Augustorum imagines esse doceant, ut quorum pro tutela atque patrono Stilicho se gesserit.]] 

{{res|Flavius Stilicho}} (anno [[359]] circiter natus anno [[408]] die [[22 Augusti|22 mensis Augusti]] [[Ravenna]]e iussu [[Heraclianus|Heracliani]] ducis exercitus [[imperator]]is [[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorii]] supplicio adfectus) fuit [[magister militum]] originis [[barbari]]cae et [[Comes|comes stabuli]] et [[consul]] annorum [[400]] et [[405]]. Testis atque interpres rerum a Stilichone gestarum maximus [[Claudianus]] poeta extat in carminibus 2–28 et nonnullis carminibus minoribus. Contra ab [[Orosius|Orosio]] Stilichonis facta depinguntur ut vituperanda. Quod Vandalus erat, etiam [[Arianismus|Arianus]].

== De familia ==
Uxor ei fuit [[Serena]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]], ''Laus Serenae''.&lt;/ref&gt; neptis Theodosii I quae cum maritus hostis publicus iudicatus est una cum eo periit. E qua genuit Eucherium&lt;ref&gt;[[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]] V.32-37.&lt;/ref&gt; filium et filias Mariam, quae Imperatori Honorio anno 395 nupsit&lt;ref&gt;[[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]], ''Epithalamium dictum Honorio Augusto et Mariae''.&lt;/ref&gt; et sive 407 sive 408 obiit, et Termantiam quae eidem Honorio nupsit post sororis mortem. Matrimonium paucos menses duravit et patre damnato repudiata est&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.28, 35, 37.&lt;/ref&gt;.

==De vita==
Stilicho in hodierna [[Germania]] a patre [[Vandali|Vandalo]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Orosius]] VII.38.1.&lt;/ref&gt; natus est, auxiliario in exercitu Romano&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu Stilichonis'' I.35-9.&lt;/ref&gt;, et matre quae civis [[Roma|Romana]] erat&lt;ref&gt;Ita [[Hieronymus]] (Ep. 123.16) eum semibarbarum dicit.&lt;/ref&gt;. Tamen semper se Romanum putavit etiamsi erat, sicut plurimi Germani, [[Arianismus|arianus]], ergo putatus [[Haeresis|haereticus]]. Correcte tres linguas principales illius temporis loquebatur: [[Lingua Germanica|Germanicam]] communem, [[Lingua Latina|Latinam]] [[Lingua Graeca|Graecamque]]. In [[historiographia]] vir multum ambiguus depingitur: putatus dux fidelis causae Imperii Romani, egit negative{{dubsig}} pro se. Nam [[Alaricus|Alaricum]] non pepulit neque limitem ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] servavit.

[[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] regnante, qui ultimus utriusque partis Imperi imperator fuit, tribunus praetorianus militaris fuit qui circa [[384]] eum 'vix primaevum' ad regem Persarum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sapor III|Saporem III|en|qid=Q310267}} misit, ut de pace et partitione [[Armenia|Armeniae]] ageret&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu'' I.51-68&lt;/ref&gt;. Legatio felix fuit et Stilicho, cum Theodosium [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] adisset, comes sacri stabuli et mox comes domesticorum&lt;ref&gt;Ausonius, ''Laus Serenae'' 90-94.&lt;/ref&gt; (385-392) ac postremo circa 392 magister militum  factus est, ut limites a [[Visigothi|Visigothis]] defenderet: ita hoc negotium per circa viginta annos&lt;ref&gt;Viginti tres si [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimi]] computationi credimus (V.34.6).&lt;/ref&gt; habuit. Theodosius quia virtutem eius videbat, ei [[Serena|Serenam]] suam neptem uxorem dedit&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu'' I.69-83 et ''Laus Serenae''.&lt;/ref&gt;, quae postea filia adoptiva fuit. Eo coniugio nati sunt filius [[Eucherius]] et duae filiae, Maria et Termantia, quae uxores imperatoris [[Honorius|Honorii]] fuerunt .
[[Fasciculus:Rione XV Esquilino, Roma, Italy - panoramio (49).jpg|thumb| Nomen Stilichonis in porta Honoriana Romae legitur (CIL VI.1189)]]
Imperatore [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] anno [[392]] interfecto, Stilicho exercitum paravit qui, Theodosio duce, [[Eugenius (imperator)|Flavium Eugenium]] proelio ad flumen Frigidum vicit (sept. 394). In hac quoque pugna Stilicho imperavit, cum haberet subordinatum [[Alaricus I (rex Visigothorum)|Alaricum]] Visigothum (deinde suum inimicum), qui magnam auxiliariorum [[Gothi|Gothorum]] copiam ducebat. Deinde magister utriusque militiae in parte occidentali imperii nominatur. Simul Honorium iussu Theodosii custodiebat atque ita Theodosio mortuo occidentalibus partibus imperabat ut [[Flavius Rufinus|Rufinus]] orientalibus&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus IV.59.1. [[Orosius]] VII.37.1:  ''interea cum a Theodosio imperatore seniore singulis potissimis infantum cura et disciplina utriusque palatii commissa esset, hoc est Rufino orientalis aulae, Stiliconi occidentalis imperii''... Eunapius fr. 62. Iohannes Antiochensis fr.188.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quia tum (395) magna pars exercitus orientalis in eius manu erat quia Eugenium pugnatum venerat curam totius imperii sibi vindicavit&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.4.3. [[Ausonius]], ''In Rufinum'' II.4-6: ''Tibi credita fratrum utraque maiestas geminaeque exercitus aulae''.&lt;/ref&gt;. Exercitum adversus Alarici Visigothos in Graeciam ducebat cum ab Arcadio, Rufino auctore, sibi remittere et in occidentem retro cedere iussus est&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.7. ''In Rufinum'' II.202sqq.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quod fecit sed eodem tempore eorum duci Gainae Rufinum occidendum mandasse videtur. Annis 396/7 ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] venit ac deinde in [[Peloponnesus|Peloponnesum]] adpulit ad Alaricum impugnandum sed iterum recedere ab Arcadio iussus est qui tum [[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropio]] morem gerebat. Qua de causa etiam hostis publicus a senatu [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopolitano]] iudicatus est&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.7 et 11.1. Ausonius, ''de Quarto consulatu Honorii'' 459sqq.&lt;/ref&gt;. Eodem anno rebellionem [[Gildo|Gildonis]] in Africa oppressit fratre ipsius Mascezel nomine adversus eum misso&lt;ref&gt;Ausonius, ''de Bello Gildonis''. Zosimus V.11.2-5, Orosius VII.36.2-13.&lt;/ref&gt;. Nam ob teneram Honorii aetatem occidentalem imperii partem ipse regebat ut Eutropius orientalem pro Arcadio.

Anno [[400]] una cum [[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]] [[consul|consulatum]] gessit. Autumno 401 Alaricus Italiam invadit sed Stilicho eum duabus pugnis apud [[Pollentia (Marchia Anconitana)|Pollentiam]] et [[Verona|Veronam]] anno [[402]] vicit&lt;ref&gt;[[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]]  ''[[De bello Gothico|de Bello Gothico]]'' et ''de VI consulatu Honorii'' 127sqq. [[Orosius]] VII.37.2, [[Prudentius]], ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'' II.711sqq., [[Iordanes (scriptor)|Iordanes]] ''[[De origine actibusque Getarum|Getica]]'' 154.&lt;/ref&gt;. Anno [[405]] consul iterum fuit cum [[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]] praefecto praetorio per Orientem. Hoc ipso anno [[Radagaisus]] Italiam invadit sed iam anno 407 a Stilichone [[Faesulae|Faesulis]] profligatur&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.26.3-5, Orosius VII.37.4-16,  [[Iordanes (scriptor)|Iordanes]] ''[[De origine actibusque Getarum|Getica]]''. [[Augustinus Hipponensis|Augustinus]] ''[[De civitate Dei|de Civitate Dei]]'' V.23.&lt;/ref&gt;. Eodem anno [[Illyricum]] in suam dicionem redigere cupiens Alaricum [[magister militum|magistrum militum]] suum fecit et Iovium praefectum praetorio per Illyricum nominavit. Mox tamen nuntiato Constantino usurpatore e [[Britannia (provincia Romana)|Britannia]] in Galliam traiecisse a proposito deterritus est&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.27.2-3. [[Sozomenus|Sozomenos]] VII.25.&lt;/ref&gt;. Iam Alaricum aliosque duces adversus Constantinum missurus erat et [[Arcadius|Arcadio]] mortuo orientales res ordinandas sibi mandari volebat cum ab Olympio accusatus quod filium Eucherium usque ad imperatoriam dignitatem extollere in animo haberet iussu Honorii adprehensus et celeriter mense Augusto 408 necatus est. Bonis publicatis hostis publicus declaratus est et fautores eius persequebantur&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.32-37.  Sozomenus IX.4. Philostratus XI.3 et XII.1, Orosius VII.38, Iordanes ''[[De origine actibusque Romanorum (Iordanes)|Romana]]'' 322. Olympiodorus fr. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;. Post duos annos Alaricus Romam urbem cepit et diripuit.

[[Monumentum]] [[marmor]]eum annis circa 400 factum et dictum sepulcrum Stilichonis in [[basilica]] sancti [[Ambrosius|Ambrosii]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] exstat, sed Stilichonem hac in urbe sepultum esse vix veri simile videtur. Nam primo testimonia desunt, deinde omnino corpus illis temporibus inquietissimis ac bellicosis a loco supplicii Mediolanum tralatum esse a multis viris doctis denegatur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*[[CIL]] V.6250, VI.1188-1190, VI.1730-4, VI.31987-9, IX,4051, XIV.165. [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche Hic textus quaerere potes (Literature)] [[L'Année épigraphique|AE]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche?literatur=1926,%200124 1926,124]
* [[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]],  ''De consulatu Stilichonis'', ''In Rufinum'' et alia poemata
* ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]''
* [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]], ''[[Historia nova]]''
* [[Orosius|Paulus Orosius]], ''[[Historiae adversum paganos]]''
* [[Claudius Rutilius Namatianus]], ''De reditu suo''
* [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' IV.1-14

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Emma Burrell, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436726 A Re-Examination of Why Stilicho Abandoned His Pursuit of Alaric in 397]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2004: 251-256 
*	Alan Cameron, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/25506845/Theodosius_the_Great_and_the_Regency_of_Stilico Theodosius the Great and the regency of Stilico]&quot;, ''Harvard Studies'', 1969: 247-280 
*Emilienne Demougeot, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44168669 Note sur la politique orientale de Stilichon de 405 à 407]&quot;, ''Byzantion'', 1950(II):  27-37 
* [[Eduardus Gibbon]], ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire''
* Ian Hughes, ''Stilicho : the Vandal who saved Rome'', Pen and Sword Military, 2021 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=79TIDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT74&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/852/mode/2up 853-858]
*Rudolf Keller, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=jMDTNtkscXQC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Stilicho, oder, Die Geschichte des weströmischen Reiches von 395-408]'', Berolini, 1884
*Giulia Marolla, &quot;[https://storicamente.org/marolla-stilicone-generale Dagli altari alla polvere. Stilicone da parens Augusti a semibarbarus proditor]&quot;, ''Storicamente'', 2018: 30.
*[[Theodorus Mommsenus|Theodorus Mommsen]], &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4472880 Stilicho und Alarich]&quot;, ''Hermes'', 1903: 101-115
* Bruno Pottier, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2005_num_117_1_10947 Un pamphlet contre Stilichon dans l’Histoire Auguste : la vie de Maximin Le Thrace]&quot;, ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2005 (117-1): 223-267
* Santo Mazzarino, ''Stilicone. La Crisi Imperiale dopo Teodosio'', [[1942]] (Rizzoli ISBN 978-88-17-33616-1) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1942_num_11_2_2700_t1_0335_0000_2 Recensio critica]
* Heinricus Richter, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&amp;lr=&amp;id=ponfsh4ruPkC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=serena+stilichonis&amp;ots=vaSabmKd8r&amp;sig=kMRQOGElZOJXCFoqw6FoLMeZj2U&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Stilichone et Rufino]'', Halis Saxonum, 1860 '''LATINE'''
*Michele Renee Salzman, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the &quot;Barbarian&quot; Generals]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367
*Paulus Schulz, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&amp;lr=&amp;id=kv6unNYVlEUC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=serena+stilichonis&amp;ots=zPymhMZ5rA&amp;sig=LlWeNoL9PBOQcOJSI22m7f53z88&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Stilichone iisque qui de eo agunt fontibus, Claudiano imprimis et Zosimo]'', Regimonti, 1864 '''LATINE'''
*Lucien Sigayret, &quot;[https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/29079 Les deux voyages de Stilichon]&quot; in ''Bouleversants voyages'',  Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 2000: 85-100
*Michaël Vannesse,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_1_7794 L’armée romaine en Occident sous Stilichon (395-408 ap. J.-C.) : le témoignage des décrets impériaux]&quot;, ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2010:  99-112
*	Edmundus Vogt, ''[https://archive.org/details/clclaudianicarmi00vogt/mode/2up Cl. Claudiani carminum quae Stiliconem praedicant fides historica ex comparatione ceterorum fontium recensetur]'', Bonnae, 1863 '''LATINE'''

== Nexus externi ==
{{communia|Stilicho|Flavium Stilichonem}}
* Guillaume Vincent, ''Stilicon, architecte de la victoire: un examen du rôle stratégique du général lors de la bataille de la rivière Frigidus'' [https://mastersfdl.hypotheses.org/6020 Investigatio]

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropius]] et [[Flavius Mallius Theodorus]]|
annus= 400&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]]|
successores=[[Flavius Fravitta]] et [[Flavius Vincentius]]}}
{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] VI et [[Aristaenetus]]|
annus= 405&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]]|
successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] VI et [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]}} 

{{Lifetime|saeculo 4|408|Stilicho, Flavius}}
[[Categoria:Ductores exercitus]]
[[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Morte damnati]]</text>
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[[Imago:Stilico diptych.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Diptychon consulare]] Stilichonis anni circiter [[400]], [[Modicia]]e in thesauro ecclesiae cathedralis conservatum. Monstrat autem Stilichonem cum uxore [[Serena]] et filio [[Eucherius (filius Stilichonis)|Eucherio]]. Puerorum in clipeo Stilichonis sculptorum sunt qui [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] [[Honorius|Honoriique]] fratrum Augustorum imagines esse doceant, ut quorum pro tutela atque patrono Stilicho se gesserit.]] 

{{res|Flavius Stilicho}} (anno [[359]] circiter natus anno [[408]] die [[22 Augusti|22 mensis Augusti]] [[Ravenna]]e iussu [[Heraclianus|Heracliani]] ducis exercitus [[imperator]]is [[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorii]] supplicio adfectus) fuit [[magister militum]] originis [[barbari]]cae et [[Comes|comes stabuli]] et [[consul]] annorum [[400]] et [[405]]. Testis atque interpres rerum a Stilichone gestarum maximus [[Claudianus]] poeta extat in carminibus 2–28 et nonnullis carminibus minoribus. Contra ab [[Orosius|Orosio]] Stilichonis facta depinguntur ut vituperanda. Quod Vandalus erat, etiam [[Arianismus|Arianus]].

== De familia ==
Uxor ei fuit [[Serena]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]], ''Laus Serenae''.&lt;/ref&gt; neptis Theodosii I quae cum maritus hostis publicus iudicatus est una cum eo periit. E qua genuit Eucherium&lt;ref&gt;[[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]] V.32-37.&lt;/ref&gt; filium et filias Mariam, quae Imperatori Honorio anno 395 nupsit&lt;ref&gt;[[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]], ''Epithalamium dictum Honorio Augusto et Mariae''.&lt;/ref&gt; et sive 407 sive 408 obiit, et Termantiam quae eidem Honorio nupsit post sororis mortem. Matrimonium paucos menses duravit et patre damnato repudiata est&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.28, 35, 37.&lt;/ref&gt;.

==De vita==
Stilicho in hodierna [[Germania]] a patre [[Vandali|Vandalo]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Orosius]] VII.38.1.&lt;/ref&gt; natus est, auxiliario in exercitu Romano&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu Stilichonis'' I.35-9.&lt;/ref&gt;, et matre quae civis [[Roma|Romana]] erat&lt;ref&gt;Ita [[Hieronymus]] (Ep. 123.16) eum semibarbarum dicit.&lt;/ref&gt;. Tamen semper se Romanum putavit etiamsi erat, sicut plurimi Germani, [[Arianismus|arianus]], ergo putatus [[Haeresis|haereticus]]. Correcte tres linguas principales illius temporis loquebatur: [[Lingua Germanica|Germanicam]] communem, [[Lingua Latina|Latinam]] [[Lingua Graeca|Graecamque]]. In [[historiographia]] vir multum ambiguus depingitur: putatus dux fidelis causae Imperii Romani, egit negative{{dubsig}} pro se. Nam [[Alaricus|Alaricum]] non pepulit neque limitem ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] servavit.

[[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] regnante, qui ultimus utriusque partis Imperi imperator fuit, tribunus praetorianus militaris fuit qui circa [[384]] eum 'vix primaevum' ad regem Persarum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sapor III|Saporem III|en|qid=Q310267}} misit, ut de pace et partitione [[Armenia|Armeniae]] ageret&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu'' I.51-68&lt;/ref&gt;. Legatio felix fuit et Stilicho, cum Theodosium [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] adisset, comes sacri stabuli et mox comes domesticorum&lt;ref&gt;Ausonius, ''Laus Serenae'' 90-94.&lt;/ref&gt; (385-392) ac postremo circa 392 magister militum  factus est, ut limites a [[Visigothi|Visigothis]] defenderet: ita hoc negotium per circa viginta annos&lt;ref&gt;Viginti tres si [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimi]] computationi credimus (V.34.6).&lt;/ref&gt; habuit. Theodosius quia virtutem eius videbat, ei [[Serena|Serenam]] suam neptem uxorem dedit&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu'' I.69-83 et ''Laus Serenae''.&lt;/ref&gt;, quae postea filia adoptiva fuit. Eo coniugio nati sunt filius [[Eucherius]] et duae filiae, Maria et Termantia, quae uxores imperatoris [[Honorius|Honorii]] fuerunt .
[[Fasciculus:Rione XV Esquilino, Roma, Italy - panoramio (49).jpg|thumb| Nomen Stilichonis in porta Honoriana Romae legitur (CIL VI.1189)]]
Imperatore [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] anno [[392]] interfecto, Stilicho exercitum paravit qui, Theodosio duce, [[Eugenius (imperator)|Flavium Eugenium]] proelio ad flumen Frigidum vicit (sept. 394). In hac quoque pugna Stilicho imperavit, cum haberet subordinatum [[Alaricus I (rex Visigothorum)|Alaricum]] Visigothum (deinde suum inimicum), qui magnam auxiliariorum [[Gothi|Gothorum]] copiam ducebat. Deinde magister utriusque militiae in parte occidentali imperii nominatur. Simul Honorium iussu Theodosii custodiebat atque ita Theodosio mortuo occidentalibus partibus imperabat ut [[Flavius Rufinus|Rufinus]] orientalibus&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus IV.59.1. [[Orosius]] VII.37.1:  ''interea cum a Theodosio imperatore seniore singulis potissimis infantum cura et disciplina utriusque palatii commissa esset, hoc est Rufino orientalis aulae, Stiliconi occidentalis imperii''... Eunapius fr. 62. Iohannes Antiochensis fr.188.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quia tum (395) magna pars exercitus orientalis in eius manu erat quia Eugenium pugnatum venerat curam totius imperii sibi vindicavit&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.4.3. [[Ausonius]], ''In Rufinum'' II.4-6: ''Tibi credita fratrum utraque maiestas geminaeque exercitus aulae''.&lt;/ref&gt;. Exercitum adversus Alarici Visigothos in Graeciam ducebat cum ab Arcadio, Rufino auctore, sibi remittere et in occidentem retro cedere iussus est&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.7. ''In Rufinum'' II.202sqq.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quod fecit sed eodem tempore eorum duci Gainae Rufinum occidendum mandasse videtur. Annis 396/7 ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] venit ac deinde in [[Peloponnesus|Peloponnesum]] adpulit ad Alaricum impugnandum sed iterum recedere ab Arcadio iussus est qui tum [[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropio]] morem gerebat. Qua de causa etiam hostis publicus a senatu [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopolitano]] iudicatus est&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.7 et 11.1. Ausonius, ''de Quarto consulatu Honorii'' 459sqq.&lt;/ref&gt;. Eodem anno rebellionem [[Gildo|Gildonis]] in Africa oppressit fratre ipsius Mascezel nomine adversus eum misso&lt;ref&gt;Ausonius, ''de Bello Gildonis''. Zosimus V.11.2-5, Orosius VII.36.2-13.&lt;/ref&gt;. Nam ob teneram Honorii aetatem occidentalem imperii partem ipse regebat ut Eutropius orientalem pro Arcadio.

Anno [[400]] una cum [[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]] [[consul|consulatum]] gessit. Autumno 401 Alaricus Italiam invadit sed Stilicho eum duabus pugnis apud [[Pollentia (Marchia Anconitana)|Pollentiam]] et [[Verona|Veronam]] anno [[402]] vicit&lt;ref&gt;[[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]]  ''[[De bello Gothico|de Bello Gothico]]'' et ''de VI consulatu Honorii'' 127sqq. [[Orosius]] VII.37.2, [[Prudentius]], ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'' II.711sqq., [[Iordanes (scriptor)|Iordanes]] ''[[De origine actibusque Getarum|Getica]]'' 154.&lt;/ref&gt;. Anno [[405]] consul iterum fuit cum [[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]] praefecto praetorio per Orientem. Hoc ipso anno [[Radagaisus]] Italiam invadit sed iam anno 407 a Stilichone [[Faesulae|Faesulis]] profligatur&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.26.3-5, Orosius VII.37.4-16,  [[Iordanes (scriptor)|Iordanes]] ''[[De origine actibusque Getarum|Getica]]''. [[Augustinus Hipponensis|Augustinus]] ''[[De civitate Dei|de Civitate Dei]]'' V.23.&lt;/ref&gt;. Eodem anno [[Illyricum]] in suam dicionem redigere cupiens Alaricum [[magister militum|magistrum militum]] suum fecit et Iovium praefectum praetorio per Illyricum nominavit. Mox tamen nuntiato Constantino usurpatore e [[Britannia (provincia Romana)|Britannia]] in Galliam traiecisse a proposito deterritus est&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.27.2-3. [[Sozomenus|Sozomenos]] VII.25.&lt;/ref&gt;. Iam Alaricum aliosque duces adversus Constantinum missurus erat et [[Arcadius|Arcadio]] mortuo orientales res ordinandas sibi mandari volebat cum ab Olympio accusatus quod filium Eucherium usque ad imperatoriam dignitatem extollere in animo haberet iussu Honorii adprehensus et celeriter mense Augusto 408 necatus est. Bonis publicatis hostis publicus declaratus est et fautores eius persequebantur&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.32-37.  Sozomenus IX.4. Philostratus XI.3 et XII.1, Orosius VII.38, Iordanes ''[[De origine actibusque Romanorum (Iordanes)|Romana]]'' 322. Olympiodorus fr. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;. Post duos annos Alaricus Romam urbem cepit et diripuit.

== De hominis iudicio ==
Mortuus Stilicho avaritiae et corruptionis accusatus est&lt;ref&gt;Eunapius fr. 62. Zosimus V.1.1-3. Johannes Antiochensis fr. 188.&lt;/ref&gt;,  praevaricationis cum Alarico atque etiam quod barbaros ad imperium invadendum incitasset&lt;ref&gt;Iordanes, ''Getica'' 115, Orosius VII.38.  [[Hieronymus]], ''Epistulae'' 123.16 &lt;/ref&gt;
[[Monumentum]] [[marmor]]eum annis circa 400 factum et dictum sepulcrum Stilichonis in [[basilica]] sancti [[Ambrosius|Ambrosii]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] exstat, sed Stilichonem hac in urbe sepultum esse vix veri simile videtur. Nam primo testimonia desunt, deinde omnino corpus illis temporibus inquietissimis ac bellicosis a loco supplicii Mediolanum tralatum esse a multis viris doctis denegatur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*[[CIL]] V.6250, VI.1188-1190, VI.1730-4, VI.31987-9, IX,4051, XIV.165. [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche Hic textus quaerere potes (Literature)] [[L'Année épigraphique|AE]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche?literatur=1926,%200124 1926,124]
* [[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]],  ''De consulatu Stilichonis'', ''In Rufinum'' et alia poemata
* ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]''
* [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]], ''[[Historia nova]]''
* [[Orosius|Paulus Orosius]], ''[[Historiae adversum paganos]]''
* [[Claudius Rutilius Namatianus]], ''De reditu suo''
* [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' IV.1-14

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Emma Burrell, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436726 A Re-Examination of Why Stilicho Abandoned His Pursuit of Alaric in 397]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2004: 251-256 
*	Alan Cameron, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/25506845/Theodosius_the_Great_and_the_Regency_of_Stilico Theodosius the Great and the regency of Stilico]&quot;, ''Harvard Studies'', 1969: 247-280 
*Emilienne Demougeot, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44168669 Note sur la politique orientale de Stilichon de 405 à 407]&quot;, ''Byzantion'', 1950(II):  27-37 
* [[Eduardus Gibbon]], ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire''
* Ian Hughes, ''Stilicho : the Vandal who saved Rome'', Pen and Sword Military, 2021 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=79TIDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT74&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/852/mode/2up 853-858]
*Rudolf Keller, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=jMDTNtkscXQC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Stilicho, oder, Die Geschichte des weströmischen Reiches von 395-408]'', Berolini, 1884
*Giulia Marolla, &quot;[https://storicamente.org/marolla-stilicone-generale Dagli altari alla polvere. Stilicone da parens Augusti a semibarbarus proditor]&quot;, ''Storicamente'', 2018: 30.
*[[Theodorus Mommsenus|Theodorus Mommsen]], &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4472880 Stilicho und Alarich]&quot;, ''Hermes'', 1903: 101-115
* Bruno Pottier, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2005_num_117_1_10947 Un pamphlet contre Stilichon dans l’Histoire Auguste : la vie de Maximin Le Thrace]&quot;, ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2005 (117-1): 223-267
* Santo Mazzarino, ''Stilicone. La Crisi Imperiale dopo Teodosio'', [[1942]] (Rizzoli ISBN 978-88-17-33616-1) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1942_num_11_2_2700_t1_0335_0000_2 Recensio critica]
* Heinricus Richter, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&amp;lr=&amp;id=ponfsh4ruPkC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=serena+stilichonis&amp;ots=vaSabmKd8r&amp;sig=kMRQOGElZOJXCFoqw6FoLMeZj2U&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Stilichone et Rufino]'', Halis Saxonum, 1860 '''LATINE'''
*Michele Renee Salzman, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the &quot;Barbarian&quot; Generals]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367
*Paulus Schulz, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&amp;lr=&amp;id=kv6unNYVlEUC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=serena+stilichonis&amp;ots=zPymhMZ5rA&amp;sig=LlWeNoL9PBOQcOJSI22m7f53z88&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Stilichone iisque qui de eo agunt fontibus, Claudiano imprimis et Zosimo]'', Regimonti, 1864 '''LATINE'''
*Lucien Sigayret, &quot;[https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/29079 Les deux voyages de Stilichon]&quot; in ''Bouleversants voyages'',  Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 2000: 85-100
*Michaël Vannesse,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_1_7794 L’armée romaine en Occident sous Stilichon (395-408 ap. J.-C.) : le témoignage des décrets impériaux]&quot;, ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2010:  99-112
*	Edmundus Vogt, ''[https://archive.org/details/clclaudianicarmi00vogt/mode/2up Cl. Claudiani carminum quae Stiliconem praedicant fides historica ex comparatione ceterorum fontium recensetur]'', Bonnae, 1863 '''LATINE'''

== Nexus externi ==
{{communia|Stilicho|Flavium Stilichonem}}
* Guillaume Vincent, ''Stilicon, architecte de la victoire: un examen du rôle stratégique du général lors de la bataille de la rivière Frigidus'' [https://mastersfdl.hypotheses.org/6020 Investigatio]

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropius]] et [[Flavius Mallius Theodorus]]|
annus= 400&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]]|
successores=[[Flavius Fravitta]] et [[Flavius Vincentius]]}}
{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] VI et [[Aristaenetus]]|
annus= 405&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]]|
successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] VI et [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]}} 

{{Lifetime|saeculo 4|408|Stilicho, Flavius}}
[[Categoria:Ductores exercitus]]
[[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Morte damnati]]</text>
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[[Imago:Stilico diptych.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Diptychon consulare]] Stilichonis anni circiter [[400]], [[Modicia]]e in thesauro ecclesiae cathedralis conservatum. Monstrat autem Stilichonem cum uxore [[Serena]] et filio [[Eucherius (filius Stilichonis)|Eucherio]]. Puerorum in clipeo Stilichonis sculptorum sunt qui [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] [[Honorius|Honoriique]] fratrum Augustorum imagines esse doceant, ut quorum pro tutela atque patrono Stilicho se gesserit.]] 

{{res|Flavius Stilicho}} (anno [[359]] circiter natus anno [[408]] die [[22 Augusti|22 mensis Augusti]] [[Ravenna]]e iussu [[Heraclianus|Heracliani]] ducis exercitus [[imperator]]is [[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorii]] supplicio adfectus) fuit [[magister militum]] originis [[barbari]]cae et [[Comes|comes stabuli]] et [[consul]] annorum [[400]] et [[405]]. Testis atque interpres rerum a Stilichone gestarum maximus [[Claudianus]] poeta extat in carminibus 2–28 et nonnullis carminibus minoribus. Contra ab [[Orosius|Orosio]] Stilichonis facta depinguntur ut vituperanda. Quod Vandalus erat, etiam [[Arianismus|Arianus]].

== De familia ==
Uxor ei fuit [[Serena]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]], ''Laus Serenae''.&lt;/ref&gt; neptis Theodosii I quae cum maritus hostis publicus iudicatus est una cum eo periit. E qua genuit Eucherium&lt;ref&gt;[[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]] V.32-37.&lt;/ref&gt; filium et filias Mariam, quae Imperatori Honorio anno 395 nupsit&lt;ref&gt;[[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]], ''Epithalamium dictum Honorio Augusto et Mariae''.&lt;/ref&gt; et sive 407 sive 408 obiit, et Termantiam quae eidem Honorio nupsit post sororis mortem. Matrimonium paucos menses duravit et patre damnato repudiata est&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.28, 35, 37.&lt;/ref&gt;.

==De vita==
Stilicho in hodierna [[Germania]] a patre [[Vandali|Vandalo]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Orosius]] VII.38.1.&lt;/ref&gt; natus est, auxiliario in exercitu Romano&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu Stilichonis'' I.35-9.&lt;/ref&gt;, et matre quae civis [[Roma|Romana]] erat&lt;ref&gt;Ita [[Hieronymus]] (Ep. 123.16) eum semibarbarum dicit.&lt;/ref&gt;. Tamen semper se Romanum putavit etiamsi erat, sicut plurimi Germani, [[Arianismus|arianus]], ergo putatus [[Haeresis|haereticus]]. Correcte tres linguas principales illius temporis loquebatur: [[Lingua Germanica|Germanicam]] communem, [[Lingua Latina|Latinam]] [[Lingua Graeca|Graecamque]]. In [[historiographia]] vir multum ambiguus depingitur: putatus dux fidelis causae Imperii Romani, egit negative{{dubsig}} pro se. Nam [[Alaricus|Alaricum]] non pepulit neque limitem ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] servavit.

[[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] regnante, qui ultimus utriusque partis Imperi imperator fuit, tribunus praetorianus militaris fuit qui circa [[384]] eum 'vix primaevum' ad regem Persarum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sapor III|Saporem III|en|qid=Q310267}} misit, ut de pace et partitione [[Armenia|Armeniae]] ageret&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu'' I.51-68&lt;/ref&gt;. Legatio felix fuit et Stilicho, cum Theodosium [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] adisset, comes sacri stabuli et mox comes domesticorum&lt;ref&gt;Ausonius, ''Laus Serenae'' 90-94.&lt;/ref&gt; (385-392) ac postremo circa 392 magister militum  factus est, ut limites a [[Visigothi|Visigothis]] defenderet: ita hoc negotium per circa viginta annos&lt;ref&gt;Viginti tres si [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimi]] computationi credimus (V.34.6).&lt;/ref&gt; habuit. Theodosius quia virtutem eius videbat, ei [[Serena|Serenam]] suam neptem uxorem dedit&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu'' I.69-83 et ''Laus Serenae''.&lt;/ref&gt;, quae postea filia adoptiva fuit. Eo coniugio nati sunt filius [[Eucherius]] et duae filiae, Maria et Termantia, quae uxores imperatoris [[Honorius|Honorii]] fuerunt .
[[Fasciculus:Rione XV Esquilino, Roma, Italy - panoramio (49).jpg|thumb| Nomen Stilichonis in porta Honoriana Romae legitur (CIL VI.1189)]]
Imperatore [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] anno [[392]] interfecto, Stilicho exercitum paravit qui, Theodosio duce, [[Eugenius (imperator)|Flavium Eugenium]] proelio ad flumen Frigidum vicit (sept. 394). In hac quoque pugna Stilicho imperavit, cum haberet subordinatum [[Alaricus I (rex Visigothorum)|Alaricum]] Visigothum (deinde suum inimicum), qui magnam auxiliariorum [[Gothi|Gothorum]] copiam ducebat. Deinde magister utriusque militiae in parte occidentali imperii nominatur. Simul Honorium iussu Theodosii custodiebat atque ita Theodosio mortuo occidentalibus partibus imperabat ut [[Flavius Rufinus|Rufinus]] orientalibus&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus IV.59.1. [[Orosius]] VII.37.1:  ''interea cum a Theodosio imperatore seniore singulis potissimis infantum cura et disciplina utriusque palatii commissa esset, hoc est Rufino orientalis aulae, Stiliconi occidentalis imperii''... Eunapius fr. 62. Iohannes Antiochensis fr.188.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quia tum (395) magna pars exercitus orientalis in eius manu erat quia Eugenium pugnatum venerat curam totius imperii sibi vindicavit&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.4.3. [[Ausonius]], ''In Rufinum'' II.4-6: ''Tibi credita fratrum utraque maiestas geminaeque exercitus aulae''.&lt;/ref&gt;. Exercitum adversus Alarici Visigothos in Graeciam ducebat cum ab Arcadio, Rufino auctore, sibi remittere et in occidentem retro cedere iussus est&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.7. ''In Rufinum'' II.202sqq.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quod fecit sed eodem tempore eorum duci Gainae Rufinum occidendum mandasse videtur. Annis 396/7 ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] venit ac deinde in [[Peloponnesus|Peloponnesum]] adpulit ad Alaricum impugnandum sed iterum recedere ab Arcadio iussus est qui tum [[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropio]] morem gerebat. Qua de causa etiam hostis publicus a senatu [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopolitano]] iudicatus est&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.7 et 11.1. Ausonius, ''de Quarto consulatu Honorii'' 459sqq.&lt;/ref&gt;. Eodem anno rebellionem [[Gildo|Gildonis]] in Africa oppressit fratre ipsius Mascezel nomine adversus eum misso&lt;ref&gt;Ausonius, ''de Bello Gildonis''. Zosimus V.11.2-5, Orosius VII.36.2-13.&lt;/ref&gt;. Nam ob teneram Honorii aetatem occidentalem imperii partem ipse regebat ut Eutropius orientalem pro Arcadio.

Anno [[400]] una cum [[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]] [[consul|consulatum]] gessit. Autumno 401 Alaricus Italiam invadit sed Stilicho eum duabus pugnis apud [[Pollentia (Marchia Anconitana)|Pollentiam]] et [[Verona|Veronam]] anno [[402]] vicit&lt;ref&gt;[[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]]  ''[[De bello Gothico|de Bello Gothico]]'' et ''de VI consulatu Honorii'' 127sqq. [[Orosius]] VII.37.2, [[Prudentius]], ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'' II.711sqq., [[Iordanes (scriptor)|Iordanes]] ''[[De origine actibusque Getarum|Getica]]'' 154.&lt;/ref&gt;. Anno [[405]] consul iterum fuit cum [[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]] praefecto praetorio per Orientem. Hoc ipso anno [[Radagaisus]] Italiam invadit sed iam anno 407 a Stilichone [[Faesulae|Faesulis]] profligatur&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.26.3-5, Orosius VII.37.4-16,  [[Iordanes (scriptor)|Iordanes]] ''[[De origine actibusque Getarum|Getica]]''. [[Augustinus Hipponensis|Augustinus]] ''[[De civitate Dei|de Civitate Dei]]'' V.23.&lt;/ref&gt;. Eodem anno [[Illyricum]] in suam dicionem redigere cupiens Alaricum [[magister militum|magistrum militum]] suum fecit et Iovium praefectum praetorio per Illyricum nominavit. Mox tamen nuntiato Constantino usurpatore e [[Britannia (provincia Romana)|Britannia]] in Galliam traiecisse a proposito deterritus est&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.27.2-3. [[Sozomenus|Sozomenos]] VII.25.&lt;/ref&gt;. Iam Alaricum aliosque duces adversus Constantinum missurus erat et [[Arcadius|Arcadio]] mortuo orientales res ordinandas sibi mandari volebat cum ab Olympio accusatus quod filium Eucherium usque ad imperatoriam dignitatem extollere in animo haberet iussu Honorii adprehensus et celeriter mense Augusto 408 necatus est. Bonis publicatis hostis publicus declaratus est et fautores eius persequebantur&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.32-37.  Sozomenus IX.4. Philostratus XI.3 et XII.1, Orosius VII.38, Iordanes ''[[De origine actibusque Romanorum (Iordanes)|Romana]]'' 322. Olympiodorus fr. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;. Post duos annos Alaricus Romam urbem cepit et diripuit.

== De hominis iudicio ==
Mortuus Stilicho avaritiae et corruptionis accusatus est&lt;ref&gt;Eunapius fr. 62. Zosimus V.1.1-3. Johannes Antiochensis fr. 188.&lt;/ref&gt;,  praevaricationis cum Alarico atque etiam quod barbaros ad imperium invadendum incitasset&lt;ref&gt;Iordanes, ''Getica'' 115, Orosius VII.38.  [[Hieronymus]], ''Epistulae'' 123.16 &lt;/ref&gt;. Econtra Zosimus proditionis pro filio crimen verum esse negabat et integrum in fiscalibus officiis dicebat&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historia nova]]'' V.34.&lt;/ref&gt;


[[Monumentum]] [[marmor]]eum annis circa 400 factum et dictum sepulcrum Stilichonis in [[basilica]] sancti [[Ambrosius|Ambrosii]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] exstat, sed Stilichonem hac in urbe sepultum esse vix veri simile videtur. Nam primo testimonia desunt, deinde omnino corpus illis temporibus inquietissimis ac bellicosis a loco supplicii Mediolanum tralatum esse a multis viris doctis denegatur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*[[CIL]] V.6250, VI.1188-1190, VI.1730-4, VI.31987-9, IX,4051, XIV.165. [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche Hic textus quaerere potes (Literature)] [[L'Année épigraphique|AE]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche?literatur=1926,%200124 1926,124]
* [[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]],  ''De consulatu Stilichonis'', ''In Rufinum'' et alia poemata
* ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]''
* [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]], ''[[Historia nova]]''
* [[Orosius|Paulus Orosius]], ''[[Historiae adversum paganos]]''
* [[Claudius Rutilius Namatianus]], ''De reditu suo''
* [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' IV.1-14

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Emma Burrell, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436726 A Re-Examination of Why Stilicho Abandoned His Pursuit of Alaric in 397]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2004: 251-256 
*	Alan Cameron, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/25506845/Theodosius_the_Great_and_the_Regency_of_Stilico Theodosius the Great and the regency of Stilico]&quot;, ''Harvard Studies'', 1969: 247-280 
*Emilienne Demougeot, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44168669 Note sur la politique orientale de Stilichon de 405 à 407]&quot;, ''Byzantion'', 1950(II):  27-37 
* [[Eduardus Gibbon]], ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire''
* Ian Hughes, ''Stilicho : the Vandal who saved Rome'', Pen and Sword Military, 2021 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=79TIDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT74&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/852/mode/2up 853-858]
*Rudolf Keller, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=jMDTNtkscXQC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Stilicho, oder, Die Geschichte des weströmischen Reiches von 395-408]'', Berolini, 1884
*Giulia Marolla, &quot;[https://storicamente.org/marolla-stilicone-generale Dagli altari alla polvere. Stilicone da parens Augusti a semibarbarus proditor]&quot;, ''Storicamente'', 2018: 30.
*[[Theodorus Mommsenus|Theodorus Mommsen]], &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4472880 Stilicho und Alarich]&quot;, ''Hermes'', 1903: 101-115
* Bruno Pottier, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2005_num_117_1_10947 Un pamphlet contre Stilichon dans l’Histoire Auguste : la vie de Maximin Le Thrace]&quot;, ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2005 (117-1): 223-267
* Santo Mazzarino, ''Stilicone. La Crisi Imperiale dopo Teodosio'', [[1942]] (Rizzoli ISBN 978-88-17-33616-1) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1942_num_11_2_2700_t1_0335_0000_2 Recensio critica]
* Heinricus Richter, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&amp;lr=&amp;id=ponfsh4ruPkC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=serena+stilichonis&amp;ots=vaSabmKd8r&amp;sig=kMRQOGElZOJXCFoqw6FoLMeZj2U&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Stilichone et Rufino]'', Halis Saxonum, 1860 '''LATINE'''
*Michele Renee Salzman, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the &quot;Barbarian&quot; Generals]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367
*Paulus Schulz, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&amp;lr=&amp;id=kv6unNYVlEUC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=serena+stilichonis&amp;ots=zPymhMZ5rA&amp;sig=LlWeNoL9PBOQcOJSI22m7f53z88&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Stilichone iisque qui de eo agunt fontibus, Claudiano imprimis et Zosimo]'', Regimonti, 1864 '''LATINE'''
*Lucien Sigayret, &quot;[https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/29079 Les deux voyages de Stilichon]&quot; in ''Bouleversants voyages'',  Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 2000: 85-100
*Michaël Vannesse,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_1_7794 L’armée romaine en Occident sous Stilichon (395-408 ap. J.-C.) : le témoignage des décrets impériaux]&quot;, ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2010:  99-112
*	Edmundus Vogt, ''[https://archive.org/details/clclaudianicarmi00vogt/mode/2up Cl. Claudiani carminum quae Stiliconem praedicant fides historica ex comparatione ceterorum fontium recensetur]'', Bonnae, 1863 '''LATINE'''

== Nexus externi ==
{{communia|Stilicho|Flavium Stilichonem}}
* Guillaume Vincent, ''Stilicon, architecte de la victoire: un examen du rôle stratégique du général lors de la bataille de la rivière Frigidus'' [https://mastersfdl.hypotheses.org/6020 Investigatio]

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropius]] et [[Flavius Mallius Theodorus]]|
annus= 400&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]]|
successores=[[Flavius Fravitta]] et [[Flavius Vincentius]]}}
{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] VI et [[Aristaenetus]]|
annus= 405&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]]|
successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] VI et [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]}} 

{{Lifetime|saeculo 4|408|Stilicho, Flavius}}
[[Categoria:Ductores exercitus]]
[[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Morte damnati]]</text>
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[[Imago:Stilico diptych.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Diptychon consulare]] Stilichonis anni circiter [[400]], [[Modicia]]e in thesauro ecclesiae cathedralis conservatum. Monstrat autem Stilichonem cum uxore [[Serena]] et filio [[Eucherius (filius Stilichonis)|Eucherio]]. Puerorum in clipeo Stilichonis sculptorum sunt qui [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] [[Honorius|Honoriique]] fratrum Augustorum imagines esse doceant, ut quorum pro tutela atque patrono Stilicho se gesserit.]] 

{{res|Flavius Stilicho}} (anno [[359]] circiter natus anno [[408]] die [[22 Augusti|22 mensis Augusti]] [[Ravenna]]e iussu [[Heraclianus|Heracliani]] ducis exercitus [[imperator]]is [[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorii]] supplicio adfectus) fuit [[magister militum]] originis [[barbari]]cae et [[Comes|comes stabuli]] et [[consul]] annorum [[400]] et [[405]]. Testis atque interpres rerum a Stilichone gestarum maximus [[Claudianus]] poeta extat in carminibus 2–28 et nonnullis carminibus minoribus. Contra ab [[Orosius|Orosio]] Stilichonis facta depinguntur ut vituperanda. Quod Vandalus erat, etiam [[Arianismus|Arianus]].

== De familia ==
Uxor ei fuit [[Serena]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]], ''Laus Serenae''.&lt;/ref&gt; neptis Theodosii I quae cum maritus hostis publicus iudicatus est una cum eo periit. E qua genuit Eucherium&lt;ref&gt;[[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]] V.32-37.&lt;/ref&gt; filium et filias Mariam, quae Imperatori Honorio anno 395 nupsit&lt;ref&gt;[[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]], ''Epithalamium dictum Honorio Augusto et Mariae''.&lt;/ref&gt; et sive 407 sive 408 obiit, et Termantiam quae eidem Honorio nupsit post sororis mortem. Matrimonium paucos menses duravit et patre damnato repudiata est&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.28, 35, 37.&lt;/ref&gt;.

==De vita==
Stilicho in hodierna [[Germania]] a patre [[Vandali|Vandalo]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Orosius]] VII.38.1.&lt;/ref&gt; natus est, auxiliario in exercitu Romano&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu Stilichonis'' I.35-9.&lt;/ref&gt;, et matre quae civis [[Roma|Romana]] erat&lt;ref&gt;Ita [[Hieronymus]] (Ep. 123.16) eum semibarbarum dicit.&lt;/ref&gt;. Tamen semper se Romanum putavit etiamsi erat, sicut plurimi Germani, [[Arianismus|arianus]], ergo putatus [[Haeresis|haereticus]]. Correcte tres linguas principales illius temporis loquebatur: [[Lingua Germanica|Germanicam]] communem, [[Lingua Latina|Latinam]] [[Lingua Graeca|Graecamque]]. In [[historiographia]] vir multum ambiguus depingitur: putatus dux fidelis causae Imperii Romani, egit negative{{dubsig}} pro se. Nam [[Alaricus|Alaricum]] non pepulit neque limitem ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] servavit.

[[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] regnante, qui ultimus utriusque partis Imperi imperator fuit, tribunus praetorianus militaris fuit qui circa [[384]] eum 'vix primaevum' ad regem Persarum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sapor III|Saporem III|en|qid=Q310267}} misit, ut de pace et partitione [[Armenia|Armeniae]] ageret&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu'' I.51-68&lt;/ref&gt;. Legatio felix fuit et Stilicho, cum Theodosium [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] adisset, comes sacri stabuli et mox comes domesticorum&lt;ref&gt;Ausonius, ''Laus Serenae'' 90-94.&lt;/ref&gt; (385-392) ac postremo circa 392 magister militum  factus est, ut limites a [[Visigothi|Visigothis]] defenderet: ita hoc negotium per circa viginta annos&lt;ref&gt;Viginti tres si [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimi]] computationi credimus (V.34.6).&lt;/ref&gt; habuit. Theodosius quia virtutem eius videbat, ei [[Serena|Serenam]] suam neptem uxorem dedit&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu'' I.69-83 et ''Laus Serenae''.&lt;/ref&gt;, quae postea filia adoptiva fuit. Eo coniugio nati sunt filius [[Eucherius]] et duae filiae, Maria et Termantia, quae uxores imperatoris [[Honorius|Honorii]] fuerunt .
[[Fasciculus:Rione XV Esquilino, Roma, Italy - panoramio (49).jpg|thumb| Nomen Stilichonis in porta Honoriana Romae legitur (CIL VI.1189)]]
Imperatore [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] anno [[392]] interfecto, Stilicho exercitum paravit qui, Theodosio duce, [[Eugenius (imperator)|Flavium Eugenium]] proelio ad flumen Frigidum vicit (sept. 394). In hac quoque pugna Stilicho imperavit, cum haberet subordinatum [[Alaricus I (rex Visigothorum)|Alaricum]] Visigothum (deinde suum inimicum), qui magnam auxiliariorum [[Gothi|Gothorum]] copiam ducebat. Deinde magister utriusque militiae in parte occidentali imperii nominatur. Simul Honorium iussu Theodosii custodiebat atque ita Theodosio mortuo occidentalibus partibus imperabat ut [[Flavius Rufinus|Rufinus]] orientalibus&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus IV.59.1. [[Orosius]] VII.37.1:  ''interea cum a Theodosio imperatore seniore singulis potissimis infantum cura et disciplina utriusque palatii commissa esset, hoc est Rufino orientalis aulae, Stiliconi occidentalis imperii''... Eunapius fr. 62. Iohannes Antiochensis fr.188.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quia tum (395) magna pars exercitus orientalis in eius manu erat quia Eugenium pugnatum venerat curam totius imperii sibi vindicavit&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.4.3. [[Ausonius]], ''In Rufinum'' II.4-6: ''Tibi credita fratrum utraque maiestas geminaeque exercitus aulae''.&lt;/ref&gt;. Exercitum adversus Alarici Visigothos in Graeciam ducebat cum ab Arcadio, Rufino auctore, sibi remittere et in occidentem retro cedere iussus est&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.7. ''In Rufinum'' II.202sqq.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quod fecit sed eodem tempore eorum duci Gainae Rufinum occidendum mandasse videtur. Annis 396/7 ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] venit ac deinde in [[Peloponnesus|Peloponnesum]] adpulit ad Alaricum impugnandum sed iterum recedere ab Arcadio iussus est qui tum [[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropio]] morem gerebat. Qua de causa etiam hostis publicus a senatu [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopolitano]] iudicatus est&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.7 et 11.1. Ausonius, ''de Quarto consulatu Honorii'' 459sqq.&lt;/ref&gt;. Eodem anno rebellionem [[Gildo|Gildonis]] in Africa oppressit fratre ipsius Mascezel nomine adversus eum misso&lt;ref&gt;Ausonius, ''de Bello Gildonis''. Zosimus V.11.2-5, Orosius VII.36.2-13.&lt;/ref&gt;. Nam ob teneram Honorii aetatem occidentalem imperii partem ipse regebat ut Eutropius orientalem pro Arcadio.

Anno [[400]] una cum [[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]] [[consul|consulatum]] gessit. Autumno 401 Alaricus Italiam invadit sed Stilicho eum duabus pugnis apud [[Pollentia (Marchia Anconitana)|Pollentiam]] et [[Verona|Veronam]] anno [[402]] vicit&lt;ref&gt;[[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]]  ''[[De bello Gothico|de Bello Gothico]]'' et ''de VI consulatu Honorii'' 127sqq. [[Orosius]] VII.37.2, [[Prudentius]], ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'' II.711sqq., [[Iordanes (scriptor)|Iordanes]] ''[[De origine actibusque Getarum|Getica]]'' 154.&lt;/ref&gt;. Anno [[405]] consul iterum fuit cum [[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]] praefecto praetorio per Orientem. Hoc ipso anno [[Radagaisus]] Italiam invadit sed iam anno 407 a Stilichone [[Faesulae|Faesulis]] profligatur&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.26.3-5, Orosius VII.37.4-16,  [[Iordanes (scriptor)|Iordanes]] ''[[De origine actibusque Getarum|Getica]]''. [[Augustinus Hipponensis|Augustinus]] ''[[De civitate Dei|de Civitate Dei]]'' V.23.&lt;/ref&gt;. Eodem anno [[Illyricum]] in suam dicionem redigere cupiens Alaricum [[magister militum|magistrum militum]] suum fecit et Iovium praefectum praetorio per Illyricum nominavit. Mox tamen nuntiato Constantino usurpatore e [[Britannia (provincia Romana)|Britannia]] in Galliam traiecisse a proposito deterritus est&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.27.2-3. [[Sozomenus|Sozomenos]] VII.25.&lt;/ref&gt;. Iam Alaricum aliosque duces adversus Constantinum missurus erat et [[Arcadius|Arcadio]] mortuo orientales res ordinandas sibi mandari volebat cum ab Olympio accusatus quod filium Eucherium usque ad imperatoriam dignitatem extollere in animo haberet iussu Honorii adprehensus et celeriter mense Augusto 408 necatus est. Bonis publicatis hostis publicus declaratus est et fautores eius persequebantur&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.32-37.  Sozomenus IX.4. Philostratus XI.3 et XII.1, Orosius VII.38, Iordanes ''[[De origine actibusque Romanorum (Iordanes)|Romana]]'' 322. Olympiodorus fr. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;. Post duos annos Alaricus Romam urbem cepit et diripuit.

== De hominis iudicio ==
Mortuus Stilicho avaritiae et corruptionis accusatus est&lt;ref&gt;Eunapius fr. 62. Zosimus V.1.1-3. Johannes Antiochensis fr. 188.&lt;/ref&gt;,  praevaricationis cum Alarico atque etiam quod barbaros ad impetum in imperium faciendum incitasset&lt;ref&gt;Iordanes, ''Getica'' 115, Orosius VII.38.  [[Hieronymus]], ''Epistulae'' 123.16 &lt;/ref&gt;. Econtra Zosimus proditionis pro filio crimen verum esse negabat et integrum in fiscalibus officiis eum dicebat&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historia nova]]'' V.34.&lt;/ref&gt;


[[Monumentum]] [[marmor]]eum annis circa 400 factum et dictum sepulcrum Stilichonis in [[basilica]] sancti [[Ambrosius|Ambrosii]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] exstat, sed Stilichonem hac in urbe sepultum esse vix veri simile videtur. Nam primo testimonia desunt, deinde omnino corpus illis temporibus inquietissimis ac bellicosis a loco supplicii Mediolanum tralatum esse a multis viris doctis denegatur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*[[CIL]] V.6250, VI.1188-1190, VI.1730-4, VI.31987-9, IX,4051, XIV.165. [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche Hic textus quaerere potes (Literature)] [[L'Année épigraphique|AE]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche?literatur=1926,%200124 1926,124]
* [[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]],  ''De consulatu Stilichonis'', ''In Rufinum'' et alia poemata
* ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]''
* [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]], ''[[Historia nova]]''
* [[Orosius|Paulus Orosius]], ''[[Historiae adversum paganos]]''
* [[Claudius Rutilius Namatianus]], ''De reditu suo''
* [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' IV.1-14

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Emma Burrell, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436726 A Re-Examination of Why Stilicho Abandoned His Pursuit of Alaric in 397]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2004: 251-256 
*	Alan Cameron, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/25506845/Theodosius_the_Great_and_the_Regency_of_Stilico Theodosius the Great and the regency of Stilico]&quot;, ''Harvard Studies'', 1969: 247-280 
*Emilienne Demougeot, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44168669 Note sur la politique orientale de Stilichon de 405 à 407]&quot;, ''Byzantion'', 1950(II):  27-37 
* [[Eduardus Gibbon]], ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire''
* Ian Hughes, ''Stilicho : the Vandal who saved Rome'', Pen and Sword Military, 2021 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=79TIDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT74&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/852/mode/2up 853-858]
*Rudolf Keller, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=jMDTNtkscXQC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Stilicho, oder, Die Geschichte des weströmischen Reiches von 395-408]'', Berolini, 1884
*Giulia Marolla, &quot;[https://storicamente.org/marolla-stilicone-generale Dagli altari alla polvere. Stilicone da parens Augusti a semibarbarus proditor]&quot;, ''Storicamente'', 2018: 30.
*[[Theodorus Mommsenus|Theodorus Mommsen]], &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4472880 Stilicho und Alarich]&quot;, ''Hermes'', 1903: 101-115
* Bruno Pottier, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2005_num_117_1_10947 Un pamphlet contre Stilichon dans l’Histoire Auguste : la vie de Maximin Le Thrace]&quot;, ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2005 (117-1): 223-267
* Santo Mazzarino, ''Stilicone. La Crisi Imperiale dopo Teodosio'', [[1942]] (Rizzoli ISBN 978-88-17-33616-1) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1942_num_11_2_2700_t1_0335_0000_2 Recensio critica]
* Heinricus Richter, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&amp;lr=&amp;id=ponfsh4ruPkC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=serena+stilichonis&amp;ots=vaSabmKd8r&amp;sig=kMRQOGElZOJXCFoqw6FoLMeZj2U&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Stilichone et Rufino]'', Halis Saxonum, 1860 '''LATINE'''
*Michele Renee Salzman, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the &quot;Barbarian&quot; Generals]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367
*Paulus Schulz, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&amp;lr=&amp;id=kv6unNYVlEUC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=serena+stilichonis&amp;ots=zPymhMZ5rA&amp;sig=LlWeNoL9PBOQcOJSI22m7f53z88&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Stilichone iisque qui de eo agunt fontibus, Claudiano imprimis et Zosimo]'', Regimonti, 1864 '''LATINE'''
*Lucien Sigayret, &quot;[https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/29079 Les deux voyages de Stilichon]&quot; in ''Bouleversants voyages'',  Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 2000: 85-100
*Michaël Vannesse,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_1_7794 L’armée romaine en Occident sous Stilichon (395-408 ap. J.-C.) : le témoignage des décrets impériaux]&quot;, ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2010:  99-112
*	Edmundus Vogt, ''[https://archive.org/details/clclaudianicarmi00vogt/mode/2up Cl. Claudiani carminum quae Stiliconem praedicant fides historica ex comparatione ceterorum fontium recensetur]'', Bonnae, 1863 '''LATINE'''

== Nexus externi ==
{{communia|Stilicho|Flavium Stilichonem}}
* Guillaume Vincent, ''Stilicon, architecte de la victoire: un examen du rôle stratégique du général lors de la bataille de la rivière Frigidus'' [https://mastersfdl.hypotheses.org/6020 Investigatio]

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropius]] et [[Flavius Mallius Theodorus]]|
annus= 400&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]]|
successores=[[Flavius Fravitta]] et [[Flavius Vincentius]]}}
{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] VI et [[Aristaenetus]]|
annus= 405&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]]|
successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] VI et [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]}} 

{{Lifetime|saeculo 4|408|Stilicho, Flavius}}
[[Categoria:Ductores exercitus]]
[[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Morte damnati]]</text>
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[[Imago:Stilico diptych.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Diptychon consulare]] Stilichonis anni circiter [[400]], [[Modicia]]e in thesauro ecclesiae cathedralis conservatum. Monstrat autem Stilichonem cum uxore [[Serena]] et filio [[Eucherius (filius Stilichonis)|Eucherio]]. Puerorum in clipeo Stilichonis sculptorum sunt qui [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] [[Honorius|Honoriique]] fratrum Augustorum imagines esse doceant, ut quorum pro tutela atque patrono Stilicho se gesserit.]] 

{{res|Flavius Stilicho}} (anno [[359]] circiter natus anno [[408]] die [[22 Augusti|22 mensis Augusti]] [[Ravenna]]e iussu [[Heraclianus|Heracliani]] ducis exercitus [[imperator]]is [[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorii]] supplicio adfectus) fuit [[magister militum]] originis [[barbari]]cae et [[Comes|comes stabuli]] et [[consul]] annorum [[400]] et [[405]]. Testis atque interpres rerum a Stilichone gestarum maximus [[Claudianus]] poeta extat in carminibus 2–28 et nonnullis carminibus minoribus. Contra ab [[Orosius|Orosio]] Stilichonis facta depinguntur ut vituperanda. Quod Vandalus erat, etiam [[Arianismus|Arianus]].

== De familia ==
Uxor ei fuit [[Serena]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]], ''Laus Serenae''.&lt;/ref&gt; neptis [[Theodosius I|Theodosii I]] quae cum maritus hostis publicus iudicatus est una cum eo periit. E qua genuit Eucherium&lt;ref&gt;[[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]] V.32-37.&lt;/ref&gt; filium et filias Mariam, quae Imperatori Honorio anno [[395]] nupsit&lt;ref&gt;[[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]], ''Epithalamium dictum Honorio Augusto et Mariae''.&lt;/ref&gt; et sive 407 sive 408 obiit, et Termantiam quae eidem Honorio nupsit post sororis mortem. Matrimonium paucos menses duravit et patre damnato repudiata est&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.28, 35, 37.&lt;/ref&gt;.

==De vita==
Stilicho in hodierna [[Germania]] a patre [[Vandali|Vandalo]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Orosius]] VII.38.1.&lt;/ref&gt; natus est, auxiliario in exercitu Romano&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu Stilichonis'' I.35-9.&lt;/ref&gt;, et matre quae civis [[Roma|Romana]] erat&lt;ref&gt;Ita [[Hieronymus]] (Ep. 123.16) eum semibarbarum dicit.&lt;/ref&gt;. Tamen semper se Romanum putavit etiamsi erat, sicut plurimi Germani, [[Arianismus|arianus]], ergo putatus [[Haeresis|haereticus]]. Correcte tres linguas principales illius temporis loquebatur: [[Lingua Germanica|Germanicam]] communem, [[Lingua Latina|Latinam]] [[Lingua Graeca|Graecamque]]. In [[historiographia]] vir multum ambiguus depingitur: putatus dux fidelis causae Imperii Romani, egit negative{{dubsig}} pro se. Nam [[Alaricus|Alaricum]] non pepulit neque limitem ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] servavit.

[[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] regnante, qui ultimus utriusque partis Imperi imperator fuit, tribunus praetorianus militaris fuit qui circa [[384]] eum 'vix primaevum' ad regem Persarum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sapor III|Saporem III|en|qid=Q310267}} misit, ut de pace et partitione [[Armenia|Armeniae]] ageret&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu'' I.51-68&lt;/ref&gt;. Legatio felix fuit et Stilicho, cum Theodosium [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] adisset, comes sacri stabuli et mox comes domesticorum&lt;ref&gt;Ausonius, ''Laus Serenae'' 90-94.&lt;/ref&gt; (385-392) ac postremo circa 392 magister militum  factus est, ut limites a [[Visigothi|Visigothis]] defenderet: ita hoc negotium per circa viginta annos&lt;ref&gt;Viginti tres si [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimi]] computationi credimus (V.34.6).&lt;/ref&gt; habuit. Theodosius quia virtutem eius videbat, ei [[Serena|Serenam]] suam neptem uxorem dedit&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu'' I.69-83 et ''Laus Serenae''.&lt;/ref&gt;, quae postea filia adoptiva fuit. Eo coniugio nati sunt filius [[Eucherius]] et duae filiae, Maria et Termantia, quae uxores imperatoris [[Honorius|Honorii]] fuerunt .
[[Fasciculus:Rione XV Esquilino, Roma, Italy - panoramio (49).jpg|thumb| Nomen Stilichonis in porta Honoriana Romae legitur (CIL VI.1189)]]
Imperatore [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] anno [[392]] interfecto, Stilicho exercitum paravit qui, Theodosio duce, [[Eugenius (imperator)|Flavium Eugenium]] proelio ad flumen Frigidum vicit (sept. 394). In hac quoque pugna Stilicho imperavit, cum haberet subordinatum [[Alaricus I (rex Visigothorum)|Alaricum]] Visigothum (deinde suum inimicum), qui magnam auxiliariorum [[Gothi|Gothorum]] copiam ducebat. Deinde magister utriusque militiae in parte occidentali imperii nominatur. Simul Honorium iussu Theodosii custodiebat atque ita Theodosio mortuo occidentalibus partibus imperabat ut [[Flavius Rufinus|Rufinus]] orientalibus&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus IV.59.1. [[Orosius]] VII.37.1:  ''interea cum a Theodosio imperatore seniore singulis potissimis infantum cura et disciplina utriusque palatii commissa esset, hoc est Rufino orientalis aulae, Stiliconi occidentalis imperii''... Eunapius fr. 62. Iohannes Antiochensis fr.188.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quia tum (395) magna pars exercitus orientalis in eius manu erat quia Eugenium pugnatum venerat curam totius imperii sibi vindicavit&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.4.3. [[Ausonius]], ''In Rufinum'' II.4-6: ''Tibi credita fratrum utraque maiestas geminaeque exercitus aulae''.&lt;/ref&gt;. Exercitum adversus Alarici Visigothos in Graeciam ducebat cum ab Arcadio, Rufino auctore, sibi remittere et in occidentem retro cedere iussus est&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.7. ''In Rufinum'' II.202sqq.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quod fecit sed eodem tempore eorum duci Gainae Rufinum occidendum mandasse videtur. Annis 396/7 ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] venit ac deinde in [[Peloponnesus|Peloponnesum]] adpulit ad Alaricum impugnandum sed iterum recedere ab Arcadio iussus est qui tum [[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropio]] morem gerebat. Qua de causa etiam hostis publicus a senatu [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopolitano]] iudicatus est&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.7 et 11.1. Ausonius, ''de Quarto consulatu Honorii'' 459sqq.&lt;/ref&gt;. Eodem anno rebellionem [[Gildo|Gildonis]] in Africa oppressit fratre ipsius Mascezel nomine adversus eum misso&lt;ref&gt;Ausonius, ''de Bello Gildonis''. Zosimus V.11.2-5, Orosius VII.36.2-13.&lt;/ref&gt;. Nam ob teneram Honorii aetatem occidentalem imperii partem ipse regebat ut Eutropius orientalem pro Arcadio.

Anno [[400]] una cum [[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]] [[consul|consulatum]] gessit. Autumno 401 Alaricus Italiam invadit sed Stilicho eum duabus pugnis apud [[Pollentia (Marchia Anconitana)|Pollentiam]] et [[Verona|Veronam]] anno [[402]] vicit&lt;ref&gt;[[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]]  ''[[De bello Gothico|de Bello Gothico]]'' et ''de VI consulatu Honorii'' 127sqq. [[Orosius]] VII.37.2, [[Prudentius]], ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'' II.711sqq., [[Iordanes (scriptor)|Iordanes]] ''[[De origine actibusque Getarum|Getica]]'' 154.&lt;/ref&gt;. Anno [[405]] consul iterum fuit cum [[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]] praefecto praetorio per Orientem. Hoc ipso anno [[Radagaisus]] Italiam invadit sed iam anno 407 a Stilichone [[Faesulae|Faesulis]] profligatur&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.26.3-5, Orosius VII.37.4-16,  [[Iordanes (scriptor)|Iordanes]] ''[[De origine actibusque Getarum|Getica]]''. [[Augustinus Hipponensis|Augustinus]] ''[[De civitate Dei|de Civitate Dei]]'' V.23.&lt;/ref&gt;. Eodem anno [[Illyricum]] in suam dicionem redigere cupiens Alaricum [[magister militum|magistrum militum]] suum fecit et Iovium praefectum praetorio per Illyricum nominavit. Mox tamen nuntiato Constantino usurpatore e [[Britannia (provincia Romana)|Britannia]] in Galliam traiecisse a proposito deterritus est&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.27.2-3. [[Sozomenus|Sozomenos]] VII.25.&lt;/ref&gt;. Iam Alaricum aliosque duces adversus Constantinum missurus erat et [[Arcadius|Arcadio]] mortuo orientales res ordinandas sibi mandari volebat cum ab Olympio accusatus quod filium Eucherium usque ad imperatoriam dignitatem extollere in animo haberet iussu Honorii adprehensus et celeriter mense Augusto 408 necatus est. Bonis publicatis hostis publicus declaratus est et fautores eius persequebantur&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.32-37.  Sozomenus IX.4. Philostratus XI.3 et XII.1, Orosius VII.38, Iordanes ''[[De origine actibusque Romanorum (Iordanes)|Romana]]'' 322. Olympiodorus fr. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;. Post duos annos Alaricus Romam urbem cepit et diripuit.

== De hominis iudicio ==
Mortuus Stilicho avaritiae et corruptionis accusatus est&lt;ref&gt;Eunapius fr. 62. Zosimus V.1.1-3. Johannes Antiochensis fr. 188.&lt;/ref&gt;,  praevaricationis cum Alarico atque etiam quod barbaros ad impetum in imperium faciendum incitasset&lt;ref&gt;Iordanes, ''Getica'' 115, Orosius VII.38.  [[Hieronymus]], ''Epistulae'' 123.16 &lt;/ref&gt;. Econtra Zosimus proditionis pro filio crimen verum esse negabat et integrum in fiscalibus officiis eum dicebat&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historia nova]]'' V.34.&lt;/ref&gt;


[[Monumentum]] [[marmor]]eum annis circa 400 factum et dictum sepulcrum Stilichonis in [[basilica]] sancti [[Ambrosius|Ambrosii]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] exstat, sed Stilichonem hac in urbe sepultum esse vix veri simile videtur. Nam primo testimonia desunt, deinde omnino corpus illis temporibus inquietissimis ac bellicosis a loco supplicii Mediolanum tralatum esse a multis viris doctis denegatur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*[[CIL]] V.6250, VI.1188-1190, VI.1730-4, VI.31987-9, IX,4051, XIV.165. [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche Hic textus quaerere potes (Literature)] [[L'Année épigraphique|AE]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche?literatur=1926,%200124 1926,124]
* [[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]],  ''De consulatu Stilichonis'', ''In Rufinum'' et alia poemata
* ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]''
* [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]], ''[[Historia nova]]''
* [[Orosius|Paulus Orosius]], ''[[Historiae adversum paganos]]''
* [[Claudius Rutilius Namatianus]], ''De reditu suo''
* [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' IV.1-14

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Emma Burrell, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436726 A Re-Examination of Why Stilicho Abandoned His Pursuit of Alaric in 397]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2004: 251-256 
*	Alan Cameron, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/25506845/Theodosius_the_Great_and_the_Regency_of_Stilico Theodosius the Great and the regency of Stilico]&quot;, ''Harvard Studies'', 1969: 247-280 
*Emilienne Demougeot, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44168669 Note sur la politique orientale de Stilichon de 405 à 407]&quot;, ''Byzantion'', 1950(II):  27-37 
* [[Eduardus Gibbon]], ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire''
* Ian Hughes, ''Stilicho : the Vandal who saved Rome'', Pen and Sword Military, 2021 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=79TIDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT74&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/852/mode/2up 853-858]
*Rudolf Keller, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=jMDTNtkscXQC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Stilicho, oder, Die Geschichte des weströmischen Reiches von 395-408]'', Berolini, 1884
*Giulia Marolla, &quot;[https://storicamente.org/marolla-stilicone-generale Dagli altari alla polvere. Stilicone da parens Augusti a semibarbarus proditor]&quot;, ''Storicamente'', 2018: 30.
*[[Theodorus Mommsenus|Theodorus Mommsen]], &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4472880 Stilicho und Alarich]&quot;, ''Hermes'', 1903: 101-115
* Bruno Pottier, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2005_num_117_1_10947 Un pamphlet contre Stilichon dans l’Histoire Auguste : la vie de Maximin Le Thrace]&quot;, ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2005 (117-1): 223-267
* Santo Mazzarino, ''Stilicone. La Crisi Imperiale dopo Teodosio'', [[1942]] (Rizzoli ISBN 978-88-17-33616-1) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1942_num_11_2_2700_t1_0335_0000_2 Recensio critica]
* Heinricus Richter, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&amp;lr=&amp;id=ponfsh4ruPkC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=serena+stilichonis&amp;ots=vaSabmKd8r&amp;sig=kMRQOGElZOJXCFoqw6FoLMeZj2U&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Stilichone et Rufino]'', Halis Saxonum, 1860 '''LATINE'''
*Michele Renee Salzman, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the &quot;Barbarian&quot; Generals]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367
*Paulus Schulz, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&amp;lr=&amp;id=kv6unNYVlEUC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=serena+stilichonis&amp;ots=zPymhMZ5rA&amp;sig=LlWeNoL9PBOQcOJSI22m7f53z88&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Stilichone iisque qui de eo agunt fontibus, Claudiano imprimis et Zosimo]'', Regimonti, 1864 '''LATINE'''
*Lucien Sigayret, &quot;[https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/29079 Les deux voyages de Stilichon]&quot; in ''Bouleversants voyages'',  Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 2000: 85-100
*Michaël Vannesse,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_1_7794 L’armée romaine en Occident sous Stilichon (395-408 ap. J.-C.) : le témoignage des décrets impériaux]&quot;, ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2010:  99-112
*	Edmundus Vogt, ''[https://archive.org/details/clclaudianicarmi00vogt/mode/2up Cl. Claudiani carminum quae Stiliconem praedicant fides historica ex comparatione ceterorum fontium recensetur]'', Bonnae, 1863 '''LATINE'''

== Nexus externi ==
{{communia|Stilicho|Flavium Stilichonem}}
* Guillaume Vincent, ''Stilicon, architecte de la victoire: un examen du rôle stratégique du général lors de la bataille de la rivière Frigidus'' [https://mastersfdl.hypotheses.org/6020 Investigatio]

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropius]] et [[Flavius Mallius Theodorus]]|
annus= 400&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]]|
successores=[[Flavius Fravitta]] et [[Flavius Vincentius]]}}
{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] VI et [[Aristaenetus]]|
annus= 405&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]]|
successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] VI et [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]}} 

{{Lifetime|saeculo 4|408|Stilicho, Flavius}}
[[Categoria:Ductores exercitus]]
[[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Morte damnati]]</text>
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[[Imago:Stilico diptych.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Diptychon consulare]] Stilichonis anni circiter [[400]], [[Modicia]]e in thesauro ecclesiae cathedralis conservatum. Monstrat autem Stilichonem cum uxore [[Serena]] et filio [[Eucherius (filius Stilichonis)|Eucherio]]. Puerorum in clipeo Stilichonis sculptorum sunt qui [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] [[Honorius|Honoriique]] fratrum Augustorum imagines esse doceant, ut quorum pro tutela atque patrono Stilicho se gesserit.]] 

{{res|Flavius Stilicho}} (anno [[359]] circiter natus anno [[408]] die [[22 Augusti|22 mensis Augusti]] [[Ravenna]]e iussu [[Heraclianus|Heracliani]] ducis exercitus [[imperator]]is [[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorii]] supplicio adfectus) fuit [[magister militum]] originis [[barbari]]cae et [[Comes|comes stabuli]] et [[consul]] annorum [[400]] et [[405]]. Testis atque interpres rerum a Stilichone gestarum maximus [[Claudianus]] poeta extat in carminibus 2–28 et nonnullis carminibus minoribus. Contra ab [[Orosius|Orosio]] Stilichonis facta depinguntur ut vituperanda. Quod [[Vandali|Vandalus]] erat, etiam [[Arianismus|Arianus]].

== De familia ==
Uxor ei fuit [[Serena]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]], ''Laus Serenae''.&lt;/ref&gt; neptis [[Theodosius I|Theodosii I]] quae cum maritus hostis publicus iudicatus est una cum eo periit. E qua genuit Eucherium&lt;ref&gt;[[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]] V.32-37.&lt;/ref&gt; filium et filias Mariam, quae Imperatori Honorio anno [[395]] nupsit&lt;ref&gt;[[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]], ''Epithalamium dictum Honorio Augusto et Mariae''.&lt;/ref&gt; et sive 407 sive 408 obiit, et Termantiam quae eidem Honorio nupsit post sororis mortem. Matrimonium paucos menses duravit et patre damnato repudiata est&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.28, 35, 37.&lt;/ref&gt;.

==De vita==
Stilicho in hodierna [[Germania]] a patre [[Vandali|Vandalo]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Orosius]] VII.38.1.&lt;/ref&gt; natus est, auxiliario in exercitu Romano&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu Stilichonis'' I.35-9.&lt;/ref&gt;, et matre quae civis [[Roma|Romana]] erat&lt;ref&gt;Ita [[Hieronymus]] (Ep. 123.16) eum semibarbarum dicit.&lt;/ref&gt;. Tamen semper se Romanum putavit etiamsi erat, sicut plurimi Germani, [[Arianismus|arianus]], ergo putatus [[Haeresis|haereticus]]. Correcte tres linguas principales illius temporis loquebatur: [[Lingua Germanica|Germanicam]] communem, [[Lingua Latina|Latinam]] [[Lingua Graeca|Graecamque]]. In [[historiographia]] vir multum ambiguus depingitur: putatus dux fidelis causae Imperii Romani, egit negative{{dubsig}} pro se. Nam [[Alaricus|Alaricum]] non pepulit neque limitem ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] servavit.

[[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] regnante, qui ultimus utriusque partis Imperi imperator fuit, tribunus praetorianus militaris fuit qui circa [[384]] eum 'vix primaevum' ad regem Persarum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sapor III|Saporem III|en|qid=Q310267}} misit, ut de pace et partitione [[Armenia|Armeniae]] ageret&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu'' I.51-68&lt;/ref&gt;. Legatio felix fuit et Stilicho, cum Theodosium [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] adisset, comes sacri stabuli et mox comes domesticorum&lt;ref&gt;Ausonius, ''Laus Serenae'' 90-94.&lt;/ref&gt; (385-392) ac postremo circa 392 magister militum  factus est, ut limites a [[Visigothi|Visigothis]] defenderet: ita hoc negotium per circa viginta annos&lt;ref&gt;Viginti tres si [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimi]] computationi credimus (V.34.6).&lt;/ref&gt; habuit. Theodosius quia virtutem eius videbat, ei [[Serena|Serenam]] suam neptem uxorem dedit&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu'' I.69-83 et ''Laus Serenae''.&lt;/ref&gt;, quae postea filia adoptiva fuit. Eo coniugio nati sunt filius [[Eucherius]] et duae filiae, Maria et Termantia, quae uxores imperatoris [[Honorius|Honorii]] fuerunt .
[[Fasciculus:Rione XV Esquilino, Roma, Italy - panoramio (49).jpg|thumb| Nomen Stilichonis in porta Honoriana Romae legitur (CIL VI.1189)]]
Imperatore [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] anno [[392]] interfecto, Stilicho exercitum paravit qui, Theodosio duce, [[Eugenius (imperator)|Flavium Eugenium]] proelio ad flumen Frigidum vicit (sept. 394). In hac quoque pugna Stilicho imperavit, cum haberet subordinatum [[Alaricus I (rex Visigothorum)|Alaricum]] Visigothum (deinde suum inimicum), qui magnam auxiliariorum [[Gothi|Gothorum]] copiam ducebat. Deinde magister utriusque militiae in parte occidentali imperii nominatur. Simul Honorium iussu Theodosii custodiebat atque ita Theodosio mortuo occidentalibus partibus imperabat ut [[Flavius Rufinus|Rufinus]] orientalibus&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus IV.59.1. [[Orosius]] VII.37.1:  ''interea cum a Theodosio imperatore seniore singulis potissimis infantum cura et disciplina utriusque palatii commissa esset, hoc est Rufino orientalis aulae, Stiliconi occidentalis imperii''... Eunapius fr. 62. Iohannes Antiochensis fr.188.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quia tum (395) magna pars exercitus orientalis in eius manu erat quia Eugenium pugnatum venerat curam totius imperii sibi vindicavit&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.4.3. [[Ausonius]], ''In Rufinum'' II.4-6: ''Tibi credita fratrum utraque maiestas geminaeque exercitus aulae''.&lt;/ref&gt;. Exercitum adversus Alarici Visigothos in Graeciam ducebat cum ab Arcadio, Rufino auctore, sibi remittere et in occidentem retro cedere iussus est&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.7. ''In Rufinum'' II.202sqq.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quod fecit sed eodem tempore eorum duci Gainae Rufinum occidendum mandasse videtur. Annis 396/7 ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] venit ac deinde in [[Peloponnesus|Peloponnesum]] adpulit ad Alaricum impugnandum sed iterum recedere ab Arcadio iussus est qui tum [[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropio]] morem gerebat. Qua de causa etiam hostis publicus a senatu [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopolitano]] iudicatus est&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.7 et 11.1. Ausonius, ''de Quarto consulatu Honorii'' 459sqq.&lt;/ref&gt;. Eodem anno rebellionem [[Gildo|Gildonis]] in Africa oppressit fratre ipsius Mascezel nomine adversus eum misso&lt;ref&gt;Ausonius, ''de Bello Gildonis''. Zosimus V.11.2-5, Orosius VII.36.2-13.&lt;/ref&gt;. Nam ob teneram Honorii aetatem occidentalem imperii partem ipse regebat ut Eutropius orientalem pro Arcadio.

Anno [[400]] una cum [[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]] [[consul|consulatum]] gessit. Autumno 401 Alaricus Italiam invadit sed Stilicho eum duabus pugnis apud [[Pollentia (Marchia Anconitana)|Pollentiam]] et [[Verona|Veronam]] anno [[402]] vicit&lt;ref&gt;[[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]]  ''[[De bello Gothico|de Bello Gothico]]'' et ''de VI consulatu Honorii'' 127sqq. [[Orosius]] VII.37.2, [[Prudentius]], ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'' II.711sqq., [[Iordanes (scriptor)|Iordanes]] ''[[De origine actibusque Getarum|Getica]]'' 154.&lt;/ref&gt;. Anno [[405]] consul iterum fuit cum [[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]] praefecto praetorio per Orientem. Hoc ipso anno [[Radagaisus]] Italiam invadit sed iam anno 407 a Stilichone [[Faesulae|Faesulis]] profligatur&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.26.3-5, Orosius VII.37.4-16,  [[Iordanes (scriptor)|Iordanes]] ''[[De origine actibusque Getarum|Getica]]''. [[Augustinus Hipponensis|Augustinus]] ''[[De civitate Dei|de Civitate Dei]]'' V.23.&lt;/ref&gt;. Eodem anno [[Illyricum]] in suam dicionem redigere cupiens Alaricum [[magister militum|magistrum militum]] suum fecit et Iovium praefectum praetorio per Illyricum nominavit. Mox tamen nuntiato Constantino usurpatore e [[Britannia (provincia Romana)|Britannia]] in Galliam traiecisse a proposito deterritus est&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.27.2-3. [[Sozomenus|Sozomenos]] VII.25.&lt;/ref&gt;. Iam Alaricum aliosque duces adversus Constantinum missurus erat et [[Arcadius|Arcadio]] mortuo orientales res ordinandas sibi mandari volebat cum ab Olympio accusatus quod filium Eucherium usque ad imperatoriam dignitatem extollere in animo haberet iussu Honorii adprehensus et celeriter mense Augusto 408 necatus est. Bonis publicatis hostis publicus declaratus est et fautores eius persequebantur&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.32-37.  Sozomenus IX.4. Philostratus XI.3 et XII.1, Orosius VII.38, Iordanes ''[[De origine actibusque Romanorum (Iordanes)|Romana]]'' 322. Olympiodorus fr. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;. Post duos annos Alaricus Romam urbem cepit et diripuit.

== De hominis iudicio ==
Mortuus Stilicho avaritiae et corruptionis accusatus est&lt;ref&gt;Eunapius fr. 62. Zosimus V.1.1-3. Johannes Antiochensis fr. 188.&lt;/ref&gt;,  praevaricationis cum Alarico atque etiam quod barbaros ad impetum in imperium faciendum incitasset&lt;ref&gt;Iordanes, ''Getica'' 115, Orosius VII.38.  [[Hieronymus]], ''Epistulae'' 123.16 &lt;/ref&gt;. Econtra Zosimus proditionis pro filio crimen verum esse negabat et integrum in fiscalibus officiis eum dicebat&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historia nova]]'' V.34.&lt;/ref&gt;


[[Monumentum]] [[marmor]]eum annis circa 400 factum et dictum sepulcrum Stilichonis in [[basilica]] sancti [[Ambrosius|Ambrosii]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] exstat, sed Stilichonem hac in urbe sepultum esse vix veri simile videtur. Nam primo testimonia desunt, deinde omnino corpus illis temporibus inquietissimis ac bellicosis a loco supplicii Mediolanum tralatum esse a multis viris doctis denegatur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*[[CIL]] V.6250, VI.1188-1190, VI.1730-4, VI.31987-9, IX,4051, XIV.165. [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche Hic textus quaerere potes (Literature)] [[L'Année épigraphique|AE]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche?literatur=1926,%200124 1926,124]
* [[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]],  ''De consulatu Stilichonis'', ''In Rufinum'' et alia poemata
* ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]''
* [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]], ''[[Historia nova]]''
* [[Orosius|Paulus Orosius]], ''[[Historiae adversum paganos]]''
* [[Claudius Rutilius Namatianus]], ''De reditu suo''
* [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' IV.1-14

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Emma Burrell, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436726 A Re-Examination of Why Stilicho Abandoned His Pursuit of Alaric in 397]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2004: 251-256 
*	Alan Cameron, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/25506845/Theodosius_the_Great_and_the_Regency_of_Stilico Theodosius the Great and the regency of Stilico]&quot;, ''Harvard Studies'', 1969: 247-280 
*Emilienne Demougeot, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44168669 Note sur la politique orientale de Stilichon de 405 à 407]&quot;, ''Byzantion'', 1950(II):  27-37 
* [[Eduardus Gibbon]], ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire''
* Ian Hughes, ''Stilicho : the Vandal who saved Rome'', Pen and Sword Military, 2021 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=79TIDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT74&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/852/mode/2up 853-858]
*Rudolf Keller, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=jMDTNtkscXQC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Stilicho, oder, Die Geschichte des weströmischen Reiches von 395-408]'', Berolini, 1884
*Giulia Marolla, &quot;[https://storicamente.org/marolla-stilicone-generale Dagli altari alla polvere. Stilicone da parens Augusti a semibarbarus proditor]&quot;, ''Storicamente'', 2018: 30.
*[[Theodorus Mommsenus|Theodorus Mommsen]], &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4472880 Stilicho und Alarich]&quot;, ''Hermes'', 1903: 101-115
* Bruno Pottier, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2005_num_117_1_10947 Un pamphlet contre Stilichon dans l’Histoire Auguste : la vie de Maximin Le Thrace]&quot;, ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2005 (117-1): 223-267
* Santo Mazzarino, ''Stilicone. La Crisi Imperiale dopo Teodosio'', [[1942]] (Rizzoli ISBN 978-88-17-33616-1) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1942_num_11_2_2700_t1_0335_0000_2 Recensio critica]
* Heinricus Richter, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&amp;lr=&amp;id=ponfsh4ruPkC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=serena+stilichonis&amp;ots=vaSabmKd8r&amp;sig=kMRQOGElZOJXCFoqw6FoLMeZj2U&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Stilichone et Rufino]'', Halis Saxonum, 1860 '''LATINE'''
*Michele Renee Salzman, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the &quot;Barbarian&quot; Generals]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367
*Paulus Schulz, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&amp;lr=&amp;id=kv6unNYVlEUC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=serena+stilichonis&amp;ots=zPymhMZ5rA&amp;sig=LlWeNoL9PBOQcOJSI22m7f53z88&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Stilichone iisque qui de eo agunt fontibus, Claudiano imprimis et Zosimo]'', Regimonti, 1864 '''LATINE'''
*Lucien Sigayret, &quot;[https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/29079 Les deux voyages de Stilichon]&quot; in ''Bouleversants voyages'',  Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 2000: 85-100
*Michaël Vannesse,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_1_7794 L’armée romaine en Occident sous Stilichon (395-408 ap. J.-C.) : le témoignage des décrets impériaux]&quot;, ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2010:  99-112
*	Edmundus Vogt, ''[https://archive.org/details/clclaudianicarmi00vogt/mode/2up Cl. Claudiani carminum quae Stiliconem praedicant fides historica ex comparatione ceterorum fontium recensetur]'', Bonnae, 1863 '''LATINE'''

== Nexus externi ==
{{communia|Stilicho|Flavium Stilichonem}}
* Guillaume Vincent, ''Stilicon, architecte de la victoire: un examen du rôle stratégique du général lors de la bataille de la rivière Frigidus'' [https://mastersfdl.hypotheses.org/6020 Investigatio]

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropius]] et [[Flavius Mallius Theodorus]]|
annus= 400&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]]|
successores=[[Flavius Fravitta]] et [[Flavius Vincentius]]}}
{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] VI et [[Aristaenetus]]|
annus= 405&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]]|
successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] VI et [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]}} 

{{Lifetime|saeculo 4|408|Stilicho, Flavius}}
[[Categoria:Ductores exercitus]]
[[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Morte damnati]]</text>
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[[Imago:Stilico diptych.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Diptychon consulare]] Stilichonis anni circiter [[400]], [[Modicia]]e in thesauro ecclesiae cathedralis conservatum. Monstrat autem Stilichonem cum uxore [[Serena]] et filio [[Eucherius (filius Stilichonis)|Eucherio]]. Puerorum in clipeo Stilichonis sculptorum sunt qui [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] [[Honorius|Honoriique]] fratrum Augustorum imagines esse doceant, ut quorum pro tutela atque patrono Stilicho se gesserit.]] 

{{res|Flavius Stilicho}} (anno [[359]] circiter natus anno [[408]] die [[22 Augusti|22 mensis Augusti]] [[Ravenna]]e iussu [[Heraclianus|Heracliani]] ducis exercitus [[imperator]]is [[Flavius Augustus Honorius|Honorii]] supplicio adfectus) fuit [[magister militum]] originis [[barbari]]cae et [[Comes|comes stabuli]] et [[consul]] annorum [[400]] et [[405]]. Testis atque interpres rerum a Stilichone gestarum maximus [[Claudianus]] poeta extat in carminibus 2–28 et nonnullis carminibus minoribus. Contra ab [[Orosius|Orosio]] Stilichonis facta depinguntur ut vituperanda. Quod [[Vandali|Vandalus]] erat, etiam [[Arianismus|Arianus]]. Revera propter aetatem teneram et postea timiditatem Honorii Augusti partem occidentalem Imperii Romani inter 395 et 408 paene solus rexit. 

== De familia ==
Uxor ei fuit [[Serena]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]], ''Laus Serenae''.&lt;/ref&gt; neptis [[Theodosius I|Theodosii I]] quae cum maritus hostis publicus iudicatus est una cum eo periit. E qua genuit Eucherium&lt;ref&gt;[[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]] V.32-37.&lt;/ref&gt; filium et filias Mariam, quae Imperatori Honorio anno [[395]] nupsit&lt;ref&gt;[[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]], ''Epithalamium dictum Honorio Augusto et Mariae''.&lt;/ref&gt; et sive 407 sive 408 obiit, et Termantiam quae eidem Honorio nupsit post sororis mortem. Matrimonium paucos menses duravit et patre damnato repudiata est&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.28, 35, 37.&lt;/ref&gt;.

==De vita==
Stilicho in hodierna [[Germania]] a patre [[Vandali|Vandalo]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Orosius]] VII.38.1.&lt;/ref&gt; natus est, auxiliario in exercitu Romano&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu Stilichonis'' I.35-9.&lt;/ref&gt;, et matre quae civis [[Roma|Romana]] erat&lt;ref&gt;Ita [[Hieronymus]] (Ep. 123.16) eum semibarbarum dicit.&lt;/ref&gt;. Tamen semper se Romanum putavit etiamsi erat, sicut plurimi Germani, [[Arianismus|arianus]], ergo putatus [[Haeresis|haereticus]]. Correcte tres linguas principales illius temporis loquebatur: [[Lingua Germanica|Germanicam]] communem, [[Lingua Latina|Latinam]] [[Lingua Graeca|Graecamque]]. In [[historiographia]] vir multum ambiguus depingitur: putatus dux fidelis causae Imperii Romani, egit negative{{dubsig}} pro se. Nam [[Alaricus|Alaricum]] non pepulit neque limitem ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] servavit.

[[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] regnante, qui ultimus utriusque partis Imperi imperator fuit, tribunus praetorianus militaris fuit qui circa [[384]] eum 'vix primaevum' ad regem Persarum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sapor III|Saporem III|en|qid=Q310267}} misit, ut de pace et partitione [[Armenia|Armeniae]] ageret&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu'' I.51-68&lt;/ref&gt;. Legatio felix fuit et Stilicho, cum Theodosium [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] adisset, comes sacri stabuli et mox comes domesticorum&lt;ref&gt;Ausonius, ''Laus Serenae'' 90-94.&lt;/ref&gt; (385-392) ac postremo circa 392 magister militum  factus est, ut limites a [[Visigothi|Visigothis]] defenderet: ita hoc negotium per circa viginta annos&lt;ref&gt;Viginti tres si [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimi]] computationi credimus (V.34.6).&lt;/ref&gt; habuit. Theodosius quia virtutem eius videbat, ei [[Serena|Serenam]] suam neptem uxorem dedit&lt;ref&gt;''De consulatu'' I.69-83 et ''Laus Serenae''.&lt;/ref&gt;, quae postea filia adoptiva fuit. Eo coniugio nati sunt filius [[Eucherius]] et duae filiae, Maria et Termantia, quae uxores imperatoris [[Honorius|Honorii]] fuerunt .
[[Fasciculus:Rione XV Esquilino, Roma, Italy - panoramio (49).jpg|thumb| Nomen Stilichonis in porta Honoriana Romae legitur (CIL VI.1189)]]
Imperatore [[Valentinianus II|Valentiniano II]] anno [[392]] interfecto, Stilicho exercitum paravit qui, Theodosio duce, [[Eugenius (imperator)|Flavium Eugenium]] proelio ad flumen Frigidum vicit (sept. 394). In hac quoque pugna Stilicho imperavit, cum haberet subordinatum [[Alaricus I (rex Visigothorum)|Alaricum]] Visigothum (deinde suum inimicum), qui magnam auxiliariorum [[Gothi|Gothorum]] copiam ducebat. Deinde magister utriusque militiae in parte occidentali imperii nominatur. Simul Honorium iussu Theodosii custodiebat atque ita Theodosio mortuo occidentalibus partibus imperabat ut [[Flavius Rufinus|Rufinus]] orientalibus&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus IV.59.1. [[Orosius]] VII.37.1:  ''interea cum a Theodosio imperatore seniore singulis potissimis infantum cura et disciplina utriusque palatii commissa esset, hoc est Rufino orientalis aulae, Stiliconi occidentalis imperii''... Eunapius fr. 62. Iohannes Antiochensis fr.188.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quia tum (395) magna pars exercitus orientalis in eius manu erat quia Eugenium pugnatum venerat curam totius imperii sibi vindicavit&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.4.3. [[Ausonius]], ''In Rufinum'' II.4-6: ''Tibi credita fratrum utraque maiestas geminaeque exercitus aulae''.&lt;/ref&gt;. Exercitum adversus Alarici Visigothos in Graeciam ducebat cum ab Arcadio, Rufino auctore, sibi remittere et in occidentem retro cedere iussus est&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.7. ''In Rufinum'' II.202sqq.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quod fecit sed eodem tempore eorum duci Gainae Rufinum occidendum mandasse videtur. Annis 396/7 ad flumen [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] venit ac deinde in [[Peloponnesus|Peloponnesum]] adpulit ad Alaricum impugnandum sed iterum recedere ab Arcadio iussus est qui tum [[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropio]] morem gerebat. Qua de causa etiam hostis publicus a senatu [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopolitano]] iudicatus est&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.7 et 11.1. Ausonius, ''de Quarto consulatu Honorii'' 459sqq.&lt;/ref&gt;. Eodem anno rebellionem [[Gildo|Gildonis]] in Africa oppressit fratre ipsius Mascezel nomine adversus eum misso&lt;ref&gt;Ausonius, ''de Bello Gildonis''. Zosimus V.11.2-5, Orosius VII.36.2-13.&lt;/ref&gt;. Nam ob teneram Honorii aetatem occidentalem imperii partem ipse regebat ut Eutropius orientalem pro Arcadio.

Anno [[400]] una cum [[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]] [[consul|consulatum]] gessit. Autumno 401 Alaricus Italiam invadit sed Stilicho eum duabus pugnis apud [[Pollentia (Marchia Anconitana)|Pollentiam]] et [[Verona|Veronam]] anno [[402]] vicit&lt;ref&gt;[[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]]  ''[[De bello Gothico|de Bello Gothico]]'' et ''de VI consulatu Honorii'' 127sqq. [[Orosius]] VII.37.2, [[Prudentius]], ''[[Contra Symmachum]]'' II.711sqq., [[Iordanes (scriptor)|Iordanes]] ''[[De origine actibusque Getarum|Getica]]'' 154.&lt;/ref&gt;. Anno [[405]] consul iterum fuit cum [[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]] praefecto praetorio per Orientem. Hoc ipso anno [[Radagaisus]] Italiam invadit sed iam anno 407 a Stilichone [[Faesulae|Faesulis]] profligatur&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.26.3-5, Orosius VII.37.4-16,  [[Iordanes (scriptor)|Iordanes]] ''[[De origine actibusque Getarum|Getica]]''. [[Augustinus Hipponensis|Augustinus]] ''[[De civitate Dei|de Civitate Dei]]'' V.23.&lt;/ref&gt;. Eodem anno [[Illyricum]] in suam dicionem redigere cupiens Alaricum [[magister militum|magistrum militum]] suum fecit et Iovium praefectum praetorio per Illyricum nominavit. Mox tamen nuntiato Constantino usurpatore e [[Britannia (provincia Romana)|Britannia]] in Galliam traiecisse a proposito deterritus est&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.27.2-3. [[Sozomenus|Sozomenos]] VII.25.&lt;/ref&gt;. Iam Alaricum aliosque duces adversus Constantinum missurus erat et [[Arcadius|Arcadio]] mortuo orientales res ordinandas sibi mandari volebat cum ab Olympio accusatus quod filium Eucherium usque ad imperatoriam dignitatem extollere in animo haberet iussu Honorii adprehensus et celeriter mense Augusto 408 necatus est. Bonis publicatis hostis publicus declaratus est et fautores eius persequebantur&lt;ref&gt;Zosimus V.32-37.  Sozomenus IX.4. Philostratus XI.3 et XII.1, Orosius VII.38, Iordanes ''[[De origine actibusque Romanorum (Iordanes)|Romana]]'' 322. Olympiodorus fr. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;. Post duos annos Alaricus Romam urbem cepit et diripuit.

== De hominis iudicio ==
Mortuus Stilicho avaritiae et corruptionis accusatus est&lt;ref&gt;Eunapius fr. 62. Zosimus V.1.1-3. Johannes Antiochensis fr. 188.&lt;/ref&gt;,  praevaricationis cum Alarico atque etiam quod barbaros ad impetum in imperium faciendum incitasset&lt;ref&gt;Iordanes, ''Getica'' 115, Orosius VII.38.  [[Hieronymus]], ''Epistulae'' 123.16 &lt;/ref&gt;. Econtra Zosimus proditionis pro filio crimen verum esse negabat et integrum in fiscalibus officiis eum dicebat&lt;ref&gt;''[[Historia nova]]'' V.34.&lt;/ref&gt;


[[Monumentum]] [[marmor]]eum annis circa 400 factum et dictum sepulcrum Stilichonis in [[basilica]] sancti [[Ambrosius|Ambrosii]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] exstat, sed Stilichonem hac in urbe sepultum esse vix veri simile videtur. Nam primo testimonia desunt, deinde omnino corpus illis temporibus inquietissimis ac bellicosis a loco supplicii Mediolanum tralatum esse a multis viris doctis denegatur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*[[CIL]] V.6250, VI.1188-1190, VI.1730-4, VI.31987-9, IX,4051, XIV.165. [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche Hic textus quaerere potes (Literature)] [[L'Année épigraphique|AE]] [https://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/inschrift/suche?literatur=1926,%200124 1926,124]
* [[Claudius Claudianus|Claudianus]],  ''De consulatu Stilichonis'', ''In Rufinum'' et alia poemata
* ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]''
* [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]], ''[[Historia nova]]''
* [[Orosius|Paulus Orosius]], ''[[Historiae adversum paganos]]''
* [[Claudius Rutilius Namatianus]], ''De reditu suo''
* [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' IV.1-14

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Emma Burrell, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436726 A Re-Examination of Why Stilicho Abandoned His Pursuit of Alaric in 397]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2004: 251-256 
*	Alan Cameron, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/25506845/Theodosius_the_Great_and_the_Regency_of_Stilico Theodosius the Great and the regency of Stilico]&quot;, ''Harvard Studies'', 1969: 247-280 
*Emilienne Demougeot, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44168669 Note sur la politique orientale de Stilichon de 405 à 407]&quot;, ''Byzantion'', 1950(II):  27-37 
* [[Eduardus Gibbon]], ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire''
* Ian Hughes, ''Stilicho : the Vandal who saved Rome'', Pen and Sword Military, 2021 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=79TIDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT74&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_selected_pages&amp;cad=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/852/mode/2up 853-858]
*Rudolf Keller, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?id=jMDTNtkscXQC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Stilicho, oder, Die Geschichte des weströmischen Reiches von 395-408]'', Berolini, 1884
*Giulia Marolla, &quot;[https://storicamente.org/marolla-stilicone-generale Dagli altari alla polvere. Stilicone da parens Augusti a semibarbarus proditor]&quot;, ''Storicamente'', 2018: 30.
*[[Theodorus Mommsenus|Theodorus Mommsen]], &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4472880 Stilicho und Alarich]&quot;, ''Hermes'', 1903: 101-115
* Bruno Pottier, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2005_num_117_1_10947 Un pamphlet contre Stilichon dans l’Histoire Auguste : la vie de Maximin Le Thrace]&quot;, ''Mélanges de l'école française de Rome'', 2005 (117-1): 223-267
* Santo Mazzarino, ''Stilicone. La Crisi Imperiale dopo Teodosio'', [[1942]] (Rizzoli ISBN 978-88-17-33616-1) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1942_num_11_2_2700_t1_0335_0000_2 Recensio critica]
* Heinricus Richter, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&amp;lr=&amp;id=ponfsh4ruPkC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=serena+stilichonis&amp;ots=vaSabmKd8r&amp;sig=kMRQOGElZOJXCFoqw6FoLMeZj2U&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Stilichone et Rufino]'', Halis Saxonum, 1860 '''LATINE'''
*Michele Renee Salzman, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436821 Symmachus and the &quot;Barbarian&quot; Generals]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 2006: 352-367
*Paulus Schulz, ''[https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&amp;lr=&amp;id=kv6unNYVlEUC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=serena+stilichonis&amp;ots=zPymhMZ5rA&amp;sig=LlWeNoL9PBOQcOJSI22m7f53z88&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false De Stilichone iisque qui de eo agunt fontibus, Claudiano imprimis et Zosimo]'', Regimonti, 1864 '''LATINE'''
*Lucien Sigayret, &quot;[https://books.openedition.org/pupvd/29079 Les deux voyages de Stilichon]&quot; in ''Bouleversants voyages'',  Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 2000: 85-100
*Michaël Vannesse,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_1_7794 L’armée romaine en Occident sous Stilichon (395-408 ap. J.-C.) : le témoignage des décrets impériaux]&quot;, ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2010:  99-112
*	Edmundus Vogt, ''[https://archive.org/details/clclaudianicarmi00vogt/mode/2up Cl. Claudiani carminum quae Stiliconem praedicant fides historica ex comparatione ceterorum fontium recensetur]'', Bonnae, 1863 '''LATINE'''

== Nexus externi ==
{{communia|Stilicho|Flavium Stilichonem}}
* Guillaume Vincent, ''Stilicon, architecte de la victoire: un examen du rôle stratégique du général lors de la bataille de la rivière Frigidus'' [https://mastersfdl.hypotheses.org/6020 Investigatio]

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropius]] et [[Flavius Mallius Theodorus]]|
annus= 400&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aureliano]]|
successores=[[Flavius Fravitta]] et [[Flavius Vincentius]]}}
{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] VI et [[Aristaenetus]]|
annus= 405&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Flavius Anthemius|Flavio Anthemio]]|
successores=[[Arcadius|Imp. Caesar Flavius Arcadius Augustus]] VI et [[Anicius Flavius Petronius Probus]]}} 

{{Lifetime|saeculo 4|408|Stilicho, Flavius}}
[[Categoria:Ductores exercitus]]
[[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Morte damnati]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Heraclianus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
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      <comment>/* Vita */</comment>
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{{capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Heraclianus''' (natus circa annum [[370]]; mortuus [[Carthago|Carthagine]] die [[7 Martii]] [[413]]) fuit dux exercitus [[Imperium Romanum Occidentale|Imperii Romani Occidentalis]], [[Honorius (imperator)|Honorio]] imperatore. 

== Vita ==
Anno [[408]] Heraclianus [[Flavius Stilicho|Stilichonem]] necavit; postea ab Honorio [[comes]] [[Africa]]e et anno [[413]] [[consul]] factus est. Die [[7 Martii]] [[413]] iussu Honorii ut usurpator supplicio affectus est in urbe [[Carthago|Carthagine]] ut qui contra imperatorem rebellavisset et transportationem [[fruges|frugum]] ex [[Africa]] [[Roma]]m obsedisset.

== Bibliographia ==
* John R. Martindale, John Morris, ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire''. Vol. 2 (Cantabrigiae [[1980]]) pp. 539–540.

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] IX et [[Theodosius II|Imp. Caesar Flavius Theodosius Augustus]] V|
annus= 413&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Flavius Lucius|Flavio Lucio]]|
successores=[[Constantius III|Flavius Constantius]] et [[Flavius Constans]] }}

{{Lifetime|370|413}}
[[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Morte damnati]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>De remediis secretis</title>
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      <text bytes="7434" sha1="9qlt1h9jfve8ywbq39tusjbw56qmxvv" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Imago:Conrad Gesner by Tobias Stimmer2.jpg|thumb|Conradus Gesnerus]]

{{tres|''Thesaurus Euonymi Philiatri '''de remediis secretis'''''}} est titulus libri cuiusdam de proprietatibus [[aqua vitae|aquae vitae]] ab erudito [[Helvetia|Helvetico]] [[Conradus Gesnerus|Conrado Gesnero]] conscripto et sub nomine ficticio [[Euonymus Philiatrus|Euonymi Philiatri]] edito [[Tigurum|Tiguri]] [[Latine]] anno [[1552]], [[Lugdunum|Lugduni]] [[Francogallice]] anno [[1555]]. Post mortem Gesneri librum alterum de eadem re e manuscriptis edidit {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Casparus Wolphius||d|qid=Q52153982}}, qui in titulo eius libri nomina Gesneri et “Euonymi” coniunxit. 

== Editiones et versiones ==
[[Fasciculus:Thesaurus Evonymi Philiatri 1552 tp.jpg|thumb|Prima editio ''Thesauri Evonymi Philiatri'' a Conrado Gesnero scripta, anno [[1552]] sine nomine auctoris divulgata. Exemplar ab ipso auctore “[[Henricus Bullingerus|Henrycho Bullingero]] patrono” dono datum (Zentralbibliothek Zürich, Md E 377)]] 
[[Fasciculus:Tresor de Evonime Philiatre des Remedes secrets. Livre Physic, Medical, Alchymic, et Dispensatif de toutes substantiales liqueurs, et appareil de vins de diverses saveurs (IA BIUSante 05035).pdf|thumb|Versio Francogallica [[[[Barptolemaeus Anulus|Barptolemaei Anuli]] (1555) titulus]]
[[Fasciculus:Gesner, Konrad – Tesauro di Euonomo Filatro de rimedii secreti, 1556 – BEIC IE9033455.jpg|thumb|Versio Italiana [[Petrus Laurus|Petri Lauri]] (1556): titulus]]
; Textus Latinus
* 1552 : ''Thesaurus Euonymi Philiatri De remediis secretis,liber physicus, medicus et partim etiam chymicus, &amp; oeconomicus in vinorum diuersi saporis apparatu, medicis &amp; pharmacopolis omnibus praecipue necessarius, nunc primum in lucem editus'' [http://doi.org/10.3931/e-rara-5458 Textus]
* 1554 : ''Thesaurus Euonymi philiatri De remediis secretis, liber physicus, medicus et partim etiam chymicus, &amp; oeconomicus in vinorum diversi saporis apparatu, medicis &amp; pharmacopolis omnibus praecipue necessarius, nunc primum in lucem editus'' [http://doi.org/10.3931/e-rara-8218 Textus]
* 1557 : ''Thesaurus Euonymi Philiatri de remediis secretis; liber physicus, medicus et partim etiam chymicus et oeconomicus in vinorum diversi saporis apparatu, medicis et pharmacopolis omnibus praecipue necessarius'' [http://cisne.sim.ucm.es/search*spi?/Xremediis+secretis&amp;searchscope=4&amp;SORT=DZ/Xremediis+secretis&amp;searchscope=4&amp;SORT=DZ&amp;extended=0&amp;SUBKEY=remediis%20secretis/1%2C2%2C2%2CB/frameset&amp;FF=Xremediis+secretis&amp;searchscope=4&amp;SORT=DZ&amp;extended=0&amp;SUBKEY=remediis%20secretis&amp;2%2C2%2C Textus] (imprime “libro completo”); [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k542355 Textus] apud ''Gallica''
* 1569 : ''Euonymus Conradi Gesneri medici et philosophi Tigurini de remediis secretis'' [https://www.e-rara.ch/zuz/content/titleinfo/1518128 Textus] apud ''E-rara''

; Versiones
* 1555 : [[Barptolemaeus Anulus|Barthélemy Aneau]], interpr., ''Tresor de Evonime Philiatre des remedes secretz: livre physic, medical, alchymic, et dispensatif de toutes substantiales liqueurs, et appareil de vins de diverses saveurs, necessaire à toutes gens, principallement à medecins, chirurgiens et apothicaires''; [https://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/histmed/medica/cote?05035 Textus] apud ''BIU Santé''; [https://archive.org/details/BIUSante_05035 idem exemplar alibi]
* 1555 : Ioannes Rudolphus Landberger, interpr., ''Ein köstlicher teürer Schatz Evonymi Philiatri''. Tiguri: Andreas Gessner; [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb11218972?page=,1 Textus apud Monacenses]
** 1582 : Ioannes Rudolphus Landberger, interpr., ''Der erster Theil deß köstlichen vnnd theuren Schatzes Euonymi Philiatri''. Tiguri? [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10164427?page=1 Textus apud Monacenses]; [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb11841152?page=,1 aliud exemplar]
** 1608 : Ioannes Rudolphus Landberger, interpr., ''Köstlicher Artzneyschatz dess wolerfarnen unnd weythberümpten Evonymi Philiatri''. Tiguri; [https://www.e-rara.ch/zuz/content/titleinfo/3191427 Textus apud e-rara]
* 1556 : [[Petrus Laurus|Pietro Lauro]], interpr., ''Tesauro di Evonomo Filatro de rimedi secreti: libro fisico et medicinale''. In Venetia: Gioan Battista et Marchion Sessa; [https://preserver.beic.it/delivery/DeliveryManagerServlet?dps_pid=IE9033455 Textus] 
** 1560 : Pietro Lauro, interpr., ''Tesauro di Evonomo Filatro de rimedi secreti: libro fisico et medicinale''; {{Google Books|2d0_7IdQG4gC}}
** 1588 : Pietro Lauro, interpr., ''Tesauro di Evonomo Filatro de rimedi secreti: libro fisico et medicinale''; [https://books.google.fr/books/ucm?vid=UCM5309434270 textus apud Google Books]; [https://patrimoniodigital.ucm.es/s/patrimonio/item/582447 apud BCM]; [http://web2.bium.univ-paris5.fr/livanc/?cote=351445&amp;do=livre Editio interretialis]
* 1559 : [[Petrus Morwen|Peter Morwyng]], interpr., ''The Treasure of Euonymus, conteyninge the wonderfull hid secretes of nature''; [https://archive.org/details/b30335000_0001/ Textus partim manu scriptus]; [https://archive.org/details/b30335000/ aliud exemplar imperfectum]; [https://web.archive.org/web/20211205164043/https://ota.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/repository/xmlui/handle/20.500.12024/A01662 editio interretialis]
** 1565 : Peter Morwyng, interpr., ''A new booke of destillatyon of waters, called the Treasure of Euonymus ...''; [https://archive.org/details/b30334998_0002/page/n1/mode/2up Textus sine indice]; [https://archive.org/details/b30334998_0001 aliud exemplar sine indice]; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1475-1640_a-new-booke-of-destillat_gesner-conrad_1565 aliud aegre legibile sed cum indice rerum]

; “Pars secunda” e Gesneri schedis a Casparo Wolphio edita
* 1569 : {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Casparus Wolphius||d|qid=Q52153982}}, ed., ''Euonymus Conradi Gesneri medici et philosophi Tigurini de remediis secretis pars secunda; nunc primum opera et studio Caspari VVolphii medici, physici Tigurini in lucem editus''; [https://bibulyon.hypotheses.org/17006 Textus]
* 1583 : Casparus Wolphius, ed.; Johan. Jacob Nüscheler, interpr., ''Ander Theil des Schatzs Euonymi von allerhand kunstl. u. bewerten Oelen, Wasseren, u. heiml. Artzneyen''. Tiguri: Josias Gesner; [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10164428?page=,1 Textus]

{{NexInt}}
* [[Libri de medicamentis aevo litterarum renatarum scripti]]

== Bibliographia ==
* Ken Albala, ''The Banquet'' (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2007. ISBN 0-252-03133-4) pp. 112-115.
* Urs Leo Gantenbein, “A Paracelsian Parallel: Conrad Gessner on Medical Alchemy” in Urs B. Leu, Peter Opitz, edd., ''Conrad Gessner (1516-1565). Die Renaissance der Wissenschaften / The Renaissance of Learning'' (Berolini: Walter de Gruyter, 2019) pp. 273-294
* Daniel Régnier-Roux, “[https://bbf.enssib.fr/revue-enssib/consulter/revue-2014-02-009 Les éditions lyonnaises entre 1554 et 1559 du Trésor des remèdes secrets de Conrad Gessner]” in ''BBF'' n° 2 (2014)

== Nexus externi ==
* Livia Rapatel, “[https://bibulyon.hypotheses.org/17006 Le second Trésor des remèdes secrets]” apud ''Interfaces''

[[Categoria:Libri de medicamentis]]
[[Categoria:Libri de aqua ardente]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae Renascentes]]
[[Categoria:Helvetiae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Conradus Gesnerus]]
[[Categoria:Scripta 1552]]
[[Categoria:Scripta 1569]]</text>
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    <title>Magia (mystica)</title>
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        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
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      <comment>de Deo, Diabolo et praedicatione</comment>
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[[Fasciculus:John William Waterhouse - Magic Circle.JPG|thumb|200px|&quot;Circulus magicus&quot;, ab [[Iohannes Gulielmus Waterhouse|Iohanne Gulielmo Waterhouse]] anno [[1886]] pictus.]]

'''Magia'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Apuleius|Apul.]] ''[[De magia (Apuleius)|Mag.]]'' 82 et passim;  ''[[Metamorphoses (Apuleius)|Met.]]'' 6.26.&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''magice'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Gaius Plinius Secundus|Plin.]] ''[[Naturalis historia (Plinius)|Nat.]]'' 30.10.&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''ars magica'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Vergilius|Verg.]] ''[[Aeneis|Aen.]]'' 4.493.&lt;/ref&gt; est usus fascinationis ad temperandam potentiam [[natura]]e et sortem [[fatum|fati]]. Qui magia utitur dicitur ''magus'' aut ''maga'' vel ''saga''.

Ad res actuales mutandas vel [[tempus futurum|futuras]] portendas, magus vel saga potestates [[supernaturale]]s seu extraordinarias appellat, [[vocabulum|verbis]], [[prex|precibus]], formulis, phyltribus, sussuris, [[saltatio]]nibus, instrumentis, et aliis [[ritus|ritibus]] agendis. Inter res supernaturales invocatas ad causam sunt [[anima]]e e et [[daemon|daemones]].

''Magia'' est [[nomen substantivum|nomen]] a [[verbum (generale)|verbo]] [[Graece|Graeco]] ''μαγεία'' 'fascinatio, deceptio' mutuatum, quod invicem a verbo [[Persice|Persico]] sacerdotem [[Media|Medicum]] significanti profectum est.
[[Fasciculus:12 3 2007 magic wand.png|thumb|left|175px|Virga magica, in qua &quot;Vi veri universum vivus vici&quot; inscriptum est.]]

== Imago popularis ==
[[Fasciculus:The Lancashire Witches 10.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Imago popularis, ubi sagae per caelum [[scopae|scopis]] volitant.]]

== Origines ==
[[Fasciculus:Baldung Hexen 1508 kol.JPG|thumb|200px|[[Ioannes Baldung Grien]]: Sagae, Tabula secata anno [[1508]].]]
Magia in populari [[medicamentum|medicamenti]] et [[therapia|remedii]] studio incepit. Magus quidem primitus medicus Persicus vocatur. Plerumque in [[pagus|pagis]] materfamilias et veteres feminae, quorum munus erat coquere, ut sagae fungebant. 

Remedia traditionalia [[prex|preces]], [[saltatio]]nes, [[potio]]nes et phyltri, et [[diaeta]]s speciales includebant. Sagae [[herba]]s, [[fungus|fungos]], [[radix|radices]], et [[rana]]s secundum [[traditiones]] coquebant ut [[ius (cibus)|iura]] aut [[thea]]e medicinales creantur. Saepe hi remedii naturam psychotropicam ostendebant, qua spiritii et manes videntur. Vulgus quamobrem medicinam haud ab potestatibus supernaturalibus distinxerunt.

=== Medium Aevum ===
Medio Aevo creditus est duo genera principalia esse: Magia benefica et malefica vel alba et nigra. Primae origo [[Deus]] est, secundae [[Diabolus]]. Exemplum magiae nigrae [[Simon Magus]] fuit, albae [[Salomon (rex)|Salomon]] [[Rex]]. Sanctos creditus est miracula facere posse.&lt;ref&gt;Jacques le Goff: ''Kultur des europäischen Mittelalters'', Knaur: Monaci et al. 1970, p. 784.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fasciculus:Rila Monastery wall painting.jpg|thumb|[[Pictura]] in [[Monaterium Rila|Monasterio Rila]] in [[Bulgaria]], quae magiam traditionalem popularemque condemnat; [[saeculum 19|saeculi undevicensimi]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Red jasper magical intaglio CdM Paris 2220bis.jpg|thumb|180px|Lapis ruber aetatis Graecae cum [[Hercules|Herculis]] effigie viribus supernaturalibus praeditus.]]

== Genera ==
* [[Alchemia]], studium quo metalla et materiae inter se transformentur
* [[Augurium]], ubi signa et [[portentum|portenta]] intepretatur ut futurum [[praedicatio|praedicatur]]
* [[Astrologia]], ubi astra et alia indicia mundana usurpatur ut futurum praedicatur
* [[Praesentio]], quo futurum mente apprehendatur
* [[Telecinesis]], quo res distantes mente movantur
* [[Teleportatio]], quo homo se subito trans distantias portat
* [[Incantatio]], ubi magus vel saga carminibus aut verbis dictis hominem aut bestiam adficit aut movit 
* [[Transformatio]], ubi homines in animalia transformantur
* [[Veneficium]], ubi [[potio magica|phyltri]] et [[venenum|venena]] creantur
* [[Magia malefica|Maleficium]], seu magia malefica, magia qua mala fortuna in homines imponatur, aut homines defraudentur vel fallantur

== Magia in cultura populari ==
Magia in operibus generum phantasiae sive phantasiae mediaevalis sive supernaturalia maxime invenitur. Praeclara opera sint [[Terra Media]], [[Harrius Potter|Harrio Potter]], [[Vampire Diaries]], [[Final Fantasy]] et [[Warcraft]]. Magia etiam in omnibus [[MMORPG|ludis MMORPG]] phantasiae mediaevalis apparet, tum tales ludi saepe magnopere gignati sunt. Certa opera, sicut Harrius Potter et Vampire Diaries, cantiones per sententias Latinas proclamare adhibent. Libri cantionum res communes in multis operibus quoque sunt.

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Ephesia grammata]]
* [[Hecate]]
* [[Maya (Hinduismus)]]
* [[Mystica]]
* [[Numen]]
* [[Occulta]]
* [[Persecutio strigarum]]
* [[Supernaturale]]
* [[Wicca]]
* ''[[Majo no Takkyūbin]]''

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Magic|magiam}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080516084121/http://www.fraternitas.de/archiv/08-01.htm Fraternitas Saturni] {{ling|Germanice}}
*[http://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/Magic Magia Terrae Mediae] in Tolkien Gateway vicipaediá {{ling|Anglice}}
*[http://harrypotter.wikia.com/wiki/Magic Magia in Harrio Potter] in Harry Potter Wiki vicipaediá {{ling|Anglice}}

[[Categoria:Magica|!]]
[[Categoria:Mythologia]]
[[Categoria:Religiones]]

{{Myrias|Philosophia}}</text>
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[[Fasciculus:John William Waterhouse - Magic Circle.JPG|thumb|200px|&quot;Circulus magicus&quot;, ab [[Iohannes Gulielmus Waterhouse|Iohanne Gulielmo Waterhouse]] anno [[1886]] pictus.]]

'''Magia'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Apuleius|Apul.]] ''[[De magia (Apuleius)|Mag.]]'' 82 et passim;  ''[[Metamorphoses (Apuleius)|Met.]]'' 6.26.&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''magice'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Gaius Plinius Secundus|Plin.]] ''[[Naturalis historia (Plinius)|Nat.]]'' 30.10.&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''ars magica'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Vergilius|Verg.]] ''[[Aeneis|Aen.]]'' 4.493.&lt;/ref&gt; est usus fascinationis ad temperandam potentiam [[natura]]e et sortem [[fatum|fati]]. Qui magia utitur dicitur ''magus'' aut ''maga'' vel ''saga''.

Ad res actuales mutandas vel [[tempus futurum|futuras]] portendas, magus vel saga potestates [[supernaturale]]s seu extraordinarias appellat, [[vocabulum|verbis]], [[prex|precibus]], formulis, phyltribus, sussuris, [[saltatio]]nibus, instrumentis, et aliis [[ritus|ritibus]] agendis. Inter res supernaturales invocatas ad causam sunt [[anima]]e e et [[daemon|daemones]].

''Magia'' est [[nomen substantivum|nomen]] a [[verbum (generale)|verbo]] [[Graece|Graeco]] ''μαγεία'' 'fascinatio, deceptio' mutuatum, quod invicem a verbo [[Persice|Persico]] sacerdotem [[Media|Medicum]] significanti profectum est.
[[Fasciculus:12 3 2007 magic wand.png|thumb|left|175px|Virga magica, in qua &quot;Vi veri universum vivus vici&quot; inscriptum est.]]

== Imago popularis ==
[[Fasciculus:The Lancashire Witches 10.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Imago popularis, ubi sagae per caelum [[scopae|scopis]] volitant.]]

== Origines ==
[[Fasciculus:Baldung Hexen 1508 kol.JPG|thumb|200px|[[Ioannes Baldung Grien]]: Sagae, Tabula secata anno [[1508]].]]
Magia in populari [[medicamentum|medicamenti]] et [[therapia|remedii]] studio incepit. Magus quidem primitus medicus Persicus vocatur. Plerumque in [[pagus|pagis]] materfamilias et veteres feminae, quorum munus erat coquere, ut sagae fungebant. 

Remedia traditionalia [[prex|preces]], [[saltatio]]nes, [[potio]]nes et phyltri, et [[diaeta]]s speciales includebant. Sagae [[herba]]s, [[fungus|fungos]], [[radix|radices]], et [[rana]]s secundum [[traditiones]] coquebant ut [[ius (cibus)|iura]] aut [[thea]]e medicinales creantur. Saepe hi remedii naturam psychotropicam ostendebant, qua spiritii et manes videntur. Vulgus quamobrem medicinam haud ab potestatibus supernaturalibus distinxerunt.

=== Medium Aevum ===
Medio Aevo creditus est duo genera principalia esse: Magia benefica et malefica vel alba et nigra. Primae origo [[Deus]] est, secundae [[Diabolus]]. Exemplum magiae nigrae [[Simon Magus]] fuit, albae [[Salomon (rex)|Salomon]] [[Rex]]. Sanctos creditus est miracula facere posse.&lt;ref&gt;Jacques le Goff: ''Kultur des europäischen Mittelalters'', Knaur: Monaci et al. 1970, p. 784.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fasciculus:Rila Monastery wall painting.jpg|thumb|[[Pictura]] in [[Monaterium Rila|Monasterio Rila]] in [[Bulgaria]], quae magiam traditionalem popularemque condemnat; [[saeculum 19|saeculi undevicensimi]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Red jasper magical intaglio CdM Paris 2220bis.jpg|thumb|180px|Lapis ruber aetatis Graecae cum [[Hercules|Herculis]] effigie viribus supernaturalibus praeditus.]]

== Genera ==
* [[Alchemia]], studium quo metalla et materiae inter se transformentur
* [[Augurium]], ubi signa et [[portentum|portenta]] intepretatur ut futurum [[vaticinatio|praedicatur]]
* [[Astrologia]], ubi astra et alia indicia mundana usurpatur ut futurum praedicatur
* [[Praesentio]], quo futurum mente apprehendatur
* [[Telecinesis]], quo res distantes mente movantur
* [[Teleportatio]], quo homo se subito trans distantias portat
* [[Incantatio]], ubi magus vel saga carminibus aut verbis dictis hominem aut bestiam adficit aut movit 
* [[Transformatio]], ubi homines in animalia transformantur
* [[Veneficium]], ubi [[potio magica|phyltri]] et [[venenum|venena]] creantur
* [[Magia malefica|Maleficium]], seu magia malefica, magia qua mala fortuna in homines imponatur, aut homines defraudentur vel fallantur

== Magia in cultura populari ==
Magia in operibus generum phantasiae sive phantasiae mediaevalis sive supernaturalia maxime invenitur. Praeclara opera sint [[Terra Media]], [[Harrius Potter|Harrio Potter]], [[Vampire Diaries]], [[Final Fantasy]] et [[Warcraft]]. Magia etiam in omnibus [[MMORPG|ludis MMORPG]] phantasiae mediaevalis apparet, tum tales ludi saepe magnopere gignati sunt. Certa opera, sicut Harrius Potter et Vampire Diaries, cantiones per sententias Latinas proclamare adhibent. Libri cantionum res communes in multis operibus quoque sunt.

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Ephesia grammata]]
* [[Hecate]]
* [[Maya (Hinduismus)]]
* [[Mystica]]
* [[Numen]]
* [[Occulta]]
* [[Persecutio strigarum]]
* [[Supernaturale]]
* [[Wicca]]
* ''[[Majo no Takkyūbin]]''

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Magic|magiam}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080516084121/http://www.fraternitas.de/archiv/08-01.htm Fraternitas Saturni] {{ling|Germanice}}
*[http://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/Magic Magia Terrae Mediae] in Tolkien Gateway vicipaediá {{ling|Anglice}}
*[http://harrypotter.wikia.com/wiki/Magic Magia in Harrio Potter] in Harry Potter Wiki vicipaediá {{ling|Anglice}}

[[Categoria:Magica|!]]
[[Categoria:Mythologia]]
[[Categoria:Religiones]]

{{Myrias|Philosophia}}</text>
      <sha1>njvznwc79knald5f4oaron6h3d0130f</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Sedevacantismus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>51541</id>
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      <text bytes="4367" sha1="68gvzutri7gnhdpswxtgg8ta2lpsu33" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Sede vacante.svg|thumb|[[Signum]] &quot;sede vacante&quot; significans&lt;!-- by the [[Holy See]] from a Pope's death to the election of his successor--&gt;]]

'''Sedevacantismus''' est sententia [[theologia|theologica]] in quam transeunt quidam &quot;[[Catholici traditionalistici]],&quot; qui credunt [[Sancta Sedes|Sanctam Sedem]] esse vacantem post [[Pius XII|Papam Pium XII]] mortuum, anno [[1958]], et recentes papas [[Ioannes XXIII|Ioannem XXIII]], [[Paulus VI|Paulum VI]], [[Ioannes Paulus I|Ioannem Paulum I]], [[Ioannes Paulus II|Ioannem Paulum II]], [[Benedictus XVI|Benedictum XVI]] et [[Franciscus (papa)|Franciscum]] papas legitimos non esse.

==Espiscopi sedevacantismi==
* [[Daniel Lytle Dolan]]
* [[Michael Aloisius Guérard des Lauriers]]
* [[Clarence Iacobus Kelly]], [[Societas Sacerdotalis Sancti Pii Quinti|S.S.P.V.]]
* [[Alfredus Méndez-Gonzalez]]
* [[Petrus Martinus Ngô Đình Thục]]
* [[Marcus Antonius Pivarunas]], [[Congregatio Mariae Reginae Immaculatae|C.M.R.I.]]
* [[Franciscus Schuckardt]]

{{NexInt}}
* [[Concilium Vaticanum Secundum]]
* [[Ioannes Stephanus Daly]]
* [[Missa Pauli VI]]
* [[Missa Tridentina]]
* [[Sirianismus]]

==Nexus externi==
===Situs sedevacantismo faventes===
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131116074823/http://www.romancatholicism.org/sedevacantism-reconsidered.htm Sedevacantism Reconsidered]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040205152716/http://www.geocities.com/catholic_traditionalist/#sede Roman Catholic Traditionalism? Sedevacantism.]
*[http://www.todayscatholicworld.com/simple.htm Brief Overview of Situation w/images]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080706154959/http://www.dailycatholic.org/issue/04Sep/sep12mdi.htm Evidence of sedevacantism]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928011857/http://www.wandea.org.pl/sedevacantism.html Further explanation of sedevacantism]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140621233737/http://www.sedevacantist.com/ The Aquinas site. Sedevacantist.com.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070107215610/http://haggard.w.interia.pl/sede.html list of sites]
*Trytek, Raphael. [http://www.sedevacante.pl De sedevacantismo.]
*[http://www.eclipseofthechurch.com &quot;Eclipse of the Church.&quot;]
*[http://www.wftsradio.com/ WFTS radio] SSPV sermons, lectures, music
*[http://www.sspv.net/ SSPV]
*[http://www.mostholyfamilymonastery.com/ Most Holy Family Monastery]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190717005359/http://societyoftheimmaculata.com/ The Society of the Immaculata]

===Iudicia===
* Friedl, Phil. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080913182510/http://www.christendomisfightingback.com/home.html &quot;You cannot be a Sedevacantist forever.&quot;]
* Fulham, Terence. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080917194023/http://www.olfatima.com/sedevacantism_refuted.html &quot;Sedevacantism refuted.&quot;]
* Harrison, Brian. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110628234154/http://www.catholic.com/thisrock/2001/0103fea1.asp &quot;White smoke? Valid Pope.&quot;]
* Michael, Jacob. [http://www.lumengentleman.com/content.asp?id=205 &quot;Sedevacantism: a return to Protestant roots.&quot;]{{Nexus deficit|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 
* Michael, Jacob. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080218055850/http://www.lumengentleman.com/content.asp?id=179 &quot;Pope or Heretic?  An evaluation of Benedict XVI.&quot;]
* Nichols, Wayne. [http://www.geocities.com/Athens/oracle/9463/antisede.html &quot;Against the Sedevacantist.&quot;]
* Sungenis, Robert. [https://archive.is/20110519064908/http://www.catholicintl.com/epologetics/dialogs/church/dimond3.htm &quot;Against Sedevacantism: Discussion with the Dimond Brothers.&quot;]
* Sungenis, Robert. [https://archive.is/20110519064916/http://www.catholicintl.com/epologetics/dialogs/church/insan_o_sed1.htm &quot;The insanity of sedevacantism.&quot;]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101130043237/http://www.sspx.org/miscellaneous/is_sedevacantism_catholic1.html De sedevacantismp ab SSPX]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070602082517/http://www.sspx.ca/Communicantes/Dec2004/Is_That_Chair_Vacant.htm Is that Chair Vacant?] De sedevacantismp a [[Society of St. Pius X]] [[Canada]]e.
* [http://www.catholicculture.org/docs/doc_view.cfm?recnum=2651 &quot;Do-It-Yourself Popes: the Wacky World of Sedevacantists.&quot;]
* [http://matt1618.freeyellow.com/sedevacantism.html &quot;A Prescription Against 'Traditionalism' Part 3: A Refutation of the Heresy of Sedevacantism.&quot;]

[[Categoria:Ecclesia Catholica]]
[[Categoria:Haeresis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Salvator Adamo</title>
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      <text bytes="730" sha1="gh1rtpelgk8zdsztov6dabkn5in9zhh" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
''' Salvator Adamo ''' (natus [[Ihomisum|Ihomisi]] in [[Sicilia]] die [[1 Novembris]] [[1943]]) est clarus [[cantus|cantor]] fabulator atque [[poëta]] [[Belgia|Belgicus]] oriundus e [[Italia]].

== Nexus externi ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060112205305/http://www.adamosalvatore.com/ Salvatoris Adamo pagina interretialis]
* [http://www.adamosalvatore-dc.com/ Salvatoris Adamo pagina Italiae]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927141822/http://www.adamosalvatore.com/images/news87.jpg Biographia]

{{bio-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adamo, Salvator}}
[[Categoria:Cantores Belgicae]]
[[Categoria:Cantores Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Siciliae]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1943]]
[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]</text>
      <sha1>gh1rtpelgk8zdsztov6dabkn5in9zhh</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Augustinus Steffani</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>71177</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3974640</id>
      <parentid>3530017</parentid>
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      <comment>de munera</comment>
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      <text bytes="814" sha1="cv89a8mwt6rdw11ixtpalwni3o3xu72" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Agostino Steffani.jpg|thumb|Augustinus Steffani]]
'''Augustinus Steffani''' (natus in [[Castrum Francum Venetum|Francorum Castro]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; die [[25 Iulii]] [[1654]]; mortuus est in [[Francofurtum ad Moenum|Francofurti ad Moenum]] die [[12 Februarii]] [[1728]]), [[episcopus auxiliariis]], polymathus et [[legatus　(civilitas)|legatus]], fuit [[compositor]] [[Italia|Italicus]].

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi==

* {{PND|118798561}}
* {{BBKL|s/s4/steffani_a|auctor=Sabine Wehking|commentatio=STEFFANI, Agostino|tomus=10|columnae=1263-1265}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Steffani, Agostino}}
[[Categoria:Compositores Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Barocus]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1654]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1728]] 
[[Categoria:Episcopi Ecclesiae Catholicae]]</text>
      <sha1>cv89a8mwt6rdw11ixtpalwni3o3xu72</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Santi Cazorla</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>95539</id>
    <revision>
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      <text bytes="765" sha1="is9qckb1s5nsifhncmtwjxsurt1l3ez" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus: Santi Cazorla, 2012-08-18.jpg|thumb|200 px|Iacobus Cazorla González]]
'''Iacobus Cazorla González''', magis notus simpliciter deminutivo ''Santi Cazorla'' (natus in ''[[Lugo de Llanera|Luco Planitiei]]'', die [[13 Decembris]] [[1984]]), est athleta, praesertim [[pedilusor]], [[Hispania|Hispanus]]. Iacobus Cazorla nunc in turma ''[[Recreativo Huelva]]'' ludit. 
Anno [[2007]] [[Pedilusor Hispanicus Anni|Pedilusor Hispanus Annualis]] fuit.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat| Santi Cazorla | Iacobum Cazorla González }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100529012451/http://www.santicazorla.com/ Pedilusoris pagina interretialis]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Lifetime|1984||Cazorla, Iacobus}}

[[Categoria:Pedilusores Hispaniae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bernardus Bolzano</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>101517</id>
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      <text bytes="923" sha1="kyqs9fcq3ll6urso7h036l1ez6m7kxz" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Bernard Bolzano.jpg|thumb|Bernardus Bolzano.]]
'''Bernardus Placidus Ioannes Nepomucus Bolzano''' ([[Praga]]e die [[5 Octobris]] [[1781]] patre oriundo e [[Italia]] natus; ibidem mortuus die [[18 Decembris]] [[1848]]) fuit [[presbyter]] [[Ecclesia Catholica|Catholicus]], [[philosophus]], et [[mathematicus]].

Studium de [[functio]]ne et [[theoria numerorum]] fecit, et celeber a duo [[theorema]]tis apud eum.{{dubsig}}

De [[philosophia]], [[idealismus|idealismum]] [[Immanuel Kantius|Kantianum]] et [[Hegel]]ianum.{{dubsig}} Tamen [[pacifismus|pacifista]] fuit.  

[[Asteroides]] [[2622 Bolzano]] in eius honorem nominatur.

==Nexus externi==
* [http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Bolzano.html Vita apud Mc Tutor] {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{scien-bio-stipula}}

{{Lifetime|1781|1848|Bolzano, Bernardus}}
[[Categoria:Mathematici Cechiae]]
[[Categoria:Philosophi]]
[[Categoria:Presbyteri catholici]]</text>
      <sha1>kyqs9fcq3ll6urso7h036l1ez6m7kxz</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Sector 1 (Bucaresta)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>105067</id>
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      <text bytes="1050" sha1="9ylt4tqe5f5lgmgojadxpsgwmujquh7" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Bucureşti sectorul 1.svg|thumb|200 px|Ubi regio sector 1 in Bucaresta sita est]]
[[Fasciculus:BucharestBRDTower.jpg|thumb|200 px|left|Sector 1:Forum Vistoria dicatum Turris BRD]]
''' Sector 1''' est [[Bucaresta]]e praesens regio urbana. Huic regioni, quae urbis divitissima est, circiter 229238 incolarum (anno 2007) sunt. Ad sectorem 1 regiones urbanas [[Aviatorilor]], [[Aviaţiei]], [[Băneasa]], [[Bucureştii Noi]], [[Dămăroaia]], [[Domenii]], [[Dorobanți]], [[Floreasca]], [[Gara de Nord (regio Bucarestae)|Gara de Nord]], [[Grivița]], [[Pajura]], [[Pipera]], [[Primăverii]] atque [[Victoriei]] pertinent.

== Aedificia nota ==
* [[Palatium Victoria (Bucaresta)|Palatium Victoria]], sedes consilii ministrorum Romaniae
* [[Museum Nationalis Artis Romaniae]]
* [[Academia Dacoromana]]
* [[Athenaeum (Bucaresta)|Athenaeum]]

== Nexus externus ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070125170615/http://www.primariasector1.ro/ Regionis pagina interretialis]

{{geo-stipula}}
{{Bucarestae regiones}}
[[Categoria:Regiones Bucarestae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Scarpa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>123569</id>
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      <text bytes="1745" sha1="h6foykanf96310j80es1zo1cs1nva1y" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Castello neve 1.jpg|thumb|Scarpa]]
'''Scarpa''' {{victio|Scarpa|ae|f}} (vel ''Scarpia'', ''Castrum Scarpae, deinde Cicinetum'', deinde ''Cicinetum'') ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Cineto Romano|Cineto Romano]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 670 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Latium|Latio]] et in [[Urbs metropolitana Romae Capitis|Urbe metropolitana Romae Capitis]] situm. Incolae ''Scarpenses'' vel ''Cinetenses'' appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Clari cives ==
== Ecclesia Catholica Romana ==
* [[Dioecesis Tiburtina]],

== Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio ==
=== Fractiones ===
* ''Annali''.

== Municipia finitima ==
* [[Cantalupum (Urbs metropolitana Romae Capitis)|Cantalupum]] vel [[Mandela (Urbs metropolitana Romae Capitis)|Mandela]],
* [[Percilium]],
* [[Rivus Frigidus (Latium)|Rivus Frigidus]],
* [[Ruvianum]],
* [[Vallis Frigida]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Latium]] (''regio''),
* [[Urbs metropolitana Romae Capitis|Urbem metropolitanam Romae Capitis]],
* [[Provincia Romana|Provinciam Romanam]] (''provincia abrogata''),
* [[Roma]]m (''urbs''),
* [[Municipium Italiae]].

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160716012758/http://www.cineto.it/ Situs publicus]
{{CommuniaCat|Cineto Romano|Scarpam}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Map of comune of Cineto Romano (province of Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Urbe metropolitana Romae Capitis.
Imago:Cineto Romano.jpeg|Despectus in oppidum.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in Urbe metropolitana Romae Capitis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Roncum Frigidum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>138406</id>
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      <text bytes="2306" sha1="b6ld8o0pl1uozfwgvr5lhs8b5xnkgky" xml:space="preserve">{{Videdis|Frigidus (discretiva)}}
{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Sorrivoli-Rocca-tour.JPG|thumb|Roncum Frigidum]]
'''Roncum Frigidum'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305014936/http://www.italiapedia.it/comune-di-roncofreddo_Storia-040-037 www.italiapedia.it]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini&lt;/ref&gt; (alia nomina: ''Roncofredum''&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;) ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Roncofreddo|Roncofreddo]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 3&amp;nbsp;400 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Aemilia-Romania]] ac in [[Provincia Foroliviensis-Caesenas|Provincia Foroliviensi-Caesenati]] situm. Incolae ''Roncofrigidenses'' appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio ==
''Ardiano, Cento, Ciola Araldi, Diolaguardia, Felloniche, Gualdo, Monteaguzzo, Montecodruzzo, Montedelleforche, Monteleone, Musano, Oriola, Santa Paola, Sorrivoli, Villa Venti''.

== Municipia finitima ==
* [[Castrum Podii Burgorum]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Borghi|Borghi]]'')
* ''[[Caesena]]'' ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Cesena|Cesena]]''),
* [[Lonzanum]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Longiano|Longiano]]''),
* [[Mercatus Saracini]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Mercato Saraceno|Mercato Saraceno]]''),
* [[Montillianus]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Montiano|Montiano]]''),
* [[Sabinianum]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Savignano sul Rubicone|Savignano sul Rubicone]]'').

{{NexInt}}
* [[Aemilia-Romania]] (''regio''),
* [[Romandiola]] (''terra''),
* [[Provincia Foroliviensis-Caesenas]].
* [[Forum Livii]] et [[Caesena]] (''urbes''),
* [[Municipium Italiae]].

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111220025652/http://www.comune.roncofreddo.fc.it/ Situs publicus] {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}}
{{CommuniaCat|Roncofreddo|Roncum Frigidum}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Map of comune of Roncofreddo (province of Forlì-Cesena, region Emilia-Romagna, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium Municipii Runci Frigidi in Provincia Foroliviensi-Caesenati.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Fori Livii et Caesenae]]</text>
      <sha1>b6ld8o0pl1uozfwgvr5lhs8b5xnkgky</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Savignum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>149743</id>
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      <text bytes="2900" sha1="mlusai0kz04rydx1jv8iuf4qclnd0u4" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
'''Savignum'''&lt;ref&gt;Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.it/books?id=yuuCNzW-vngC&amp;pg=PA492&amp;lpg=PA492&amp;dq=%22Savignum%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=m_m9ily-v3&amp;sig=sc0W_3NsURVmW5U0e_toYLL8QhM&amp;hl=it&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=ULbFUsjFKs-OyQObh4HoBA&amp;ved=0CDsQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&amp;q=%22Savignum%22&amp;f=false Annali Bolognesi. Vol. 1. Part. 1. [Vol. 3. Part. 2.] [[Ludovico Vittorio Savioli]]&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Savignum|i|n}} (alia nomina: ''Sabinium'') ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Savigno|Savigno]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Vicus Italiae|fractio]] [[Commune Italiae|municipii]] [[Vallis Samoggiae]]. Incolae ''Savinienses'' appellantur.

== Historia ==
Savignum fuit [[Commune Italiae|municipium]] [[Italia]]e, circiter 2&amp;thinsp;800 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Aemilia-Romania]] et in [[Provincia Bononiensis|Provincia Bononiensi]] situm. Die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2014]] coniunxit se cum [[Castrum Serravallis (Aemilia-Romania)|Castro Serravallis]], [[Crespelianum|Crespeliano]], [[Mons Bellus (Aemilia-Romania)|Monte Bello]] ac [[Badianum (Aemilia-Romania)|Badiano]], ut constituiret [[Municipia iuncta Italiae|municipium novum]] '''Vallis Samoggiae'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tuttitalia.it/variazioni-amministrative/nuovi-comuni-2014/ Communia nova Italiae condita anno[[2014]]: tuttitalia.it. URL consultato il 18 dicembre 2013.]&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Municipia finitima ===
* [[Castrum Serravallis (Aemilia et Romania)|Castrum Serravallis]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Castello di Serravalle|Castello di Serravalle]]''),
* [[Misa Nova]] (seu [[Caprimulgus (Italia)|Caprimulgus]] vel [[Marzabottum]]) ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Marzabotto|Marzabotto]]''),
* [[Mons Sancti Petri]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Monte San Pietro|Monte San Pietro]]''),
* [[Virgatum]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Vergato|Vergato]]''),
* [[Zoca]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Zocca|Zocca]]'') ([[Provincia Mutinensis|MO]]).

== Ecclesia Catholica Romana ==
* [[Archidioecesis Bononiensis]]

{{NexInt}}
* [[Aemilia-Romania|Aemiliam-Romaniam]] (''regionem''),
* [[Aemilia]]m (''terram''),
* [[Urbs metropolitana Bononiensis|Urbem metropolitanam Bononiensem]],
* [[Provincia Bononiensis|Provinciam Bononiensem]] (''provinciam abrogatam''),
* [[Bononia]]m (''urbem''),
* [[Vallis Samoggiae|Vallem Samoggiae]] (''municipium'').

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203619/http://www.comune.savigno.bo.it/ Situs publicus]
{{CommuniaCat|Savigno|Savignum}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Map_of_comune_of_Savigno_(province_of_Bologna,_region_Emilia-Romagna,_Italy).svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Provincia Bononiensi.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Fractiones in Urbe metropolitana Bononiensi]]
[[Categoria:Vici in municipio Vallis Samoggiae]]
[[Categoria:Municipia abrogata Italiae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sanctus Paulus (Apulia)</title>
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      <text bytes="2499" sha1="iga2dd3e49btie03gmvlwc5uf8gujce" xml:space="preserve">{{pro pagina discretiva vide|Fanum Sancti Pauli (discretiva)}}
{{pro pagina discretiva vide|Teanum (discretiva)}}
{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:SanPaolodiCivitate.jpg|thumb|Sanctus Paulus (Apulia)]]
'''Sanctus Paulus'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Sacco}}&lt;/ref&gt; seu '''Sanctius Paulus Graecorum''' (alia nomina: ''Monasterium Sancti Pauli ad Civitatem'', ''Sanctus Paulus ad Civitatem''; olim '''Civitas'''&lt;ref name=&quot;CathHier&quot;&gt;{{CathHierDiocese|3c67|Dioecesis Civitatensis}}}&lt;/ref&gt;, '''Teanum Apulum''') ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:San Paolo di Civitate|San Paolo di Civitate]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipia]], circiter 5&amp;nbsp;830 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Apulia]] ac in [[Provincia Fodiana]] situm. Incolae ''Paulenses'' seu ''Civitatenses''&lt;ref name=&quot;CathHier&quot; /&gt; appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Geographia ==
* [[Daunia]] (''terra''),
* [[Tabula Apula]] (''terra'')

== Historia ==
* [[Proelium Civitatis]]
=== Urbs antiqua ===
* [[Teanum Apulum (urbs antiqua)]], Iapyge ''Tiati'',

== Clari cives ==
=== Hic vixerunt ===
* [[Caesar I Gonzaga]]
* [[Andreas Gonzaga]]

== Aedificia egregia ==
* Ecclesia S. Pauli.

== Ecclesia Catholica Romana ==
Civitas fuit [[sedes episcopalis]] [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]] et hodie [[Sedes Titularis Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae|Sedes Titularis]] [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]]. Nomen sedis episcopalis [[Dioecesis Civitatensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CathHier&quot; /&gt; est. Hodie municipium ad [[Dioecesis Sancti Severi|Dioecesem Sancti Severi]] pertinet.

== Municipia finitima ==
* [[Apricena]],
* [[Fanum Sancti Severi]],
* [[Lesina (Italia)|Lesina]],
* [[Podium Imperiale]],
* [[Serracapriola]],
* [[Turris Maior]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Apulia]]m (''regionem''),
* [[Provincia Fodiana|Provinciam Fodianam]],
* [[Tabula Apula|Tabulam Apulam]] (''terram''),
* [[Fovea]]m vel [[Fodia]]m (''urbem''),
* [[Municipium Italiae]].

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160915115019/http://www.comune.sanpaolodicivitate.fg.it/ Situs publicus]
{{CommuniaCat|San Paolo di Civitate|Sanctum Paulum}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Map of comune of San Paolo di Civitate (province of Foggia, region Apulia, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium Municipii Teani Apuli in Provincia Fodiana.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Fanum Sancti Pauli (Apulia)|!]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sanctus Angelus de Limosano</title>
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      <text bytes="2422" sha1="oj6ltg7lwv5lkuyo0g1urkhvrpgi7t8" xml:space="preserve">{{pro pagina discretiva vide|Fanum Sancti Angeli (discretiva)}}
{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Rampa.jpg|thumb|Sanctus Angelus de Limosano]]
'''Sanctus Angelus de Limosano''' seu '''Sanctus Angelus Limosanorum'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.it/books?id=4EVkhIl-TN4C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=it#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Dizionario geografico-istorico-fisico del regno di Napoli, composto dall'Abate Francesco sacco - Di Francesco Sacco]&lt;/ref&gt; (alia nomina: ''Sanctus Angelus de Musano'') ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Sant'Angelo Limosano|Sant'Angelo Limosano]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 350 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Molisium|Molisina]] ac in [[Provincia Campobassensis|Provincia Campobassensi]] situm. Incolae ''Angelopolitani'' appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio ==
== Municipia finitima ==
* [[Fanum Sancti Blasii]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:San Biase|San Biase]]''),
* [[Fossa Caeca (Molisium)|Fossa Caeca]] (deinde [[Fossaltum]]) ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Fossalto|Fossalto]]''),
* [[Licetum]] (seu [[Lucitum]]) ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Lucito|Lucito]]''),
* [[Musanum]] (deinde [[Lipiosanum]] ac [[Limosanum]]) ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Limosano|Limosano]]''),
* [[Salicitum]] ac [[Castrum Saliciti]] (olim [[Salectum]], [[Saliticum]], [[Salzectum]], [[Castrum Saliceti]]) ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Salcito|Salcito]]''),
* [[Terventum]] (deinde [[Triventum]]) ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Trivento|Trivento]]'').

{{NexInt}}
* [[Molisium]] (''regio''),
* [[Provincia Campobassensis]],
* [[Samnium]] (''terra''),
* [[Campus Bassus]] (''urbs''),
* [[Municipium Italiae]].

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.comune.santangelolimosano.cb.it/ Situs Publicus]{{Nexus deficit|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}}
{{CommuniaCat|Sant'Angelo Limosano|Fanum Sancti Angeli de Limosano}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Map of comune of Sant'Angelo Limosano (province of Campobasso, region Molise, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium Municipii Fani Sancti Angeli de Limosano in Provincia Campobassensi.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Campi Bassi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Saltaria</title>
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      <text bytes="1760" sha1="fy1m5vco869f1ua7uos0sxmkmm1bj0j" xml:space="preserve">{{pro pagina discretiva vide|Mansum (discretiva)}}
{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
'''Saltaria''' {{victio|Saltaria|ae|f}} (alia nomina: ''Mansum Saltariae'', ''Castrum Saltariae'') ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Saltara|Saltara]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Vicus Italiae|fractio]] [[Commune Italiae|municipii]] [[Colles ad Metaurum|Collium ad Metaurum]].

== Geographia ==
* [[Metaurus]]

== Historia ==
Saltaria fuit [[Commune Italiae|municipium]] [[Italia]]e, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Marchia Anconitana]] ac in [[Provincia Pisaurensis et Urbinas|Provincia Pisaurensi et Urbinati]] situm.
Die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2017]] '''Municipium''' [[Mons Maior (Marchia Anconitana)|Montis Maioris]] coniunxit se cum '''Municipiis''' [[Saltaria]]e et [[Serlongarina]]e ut constituiret [[Municipia iuncta Italiae|municipium novum]] '''Collibus ad Metaurum'''.

== Ecclesia Catholica Romana ==
* [[Dioecesis Fanensis-Forosemproniensis-Calliensis-Pergulana]]

{{NexInt}}
* [[Marchia Anconitana]] (''regio''),
* [[Provincia Pisaurensis et Urbinas|Provinciam Pisaurensem et Urbinatem]],
* [[Pisaurum]] et [[Urbinum]] (''urbes''),
* [[Colles ad Metaurum]] (''municipium'').

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130411092130/http://www.comune.saltara.pu.it/ Situs Publicus] {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}}
{{CommuniaCat|Saltara|Saltariam}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Map of ex-comune of Saltara (province of Pesaro and Urbino, region Marche, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium Ex-municipii in Provincia Pisaurensi et Urbinati.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Fractiones in Provincia Pisaurensi et Urbinati]]
[[Categoria:Vici in municipio Collium ad Metaurum]]
[[Categoria:Municipia abrogata Italiae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rubenium</title>
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    <id>159962</id>
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      <text bytes="1754" sha1="9gl965yhg5wsc2hy0ufdttnl75yd95c" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Rovegno-IMG 0543.JPG|thumb|Rubenium]]
'''Rubenium'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Godefridus Casalis}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Rubenium|ii|n}} ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Rovegno|Rovegno]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 580 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Liguria]] et in [[Urbs metropolitana Genuensis|Urbe metropolitana Genuensi]] situm. incolae ''Rubenienses'' appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Sententia ===
Sententia municipalis est: ''MONTIBUS ET SILVIS''.

== Clari cives ==
=== Hic vixerunt ===
* [[Georgius Caproni]]

== Ecclesia Catholica Romana ==
* [[Archidioecesis Ianuensis]]

== Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio ==
=== Fractiones ===
''Casanova, Crescione, Foppiano, Garbarino, Isola, Loco, Moglia, Pietranera, Spescia, Valle, Ventarola''.

== Municipia finitima ==
''Fascia, Fontanigorda, Gorreto, Ottone (PC), Rezzoaglio''.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Liguria]]m (''regionem''),
* [[Urbs metropolitana Genuensis|Urbem metropolitanam Genuensem]],
* [[Provincia Genuensis|Provinciam Genuensem]] (''provinciam abrogatam''),
* [[Genua]]m (''urbem''),
* [[Municipium Italiae]].

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060813094252/http://www.comune.rovegno.ge.it/ Situs Publicus] {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}}
{{CommuniaCat|Rovegno|Rubenium}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Map of comune of Rovegno (province of Genoa, region Liguria, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Urbe metropolitana Genuensi.
Imago:Rovegno-centro storico.jpg|Despectus in oppidum.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in Urbe metropolitana Genuensi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Runcure</title>
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'''Runcure'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.lombardiabeniculturali.it/ www.lombardiabeniculturali.it]&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Runcure|is|n}} (alia nomina: ''Runcore'') ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Roncaro|Roncaro]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], in Regione [[Langobardia]], in [[Provincia Papiensis|Provincia Papiensi]] ac in [[Ager Papiensis|Agro Papiensi]] (specialiter in ''Agro Papiensi Inferno'') situm.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Municipia finitima ==

{{NexInt}}
* [[Langobardia]],
* [[Provincia Papiensis]],
* [[Ager Papiensis]],
* [[Papia]] (urbs).

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090911235321/http://www.comune.roncaro.pv.it/ Situs publicus] {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}}
{{CommuniaCat|Roncaro|Runcure}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Map of comune of Roncaro (province of Pavia, region Lombardy, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium Municipii in Provincia Papiensi.
Imago:Pavese.GIF|Collocatio Agri Papiensis in Provincia Papiensi.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Papiae]]
[[Categoria:Municipia in Agro Papiensi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Scamnum (Aprutium)</title>
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    <id>175739</id>
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      <text bytes="1233" sha1="97easdu7gccqruu93tjox53o64umdym" xml:space="preserve">{{pro pagina discretiva vide|Scamnum (discretiva)}}
{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Tour de Scanno.JPG|thumb|Scamnum (Aprutium)]]
'''Scamnum'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Sacco}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Scamnum|i|n}} ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Scanno|Scanno]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|Municipium]], in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Aprutium|Aprutio]] et in [[Provincia Aquilana]] situm.

== Insignia ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
Fasciculus:Castelo Verde.png|''[[Burgus italicus pulcherrimus]]''.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio ==
== Municipia finitima ==

{{NexInt}}
* [[Aprutium]] (''regio''),
* [[Provincia Aquilana]],
* [[Aquila (Italia)|Aquila]] (''urbs''),
* [[Municipium Italiae]].

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090118034652/http://www.comune.scanno.aq.it/ Situs Publicus] {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}}
{{CommuniaCat|Scanno|Scamnum}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Map of comune of Scanno (province of L'Aquila, region Abruzzo, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium Municipii in Provincia Aquilana.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Aquilae]]

[[ru:Сканно]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Aromatum apud Indos nascentium historia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>179552</id>
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        <id>1084</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>/* Bibliographia */</comment>
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      <text bytes="18494" sha1="2h8a0idmecwj2vz4osxifbkgaoqor0r" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:Garcia de Orta Coloquios 1563 tp Torre do Tombo.jpg|thumb|Garcia de Orta, ''Colóquios''. Editio prima (Goae, 1563)]]
[[Fasciculus:Orta Clusius tp.jpg|thumb|Caroli Clusii versio Latina. Editio prima (Antverpiae, 1567)]]
'''''Colóquios dos simples e drogas da Índia''''', opus mox [[Latine]] versum titulo '''''Aromatum et simplicium aliquot medicamentorum apud Indos nascentium historia''''', est liber manualis, [[Goa]]e anno [[1563]] divulgatus, de plantis utilibus et medicamentis quae [[Portugallia|Portugallenses]] nuper in [[India]] reppererant. Auctor fuit [[Garcias ab Horto]] (vulgo ''Garcia de Orta''), medicus Portugallensis [[Iudaeus]] qui Goae ab anno 1534 habitaverat.

Titulus plenus Lusitanicus sonat ''Colóquios dos simples e drogas he cousas medicinais da Índia e assi dalgũas frutas achadas nella onde se tratam algũas cousas tocantes a medicina, pratica, e outras cousas boas pera saber'', [[scil.]] &quot;Colloquia de simplicibus, pharmacis et materia medica Indiae atque aliquibus fructibus ibi repertis, ubi etiam tractantur res nonnullae medicina et vita diurna relevantes aliaeque utiles ad sciendum&quot;. Dialogi commenticii septem et quinquaginta enarrantur in quibus Garcias contubernalem Ruanum, Indiam visitantem, certiorem facit de medicamentis et aromatibus eius regionis. Aromata ordine alphabetico tractantur, origine, confectione, mercatu necnon utilitate seriatim refertis. Nomina Graeca, Latina, Arabica, Indica, Lusitanica et Hispanica enumerantur. Varia interdum dicuntur de rebus Indiae medicis politicisque, de animalibus et de commercio aromatum inter Hispanis et Portugallensibus disputato. [[Cholera]] morbus curiosissime describitur.&lt;ref&gt;Dialogus 17. &quot;''A classic of clinical description''&quot;: {{qc|id=Roddis (1931)}} p. 203&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Carolus Clusius]] mense Ianuario [[1564]] [[Olisipo]]ne hunc librum emit.&lt;ref&gt;Exemplum a Clusio emptum [[Cantabrigia]]e in [[bibliotheca Universitatis Cantabrigiensis|bibliotheca universitatis]] servatur.&lt;/ref&gt; Mox Latine vertit, textu admodum abbreviato, dialogis in commentationes simplices redactis, atque [[Antverpia]]e anno [[1567]] versionem suam divulgari iussit.

[[Nicolaus Monardes]], qui [[Hispanice]] libellum de [[tabacum|tabaco]] aliisque medicamentis [[America]]nis anno [[1571]] [[Hispalis|Hispali]] divulgavit, Garciam nominatim citans (quem Latine ut videtur legit) comparationem inter tabacum et ''bague'' (lege ''[[cannabis|bangue]]''), a Garcia descriptum, facit.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''Diego Garcia de Guerta enel libro que escrivio de los Aromatos de la India Oriental dize ...''&quot;: [[Nicolaus Monardes]], ''[[Simplicium medicamentorum ex novo orbe delatorum historia|Segunda parte del libro de las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias]]'' (1571) {{Google Books|yP19XmWVSMwC|quaternion C4 verso}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Index capitulorum ==
[[Fasciculus:Orta Briganti tp.jpg|thumb|Hannibalis Briganti versio Italiana (Venetia, 1576)]]
[[Fasciculus:Clusius exoticorum tp.jpg|thumb|Caroli Clusii ''Exoticorum libri decem'' (Antverpiae, 1605), in quibus comprehensa est editio quinta versionis Latinae ''Colloquiorum'']]
Hic enumerantur rubricae editionis 1563 Lusitanae cum numeris colloquiorum et foliis, rubricae editionis 1605 Latinae cum libris (i, ii) et capitulis, species principales in quoque colloquio descriptae:
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot;&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!''Colóquios dos simples e drogas da Índia'' 1563
!No., fol.
!''Aromatum apud Indos nascentium historia'' 1605
!Lib.i
!Lib.ii
!Species principales
|-
|Praefatio
|01, 1r
|
|
|
|
|-
|''Do aloes''
|02, 2r
|De aloe
|i.02
|
|''[[Aloe vera]]''
|-
|''Do ambre''
|03, 10v
|De [[Ambarum|ambaro]]
|i.01
|
|
|-
|''Do amomo''
|04, 14v
|De [[Amomum|amomo]]
|i.31
|
|''[[Amomum subulatum]]''
|-
|''Do anacardo''
|05, 16v
|De anacardio
|i.30
|
|''[[Semecarpus anacardium]]''
|-
|''Da árvore triste''
|06, 17v
|De arbore tristi
|
|ii.01
|''[[Nyctanthes arbor-tristis]]''
|-
|''Do altiht, anjuden, assafetida e doce e odorata, anil''
|07, 19r
|De altith&lt;br /&gt;De ambare&lt;br /&gt;De anil
|i.03&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;
|&lt;br /&gt;ii.17&lt;br /&gt;ii.26
|''[[Ferula assa-foetida]]'', ''[[Glycyrrhiza glabra]]'', ''[[Styrax officinalis]]'', ''[[Spondias pinnata]]'', ''[[Indigofera tinctoria]]'' 
|-
|''Do bangue''
|08, 26r
|De [[Cannabis|bangue]]
|
|ii.25
|''[[Cannabis sativa]]''
|-
|''Do benjuy''
|09, 28r
|De benjui
|i.05
|
|''[[Styrax benzoin]]'', ''[[Liquidambar orientalis]]''
|-
|''Do ber ... e dos brindões ...''
|10, 32v
|De ber&lt;br /&gt;De brindones
|
|ii.16&lt;br /&gt;ii.19
|''[[Ziziphus mauritiana]]'', ''[[Garcinia indica]]''
|-
|''Do cálamo aromático e das caceras''
|11, 37v
|De calamo aromatico&lt;br /&gt;De caceras
|i.32&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;
|&lt;br /&gt;ii.23
|''[[Acorus calamus]]'', ''[[Actinoscirpus grossus var. kysoor]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Markham (1913)}}&lt;/ref&gt; aut ''[[Trapa bispinosa]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Dalgado (1894)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''De duas maneiras de canfora e das carambolas''
|12, 41r
|De [[Camphora|caphura]]&lt;br /&gt;De carambolas
|i.09&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;
|&lt;br /&gt;ii.15
|''[[Cinnamomum camphora]]'', ''[[Dryobalanops aromatica]]'', ''[[Averrhoa carambola]]''
|-
|''De duas maneiras de cardamomo e carandas''
|13, 47r
|De [[Cardamomum|cardamomo]]&lt;br /&gt;De carandas
|i.24&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;
|&lt;br /&gt;ii.06
|''[[Elettaria cardamomum]]'', ''[[Aframomum melegueta]]'', ''[[Carissa carandas]]'' 
|-
|''Da cassia fistula''
|14, 54r
|De cassia solutiva
|i.29
|
|''[[Senna alexandrina]]''
|-
|''Da canella, e da cassia lignea e do cinamomo''
|15, 56v
|De [[Cinnamum|canella]]
|i.15
|
|''[[Cinnamomum cassia]]'', ''[[Cinnamomum verum]]''
|-
|''Do coco commum, e do das Maldivas''
|16, 66r
|De nuce Indica
|i.26 
|
|''[[Cocos nucifera]]'', ''[[Lodoicea maldivica]]'' 
|-
|''Do costo e da collerica passio''
|17, 71v
|De costo&lt;br /&gt;[de [[Cholera|cholerica]] passione]
|i.35&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;
|&lt;br /&gt;ii.22
|''[[Saussurea costus]]''
|-
|''Da crisocola e croco indiaco ... e das curcas''
|18, 78r
|De [[Curcuma (aroma)|croco Indico]]&lt;br /&gt;De curcas
|i.39&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;
|&lt;br /&gt;ii.22
|''[[Curcuma longa]]'', ''[[Plectranthus rotundifolius]]'' aut ''[[Mucuna pruriens]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Dalgado (1894)}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
|''Das cubebas''
|19, 80r
|De cubebis
|i.23
|
|''[[Piper cubeba]]''
|-
|''Da datura e dos doriões''
|20, 83r
|De [[Durio|dorione]]&lt;br /&gt;De datura
|
|ii.11&lt;br /&gt;ii.24 
|''[[Datura stramonium]]'', ''[[Durio zibethinus]]''
|-
|''Do ebur o marfim e do elefante''
|21, 85r
|De [[Ebur|ebore]]
|i.14
|
|''[[Elephas maximus]]'' 
|-
|''Do faufel e dos figos da India''
|22, 91r
|De faufel&lt;br /&gt;De [[Musa (fructus)|musa]]
|i.25&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;
|&lt;br /&gt;ii.10
|''[[Areca catechu]]'', ''[[Musa (genus)|Musa]]'' spp. 
|-
|''Do folio índico o folha da India''
|23, 95r
|De folio
|i.19
|
|''[[Cinnamomum tamala]]''
|-
|''De duas maneiras de galanga''
|24, 98v
|De galanga
|i.40
|
|''[[Alpinia galanga]]'', ''[[Alpinia officinarum]]'' 
|-
|''Do cravo''
|25, 100v
|De caryophyllis
|i.21
|
|''[[Syzygium aromaticum]]'' 
|-
|''Do gengivre''
|26, 105v
|De [[gingiber]]e
|i.41
|
|''[[Zingiber officinale]]''
|-
|''De duas maneiras de hervas contra as camaras ... e de uma herva que não se leixa tocar sem se fazer murcha''
|27, 107v
|De coru&lt;br /&gt;De avacari&lt;br /&gt;De anonymo
|
|ii.07&lt;br /&gt;ii.08&lt;br /&gt;ii.27 
|''[[Holarrhena pubescens]]'' aut ''[[Wrightia antidysenterica]]'',&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Markham (1913)}}; {{qc|id=Dalgado (1894)}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Naregamia alata]]'',&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Dalgado (1894)}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Biophytum sensitivum]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Markham (1913)}}&lt;/ref&gt; aut ''[[Mimosa pudica]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Dalgado (1894)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Da jaca, e dos jambolòes, e dos jambos e das jamgomas''
|28, 111r
|De iaca&lt;br /&gt;De iamgomas&lt;br /&gt;De iambos&lt;br /&gt;De iambolones
|
|ii.04&lt;br /&gt;ii.05&lt;br /&gt;ii.13&lt;br /&gt;ii.18
|''[[Artocarpus heterophyllus]]'', ''[[Flacourtia jangomas]]'', ''[[Syzygium cumini]]'', ''[[Syzygium jambos]]'', ''[[Syzygium malaccense]]''
|-
|''Do lacre''
|29, 112v
|De [[lacca]]
|i.08
|
|
|-
|''De linhaloes''
|30, 118v
|De agallocho
|i.16
|
|''[[Aquilaria malaccensis]]'' 
|-
|''Do pao chamado ''cate'' do vulgo''
|31, 125r
|De cate sive lycio
|i.10
|
|''[[Berberis lycium]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Markham (1913)}}&lt;/ref&gt; aut ''[[Senegalia polyacantha]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Dalgado (1894)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Da maça e noz''
|32, 129r
|De maci
|i.20
|
|''[[Myristica fragrans]]''
|-
|''Da manná purgativa''
|33, 131v
|De [[Manna (medicamentum)|manna]]
|i.11
|
| 
|-
|''Das mangas''
|34, 133v
|De mangas
|
|ii.09
|''[[Mangifera indica]]'' 
|-
|''Da margarita ou aljofar, e do chanco, donde se faz o que chamamos madreperola''
|35, 138v
|De [[margarita]]
|i.57
|
|
|-
|''Do mungo, melão da India''
|36, 141v
|De Indico melone&lt;br /&gt;De mungo
|
|ii.20&lt;br /&gt;ii.21
|''[[Citrullus lanatus]]'', ''[[Vigna mungo]]'', ''[[Vigna radiata]]'' 
|-
|''Dos mirabolanos''
|37, 148r
|De myrobalanis
|i.27
|
|''[[Terminalia chebula]]'','' [[Terminalia bellirica]]'', ''[[Phyllanthus emblica]]'' 
|-
|''Dos mangostões''
|38, 151r
|De mangostans
|
|ii.12
|''[[Garcinia mangostana]]'' 
|-
|''Do negundo o sambali''
|39, 151v
|De negundo
|
|ii.03
|''[[Vitex negundo]]'' 
|-
|''Do nimbo''
|40, 153r
|De nimbo
|
|ii.02
|''[[Melia azedarach]]'' 
|-
|''Do amfião''
|41, 153v
|De [[Opium|opio]]
|i.04
|
|''[[Papaver somniferum]]'' 
|-
|''Do pao da cobra''
|42, 155v
|De ligno colubrino
|i.44
|
|''[[Ophiorrhiza mungos]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Markham (1913)}}; {{qc|id=Dalgado (1894)}}&lt;/ref&gt; aut ''[[Rauvolfia serpentina]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Dalgado (1894)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Da pedra diamão''
|43, 159r
|De adamante
|i.47
|
|[[Adamas]] 
|-
|''Das pedras preciosas''
|44, 165r
|De lapide Malacensi&lt;br /&gt;De smaragdo&lt;br /&gt;De rubino&lt;br /&gt;De sapphiro&lt;br /&gt;De&amp;nbsp;hyacintho&amp;nbsp;et&amp;nbsp;granato&lt;br /&gt;De iaspide&lt;br /&gt;De alaqueca&lt;br /&gt;De oculo catti&lt;br /&gt;De lapide Armeno&lt;br /&gt;De magnete
|i.46&lt;br /&gt;i.48&lt;br /&gt;i.49&lt;br /&gt;i.50&lt;br /&gt;i.51&lt;br /&gt;i.52&lt;br /&gt;i.53&lt;br /&gt;i.54&lt;br /&gt;i.55&lt;br /&gt;i.56
|
|  
|-
|''Da pedra bezar''
|45, 169r
|De [[Bezoar|lapide bezar]]
|i.45
|
|
|-
|''Da pimenta preta, branca e longa, e canarim, e dos pecegos''
|46, 171v
|De pipere
|i.22
|
|''[[Piper nigrum]]'', ''[[Piper longum]]'' 
|-
|''Da raiz da China''
|47, 177r
|De radice Chinae
|i.38
|
|''[[Smilax china]]'', ''[[Guaiacum officinale]]'' 
|-
|''Do ruibarbo''
|48, 184r
|De rhabarbaro
|i.37
|
|''[[Rheum officinale]]'' 
|-
|''De tres maneiras de sandalo''
|49, 185v
|De sandalo
|i.17
|
|''[[Santalum album]]'', ''[[Pterocarpus santalinus]]'', ''[[Paubrasilia echinata]]'' 
|-
|''Do spiquenardo''
|50, 189v
|De nardo
|i.33
|
|''[[Nardostachys jatamansi]]''
|-
|''Do spodio''
|51, 193r
|De [[tabaxir]]
|i.12
|
| 
|-
|''Do squinanto''
|52, 197r
|De iunco odorato
|i.34
|
|''[[Cymbopogon]]'' spp.
|-
|''Dos tamarindos''
|53, 200r
|De tamarindis
|i.28
|
|''[[Tamarindus indica]]'' 
|-
|''Do turbit''
|54, 203v
|De turbith
|i.36
|
|''[[Operculina turpethum]]''
|-
|''Do thure ... e da mirra''
|55, 213v
|De [[Tus|thure]]&lt;br /&gt;De [[Murra|myrrha]]
|i.06&lt;br /&gt;i.07
|
|''[[Boswellia]]'' spp., ''[[Commiphora]]'' spp.
|-
|''Da tutia''
|56, 215v
|De [[Cadmia|tutia]]
|i.13
|
| 
|-
|''Da zedoaria e do zerumbete''
|57, 216v
|De zedoaria&lt;br /&gt;De zerumbet
|i.42&lt;br /&gt;i.43
|
|''[[Curcuma zedoaria]]'', ''[[Zingiber zerumbet]]'' 
|-
|Miscellanea
|58, 219v
|
|
|
|
|-
|''Do betre ...''
|Appendix
|De betre&lt;br /&gt;De&amp;nbsp;cydoniis&amp;nbsp;Bengalensibus
|i.18&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;
|&lt;br /&gt;ii.14
|''[[Piper betle]]'', ''[[Aegle marmelos]]''
|-
|
|
|De quibusdam Indiae regibus
|
|ii.28
|
|}
&lt;/div&gt;

== Auctores citati ==
Errores maiorum saepissime corriguntur. &quot;Ne mihi terreas Dioscoride aut Galeno citato,&quot; ait Garcias, &quot;dicam enim ea tantum quae vera esse scio;&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Dialogus 9: {{qc|id=Boxer (1963)}} p. 14&lt;/ref&gt; sed &quot;si in Hispania fuerim nihil contra Galenum aut Graecos dixerim.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Dialogus 32: {{qc|id=Ficalho (1886)}} p. 309&lt;/ref&gt; Citantur scriptores tam Latini et Graeci quam Arabici et Hebraici:
* [[Graece|Graeci antiqui]]: [[Hippocrates]], [[Theophrastus]], [[Dioscorides]], [[Galenus]]; rarius [[Aristoteles]], [[Plutarchus]]
* [[Latine|Latini antiqui]]: [[Celsus]], [[Plinius maior]]; rarius [[Marcus Valerius Probus]]
* [[Arabice|Arabici]]: [[Rhazes|Rhazis]], [[Avicenna]], [[Mesue (maior)|Mesue]], [[Serapion (iunior)|Serapion]]; rarius [[Averroes]]
* Graeci mediaevales: [[Ioannes Actuarius|Autuario]] (a Ruellio Latine versus)
* Latini mediaevales: [[Gerardus Cremonensis]], [[Matthaeus Silvaticus]]
* Latini recentiores: [[Andreas Alpagus Bellunensis|Andreas Belunensis]], [[Andreas de Laguna]], [[Ioannes Manardus]], [[Petrus Andreas Matthioli]], [[Antonius Musa Brassavola]], [[Ioannes Ruellius]], [[Amatus Lusitanus]]; rarius [[Ioannes Sepúlveda|Sepulveda]], [[Franciscus de Tamara]], [[Ludovicus Vartomannus|Ludovicus Vartamanus]], [[Andreas Vesalius]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
{{Aromata}}
; Editiones et versiones
* 1563 : {{ec|id=Garcias (1563)|c=''Colóquios dos simples e drogas he cousas medicinais da India e assi dalgũas frutas achadas nella onde se tratam algũas cousas ... boas pera saber''. Goae: Ioannes de Endem, 1563 {{Ling|Lusitanice}} [http://purl.pt/22937 Textus] [http://digitarq.arquivos.pt/viewer?id=4614066 alius]}}
* 1567 : [[Carolus Clusius]], interpr. ''Aromatum et simplicium aliquot medicamentorum apud Indos nascentium historia''. Antverpiae: Plantin, 1567 {{Ling|Latine}} [http://archive.org/details/mobot31753003488159 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
** 2a ed., 1574 [http://archive.org/details/aromatumetsimpl00lgoog Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' (hac in editione [[coffeum]] primo inter Europaeos describitur et depingitur)
** 3a ed., 1579 [http://archive.org/details/aromatumetsimpl00ortagoog Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
** 4a ed., 1582, iterum edita 1593
** {{ec|id=Clusius (1605)|c=5a ed., 1605, in: Carolus Clusius, ''[[Exoticorum libri decem]]'' (Lugduni Batavorum) p. 145 ff. [https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753000811387#page/n159/mode/2up Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''}}
* 1576 : [[Hannibal Briganti]], interpr. ''Due libri dell'historia dei semplici, aromati, et altre cose che vengono portare dall'Indie Orientali, pertinenti alla medicina, di Don Garzia dall'Horto ...''. Venetiae: Francesco Ziletti, 1576 {{Ling|Italiane}} [http://archive.org/details/mobot31753000542719 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1602 : [[Antonius Colin|Anthoine Colin]], interpr., ''Histoire des drogues, espiceries, et de certains médicamens simples, qui naissent és Indes ...'' in ''Histoire des drogues'' Lugduni, 1602 {{Google Books|vIvxO2Sit_AC}}
* 1872 : [[Franciscus Adolphus de Varnhagen|F. Ad. de Varnhagen]], ed., ''Colloquios dos simples e drogas e cousas medicinaes da India e assi de algumas fructas achadas nella''. Olisipone: Imprensa Nacional, 1872 {{Ling|Lusitanice}} [https://archive.org/details/DELTA53925FA Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1891-1895 : {{ec|id=Ficalho (1891-5)|c=Conde de Ficalho, ed., ''Colóquios''. 2 voll. Olisipone, 1891–1895 {{Ling|Lusitanice}} [http://archive.org/details/coloquiosdossimp01ortauoft Vol. 1] [http://archive.org/details/coloquiosdossimp02ortauoft vol. 2] apud ''Internet Archive''}}
* 1913 : {{ec|id=Markham (1913)|c=[[Clements Markham]], interpr., ''Colloquies on the Simples and Drugs of India by Garcia da Orta''. Londinii, 1913 {{Ling|Anglice}} [http://archive.org/details/colloquiesonsimp00orta Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''}}
* 2014 : Raquel Madrigal Martínez, ''[https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/62465626.pdf “Colóquios dos Simples” de Garcia de Orta: traducción al español y proceso traductológico]'' (versio colloquiorum 1-10: dissertatio universitatis Eborensis)

; Historica et critica
* Clotilde de Almeida Azevedo Murakawa, &quot;[http://www.gel.hospedagemdesites.ws/estudoslinguisticos/volumes/31/htm/comunica/CCI6a.htm?/estudoslinguisticos/volumes/31/htm/comunica/CCI6a.htm Garcia d'Orta, suas plantas e drogas da Índia: um estudo do repertório lexical]&quot; in ''XXI Seminário do Grupo de Estudos Lingüísticos do Estado de São Paulo. Anais''. Paulopoli, 2002
* V. Ball, &quot;A Commentary on the Colloquies of Garcia de Orta, on the Simples, Drugs, and Medicinal Substances of India&quot; in ''Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy'' vol. 1 (1889/1891) pp. 381-415, 647-684 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20503854 pars 1] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20503870 pars 2] apud ''JSTOR''
* {{ec|id=Bontius (1568)|c=[[Iacobus Bontius]], &quot;[https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753002909064#page/40/mode/2up Animadversiones in Garciam ab Orta]&quot; in [[Gulielmus Piso]] et al., ''De Indiae utriusque re naturali et medica libri quatuordecim'' (Antverpiae: Elzevir, 1658) pars 2 pp. 41-49}}
* {{ec|id=Boxer (1963)|c=C. R. Boxer, ''Two pioneers of tropical medicine: Garcia d'Orta and Nicolás Monardes''. Londinii: Wellcome Historical Medical Library, 1963 [https://archive.org/details/b20457248 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''}}
* Augusto da Silva Carvalho, ''Garcia de Orta''. Olisipone, 1934
* [[Carolus Clusius]], ''Aliquot notae in Garciae Aromatum historiam; Descriptiones nonnullarum stirpium, et aliarum exoticarum rerum, quae à ... Francisco Drake ... observatae sunt''. Antverpiae: Plantin, 1582 [https://www.e-rara.ch/zuz/nagezh/content/titleinfo/9431363 Textus] apud ''e-Rara'' {{Google Books|sF5WAAAAcAAJ}}
* {{ec|id=Dalgado (1894)|c=D. G. Dalgado, ''Classificaçao botanica das plantas e drogas descriptas nos &quot;Coloquios da India&quot; de Garcia d'Orta''. Bombaiae, 1894 [https://archive.org/details/b20405510 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''}}
* {{ec|id=Ficalho (1886)|c=Francisco Manuel de Melo, conde de Ficalho, ''Garcia de Orta e o seu tempo''. Olisipone, 1886 [https://archive.org/details/garciadaortaeose00fica Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''}}
* Palmira Fontes da Costa, ed., ''Medicine, Trade and Empire: Garcia de Orta's Colloquies on the Simples and Drugs of India (1563) in Context''. Farnham: Ashgate, 2013 {{Google Books|qhCyCQAAQBAJ|Paginae selectae}}
* Anabela Mendes, ed., ''Garcia de Orta and Alexander von Humboldt: Across the East and the West''. Olisipone: Universidade Católica Editora, 2009
* {{ec|id=Roddis (1931)|c=Louis Roddis, &quot;Garcia da Orta, the first European writer on tropical medicine and a pioneer in pharmacognosy&quot; in ''Annals of medical history'' n.s. vol. 1 (1931) pp. 198–207}}
* I. S. Révah, &quot;A família de Garcia de Orta&quot; in ''Revista da Universidade de Coimbra'' vol. 19 (1960)

[[Categoria:Litterae Lusitanicae]]
[[Categoria:Indiae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Scripta 1563]]
[[Categoria:Libri botanici]]
[[Categoria:Libri de medicamentis]]
[[Categoria:Dialogi]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latine versae]]
[[Categoria:Carolus Clusius]]</text>
      <sha1>2h8a0idmecwj2vz4osxifbkgaoqor0r</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Salzanum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>182084</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3974660</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-26T02:40:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>139091</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="2135" sha1="5pi9hrsbtfgi8a5reuybucbpztywfzm" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Stazione di Salzano-Robegano.JPG|thumb|Salzanum]]
'''Salzanum'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140417024820/http://www.museosanpiox.it/salzano/miracolo-eucaristico.html www.museosanpiox.it/salzano/miracolo-eucaristico.html]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-47-1955-ocr.pdf ACTA APOSTOLICAE SEDIS - COMMENTARIUM OFFICIALE, ANNUS XXXXVII - SERIES II - VOL. XXII]&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Salzanum|i|n}} (alia nomina: ''Saltianum''&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.italiapedia.it/comune-di-salzano_Storia-027-032 www.italiapedia.it]{{Nexus deficit|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;) ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Salzano|Salzano]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 12&amp;thinsp;780 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Venetia (regio)|Venetia]] et in [[Urbs metropolitana Veneta|Urbe metropolitana Veneta]] situm. Incolae ''Salzanenses'' appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Clari cives ==
=== Hic vixerunt ===
* [[Pius X]] papa

== Aedificia egregia ==
* Robegani Ecclesia.
* Villa Romanin Jacur

== Ecclesia Catholica Romana ==
* [[Dioecesis Tarvisina]]

== Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio ==
=== Fractiones ===
''Robegano''.

== Municipia finitima ==
''Martellago, Mirano, Noale, Scorzè''.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Venetia (regio)|Venetiam]] (''regionem''),
* [[Urbs metropolitana Veneta|Urbem metropolitanam Venetam]],
* [[Provincia Veneta|Provinciam Venetam]] (''provinciam abrogatam''),
* [[Venetiae|Venetias]] (''urbem''),
* [[Municipium Italiae]].

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Salzano|Salzanum}}
* [http://www.comune.Salzano.ve.it/ Situs publicus] {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Map of comune of Salzano (metropolitan city of Venice, region Veneto, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Urbe metropolitana Veneta.
Fasciculus:ChiesaRobegano.JPG|Robegani Ecclesia.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in Urbe metropolitana Veneta]]</text>
      <sha1>5pi9hrsbtfgi8a5reuybucbpztywfzm</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Singularis (musica)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>187248</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3974654</id>
      <parentid>3043671</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T01:51:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>de disco musico</comment>
      <origin>3974654</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="827" sha1="970ferxp4w394ppio1fmlda71v6s0yl" xml:space="preserve">'''Singularis'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Fontes desiderati}}&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''phonodiscus singularis melodiae'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Ebbe Vilborg]], ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok'', editio secunda, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; est [[discus compactus|discus musicus]] qui [[carmen|carmina]] continet, minus [[album musicum|albi musici]]. Multi musici gregesque aliqua carmina, saepe quattuor, ut singulares ex suis albis musicis venumdant, primum usibus promotionalibus commissi. In quadam singulari, aliae carminis versiones saepe vulgantur, et aliquando etiam aliud carmen vel plura quae in albo musico non sunt. Primi singulares in [[phonodiscus|phonodiscis]] parvis erant, hodie in [[discus compactus|discis compactis]] et [[MP3|formulis digitalis]].

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

{{musica-stipula}}
{{tech-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Musica]]</text>
      <sha1>970ferxp4w394ppio1fmlda71v6s0yl</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mahathir Mohamad</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>189459</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3974588</id>
      <parentid>3948057</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T16:43:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-41639-78</username>
        <id>212591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Malaesia]]</comment>
      <origin>3974588</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1926" sha1="4r17bnf92uirzcpxgy6c3rbae6cjaf1" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
{{res|Mahathirus Mohamatus}} (vulgo '''Mahathir Mohamad''') (natus die [[10 Iulii]] [[1925]] in [[Alor Setar]] civitatis [[Kedah]]) est [[medicus]] et [[politicus]], qui fuit, quartus ille, [[primus minister]] [[Malaesia]]e a die [[16 Iulii]] [[1981]] ad [[31 Octobris]] [[2003]]. Alumnus est [[Collegium Sultani Abdul Hamid|Collegii Regiminis]] in urbe natali (cuius collegii pater eius magister fuerat) et [[Collegium Medicum Regis Eduardi VII|Collegii Medici Regis Eduardi VII]] olim [[Singapura]]e frequentati: ibi gradum [[doctor]]is medicinae ascendit. Die [[10 Maii]] [[2018]], iterum primus minister electus, simul veterrimus homo politicus mundi factus est. Die [[1 Martii]] [[2020]], 96 annos natus, officium reliquit. Eius vita politica plus quam 70 annos duravit.

== Bibliographia ==
* Karminder Singh Dhillon, ''Malaysian Foreign Policy in the Mahathir Era 1981–2003: Dilemmas of Development''. NUS Press, 2009. ISBN 9971-69-399-2
* R. S. Milne, Diane K. Mauzy, ''Malaysian Politics under Mahathir''. Londinii: Routledge, 1999. ISBN 0-415-17143-1 {{Google Books|5hYemBg43pkC|Paginae selectae}}
* Ian Stewart, ''The Mahathir Legacy: a Nation Divided, a Region at Risk''. Londinii: Allen &amp; Unwin, 2003. ISBN 1-86508-977-X
* Barry Wain, ''Malaysian Maverick: Mahathir Mohamad in Turbulent Times''. Londinii: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. ISBN 0-230-23873-4

; Ephemera
* &quot;[https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2019/02/456609/tun-m-drops-surprise-breakfast-kelana-jaya-mamak-restaurant Tun M drops by for surprise breakfast at Kelana Jaya Mamak restaurant]&quot; in ''New Straits Times'' (1 Februarii 2019)

{{Primi ministri Malaesiae}}

{{Lifetime|1925||Mahathir Mohamad}}
[[Categoria:Alumni Collegii Medici Regis Eduardi VII]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Collegii iuxta Alor Setar]]
[[Categoria:Gubernatores civitatum]]
[[Categoria:Medici Malaesiae]]
[[Categoria:Politici Malaesiae]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
      <sha1>4r17bnf92uirzcpxgy6c3rbae6cjaf1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974615</id>
      <parentid>3974588</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T18:55:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>minora</comment>
      <origin>3974615</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1935" sha1="ebgqfs9aavwil6n3dysna5rzkhw8xou" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
{{res|Mahathir Mohamad}} (natus die [[10 Iulii]] [[1925]] in [[Alor Setar]] civitatis [[Kedah]]) est [[medicus]] et [[politicus]], qui fuit, quartus ille, [[primus minister]] [[Malaesia]]e a die [[16 Iulii]] [[1981]] ad [[31 Octobris]] [[2003]]. Alumnus est [[Collegium Sultani Abdul Hamid|Collegii Regiminis]] in urbe natali (cuius collegii pater eius magister fuerat) et [[Collegium Medicum Regis Eduardi VII|Collegii Medici Regis Eduardi VII]] olim [[Singapura]]e frequentati: ibi gradum [[doctor]]is medicinae ascendit. Die [[10 Maii]] [[2018]], iterum primus minister electus, simul veterrimus homo politicus mundi factus est. Die [[1 Martii]] [[2020]], 96 annos natus, officium reliquit. Eius vita politica plus quam 70 annos duravit.

== Bibliographia ==
* Karminder Singh Dhillon, ''Malaysian Foreign Policy in the Mahathir Era 1981–2003: Dilemmas of Development''. NUS Press, 2009. ISBN 9971-69-399-2
* R. S. Milne, Diane K. Mauzy, ''Malaysian Politics under Mahathir''. Londinii: Routledge, 1999. ISBN 0-415-17143-1 {{Google Books|5hYemBg43pkC|Paginae selectae}}
* Ian Stewart, ''The Mahathir Legacy: a Nation Divided, a Region at Risk''. Londinii: Allen &amp; Unwin, 2003. ISBN 1-86508-977-X
* Barry Wain, ''Malaysian Maverick: Mahathir Mohamad in Turbulent Times''. Londinii: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. ISBN 0-230-23873-4

; Ephemera
* &quot;[https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2019/02/456609/tun-m-drops-surprise-breakfast-kelana-jaya-mamak-restaurant Tun M drops by for surprise breakfast at Kelana Jaya Mamak restaurant]&quot; in ''New Straits Times'' (1 Februarii 2019)

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}

{{Primi ministri Malaesiae}}

{{Lifetime|1925||Mahathir Mohamad}}
[[Categoria:Alumni Collegii Medici Regis Eduardi VII]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Collegii iuxta Alor Setar]]
[[Categoria:Gubernatores civitatum]]
[[Categoria:Medici Malaesiae]]
[[Categoria:Politici Malaesiae]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
      <sha1>ebgqfs9aavwil6n3dysna5rzkhw8xou</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Flavius Mallius Theodorus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>203575</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3974456</id>
      <parentid>2666627</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T12:37:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Fontes */</comment>
      <origin>3974456</origin>
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      <text bytes="2015" sha1="mibyhxlhd7wd6057lzxrfj00pln7a9l" xml:space="preserve">'''Flavius Mallius Theodorus''' (natus humili loco saeculo 4 verisimile [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]], mortuus saeculo 5) Christianus, scriptor et vir publicus Romanus erat.

== Cursus honorum ==
Postquam rhetoricae studuit, Theodorus advocatus operam dedit, anno [[377]] vel [[378]] praeses pagi [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africae]] fuit. Deinde consularis provinciam [[Macedonia (provincia Romana)|Macedoniam]] administrabat. Anno [[379]] ''magister memoriae'' erat, anno [[380]] ''comes sacrarum largitionum'', anno [[382]] - [[383]] [[praefectus praetorio]] [[Praefectura Galliarum|per Gallias]] fuit. Annis [[397]] - [[399]] praefectus praetorio [[Praefectura Italiae|Italiae]] erat. Deinde una cum [[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropio]] consulatum gessit. Anno [[408]]/[[409]] iterum praefecturam Italiae administravit.

== Opera ==
Theodorus etiam scriptor clarus erat, inter alia ''tractatum de metris'' composuit. Sed etiam de geometria, philosophia et astronomia opera scripsit&lt;ref&gt;[[Der Neue Pauly]] T. 12/1 c. 336&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Fontes ==
* [[Claudius Claudianus]] panegyricum ''Malleo Theodoro cons.'' composuit, quo eius cursum tradit.
* [[Augustinus]] librum ''De beata vita'' ei dedicavit.
*[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' V.4-16

== Nexus externi ==
{{Wikisource}}
* {{DNB-Portal|102158088}}
* [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Claudian/Manlio_Theodoro*.html Claudianus, Panegyricus de consulatu Flavii Mallii Theodori] apud [[LacusCurtius]]

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] IV et [[Flavius Eutychianus]]|
annus= 399&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropio]]|
successores=[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aurelianus]] et [[Stilicho|Flavius Stilicho]]}}

{{Lifetime|saeculo 4|saeculo 5|Mallius Theodorus, Flavius}}
[[Categoria:Proconsules Macedoniae]]
[[Categoria:Praefecti Praetorio]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]]</text>
      <sha1>mibyhxlhd7wd6057lzxrfj00pln7a9l</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>3974457</id>
      <parentid>3974456</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T12:39:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
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      <comment>/* Fontes */</comment>
      <origin>3974457</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2246" sha1="cnk0jtqszqr2u8c33e5uya9snkk5az8" xml:space="preserve">'''Flavius Mallius Theodorus''' (natus humili loco saeculo 4 verisimile [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]], mortuus saeculo 5) Christianus, scriptor et vir publicus Romanus erat.

== Cursus honorum ==
Postquam rhetoricae studuit, Theodorus advocatus operam dedit, anno [[377]] vel [[378]] praeses pagi [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africae]] fuit. Deinde consularis provinciam [[Macedonia (provincia Romana)|Macedoniam]] administrabat. Anno [[379]] ''magister memoriae'' erat, anno [[380]] ''comes sacrarum largitionum'', anno [[382]] - [[383]] [[praefectus praetorio]] [[Praefectura Galliarum|per Gallias]] fuit. Annis [[397]] - [[399]] praefectus praetorio [[Praefectura Italiae|Italiae]] erat. Deinde una cum [[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropio]] consulatum gessit. Anno [[408]]/[[409]] iterum praefecturam Italiae administravit.

== Opera ==
Theodorus etiam scriptor clarus erat, inter alia ''tractatum de metris'' composuit. Sed etiam de geometria, philosophia et astronomia opera scripsit&lt;ref&gt;[[Der Neue Pauly]] T. 12/1 c. 336&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Fontes ==
* [[Claudius Claudianus]] panegyricum ''Malleo Theodoro cons.'' composuit, quo eius cursum tradit.
* [[Augustinus]] librum ''De beata vita'' ei dedicavit.
*[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' V.4-16

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/900/mode/2up 900-902]

== Nexus externi ==
{{Wikisource}}
* {{DNB-Portal|102158088}}
* [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Claudian/Manlio_Theodoro*.html Claudianus, Panegyricus de consulatu Flavii Mallii Theodori] apud [[LacusCurtius]]

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] IV et [[Flavius Eutychianus]]|
annus= 399&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropio]]|
successores=[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aurelianus]] et [[Stilicho|Flavius Stilicho]]}}

{{Lifetime|saeculo 4|saeculo 5|Mallius Theodorus, Flavius}}
[[Categoria:Proconsules Macedoniae]]
[[Categoria:Praefecti Praetorio]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]]</text>
      <sha1>cnk0jtqszqr2u8c33e5uya9snkk5az8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974458</id>
      <parentid>3974457</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T12:41:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Plura legere si cupis */</comment>
      <origin>3974458</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2444" sha1="arltj51nu4msjbgs05pzrsro15o6tv8" xml:space="preserve">'''Flavius Mallius Theodorus''' (natus humili loco saeculo 4 verisimile [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]], mortuus saeculo 5) Christianus, scriptor et vir publicus Romanus erat.

== Cursus honorum ==
Postquam rhetoricae studuit, Theodorus advocatus operam dedit, anno [[377]] vel [[378]] praeses pagi [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africae]] fuit. Deinde consularis provinciam [[Macedonia (provincia Romana)|Macedoniam]] administrabat. Anno [[379]] ''magister memoriae'' erat, anno [[380]] ''comes sacrarum largitionum'', anno [[382]] - [[383]] [[praefectus praetorio]] [[Praefectura Galliarum|per Gallias]] fuit. Annis [[397]] - [[399]] praefectus praetorio [[Praefectura Italiae|Italiae]] erat. Deinde una cum [[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropio]] consulatum gessit. Anno [[408]]/[[409]] iterum praefecturam Italiae administravit.

== Opera ==
Theodorus etiam scriptor clarus erat, inter alia ''tractatum de metris'' composuit. Sed etiam de geometria, philosophia et astronomia opera scripsit&lt;ref&gt;[[Der Neue Pauly]] T. 12/1 c. 336&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Fontes ==
* [[Claudius Claudianus]] panegyricum ''Malleo Theodoro cons.'' composuit, quo eius cursum tradit.
* [[Augustinus]] librum ''De beata vita'' ei dedicavit.
*[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' V.4-16

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Jean Doignon, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1991_num_60_1_2313 Augustin verus homo à Cassiciacum : la marque morale de Mallius Theodorus]&quot;, ''L'Antiquité Classique'', 1991: 193-200
*A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/900/mode/2up 900-902]

== Nexus externi ==
{{Wikisource}}
* {{DNB-Portal|102158088}}
* [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Claudian/Manlio_Theodoro*.html Claudianus, Panegyricus de consulatu Flavii Mallii Theodori] apud [[LacusCurtius]]

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] IV et [[Flavius Eutychianus]]|
annus= 399&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropio]]|
successores=[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aurelianus]] et [[Stilicho|Flavius Stilicho]]}}

{{Lifetime|saeculo 4|saeculo 5|Mallius Theodorus, Flavius}}
[[Categoria:Proconsules Macedoniae]]
[[Categoria:Praefecti Praetorio]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]]</text>
      <sha1>arltj51nu4msjbgs05pzrsro15o6tv8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974460</id>
      <parentid>3974458</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T12:45:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
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      <comment>/* Fontes */</comment>
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      <text bytes="2694" sha1="d2p50b2a6xltkw9xe0qjhe3cw712lq7" xml:space="preserve">'''Flavius Mallius Theodorus''' (natus humili loco saeculo 4 verisimile [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]], mortuus saeculo 5) Christianus, scriptor et vir publicus Romanus erat.

== Cursus honorum ==
Postquam rhetoricae studuit, Theodorus advocatus operam dedit, anno [[377]] vel [[378]] praeses pagi [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africae]] fuit. Deinde consularis provinciam [[Macedonia (provincia Romana)|Macedoniam]] administrabat. Anno [[379]] ''magister memoriae'' erat, anno [[380]] ''comes sacrarum largitionum'', anno [[382]] - [[383]] [[praefectus praetorio]] [[Praefectura Galliarum|per Gallias]] fuit. Annis [[397]] - [[399]] praefectus praetorio [[Praefectura Italiae|Italiae]] erat. Deinde una cum [[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropio]] consulatum gessit. Anno [[408]]/[[409]] iterum praefecturam Italiae administravit.

== Opera ==
Theodorus etiam scriptor clarus erat, inter alia ''tractatum de metris'' composuit. Sed etiam de geometria, philosophia et astronomia opera scripsit&lt;ref&gt;[[Der Neue Pauly]] T. 12/1 c. 336&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Fontes ==
* [[Claudius Claudianus]] panegyricum ''Malleo Theodoro cons.'' composuit, quo eius cursum tradit.
* [[Augustinus]] librum ''De beata vita'' ei dedicavit.
*[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' V.4-16

== Editiones ==
*Francesca Romanini, ''Malli Theodori De metris. Introduzione, edizione critica e traduzione a cura di F. R. Hildesheim'', G. Olms, 2007 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2010_num_79_1_4002_t21_0467_0000_2 Recensio critica]

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Jean Doignon, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1991_num_60_1_2313 Augustin verus homo à Cassiciacum : la marque morale de Mallius Theodorus]&quot;, ''L'Antiquité Classique'', 1991: 193-200
*A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/900/mode/2up 900-902]

== Nexus externi ==
{{Wikisource}}
* {{DNB-Portal|102158088}}
* [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Claudian/Manlio_Theodoro*.html Claudianus, Panegyricus de consulatu Flavii Mallii Theodori] apud [[LacusCurtius]]

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] IV et [[Flavius Eutychianus]]|
annus= 399&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropio]]|
successores=[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aurelianus]] et [[Stilicho|Flavius Stilicho]]}}

{{Lifetime|saeculo 4|saeculo 5|Mallius Theodorus, Flavius}}
[[Categoria:Proconsules Macedoniae]]
[[Categoria:Praefecti Praetorio]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974461</id>
      <parentid>3974460</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T12:47:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Editiones */</comment>
      <origin>3974461</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2946" sha1="7x1ytil7t4utf0j7b5ke52u3urfi4sb" xml:space="preserve">'''Flavius Mallius Theodorus''' (natus humili loco saeculo 4 verisimile [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]], mortuus saeculo 5) Christianus, scriptor et vir publicus Romanus erat.

== Cursus honorum ==
Postquam rhetoricae studuit, Theodorus advocatus operam dedit, anno [[377]] vel [[378]] praeses pagi [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africae]] fuit. Deinde consularis provinciam [[Macedonia (provincia Romana)|Macedoniam]] administrabat. Anno [[379]] ''magister memoriae'' erat, anno [[380]] ''comes sacrarum largitionum'', anno [[382]] - [[383]] [[praefectus praetorio]] [[Praefectura Galliarum|per Gallias]] fuit. Annis [[397]] - [[399]] praefectus praetorio [[Praefectura Italiae|Italiae]] erat. Deinde una cum [[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropio]] consulatum gessit. Anno [[408]]/[[409]] iterum praefecturam Italiae administravit.

== Opera ==
Theodorus etiam scriptor clarus erat, inter alia ''tractatum de metris'' composuit. Sed etiam de geometria, philosophia et astronomia opera scripsit&lt;ref&gt;[[Der Neue Pauly]] T. 12/1 c. 336&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Fontes ==
* [[Claudius Claudianus]] panegyricum ''Malleo Theodoro cons.'' composuit, quo eius cursum tradit.
* [[Augustinus]] librum ''De beata vita'' ei dedicavit.
*[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' V.4-16

== Editiones ==
*Francesca Romanini, ''Malli Theodori De metris. Introduzione, edizione critica e traduzione a cura di F. R. Hildesheim'', G. Olms, 2007 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2010_num_79_1_4002_t21_0467_0000_2 Recensio critica]
*Werner Simon, ''Claudiani Panegyricus de Consulatu Manlii Theodori (Carm. 16 und 17), eingeleitet, herausgegeben, übersetzt und erklärt'', Berolini, 1975 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1976_num_45_1_1823_t1_0288_0000_2 Recensio critica]

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Jean Doignon, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1991_num_60_1_2313 Augustin verus homo à Cassiciacum : la marque morale de Mallius Theodorus]&quot;, ''L'Antiquité Classique'', 1991: 193-200
*A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/900/mode/2up 900-902]

== Nexus externi ==
{{Wikisource}}
* {{DNB-Portal|102158088}}
* [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Claudian/Manlio_Theodoro*.html Claudianus, Panegyricus de consulatu Flavii Mallii Theodori] apud [[LacusCurtius]]

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] IV et [[Flavius Eutychianus]]|
annus= 399&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropio]]|
successores=[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aurelianus]] et [[Stilicho|Flavius Stilicho]]}}

{{Lifetime|saeculo 4|saeculo 5|Mallius Theodorus, Flavius}}
[[Categoria:Proconsules Macedoniae]]
[[Categoria:Praefecti Praetorio]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3974465</id>
      <parentid>3974461</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T12:57:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Cursus honorum */</comment>
      <origin>3974465</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3027" sha1="r1guaf478wrdz5rqiay0uasar92k3ta" xml:space="preserve">'''Flavius Mallius Theodorus''' (natus humili loco saeculo 4 verisimile [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]], mortuus saeculo 5) Christianus, scriptor et vir publicus Romanus erat.

== De cursu honorum ==
Postquam rhetoricae studuit, Theodorus advocatus apud praefecturam praetorio Italiae operam dedit, anno [[377]] vel [[378]] praeses pagi [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africae]] fuit. Deinde consularis provinciam [[Macedonia (provincia Romana)|Macedoniam]] administrabat. Anno [[379]] ''magister memoriae'' erat, anno [[380]] ''comes sacrarum largitionum'', anno [[382]] - [[383]] [[praefectus praetorio]] [[Praefectura Galliarum|per Gallias]] fuit. Gratiano interfecto diu vacavit antequam annis [[397]] - [[399]] praefectus praetorio [[Praefectura Italiae|Italiae]] fieret. Deinde una cum [[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropio]] consulatum gessit. Anno [[408]]/[[409]] iterum praefecturam Italiae administravit.

== Opera ==
Theodorus etiam scriptor clarus erat, inter alia ''tractatum de metris'' composuit. Sed etiam de geometria, philosophia et astronomia opera scripsit&lt;ref&gt;[[Der Neue Pauly]] T. 12/1 c. 336&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Fontes ==
* [[Claudius Claudianus]] panegyricum ''Malleo Theodoro cons.'' composuit, quo eius cursum tradit.
* [[Augustinus]] librum ''De beata vita'' ei dedicavit.
*[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' V.4-16

== Editiones ==
*Francesca Romanini, ''Malli Theodori De metris. Introduzione, edizione critica e traduzione a cura di F. R. Hildesheim'', G. Olms, 2007 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2010_num_79_1_4002_t21_0467_0000_2 Recensio critica]
*Werner Simon, ''Claudiani Panegyricus de Consulatu Manlii Theodori (Carm. 16 und 17), eingeleitet, herausgegeben, übersetzt und erklärt'', Berolini, 1975 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1976_num_45_1_1823_t1_0288_0000_2 Recensio critica]

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Jean Doignon, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1991_num_60_1_2313 Augustin verus homo à Cassiciacum : la marque morale de Mallius Theodorus]&quot;, ''L'Antiquité Classique'', 1991: 193-200
*A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/900/mode/2up 900-902]

== Nexus externi ==
{{Wikisource}}
* {{DNB-Portal|102158088}}
* [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Claudian/Manlio_Theodoro*.html Claudianus, Panegyricus de consulatu Flavii Mallii Theodori] apud [[LacusCurtius]]

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] IV et [[Flavius Eutychianus]]|
annus= 399&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropio]]|
successores=[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aurelianus]] et [[Stilicho|Flavius Stilicho]]}}

{{Lifetime|saeculo 4|saeculo 5|Mallius Theodorus, Flavius}}
[[Categoria:Proconsules Macedoniae]]
[[Categoria:Praefecti Praetorio]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]]</text>
      <sha1>r1guaf478wrdz5rqiay0uasar92k3ta</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
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      <parentid>3974465</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T13:05:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* De cursu honorum */</comment>
      <origin>3974471</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3070" sha1="11942stgjbv5kcualedu4akztdngpgm" xml:space="preserve">'''Flavius Mallius Theodorus''' (natus humili loco saeculo 4 verisimile [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]], mortuus saeculo 5) Christianus, scriptor et vir publicus Romanus erat.

== De cursu honorum ==
Postquam rhetoricae studuit, Theodorus advocatus apud praefecturam praetorio Italiae operam dedit, anno [[377]] vel [[378]] praeses pagi [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africae]] fuit. Deinde consularis provinciam [[Macedonia (provincia Romana)|Macedoniam]] administrabat. Anno [[379]] ''magister memoriae'' erat, anno [[380]] ''comes sacrarum largitionum'', anno [[382]] - [[383]] [[praefectus praetorio]] [[Praefectura Galliarum|per Gallias]] fuit. Gratiano interfecto diu vacavit antequam annis [[397]] - [[399]] praefectus praetorio [[Praefectura Italiae|Italiae]] [[Flavius Stilicho|Stilichone]] ei favente fieret. Deinde una cum [[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropio]] consulatum gessit. Anno [[408]]/[[409]] iterum praefecturam Italiae administravit.

== Opera ==
Theodorus etiam scriptor clarus erat, inter alia ''tractatum de metris'' composuit. Sed etiam de geometria, philosophia et astronomia opera scripsit&lt;ref&gt;[[Der Neue Pauly]] T. 12/1 c. 336&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Fontes ==
* [[Claudius Claudianus]] panegyricum ''Malleo Theodoro cons.'' composuit, quo eius cursum tradit.
* [[Augustinus]] librum ''De beata vita'' ei dedicavit.
*[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' V.4-16

== Editiones ==
*Francesca Romanini, ''Malli Theodori De metris. Introduzione, edizione critica e traduzione a cura di F. R. Hildesheim'', G. Olms, 2007 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2010_num_79_1_4002_t21_0467_0000_2 Recensio critica]
*Werner Simon, ''Claudiani Panegyricus de Consulatu Manlii Theodori (Carm. 16 und 17), eingeleitet, herausgegeben, übersetzt und erklärt'', Berolini, 1975 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1976_num_45_1_1823_t1_0288_0000_2 Recensio critica]

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Jean Doignon, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1991_num_60_1_2313 Augustin verus homo à Cassiciacum : la marque morale de Mallius Theodorus]&quot;, ''L'Antiquité Classique'', 1991: 193-200
*A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/900/mode/2up 900-902]

== Nexus externi ==
{{Wikisource}}
* {{DNB-Portal|102158088}}
* [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Claudian/Manlio_Theodoro*.html Claudianus, Panegyricus de consulatu Flavii Mallii Theodori] apud [[LacusCurtius]]

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] IV et [[Flavius Eutychianus]]|
annus= 399&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropio]]|
successores=[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aurelianus]] et [[Stilicho|Flavius Stilicho]]}}

{{Lifetime|saeculo 4|saeculo 5|Mallius Theodorus, Flavius}}
[[Categoria:Proconsules Macedoniae]]
[[Categoria:Praefecti Praetorio]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]]</text>
      <sha1>11942stgjbv5kcualedu4akztdngpgm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974473</id>
      <parentid>3974471</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T13:08:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="3106" sha1="hp7uffqtvnrcxxw2yh5j4m98bkhf4om" xml:space="preserve">'''Flavius Mallius Theodorus''' (natus humili loco saeculo 4 verisimile [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]], mortuus saeculo 5) Christianus, scriptor et vir publicus Romanus erat.

== De cursu honorum ==
Postquam rhetoricae studuit, Theodorus advocatus apud praefecturam praetorio Italiae operam dedit, anno [[377]] vel [[378]] praeses pagi [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africae]] fuit. Deinde consularis provinciam [[Macedonia (provincia Romana)|Macedoniam]] administrabat. Anno [[379]] ''magister memoriae'' erat, anno [[380]] ''comes sacrarum largitionum'', anno [[382]] - [[383]] [[praefectus praetorio]] [[Praefectura Galliarum|per Gallias]] fuit. Gratiano interfecto diu vacavit antequam annis [[397]] - [[399]] praefectus praetorio [[Praefectura Italiae|Italiae]] [[Flavius Stilicho|Stilichone]] ei favente fieret. Deinde una cum [[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropio]] consulatum gessit. Anno [[408]]/[[409]] iterum praefecturam Italiae administravit.

== Opera ==
Theodorus etiam scriptor clarus erat, inter alia ''tractatum de metris'' filio suo dedicatum composuit. Sed etiam de geometria, philosophia et astronomia opera hodie deperdita scripsit&lt;ref&gt;[[Der Neue Pauly]] T. 12/1 c. 336&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Fontes ==
* [[Claudius Claudianus]] panegyricum ''Malleo Theodoro cons.'' composuit, quo eius cursum tradit.
* [[Augustinus]] librum ''De beata vita'' ei dedicavit.
*[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' V.4-16

== Editiones ==
*Francesca Romanini, ''Malli Theodori De metris. Introduzione, edizione critica e traduzione a cura di F. R. Hildesheim'', G. Olms, 2007 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2010_num_79_1_4002_t21_0467_0000_2 Recensio critica]
*Werner Simon, ''Claudiani Panegyricus de Consulatu Manlii Theodori (Carm. 16 und 17), eingeleitet, herausgegeben, übersetzt und erklärt'', Berolini, 1975 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1976_num_45_1_1823_t1_0288_0000_2 Recensio critica]

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Jean Doignon, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1991_num_60_1_2313 Augustin verus homo à Cassiciacum : la marque morale de Mallius Theodorus]&quot;, ''L'Antiquité Classique'', 1991: 193-200
*A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/900/mode/2up 900-902]

== Nexus externi ==
{{Wikisource}}
* {{DNB-Portal|102158088}}
* [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Claudian/Manlio_Theodoro*.html Claudianus, Panegyricus de consulatu Flavii Mallii Theodori] apud [[LacusCurtius]]

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] IV et [[Flavius Eutychianus]]|
annus= 399&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropio]]|
successores=[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aurelianus]] et [[Stilicho|Flavius Stilicho]]}}

{{Lifetime|saeculo 4|saeculo 5|Mallius Theodorus, Flavius}}
[[Categoria:Proconsules Macedoniae]]
[[Categoria:Praefecti Praetorio]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974474</id>
      <parentid>3974473</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T13:13:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="3166" sha1="7fml38zda1isoubitk3zkvem1xi5ykx" xml:space="preserve">'''Flavius Mallius Theodorus''' (natus humili loco saeculo 4 verisimile [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]], mortuus saeculo 5) Christianus, scriptor et vir publicus Romanus erat.

== De cursu honorum ==
Postquam rhetoricae studuit, Theodorus advocatus apud praefecturam praetorio Italiae operam dedit, anno [[377]] vel [[378]] praeses pagi [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africae]] fuit. Deinde consularis provinciam [[Macedonia (provincia Romana)|Macedoniam]] administrabat. Anno [[379]] ''magister memoriae'' erat, anno [[380]] ''comes sacrarum largitionum'', anno [[382]] - [[383]] [[praefectus praetorio]] [[Praefectura Galliarum|per Gallias]] fuit. Gratiano interfecto diu vacavit antequam annis [[397]] - [[399]] praefectus praetorio [[Praefectura Italiae|Italiae]] [[Flavius Stilicho|Stilichone]] ei favente fieret. Deinde una cum [[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropio]] consulatum gessit atque etiam Eutropio exsilio damnato consul unicus remansit. Anno [[408]]/[[409]] iterum praefecturam Italiae administravit.

== Opera ==
Theodorus etiam scriptor clarus erat, inter alia ''tractatum de metris'' filio suo dedicatum composuit. Sed etiam de geometria, philosophia et astronomia opera hodie deperdita scripsit&lt;ref&gt;[[Der Neue Pauly]] T. 12/1 c. 336&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Fontes ==
* [[Claudius Claudianus]] panegyricum ''Malleo Theodoro cons.'' composuit, quo eius cursum tradit.
* [[Augustinus]] librum ''De beata vita'' ei dedicavit.
*[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' V.4-16

== Editiones ==
*Francesca Romanini, ''Malli Theodori De metris. Introduzione, edizione critica e traduzione a cura di F. R. Hildesheim'', G. Olms, 2007 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2010_num_79_1_4002_t21_0467_0000_2 Recensio critica]
*Werner Simon, ''Claudiani Panegyricus de Consulatu Manlii Theodori (Carm. 16 und 17), eingeleitet, herausgegeben, übersetzt und erklärt'', Berolini, 1975 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1976_num_45_1_1823_t1_0288_0000_2 Recensio critica]

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Jean Doignon, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1991_num_60_1_2313 Augustin verus homo à Cassiciacum : la marque morale de Mallius Theodorus]&quot;, ''L'Antiquité Classique'', 1991: 193-200
*A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/900/mode/2up 900-902]

== Nexus externi ==
{{Wikisource}}
* {{DNB-Portal|102158088}}
* [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Claudian/Manlio_Theodoro*.html Claudianus, Panegyricus de consulatu Flavii Mallii Theodori] apud [[LacusCurtius]]

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] IV et [[Flavius Eutychianus]]|
annus= 399&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropio]]|
successores=[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aurelianus]] et [[Stilicho|Flavius Stilicho]]}}

{{Lifetime|saeculo 4|saeculo 5|Mallius Theodorus, Flavius}}
[[Categoria:Proconsules Macedoniae]]
[[Categoria:Praefecti Praetorio]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3302" sha1="dkpu1ijybi0hxahrufen80h4bm19q7e" xml:space="preserve">'''Flavius Mallius Theodorus''' (natus humili loco saeculo 4 verisimile [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]], mortuus saeculo 5) Christianus, scriptor et vir publicus Romanus erat.

== De cursu honorum ==
Postquam rhetoricae studuit, Theodorus advocatus apud praefecturam praetorio Italiae operam dedit, anno [[377]] vel [[378]] praeses pagi [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africae]] fuit. Deinde consularis provinciam [[Macedonia (provincia Romana)|Macedoniam]] administrabat. Anno [[379]] ''magister memoriae'' erat, anno [[380]] ''comes sacrarum largitionum'', anno [[382]] - [[383]] [[praefectus praetorio]] [[Praefectura Galliarum|per Gallias]] fuit. Gratiano interfecto diu vacavit antequam annis [[397]] - [[399]] praefectus praetorio [[Praefectura Italiae|Italiae]] [[Flavius Stilicho|Stilichone]] ei favente fieret. Deinde una cum [[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropio]] consulatum gessit atque etiam Eutropio exsilio damnato consul unicus remansit. Anno [[408]]/[[409]] iterum praefecturam Italiae administravit.

== Opera ==
Theodorus etiam scriptor clarus erat, inter alia ''tractatum de metris'' filio suo dedicatum composuit. Sed etiam de geometria, philosophia et astronomia opera hodie deperdita scripsit&lt;ref&gt;[[Der Neue Pauly]] T. 12/1 c. 336&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Fontes ==
* [[Claudius Claudianus]] panegyricum ''Malleo Theodoro cons.'' composuit, quo eius cursum tradit.
* [[Augustinus]] librum ''De beata vita'' ei dedicavit.
*[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' V.4-16

== Editiones ==
* Anno 1766 a [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1976_num_45_1_1823_t1_0288_0000_2 Iacobo Friderico Heusinger Berolini editus].
*Francesca Romanini, ''Malli Theodori De metris. Introduzione, edizione critica e traduzione a cura di F. R. Hildesheim'', G. Olms, 2007 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2010_num_79_1_4002_t21_0467_0000_2 Recensio critica]
*Werner Simon, ''Claudiani Panegyricus de Consulatu Manlii Theodori (Carm. 16 und 17), eingeleitet, herausgegeben, übersetzt und erklärt'', Berolini, 1975 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1976_num_45_1_1823_t1_0288_0000_2 Recensio critica]

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Jean Doignon, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1991_num_60_1_2313 Augustin verus homo à Cassiciacum : la marque morale de Mallius Theodorus]&quot;, ''L'Antiquité Classique'', 1991: 193-200
*A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/900/mode/2up 900-902]

== Nexus externi ==
{{Wikisource}}
* {{DNB-Portal|102158088}}
* [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Claudian/Manlio_Theodoro*.html Claudianus, Panegyricus de consulatu Flavii Mallii Theodori] apud [[LacusCurtius]]

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] IV et [[Flavius Eutychianus]]|
annus= 399&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropio]]|
successores=[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aurelianus]] et [[Stilicho|Flavius Stilicho]]}}

{{Lifetime|saeculo 4|saeculo 5|Mallius Theodorus, Flavius}}
[[Categoria:Proconsules Macedoniae]]
[[Categoria:Praefecti Praetorio]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3423" sha1="8woxptrqxj6eho7w94ff03k24q0yh9j" xml:space="preserve">'''Flavius Mallius Theodorus''' (natus humili loco saeculo 4 verisimile [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]], mortuus saeculo 5) Christianus, scriptor et vir publicus Romanus erat.

== De cursu honorum ==
Postquam rhetoricae studuit, Theodorus advocatus apud praefecturam praetorio Italiae operam dedit, anno [[377]] vel [[378]] praeses pagi [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africae]] fuit. Deinde consularis provinciam [[Macedonia (provincia Romana)|Macedoniam]] administrabat. Anno [[379]] ''magister memoriae'' erat, anno [[380]] ''comes sacrarum largitionum'', anno [[382]] - [[383]] [[praefectus praetorio]] [[Praefectura Galliarum|per Gallias]] fuit. Gratiano interfecto diu vacavit antequam annis [[397]] - [[399]] praefectus praetorio [[Praefectura Italiae|Italiae]] [[Flavius Stilicho|Stilichone]] ei favente fieret. Deinde una cum [[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropio]] consulatum gessit atque etiam Eutropio exsilio damnato consul unicus remansit. Anno [[408]]/[[409]] iterum praefecturam Italiae administravit.

== Opera ==
Theodorus etiam scriptor clarus erat, inter alia ''tractatum de metris'' filio suo dedicatum composuit. Sed etiam de geometria, philosophia et astronomia opera hodie deperdita scripsit&lt;ref&gt;[[Der Neue Pauly]] T. 12/1 c. 336&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Fontes ==
* [[Claudius Claudianus]] panegyricum ''Malleo Theodoro cons.'' composuit, quo eius cursum tradit.
* [[Augustinus]] librum ''De beata vita'' ei dedicavit.
*[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' V.4-16

== Editiones ==
* Anno 1766 a [https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&amp;lr=&amp;id=9aNoAAAAcAAJ&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=mallius+theodorus&amp;ots=icEwfDfBJv&amp;sig=xri6GzLgF1Ic80y3xYT1Zvt1sd8&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=mallius%20theodorus&amp;f=false Iacobo Friderico Heusinger Berolini Latine editus].
*Francesca Romanini, ''Malli Theodori De metris. Introduzione, edizione critica e traduzione a cura di F. R. Hildesheim'', G. Olms, 2007 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2010_num_79_1_4002_t21_0467_0000_2 Recensio critica]
*Werner Simon, ''Claudiani Panegyricus de Consulatu Manlii Theodori (Carm. 16 und 17), eingeleitet, herausgegeben, übersetzt und erklärt'', Berolini, 1975 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1976_num_45_1_1823_t1_0288_0000_2 Recensio critica]

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Jean Doignon, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1991_num_60_1_2313 Augustin verus homo à Cassiciacum : la marque morale de Mallius Theodorus]&quot;, ''L'Antiquité Classique'', 1991: 193-200
*A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/900/mode/2up 900-902]

== Nexus externi ==
{{Wikisource}}
* {{DNB-Portal|102158088}}
* [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Claudian/Manlio_Theodoro*.html Claudianus, Panegyricus de consulatu Flavii Mallii Theodori] apud [[LacusCurtius]]

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] IV et [[Flavius Eutychianus]]|
annus= 399&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropio]]|
successores=[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aurelianus]] et [[Stilicho|Flavius Stilicho]]}}

{{Lifetime|saeculo 4|saeculo 5|Mallius Theodorus, Flavius}}
[[Categoria:Proconsules Macedoniae]]
[[Categoria:Praefecti Praetorio]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3447" sha1="ejpw9peft5lpbnedruyv7c4sda3hkkb" xml:space="preserve">'''Flavius Mallius Theodorus''' (natus humili loco saeculo 4 verisimile [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]], mortuus saeculo 5) Christianus, scriptor et vir publicus Romanus erat.

== De cursu honorum ==
Postquam rhetoricae studuit, Theodorus advocatus apud praefecturam praetorio Italiae operam dedit, anno [[377]] vel [[378]] praeses pagi [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africae]] fuit. Deinde consularis provinciam [[Macedonia (provincia Romana)|Macedoniam]] administrabat. Anno [[379]] ''magister memoriae'' erat, anno [[380]] ''comes sacrarum largitionum'', anno [[382]] - [[383]] [[praefectus praetorio]] [[Praefectura Galliarum|per Gallias]] fuit. Gratiano interfecto diu vacavit antequam annis [[397]] - [[399]] praefectus praetorio [[Praefectura Italiae|Italiae]] [[Flavius Stilicho|Stilichone]] ei favente fieret. Deinde una cum [[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropio]] [[Consul|consulatum]] gessit atque etiam Eutropio [[Exsilium|exsilio]] damnato consul unicus remansit. Anno [[408]]/[[409]] iterum praefecturam Italiae administravit.

== Opera ==
Theodorus etiam scriptor clarus erat, inter alia ''tractatum de metris'' filio suo dedicatum composuit. Sed etiam de geometria, philosophia et astronomia opera hodie deperdita scripsit&lt;ref&gt;[[Der Neue Pauly]] T. 12/1 c. 336&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Fontes ==
* [[Claudius Claudianus]] panegyricum ''Malleo Theodoro cons.'' composuit, quo eius cursum tradit.
* [[Augustinus]] librum ''De beata vita'' ei dedicavit.
*[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' V.4-16

== Editiones ==
* Anno 1766 a [https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&amp;lr=&amp;id=9aNoAAAAcAAJ&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=mallius+theodorus&amp;ots=icEwfDfBJv&amp;sig=xri6GzLgF1Ic80y3xYT1Zvt1sd8&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=mallius%20theodorus&amp;f=false Iacobo Friderico Heusinger Berolini Latine editus].
*Francesca Romanini, ''Malli Theodori De metris. Introduzione, edizione critica e traduzione a cura di F. R. Hildesheim'', G. Olms, 2007 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2010_num_79_1_4002_t21_0467_0000_2 Recensio critica]
*Werner Simon, ''Claudiani Panegyricus de Consulatu Manlii Theodori (Carm. 16 und 17), eingeleitet, herausgegeben, übersetzt und erklärt'', Berolini, 1975 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1976_num_45_1_1823_t1_0288_0000_2 Recensio critica]

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Jean Doignon, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1991_num_60_1_2313 Augustin verus homo à Cassiciacum : la marque morale de Mallius Theodorus]&quot;, ''L'Antiquité Classique'', 1991: 193-200
*A.H.M. Jones; J. R. Martindale; J. Morris. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge, 1971, t.I: [https://archive.org/details/plre-01-260-395/PLRE01_260-395/page/900/mode/2up 900-902]

== Nexus externi ==
{{Wikisource}}
* {{DNB-Portal|102158088}}
* [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Claudian/Manlio_Theodoro*.html Claudianus, Panegyricus de consulatu Flavii Mallii Theodori] apud [[LacusCurtius]]

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Honorius (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Flavius Honorius Augustus]] IV et [[Flavius Eutychianus]]|
annus= 399&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Eutropius (consul)|Eutropio]]|
successores=[[Aurelianus (consul 400)|Aurelianus]] et [[Stilicho|Flavius Stilicho]]}}

{{Lifetime|saeculo 4|saeculo 5|Mallius Theodorus, Flavius}}
[[Categoria:Proconsules Macedoniae]]
[[Categoria:Praefecti Praetorio]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]]</text>
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    <title>Saint-Martin-Château</title>
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[[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 23216.png|thumb|left|250px|Saint-Martin-Château: communis tabula]]

'''Saint-Martin-Château''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 157 incolarum (anno [[2011]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Crosa (praefectura Franciae)|Crosae]] in regione [[Lemovicensis (regio Franciae)|Lemovicensi]].

{{NexInt}}

* [[Index communium praefecturae Crosae|Indicem communium praefecturae Crosae]]

== Nexus externi ==

{{CommuniaCat|Saint-Martin-Château |Saint-Martin-Château }}
* {{INSEE commune|23216|de=Saint-Martin-Château}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140214124326/http://www.saint-martin-chateau.fr/ Saint-Martin-Château pagina interretialis]
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Crosae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Crosae]]</text>
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    <title>Saint-Denis-le-Ferment</title>
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[[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 27533.png|thumb|left|250px|Saint-Denis-le-Ferment: communis tabula]]

''' Saint-Denis-le-Ferment''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 515 incolarum (anno [[2011]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Ebura (praefectura Franciae)|Eburae]] in regione boreali [[Normannia Superior]]e.

{{NexInt}}

* [[Index communium praefecturae Eburae|Indicem communium praefecturae Eburae]]

== Nexus externi ==

{{CommuniaCat|Saint-Denis-le-Ferment|Saint-Denis-le-Ferment}}
* {{INSEE commune|27533|de=Saint-Denis-le-Ferment}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140106045238/http://saintdenisleferment.fr/ Saint-Denis-le-Ferment pagina interretialis]
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Eburae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Eburae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rota (Vallis Imania)</title>
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{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Rota d'Imagna (BG, Italia) - municipio-2007.jpg|thumb|Rota (Vallis Imania)]]
'''Rota''' vel '''Rota Vallis Imaniae''' (etiam ''Rota Imaniae''; olim: ''Rota Intus-Rota Floris'') ([[Italiane]] ''Rota d'Imagna'') est [[Commune Italiae|municipium]] [[Italia]]e circiter 950 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|regione]] [[Langobardia]] et in [[Provincia Bergomas|Provincia Bergomati]] situm.

== Geographia ==
* [[Vallis Imania]] (''terra'')

== Municipia finitima ==
* [[Rota Intus]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160311074221/http://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Diocese_of_Bergamo,_Italy:_Parish_Records Diocese of Bergamo, Italy: Parish ]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini&lt;/ref&gt; ''Rota Dentro''
* [[Rota Floris]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160311074221/http://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Diocese_of_Bergamo,_Italy:_Parish_Records Diocese of Bergamo, Italy: Parish ]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini&lt;/ref&gt; ''Rota Fuori''
* [[Chiniolum (Vallis Imania)]] ''Chignolo''

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Map of comune of Rota d'Imagna (province of Bergamo, region Lombardy, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Provincia Bergomati.
Imago:Valle Imagna.png|Municipia ''Communitatis montaneae Vallis Imaniae''.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Rota d'Imagna|Rotam}}
{{Fontes geographici}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170729121855/http://www.comune.rotadimagna.bg.it/ Situs publicus]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Bergomi]]
[[Categoria:Vallis Imania]]
[[Categoria:Municipia iuncta Italiae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Salia</title>
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{{pro pagina discretiva vide|Sala (discretiva)}}
{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:SalaComacina veduta.jpg|thumb|Salia]]
'''Salia'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.it/books?id=HOhM_4RW8ukC&amp;pg=PA274&amp;lpg=PA274&amp;dq=%22Blevium%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=A6WHJLIVHu&amp;sig=yaGH5rHLDobpAslFv9__-GbC4qE&amp;hl=it&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=w8wnVOmELuPW7QaXxoC4Ag&amp;ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&amp;q=%22Blevium%22&amp;f=false Viaggio da Milano ai tre laghi Maggiore, di Lugano e di Como e ne' monti che li circondano di Carlo Amoretti - Carlo Amoretti, per Giovanni Silvestri, 1817 - 342 pagine]&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Salia|ae|f}} (alia nomina: ''Salla''&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.lombardiabeniculturali.it/istituzioni/schede/3001413/?view=toponimi&amp;hid= www.lombardiabeniculturali.it]&lt;/ref&gt;, ''Sala Comacina'') ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Sala Comacina|Sala Comacina]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 600 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Langobardia]] et in [[Provincia Novocomensis|Provincia Novocomensi]] situm. Incolae ''Salienses'' appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio ==
== Municipia finitima ==

{{NexInt}}
* [[Langobardia]] (''regio''),
* [[Provincia Novocomensis]],
* [[Novum Comum]] (''urbs''),
* [[Municipium Italiae]].

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170515070221/http://www.comune.salacomacina.co.it/ Situs publicus]
{{CommuniaCat|Sala Comacina|Saliam}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Map of comune of Sala Comacina (province of Como, region Lombardy, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Provincia Novocomensi.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Novi Comi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rubeccum (Urbs metropolitana Mediolanensis)</title>
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{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:RobeccoSN VillaArchinto.jpg|thumb|Rubeccum (Urbs metropolitana Mediolanensis)]]
'''Rubeccum''' {{victio|Rubeccum|i|n}} (alia nomina: ''Robecum'', ''Rubeccum in Naviculum'') ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Robecco sul Naviglio|Robecco sul Naviglio]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 6&amp;thinsp;930 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Langobardia]] et in [[Urbs metropolitana Mediolanensis|Urbe metropolitana Mediolanensi]] situm. Incolae ''Rubecchenses'' appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
Fasciculus:Merito civile silver medal BAR.svg|''[[Municipium nomismate argenteo ob virtutem civilem decoratum]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Geographia ==
* [[Naviculum Magnum]], Italiane: ''Naviglio Grande'',

== Clari cives ==
== Aedificia egregia ==
* Ecclesia S. Ioannis Baptistae.
* Villa Gaia
* Palatium Archinto
* Villa Gromo de Ternengo
* Villa Scotti
* Villa Terzaghi
* Villa Cittadini Dugnani Benini Bossi
* Villa Sironi Marelli
* Villa Arrigoni
* Villa Barbavara de Gravellona

== Ecclesia Catholica Romana ==
* [[Archidioecesis Mediolanensis]]

== Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio ==
=== Fractiones ===
''Carpenzago, Cascinazza, Castellazzo de' Barzi, Casterno''.

== Municipia finitima ==
''Abbiategrasso, Cassinetta di Lugagnano, Cerano (NO), Corbetta, Magenta''.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Langobardia]]m (''regionem''),
* [[Urbs metropolitana Mediolanensis|Urbem metropolitanam Mediolanensem]],
* [[Provincia Mediolanensis|Provinciam Mediolanensem]] (''provinciam abrogatam''),
* [[Mediolanum]] (''urbem''),
* [[Municipium Italiae]].

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061012205257/http://www.comune.robeccosulnaviglio.mi.it/ Pagina officialis]
{{CommuniaCat|Robecco sul Naviglio|Rubeccum}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Map of comune of Robecco sul Naviglio (province of Milan, region Lombardy, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Urbe metropolitana Mediolanensi.
Imago:Robecco sul Naviglio San Giovanni Battista arch Bernardino Ferrari - facciata del 1902.jpg|Ecclesia S. Ioannis Baptistae.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in Urbe metropolitana Mediolanensi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Saint-Germain-d'Esteuil</title>
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[[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 33412.png|thumb|left|250px|Saint-Germain-d'Esteuil: communis tabula]]

''' Saint-Germain-d'Esteuil''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 1'195 incolarum (anno [[2012]]) praefecturae [[Girundia (praefectura Franciae)|Girundiae]] in regione occidentali [[Aquitania]] (a die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2016]] [[Aquitania Lemovicensis Pictaviensis et Carantoni|Aquitania Lemovicensi Pictaviensi et Carantonis]]).
{{NexInt}}

* [[Index communium praefecturae Girundiae|Indicem communium praefecturae Girundiae]]

== Nexus externi ==

{{CommuniaCat|Saint-Germain-d'Esteuil|Saint-Germain-d'Esteuil}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200320064330/http://www.saintgermaindesteuil.com/ Huius communis pagina interretialis]
* {{INSEE commune|33412|de=Saint-Germain-d'Esteuil}}
* [http://cassini.ehess.fr/cassini/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=32034 De hoc commune apud cassini.ehess.fr]
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Girumnae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Girumnae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Régny</title>
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[[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 42181.png|thumb|left|250px|Régny: communis tabula]]

'''Régny''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 1'609 incolarum (anno [[2012]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Liger (praefectura Franciae)|Ligeris]] in regione orientali [[Rhodanus et Alpes|Rhodano et Alpibus]] (a die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2016]] [[Arvernia Rhodanus et Alpes|Arvernia Rhodano et Alpibus]]).

{{NexInt}}

* [[Index communium praefecturae Ligeris|Indicem communium praefecturae Ligeris]]
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Régny|Régny}}

* {{INSEE commune|42181|de=Régny}}
* [http://cassini.ehess.fr/cassini/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=28805 De hoc commune apud Cassini]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150629132831/http://www.regny.fr/ Huius communis pagina interretialis]
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Praefecturae Ligeris]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Ligeris]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sabina (terra)</title>
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      <text bytes="2500" sha1="46a37ala95th63q9w08tt0pj8qoc1jo" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Sabina map.png|thumb|right|300px|Municipia in Terra Sabina]]
[[Fasciculus:Rieti da Colle San Mauro - Centro storico, 2 (mid).JPG|thumb|right|300px|Despectus in Reate]]

'''Sabina terra'''&lt;ref name=&quot;graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Sabina|ae|f}} (alia nomina: ''Sabinense territorium''&lt;ref name=&quot;graesse&quot; /&gt;, ''Sabinensis comitatus''&lt;ref name=&quot;graesse&quot; /&gt;, ''Sabinensis episcopatus''&lt;ref name=&quot;graesse&quot; /&gt;, ''Sabinia''&lt;ref name=&quot;graesse&quot; /&gt;, ''Savinensis episcopatus''&lt;ref name=&quot;graesse&quot; /&gt;) ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Sabina|Sabina]]'') est geographica ac historica terra in [[Italia]], inter [[Umbria]]m, [[Latium]] [[Aprutium]] ad septemtrionem et orientem [[Roma]]e, circum [[Reate]] urbem sita. Incolae ''Sabinenses''&lt;ref name=&quot;graesse&quot; /&gt; vel ''Savinenses''&lt;ref name=&quot;graesse&quot; /&gt; hodie appellantur, Ciceronis vero tempore [[Sabini]].

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Stemma della Sabina.svg|''Insigne sabinense''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Municipia sabina==
Vide: [[:la:Categoria:Municipia_Sabina|Municipia Sabina]]

{{NexInt}}
* [[Latium]],
* [[Umbria]],
* [[Aprutium]],
* [[Provincia Reatina]],
* [[Sabini]],
* [[Montes Sabini]],
* [[Sedes Suburbicaria Sabinensis-Mandelensis]],
* [[Unio municipiorum Sabinae Superioris]].

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160315144044/http://digilander.libero.it/oliocarnicelli/Sabina.htm digilander.libero.it]  {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}}
* [http://www.unionecomunialtasabina.it/ Unio municipiorum Sabinae Superioris] {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}}
==Fontes antiqui ==
{{Strabo}} V.3.1.

==Bibliographia==
*  {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}} [[Aelius Augustus Di Carlo]], ''I Castelli della Sabina: dalla caduta dell'Impero Romano all'unità d'Italia''; memorie storiche, vita sociale, economica ed amministrativa tratte dagli archivi locali ed in particolare dall'archivio del castello di Cantalupo in Sabina, 1998.
*  {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}} [[Marius Polia]]. ''&quot;Mio padre mi disse. Tradizione, religione e magia sui monti dell'alta Sabina&quot;'' Il Cerchio, Rimini, 2002

== Alia coepta Vici ==
{{CommuniaCat|Sabina (region)|Sabinam terram}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Ancient Sabina.png|Sabina in aetate antiqua.
Imago:Norcia general view.jpg|Alta Planities [[Nursia Valeria|Nursiae Valeriae]]
Imago:Sabinos.gif|Colllocatio [[Sabini|Sabinorum]] populi.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Sabina (terra)|!]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Roquevaire</title>
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[[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 13086.png|250 px|left|thumb|Roquevaire: communis tabula]]

'''Roquevaire''' ([[Occitanice]] ''Ròcavaira'' aut ''Rocovairo'' ) est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 8'693 incolarum (anno [[2012]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Ostia Rhodani|Ostiorum Rhodani]] in regione [[Provincia, Alpes, Litus Lazuli|Provincia, Alpibus et Litore Lazuli]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Ostiorum Rhodani|Indicem communium praefecturae Ostiorum Rhodani]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{communiaCat|Roquevaire|Roquevaire}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200517160651/http://ville-de-roquevaire.fr/ Huius communis pagina interretialis]
* {{INSEE commune|13086|de=Roquevaire}}
* [http://cassini.ehess.fr/cassini/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=29661 De hoc commune apud cassini.ehess.fr]

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Ostiorum Rhodani]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Ostiorum Rhodani]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Saint-Germain-Laval (Sequana et Matrona)</title>
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[[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 77409.png|250 px|left|thumb|Saint-Germain-Laval: communis tabula]]

'''Saint-Germain-Laval''' est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 2'805 incolarum (anno [[2012]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Sequana et Matrona|Sequanae et Matronae]] in regione [[Insula Franciae (regio Franciae)|Insula Franciae]].

{{NexInt}}

* [[Index communium praefecturae Sequanae et Matronae|Indicem communium praefecturae Sequanae et Matronae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Saint-Germain-Laval (Seine-et-Marne)|Saint-Germain-Laval}}

* {{INSEE commune|77409|de=Saint-Germain-Laval}}
* [http://cassini.ehess.fr/cassini/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=32001 De hoc commune apud cassini.ehess.fr]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121006085921/http://www.saint-germain-laval.fr/ Huius communis pagina interretialis]
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Sequanae et Matronae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Sequanae et Matronae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dzitō (imperatrix)</title>
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      <comment>de Fujiwara-kyo</comment>
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      <text bytes="1730" sha1="ds3x5w427xvlolo5zifmtxgrax0mrlv" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-3}}
[[Fasciculus:Empress_Jito_by_Katsukawa_Shunsho.png|thumb|Imperatrix Dzitō.]]
[[Fasciculus:Hyakuninisshu 002.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Imperatrix Dzitō cum suo [[waka]] [[poema]]te.]][[Fasciculus:TenmuJitoTomb.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Sepulcrum Temmu et Dzitō.]]
'''Imperatrix Dzitō''' ([[Iaponice]] 持統天皇),&lt;ref&gt;Nomen posthume datum est aevo Heian (circa saeculum IX).&lt;/ref&gt; nomen formale{{dubsig}} 高天原広野姫天皇 '''Takamanohara-Hinohimeno-Sumeramikoto''', fuit quadragesima prima [[Imperatores Iaponiae|Imperatrix Iaponiensis]], natus anno [[645]] et mortuus anno [[703]]. [[Uxor]] Imperator quadraginta [[Tenmu (imperator)|Temmu]] fuit. Status suus imperatoris fuit ab anno [[690]] et ad annum [[697]] fuit. 

Die [[8 Decembris]] anno [[689]], [[alea (modus ludendi)|aleas]] [[ludus tabularis|tabularis]] probibavit{{dubsig}} ante coronizatione{{dubsig}},&lt;ref&gt;''[[Nihon Shoki]]'', Liber 30.&lt;/ref&gt; et die [[3 Martii]] [[692]] ipsa ad [[Ise Magnum Templum|Ise]] [[peregrinatio|peregrinavit]] contra consilium ministri Ōmiwa-no-Asomitakechimaro (Iaponice 大三輪阿臣高市麻呂), dicens ut{{dubsig}} peregrinationem [[agricultura]]m prohibere posse.&lt;ref&gt;''[[Nihon Shoki]]'', Liber 30.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamen [[tributum|tributa]] populi excepta sunt. Post mortem primum [[ignis|igni]] cremata est, et [[sepulcrum]] cum Imperatore Tennmu stat.{{dubsig}} Etiam [[Fujiwara-kyō]] (藤原京) [[caput (urbs)|caput]] nova ex Asukakiyahara-no-miya (飛鳥浄御原宮) et [[templum]] [[Buddhismus|Buddhisticum]] [[Yakushi-ji]] (薬師寺) quod Imperator Tenmu decrevit finivit.{{dubsig}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{Lifetime|saeculo 7|saeculo 8|Dzito}}
[[Categoria:Imperatores Iaponiae]]
[[Categoria:Mulieres]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Simplicium medicamentorum ex novo orbe delatorum historia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>266649</id>
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        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>/* Bibliographia */</comment>
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      <text bytes="13138" sha1="hun2mro3re270mh3i4ckj682hr00fkv" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:Monardes Dos libros 1565 tp.jpg|thumb|''Dos libros'' (1565): titulus]]
[[Fasciculus:Monardes Historia medicinal 1580 tp.png|thumb|''Primera, segunda y tercera partes ...'' (1574): titulus]]
[[Fasciculus:Monardes - 1574 - De simplicibus medicamentis - UB Radboud Uni Nijmegen - 208278206 01 title page.jpg|thumb|''De simplicibus medicamentis'' (1574): titulus]]
'''''Simplicium medicamentorum ex novo orbe delatorum historia''''' est titulus Latinus operis cuiusdam a [[Nicolaus Monardes|Nicolao Monarde]] medico [[Hispalis|Hispalensi]] anno [[1565]] Hispanice scripti, annis [[1571]] iterumque [[1574]] aucti, in multas linguas et sub multis titulis divulgati. Auctor hoc opere plantas medicinasque in [[America]] repertas, [[Europa|Europaeis]] utiles, describit, quas ille, Americae oceanique expers, a descriptionibus aliorum et speciminibus ad Hispalim importatis tantum cognovit. Versionem Latinam [[Carolus Clusius]] primum anno [[1574]], recensione ultima anno [[1605]] divulgavit.

== Index capitulorum ==
Has res continent editio Hispanica 1574 editioque Latina 1605 (''Exoticorum'' p. 295 ff.):
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot;&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot;|fol.
!''Historia medicinal'' 1574 (''Dos libros'' 1565)
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot;|cap.
!''Simplicium medicamentorum historia'' 1605
!Species principales
|-
|2r
|'''Prima parte''' (1565 f. 1r)
|
|
|
|-
|2v
|''Del anime y copal'' (1565 f. 4r)
|1
|De [[copal]] et anime
|''[[Protium copal]]'', ''[[Bursera copallifera]]'', ''[[Hymenaea courbaril]]'', ''[[Vateria indica]]''
|-
|3v
|''De la tacamahaca'' (1565 f. 6r)
|2
|De tacamahaca
|''[[Calophyllum tacamahaca]]'', ''[[Ferula gummosa]]''
|-
|5r
|''De la caraña'' (1565 f. 8v)
|3
|De caraña
|''[[Bursera acuminata]]''
|-
|6r
|''Del azeyte de la higuera del Infierno'' (1565 f. 10r)
|4
|Oleum cicinum, Ricinus Americus
|''[[Jatropha curcas]]''
|-
|7v
|''Del betumen'' (1565 f. 12v)
|5
|Bitumen
|
|-
|7v
|''Del liquidambar y azeyte de liquidambar'' (1565 f. 13r)
|8
|Liquid-ambar et eius oleum
|''[[Liquidambar styraciflua]]''
|-
|9r
|''Del balsamo'' (1565 f. 15v)
|9&lt;br /&gt;16&lt;br /&gt;17
|Balsamum&lt;br /&gt;Herba Ioannis Infantis&lt;br /&gt;Radices venenis adversantes
|''[[Myroxylon peruiferum]]'', ''[[Monarda]]'' sp., ''[[Vincetoxicum hirundinaria]]''
|-
|12v
|''Del guayacan y palo sancto'' (1565 f. 22r)
|20
|Guayacan
|''[[Guaiacum officinale]]'', ''[[Guaiacum sanctum]]''
|-
|16r
|''De la china'' (1565 f. 28v)
|21
|China
|''[[Smilax china]]''
|-
|18v
|''De la çarçaparilla'' (1565 f. 33r)
|22
|Çarça-parilla
|''[[Smilax aristolochiifolia]]''
|-
|22v
|''De la piedra de sangre y de la yjada'' (1565 f. 40r)
|31&lt;br /&gt;32&lt;br /&gt;33&lt;br /&gt;36
|Lapis nephriticus&lt;br /&gt;Lapis tiburonum&lt;br /&gt;Lapis caymanum&lt;br /&gt;Lapis sanguinalis
|
|-
|24r
|''Del palo para los males de los riñones y de urina'' (1565 f. 42v)
|27
|Lignum ad renum affectiones et urinae incommoda
|
|-
|24v
|''De la pimienta de las Indias'' (1565 f. 43v)
|54
|[[Capsicum (fructus)|Piper]]
|''[[Capsicum (genus)|Capsicum]]'' spp.
|-
|25r
|''De la caña fistola'' (1565 f. 45r)
|44
|Cassia solutiva
|''[[Senna alexandrina]]''
|-
|26r
|''De las avellanas purgativas'' (1565 f. 46r)
|47
|Avellanae purgatrices
|''[[Jatropha multifida]]'', ''[[Moringa oleifera]]''
|-
|26v
|''De los piñones purgativos'' (1565 f. 47r)
|48
|Nuclei pinei cathartici
|
|-
|27v
|''De las havas purgativas'' (1565 f. 48r)
|49
|Fabae purgatrices
|''[[Mucuna pruriens]]''
|-
|28r
|''De la leche del pinipinichi'' (1565 f. 49v)
|50
|Lac pinipinichi
|''[[Convolvulus mechoacana]]''
|-
|28v
|''Del mechoacan'' (1565 f. 50r)
|51
|Mechoacan
|''[[Ipomoea purga]]''
|-
|37v
|''Del sulphur bivo'' (1565 f. 66v)
|56&lt;br /&gt;57
|Sulphur vivum&lt;br /&gt;Ad erysipelas
|
|-
|38v
|''Del palo aromatico'' (1565 f. 68r)
|26
|Lignum aromaticum
|''[[Bursera graveolens]]''
|-
|41r
|'''Segunda parte'''
|
|
|
|-
|41r
|''Del tabaco y de sus grandes virtudes''
|14
|Tabaco
|''[[Nicotiana tabacum]]''
|-
|51v
|''Del arbol que traen de la Florida llamado sassafras''
|24
|Sassafras
|''[[Sassafras albidum]]''
|-
|65r
|''Del carlo sancto, rayz trayda de Nueva España''
|23
|Carlo sancto
|''[[Carapichea ipecacuanha]]''?
|-
|67v
|''De las cuentas que se llaman de Sancta Elena''
|59
|Radix S. Helenae
|''[[Dorstenia contrajerva]]''
|-
|69r
|''Del guacatane''
|61
|Guacatane
|''[[Teucrium canadense]]''
|-
|69v
|''De la cevadilla''
|55
|Cevadilla
|''[[Schoenocaulon officinale]]''
|-
|73r
|''Al muy magnifico señor, mi señor Doctor Monardes, medico en Sevilla''&lt;ref&gt;Auctore &quot;''Pedro de Osma y de Xara y Zejo''&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
|75
|Epistola ad D. Nicolaum Monardum
|''[[Schinus molle]]''
|-
|78v
|''El dragon''&lt;ref&gt;Rubrica in aliis editionibus: ''De la sangre del drago''&lt;/ref&gt;
|38&lt;br /&gt;39&lt;br /&gt;40 
|Sanguis draconis&lt;br /&gt;Gummi ad podagram&lt;br /&gt;Fructus dysentericus
|''[[Pterocarpus officinalis]]'', ''[[Clusia rosea]]''
|-
|81r
|''El armadillo''
|37
|Armadillo
|
|-
|83r
|''Flor del mechoacan''
|51
|
|
|-
|84r
|''Fructo del balsamo''
|9
|
|
|-
|86r
|''Pimienta luenga''
|54
|
|''[[Piper aduncum]]''
|-
|88r
|''De la çarçaparrilla de Guayaquil''
|22
|
|
|-
|91v
|''Del ambar gris''
|7
|Ambarum
|
|-
|98r
|'''Tercera parte'''
|
|
|
|-
|98r
|''De la canela de nuestras Indias''
|25
|Canella Novi orbis
|''[[Canella winterana]]''
|-
|99r
|''Del gengibre''
|18
|Zingiber
|''[[Zingiber officinale]]''
|-
|100r
|''Del ruybarbo de Indias''
|19
|Rhabarbarum Americanum
|
|-
|100v
|''De las piñas''
|63
|Strobilus seu nux pinea
|''[[Ananas comosus]]''
|-
|101v
|''De las guayavas''
|64
|Guayavas
|''[[Psidium guajava]]''
|-
|102r
|''De los cachos''
|30
|Cachos
|
|-
|102v
|''De las flores de sangre''
|69
|Flos sanguineus
|''[[Tropaeolum majus]]''
|-
|103r
|''Una corteza de un arbol para reumas''
|43
|Arboris cortex ad rheumatismos
|''[[Senna marilandica]]''
|-
|103v
|''Del pacal''
|58
|Pacal
|
|-
|103v
|''Del payco''
|28
|Payco herba
|
|-
|104r
|''Yerva para mal de riñones''
|29
|Herba ad renum morbos utilis
|
|-
|104r
|''De la fruta que se cria debaxo de tierra''
|60
|Fructus sub terra nascens
|
|-
|104v
|''Del fruto llamado leucoma''
|41&lt;br /&gt;42
|Leucoma fructus&lt;br /&gt;Cortex ad alvi profluvia
|''[[Pouteria sapota]]'', ''[[Simarouba amara]]''
|-
|105r
|''De las cuentas xaboneras''
|65
|Saponariae sphaerulae
|
|-
|105v
|''De los cangrejos de aquella tierra''
|77
|Cancri Peruani
|
|-
|106r
|''De los cardones''
|67
|Cardui
|''[[Agave americana]]''
|-
|106r
|''De la yerva para quebrados''
|72
|Herba ad rupturas utilis
|
|-
|106v
|''De la bervena''
|73
|Verbena
|''[[Verbena officinalis]]''
|-
|107v
|''Del mastuerço''
|70
|Nasturtium Peruanum
|''[[Tropaeolum minus]]''
|-
|108r
|''De la lechuguilla silvestre''
|71
|Lactuca silvestris pumila
|
|-
|108r
|''Del licor llamado ambia''
|11&lt;br /&gt;12
|Liquor ambia&lt;br /&gt;Resina abiegna
|''[[Abies balsamea]]''
|-
|108v
|''Del arbol que muestra si uno a de morir o bivir''
|74
|Herba mortem aut vitam in morbis praenuncians
|
|-
|109r
|''De la granadilla''
|66
|Granadilla
|''[[Passiflora ligularis]]''
|-
|109v
|''De la yerva del sol''
|68
|Herba solis
|''[[Helianthus annuus]]''
|-
|110r
|''De un betumen que se saca debaxo de tierra''
|6
|Bitumen fossile
|
|-
|110v
|''De las piedras bezaares del Peru''
|34
|Lapis bezaar Peruanus
|
|-
|113v
|''De las higueras del Peru''
|62
|Ficus Peruana
|''[[Crescentia cujete]]''?
|-
|114r
|''De la coca''
|52
|Coca
|''[[Erythroxylon coca]]''
|-
|115r
|''De los colores diversos de tierra''
|76
|Terrae varii colores
|
|-
|115v
|''Del caçaui''
|53
|Caçaui
|''[[Manihot esculenta]]''
|-
|117v
|''De los cañutos para el asma''
|15
|Tubuli ad asthma utiles
|
|-
|118r
|''Del carlo sancto''
|23
|
|
|-
|119r
|''De la piedra para la madre''
|35
|Lapis ad uteri suffocationes utilis
|
|-
|119r
|''De la caña fistola en conserva''
|45&lt;br /&gt;46
|De cassia solutiva condita&lt;br /&gt;Fructus cholagogus
|
|-
|121r
|''Del balsamo de Tolu''
|10&lt;br /&gt;13
|Balsamum de Tolu&lt;br /&gt;Resina Carthaginensis
|''[[Myroxylon balsamum]]''
|}
&lt;/div&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Editiones
* 1565 : ''Dos libros. El uno trata de todas las cosas que traen de nuestras Indias Occidentales, que sirven al uso de medicina ... El otro libro trata de dos medicinas maravillosas que son contra todo veneno ...''. Hispali: Hernando Diaz [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00002448-001 Textus apud archive.org]
* 1569 : ''Dos libros, el uno que trata de todas las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias Occidentales, que sirven al uso de la medicina, y el otro que trata de la piedra bezaar, y de la yerva escuerçonera''. Hispali: Hernando Diaz {{Google Books|QdDf4rAzcgEC}}
* 1571 : ''Segunda parte del libro des las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias Occidentales, que sirven al uso de la medicina; do se trata del tabaco, y de la sassafras, y del carlo sancto, y de otras muchas yervas y plantas, simientes, y licores que agora nuevamente han venido de aquellas partes, de grandes virtudes y maravillosos effectos''. Hispali: Alonso Escrivano {{Google Books|yP19XmWVSMwC}}
* 1574 : ''Primera, segunda y tercera partes de la historia medicinal de las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias Occidentales, que sirven en medicina; Tratado de la piedra bezaar, y dela yerva escuerçonera; Diálogo de las grandezas del hierro, y de sus virtudes medicinales'' {{Google Books|pEHeQNiTzA0C}}
* 1580 : nova impressio [https://web.archive.org/web/20140710175952/http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=4807 Textus] {{Google Books|bLRrIIPYfk0C}}

; Versio Latina a Carolo Clusio facta
* 1574 : ''De simplicibus medicamentis ex occidentali India delatis quorum in medicina usus est'' [https://archive.org/details/mobot31753003541627 Textus]
* 1579 : ''Simplicium medicamentorum ex novo orbe delatorum, quorum in medicina usus est, historia'' {{Google Books|58VbAAAAQAAJ}}
* 1582 : nova impressio una cum operibus [[Garcias ab Orta|Garciae ab Orta]] et [[Christophorus Acosta|Christophori Acosta]] edita {{Google Books|ss1bAAAAQAAJ}}
* 1593 : nova impressio [https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753003634646#page/313/mode/2up Textus separatus]
* 1605 : nova recensio in opere ''[[Exoticorum libri decem]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753000811387#page/295/mode/2up Textus]

; Versiones aliae
* 1575 : ''Delle Cose Che Vengono portate dall'Indie Occidentali pertinenti all'vso della Medicina''. Venetiis: Giordano Ziletti; [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10186579 pars prima]; [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10186580 pars secunda]
* 1577 ([[Ioannes Frampton|John Frampton]], interpr.) : ''Ioyfull newes out of the newe founde worlde''. Londinii (ex editione Hispanica 1565 versa) [https://search.wellcomelibrary.org/iii/encore/record/C__Rb1093319 citatio huius editionis]
** nova editio 1580 (ex editione Hispanica 1574 aucta) {{Google Books|OatkAAAAcAAJ}}
** nova editio 1596 [https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000810678 Textus] 
** nova editio 1925 (editore [[Stephanus Gaselee|Stephano Gaselee]]) : ''Joyfull newes out of the newe founde worlde''. Londinii
* 1602 ([[Antonius Colin|Anthoine Colin]], interpr.) : ''Histoire des simples medicamens apportés des Terres neuves, desquels on se sert en la medecine'', in ''Histoire des drogues''. Lugduni: Jean Pillehotte; [http://www.manioc.org/patrimon/BBX17002 Textus (situs difficilis)]; [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00002571-001 p. 343 sqq. tantum] {{Google Books|vIvxO2Sit_AC|p. 502 sqq. tantum}} [https://archive.org/details/histoiredessimpl00mona Editio 1619]
* 1895 (Karl Stünzner, interpr.) : ''Die Schrift des Monardes über die Arzneimittel Americas nach der lateinischen Übertragung des Clusius... übersetzt und erläutert''. Halis: Max Niemeyer [https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000753829 Textus]

; Eruditio
* María Águeda Moreno Moreno, &quot;El corpus indiano de materia herbaria de Nicolás Monardes y su recepción en los diccionarios bilingües (español-lenguas europeas, ss. XVI-XVIII)&quot; in ''Alfinge'' vol. 26 (2014) pp. 117-145
* C. R. Boxer, ''Two pioneers of tropical medicine: Garcia d'Orta and Nicolás Monardes''. Londinii: Wellcome Historical Medical Library, 1963
* Francisco Guerra, ''Nicolás Bautista Monardes, su vida y su obra, ca. 1493-1588''. Mexicopoli, 1961
* &quot;Monardes, Nicolás Bautista (n.Sevila ca. 1493; m. en Sevilla, 1588)&quot; in José M. López Piñero et al., ''Diccionario Histórico de la Ciencia Moderna en España'' vol. 2 (Barcinone: Ediciones Península, 1983)
* José Pardo Tomás, &quot;Two glimpses of America from a distance: Carolus Clusius and Nicolás Monardes&quot; in Florike Egmond, Paul Hoftizer, Robert Visser, edd., ''Carolus Clusius, Towards a Cultural History of a Renaissance Naturalist'' (Amstelodami: Koninklijke Nederlandse Academie van Wetenschappen, 2007) pp. 179-199 [https://web.archive.org/web/20161009114414/http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/wp-content/HSSN/2007-8-Carolus%20Clusius.pdf Textus versionis praeliminaris]

[[Categoria:Scripta 1565]]
[[Categoria:Scripta 1574]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latine versae]]
[[Categoria:Hispaniae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Hispanicae]]
[[Categoria:Libri de medicamentis]]
[[Categoria:Carolus Clusius]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Durankulak (locus archaeologicus)</title>
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      <text bytes="5165" sha1="fy3ire33b0bx4034hnhsqrxypqffhxw" xml:space="preserve">{{charta locatrix 
|Bulgariae physicalis
|label=''Durankulak''
|lat_deg =43 |lat_min =40
|lon_deg =28 | lon_min =32
|position=left
|background = 
|mark = Brown pog.svg
|width=300
|float=right
|caption= Situs in Bulgaria
}}
'''Durankulak''' ([[Bulgarice]] Археологически резерват „Дуранкулак“) est {{Creanda|en|Archaeological site|locus archaeologicus}} ad [[litus]] [[aestuarium|aestuarii]] prope [[oppidum]] hodiernum {{Creanda|en|Durankulak|Durankulak|eiusdem nominis}} iacens, quod aestuarium in [[pontus Euxinus|pontum Euxinum]] defluit. Ruinae oppidi [[Neolithicum|neolithici]], [[necropolis]] [[Chalcolithicum|chalcolithica]], [[templum]]que [[dea]]e [[Cybele|Cybelae]] [[Hellenismus|aevi Hellenistici]] ibi visitantur. Effossionibus [[archaeologia|archaeologicis]] multos annos praefuit [[Henrietta Todorova]]&lt;ref&gt;Bisserka Gaydarska, &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150905082156/http://antiquity.ac.uk/tributes/todorova.html Henrieta Todorova, 25 February 1933–12 April 2015: Appreciation]&quot; in ''Antiquity''.&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Ioannes Vaisov]].

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
[[Fasciculus:Sofia - Skeleton from the Durankulak Necropolis.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Sepultura|Ossa sepulta]] millennii V a.C.n. in necropoli Duranculaciana. [[Museum Nationale Historicum (Serdica)|Museum Nationale Historicum]] [[Serdica]]e.]]
[[Fasciculus:Durankulak lake E31.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Ruinae oppidi neolithici iuxta litus aestuarii Durankulak effossae.]]
* Elisaveta Bozhilova, Spasimir Tonkov, &quot;Palaeoecological studies in Lake Durankulak.&quot; ''Ann. Univ. Sofia Fac. Biol.'' 2: 76 (1985): 25–30.
* Elisaveta Bozhilova, Spasimir Tonkov, &quot;Towards the vegetation and settlement history of the southern Dobrudza coastal region, north-eastern Bulgaria: a pollen diagram from Lake Durankulak.&quot; ''Vegetation History and Archaeobotany'' 7 (1998): 141–148.
* Noah V. Honch et al., &quot;[http://iansa.eu/papers/IANSA-2013-02-honch_onlinefirst.pdf West Pontic Diets: A Scientific Framework for Understanding the Durankulak and Varna I Cemeteries, Bulgaria]&quot; in ''Interdisciplinaria archaeologica'' vol. 4 (2013)
* Noah V. Honch et al., &quot;A palaeodietary investigation of carbon (14C/14C) and nitrogen (14C/14C) in human and animal bones from the Copper Age necropoleis of Varna and Durankulak, Bulgaria&quot; in ''Journal of Archaeological Science'' vol. 33 (2006) pp. 1493–1504
* Igor Manzura, &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20170510153058/http://www.iianthropology.org/files/IgorDurankulak.pdf The Proto-Bronze Age Cemetery at Durankulak: a look from the east]&quot; in Lolita Nikolova, John Fritz, Jude Higgins, edd., ''Prehistoric Archaeology &amp; Anthropological Theory and Education. RPRP 6-7'' (2005) pp. 51-55
* E. Marinova, &quot;The new pollen core Lake Durankulak-3: a contribution to the vegetation history and human impact in Northeastern Bulgaria&quot; in S. Tonkov, ed., ''Aspects of Palynology and Palaeoecology: Festschrift in honor of Elissaveta Bozilova'' (Serdicae: Pensoft, 2003) pp. 279–288
* E. Marinova, J. Atanassova, &quot;Anthropogenic impact on vegetation and environment during the Bronze Age in the area of Lake Durankulak, NE Bulgaria: Pollen, microscopic charcoal, non-pollen palynomorphs and plant macrofossils&quot; in ''Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology'' vol. 3 (2006) pp. 165–178
* Nadja Ognjanova-Rumenova, &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180920194319/http://mgu.bg/geoarchmin/naterials/59Ognjanova-Rumenova.pdf Palaeoenvironment and Archaeology: the use of diatom analysis in archaeology]&quot; in R. I. Kostov, B. Gaydarska, M. Gurova, edd., ''Geoarchaeology and Archaeomineralogy: Proceedings of the International Conference, 29-30 October 2008'' (Serdicae: Publishing House “St. Ivan Rilski”, 2008) pp. 291-294
* Henrieta Todorova, &quot;Ausgrabungen in Durankulak, Bezirk Tolbuchin (Bulgarien), in der Periode 1975 – 1981&quot; in ''Nachrichten aus Niedersachsens Urgeschichte'' vol. 52 (1983) pp. 77-89
* Henrieta Todorova, ed., ''Durankulak, vol. 1''. Serdicae: Bulgarian Academy of Science, 1989
* Henrieta Todorova, ed., ''Durankulak, Band II: Die prähistorischen Gräberfelder von Durankulak''. 2 fascc. Serdicae et Berolini, 2002
* Henrieta Todorova, T. Dimov, &quot;Ausgrabungen in Durankulak 1974–1987&quot; in ''Varia Archaeologica Hungarica'' vol. 2 (1989) pp. 291–306
* Spasimir Tonkov, Elena Marinova, Mariana Filipova-Marinova, Elissaveta Bozhilova, &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160820172739/http://elenamarinova.net/publications/Tonkov_etal_inpress_2013.pdf Holocene palaeoecology and human-environmental interactions at the coastal Black Sea Lake Durankulak, northeastern Bulgaria]&quot; in ''Quaternary International'' (2013)

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Durankulak archaeological complex|locum archaeologicum Durankulak}}
{{Coord|43|40|9|N|28|31|56|E|display=title}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180909134302/http://archaeologyinbulgaria.com/durankulak-lake-paleolithic-neolithic-settlement-durankulak-bulgaria/ Pagina] apud ''Archaeology in Bulgaria''

[[Categoria:Loci archaeologici Bulgariae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati aetatis aëneae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati neolithici]]
[[Categoria:Sepulturae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rudolphus Nureyev</title>
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      <text bytes="8321" sha1="k3r49unyr70yvg63bj7y4cbpmxwiwdt" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Nureyev 10 Allan Warren.jpg|thumb|Rudolphus Nureev anno [[1973]]. [[Photographema]] [[Allan Warren]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Rudolf Nurejev 1961.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Rudolphus Nureev post defectionen ex Unione Sovietica anno [[1961]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Liliana Cosi and Rudolf Nureyev.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Nureev et [[Liliana Cosi]] [[Roma]]e saltant, [[1972]].]]
[[Fasciculus:La tombe de Rudolf Noureev (Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois) (8351663480).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Sepulcrum]] Nureevanum in Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois]]&lt;!--
[[Fasciculus:KC Ballet Devon Carney and Rudolph Nureyev in rehearsal for Don Quixote (8809054146).jpg|thumb|Nureyev coaching Devon Carney in his production of Don Quixote.]]--&gt;
[[Fasciculus:Nureyev dressing room colour.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Nureev in conclave [[vestitus|vestiario]] circa [[1974]]. Photographema [[Allan Warren]].]]

'''Rudolphus Chamet filius Nureev''' ([[Tatarice]] Рудольф Хәмит улы Нуриев, [[Russice]] Рудо́льф Хаме́тович Нуре́ев, [[Translitteratio|tr.]] ''Rudol'f Chametovič Nureev''; natus prope [[Ircutia]]m [[Russica Sovietica Foederativa Socialistica Res Publica|Russicae Sovieticae Foederativae Socialisticae Rei Publicae]] die  [[17 Martii]] [[1938]]; mortuus [[Levallois-Perret]] in [[oppidum|oppido]] [[Francia]]e [[6 Ianuarii]] [[1993]]) fuit [[saltator]] [[ballatio]]nis [[saltatio moderna|saltationisque modernae]] et [[choreographus]] [[Unio Rerum Publicarum Sovieticarum Socialisticarum|Unionis Sovieticae]]. Qui, dominus saltationis appellatus,&lt;ref name=articlebypercival2002/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190528141703/https://fashiontribes.typepad.com/fashion/2012/08/fashionable-ode-to-the-original-lord-of-the-dance-rudof-nureyev-a-life-in-dance.html A Couture Worthy Ode to la Mode of the Original Lord of the Dance: R&lt;small&gt;UDOLF&lt;/small&gt; N&lt;small&gt;UREYEV&lt;/small&gt; A Life in Dance], recognitio, FashionTribes.com, [[29 Augusti]] [[2012]].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=obituaryinLeSoirFrance3in1993&gt;[http://www.ina.fr/video/CAC93004279/coup-de-coeur-noureev-video.html &quot;The Lord of the Dance, Rudolf Nureyev died this evening&quot;] announcement by Christine Ockrent in prorgammate nuntiorum ''Le soir'' die [[6 Ianuarii]] [[1993]] in rete France 3 de morte Nureyevana, situs Instituti nationalis audiovisualis.&lt;/ref&gt; late maximus habetur eius aetatis saltator ballationis.&lt;ref name=articlebypercival2002&gt;[https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/lord-of-the-dance-137369.html Lord of the dance - Rudolf Nureyev at the National Film Theatre, London, 1–31 January 2003], John Percival, ''The Independent,'' [[26 Decembris]] [[2002]].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=articlebyanderson1993&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/07/arts/rudolf-nureyev-charismatic-dancer-who-gave-fire-to-ballet-s-image-dies-at-54.html?pagewanted=all Rudolf Nureyev, Charismatic Dancer Who Gave Fire to Ballet's Image, Dies at 54], by Jack Anderson, ''The Independent,'' [[7 Ianuarii]] [[1993]].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rudolf Noureev_au_travail_à_la_barre_sur_ina_fr&quot;&gt;[http://fresques.ina.fr/en-scenes/fiche-media/Scenes00949/rudolf-noureev-au-travail-a-la-barre.html Rudolf Noureev exercising at the barre], [[21 Decembris]] [[1970]], site INA (4 min 13).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Philippe Noisette, [http://www.lesechos.fr/01/03/2013/LesEchos/21387-438-ECH_que-reste-t-il-de-noureev--.htm « Que reste-t-il de Noureev ? »], ''Les Échos,'' [[1 Martii]] [[2013]].&lt;/ref&gt;

Natus est intra [[tramen]] [[Ferrivia Transsiberiana|Ferriviae Transsiberianae]] prope [[Ircutia]]m in [[Siberia]], familia [[Tatari|Tatarorum]] [[religio Islamica|Islamicorum]]. Alumnus fuit [[academia Vaganova|academiae Vaganova]] [[Petropolis|Leningrad]] in urbe. Ex [[Unio Sovietica|Unione Sovietica]] ad [[cultura Occidentalis|Occidentem]] anno [[1961]] defecit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/3667963/The-KGBs-long-war-against-Rudolf-Nureyev.html|title=The KGB's long war against Rudolf Nureyev|publisher=The Telegraph | location=London | first=John | last=Bridcut | date=17 Septembris 2007 | accessdate=22 Maii 2010}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Quod erat prima [[artifex|artificis]] Sovietici defectio maior per [[Bellum Frigidum]] effecta.&lt;!-- and it created an international sensation. He went on to dance with [[The Royal Ballet]] in London and from 1983 to 1989 served as director of the [[Paris Opera Ballet]]. In addition to his technical prowess, Rudolf Nureyev was an accomplished choreographer serving as the chief [[choreographer]] of the Paris Opera Ballet. He produced his own interpretations of numerous classical works,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nureyev.org/rudolf-nureyev-choreographies/ Rudolf Nureyev's Choreographies], Rudolf Nureyev Foundation official website.&lt;/ref&gt; including ''[[Swan Lake]]'', ''[[Giselle]]'', and ''[[La Bayadère]]''.&lt;ref name=articlemillepied&gt;{{fr}} [http://www.parismatch.com/Culture/Spectacles/Benjamin-Millepied-le-pari-de-Stephane-Lissner-161499 Benjamin Millepied, le pari de [[Stéphane Lissner]]], ''Paris Match'', 26 January 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt;

Inter suis erant [[Gore Vidal]], [[Fridericus Mercury]], [[Iacoba Kennedy Onassis]], [[Michael Jagger]], [[Elizabetha Minnelli]], [[Andreas Warhol]], [[Lee Radziwill]], [[Talitha Pol]], et [[Studio 54]], claram [[discotheca]]m [[Urbs Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]], interdum annis [[1970]] exeuntibus visitabat.&lt;!--but developed an intolerance for celebrities.--&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Watson 1994: 370 &lt;/ref&gt;

{{NexInt}}
*''[[Dancer]],'' [[mythistoria]] de vita Nureevana, a [[Colum McCann]] anno [[2003]] prolata.
*''[[The White Crow]]'' (pellicula de vita Nureevana)

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Bland, Alexander. [[1977]]. ''The Nureyev Valentino: Portrait of a Film.'' Londinii: Studio Vista. ISBN 0-289-70795-1. OCLC 3933869.
*Dollfus, Ariane. [[2007]]. ''Noureev l'insoumis: biographie.'' Lutetiae: Flammarion. ISBN 9782080686510.
*Fandel, Jennifer. [[2006]]. ''Rudolf Nureyev.'' Mankato Minnesotae: Creative Education. ISBN 1583413804.
*Heidenreich. Elke, et Michael Sowa. [[2007]]. ''Nurejews Hund oder Was Sehnsucht vermag.'' Reinbek: Rowohlt Tb. ISBN 978-3-499-24260-1.
*Kaiser, Charles. [[1997]]. ''The Gay Metropolis: 1940–1996.'' Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-395-65781-4.
*Kavanagh, Julie. [[2007]]. ''Rudolph Nureyev: The Life.'' Londinii et Novi Eboraci: Fig Tree. ISBN 1-905490-15-1. OCLC 77013261.
*Maybarduk, Linda. [[1999]]. ''The dancer who flew: a memoir of Rudolf Nureyev.'' Plattsburgh Novi Eboraci: Tundra Books. ISBN 0887764150.
*Nureyev, Rudolf, et Alexander Bland. [[1962]]. ''Nureyev: An Autobiography with Pictures.'' Ed. Alexandro Bland. Londinii: Hodder and Stoughton. OCLC 65776396.
*Nureyev, Rudolf, et Alexander Bland. [[1993]]. ''Nureyev: His Spectacular Early Years.'' Londinii: Hodder &amp; Stoughton. ISBN 0-340-60042-X. OCLC 28496501.
*Oberzaucher, Alfred. [[1993]]. ''Hommage in memoriam Rudolf Nurejew: Choreographien von Rudolf Nurejew aus Schwanensee, Dornröschen und Raymonda. '' Vindobonae: VWiener Staatsoper.
*Pasi, Mario, et Luigi Pignotti. ''Nureyev: la sua arte, la sua vita.'' Mediolani: Sperling &amp; Kupfer, c1993. ISBN 8820016796.
*Percival, John. [[1975]]. ''Nureyev: Aspects of the Dancer: A Biography.'' Novi Eboraci: Putnam. ISBN 0-571-10627-7. OCLC 2689702.
*Sokou, R., et I. Maradei. [[2003]]. ''Nureyev as I knew him.'' Athenis: Kaktos. ISBN 960-382-503-4.
*Solway, D. [[1998]]. ''Nureyev: his life.'' Novi Eboraci: William Morrow. ISBN 0-688-12873-4. OCLC 38485934.
*Watson, Peter. [[1994]]. ''Nureyev: A Biography.'' Londinii: Hodder &amp; Stoughton. ISBN 0-340-59615-5. OCLC 32162130.

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Rudolf Nureyev|Rudolphum Nureyev}}
*[http://www.nureyev.org Situs proprius.] ''Rudolf Nureyev Foundation''
*{{IMDb name|0638159}}
*[http://russiapedia.rt.com/prominent-russians/opera-and-ballet/rudoph-nureyev/ Prominent Russians: Rudolph Nureyev]
*[http://vault.fbi.gov/Rudolph%20Nureyev Rudolph Nureyev] FBI Records: The Vault, U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation

{{Lifetime|1938|1993|Nureyev, Rudolphus}}
[[Categoria:Actores Russiae]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Unionis Sovieticae]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Academiae Vaganova]]
[[Categoria:Choreographi]]
[[Categoria:Histriones]]
[[Categoria:Homosexualitas]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Russiae]]
[[Categoria:Saltatores]]

{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
      <sha1>k3r49unyr70yvg63bj7y4cbpmxwiwdt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dopamina</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>282628</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3974577</id>
      <parentid>3970444</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T16:30:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3974577</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5024" sha1="3yt2lg40ed55mo3o6u985hk1thf9xt1" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Dopamina'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cognitores
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | ''[[ChemSpider]]'' || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.661.html 661]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/681 681]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00988 DB00988]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Dopamine.svg|200px|Dopamina]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Dopamine 3D ball.png|200px|Dopamina]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica|Formula summarum]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{chem|C|8|H|11|N|O|2}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 153.181 g/mol
|-
|}
'''Dopamina'''&lt;ref&gt;Cfr. &quot;'''Dopaminae'''-β hydroxylase (DBH) ...&quot;, apud {{cite journal
	| last1 = Vogt
	| first1 = Brent A.
	| last2 = Hof
	| first2 = Patrick R.
	| last3 = Friedman
	| first3 = David P.
	| last4 = Sikes
	| first4 = Robert W.
	| last5 = Vogt
	| first5 = Leslie J.
	| date = 4 [[Martius|Martiis]] 2008
	| title = Norepinephrinergic Afferents and Cytology of the Macaque Monkey Midline, Mediodorsal, and Intralaminar Thalamic Nuclei
	| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2649766/
	| journal = Brain Structure and Function
	| volume = 212
	| issue = 6
	| pages = 465–479
	| doi = 10.1007/s00429-008-0178-0
	| access-date = 23 [[Aprilis]] 2023
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Fortasse vide etiam &quot;''dopaminae''&quot; apud (p. 11) {{cite web
	| url = https://www.medicina.unina.it/zit/pagine/meding/DIDACTICS/4ANNO/PHARMACOLOGY%20%20II%20-%202022-23.pdf
	| title = Integrated Course of Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology II
	| author = [[Universitas Neapolitana]]
	| year = 2022
	| access-date = 23 [[Aprilis]] 2023
}}&lt;/ref&gt; est [[compositum chemicum|compositum organicum]] [[aminum]] et [[neurotransmissor]] in [[cerebrum|cerebro]], in quo munera systemata et [[systema remunerationis|remunerationis]] et [[systema extrapyramidale|extrapyramidale]] (motuum) moderatur. 

In nonnullis cerebri structuris dopamina abunde invenitur, ut in [[substantia nigra]]. Inopia dopaminae [[morbus Parkinson|morbo Parkinson]] tamquam signum morbi proprium attribuebatur.

[[Receptorium neurotransmissoris|Receptoria neurotransmissoris]] quae ad dopaminam spectant, ''dopaminergica'' nominantur.

== Natura chemica ==
[[Nomen proprium|Nomen]] [[IUPAC]] est 4-(2-amino-aethyl)-[[benzinum|benzino]]-1,2-diolum. Simul est [[catecholaminum]], quare dopaminae greges et [[catecholum|catecholi]] et [[aminum|amini]] insunt.

&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Brenzcatechin.svg|[[Catecholum]]
Fasciculus:Fenyloetyloamina.svg|Phenyl-aethyl-aminum
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Biochemia ==
Dopamina per [[enzymum]] [[dopaminum beta-hydroxylasis|dopamini beta-hydroxylasis]] in [[neurotransmissor]]em [[noradrenalina]]m transvertitur.

== Physiologia ==
In [[organismus|organismo]], dopamina est et [[hormon]] et [[neurotransmissor]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Franco R., Reyes-Resina I., Navarro G. |title=Dopamine in Health and Disease: Much More Than a Neurotransmitter |journal=Biomedicines |year=[[2021]] |month=Ian |month=Ian |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=109 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33499192/}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Synthesis imprimis ex [[aminoacidum|aminoacido]] [[phenylalanina|phenylalaninae]] fit, quod per aminoacida ipsa [[tyrosina|tyrosinae]] et [[laevodopa]] (L-DOPA, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanina) in dopaminam convertitur. Degradatio dopaminae per enzyma [[monoaminorum oxidasis B|MAO-B]] et [[catechol-O-methyltransferasis|COMT]] fit.

=== Dopamina neurotransmissor ===
In [[systema nervosum centrale|systematis nervosi centralis]] dopamina est [[neurotransmissor]], quae [[receptorium dopaminergicum|receptoria dopaminergica]], ut [[receptorium dopaminae D2|D&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]] obsidet. Liberatur dopamina de neuronibus [[substantia nigra|substantiae nigrae]] et [[area tegmentalis ventralis|areae tegmentalis ventralis]].

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Lobus frontalis]]
* [[Noradrenalinum]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]
* [[Via dopaminergica]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://books.google.de/books?id=UnigBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA711&amp;dq=dopaminum&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiSqau0zvbjAhVtsYsKHfrZDOQQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=dopaminum&amp;f=false Fons nominis Latini]. {{Ling|Theodisce}}

[[Categoria:Amphetaminum]]
[[Categoria:Catecholamina]]
[[Categoria:Dopaminum| ]]
[[Categoria:Hormonta]]&lt;!--i.e., hypothalami + &quot;of the hypothalamic-pituitary-prolactin axis&quot;--&gt;
[[Categoria:Incitamenta]]
[[Categoria:Libido]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Phenethylamina]]
[[Categoria:Systema dopaminergicum (dopaminum)|!]]&lt;!--etiam:
Cardiac stimulants
Dopamine agonists
Inotropic agents
Norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents
TAAR1 agonists
Biology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Peripherally selective drugs
Human female endocrine system--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>3yt2lg40ed55mo3o6u985hk1thf9xt1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974579</id>
      <parentid>3974577</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T16:33:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Physiologia */</comment>
      <origin>3974579</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5014" sha1="i23k8m7rlpwqx63d1porfldfp6gf0o1" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Dopamina'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cognitores
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | ''[[ChemSpider]]'' || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.661.html 661]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/681 681]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00988 DB00988]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Dopamine.svg|200px|Dopamina]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Dopamine 3D ball.png|200px|Dopamina]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica|Formula summarum]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{chem|C|8|H|11|N|O|2}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 153.181 g/mol
|-
|}
'''Dopamina'''&lt;ref&gt;Cfr. &quot;'''Dopaminae'''-β hydroxylase (DBH) ...&quot;, apud {{cite journal
	| last1 = Vogt
	| first1 = Brent A.
	| last2 = Hof
	| first2 = Patrick R.
	| last3 = Friedman
	| first3 = David P.
	| last4 = Sikes
	| first4 = Robert W.
	| last5 = Vogt
	| first5 = Leslie J.
	| date = 4 [[Martius|Martiis]] 2008
	| title = Norepinephrinergic Afferents and Cytology of the Macaque Monkey Midline, Mediodorsal, and Intralaminar Thalamic Nuclei
	| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2649766/
	| journal = Brain Structure and Function
	| volume = 212
	| issue = 6
	| pages = 465–479
	| doi = 10.1007/s00429-008-0178-0
	| access-date = 23 [[Aprilis]] 2023
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Fortasse vide etiam &quot;''dopaminae''&quot; apud (p. 11) {{cite web
	| url = https://www.medicina.unina.it/zit/pagine/meding/DIDACTICS/4ANNO/PHARMACOLOGY%20%20II%20-%202022-23.pdf
	| title = Integrated Course of Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology II
	| author = [[Universitas Neapolitana]]
	| year = 2022
	| access-date = 23 [[Aprilis]] 2023
}}&lt;/ref&gt; est [[compositum chemicum|compositum organicum]] [[aminum]] et [[neurotransmissor]] in [[cerebrum|cerebro]], in quo munera systemata et [[systema remunerationis|remunerationis]] et [[systema extrapyramidale|extrapyramidale]] (motuum) moderatur. 

In nonnullis cerebri structuris dopamina abunde invenitur, ut in [[substantia nigra]]. Inopia dopaminae [[morbus Parkinson|morbo Parkinson]] tamquam signum morbi proprium attribuebatur.

[[Receptorium neurotransmissoris|Receptoria neurotransmissoris]] quae ad dopaminam spectant, ''dopaminergica'' nominantur.

== Natura chemica ==
[[Nomen proprium|Nomen]] [[IUPAC]] est 4-(2-amino-aethyl)-[[benzinum|benzino]]-1,2-diolum. Simul est [[catecholaminum]], quare dopaminae greges et [[catecholum|catecholi]] et [[aminum|amini]] insunt.

&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Brenzcatechin.svg|[[Catecholum]]
Fasciculus:Fenyloetyloamina.svg|Phenyl-aethyl-aminum
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Biochemia ==
Dopamina per [[enzymum]] [[dopaminum beta-hydroxylasis|dopamini beta-hydroxylasis]] in [[neurotransmissor]]em [[noradrenalina]]m transvertitur.

== Physiologia ==
In [[organismus|organismo]], dopamina est et [[hormon]] et [[neurotransmissor]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Franco R., Reyes-Resina I., Navarro G. |title=Dopamine in Health and Disease: Much More Than a Neurotransmitter |journal=Biomedicines |year=[[2021]] |month=Ian |month=Ian |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=109 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33499192/}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Synthesis imprimis ex [[aminoacidum|aminoacido]] [[phenylalanina]] fit, quae et ipsa per aminoacida  [[tyrosina|tyrosinam]] et [[laevodopa]]m (L-DOPA, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanina) in dopaminam convertitur. Degradatio dopaminae per enzyma [[monoaminorum oxidasis B|MAO-B]] et [[catechol-O-methyltransferasis|COMT]] fit.

=== Dopamina neurotransmissor ===
In [[systema nervosum centrale|systematis nervosi centralis]] dopamina est [[neurotransmissor]], quae [[receptorium dopaminergicum|receptoria dopaminergica]], ut [[receptorium dopaminae D2|D&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]] obsidet. Liberatur dopamina de neuronibus [[substantia nigra|substantiae nigrae]] et [[area tegmentalis ventralis|areae tegmentalis ventralis]].

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Lobus frontalis]]
* [[Noradrenalinum]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]
* [[Via dopaminergica]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://books.google.de/books?id=UnigBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA711&amp;dq=dopaminum&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiSqau0zvbjAhVtsYsKHfrZDOQQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=dopaminum&amp;f=false Fons nominis Latini]. {{Ling|Theodisce}}

[[Categoria:Amphetaminum]]
[[Categoria:Catecholamina]]
[[Categoria:Dopaminum| ]]
[[Categoria:Hormonta]]&lt;!--i.e., hypothalami + &quot;of the hypothalamic-pituitary-prolactin axis&quot;--&gt;
[[Categoria:Incitamenta]]
[[Categoria:Libido]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Phenethylamina]]
[[Categoria:Systema dopaminergicum (dopaminum)|!]]&lt;!--etiam:
Cardiac stimulants
Dopamine agonists
Inotropic agents
Norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents
TAAR1 agonists
Biology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Peripherally selective drugs
Human female endocrine system--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>i23k8m7rlpwqx63d1porfldfp6gf0o1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974581</id>
      <parentid>3974579</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T16:34:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Dopamina neurotransmissor */</comment>
      <origin>3974581</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5012" sha1="tw5uo1ndp7nb9o72ur7nt1ywna0zgov" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Dopamina'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cognitores
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | ''[[ChemSpider]]'' || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.661.html 661]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/681 681]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00988 DB00988]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Dopamine.svg|200px|Dopamina]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Dopamine 3D ball.png|200px|Dopamina]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica|Formula summarum]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{chem|C|8|H|11|N|O|2}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 153.181 g/mol
|-
|}
'''Dopamina'''&lt;ref&gt;Cfr. &quot;'''Dopaminae'''-β hydroxylase (DBH) ...&quot;, apud {{cite journal
	| last1 = Vogt
	| first1 = Brent A.
	| last2 = Hof
	| first2 = Patrick R.
	| last3 = Friedman
	| first3 = David P.
	| last4 = Sikes
	| first4 = Robert W.
	| last5 = Vogt
	| first5 = Leslie J.
	| date = 4 [[Martius|Martiis]] 2008
	| title = Norepinephrinergic Afferents and Cytology of the Macaque Monkey Midline, Mediodorsal, and Intralaminar Thalamic Nuclei
	| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2649766/
	| journal = Brain Structure and Function
	| volume = 212
	| issue = 6
	| pages = 465–479
	| doi = 10.1007/s00429-008-0178-0
	| access-date = 23 [[Aprilis]] 2023
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Fortasse vide etiam &quot;''dopaminae''&quot; apud (p. 11) {{cite web
	| url = https://www.medicina.unina.it/zit/pagine/meding/DIDACTICS/4ANNO/PHARMACOLOGY%20%20II%20-%202022-23.pdf
	| title = Integrated Course of Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology II
	| author = [[Universitas Neapolitana]]
	| year = 2022
	| access-date = 23 [[Aprilis]] 2023
}}&lt;/ref&gt; est [[compositum chemicum|compositum organicum]] [[aminum]] et [[neurotransmissor]] in [[cerebrum|cerebro]], in quo munera systemata et [[systema remunerationis|remunerationis]] et [[systema extrapyramidale|extrapyramidale]] (motuum) moderatur. 

In nonnullis cerebri structuris dopamina abunde invenitur, ut in [[substantia nigra]]. Inopia dopaminae [[morbus Parkinson|morbo Parkinson]] tamquam signum morbi proprium attribuebatur.

[[Receptorium neurotransmissoris|Receptoria neurotransmissoris]] quae ad dopaminam spectant, ''dopaminergica'' nominantur.

== Natura chemica ==
[[Nomen proprium|Nomen]] [[IUPAC]] est 4-(2-amino-aethyl)-[[benzinum|benzino]]-1,2-diolum. Simul est [[catecholaminum]], quare dopaminae greges et [[catecholum|catecholi]] et [[aminum|amini]] insunt.

&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Brenzcatechin.svg|[[Catecholum]]
Fasciculus:Fenyloetyloamina.svg|Phenyl-aethyl-aminum
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Biochemia ==
Dopamina per [[enzymum]] [[dopaminum beta-hydroxylasis|dopamini beta-hydroxylasis]] in [[neurotransmissor]]em [[noradrenalina]]m transvertitur.

== Physiologia ==
In [[organismus|organismo]], dopamina est et [[hormon]] et [[neurotransmissor]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Franco R., Reyes-Resina I., Navarro G. |title=Dopamine in Health and Disease: Much More Than a Neurotransmitter |journal=Biomedicines |year=[[2021]] |month=Ian |month=Ian |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=109 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33499192/}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Synthesis imprimis ex [[aminoacidum|aminoacido]] [[phenylalanina]] fit, quae et ipsa per aminoacida  [[tyrosina|tyrosinam]] et [[laevodopa]]m (L-DOPA, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanina) in dopaminam convertitur. Degradatio dopaminae per enzyma [[monoaminorum oxidasis B|MAO-B]] et [[catechol-O-methyltransferasis|COMT]] fit.

=== Dopamina neurotransmissor ===
In [[systema nervosum centrale|systemate nervoso centrali]] dopamina est [[neurotransmissor]], quae [[receptorium dopaminergicum|receptoria dopaminergica]], ut [[receptorium dopaminae D2|D&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]] obsidet. Liberatur dopamina de neuronibus [[substantia nigra|substantiae nigrae]] et [[area tegmentalis ventralis|areae tegmentalis ventralis]].

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Lobus frontalis]]
* [[Noradrenalinum]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]
* [[Via dopaminergica]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://books.google.de/books?id=UnigBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA711&amp;dq=dopaminum&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiSqau0zvbjAhVtsYsKHfrZDOQQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=dopaminum&amp;f=false Fons nominis Latini]. {{Ling|Theodisce}}

[[Categoria:Amphetaminum]]
[[Categoria:Catecholamina]]
[[Categoria:Dopaminum| ]]
[[Categoria:Hormonta]]&lt;!--i.e., hypothalami + &quot;of the hypothalamic-pituitary-prolactin axis&quot;--&gt;
[[Categoria:Incitamenta]]
[[Categoria:Libido]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Phenethylamina]]
[[Categoria:Systema dopaminergicum (dopaminum)|!]]&lt;!--etiam:
Cardiac stimulants
Dopamine agonists
Inotropic agents
Norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents
TAAR1 agonists
Biology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Peripherally selective drugs
Human female endocrine system--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>tw5uo1ndp7nb9o72ur7nt1ywna0zgov</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974584</id>
      <parentid>3974581</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T16:36:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Nexus externi */</comment>
      <origin>3974584</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5151" sha1="16w7vmm02x19dux9hvtyf76eab712z4" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Dopamina'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cognitores
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | ''[[ChemSpider]]'' || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.661.html 661]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/681 681]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00988 DB00988]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Dopamine.svg|200px|Dopamina]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Dopamine 3D ball.png|200px|Dopamina]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica|Formula summarum]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{chem|C|8|H|11|N|O|2}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 153.181 g/mol
|-
|}
'''Dopamina'''&lt;ref&gt;Cfr. &quot;'''Dopaminae'''-β hydroxylase (DBH) ...&quot;, apud {{cite journal
	| last1 = Vogt
	| first1 = Brent A.
	| last2 = Hof
	| first2 = Patrick R.
	| last3 = Friedman
	| first3 = David P.
	| last4 = Sikes
	| first4 = Robert W.
	| last5 = Vogt
	| first5 = Leslie J.
	| date = 4 [[Martius|Martiis]] 2008
	| title = Norepinephrinergic Afferents and Cytology of the Macaque Monkey Midline, Mediodorsal, and Intralaminar Thalamic Nuclei
	| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2649766/
	| journal = Brain Structure and Function
	| volume = 212
	| issue = 6
	| pages = 465–479
	| doi = 10.1007/s00429-008-0178-0
	| access-date = 23 [[Aprilis]] 2023
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Fortasse vide etiam &quot;''dopaminae''&quot; apud (p. 11) {{cite web
	| url = https://www.medicina.unina.it/zit/pagine/meding/DIDACTICS/4ANNO/PHARMACOLOGY%20%20II%20-%202022-23.pdf
	| title = Integrated Course of Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology II
	| author = [[Universitas Neapolitana]]
	| year = 2022
	| access-date = 23 [[Aprilis]] 2023
}}&lt;/ref&gt; est [[compositum chemicum|compositum organicum]] [[aminum]] et [[neurotransmissor]] in [[cerebrum|cerebro]], in quo munera systemata et [[systema remunerationis|remunerationis]] et [[systema extrapyramidale|extrapyramidale]] (motuum) moderatur. 

In nonnullis cerebri structuris dopamina abunde invenitur, ut in [[substantia nigra]]. Inopia dopaminae [[morbus Parkinson|morbo Parkinson]] tamquam signum morbi proprium attribuebatur.

[[Receptorium neurotransmissoris|Receptoria neurotransmissoris]] quae ad dopaminam spectant, ''dopaminergica'' nominantur.

== Natura chemica ==
[[Nomen proprium|Nomen]] [[IUPAC]] est 4-(2-amino-aethyl)-[[benzinum|benzino]]-1,2-diolum. Simul est [[catecholaminum]], quare dopaminae greges et [[catecholum|catecholi]] et [[aminum|amini]] insunt.

&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Brenzcatechin.svg|[[Catecholum]]
Fasciculus:Fenyloetyloamina.svg|Phenyl-aethyl-aminum
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Biochemia ==
Dopamina per [[enzymum]] [[dopaminum beta-hydroxylasis|dopamini beta-hydroxylasis]] in [[neurotransmissor]]em [[noradrenalina]]m transvertitur.

== Physiologia ==
In [[organismus|organismo]], dopamina est et [[hormon]] et [[neurotransmissor]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Franco R., Reyes-Resina I., Navarro G. |title=Dopamine in Health and Disease: Much More Than a Neurotransmitter |journal=Biomedicines |year=[[2021]] |month=Ian |month=Ian |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=109 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33499192/}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Synthesis imprimis ex [[aminoacidum|aminoacido]] [[phenylalanina]] fit, quae et ipsa per aminoacida  [[tyrosina|tyrosinam]] et [[laevodopa]]m (L-DOPA, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanina) in dopaminam convertitur. Degradatio dopaminae per enzyma [[monoaminorum oxidasis B|MAO-B]] et [[catechol-O-methyltransferasis|COMT]] fit.

=== Dopamina neurotransmissor ===
In [[systema nervosum centrale|systemate nervoso centrali]] dopamina est [[neurotransmissor]], quae [[receptorium dopaminergicum|receptoria dopaminergica]], ut [[receptorium dopaminae D2|D&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]] obsidet. Liberatur dopamina de neuronibus [[substantia nigra|substantiae nigrae]] et [[area tegmentalis ventralis|areae tegmentalis ventralis]].

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Lobus frontalis]]
* [[Noradrenalinum]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]
* [[Via dopaminergica]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://books.google.de/books?id=UnigBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA711&amp;dq=dopaminum&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiSqau0zvbjAhVtsYsKHfrZDOQQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=dopaminum&amp;f=false Fons nominis Latini]. {{Ling|Theodisce}}
* [[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dopamine dopaminam] spectant

[[Categoria:Amphetaminum]]
[[Categoria:Catecholamina]]
[[Categoria:Dopaminum| ]]
[[Categoria:Hormonta]]&lt;!--i.e., hypothalami + &quot;of the hypothalamic-pituitary-prolactin axis&quot;--&gt;
[[Categoria:Incitamenta]]
[[Categoria:Libido]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Phenethylamina]]
[[Categoria:Systema dopaminergicum (dopaminum)|!]]&lt;!--etiam:
Cardiac stimulants
Dopamine agonists
Inotropic agents
Norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents
TAAR1 agonists
Biology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Peripherally selective drugs
Human female endocrine system--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>16w7vmm02x19dux9hvtyf76eab712z4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974605</id>
      <parentid>3974584</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T18:14:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3974605</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5171" sha1="sz24v1jcieyyf8dbq29u1wrnpre8mk7" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Dopamina'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cognitores
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | ''[[ChemSpider]]'' || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.661.html 661]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/681 681]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00988 DB00988]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Dopamine.svg|200px|Dopamina]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Dopamine 3D ball.png|200px|Dopamina]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica|Formula summarum]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{chem|C|8|H|11|N|O|2}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 153.181 g/mol
|-
|}
'''Dopamina'''&lt;ref&gt;Cfr. &quot;'''Dopaminae'''-β hydroxylase (DBH) ...&quot;, apud {{cite journal
	| last1 = Vogt
	| first1 = Brent A.
	| last2 = Hof
	| first2 = Patrick R.
	| last3 = Friedman
	| first3 = David P.
	| last4 = Sikes
	| first4 = Robert W.
	| last5 = Vogt
	| first5 = Leslie J.
	| date = 4 [[Martius|Martiis]] 2008
	| title = Norepinephrinergic Afferents and Cytology of the Macaque Monkey Midline, Mediodorsal, and Intralaminar Thalamic Nuclei
	| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2649766/
	| journal = Brain Structure and Function
	| volume = 212
	| issue = 6
	| pages = 465–479
	| doi = 10.1007/s00429-008-0178-0
	| access-date = 23 [[Aprilis]] 2023
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Fortasse vide etiam &quot;''dopaminae''&quot; apud (p. 11) {{cite web
	| url = https://www.medicina.unina.it/zit/pagine/meding/DIDACTICS/4ANNO/PHARMACOLOGY%20%20II%20-%202022-23.pdf
	| title = Integrated Course of Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology II
	| author = [[Universitas Neapolitana]]
	| year = 2022
	| access-date = 23 [[Aprilis]] 2023
}}&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''dopaminum''' est [[compositum chemicum|compositum organicum]] [[aminum]] et [[neurotransmissor]] in [[cerebrum|cerebro]], in quo munera systemata et [[systema remunerationis|remunerationis]] et [[systema extrapyramidale|extrapyramidale]] (motuum) moderatur. 

In nonnullis cerebri structuris dopamina abunde invenitur, ut in [[substantia nigra]]. Inopia dopaminae [[morbus Parkinson|morbo Parkinson]] tamquam signum morbi proprium attribuebatur.

[[Receptorium neurotransmissoris|Receptoria neurotransmissoris]] quae ad dopaminam spectant, ''dopaminergica'' nominantur.

== Natura chemica ==
[[Nomen proprium|Nomen]] [[IUPAC]] est 4-(2-amino-aethyl)-[[benzinum|benzino]]-1,2-diolum. Simul est [[catecholaminum]], quare dopaminae greges et [[catecholum|catecholi]] et [[aminum|amini]] insunt.

&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Brenzcatechin.svg|[[Catecholum]]
Fasciculus:Fenyloetyloamina.svg|Phenyl-aethyl-aminum
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Biochemia ==
Dopamina per [[enzymum]] [[dopaminum beta-hydroxylasis|dopamini beta-hydroxylasis]] in [[neurotransmissor]]em [[noradrenalina]]m transvertitur.

== Physiologia ==
In [[organismus|organismo]], dopamina est et [[hormon]] et [[neurotransmissor]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Franco R., Reyes-Resina I., Navarro G. |title=Dopamine in Health and Disease: Much More Than a Neurotransmitter |journal=Biomedicines |year=[[2021]] |month=Ian |month=Ian |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=109 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33499192/}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Synthesis imprimis ex [[aminoacidum|aminoacido]] [[phenylalanina]] fit, quae et ipsa per aminoacida  [[tyrosina|tyrosinam]] et [[laevodopa]]m (L-DOPA, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanina) in dopaminam convertitur. Degradatio dopaminae per enzyma [[monoaminorum oxidasis B|MAO-B]] et [[catechol-O-methyltransferasis|COMT]] fit.

=== Dopamina neurotransmissor ===
In [[systema nervosum centrale|systemate nervoso centrali]] dopamina est [[neurotransmissor]], quae [[receptorium dopaminergicum|receptoria dopaminergica]], ut [[receptorium dopaminae D2|D&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]] obsidet. Liberatur dopamina de neuronibus [[substantia nigra|substantiae nigrae]] et [[area tegmentalis ventralis|areae tegmentalis ventralis]].

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Lobus frontalis]]
* [[Noradrenalinum]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]
* [[Via dopaminergica]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://books.google.de/books?id=UnigBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA711&amp;dq=dopaminum&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiSqau0zvbjAhVtsYsKHfrZDOQQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=dopaminum&amp;f=false Fons nominis Latini]. {{Ling|Theodisce}}
* [[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dopamine dopaminam] spectant

[[Categoria:Amphetaminum]]
[[Categoria:Catecholamina]]
[[Categoria:Dopaminum| ]]
[[Categoria:Hormonta]]&lt;!--i.e., hypothalami + &quot;of the hypothalamic-pituitary-prolactin axis&quot;--&gt;
[[Categoria:Incitamenta]]
[[Categoria:Libido]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Phenethylamina]]
[[Categoria:Systema dopaminergicum (dopaminum)|!]]&lt;!--etiam:
Cardiac stimulants
Dopamine agonists
Inotropic agents
Norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents
TAAR1 agonists
Biology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Peripherally selective drugs
Human female endocrine system--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>sz24v1jcieyyf8dbq29u1wrnpre8mk7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974607</id>
      <parentid>3974605</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T18:19:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3974607</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5164" sha1="ol2r84v671tgkbx9aiqn68o6kdist1v" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Dopamina'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cognitores
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | ''[[ChemSpider]]'' || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.661.html 661]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/681 681]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00988 DB00988]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Dopamine.svg|200px|Dopamina]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Dopamine 3D ball.png|200px|Dopamina]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica|Formula summarum]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{chem|C|8|H|11|N|O|2}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 153.181 g/mol
|-
|}
'''Dopamina'''&lt;ref&gt;Cfr. &quot;'''Dopaminae'''-β hydroxylase (DBH) ...&quot;, apud {{cite journal
	| last1 = Vogt
	| first1 = Brent A.
	| last2 = Hof
	| first2 = Patrick R.
	| last3 = Friedman
	| first3 = David P.
	| last4 = Sikes
	| first4 = Robert W.
	| last5 = Vogt
	| first5 = Leslie J.
	| date = 4 [[Martius|Martiis]] 2008
	| title = Norepinephrinergic Afferents and Cytology of the Macaque Monkey Midline, Mediodorsal, and Intralaminar Thalamic Nuclei
	| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2649766/
	| journal = Brain Structure and Function
	| volume = 212
	| issue = 6
	| pages = 465–479
	| doi = 10.1007/s00429-008-0178-0
	| access-date = 23 [[Aprilis]] 2023
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Fortasse vide etiam &quot;''dopaminae''&quot; apud (p. 11) {{cite web
	| url = https://www.medicina.unina.it/zit/pagine/meding/DIDACTICS/4ANNO/PHARMACOLOGY%20%20II%20-%202022-23.pdf
	| title = Integrated Course of Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology II
	| author = [[Universitas Neapolitana]]
	| year = 2022
	| access-date = 23 [[Aprilis]] 2023
}}&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''dopaminum''' est [[compositum chemicum|compositum organicum]] [[aminum]] et [[neurotransmissor]] in [[cerebrum|cerebro]], in quo systemata et [[systema remunerationis|remunerationis]] et [[systema extrapyramidale|extrapyramidale]] (motuum) moderatur. 

In nonnullis cerebri structuris dopamina abunde invenitur, ut in [[substantia nigra]]. Inopia dopaminae [[morbus Parkinson|morbo Parkinson]] tamquam signum morbi proprium attribuebatur.

[[Receptorium neurotransmissoris|Receptoria neurotransmissoris]] quae ad dopaminam spectant, ''dopaminergica'' nominantur.

== Natura chemica ==
[[Nomen proprium|Nomen]] [[IUPAC]] est 4-(2-amino-aethyl)-[[benzinum|benzino]]-1,2-diolum. Simul est [[catecholaminum]], quare dopaminae greges et [[catecholum|catecholi]] et [[aminum|amini]] insunt.

&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Brenzcatechin.svg|[[Catecholum]]
Fasciculus:Fenyloetyloamina.svg|Phenyl-aethyl-aminum
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Biochemia ==
Dopamina per [[enzymum]] [[dopaminum beta-hydroxylasis|dopamini beta-hydroxylasis]] in [[neurotransmissor]]em [[noradrenalina]]m transvertitur.

== Physiologia ==
In [[organismus|organismo]], dopamina est et [[hormon]] et [[neurotransmissor]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Franco R., Reyes-Resina I., Navarro G. |title=Dopamine in Health and Disease: Much More Than a Neurotransmitter |journal=Biomedicines |year=[[2021]] |month=Ian |month=Ian |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=109 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33499192/}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Synthesis imprimis ex [[aminoacidum|aminoacido]] [[phenylalanina]] fit, quae et ipsa per aminoacida  [[tyrosina|tyrosinam]] et [[laevodopa]]m (L-DOPA, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanina) in dopaminam convertitur. Degradatio dopaminae per enzyma [[monoaminorum oxidasis B|MAO-B]] et [[catechol-O-methyltransferasis|COMT]] fit.

=== Dopamina neurotransmissor ===
In [[systema nervosum centrale|systemate nervoso centrali]] dopamina est [[neurotransmissor]], quae [[receptorium dopaminergicum|receptoria dopaminergica]], ut [[receptorium dopaminae D2|D&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]] obsidet. Liberatur dopamina de neuronibus [[substantia nigra|substantiae nigrae]] et [[area tegmentalis ventralis|areae tegmentalis ventralis]].

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Lobus frontalis]]
* [[Noradrenalinum]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]
* [[Via dopaminergica]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://books.google.de/books?id=UnigBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA711&amp;dq=dopaminum&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiSqau0zvbjAhVtsYsKHfrZDOQQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=dopaminum&amp;f=false Fons nominis Latini]. {{Ling|Theodisce}}
* [[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dopamine dopaminam] spectant

[[Categoria:Amphetaminum]]
[[Categoria:Catecholamina]]
[[Categoria:Dopaminum| ]]
[[Categoria:Hormonta]]&lt;!--i.e., hypothalami + &quot;of the hypothalamic-pituitary-prolactin axis&quot;--&gt;
[[Categoria:Incitamenta]]
[[Categoria:Libido]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Phenethylamina]]
[[Categoria:Systema dopaminergicum (dopaminum)|!]]&lt;!--etiam:
Cardiac stimulants
Dopamine agonists
Inotropic agents
Norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents
TAAR1 agonists
Biology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Peripherally selective drugs
Human female endocrine system--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ol2r84v671tgkbx9aiqn68o6kdist1v</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974608</id>
      <parentid>3974607</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T18:21:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3974608</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5218" sha1="69owpxu25239c5mfl5ebsfnoc99hl4s" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Dopamina'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cognitores
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | ''[[ChemSpider]]'' || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.661.html 661]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/681 681]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00988 DB00988]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Dopamine.svg|200px|Dopamina]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Dopamine 3D ball.png|200px|Dopamina]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica|Formula summarum]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{chem|C|8|H|11|N|O|2}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 153.181 g/mol
|-
|}
'''Dopamina'''&lt;ref&gt;Cfr. &quot;'''Dopaminae'''-β hydroxylase (DBH) ...&quot;, apud {{cite journal
	| last1 = Vogt
	| first1 = Brent A.
	| last2 = Hof
	| first2 = Patrick R.
	| last3 = Friedman
	| first3 = David P.
	| last4 = Sikes
	| first4 = Robert W.
	| last5 = Vogt
	| first5 = Leslie J.
	| date = 4 [[Martius|Martiis]] 2008
	| title = Norepinephrinergic Afferents and Cytology of the Macaque Monkey Midline, Mediodorsal, and Intralaminar Thalamic Nuclei
	| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2649766/
	| journal = Brain Structure and Function
	| volume = 212
	| issue = 6
	| pages = 465–479
	| doi = 10.1007/s00429-008-0178-0
	| access-date = 23 [[Aprilis]] 2023
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Fortasse vide etiam &quot;''dopaminae''&quot; apud (p. 11) {{cite web
	| url = https://www.medicina.unina.it/zit/pagine/meding/DIDACTICS/4ANNO/PHARMACOLOGY%20%20II%20-%202022-23.pdf
	| title = Integrated Course of Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology II
	| author = [[Universitas Neapolitana]]
	| year = 2022
	| access-date = 23 [[Aprilis]] 2023
}}&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''dopaminum''' est [[compositum chemicum|compositum organicum]] [[aminum]] et [[neurotransmissor]] in [[cerebrum|cerebro]], in quo systemata et [[systema remunerationis|remunerationis]] et [[systema extrapyramidale|extrapyramidale]] (motuum) moderatur. 

In nonnullis cerebri structuris dopamina abunde invenitur, ut in [[substantia nigra]] quae [[axon|axones]] ad [[Striatum|striatum]] proicit. Inopia dopaminae [[morbus Parkinson|morbo Parkinson]] tamquam signum morbi proprium attribuebatur.

[[Receptorium neurotransmissoris|Receptoria neurotransmissoris]] quae ad dopaminam spectant, ''dopaminergica'' nominantur.

== Natura chemica ==
[[Nomen proprium|Nomen]] [[IUPAC]] est 4-(2-amino-aethyl)-[[benzinum|benzino]]-1,2-diolum. Simul est [[catecholaminum]], quare dopaminae greges et [[catecholum|catecholi]] et [[aminum|amini]] insunt.

&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Brenzcatechin.svg|[[Catecholum]]
Fasciculus:Fenyloetyloamina.svg|Phenyl-aethyl-aminum
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Biochemia ==
Dopamina per [[enzymum]] [[dopaminum beta-hydroxylasis|dopamini beta-hydroxylasis]] in [[neurotransmissor]]em [[noradrenalina]]m transvertitur.

== Physiologia ==
In [[organismus|organismo]], dopamina est et [[hormon]] et [[neurotransmissor]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Franco R., Reyes-Resina I., Navarro G. |title=Dopamine in Health and Disease: Much More Than a Neurotransmitter |journal=Biomedicines |year=[[2021]] |month=Ian |month=Ian |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=109 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33499192/}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Synthesis imprimis ex [[aminoacidum|aminoacido]] [[phenylalanina]] fit, quae et ipsa per aminoacida  [[tyrosina|tyrosinam]] et [[laevodopa]]m (L-DOPA, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanina) in dopaminam convertitur. Degradatio dopaminae per enzyma [[monoaminorum oxidasis B|MAO-B]] et [[catechol-O-methyltransferasis|COMT]] fit.

=== Dopamina neurotransmissor ===
In [[systema nervosum centrale|systemate nervoso centrali]] dopamina est [[neurotransmissor]], quae [[receptorium dopaminergicum|receptoria dopaminergica]], ut [[receptorium dopaminae D2|D&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]] obsidet. Liberatur dopamina de neuronibus [[substantia nigra|substantiae nigrae]] et [[area tegmentalis ventralis|areae tegmentalis ventralis]].

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Lobus frontalis]]
* [[Noradrenalinum]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]
* [[Via dopaminergica]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://books.google.de/books?id=UnigBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA711&amp;dq=dopaminum&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiSqau0zvbjAhVtsYsKHfrZDOQQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=dopaminum&amp;f=false Fons nominis Latini]. {{Ling|Theodisce}}
* [[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dopamine dopaminam] spectant

[[Categoria:Amphetaminum]]
[[Categoria:Catecholamina]]
[[Categoria:Dopaminum| ]]
[[Categoria:Hormonta]]&lt;!--i.e., hypothalami + &quot;of the hypothalamic-pituitary-prolactin axis&quot;--&gt;
[[Categoria:Incitamenta]]
[[Categoria:Libido]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Phenethylamina]]
[[Categoria:Systema dopaminergicum (dopaminum)|!]]&lt;!--etiam:
Cardiac stimulants
Dopamine agonists
Inotropic agents
Norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents
TAAR1 agonists
Biology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Peripherally selective drugs
Human female endocrine system--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>69owpxu25239c5mfl5ebsfnoc99hl4s</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Catecholamina</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>283547</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3974572</id>
      <parentid>3763365</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T16:19:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3974572</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1460" sha1="05p1lg95zemw51np0xuhx3a0nti0q31" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Catecholamina'''
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Formula generalis
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Catecholamine.svg|200px|Catecholamina]]
|}
'''Catecholaminae''' sunt [[compositum chemicum|composita organica]] ex [[catecholum|catecholo]] et [[catena lateralis|catena laterali]] [[Aminum|amini]] compinguntur.

In organismis catecholaminae de [[aminoacidum|aminoacidi]] [[tyrosina|tyrosinae]] derivatur et neurotransmissores [[dopamina]]m, [[noradrenalina]]m, [[adrenalina]]m effectus in [[systema nervosum centrale|systemate nervoso centrali]] exercent. 

Omnes catecholaminae effectus [[systema nervosum autonomicum|sympathomimeticos]] ostendunt.

== Natura chemica ==
Omnes catecholaminae [[catecholum]] et [[catena lateralis]] amini (vel R–NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; vel RNH–R) continent. Omnia [[phenylaethylamina]] cum catecholo in positionibus ''3,4'' gregum -OH (hydroxy) et grege amini in positione ''ß'' sunt.
 
== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:L-Tyrosin - L-Tyrosine.svg|Tyrosina
Fasciculus:Dopamin - Dopamine.svg|[[Dopamina]]
Fasciculus:Noradrenalin - Noradrenaline.svg|[[Noradrenalina]]
Fasciculus:Adrenalin - Adrenaline.svg|[[Adrenalina]]
Fasciculus:Isoprenaline.svg|[[Isoprenalinum]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507716/ De physiologia catecholaminarum]. {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{chem-stipula}}
[[Categoria:Catecholaminae|!]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]</text>
      <sha1>05p1lg95zemw51np0xuhx3a0nti0q31</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974574</id>
      <parentid>3974572</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T16:21:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3974574</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1457" sha1="g5z1ty7fkidy478vx9cj4bp6eguidu0" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Catecholamina'''
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Formula generalis
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Catecholamine.svg|200px|Catecholamina]]
|}
'''Catecholaminae''' sunt [[compositum chemicum|composita organica]] ex [[catecholum|catecholo]] et [[catena lateralis|catena laterali]] [[Aminum|amini]] compactae.

In organismis catecholaminae de [[aminoacidum|aminoacidi]] [[tyrosina|tyrosinae]] derivatur et neurotransmissores [[dopamina]]m, [[noradrenalina]]m, [[adrenalina]]m effectus in [[systema nervosum centrale|systemate nervoso centrali]] exercent. 

Omnes catecholaminae effectus [[systema nervosum autonomicum|sympathomimeticos]] ostendunt.

== Natura chemica ==
Omnes catecholaminae [[catecholum]] et [[catena lateralis]] amini (vel R–NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; vel RNH–R) continent. Omnia [[phenylaethylamina]] cum catecholo in positionibus ''3,4'' gregum -OH (hydroxy) et grege amini in positione ''ß'' sunt.
 
== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:L-Tyrosin - L-Tyrosine.svg|Tyrosina
Fasciculus:Dopamin - Dopamine.svg|[[Dopamina]]
Fasciculus:Noradrenalin - Noradrenaline.svg|[[Noradrenalina]]
Fasciculus:Adrenalin - Adrenaline.svg|[[Adrenalina]]
Fasciculus:Isoprenaline.svg|[[Isoprenalinum]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507716/ De physiologia catecholaminarum]. {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{chem-stipula}}
[[Categoria:Catecholaminae|!]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]</text>
      <sha1>g5z1ty7fkidy478vx9cj4bp6eguidu0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974576</id>
      <parentid>3974574</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T16:28:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3974576</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1591" sha1="fpj85q03qnsh0teo2ofwv5lcge8v67i" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Catecholamina'''
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Formula generalis
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Catecholamine.svg|200px|Catecholamina]]
|}
'''Catecholaminae''' sunt [[compositum chemicum|composita organica]] ex [[catecholum|catecholo]] et [[catena lateralis|catena laterali]] [[Aminum|amini]] compactae.

== De synthesi in neuronibus ==
In organismis catecholaminae de [[aminoacidum|aminoacido]] [[tyrosina|tyrosino]] per varia enzyma producuntur et imprimis ''tyrosini hydroxylasem'' quae tyrosinum in DOPA (dihydroxyphenylalaninum) convertit. Ita neurotransmissores [[dopamina]], [[noradrenalina]], [[adrenalina]] in [[systema nervosum centrale|systemate nervoso centrali]] agunt. 

Omnes catecholaminae effectus [[systema nervosum autonomicum|sympathomimeticos]] ostendunt.

== Natura chemica ==
Omnes catecholaminae [[catecholum]] et [[catena lateralis]] amini (vel R–NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; vel RNH–R) continent. Omnia [[phenylaethylamina]] cum catecholo in positionibus ''3,4'' gregum -OH (hydroxy) et grege amini in positione ''ß'' sunt.
 
== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:L-Tyrosin - L-Tyrosine.svg|Tyrosina
Fasciculus:Dopamin - Dopamine.svg|[[Dopamina]]
Fasciculus:Noradrenalin - Noradrenaline.svg|[[Noradrenalina]]
Fasciculus:Adrenalin - Adrenaline.svg|[[Adrenalina]]
Fasciculus:Isoprenaline.svg|[[Isoprenalinum]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507716/ De physiologia catecholaminarum]. {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{chem-stipula}}
[[Categoria:Catecholaminae|!]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]</text>
      <sha1>fpj85q03qnsh0teo2ofwv5lcge8v67i</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974594</id>
      <parentid>3974576</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T17:09:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Nexus externi */</comment>
      <origin>3974594</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1590" sha1="k3czxz2xcdmz7m9jsm0arfwyoi89i3k" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Catecholamina'''
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Formula generalis
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Catecholamine.svg|200px|Catecholamina]]
|}
'''Catecholaminae''' sunt [[compositum chemicum|composita organica]] ex [[catecholum|catecholo]] et [[catena lateralis|catena laterali]] [[Aminum|amini]] compactae.

== De synthesi in neuronibus ==
In organismis catecholaminae de [[aminoacidum|aminoacido]] [[tyrosina|tyrosino]] per varia enzyma producuntur et imprimis ''tyrosini hydroxylasem'' quae tyrosinum in DOPA (dihydroxyphenylalaninum) convertit. Ita neurotransmissores [[dopamina]], [[noradrenalina]], [[adrenalina]] in [[systema nervosum centrale|systemate nervoso centrali]] agunt. 

Omnes catecholaminae effectus [[systema nervosum autonomicum|sympathomimeticos]] ostendunt.

== Natura chemica ==
Omnes catecholaminae [[catecholum]] et [[catena lateralis]] amini (vel R–NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; vel RNH–R) continent. Omnia [[phenylaethylamina]] cum catecholo in positionibus ''3,4'' gregum -OH (hydroxy) et grege amini in positione ''ß'' sunt.
 
== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:L-Tyrosin - L-Tyrosine.svg|Tyrosina
Fasciculus:Dopamin - Dopamine.svg|[[Dopamina]]
Fasciculus:Noradrenalin - Noradrenaline.svg|[[Noradrenalina]]
Fasciculus:Adrenalin - Adrenaline.svg|[[Adrenalina]]
Fasciculus:Isoprenaline.svg|[[Isoprenalinum]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507716/ De physiologia catecholaminarum]. {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{chem-stipula}}
[[Categoria:Catecholamina|!]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]</text>
      <sha1>k3czxz2xcdmz7m9jsm0arfwyoi89i3k</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974595</id>
      <parentid>3974594</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T17:15:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* De synthesi in neuronibus */</comment>
      <origin>3974595</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1802" sha1="hxuu9p1wacn21mi17xssiswowib1fyu" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Catecholamina'''
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Formula generalis
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Catecholamine.svg|200px|Catecholamina]]
|}
'''Catecholaminae''' sunt [[compositum chemicum|composita organica]] ex [[catecholum|catecholo]] et [[catena lateralis|catena laterali]] [[Aminum|amini]] compactae.

== De synthesi in neuronibus ==
In organismis catecholaminae de [[aminoacidum|aminoacido]] [[tyrosina|tyrosino]] per varia enzyma producuntur et imprimis ''tyrosini hydroxylasem'' quae tyrosinum in DOPA (dihydroxyphenylalaninum) convertit. ''DOPAdecarboxylasis''  DOPA in dopaminum convertit. ''Dopamini-β hydroxylasis'' dopaminum in noradrenalinum convertit. ''Phenylethanolamini N-methytransferasis'' noradrenalinum in adrenalinum convertit. Ita creati neurotransmissores [[dopamina]], [[noradrenalina]], [[adrenalina]] in [[systema nervosum centrale|systemate nervoso centrali]] agunt. 

Omnes catecholaminae effectus [[systema nervosum autonomicum|sympathomimeticos]] ostendunt.

== Natura chemica ==
Omnes catecholaminae [[catecholum]] et [[catena lateralis]] amini (vel R–NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; vel RNH–R) continent. Omnia [[phenylaethylamina]] cum catecholo in positionibus ''3,4'' gregum -OH (hydroxy) et grege amini in positione ''ß'' sunt.
 
== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:L-Tyrosin - L-Tyrosine.svg|Tyrosina
Fasciculus:Dopamin - Dopamine.svg|[[Dopamina]]
Fasciculus:Noradrenalin - Noradrenaline.svg|[[Noradrenalina]]
Fasciculus:Adrenalin - Adrenaline.svg|[[Adrenalina]]
Fasciculus:Isoprenaline.svg|[[Isoprenalinum]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507716/ De physiologia catecholaminarum]. {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{chem-stipula}}
[[Categoria:Catecholamina|!]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]</text>
      <sha1>hxuu9p1wacn21mi17xssiswowib1fyu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974596</id>
      <parentid>3974595</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T17:17:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Nexus externi */</comment>
      <origin>3974596</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1948" sha1="4dlrgsvfizm7tktvv77anyi2uxzlc6i" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Catecholamina'''
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Formula generalis
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Catecholamine.svg|200px|Catecholamina]]
|}
'''Catecholaminae''' sunt [[compositum chemicum|composita organica]] ex [[catecholum|catecholo]] et [[catena lateralis|catena laterali]] [[Aminum|amini]] compactae.

== De synthesi in neuronibus ==
In organismis catecholaminae de [[aminoacidum|aminoacido]] [[tyrosina|tyrosino]] per varia enzyma producuntur et imprimis ''tyrosini hydroxylasem'' quae tyrosinum in DOPA (dihydroxyphenylalaninum) convertit. ''DOPAdecarboxylasis''  DOPA in dopaminum convertit. ''Dopamini-β hydroxylasis'' dopaminum in noradrenalinum convertit. ''Phenylethanolamini N-methytransferasis'' noradrenalinum in adrenalinum convertit. Ita creati neurotransmissores [[dopamina]], [[noradrenalina]], [[adrenalina]] in [[systema nervosum centrale|systemate nervoso centrali]] agunt. 

Omnes catecholaminae effectus [[systema nervosum autonomicum|sympathomimeticos]] ostendunt.

== Natura chemica ==
Omnes catecholaminae [[catecholum]] et [[catena lateralis]] amini (vel R–NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; vel RNH–R) continent. Omnia [[phenylaethylamina]] cum catecholo in positionibus ''3,4'' gregum -OH (hydroxy) et grege amini in positione ''ß'' sunt.
 
== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:L-Tyrosin - L-Tyrosine.svg|Tyrosina
Fasciculus:Dopamin - Dopamine.svg|[[Dopamina]]
Fasciculus:Noradrenalin - Noradrenaline.svg|[[Noradrenalina]]
Fasciculus:Adrenalin - Adrenaline.svg|[[Adrenalina]]
Fasciculus:Isoprenaline.svg|[[Isoprenalinum]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Catecholaminesatecholamina] spectant
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507716/ De physiologia catecholaminarum]. {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{chem-stipula}}
[[Categoria:Catecholamina|!]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]</text>
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|+ '''Catecholamina'''
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Formula generalis
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Catecholamine.svg|200px|Catecholamina]]
|}
'''Catecholaminae''' sunt [[compositum chemicum|composita organica]] ex [[catecholum|catecholo]] et [[catena lateralis|catena laterali]] [[Aminum|amini]] compactae.

== De synthesi in neuronibus ==
In organismis catecholaminae de [[aminoacidum|aminoacido]] [[tyrosina|tyrosino]] per varia enzyma producuntur et imprimis ''tyrosini hydroxylasem'' quae tyrosinum in DOPA (dihydroxyphenylalaninum) convertit. ''DOPAdecarboxylasis''  DOPA in dopaminum convertit. ''Dopamini-β hydroxylasis'' dopaminum in noradrenalinum convertit. ''Phenylethanolamini N-methytransferasis'' noradrenalinum in adrenalinum convertit. Ita creati neurotransmissores [[dopamina]], [[noradrenalina]], [[adrenalina]] in [[systema nervosum centrale|systemate nervoso centrali]] agunt. 

Omnes catecholaminae effectus [[systema nervosum autonomicum|sympathomimeticos]] ostendunt.

== Natura chemica ==
Omnes catecholaminae [[catecholum]] et [[catena lateralis]] amini (vel R–NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; vel RNH–R) continent. Omnia [[phenylaethylamina]] cum catecholo in positionibus ''3,4'' gregum -OH (hydroxy) et grege amini in positione ''ß'' sunt.
 
== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:L-Tyrosin - L-Tyrosine.svg|Tyrosina
Fasciculus:Dopamin - Dopamine.svg|[[Dopamina]]
Fasciculus:Noradrenalin - Noradrenaline.svg|[[Noradrenalina]]
Fasciculus:Adrenalin - Adrenaline.svg|[[Adrenalina]]
Fasciculus:Isoprenaline.svg|[[Isoprenalinum]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Catecholamines catecholamina] spectant
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507716/ De physiologia catecholaminarum]. {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{chem-stipula}}
[[Categoria:Catecholamina|!]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]</text>
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|+ '''Catecholamina'''
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Formula generalis
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Catecholamine.svg|200px|Catecholamina]]
|}
'''Catecholaminae''' sunt [[compositum chemicum|composita organica]] ex [[catecholum|catecholo]] et [[catena lateralis|catena laterali]] [[Aminum|amini]] compactae.

== De synthesi in neuronibus ==
In organismis catecholaminae de [[aminoacidum|aminoacido]] [[tyrosina|tyrosino]] per varia [[Enzymum|enzyma]] producuntur et imprimis ''tyrosini hydroxylasem'' quae tyrosinum in DOPA (dihydroxyphenylalaninum) convertit. ''DOPAdecarboxylasis''  DOPA in dopaminum convertit. ''Dopamini-β hydroxylasis'' dopaminum in noradrenalinum convertit. ''Phenylethanolamini N-methytransferasis'' noradrenalinum in adrenalinum convertit. Ita creati neurotransmissores [[dopamina]], [[noradrenalina]], [[adrenalina]] in [[systema nervosum centrale|systemate nervoso centrali]] agunt. 

Omnes catecholaminae effectus [[systema nervosum autonomicum|sympathomimeticos]] ostendunt.

== Natura chemica ==
Omnes catecholaminae [[catecholum]] et [[catena lateralis]] amini (vel R–NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; vel RNH–R) continent. Omnia [[phenylaethylamina]] cum catecholo in positionibus ''3,4'' gregum -OH (hydroxy) et grege amini in positione ''ß'' sunt.
 
== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:L-Tyrosin - L-Tyrosine.svg|Tyrosina
Fasciculus:Dopamin - Dopamine.svg|[[Dopamina]]
Fasciculus:Noradrenalin - Noradrenaline.svg|[[Noradrenalina]]
Fasciculus:Adrenalin - Adrenaline.svg|[[Adrenalina]]
Fasciculus:Isoprenaline.svg|[[Isoprenalinum]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Catecholamines catecholamina] spectant
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507716/ De physiologia catecholaminarum]. {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{chem-stipula}}
[[Categoria:Catecholamina|!]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]</text>
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|+ '''Catecholamina'''
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Formula generalis
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Catecholamine.svg|200px|Catecholamina]]
|}
'''Catecholaminae''' (alias cholaminum,-i,n) sunt [[compositum chemicum|composita organica]] ex [[catecholum|catecholo]] et [[catena lateralis|catena laterali]] [[Aminum|amini]] compactae.

== De synthesi in neuronibus ==
In organismis catecholaminae de [[aminoacidum|aminoacido]] [[tyrosina|tyrosino]] per varia [[Enzymum|enzyma]] producuntur et imprimis ''tyrosini hydroxylasem'' quae tyrosinum in DOPA (dihydroxyphenylalaninum) convertit. ''DOPAdecarboxylasis''  DOPA in dopaminum convertit. ''Dopamini-β hydroxylasis'' dopaminum in noradrenalinum convertit. ''Phenylethanolamini N-methytransferasis'' noradrenalinum in adrenalinum convertit. Ita creati neurotransmissores [[dopamina]], [[noradrenalina]], [[adrenalina]] in [[systema nervosum centrale|systemate nervoso centrali]] agunt. 

Omnes catecholaminae effectus [[systema nervosum autonomicum|sympathomimeticos]] ostendunt.

== Natura chemica ==
Omnes catecholaminae [[catecholum]] et [[catena lateralis]] amini (vel R–NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; vel RNH–R) continent. Omnia [[phenylaethylamina]] cum catecholo in positionibus ''3,4'' gregum -OH (hydroxy) et grege amini in positione ''ß'' sunt.
 
== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:L-Tyrosin - L-Tyrosine.svg|Tyrosina
Fasciculus:Dopamin - Dopamine.svg|[[Dopamina]]
Fasciculus:Noradrenalin - Noradrenaline.svg|[[Noradrenalina]]
Fasciculus:Adrenalin - Adrenaline.svg|[[Adrenalina]]
Fasciculus:Isoprenaline.svg|[[Isoprenalinum]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Catecholamines catecholamina] spectant
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507716/ De physiologia catecholaminarum]. {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{chem-stipula}}
[[Categoria:Catecholamina|!]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Selegilinum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Selegilinum'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cognitores
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | ''[[ChemSpider]]'' || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.24930.html 24930]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/26757 26757]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://web.archive.org/web/20191016193316/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01037 DB01037]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Selegiline.svg|200px|Selegilinum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Selegiline-3D-balls.png|200px|Selegilinum]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; |{{chem|C|13|H|17|N}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 187.281 g/mol
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura pharmacologica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | Codex ATC || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{ATC|N04BD|01}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ATC|QN06AX|90}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Semivita biologica]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 10 h (per os)&lt;br /&gt;18-25 h (trans dermem)
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Metabolitus|Metaboliti]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | N-Desmethyl-&lt;br /&gt;selegilinm&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-[[amphetaminum]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-[[methamphetaminum]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | Excretio || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[ren]]ibus
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ad usum therapeuticum
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | Applicatio || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | per os
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | MedlinePlus || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a697046.html a667046] {{Ling|Anglice}}
|}

'''Selegilinum''' est [[medicamentum pharmaceuticum]] et inhibitor [[monoaminorum oxidasis B]] irreversibilis. Substantia in [[morbus Parkinson|morbo Parkinson]] tractando et maturo et in cursibus progressivis adhibeatur.

== Natura Selegilini ==

=== Natura chemica ===
Nomen suum est (R)-N-methyl-1-phenyl-N-prop-2-inyl-propanum-2-aminum. [[Massa molaris]] sua 187.281 g/mol.

=== Natura pharmacologica ===
Selegilinum est [[monoaminorum oxidasis B|MAO-B]] inhibitor irreversibilis et medicamentum therapia morbi Parkinson&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Ives N. J., Stowe R. L., Marro J., Counsell C., Macleod A., Clarke C. E., Gray R., Wheatley K. |title=Monoamine oxidase type B inhibitors in early Parkinson's disease: meta-analysis of 17 randomised trials involving 3525 patients |journal=BMJ |year=2004 |month=Sep |volume=329 |issue=7466 |pages=593 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15310558}}&lt;/ref&gt; et maturi et progressivi.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Morbus Parkinsonianus]]
* [[Rasagilinum]]

== Mexus externi ==
* [https://www.drugs.com/monograph/selegiline-hydrochloride.html Monographia de Selegelino]. {{Ling|Anglice}}

[[Categoria:Euphoriantia]]
[[Categoria:Medicamenta antiparkinsoniana]]
[[Categoria:Monoaminorum oxidasis inhibitores]]
[[Categoria:Nootropica]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Safinamidum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Safinamidum'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cognitores
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | ''[[ChemSpider]]'' || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.116349.html 116349]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/131682 131682]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://web.archive.org/web/20191102232132/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB06654 DB06654]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Safinamide.svg|200px|Safinamidum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Safinamide molecule ball.png|200px|Safinamidum]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica|Formula summarum]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; |{{chem|C|17|H|19|F|N|2|O|2}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 302.34 g/mol
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura pharmacologica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | Codex ATC || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{ATC|N04BD|03}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Semivita biologica]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 20-30 h
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | Excretio || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[ren]]ibus (75%)
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ad usum therapeuticum
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | Applicatio || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | per os
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | MedlinePlus || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a617025.html a617025] {{Ling|Anglice}}
|}

'''Safinamidum''' est [[medicamentum pharmaceuticum]] et inhibitor [[monoaminorum oxidasis B]] reversibilis. Substantia in [[morbus Parkinson|morbo Parkinson]] tractando et maturo et in cursibus progressivis adhibeatur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Caccia C., Maj R., Calabresi M., Maestroni S., Faravelli L., Curatolo L., Salvati P., Fariello R. G. |title=Safinamide: from molecular targets to a new anti-Parkinson drug |journal=Neurology |year=2006 |month=Oct |volume=67 |issue=7 Suppl 2 |pages=S18-23 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17030736}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Natura Safinamidi ==

=== Natura chemica ===
Nomen suum est ''N&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;''-{4-[(3-[[fluorum|fluoro]]-[[benzenum|benzyl]])oxy][[benzenum|benzyl]]}-[[alaninum|L-alanino]]-amidum. [[Massa molaris]] sua 302.34 g/mol.

=== Natura pharmacologica ===
Safinamidum est [[monoaminorum oxidasis B|MAO-B]] inhibitor reversibilis et medicamentum therapia morbi Parkinson et maturi et progressivi.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Morbus Parkinson]]
* [[Rasagilinum]]
* [[Selegilinum]]

== Nexus externi ==
* ''FDA'' de [https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/207145lbl.pdf Safinamidi] (PDF) {{Ling|Anglice}}

[[Categoria:Monoaminorum oxidasis inhibitores]]
[[Categoria:Medicamenta antiparkinsoniana]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Secundum imperium Bulgaricum</title>
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        <username>Alber Musketar</username>
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      <text bytes="20261" sha1="q5rx57dw40s16o8pyp1kxhi502fr06d" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Flag of the Second Bulgarian Empire (1325).svg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Vexillum]] Secundi imperii Bulgarici secundum [[tabula geographica|tabulam geographicam]] [[Angelinus Dulcert|Angelini Dalorto]] (1325).]]

'''Secundum imperium Bulgaricum''' ([[Bulgarice]] Второ българско царство, ''Vtorо Bălgarskо Tsarstvo'') fuit [[civitas]] [[Bulgaria|Bulgarica]] [[medium aevum|mediaevale]], quae ab anno [[1185]] ad annum [[1396]] vigebat.&lt;ref&gt;John Van Antwerp Fine, ''The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest'' (University of Michigan Press, 1994, ISBN 0472082604), 425.&lt;/ref&gt; Successor [[Primum imperium Bulgaricum|Primi Imperii Bulgarici]], summam [[potestas|potestatem]] attigit sub [[rex|regibus]] [[Caloioannes (rex Bulgariae)|Caloioanne]] et [[Ioannes Asenus I (rex Bulgariae)|Ioanne Aseno II]], antequam suae [[terra]]e in dicionem [[Imperium Ottomanicum|Imperii Ottomanici]] [[saeculum|saeculis]] [[saeculum 14|quarto decimo]] exeunte et [[saeculum 15|quinto decimo]] ineunte redactae sunt. Ei successerunt [[principatus Bulgariae|principatus]] et deinde anno [[1878]] [[regnum Bulgariae]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://promacedonia.org/en/sr/ |title=S. Runciman, A history of the First Bulgarian empire - Index |publisher=Promacedonia.org |date= |accessdate=2018-05-05}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://promacedonia.org/vz1a/index.html|title=V. Zlatarski - Istorija 1 A - Index|first=Vassil|last=Karloukovski|website=promacedonia.org}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fasciculus:Coat of arms of the Second Bulgarian Empire.svg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|[[Insigne]] secundi imperii Bulgarici.]]
[[Fasciculus:Flag of the Second Bulgarian Empire.svg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Vexillum]] secundum [[Gulielmus Soler|Gulielmi Soler]] tabulam Portolanam (circa 1380).]]
[[Fasciculus:Campaigns of Ivan Assen II.png|thumb|Fines Bulgariae Ioanne Aseno II regnante.]]&lt;!--
[[Fasciculus:Simple Labarum.svg|18px|link=Byzantine Empire]]
[[Fasciculus:Coat of Arms of the Emperor of Bulgaria (by Conrad Grünenberg).png|18px|link=Tsardom of Vidin]]
[[Fasciculus:Coats of arms of the Terter dynasty.png|18px|link=Despotatus Dobruja]].]]--&gt;
[[Fasciculus:St Demetrius Tarnovo Klearchos 2.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|alt=A medieval church|[[Templum Sancti Demetrii Thessalonicensis (Ternobum)|Templum Sancti Demetrii Thessalonicensis]] [[Ternobum|Ternobi]], ab Aseno et Petro rebellione incipiente [[aedificium|aedificatum]].]]

Secundum imperium Bulgaricum usque ad [[1256]] [[Balcania|Balcaniis]] dominabatur, post [[Imperium Byzantinum]] in nonnullis [[proeliumj|proeliis]] magnis victum. [[Imperator]] Kaloyan anno [[1205]] novum [[Imperium Latinum]] [[proelium Adrianopolis (1205)|proelio Adrianopolis]] vicit. Ioannes Asen II [[filius]] [[frater|fratris]] [[Despotatus Epiri|Despotatum Epiri]]{{dubsig}} vicit, Bulgariam iterum potestatem [[regio]]nalem faciens. Ipso Ioanne regnante, Bulgaria a [[mare Adriaticum|mari Adriatico]] ad [[Pontus Euxinus|Pontum Euxinum]] extendebatur, [[oeconomia]] [[cultura]]que vigentibus. [[Saeculum 13|Saeculo autem tredecimo]] exeunte, imperium deficere coepit, perpetuo a [[Imperium Mongolicum|Mongolis]], [[Imperium Byzantinum|Byzantinis]], [[Hungaria|Hungaris]], [[Serbia|Serbis]] invasum, inquietudine praeterea ac rebellione hebescens. Civitas [[saeculum 14|saeculo quarto decimo]] renovabatur, [[feudalismus|feudalismo]] Balcanico florente, cum maximi magistratus [[rectio]]nis principalis [[auctoritas|auctoritatem]] in multis [[regio]]nibus amitterent. Omnis Bulgaria in tris partes divisa est, incursione Ottomanica incipiente.

Contra gratiam Byzantinam, [[artifex|artifices]] [[architectus|architectique]] Bulgarici suum modum distinctum excogitaverunt. Saeculo quarto decimo, tempore alterius [[aetas aurea|aetatis aureae]] [[cultura]]e Bulgaricae, [[litterae]], [[ars]], [[architectura]] vigebant.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Religion in Bulgaria after 1989|url=http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/getdocument.aspx?logid=5&amp;id=B7ABEB3F-8650-4798-8CC2-649B6E6C24F2|last=Kǎnev|first=Petǎr|page=81|issue=1|year=2002|journal=South-East Europe Review}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ternobum]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]], quasi [[Roma Tertia]] vel Nova [[Constantinopolis]] late habitum, principalis civitatis [[axis]] [[societas humana|socialis]] sedesque [[mundus|mundi]] [[Ecclesia Orthodoxa|Ecclesiae Orthodoxae]] [[oriens|orientalis]] factum est.&lt;ref&gt;Obolensky, p. 246.&lt;/ref&gt; Post autem victoriam Ottomanicam, multi [[clericus|clerici]] eruditique Bulgarici in [[regnum Serbiae (medium aevum)|regnum Serbiae]], [[Valachia]]m, [[Moldavia (regio)|Moldaviam]], [[principatus]] [[Ruthenia|Russi]]cos [[immigratio|immigraverunt]], ubi culturam, [[liber|libros]], [[philosophia]]m, [[mysticismus|mysticismum]] [[hesychasmus|hesychasticum]] introduxerint.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Kazhdan|1991|pp=334, 337}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
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----
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 | others = и колектив
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 | first = Димитър (Dimitar)
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* {{cite book | ref={{harvid|Bakalov et al|2003}}
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 | others = и колектив
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 | publisher = Знание (Znanie)
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 }}
* {{cite book
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 }}
* {{cite book | ref={{harvid|Bozhilov|Gyuzelev|1999}}
 | title = История на средновековна България VII–XIV век (History of Medieval Bulgaria VII–XIV centuries)
 | last = Божилов (Bozhilov)
 | first = Иван (Ivan)
 | first2 = Васил (Vasil)
 | last2 = Гюзелев (Gyuzelev)
 | author2link=Vasil Gyuzelev
 | chapter =
 | year = [[1999]]
 | language = Bulgarice
 | publisher = Анубис (Anubis)
 | location = Sophiae
 | isbn = 954-426-204-0
 }}
* {{cite book
 | title = Монети и парично обръщение в Търново (XII–XIV век) (Coins and Monetary Circulation in Tarnovo (XII–XIV centuries))
 | last = Дочев (Dochev)
 | first = Константин (Konstantin)
 | chapter =
 | year = [[1992]]
 | language = Bulgarice
 | publisher = 
 | location = Велико Търново
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 }}
* {{cite book
 | title = Българско средновековие (Bulgarian Middle Ages)
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 | first = Иван (Ivan)
 | chapter =
 | year = [[1972]]
 | language = Bulgarice
 | publisher = Наука и Изкуство (Nauka i Izkustvo)
 | location = Sophiae
 | isbn = 
 }}
* {{cite book
 |last=Златарски (Zlatarski)
 |first=Васил (Vasil)
 |title=История на българската държава през Средните векове. Том III. Второ българско царство. България при Асеневци (1185–1280). (History of the Bulgarian state in the Middle Ages. Volume III. Second Bulgarian Empire. Bulgaria under the Asen Dynasty (1185–1280))
 |url=http://kroraina.com/knigi/vz3/index.html
 |edition=2
 |publisher=Наука и изкуство (Nauka i izkustvo)
 |location= Sophiae
 |year= [[1972]]
 |origyear=1940
 |language=Bulgarice
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* {{cite book | ref={{harvid|Georgieva|Genchev|1999}}
 | title = История на България XV–XIX век (History of Bulgaria XV–XIX centuries)
 | last = Георгиева (Georgieva)
 | first = Цветана (Tsvetana)
 | first2 = Николай (Nikolay)
 | last2 = Генчев (Genchev)
 | chapter =
 | year = [[1999]]
 | language = Bulgarice
 | publisher = Анубис (Anubis)
 | location = Sophiae
 | isbn = 954-426-205-9
 }}
* {{cite book
 | title = Политическа география на средновековната Българска държава, част 2 (1185–1396) (Political Geography of the Medieval Bulgarian State, Part II. From 1185 to 1396)
 | last = Коледаров (Koledarov)
 | first = Петър (Petar)
 | chapter =
 | year = [[1989]]
 | language = Bulgarice
 | publisher = Издателство на БАН (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Press)
 | location = Sophiae
 | isbn = 
 }}
* {{cite book
 | title = Латински извори за българската история (ГИБИ), том III (Latin Sources for Bulgarian History (LIBI), volume III)
 | url=http://www.promacedonia.org/libi/3/index.html
 | last = Колектив (Collective)
 | first = 
 | chapter = 
 | year = [[1965]]
 | language = Bulgarice, Latine
 | publisher = Издателство на БАН (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Press) 
 | location = Sophiae
 | isbn = 
 }}
* {{cite book
 | title = Латински извори за българската история (ГИБИ), том IV (Latin Sources for Bulgarian History (LIBI), volume IV)
 | url=http://www.promacedonia.org/libi/4/index.html
 | last = Колектив (Collective)
 | first = 
 | chapter = 
 | year = [[1981]]
 | language = Bulgarice, Latine
 | publisher = Издателство на БАН (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Press) 
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 | isbn = 
 }}
* {{cite book
 | title = Българският средновековен град (The Medieval Bulgarian City)
 | last = Лишев (Lishev)
 | first = Страшимир (Strashimir)
 | chapter =
 | year = 1970
 | language = Bulgarice
 | publisher = Издателство на БАН (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Press) 
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 | isbn = 
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* {{cite book
 | last = Иречек (Jireček)
 | first = Константин (Konstantin)
 | editor = Петър Петров (Petar Petrov)
 | title = История на българите с поправки и добавки от самия автор (History of the Bulgarians with corrections and additions by the author)
 | chapter = XXIII Завладяване на България от турците (Conquest of Bulgaria by the Turks)
 | url = http://www.promacedonia.org/ki/ki_23.htm
 | publisher = Издателство Наука и изкуство
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 | origyear =
 | language = Bulgarice
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* Matanov, Hristo. [[2014]]. ''В търсене на средновековното време: Металният път на българите (VII - XV в.).'' K. Gutenberg. ISBN 9786191760183.
* {{cite book
 | title = Православните църкви през Българското средновековие IX–XIV в. (The Orthodox churches during the Bulgarian Middle Ages 9th–14th century)
 | last = Николова (Nikolova)
 | first = Бистра (Bistra)
 | chapter =
 | year = [[2002]]
 | language = Bulgarice
 | publisher = Академично издателство &quot;Марин Дринов&quot; (Academic press &quot;Marin Drinov&quot;)
 | location = Sophiae
 | isbn = 954-430-762-1
 }}
* {{cite book
 | title = Българското средновековие. Познато и непознато (The Bulgarian Middle Ages. Known and Unknown)
 | last = Павлов (Pavlov)
 | first = Пламен (Plamen)
 | chapter =
 | year = [[2008]]
 | language = Bulgarice
 | publisher = Абагар (Abagar)
 | location = Велико Търново
 | isbn = 978-954-427-796-3
 }}
* {{cite book
 | title = Христоматия по история на България. Том 2. Същинско средновековие XII–XIV век (Reader on the History of Bulgaria. Volume 2. High Middle Ages XII–XIV centuries)
 | last = Петров (Petrov)
 | first = П. (P.)
 | first2 = Васил (Vasil)
 | last2 = Гюзелев (Gyuzelev)
 | chapter =
 | year = [[1978]]
 | language = Bulgarice
 | publisher = Издателство Наука и изкуство
 | location = Sophiae
 | isbn = 
 }}
* {{cite book
 | title = Каталог на българските средновековни монети IX–XV век (Catalogue of the Medieval Bulgarian coins IX–XV centuries)
 | last = Радушев (Radushev)
 | first = Ангел (Angel)
 | first2 = Господин (Gospodin)
 | last2 = Жеков (Zhekov)
 | chapter =
 | year = [[1999]]
 | language = Bulgarice
 | publisher = Агато (Anubis)
 | location = 
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 }}
* {{cite book  | ref={{harvid|Fomenko|2011}}
 | title = Образ мира на старинных портоланах. Причерноморье. Конец XIII — XVII в. = The Image of the World on Old Portolans. The Black Sea Littoral from the End of the 13th — the 17th Centuries
 | last = Фоменко (Fomenko)
 | first = Игорь Константинович (Igor K.)
 | chapter = Карты-реконструкции = Reconstruction maps
 | year = [[2011]]
 | language = Russice
 | publisher = «Индрик» (Indrik)
 | location = Moscuae
 | isbn = 978-5-91674-145-2
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* {{cite book
 | title = Търновска книжовна школа. 1371–1971 (Tarnovo Literary School. 1371–1971)
 | last = Цончева (Tsoncheva)
 | first = М. (M.)
 | chapter =
 | year = [[1974]]
 | language = Bulgarice
 | publisher = 
 | location = Sophiae
 | isbn = 
 }}

{{NexInt}}
{{div col|2}}
* [[Abecedarium Cyrillicum]]
* [[Albania]]
* [[Bella Byzantino–Bulgarica]]]
* [[Bulgari]]
* [[Bulgaria Rhaensis]]
* [[Ecclesia Orthodoxa Bulgarica]]
* [[Historia Bulgariae]]
* [[Lingua Slavonica antiqua]]
* [[Macedonia]]
* [[Magna Bulgaria Vetus]]
* [[Primum imperium Bulgaricum]]
* [[Romania]]
* [[Simeon (rex Bulgariae)]]
* [[Slavi]]
* [[Thraci]]
{{div col end}}

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Second Bulgarian Empire|secundum imperium Bulgaricum}}
* {{cite web |url= http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BULGARIA.htm |title= Medieval Lands—Bulgaria |last=Cawley |first=Charles |work= |publisher= Hosted on the website of the Foundation for Medieval Genealogy |accessdate=26 February 2012}}
* {{cite web |url= http://sitemaker.umich.edu/mladjov/files/bulgarian_rulers.pdf |title= Detailed List of Bulgarian Rulers |last=Mladjov |first=Ian |work= |publisher= |accessdate=26 February 2012}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.archivesforbalkans.bg/cgi-bin/e-cms/vis/vis.pl?s=001&amp;p=0015&amp;g=|title=Средновековна България (VII–ХІV в.) (Medieval Bulgaria VII–XIV centuries)|last=Стоименов|first=Димитър|language=Bulgarice|publisher=Държавна агенция &quot;Архиви&quot; (State Agency &quot;Archives&quot;|accessdate=26 Februarii 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129231054/http://www.archivesforbalkans.bg/cgi-bin/e-cms/vis/vis.pl?s=001&amp;p=0015&amp;g=|archive-date=29 Ianuarii 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.archivesforbalkans.bg/cgi-bin/e-cms/vis/vis.pl?s=001&amp;p=0017&amp;n=000001&amp;g=|title=Грамота на цар Иван Асен ІІ, даваща свободен достъп на търговците от Дубровник във всички области на българското царство (1230 г.) (Charter of emperor Ivan Asen II giving free access to the merchants of Dubrovnik to all provinces of the Bulgarian Empire, 1230)|language=Bulgarice|publisher=Държавна агенция &quot;Архиви&quot; (State Agency &quot;Archives&quot;|accessdate=26 Februarii 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108025637/http://www.archivesforbalkans.bg/cgi-bin/e-cms/vis/vis.pl?s=001&amp;p=0017&amp;n=000001&amp;g=|archive-date=8 November 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.bg-patriarshia.bg/index.php?file=history.xml|title=История на Българската православна църква (History of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church)|author= |website=Официален сайт на Българската патриарпия (Official Site of the Bulgarian Patriarchate)|language=Bulgarice|accessdate=2 Februarii 2014}}
{{Myrias|Historia}}

[[Categoria:Balcania]]
[[Categoria:Historia Bulgariae]]
[[Categoria:Macedonia]]
[[Categoria:Romania]]
[[Categoria:Imperia et regna]]
[[Categoria:Antiquae civitates Europae]]</text>
      <sha1>q5rx57dw40s16o8pyp1kxhi502fr06d</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>3974475</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Alber Musketar</username>
        <id>212578</id>
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      <comment>Abrogans recensionem 3974454 ab usore [[User:Alber Musketar|Alber Musketar]] ([[User talk:Alber Musketar|Disputatio]] | [[Special:Contributions/Alber Musketar|conlationes]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="20264" sha1="r179cz2dbukwbsofivz6kfjhu819bmn" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Flag of the Second Bulgarian Empire (1325).svg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Vexillum]] Secundi imperii Bulgarici secundum [[tabula geographica|tabulam geographicam]] [[Angelinus Dulcert|Angelini Dalorto]] (1325).]]

'''Secundum imperium Bulgaricum''' ([[Bulgarice]] Второ българско царство, ''Vtorо Bălgarskо Tsarstvo'') fuit [[civitas]] [[Bulgaria|Bulgarica]] [[medium aevum|mediaevale]], quae ab anno [[1185]] ad annum [[1396]] vigebat.&lt;ref&gt;John Van Antwerp Fine, ''The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest'' (University of Michigan Press, 1994, ISBN 0472082604), 425.&lt;/ref&gt; Successor [[Primum imperium Bulgaricum|Primi Imperii Bulgarici]], summam [[potestas|potestatem]] attigit sub [[rex|regibus]] [[Caloioannes (rex Bulgariae)|Caloioanne]] et [[Ioannes Asenus I (rex Bulgariae)|Ioanne Aseno II]], antequam suae [[terra]]e in dicionem [[Imperium Ottomanicum|Imperii Ottomanici]] [[saeculum|saeculis]] [[saeculum 14|quarto decimo]] exeunte et [[saeculum 15|quinto decimo]] ineunte redactae sunt. Ei successerunt [[principatus Bulgariae|principatus]] et deinde anno [[1878]] [[regnum Bulgariae]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://promacedonia.org/en/sr/ |title=S. Runciman, A history of the First Bulgarian empire - Index |publisher=Promacedonia.org |date= |accessdate=2018-05-05}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://promacedonia.org/vz1a/index.html|title=V. Zlatarski - Istorija 1 A - Index|first=Vassil|last=Karloukovski|website=promacedonia.org}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fasciculus:Coat of arms of the Second Bulgarian Empire.svg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|[[Insigne]] secundi imperii Bulgarici.]]
[[Fasciculus:Flag of the Second Bulgarian Empire.svg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Vexillum]] secundum [[Gulielmus Soler|Gulielmi Soler]] tabulam Portolanam (circa 1380).]]
[[Fasciculus:Car-ivan-asen-ii html bbd799d.jpg|thumb|Fines Bulgariae Ioanne Aseno II regnante.]]&lt;!--
[[Fasciculus:Simple Labarum.svg|18px|link=Byzantine Empire]]
[[Fasciculus:Coat of Arms of the Emperor of Bulgaria (by Conrad Grünenberg).png|18px|link=Tsardom of Vidin]]
[[Fasciculus:Coats of arms of the Terter dynasty.png|18px|link=Despotatus Dobruja]].]]--&gt;
[[Fasciculus:St Demetrius Tarnovo Klearchos 2.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|alt=A medieval church|[[Templum Sancti Demetrii Thessalonicensis (Ternobum)|Templum Sancti Demetrii Thessalonicensis]] [[Ternobum|Ternobi]], ab Aseno et Petro rebellione incipiente [[aedificium|aedificatum]].]]

Secundum imperium Bulgaricum usque ad [[1256]] [[Balcania|Balcaniis]] dominabatur, post [[Imperium Byzantinum]] in nonnullis [[proeliumj|proeliis]] magnis victum. [[Imperator]] Kaloyan anno [[1205]] novum [[Imperium Latinum]] [[proelium Adrianopolis (1205)|proelio Adrianopolis]] vicit. Ioannes Asen II [[filius]] [[frater|fratris]] [[Despotatus Epiri|Despotatum Epiri]]{{dubsig}} vicit, Bulgariam iterum potestatem [[regio]]nalem faciens. Ipso Ioanne regnante, Bulgaria a [[mare Adriaticum|mari Adriatico]] ad [[Pontus Euxinus|Pontum Euxinum]] extendebatur, [[oeconomia]] [[cultura]]que vigentibus. [[Saeculum 13|Saeculo autem tredecimo]] exeunte, imperium deficere coepit, perpetuo a [[Imperium Mongolicum|Mongolis]], [[Imperium Byzantinum|Byzantinis]], [[Hungaria|Hungaris]], [[Serbia|Serbis]] invasum, inquietudine praeterea ac rebellione hebescens. Civitas [[saeculum 14|saeculo quarto decimo]] renovabatur, [[feudalismus|feudalismo]] Balcanico florente, cum maximi magistratus [[rectio]]nis principalis [[auctoritas|auctoritatem]] in multis [[regio]]nibus amitterent. Omnis Bulgaria in tris partes divisa est, incursione Ottomanica incipiente.

Contra gratiam Byzantinam, [[artifex|artifices]] [[architectus|architectique]] Bulgarici suum modum distinctum excogitaverunt. Saeculo quarto decimo, tempore alterius [[aetas aurea|aetatis aureae]] [[cultura]]e Bulgaricae, [[litterae]], [[ars]], [[architectura]] vigebant.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Religion in Bulgaria after 1989|url=http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/getdocument.aspx?logid=5&amp;id=B7ABEB3F-8650-4798-8CC2-649B6E6C24F2|last=Kǎnev|first=Petǎr|page=81|issue=1|year=2002|journal=South-East Europe Review}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ternobum]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]], quasi [[Roma Tertia]] vel Nova [[Constantinopolis]] late habitum, principalis civitatis [[axis]] [[societas humana|socialis]] sedesque [[mundus|mundi]] [[Ecclesia Orthodoxa|Ecclesiae Orthodoxae]] [[oriens|orientalis]] factum est.&lt;ref&gt;Obolensky, p. 246.&lt;/ref&gt; Post autem victoriam Ottomanicam, multi [[clericus|clerici]] eruditique Bulgarici in [[regnum Serbiae (medium aevum)|regnum Serbiae]], [[Valachia]]m, [[Moldavia (regio)|Moldaviam]], [[principatus]] [[Ruthenia|Russi]]cos [[immigratio|immigraverunt]], ubi culturam, [[liber|libros]], [[philosophia]]m, [[mysticismus|mysticismum]] [[hesychasmus|hesychasticum]] introduxerint.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Kazhdan|1991|pp=334, 337}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
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----
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 | others = и колектив
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* {{cite book
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* {{cite book | ref={{harvid|Bozhilov|Gyuzelev|1999}}
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 | author2link=Vasil Gyuzelev
 | chapter =
 | year = [[1999]]
 | language = Bulgarice
 | publisher = Анубис (Anubis)
 | location = Sophiae
 | isbn = 954-426-204-0
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* {{cite book
 | title = Монети и парично обръщение в Търново (XII–XIV век) (Coins and Monetary Circulation in Tarnovo (XII–XIV centuries))
 | last = Дочев (Dochev)
 | first = Константин (Konstantin)
 | chapter =
 | year = [[1992]]
 | language = Bulgarice
 | publisher = 
 | location = Велико Търново
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* {{cite book
 | title = Българско средновековие (Bulgarian Middle Ages)
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 | first = Иван (Ivan)
 | chapter =
 | year = [[1972]]
 | language = Bulgarice
 | publisher = Наука и Изкуство (Nauka i Izkustvo)
 | location = Sophiae
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* {{cite book
 |last=Златарски (Zlatarski)
 |first=Васил (Vasil)
 |title=История на българската държава през Средните векове. Том III. Второ българско царство. България при Асеневци (1185–1280). (History of the Bulgarian state in the Middle Ages. Volume III. Second Bulgarian Empire. Bulgaria under the Asen Dynasty (1185–1280))
 |url=http://kroraina.com/knigi/vz3/index.html
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 |publisher=Наука и изкуство (Nauka i izkustvo)
 |location= Sophiae
 |year= [[1972]]
 |origyear=1940
 |language=Bulgarice
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* {{cite book | ref={{harvid|Georgieva|Genchev|1999}}
 | title = История на България XV–XIX век (History of Bulgaria XV–XIX centuries)
 | last = Георгиева (Georgieva)
 | first = Цветана (Tsvetana)
 | first2 = Николай (Nikolay)
 | last2 = Генчев (Genchev)
 | chapter =
 | year = [[1999]]
 | language = Bulgarice
 | publisher = Анубис (Anubis)
 | location = Sophiae
 | isbn = 954-426-205-9
 }}
* {{cite book
 | title = Политическа география на средновековната Българска държава, част 2 (1185–1396) (Political Geography of the Medieval Bulgarian State, Part II. From 1185 to 1396)
 | last = Коледаров (Koledarov)
 | first = Петър (Petar)
 | chapter =
 | year = [[1989]]
 | language = Bulgarice
 | publisher = Издателство на БАН (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Press)
 | location = Sophiae
 | isbn = 
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* {{cite book
 | title = Латински извори за българската история (ГИБИ), том III (Latin Sources for Bulgarian History (LIBI), volume III)
 | url=http://www.promacedonia.org/libi/3/index.html
 | last = Колектив (Collective)
 | first = 
 | chapter = 
 | year = [[1965]]
 | language = Bulgarice, Latine
 | publisher = Издателство на БАН (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Press) 
 | location = Sophiae
 | isbn = 
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* {{cite book
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 | url=http://www.promacedonia.org/libi/4/index.html
 | last = Колектив (Collective)
 | first = 
 | chapter = 
 | year = [[1981]]
 | language = Bulgarice, Latine
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* {{cite book
 | title = Българският средновековен град (The Medieval Bulgarian City)
 | last = Лишев (Lishev)
 | first = Страшимир (Strashimir)
 | chapter =
 | year = 1970
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* {{cite book
 | last = Иречек (Jireček)
 | first = Константин (Konstantin)
 | editor = Петър Петров (Petar Petrov)
 | title = История на българите с поправки и добавки от самия автор (History of the Bulgarians with corrections and additions by the author)
 | chapter = XXIII Завладяване на България от турците (Conquest of Bulgaria by the Turks)
 | url = http://www.promacedonia.org/ki/ki_23.htm
 | publisher = Издателство Наука и изкуство
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* Matanov, Hristo. [[2014]]. ''В търсене на средновековното време: Металният път на българите (VII - XV в.).'' K. Gutenberg. ISBN 9786191760183.
* {{cite book
 | title = Православните църкви през Българското средновековие IX–XIV в. (The Orthodox churches during the Bulgarian Middle Ages 9th–14th century)
 | last = Николова (Nikolova)
 | first = Бистра (Bistra)
 | chapter =
 | year = [[2002]]
 | language = Bulgarice
 | publisher = Академично издателство &quot;Марин Дринов&quot; (Academic press &quot;Marin Drinov&quot;)
 | location = Sophiae
 | isbn = 954-430-762-1
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* {{cite book
 | title = Българското средновековие. Познато и непознато (The Bulgarian Middle Ages. Known and Unknown)
 | last = Павлов (Pavlov)
 | first = Пламен (Plamen)
 | chapter =
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 | publisher = Абагар (Abagar)
 | location = Велико Търново
 | isbn = 978-954-427-796-3
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* {{cite book
 | title = Христоматия по история на България. Том 2. Същинско средновековие XII–XIV век (Reader on the History of Bulgaria. Volume 2. High Middle Ages XII–XIV centuries)
 | last = Петров (Petrov)
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 | last2 = Гюзелев (Gyuzelev)
 | chapter =
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* {{cite book
 | title = Каталог на българските средновековни монети IX–XV век (Catalogue of the Medieval Bulgarian coins IX–XV centuries)
 | last = Радушев (Radushev)
 | first = Ангел (Angel)
 | first2 = Господин (Gospodin)
 | last2 = Жеков (Zhekov)
 | chapter =
 | year = [[1999]]
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* {{cite book  | ref={{harvid|Fomenko|2011}}
 | title = Образ мира на старинных портоланах. Причерноморье. Конец XIII — XVII в. = The Image of the World on Old Portolans. The Black Sea Littoral from the End of the 13th — the 17th Centuries
 | last = Фоменко (Fomenko)
 | first = Игорь Константинович (Igor K.)
 | chapter = Карты-реконструкции = Reconstruction maps
 | year = [[2011]]
 | language = Russice
 | publisher = «Индрик» (Indrik)
 | location = Moscuae
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 }}
* {{cite book
 | title = Търновска книжовна школа. 1371–1971 (Tarnovo Literary School. 1371–1971)
 | last = Цончева (Tsoncheva)
 | first = М. (M.)
 | chapter =
 | year = [[1974]]
 | language = Bulgarice
 | publisher = 
 | location = Sophiae
 | isbn = 
 }}

{{NexInt}}
{{div col|2}}
* [[Abecedarium Cyrillicum]]
* [[Albania]]
* [[Bella Byzantino–Bulgarica]]]
* [[Bulgari]]
* [[Bulgaria Rhaensis]]
* [[Ecclesia Orthodoxa Bulgarica]]
* [[Historia Bulgariae]]
* [[Lingua Slavonica antiqua]]
* [[Macedonia]]
* [[Magna Bulgaria Vetus]]
* [[Primum imperium Bulgaricum]]
* [[Romania]]
* [[Simeon (rex Bulgariae)]]
* [[Slavi]]
* [[Thraci]]
{{div col end}}

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Second Bulgarian Empire|secundum imperium Bulgaricum}}
* {{cite web |url= http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BULGARIA.htm |title= Medieval Lands—Bulgaria |last=Cawley |first=Charles |work= |publisher= Hosted on the website of the Foundation for Medieval Genealogy |accessdate=26 February 2012}}
* {{cite web |url= http://sitemaker.umich.edu/mladjov/files/bulgarian_rulers.pdf |title= Detailed List of Bulgarian Rulers |last=Mladjov |first=Ian |work= |publisher= |accessdate=26 February 2012}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.archivesforbalkans.bg/cgi-bin/e-cms/vis/vis.pl?s=001&amp;p=0015&amp;g=|title=Средновековна България (VII–ХІV в.) (Medieval Bulgaria VII–XIV centuries)|last=Стоименов|first=Димитър|language=Bulgarice|publisher=Държавна агенция &quot;Архиви&quot; (State Agency &quot;Archives&quot;|accessdate=26 Februarii 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129231054/http://www.archivesforbalkans.bg/cgi-bin/e-cms/vis/vis.pl?s=001&amp;p=0015&amp;g=|archive-date=29 Ianuarii 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.archivesforbalkans.bg/cgi-bin/e-cms/vis/vis.pl?s=001&amp;p=0017&amp;n=000001&amp;g=|title=Грамота на цар Иван Асен ІІ, даваща свободен достъп на търговците от Дубровник във всички области на българското царство (1230 г.) (Charter of emperor Ivan Asen II giving free access to the merchants of Dubrovnik to all provinces of the Bulgarian Empire, 1230)|language=Bulgarice|publisher=Държавна агенция &quot;Архиви&quot; (State Agency &quot;Archives&quot;|accessdate=26 Februarii 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108025637/http://www.archivesforbalkans.bg/cgi-bin/e-cms/vis/vis.pl?s=001&amp;p=0017&amp;n=000001&amp;g=|archive-date=8 November 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.bg-patriarshia.bg/index.php?file=history.xml|title=История на Българската православна църква (History of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church)|author= |website=Официален сайт на Българската патриарпия (Official Site of the Bulgarian Patriarchate)|language=Bulgarice|accessdate=2 Februarii 2014}}
{{Myrias|Historia}}

[[Categoria:Balcania]]
[[Categoria:Historia Bulgariae]]
[[Categoria:Macedonia]]
[[Categoria:Romania]]
[[Categoria:Imperia et regna]]
[[Categoria:Antiquae civitates Europae]]</text>
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    <title>Scapeta</title>
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      <text bytes="16104" sha1="ar4pxserj2w2h4z86bhjkbsxa76pren" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Codornices en Escabeche-2009.jpg|thumb|[[Gastronomia Guadalaxarensis]]: ''Codornices escabechadas'' (&quot;[[Coturnix coturnix|coturnices]] e scapeta&quot;) in popina provinciae [[Guadalaxara (Hispania)|Guadalaxarae]] parantur]]
[[Fasciculus:Pescado azul en escabeche, gastronomía tradicional de España.jpg|thumb|Scapeta (Hispania).]]

{{res|Scapeta}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Liber&quot;&gt;&quot;De scapeta piscium: ad scabetiam, recipe ...&quot;: {{qc|id=Liber de coquina}} [https://www.uni-giessen.de/fbz/fb05/germanistik/absprache/sprachverwendung/gloning/tx/mul2-lib.htm IV.2]. Marianne Bouchon, &quot;[http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/bitstream/handle/2042/2928/04%20TEXTE.pdf Latin de cuisine]&quot; in ''Archivum Latinitatis Medii Aevi'' vol. 22 (1952) pp. 63-76 ad p. 74
&lt;/ref&gt; vel {{res|scabetia}},&lt;ref name=&quot;Liber&quot; /&gt; [[Catalane]] ''escabetx'' et ex hoc [[Hispanice]] ''escabeche'',&lt;ref&gt;''Catalan cuisine'', p. 176. Colman Andrews. Harvard Common Press, 2006. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781558323292&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; est genus ferculorum tam hodiernorum quam mediaevalium quo cibus (praesertim piscium, nonnumquam carnium) praefrictus in aceto holeribusque et condimentis marinatur.

[[Fasciculus:Conejo escabechado con ensalada de cardos.JPG|thumb|[[Ars coquinaria Chilensis]]: ''Conejo escabechado con ensalada de cardos'' ([[Cuniculus|Cuniculi]] perna e scapeta cum acetaria de [[Sonchus asper|soncho]] (?) inlata]]
[[Fasciculus:Trucha en escabeche.jpg|thumb|[[Gastronomia Legionensis]]: ''Trucha en escabeche'' i.e. &quot;''[[Oncorhynchus mykiss]]'' e scapeta&quot;) in popina infertur]]
Nomen horum ferculorum antiquissimum nobis cognitum, videlicet السكباج ''al-sikbāj'' (Latine &quot;[[sicbeis]]&quot;),&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Iamboninus}}; {{qc|id=Martellotti (2001)}} pp. 315-317&lt;/ref&gt; in textu [[lingua Arabica|Arabico]] saeculi X legitur&lt;ref name=&quot;Warrāq&quot;&gt;{{qc|id=Warrāq}}&lt;/ref&gt; sed ultimam originem suam [[lingua Persica|Persicam]] esse reclamat, qua lingua mediaevali ''sik'' &quot;acetum&quot; et ''bāg'' &quot;decoctum&quot; significabant.&lt;ref&gt;Charles Perry in Maxime Rodinson, A. J. Arberry, Charles Perry, ''Medieval Arab Cookery'' (Totnes: Prospect Books, 2001) pp. 259, 490&lt;/ref&gt; Methodus autem, multo antiquior quam nomina mediaevalia, iam apud ''[[Apicius sive De re coquinaria|Apicium]]'' descripta est: &quot;Ut pisces fricti diu durent: Eodem momento quo friguntur et levantur ab aceto calido perfunduntur.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''[[Apicius sive De re coquinaria]]'' [https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/apicius/apicius1.shtml 1.9.1]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Bonito escabeche (tapa).jpg|thumb|[[Ars coquinaria Hispanica]]: ''Bonito en escabeche'' (&quot;[[Sarda sarda|sardae]] e scapeta&quot;) ad [[paropsis|paropsidem]] propositae]]
Ex Arabico derivantur nomina [[Lingua Latina mediaevalis|Latina mediaevalia]] ''scapeta, scabetia'', ante annum 1309,&lt;ref name=&quot;Liber&quot; /&gt; [[lingua Catalana|Catalanum]] ''escabeig, escabetx'', a saeculo XIV,&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Sent soví}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hispanicum ''escabeche'', a saeculo XV,&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Robertus (1525)}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[lingua Francogallica|Francogallicum]] medium ''espinbesche'' anno fere 1393,&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Mesnagier}} 2.4.43, 2.5.134; Karen Hess, ed., ''The Virginia House-wife, by Mary Randolph'' (University of South Carolina Press, 1984) pp. 263-264 {{Google Books|oszKiYe2RyAC|Paginae selectae}}; Andrew Smith in Harlan Walker, ed., ''Fish: food from the waters'' (Totnes, 1998) {{Google Books|mPS0tH02IDUC|p. 304 note 8}}; {{qc|id=Plouvier (2014)}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[lingua Occitana|Occitanum]] ''scabeg'' ante annum 1390 repertum&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Modus}} no. 20; Carole Lambert, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/amime_0758-7708_1997_num_15_1_1331 La cuisine occitane à partir d'un réceptaire culinaire languedocien et de sources annexes]&quot; in ''Archéologie du Midi Médiéval'' no. 15-16 (1997) p. 297; Carole Lambert, &quot;Medieval France: The South&quot; in Melitta Weiss Adamson, ''Regional Cuisines of Medieval Europe'' {{Google Books|VelSAQAAQBAJ|pp. 68-69}}&lt;/ref&gt; (cf. Arabicum [[Algerium|Algeriense]] ''skabetch''),&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Focus Algerie (2007)}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[dialectus Nicaeensis|dialecto Nicaeensi]] saec. XIV ''aschibeci'',&lt;ref&gt;Liliane Plouvier, &quot;[http://provence-historique.mmsh.univ-aix.fr/Pdf/PH-2004-54-218_03.pdf Regards nouveaux sur la cuisine provençale du bas moyen âge: le témoignage des livres de cuisine]&quot; p. 453&lt;/ref&gt; [[Italiane]] saeculo XV ''schibeze'',&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Ad fare pesce in schibeze&quot;: [http://www.mori.bz.it/gastronomia/Anonimo%20meridionale.pdf textus B], [http://www.daviddfriedman.com/Medieval/Cookbooks/Due_Libre_B/Due_Libre_B.html cf. hic], ex Ingemar Boström, ed., ''Anonimo meridionale: Due libri di cucina'' (Holmiae, 1985)&lt;/ref&gt; verba Italiana regionalia hodierna ''scabbeci'' in [[Sicilia]]&lt;ref&gt;Luigi Milanesi, ''Dizionario Etimologico della Lingua Siciliana'' (Mnamon, 2015) {{Google Books|-3fCCgAAQBAJ|s.vv. scabbeci, scapeçi}}. Clifford Wright, ''The Little Foods of the Mediterranean'' (Cantabrigiae Mass.: Harvard Common Press, 2003) {{Google Books|x3t2IJeFIh8C|pp. 451-452}} (&quot;mulinciana a schibecci&quot; et &quot;cucuzzeddi fritti cu schibecci&quot;, paropsides duae de melongena fricta e sicbeis)&lt;/ref&gt; et ''[[scapece]]'' in [[ager Sallentinus|agro Sallentino]] necnon ''[[scabeccio]]'' in [[Liguria]] usitata. Ex his deducuntur verbum [[lingua Vasconica|Vasconicum]] ''eskabetxa'', [[Lingua Occitana|Occitanum]] recentius ''escabècha'', [[lingua Francogallica|Francogallicum]] recentius ''escavèche''&lt;ref name=&quot;La Chapelle&quot;&gt;''Escavèche'' in {{qc|id=La Chapelle (1742)}}; Barbara Ketcham Wheaton, ''Savouring the past'' (London: Chatto &amp; Windus, 1983) p. 171&lt;/ref&gt; et ''escabèche'', [[lingua Anglica|Anglicumque]] (paene oblitum) ''[[caveach]]'', ab anno 1714 usitatum.&lt;ref name=&quot;Old Foodie&quot;&gt;Mary Kettilby, ''A collection of above three hundred receipts in cookery, physick and surgery'' (Londinii, 1714) [https://archive.org/details/b30514976_0001/page/42/mode/2up p. 43]; &quot;[http://www.theoldfoodie.com/2007/05/receipt-for-caveach.html A Receipt for Caveach]&quot; apud ''The Old Foodie''&lt;/ref&gt; Anna Martellotti ''sikbāj'' insuper originem esse verbi Europaei mediaevalis &quot;askipicium&quot; vel ''aspic'' suadet.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Martellotti (2001)}} pp. 76-77, 110; {{qc|id=Zaouali (2009)}} pp. xiv-xv&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jurafsky&quot;&gt;{{qc|id=Jurafsky (2014)}} {{Google Books|7BF0AwAAQBAJ|quaere &quot;assicpicium&quot;}} vel [http://languageoffood.blogspot.com/2009/11/ceviche-and-fish-chips.html hic]&lt;/ref&gt; Multi verbum Hispanicum ''escabeche'' Anglicumve ''caveach'' proavos vocabuli Hispanoamericani ''[[ceviche]]'' esse censent, sed testamenta huius etymologiae non iam reperta sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jurafsky&quot; /&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Liber de coquina BNF Latin 7131 f 98v Scapeta.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|''De scapeta piscium'': praeceptum Latinum anno fere 1309 scriptum. ''[[Liber de coquina|Liber de coquina ubi diversitates ciborum docentur]]'' ([[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica]] MS Latin 7131 f. 98v]]
[[Fasciculus:Llibre de sent soví Valencia ms f 112r.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|''[[Llibre de sent soví]]'': ''Si vols fer escabeig'': praecepta huius aliorumque ferculorum ([[Bibliotheca Universitatis Valentianae]] MS 216 f. 112r)]]
[[Fasciculus:Mesnagier de Paris BNF Français 12477 f 147r detail espinbesche.jpg|thumb|upright=1.75|''[[Le Mesnagier de Paris]]'' ([[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica]] MS français 12477 f 147r: praeceptum ''espinbesche de rougetz'']]
[[Fasciculus:Robert de Nola, Libre del coch, 1520, f 50r detail, Bon escabeix.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Praeceptorum impressorum omnium antiquissimum, [[Catalane]] scriptum. ''Bon escabe[i]x'' (&quot;scapeta bona&quot;): [[Robertus de Nola]], ''[[Libre del coch|Libre de doctrina per a ben servir, de tallar, y del art de coch]]'' (Barcinone, 1520) f. 50r]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
[[Fasciculus:Escabeche de pollo Peru.jpg|thumb|[[Ars coquinaria Peruviana]]: ''Escabeche de pollo'' (&quot;[[pullina]] e scapeta&quot;), ''paria'' ([[caseus Andinus|caseo Andino]]), [[oliva|olivis]], [[oryza sativa|oryza]] inlata]]
[[Fasciculus:7298Cuisine of Bulacan 03.jpg|thumb|[[Ars coquinaria Philippinarum]]: ''Escabecheng tilapia mango'' (scilicet &quot;''[[Sarotherodon galilaeus]]'' e scapeta&quot;) in popina urbis [[Baliuag]] prope [[Manila]]m inlatus]]
; Historica et etymologica
* {{ec|id=Jurafsky (2014)|c=Dan Jurafsky, ''The Language of Food''. Novi Eboraci: Norton, 2014 {{Google Books|7BF0AwAAQBAJ|quaere &quot;sik&quot;}} }}
* {{ec|id=Lambert (2002)|c=Carole Lambert, &quot;France: B. South&quot; in Melitta Weiss Adamson, ed., ''Regional Cuisines of Medieval Europe: A Book of Essays'' (Londinii: Routledge, 2002) pp. 67-84, praesertim pp. 68-69}}
* {{ec|id=Martellotti (2001)|c=Anna Martellotti, ''Il &quot;Liber de ferculis&quot; di Giambonino da Cremona: la gastronomia araba in Occidente nella trattatistica dietetica''. Fasano: Schena, 2001}}
* {{ec|id=Perry (2001)|c=Charles Perry, &quot;A Thousand and One Fritters&quot; in Maxime Rodinson, A. J. Arberry, Charles Perry, ''Medieval Arab Cookery'' [Totnes: Prospect Books, 2001] pp. 489-496}}
* Barbara Santich, &quot;On Escabeche (and Ceviche)&quot; in ''Petits propos culinaires'' no. 20 (1985) pp. 17-21
* {{ec|id=Zaouali (2009)|c=Lilia Zaouali, ''Medieval Cuisine of the Islamic World''. Berkeleiae, 2009 {{Google Books|H7MwDwAAQBAJ|Paginae selectae}}}}

; Praecepta culinaria
* saec. X : {{ec|id=Warrāq|c=Ibn Sayyār al-Warrāq, ''[[Liber coquinarius (Warrāq)|Kitāb al-ṭabīḫ]]'' (Kaj Öhrnberg, Sahban Mroueh, edd., ''Ibn Sayyār al-Warrāq: Kitāb al-ṭabīkh'' [Helsingiae: Finnish Oriental Society, 1987] pp. 127-132; Nawal Nasrallah, interpr., ''Annals of the Caliphs' Kitchens: Ibn Sayyār al-Warrāq's Tenth-Century Baghdadi Cookbook'' [Lugduni Batavorum: Brill, 2007] cap. 49, pp. 248-255 {{Google Books|sQCwCQAAQBAJ|Paginae selectae}})}}
* 1226 : {{ec|id=Baghdadi (1226)|c=[[Baghdādī]], ''[[Liber coquinarius Bagdatensis|Kitāb al-ṭabīḫ]]'' (Maxime Rodinson, A. J. Arberry, Charles Perry, ''Medieval Arab Cookery'' [Totnes: Prospect Books, 2001] p. 40) (&quot;sikbāj&quot;)}}
* saec. XIII exeunte : {{ec|id=Iamboninus|c=[[Iamboninus Cremonensis]], ''[[Liber de ferculis|Liber de ferculis et condimentis]]'' (&quot;sicbeis&quot;)}}
* saec. XIII/XIV : {{ec|id=Kanz|c=''[[Thesaurus beneficiorum mensaeque varietatum|Kanz al-fawāʾid fī tanwīʿ al-mawāʾid]]'' (Manuela Marin, David Waines, edd. [Stutgardiae: Steiner, 1993])}}
* saec. XIV? : {{ec|id=Kitāb waṣf|c=''[[Descriptio ciborum communiorum|Kitāb waṣf al-ʿaṭima al-muʿtada]]'' (Maxime Rodinson, A. J. Arberry, Charles Perry, ''Medieval Arab Cookery'' [Totnes: Prospect Books, 2001] p. 305, cf. 446) (&quot;al-sikbāj&quot;) }}
* saec. XIV : {{ec|id=Sent soví|c=''[[Llibre de sent soví]]'' (Joan Santanach i Suñol, ed., Robin M. Vogelzang, interpr., ''The book of Sent Soví: medieval recipes from Catalonia'' [2008] pp. 68-69, no. xiii) (&quot;escabetx a peix frit&quot;)}}
* 1300/1309 : {{ec|id=Liber de coquina|c=''[[Liber de coquina ubi diversitates ciborum docentur|Liber de coquina]]'' IV.2 (Marianne Mulon, &quot;Deux traités inédits d'art culinaire médiéval&quot; in ''Bulletin philologique et historique (jusqu'à 1610) du Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques'' [1968 (1971)] vol. 1 pp. 369-435) [http://www.uni-giessen.de/gloning/tx/mul2-lib.htm Textus]}}
* ante 1390 : {{ec|id=Modus|c=''[[Modus viaticorum preparandorum et salsarum]]'' no. 19-20 (&quot;scabeg&quot;)}}
* c. 1393 : {{ec|id=Mesnagier|c=''[[Le Mesnagier de Paris]]'' (Jérôme Pichon, ed., ''Le ménagier de Paris ... par un bourgeois parisien'' (Lutetiae, 1846-1847) [https://archive.org/details/lemnagierdepari01renagoog/page/n111/mode/2up vol. 2 pp. 100], [https://archive.org/details/lemnagierdepari01renagoog/page/n185/mode/2up 175] (&quot;e[s]pinbesche de ung bouly lardé, espinbesche de rougetz&quot;)}}
* 1520 : {{ec|id=Robertus (1520)|c=[[Robertus de Nola]], ''[[Libre del coch|Libre de doctrina per a ben servir, de tallar, y del art de coch]]'' (Barcinone, 1520) {{GB|rF-PPdZ_SjIC|f. 50r}} [http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/libre-de-doctrina-per-a-ben-servir-de-tallar-y-del-art-de-coch-transcripcio--0/html/ff1e2444-82b1-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_2.html#I_211_ aliter] {{GB|xO85L2pjvDgC|f. 54v editionis 1568}} (&quot;bon escabe[i]x&quot;)}}
** {{ec|id=Robertus (1525)|c=versione Hispanica 1525 [http://bdh-rd.bne.es/viewer.vm?id=0000061324&amp;page=1 f. 65v (imago 134)] (&quot;buen escabeche&quot;)}}
* 1742 : {{ec|id=La Chapelle (1742)|c=[[Vincentius La Chapelle|Vincent La Chapelle]], ''Le cuisinier moderne'' (2a ed. 5 voll. Hagae Comitum, 1742) [https://archive.org/details/lecuisiniermode03chapgoog/page/n302/mode/2up vol. 5 pp. 288-289] (&quot;Soles à l'escavêche&quot;)}}
* 1835? : ''La cuynera catalana'' (2a ed. Barcinone, 1839) [http://bdh.bne.es/bnesearch/detalle/bdh0000125370 fasc. 3 pp. 60, 76-81 (imagines 256, 272-277)] [http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/la-cuynera-catalana-o-sia-reglas-utils-facils-seguras-y-economicas-per-cuynar-be-escullidas-dels-autors-que-millor-han-escrit-sobre-aquesta-materia/html/ff378524-82b1-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_4.html#I_357_ aliter] [https://web.archive.org/web/20120214050448/http://www.lluisvives.com/servlet/SirveObras/jlv/01305031933804947977802/p0000003.htm#I_11_ aliter]
* 1858 : ''Nuevo cocinero mejicano en forma de diccionario'' (Lutetiae: Rosa y Bouret, 1858) [http://bdh.bne.es/bnesearch/detalle/bdh0000040797 pp. 313-316 (imagines 327-330)]
* 1911 : Robert H. Christie, ''Banquets of the Nations: eighty-six dinners characteristic and typical each of its own country'' (Edinburgi: Gray) [https://archive.org/details/b21528676/page/86/mode/2up p. 87] (&quot;Canary Islands: Pescado en escabeche&quot;)
* 1920 : Carmen de Burgos, ''La cocina práctica'' (Valentiae: Sempere, 1920) [http://bdh.bne.es/bnesearch/detalle/bdh0000161962 pp. 215, 224 (imagines 218, 227)]

== Nexus externi ==
[[Fasciculus:Cena española.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|[[Ars coquinaria Hispanica]]: ''Mejillones al escabeche'' (&quot;[[mytilus galloprovincialis|mytili]] e scapeta&quot;), ''[[tortilla de patatas]]'', panis ad {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Cena nocturna|cenam nocturnam|en|qid=Q568285}} propositi]]
; Historica
* &quot;[https://www.afuegolento.com/articulo/el-escabechehistoria-tecnica-recetas/55/ El Escabeche : Historia, Técnica Y Recetas]&quot; apud ''A Fuego Lento''
* Dan Jurafsky, &quot;[http://languageoffood.blogspot.com/2009/11/ceviche-and-fish-chips.html Ceviche and Fish &amp; Chips]'' apud ''The Language of Food''
* Marie Josèphe Moncorgé, Liliane Plouvier, &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200916184302/https://www.oldcook.com/histoire-escabeche Le merveilleux voyage de l'escabèche]&quot; apud ''OldCook''
* {{ec|id=Plouvier (2014)|c= Liliane Plouvier, &quot;[https://www.bibliothequesgourmandes.com/2014/06/01/les-péripéties-de-l-escabèche/ Les péripéties de l'escabèche]&quot; apud ''Bibliothèques gourmandes''}}
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180428011903/http://asetagose.blogariak.net/2015/06/eskabetxatzeaz-15-06-03/ Eskabetxatzeaz]&quot; apud ''Ase eta Gose''

; Praecepta
* &quot;[https://www.gastroteca.cat/receptes/sardines-en-escabetx/ Sardines en escabetx]&quot; apud ''Gastroteca''
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200917104924/https://www.sabormediterraneo.com/gastronomia/escabeche.htm Cómo preparar y hacer escabeche]&quot; apud ''Sabor mediterráneo''
* {{ec|id=Codornices (2020)|c=&quot;[https://www.rossgastronomica.com/2020/05/codornices-escabechadas-en-olla-rapida.html Codornices escabechadas en olla rápida]&quot; (2020) apud ''Ross Gastronomica''}}
* &quot;[https://www.rtbf.be/emission/un-gars-un-chef/detail_escaveche-d-anguilles?id=8371740&amp;redirect Escavèche d'anguille: une recette typique de la région de Chimay]&quot; apud ''RTBF''
* &quot;[https://chefsimon.com/recettes/tag/escabèche Recettes d'escabèche]&quot; apud ''Chef Simon''
* &quot;[http://roseandcook.canalblog.com/archives/2014/08/26/30465902.html Sardines à l'escabèche {recette pied-noir de famille}]&quot; apud ''Rose &amp; Cook''
* {{ec|id=Focus Algerie (2007)|c=&quot;[http://focus-algerie.blogg.org/skabetch-un-met-succulent-et-facile-a-preparer-a116340952 Skabetch: un met succulent et facile à préparer]&quot; (3 Iulii 2007) apud ''Focus Algerie''}}

[[Categoria:Ars coquinaria Hispanica]]
[[Categoria:Ars coquinaria Latino-Americana]]
[[Categoria:Fercula generis sicbeis]]
[[Categoria:Ars coquinaria mediaevalis Europaea]]</text>
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    <title>Sapor (conditura)</title>
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      <text bytes="8905" sha1="d1l4i74ltaf3lsfy1351afv2134u43w" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:&quot; 07 - ITALY - Cicchetti Venetian cuisine appetizers restaurant (not are tapas are ciccheti) in this pics Sarde in saor (sardine).jpg|thumb|[[Gastronomia Veneta]]: ''Sarde in saor'', i.e. [[Sardina pilchardus|sardinae]] e sapore, [[Venetiae|Venetiis]] ad [[paropsis|paropsidem]] propositae]]
'''Sapor'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sapor&quot;: [[Bartholomaeus Platina]], ''[[De honesta voluptate et valetudine]]'' [https://archive.org/details/Platine-De-honesta-voluptate-et-valitudine-ad-amplissimum-ac-doctissimum-D-B-Rou-PHAIDRA_o_359459 editio c. 1474]&lt;/ref&gt; est [[conditura]] ad pisces minores condiendos et accommodandos, quae sub nomine vernaculari ''saor'' olim [[Venetiae|Venetiis]] usitata est, sub nomine σαβόρο ''savoro'' in [[Cyprus|Cypro]] [[insulae Ioniae|insulisque Ioniis]] inter quas [[Corcyra]] et [[Ithaca]]. Nostro tempore hae sunt nomina [[ferculum|ferculorum]] ex hac conditura paratorum.

Nomen ''saor'' ad [[lingua Veneta|dialectum Venetam]] pertinet, ubi &quot;ius ex aceto aliisque impensis in piscem assum vel elixatum&quot; definitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Boerio&quot;&gt;''Salsa fatta con aceto ed altri ingredienti sul pesce cotto arrosto, o fritto.'' Giuseppe Boério, ''Dizionario del dialetto veneziano'' (Venetiis: Santini, 1829) [https://archive.org/details/dizionariodeldi00bogoog/page/n551/mode/1up p. 528]&lt;/ref&gt; E Latino vocabulo communi q.e. &quot;sapor&quot; provenit, quod vocabulum saeculo XV significatione &quot;conditura&quot; iam adhibitum est.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;De condimentis quae vulgo sapores vocant&quot;: [[Bartholomaeus Platina]], ''[[De honesta voluptate et valetudine|Platine De honesta voluptate et valitudine]]'' (Venetiis: Laurentius de Aquila, 1475) [https://archive.org/details/ita-bnc-in2-00000024-001/page/n136/mode/2up f. 61v] apud ''Internet Archive''&lt;/ref&gt; Locutio autem vernacula ''savore ... a sabeto'' (&quot;sapor [[scapeta]]e&quot;) in nomine huius conditurae iam saeculo XIV in manuscripto culinario Veneto refertur in praecepto cuius rubrica est ''Savore de pesse'':
:''Se tu voy fare pesse a savore che se chiama a sabeto, frizelli in bono olio, toy uva passa e maxenala con l’ agresta e con aceto e toy cepola e lessala e batila con cotello poy frigilla con quello savore e mitige specie che non habia zafarano e mitigi galanga asai e fai che seano acetoxi non tropo.''&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Libro per cuoco}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Sarde in saòr.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|[[Gastronomia Veneta]]: ''Sarde in saor'', i.e. [[Sarda sarda|sarda]] e frustis [[allium caepa|ceparum]] [[uva|uvisque]] siccis condita, [[Venetiae|Venetiis]] inlata]]
Sardae e sapore ad populares ferias Venetas die Redemptoris, tertio die Domini mensis Iulii, parari solent,&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Fior di capparo}}&lt;/ref&gt; sed per omnem fere annum postulantur. Hoc ferculum a [[Carolus Goldoni|Carolo Goldini]] in comoedia ''Le donne de casa soa'' (&quot;Bonae oeconomae&quot;), sermone Veneto anno [[1753]] docta, nominatim fere propositum est sicut familiis idoneum:
:''Un poche de sardelle vorria mandar a tor,''&lt;br /&gt;
:''Per cusinarle subito, e metterle in saor''
(&quot;Paucas [[Sardina pilchardus|sardinas]] emere te mando ut breviter coquem et in saporem mittam&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;[[Carolus Goldoni|Carlo Goldoni]], ''Le donne de casa soa'' (1755) [[:s:it:Le donne de casa soa/Atto II|actus ii scaena 1]]&lt;/ref&gt; Locutiones populares famam saporis confirmant: ''No aver ne amor ne saor'' (&quot;neque amorem neque saporem habet&quot;) de cibo insipido dicta, ''La me mete in saor'' (&quot;me in saporem ponit&quot;) de puella excitante.&lt;ref name=&quot;Boerio&quot; /&gt; Cives ergo saepe comedebant, piscatores autem quotidie, si vate populari credere licet:
:''So nato a Venexia, go el pare pescaor,''&lt;br/&gt;
:''Par quindese giorni se magna saor ...''&lt;br/&gt;
:''Fame un piasser: cambia mestier!''
(&quot;Venetiis natus patrem piscatorem habeo: quotidie saporem quindecim dies comedo ... Unam rem, pater, quaero: vitam muta!&quot;)&lt;ref&gt;''[https://www.angolotesti.it/S/testi_canzoni_sir_oliver_skardy_9350/testo_canzone_sarde_in_saor_1757321.html Angolo Testi]''&lt;/ref&gt; Hodie Venetiis praesertim [[Sardina pilchardus|sardinae]] sed interdum [[solea]]e parvae (''sfogieti'') aut pisciculi varii [[septem maria|Septem marium]] (''passarini'') sive mense Aprili ''[[Carcinus aestuarii|Carcini aestuarii]]'' nudi (''moeche'') recipiuntur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mani&quot;&gt;{{qc|id=Mani Magazine}}; de carcinis Venetis vide et ''[https://www.fondazioneslowfood.com/en/ark-of-taste-slow-food/moeche-crabs/ Moeche Crab]'' apud ''Slow Food''&lt;/ref&gt; Secundum [[Alanus Davidson|Alanum Davidson]] in ''Mediterranean Seafood'', qui de praeceptis Venetis scribit, tales pisces farina incribrati in [[oleum|oleo]] suffriguntur, extrahuntur, sale sparguntur. Eodem oleo [[allium cepa|cepae]] frustulis dissectae friguntur; quibus [[acetum]] infunditur et breviter decoquitur, additis [[nucleus pineus|nucleis pineis]], uvae [[sultanina]]e, cortice [[limon]]um. Olla alternis piscium ceparumque stratis oneratur et aceti satis repletur.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Davidson (1981)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In insula [[Cyprus|Cypro]], fide Ivy Liacopoulou, pisces (hoc casu [[Mullus barbatus|mulli]], eodem fere modo suffriguntur; conditura autem ex [[allium sativum|allio]], aceto, foliis [[rosmarinus officinalus|rosmarini]] [[laurus nobilis|laurique]], [[solanum lycopersicum|lycopersicis]], aqua, [[sal]]e, [[piper nigrum|pipere]] compositum atque farina spissatum in pisces iam coctos infunditur.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Liacopoulou (2010?)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Coqui Ioniarum insularum, eisdem foliis receptis, vinum candidum insuper addunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Nika (2019)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Historica et etymologica
* Stanislao Porzio, ''Cibi di strada. Italia del nord, Toscana, Umbria, Marche'' (2008)
* &quot;Saor&quot; in Gillian Riley, ''The Oxford Companion to Italian Food'' (Oxonii: Oxford University Press, 2007) p. 483
* Ricette di osterie del Veneto, Quaresime e Oriente, Slow food editore
* Cucina “da mar”, ricette tradizionali e innovative con il pesce dell’Alto Adriatico, Terraferma editore

; Praecepta culinaria
* saec. XIV : {{ec|id=Libro per cuoco|c=''[[Libro per cuoco]]'' vel ''Anonimo Veneziano'' (Ludovico Frati, ed., ''Libro di cucina del secolo XIV'' (Liburni, 1899) no. 80 [https://www.uni-giessen.de/fbz/fb05/germanistik/absprache/sprachverwendung/gloning/tx/frati.htm Textus a Thoma Gloning divulgatus])}}
* 1981 : {{ec|id=Davidson (1981)|c=[[Alanus Davidson|Alan Davidson]], ''Mediterranean Seafood'' (2a ed. Londinii: Penguin, 1981) pp. 308-309 [https://app.ckbk.com/recipe/medi18941c14s001r010/pesce-in-saor cf. hic]}}
* 2018? : Nancy Harmon Jenkins, &quot;[https://cooking.nytimes.com/recipes/2358-pesce-in-saor-venetian-marinated-fish Pesce in Saor (Venetian marinated fish)]&quot; in ''[[New York Times]] Cooking''

== Nexus externi ==
* &quot;[https://www.agrodolce.it/2014/12/03/conservazione-saor-scapece-e-colatura/ L’arte della conservazione: saor, scapece e colatura] apud ''Agrodolce''
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160611132740/http://www.cucinet.com/index.php?module=CMpro&amp;func=viewpage&amp;pageid=94 Saor, piatto senza confini]&quot; apud ''CuciNet''
* {{ec|id=Mani Magazine|c=&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200805043610/https://manimagazine.it/un-piatto-storico-da-venezia-il-saor-veneziano/ Un piatto storico da Venezia: Il Saor Veneziano]&quot; apud ''Mani Magazine''}}
* &quot;[https://magazine.lorenzovinci.it/recipe/sarde-in-saor-ricetta-originale-storia-calorie-significato/ Le sarde in saor: l’agrodolce della cucina tradizionale veneta]{{Nexus deficit|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&quot; (22 Novembris 2016) apud ''Lorenzo Vinci''
* {{ec|id=Fior di capparo|c=&quot;[https://www.ilfiordicappero.com/2018/07/sarde-in-saor.html Sarde in saor, piatto veneziano]&quot; (2 Iulii 2018) apud ''Il fior di cappero''}}
* &quot;[[:it:Sarde in saor|Sarde in saor]]&quot; apud Vicipaediam Italicam
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20241211003927/https://www.akros.gr/blog/ti-einai-saltsa-savoro/ Τί είναι η σάλτσα σαβόρο]&quot; (19 Iunii 2018) apud ''Akros blog''
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20201022201131/https://www.akros.gr/blog/recipe/barbounia-savoro/ Μπαρμπούνια Σαβόρο]&quot; apud ''Akros blog''
* &quot;[https://www.greekgastronomyguide.gr/geuseis/ouzomezedes/savoro-kerkyras-mezes/ Σαβόρο Κέρκυρας]&quot; apud ''Greek Gastronomy Guide''
* &quot;[http://mirsini.gr/new/index.php/sintages/fagita/psari/recipe/794 Γόπες Ελληνικό σαβόρο]&quot; apud ''Mirsini Cooking''
* {{ec|id=Liacopoulou (2010?)|c=Ivy Liacopoulou, &quot;[https://www.kopiaste.org/2010/03/koutsomoures-savoro-red-mullets-with-savoro-sauce/ Koutsomoures Savoro (Red Mullets with Savoro Sauce)]&quot; (c. 2010) apud ''Kopiaste''}}
* {{ec|id=Nika (2019)|c=Demy Nika, &quot;[https://secretkitchenandtravel.gr/savoro-ithakis/ Σαβόρο Ιθάκης]&quot; (21 Februarii 2019) apud ''Secret Kitchen''}}

[[Categoria:Conditurae]]
[[Categoria:Alimenta e piscibus]]
[[Categoria:Ars coquinaria Italica]]
[[Categoria:Fercula generis sicbeis]]
[[Categoria:Ars coquinaria Graeca]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ropivacainum</title>
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{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Ropivacainum'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cognitores
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | ''[[ChemSpider]]'' || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.153165.html 153165]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/175805 175805]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://web.archive.org/web/20200813052424/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00296 DB00296]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Ropivacaine.svg|180px|Ropivacainum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Ropivacaine ball-and-stick.png|200px|Ropivacainum]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{chem|C|17|H|26|N|2|O}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 274.408 g/mol
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura pharmacologica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | Codex ATC || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{ATC|N01BB|09}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Semivita biologica]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 1.6 — 6 h
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Metabolismus]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[iecur|iecore]] (hepaticus):&lt;br /&gt;[[CYP1A2]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | Excretio || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[ren]]ibus (86%)
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ad usum therapeuticum
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | Applicatio || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | parenteralis
|}
'''Ropivacainum''' est [[anaestheticum locale]] [[canalis ionticus natrii|canales ionticos natrii]] obsidens.

== Natura Ropivacaini ==
=== Natura chemica ===
Structura chemica est ([[Nomenclatura Cahn-Ingold-Prelog|S]])-N-(2,6-di-methylo-phenylo)-1-propylo-[[piperidinum|piperidino]]-2-carboxy-amidum. Massa molaris est 274.408 g/mol. 

=== Pharmacodynamica ===
Ropivacainum potissime [[canalis ionticus natrii|canales ionticos natrii]] obsidet. 

=== Pharmacocinetica === 
[[Semivita biologica]] &lt;math&gt;t_{\frac{1}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;http://goldbook.iupac.org/B00658.html&lt;/ref&gt; 1.6 — 6 h est. Excretio est per [[ren]]es (86%).

== Usus Ropivacaini ==
=== Usus medicus ===
Applicatio est localis.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}} 
* [[Dolor]]

[[Categoria:Anaesthetica localia]]
[[Categoria:Piperidina]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Aromatum et medicamentorum in orientali India nascentium historia</title>
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      <text bytes="3877" sha1="rjnfmw2558oip6menian7077xq27osf" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:Christopher Acosta.jpg|thumb|Effigies auctoris [[Christophorus Acosta|Christophori Acosta]], qui, sicut hic, &quot;Africanus&quot; se describere solebat]]

{{ores|Aromatum et medicamentorum in orientali India nascentium historia}}, titulo vulgari ''Tractado delas drogas y medicinas de las Indias orientales'', est opus principale [[Christophorus Acosta|Christophori Acosta]] medici botanicique, quod anno [[1578]] [[Burgi]]s in [[Hispania]] divulgari iussit. Nonnulla capitula huius operis e libro a [[Garcias ab Orta|Garcia ab Orta]] [[Lingua Lusitana|Lusitane]] scripto ''[[Colóquios dos simples e drogas da India]]'' hausit, sicut ipse confessus est. Multa ex ambobus libris [[Latine]] vertit [[Carolus Clusius]]. Versio prima sub titulo Latino ''Aromatum et medicamentorum in orientali India nascentium historia'' [[Antverpia]]e anno [[1582]] prodit. Textus recensus in ultimo opere Clusii ''[[Exoticorum libri decem]]'', anno 1605 divulgato, includitur.

== Editiones et versiones ==
* 1578 : ''Tractado delas drogas y medicinas de las Indias orientales'' [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_VwvqjrNFsRoC Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''; [https://web.archive.org/web/20150108141429/http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=4587 alibi]; [https://web.archive.org/web/20210623004750/http://alfama.sim.ucm.es/dioscorides/consulta_libro.asp?ref=X531446734&amp;idioma=0 alibi]
* 1582 : [[Carolus Clusius]], interpr., ''Christophori a Costa ... Aromatum et medicamentorum in Orientali India nascentium liber''. Antverpiae: ex officina Christophori Plantini, 1582 [https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000812856 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' {{Google Books|Y-Q9CF8jRAcC}}; 2a ed., 1593 [https://archive.org/details/mobot31753003634646 Textus]; 3a ed., 1605, in Carolus Clusius, ''[[Exoticorum libri decem]]'' (Antverpiae) [https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000811387/page/253/mode/2up pp. 253-294]
* 1602 : Anthoine Colin, interpr.; [[Carolus Clusius]], ed., ''Traicté de Christophle de La Coste'' in ''Histoire des drogues''. Lugduni: Jean Pillehotte [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00002571-001 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' {{Google Books|vIvxO2Sit_AC|p. 343 sqq.}}; 2a ed., 1619 [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00002572-001 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''

== Bibliographia ==
* {{ec|id=Antonius (1672)|c=&quot;[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_s0hqaUqqp94C/page/n269/mode/1up Christophorus da Costa]&quot; in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Nicolaus Antonius||en|qid=Q541378}}, ''Bibliotheca Hispana sive Hispanorum'' vol. 1 (1672) p. 185}}
* Manuel Alvar Ezquerra, &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20201205050208/https://minerva.usc.es/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10347/3452/pg_007-030_verba33.pdf?sequence=1 Léxico del Tractado de las drogas y medicinas de las Indias Orientales de Cristóbal Acosta]&quot; in ''Verba'' vol. 33 (2006) pp. 7-30 [http://docplayer.es/13377381-Lexico-del-tractado-de-las-drogas-y-medicinas-de-las-indias-orientales-de-cristobal-acosta.html alibi]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* J. Olmedilla Puig, ''Estudio histórico de la vida y escritos del sabio médico, botánico y escritor del siglo xvi Cristóbal Acosta''. Matriti: Hijos de M. G. Hernández, 1899
* U. G. Paoli, &quot;[https://bibdig.museogalileo.it/Teca/Viewer?an=000000904006 Cristóbal Acosta e le sue opere]&quot; in ''Archeion'' vol. 19 (1937), pp. 317-346
* R. Rodríguez Nozal, A. González Bueno, ''El Tratado de las drogas de Acosta (Burgos, 1578). Utilidad comercial y materia médica de las Indias orientales en la Europa renacentista''. Matriti, 2000

[[Categoria:Scripta 1582]]
[[Categoria:Scripta 1578]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latine versae]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Hispanicae]]
[[Categoria:Hispaniae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Libri de medicamentis]]
[[Categoria:Libri botanici]]</text>
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    <title>Formula:'</title>
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      <comment>-span</comment>
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      <text bytes="72" sha1="0256i8mccf6ow2hdeuasez1e751d6y7" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;&amp;apos;&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>-{{Nexus absunt}}; +{{Titulus ad litteram}}; +imago; typographia</comment>
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      <text bytes="1532" sha1="dxcad45nyidykfuqlgfvb7t5e0acgsu" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}{{Latinitas|-2}}
[[Fasciculus:Caesar bsb beck.jpg|thumb|“Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres” legitur hoc in manuscripto anni [[1469]] circa.]]

{{lres|Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres}} [[incipit]] primus [[De bello Gallico|librorum de bello Gallico]] a [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Julio Caesare]] scriptorum. Haec sententia notissima est—non solum sub discipulis aut studentibus linguae Latinae, etiam homines linguam non tam bene noscentes hanc sententiam noverunt. Caesar hic de loco geographico [[Gallia|Galliae]] et de suis incolis narrat. Tres partes sunt prima pars inculta a Belgis, pars secunda inculta a Aquitanis et pars tertia inculta a Celtis sive Gallis.

[[Iulianus Tuwim|Iuliani Tuwim]] poema ''Nad Cezarem'' (''Caesarem legens'') notum est, quod incipit:

{{Versus numerati|
Szkoło! Szkoło!
Gdy cię wspominam,
Tęsknota w serce się wgryza,
Oczy mam pełne łez!&lt;ref&gt;O ludum litterarum! / Cum te remimniscor, / tristitia cor meum comedit, / oculos lacrimis plenos habeo…&lt;/ref&gt;
…Gallia est omnis divisa
In partes tres…}}

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{vicifons|Commentarii de bello Gallico|Commentarii de bello Gallico}}
* [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lsante01/Caesar/cae_bg00.html Textus] ''[[Bibliotheca Augustana]]'' {{Ling|Latine}}
* [http://bibliotekaloparczew.blogspot.com/2015/09/szkoo-szkoo-gdy-cie-wspominam.html Iuliani Tuwim ''Nad Cezarem''] {{ling|Polonice}}

[[Categoria:Gaius Iulius Caesar]]
[[Categoria:Locutiones Latinae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Scientia civilis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="17630" sha1="fgnp9c0prrd741rjo3rcwt6ufluqevh" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Dmitry Medvedev with political scientists 02.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Demetrius Medvedev]], olim praeses [[Russia|Russicus]], cum [[physicus|physicis]] civilibus ad [[Forum Consiliorum Orbis Terrarum]] congreditur.]]

'''Scientia civilis'''&lt;ref&gt;John C. Traupman, ''Latin and English Dictionary,'' ed. tertia (Novi Eboraci: Bantam Books, 2007), 622, s.v. ''political.''; [[Ebbe Vilborg]], ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok''. Andra upplagan. Norstedts akademiska förlag, Stockholm, 2009, s.v. ''Statskunskap'',&lt;/ref&gt; sive '''politice'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Reijo Pitkäranta]], ''Lexicon Finnico-Latino-Finnicum''. WSOY, 2001, s.v. ''valtio-oppi''; [[Ebbe Vilborg]], ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok''. Andra upplagan. Norstedts akademiska förlag, Stockholm, 2009, s.v. ''statsvetenskap''. 
&lt;/ref&gt; est [[ratio]]nale [[res publica|rerum publicarum]] studium, [[scientia socialis]] quae systemata [[rectio]]nis [[potestas (socialis et politicus)|potestatisque]] tractat, atque explicationem agendorum [[civilitas|civilium]], [[cogitatio civilis|cogitationis civilis]], [[mores|morum civilium]], et [[constitutio]]num [[lex|legumque]] consociatarum porrigit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20191230225002/https://www.lexico.com/definition/political_science Definitio in ''Lexico''] (Oxoniae: Oxford University Press).&lt;/ref&gt;

Scientia civilis in tris [[disciplina|subdisciplinas]] maiores dividi potest, quae [[politica comparativa]], [[coniunctiones internationales]], et [[philosophia politica|philosophia civilis]] sunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Comparative politics |date=[[2020]] |editor=Daniele Caramani |isbn=978-0-19-882060-4 |edition=Quinta |location=Oxoniae |oclc=1144813972}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Aliae subdisciplinae inter scientiam civilem plerumque numeratae [[administratio publica]], [[civilitas domestica]] (saepe cum politica comparativa tractata), [[oeconomia civilis]], et [[methodologia civilis]] sunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Roskin|first=Michael G.|date=11 Augusti [[2005]]|title=Political Science|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/political-science|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=30 Ianuarii 2021|website=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Praeterea, scientia civilis ad [[oeconomica]]m, [[iurisprudentia]]m, [[sociologia]]m, [[historia]]m, [[philosophia]]m, [[geographia humana|geographiam humanam]], [[diurnariorum ars|artes diurnarias]], [[anthropologia|anthropologiam civilem]], [[psychologia]]m, et [[ratio socialis|rationem socialem]] spectat.

Scientia civilis [[methodologia|methologice]] est diversa, et multis rationibus ex [[psychologia]], [[investigatio socialis|investigatione sociali]], et [[neuroscientia cognitiva]] ortis utitur. Inter eius inclinationes sunt [[positivismus]], [[Verstehen|interpretivismus]], [[theoria electionis rationalis]], [[behavioralismus]], [[structuralismus]], [[poststructuralismus]], [[realismus philosophicus]], [[institutionalismus historicus]], [[pluralismus]]. Quia una e [[scientia socialis|scientiis socialibus]] aestimatur, [[ratio]]nibus [[ars|artibusque]] utitur quae varia investigationum genera attingit, inter quae [[fons primarius|fontes primarii]] (sicut [[instrumentum|documenta]] historica et [[monumentum|monumenta]] publica), [[fons secundarius|fontes secundarii]] (sicut commentarii in [[periodicum|periodicis]] eruditionis, investigatio [[inspectio exemplaria|inspectionibus exemplariis]] effecta, [[statistica|explicatio statistica]], [[studia casuum]], investigatio [[experimentum|experimentalis]], et aedificatio exemplarum)&lt;!--Could a kind programmer make this formula work? In which case, the English should be latinized:
{{image frame|content={{Photomontage
| photo1a = 2011 Philippine State of the Nation Address.jpg{{!}}National and regional politics and government (sometimes referred to as area studies)
| photo1b = Tokyo Tower and surrounding area.jpg{{!}}United States Capitol, United States of America
| photo2a = United Nations General Assembly Hall (3).jpg{{!}}Parliament of Australia, Australia
| photo2b = ANICET-CHARLES-GABRIEL LEMONNIER A READING OF VOLTAIRE.jpg{{!}}Jatiyo Sangsad, Bangladesh
| photo3a = Stockmarket.jpg{{!}}National Diet of Japan
| photo3b = Social Network Analysis Visualization.png{{!}}Parliament of Malaysia, Malaysia
| photo4a = Zal Uchilischa pravovedenia.jpg{{!}}National Assembly, Nigeria
| photo4b = Banderas europeas en la Comisión Europea.jpg{{!}}Parliament of South Africa, South Africa
| size = 300
| spacing = 3
| color = #FFFFFF
| color_border = white
}}|width=312|caption='''Main sub-disciplines of political science''', from top left to right: '''1.''' [[Domestic policy|Domestic politics and government]]; '''2.''' [[Comparative politics]]; '''3.''' [[International relations]]; '''4.''' [[Political theory]]; '''5.''' [[Political economy]]; '''6.''' [[Political methodology]]; '''7.''' [[Public administration]]; '''8.''' [[Public policy]]}} --&gt;

{{NexInt}}
[[Fasciculus:Vilfredo Pareto 1870s2.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Vilfredus Pareto]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Salman of Saudi Arabia - 2020 (49563590728) (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Salmanus Abdelazizi filius]], [[rex]] [[Arabia Saudiana|Arabiae Saudianae]] et [[monarcha]] absolutus, anno [[2020]].]]
{{div col|3}}
* [[Civitas]]
* [[Civilitas]]
* [[Comitia]]
* [[Communismus]]
* [[Constitutio]]
* [[Diplomatia]]
* [[Fascismus]]
* [[Feminismus]]
* [[Geographia politica]]
* [[Hierarchia]]
* [[Samuel Philippus Huntington]]
* [[Imperialismus]]
* [[Iustitia]]
* [[Liberalismus]]
* [[Monarchia]]
* [[Oligarchia]]
* [[Vilfredus Pareto]]
* [[Pax]]
* [[Philosophia politica]]
* [[Politica comparativa]]
* [[Rectio]]
* [[Res publica]]
* [[Salus publica]]
* [[Socialismus]]
* [[Sociologia]]
* [[Maximilianus Weber]]
{{div col end}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140716091610/http://www.apsanet.org/content_34140.cfm The Evolution of Political Science]'' (November 2006). APSR volumen centenniale ''[[American Political Science Review]]''. ''Apsanet,'' 4 Februarii 2009.
* Albinski, Henry S., et Lawrence K. Pettit, eds. [[1968]]. ''European Political Processes: Essays and Readings.'' Bostoniae: Allyn &amp; Bacon.
* Abbott, Kenneth W., et Duncan Snidal. [[2000]]. &quot;Hard and soft law in international governance.&quot; ''International organization'' 54 (3): 421–56.
* Atchison, Amy L, ed. [[2021]]. ''Political Science Is for Everybody: An Introduction to Political Science.'' University of Toronto Press.
* Badie, Bertrand, et al. [[2011]]. ''International Encyclopedia of Political Science.'' SAGE.
* Blatt, Jessica. [[2018]]. ''Race and the Making of American Political Science.'' University of Pennsylvania Press.
* Bleich, Erik. [[2011]]. &quot;What is Islamophobia and how much is there? Theorizing and measuring an emerging comparative concept.&quot; ''American Behavioral Scientist'' 55 (12): 1581–1600.
* Bornschier, V. [[1996]]. ''Western society in transition.'' New Brunswick in Nova Caesarea: Transaction.
* Bornschier, V. [[2005]]. ''Culture and politics in economic development.'' Londinii: Routledge. Routledge Frontiers of Political Economy, 67.
* Bornschier, V. [[2016]]. &quot;Hegemonic decline, West European unification, and the future structure of the core.&quot; ''Journal of World-Systems Research'' 1: 69–96. {{doi|10.5195/jwsr.1995.42}}.
* Bornschier, V., et C. K. Chase-Dunn. [[1985]]. ''Transnational corporations and underdevelopment.'' Novi Ebraci: Praeger.
* Brand, Ulrich, et Markus Wissen. [[2013]]. &quot;Crisis and continuity of capitalist society-nature relationships: The imperial mode of living and the limits to environmental governance.&quot; ''Review of International Political Economy'' 20 (4): 687–711.
* Brand, Ulrich, et Markus Wissen. [[2018]]. ''The limits to capitalist nature: Theorizing and overcoming the imperial mode of living.'' Rowman &amp; Littlefield.
* Brand, Ulrich. [[2021]]. &quot;Green economy–the next oxymoron? No lessons learned from failures of implementing sustainable development.&quot; ''GAIA: Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society'' 21 (1): 28–32.
* Caramani, Daniele, ed. [[2020]]. ''Comparative Politics.'' Ed. quinta. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press.
* Elsenhans, H. [[2011]]. ''The rise and demise of the capitalist world system.'' Lipsiae: Leipziger Universitätsverlag.
* Elsenhans, H. [[2014]]. ''Saving capitalism from the capitalists: world capitalism and global history.'' Angelopoli: Sage.
* Elsenhans, H. [[2016]]. ''Hartmut Elsenhans and a critique of capitalism: conversations on theory and policy implications.'' Ed. N. Wilcock et C. Scholz. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. {{doi|10.1007/978-1-137-56464-1}}.
* Elsenhans, H. [[2021]]. ''Development, capitalism, and rent: the political economy of Hartmut Elsenhans.'' Ed. H. Warnecke-Berger. Cham Helvetiae: Palgrave Macmillan. {{doi|10.1007/978-3-030-62605-1}}.
* Elsenhans, H., et S. Babones. [[2020]]. ''BRICS or Bust?'' Stanford University Press.
* Goodin, R. E., et Hans-Dieter Klingemann. [[1996]]. ''A New Handbook of Political Science.'' Oxoniae et Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-829471-9.
* Goodin, Robert E, ed. [[2011]]. ''The Oxford Handbook of Political Science.'' Oxford University Press.
* Grinin, Leonid, A. Korotayev, et Arno Tausch. [[2016]]. ''Economic Cycles, Crises, and the Global Periphery.'' Heidelbergae, Novi Eboraci, Dordrecht, Londindinii: Springer International. ISBN 978-3-319-17780-9.
* Hayek, F. A. [[1960]]. ''The constitution of liberty.'' Sicagi: University of Chicago Press.
* Hochschild, Jennifer L. [[2005]]. &quot;Race and Class in Political Science.&quot; ''Michigan Journal of Race and Law 11 (1) :99–114.
* Inglehart, Ronald F. [[2021]]. ''Religion's sudden decline: what's causing it, and what comes next?'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press.
* Inglehart, Ronald, et Pippa Norris. [[2003]]. ''Rising tide: Gender equality and cultural change around the world.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press.
* Katznelson, Ira, et al. [[2002]]. ''Political Science: The State of the Discipline.'' Novi Eboraci: W. W. Norton.
* Kellstedt, Paul M, et Guy D. Whitten. [[2018]]. ''The Fundamentals of Political Science Research.'' Ed. tertia. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press.
* Kohler, Gernot, et al. [[2003]]. ''Globalization: Critical Perspectives.'' Novi Eboraci: Nova Science Publishers. Comentarii Samir Amin, Immanuelis Wallerstein, Christophori Chase-Dunn, Kimmo Kiljunen, Andreae Gunder Frank, et al.
* Klingemann, Hans-Dieter, ed. [[2007]]. ''The State of Political Science in Western Europe.'' Opladen: Barbara Budrich Publishers. ISBN 978-3-86649-045-1.
* Lowndes, Vivien, et al., eds. [[2018]]. ''Theory and Methods in Political Science.'' Ed. quarta. Palgrave Macmillan.
* Munck, Gerardo L., et Richard Snyder, eds. [[2007]]. ''Passion, Craft, and Method in Comparative Politics.'' Baltimorae: Johns Hopkins University Press.
* Noel, Hans. [[2010]]. &quot;Ten Things Political Scientists Know that You Don’t.&quot; ''The Forum'' 8 no. 3 (14 Octobris). {{doi|10.2202/1540-8884.1393}}. [http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/for.2010.8.3_20120105083456/for.2010.8.3/for.2010.8.3.1393/for.2010.8.3.1393.xmlde DeGruyter.]
* Morlino, Leonardo, et al. [[2017]]. ''Political Science: A Global Perspective.'' Sage.
* Norris, Pippa. [[2021]]. &quot;Cancel Culture: Myth or Reality?&quot; ''Political Studies'' 00323217211037023.
* Norris, Pippa. [[2011]]. ''Democratic deficit: Critical citizens revisited.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press.
* Oxford Handbooks of Political Science.
* Roskin, Michael, R. L. Cord, J. A. Medeiros, et W. S. Jones. [[2007]]. ''Political Science: An Introduction.'' Ed. decima. Novi Eboraci: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-242575-9.
* Rosenberger, Sieglinde, et Birgit Sauer. [[2012]]. ''Politics, Religion and Gender: Framing and Regulating the Veil.'' Routledge.
* Schram, S. F., et B. Caterino, eds. [[2006]]. ''Making Political Science Matter: Debating Knowledge, Research, and Method.'' Novi Eboraci et Londinii: New York University Press. [https://books.google.com/books?id=kyJ5GJ7DeMQC Google Books.]
* Senghaas, D. [[1985]]. ''The European experience: a historical critique of development theory.' Leamington Spa, Warwickshire: Berg.
* Senghaas, D. [[2013]]. ''Dieter Senghaas: pioneer of peace and development research.'' Berolini: Springer. Springerbriefs on pioneers in science and practice, 6. {{doi|10.1007/978-3-642-34114-4}}.
* Shively, W. Phillips. [[2019]]. ''Power &amp; Choice: An Introduction to Political Science.'' Ed. quintus decimus. Rowman &amp; Littlefield.
* Solomon, Hussein. [[2016]]. ''Islamic State and the Coming Global Confrontation.'' Palgrave Macmillan.
* Tausch, Arno, et F. Prager. [[1993]]. ''Towards a Socio-Liberal Theory of World Development.'' Basingstoke: Macmillan; Novi Eboraci: St. Martin's Press et Springer. [https://books.google.com/books?id=tZywCwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Google Books.]
* Tausch, Arno, cum Almas Heshmati et Hichem Karoui. [[2015]]. ''The political algebra of global value change: General models and implications for the Muslim world.'' Novi Eboraci: Nova Science Publishers. ISBN 978-1629488998. [https://books.google.com/books?id=YmjiswEACAAJ Google Books.]
* Tausch, Arno. [[2009]]. &quot;For a globally visible political science in the 21st Century: Bibliometric analyses and strategic consequences.&quot; SSRN, 26 Octobris 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090327104142/http://ssrn.com/abstract= {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327104142/http://ssrn.com/abstract Abstractum, 27 Martii 2009.}}]
* Taylor, C. L., et B. M. Russett, eds. [[2020]]. ''Karl W. Deutsch: Pioneer in the Theory of International Relations.'' Springer.
* Van Evera, Stephen. [[1997]]. ''Guide to Methods for Students of Political Science.'' Ithacae Novi Eboraci: Cornell University Press.
* Zippelius, Reinhold. [[2003]]. ''Geschichte der Staatsideen,'' ed.decima. Monaci: C. H. Beck. ISBN 3-406-49494-3.
* Zippelius, Reinhold. [[2010]]. ''Allgemeine Staatslehre, Politikwissenschaft,'' ed. sexta decima. Monaci: C. H. Beck. ISBN 978-3-406-60342-6.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Political science|scientiam civilem}}
{{Wikibooks|Political Science|scientiam civilem}}
{{Wikiquote|Political science|scientiam civilem}}

=== Societates professionales ===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131002032919/http://www.ecpr.eu/ European Consortium for Political Research.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160415202647/http://icrhs.tsukuba.ac.jp/en/ Institute for Comparative Research in Human and Social Sciences in Japan.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120306094555/http://iapss.org/ International Association for Political Science Students.]
* [http://www.ipsa.org/ International Political Science Association.]
* [http://www.isanet.org/ International Studies Association.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025031651/http://www.mpsanet.org/ Midwest Political Science Association.]
* [http://www.psa.ac.uk/ Political Studies Association of the United Kingdom.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141219111720/http://spsa.net/ Southern Political Science Association.]

=== Legenda addita ===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150227123603/http://ipsaportal.unina.it/ &quot;IPSAPortal: Top 300 websites for Political Science.&quot;]
* [https://ooir.org/index.php?category=polisci &quot;Observatory of International Research (OOIR): Latest Papers and Trends in Political Science.&quot;]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092151/http://www.politicalscience.org/ &quot;PROL: Political Science Research Online&quot; (investigationes ante publicationem).]

=== Duces bibliothecarum===
* {{Cite web |url=http://guides.lib.umich.edu/content.php?pid=17084 |title=Political Science |last=Library |website=Research Guides |publisher=[[Universitas Michiganiae]] |location= Civitates Foederatae|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707175200/http://guides.lib.umich.edu/content.php?pid=17084 |archive-date=7 Iulii 2014 |access-date=15 Februarii 2014}}.
* {{Cite web |url=http://ox.libguides.com/politics |title=Political Science |last=Bodleian Libraries |author-link=Bodleian Libraries |website=LibGuides |publisher=Universitas Oxoniensis |location=Britanniarum Regnum |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218121858/http://ox.libguides.com/politics |archive-date=18 Februarii 2014 |access-date=15 Februarii 2014}}.
* {{Cite web |url=http://libguides.princeton.edu/politics |title=Politics Research Guide |last=Library |website=LibGuides |publisher=[[Universitas Princetoniensis]] |location=Nova Caesarea in Civitatibus Foederatie |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723120001/http://libguides.princeton.edu/politics |archive-date=23 Iulii 2014 |access-date=15 Februarii 2014}}.
* {{Cite web |url=http://researchguides.library.syr.edu/polisci |title=Political Science |last=Libraries |website=Research Guides |publisher=[[Universitas Syracusana]] |location=Novum Eboracum in Civitatibus Foederatis |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708232448/http://researchguides.library.syr.edu/polisci |archive-date=8 Iulii 2014 |access-date=15 Februarii 2014}}.
* {{Cite web |url=http://guides.library.tamu.edu/politicalscience?hs=a |title=Political Science |last=University Libraries |website=Research Guides |publisher=[[Texas A&amp;M University]] |location= Civitates Foederatae |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021070243/http://guides.library.tamu.edu/politicalscience?hs=a |archive-date=21 Octobris 2014 |access-date=15 Februarii 2014}}.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Scientia Civilis}}
[[Categoria:Scientia civilis| ]]

{{Myrias|Societas}}</text>
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      <text bytes="6536" sha1="gl2tst4y0xxvo59tq511obvr060itzk" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Augsburg Moritzkirche Merkurbrunnen 220326.JPG|thumb|ecclesia Sancti Mauritii (Augustae Vindelicum), reverendo domino Ziegelbauer primus sacerdotii locus]]
[[File:FIUV 300x300px 72dpi.gif|thumb|''Una voce'' loquantur missae Latinae fautores inter quos etiam Ziegelbauer]]
[[Fasciculus:Coat of arms of Maximilian Ziegelbauer.svg|thumb]]
'''Maximilianus Ziegelbauer''' (natus die [[6 Septembris]] [[1923]] [[Memminga]]e&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.columbia.edu/acis/ets/Graesse/orblatm.html nominis urbis Latini fons]&lt;/ref&gt;, mortuus die [[21 Novembris]] [[2016]] ibidem) episcopus auxiliaris [[germania|Germanicus]] fuit in [[Dioecesis Augustana Vindelicorum|Dioecesi Augustana Vindelicorum]].

== Vita ==
Ziegelbauer, postquam [[Dilinga]]e theologiae studuit die 21 Maii 1950 sacerdos ordinatus est. Tunc capellanus factus est in parochia Augustana Santi Mauritii, unde ei ab anno 1952 quadriennium tamquam secretarius [[iosephus Freundorfer|Iosepho Freundorfer]] episcopo vacare licuit.  

Sed ex anno 1956 diu atque diligenter animarum cura fungebatur Memmingae ad Fanum Mariae in caelos assumptae antequam die 1 Octobris 1965 vicarius cathedralis Augustanus nominatus est. Triennio post capitulanus cathedralis proclamatus est. Anno 1973 corporatio catholica studentica [[monacum|Monacensis]] ''K.B.St.V. Rhaetia München'' eum in gremio suo recepit.

Die 2 Augusti 1983 summus pontifex [[Ioannes Paulus II]] Maximilianum Ziegelbauer et episcopum titularem [[Lapda]]e (in [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africa proconsulari]]) et episcopum auxiliarem Augustanum promovit. Quem die 22 Octobris eiusdem anni consecravit [[Iosephus Stimpfle]] episcopus Augustanus, auxiliantibus [[manfredus Müller|Manfredo Müller]] [[ratisbona|Ratisbonensi]] et [[Rudolphus Schmid|Rudolpho Schmid]] Augustano. Ziegelbauer sententiam sibi elegit hanc: ''Fundata supra petram''. Annis inter 1984 et 1998 vicarius episcopalis fuit quoad Ecclesiae momentum in culturalibus servandum. Die 7 Septembris 1998 [[Sancta Sedes]] dimissionem aetatis caussa petitam probavit. 

Die 11 Septembris 1988 Ziegelbauer sex novas campanas aëneas pro ecclesia Memmingensi ad Sanctum Iosephum benedixit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_2l7fi4d-hU sonus campanarum]&lt;/ref&gt; Aetate valde provectus die 21 Novembris 2016 in valetudinario Memmingensi naturae concessit.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.augsburger-allgemeine.de/bayern/Frueherer-Augsburger-Weihbischof-Max-Ziegelbauer-gestorben-id39795857.html &quot;Max Ziegelbauer ist tot&quot;.] - Apud: ''Augsburger Allgemeine'', 22.11.2016&lt;/ref&gt;

== Liturgiae recentioris adversarius ==
Constat Maximilianum Ziegelbauer [[Instauratio liturgica|instaurationem liturgicam]] minoris aestimavisse. Anno 2002 in pamphleto suo ''Die „alte“ Kirche ist mir lieber'' occasum fidei post [[Concilium Vaticanum Secundum]] lugebat atque querebatur. Quod in colloquio percontativo cum Martino Zips ephemeridis ''Süddeutsche Zeitung'' porro explicavit, quod [[Valahfridus Stroh]] in Latinum convertit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.pro-missa-tridentina.org/news/news_86.htm colloquium omne in paginis motionis ''Una Voce'' linguis Latina et Theodisca]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ibi dixit idioma Latinum in sacris faciendis et in soteriologia intelligenda magis aptum esse quam linguas verniculares secundum istum ordinem liturgicum novum, qui hominis partes in sacris mysteriis celebrandis nimis efferret et divina committeret. Ecce notiones eius: ''Non solum Concilium Vaticanum Secundum ut ritus Latini Latine agantur postulat; sed etiam Omnium Gentium Musicorum Ecclesiasticorum Sodalitas abolitionem Latini sermonis ut insanam deplorat. [...] Sunt sane aptae (linguae), sed nescio quomodo Latina verba in Deo colendo longe accommodatiora tam augustis arcanis videntur. Nam salvationis nostrae mysterium hoc aevo terrestri nisi per signorum imaginum verborum tamquam velamenta et involucra fieri non potest. [...] Plurimi eorum, qui auctoritate Concilii Vaticani Secundi sententias suas munire volunt, sine dubio hominem nimii faciunt. Quare verendum est ne, cum hominem atque humana tamquam sancta venerantur, Dei ipsius maiestatem imminuant.''

Rude donatus cum permissu archiepiscopi [[ioachimus Meisner|Ioachimi Meisner]] [[colonia Agrippina|Coloniae Agrippinae]] in fano Sancti Cuniberti liturgiam secundum [[ordo missae|ordinem missam]] vetustiorem (anno 1962 instauratum) celebrare quivit. Quod [[motu proprio]] ''[[Ecclesia Dei (motu proprio)|Ecclesia Dei]]'' ex anno 1988 in necessitatibus permisit.&lt;ref&gt;Michael Sontheimer, Peter Wensierski: ''[https://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/a-607625.html &quot;Zur Rechten Gottes.&quot;] - Apud: ''Der Spiegel'' 8/2009 (16.2.2009), p. 36-37&lt;/ref&gt;

== Honores ==
* civis Memmingensis honoris causa 
* decoratio insigni [[Bavaria|Bavarico]] pro meritis ''(Bayerischer Verdienstorden)''

== Opera ==
* ''Angst vor der Tradition? Die Heilige Messe und die Kirche von heute.'' FE-Medienverlag, Kißlegg (Algoviae) 2008, ISBN 978-3-939684-24-4.
* ''Die „alte“ Kirche ist mir lieber. Ein Plädoyer für die Wiederentdeckung des Katholischen.'' Stella-Maris-Verlag, Buttenwiesen 2002, ISBN 3-93422-525-X.
* ''Johannes Eck. Mann der Kirche im Zeitalter der Glaubensspaltung.'' EOS-Verlag, ad Sanctam Ottiliam 1987, ISBN 3-88096-054-2.
* ''Jugend, willst du noch katholisch sein? Wege zu einer neuen Identität.'' Auer, Donawerdae 1983, ISBN 3-40301-461-4.
* ''Im Banne des Papstbesuchs. Deutschlands festliche Kirche.'' Auer, Donawerdae 1980, ISBN 3-40301-202-6.
* ''Katholische Kirche und Katholizismus in Memmingen von 1900 bis 1975.'' Apud: ''Jahrbuch des Vereins für Augsburger Bistumsgeschichte.'' Tomus 10, 1976, ISSN 0341-9916, p. 369–417.
* ''Der Kirche auf der Spur.'' Verlag Winfried-Werk, Augustae Vindelicorum 1971–1973;
** Band 1: ''Reise durch die geistliche Landschaft Deutschlands.'' 1971;
** Band 2: ''Ihr Erbe und Auftrag in Deutschland.'' 1973.

== Nexus externi ==
* {{DNB-Portal|123595355}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160422193507/http://www.bistum-augsburg.de/index.php/bistum/Bistum/Emeritierte-Bischoefe/Weihbischof-em.-Ziegelbauer/Biografie vita in paginis dioecesanis]
* [https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bzieg.html Ziegelbauer quis in hierarchia catholica fuerit]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;
 

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[[categoria:Theologi Germaniae]]
[[categoria:Presbyteri catholici]] 
[[categoria:Nati 1923]]
[[categoria:Mortui 2016]]
[[categoria:Incolae Germaniae]]
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== De usu ==

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== De conversione prioris transclusionis ad substitutionem ==
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&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{salve}} --[[Usor:AuctorExemplaris|AuctorExemplaris]] ([[Disputatio_Usoris:AuctorExemplaris|disputatio]]) 16:57, 3 Octobris 2023 (UTC)&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

id verte ad

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{subst:salve|salutator=AuctorExemplaris}} --[[Usor:AuctorExemplaris|AuctorExemplaris]] ([[Disputatio_Usoris:AuctorExemplaris|disputatio]]) 16:57, 3 Octobris 2023 (UTC)&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Si tu fuisti salutator aut salutatrix, argumentum {{para|salutator}} aut {{para|salutatrix}} omittere potes.

== De argumentis ==

&lt;templatedata&gt;{
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Haec substitutio ad novos usores salutandos adhibetur.&quot;,
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;1&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Nomen&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Nomen usoris (si casus vocativus a nominativo differt)&quot;,
			&quot;default&quot;: &quot;{{ROOTPAGENAME}}&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;ExempliUstrix&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Sexus&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Utere “m” pro masculino, “f” pro feminino aut “a” pro alio genere&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;f&quot;,
			&quot;default&quot;: &quot;{{GENDER:{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|m|f|a}}&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;salutator&quot;: {
			&quot;aliases&quot;: [&quot;salutatrix&quot;],
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Salutator&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Usor vel ustrix salutans (in novis substitutionibus argumentum omittendum est)&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;AuctorExemplaris&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		}
	}
}&lt;/templatedata&gt;

== Subformulae humanae ==
* {{fsn|Salve/cum subscriptione}}

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* [[:Categoria:Formulae nuntiorum ad usores referendorum]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Salve]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Exemplaria communia/Salve]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Gratulatio]]
* [[:Categoria:Formulae disputationis]]
* {{Fn|Nexus ad alias linguas de opibus nexibusque pro usoribus novis}}
* {{Fn|Nexus ad alias linguas de fontibus nominum Latinorum}}
* {{Fn|Nexus ad alias linguas de orthographia}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae monituum nuntiorumque|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsa capita creant|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae administrationis Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae disputationis|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae nuntiorum ad usores referendorum|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae in spatio nominali disputationis usoris adhibendae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>2i6ar7fm2emuyvz2ndspyt89afpq4et</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Mora substitutionis/doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>308424</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3974500</id>
      <parentid>3970222</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T14:13:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3974500</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5809" sha1="m2ghmtig5i0ysc9hd443sr2kmoqctuf" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis|proprietas=distributa}}{{#ifeq:{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|Mora substitutionis cautae
	| {{Formula in nuntiis systematis adhibita|custodes=usores|r3946544=Formula:Postilla redirectionis}}
}}
{{Formula semper substituenda}}

Utere metaformulis {{Fn|Mora substitutionis}} et {{Fn|Mora substitutionis cautae}} ut expansionem [[Auxilium:Substitutio|substitutionis]] moreris.

== De usu ==

=== {{[[Formula:Mora substitutionis|subst:mora substitutionis|...]]}} ===
* In paginis (exempli gratia {{fsn|dies planus 3}} morando):
** &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:mora substitutionis|dies planus 3}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
**: ↳ {{mora substitutionis|dies planus 3}}
** &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:mora substitutionis|dies planus 3{{subst:!}}22{{subst:!}}4{{subst:!}}1983}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
**: ↳ {{mora substitutionis|dies planus 3{{!}}22{{!}}4{{!}}1983}}
* In formulis substituendis (exempli gratia {{fsn|dies planus 3}} morando):
** &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;mora substitutionis|dies planus 3}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
**: ↳ {{mora substitutionis|dies planus 3}}
** &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;mora substitutionis|dies planus 3{{subst:!}}22{{subst:!}}4{{subst:!}}1983}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
**: ↳ {{mora substitutionis|dies planus 3{{!}}22{{!}}4{{!}}1983}} 
* In paginis documentationis (exempli gratia {{fsn|dies planus 3}} morando):
** &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{mora substitutionis|dies planus 3}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
**: ↳ {{mora substitutionis|dies planus 3}}
** &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{mora substitutionis|dies planus 3{{subst:!}}22{{subst:!}}4{{subst:!}}1983}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
**: ↳ {{mora substitutionis|dies planus 3{{!}}22{{!}}4{{!}}1983}} 

=== {{[[Formula:mora substitutionis cautae|subst:mora substitutionis cautae|...]]}} ===
* In paginis (exempli gratia {{fsn|dies planus 3}} morando):
** &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:mora substitutionis cautae|dies planus 3}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
**: ↳ {{mora substitutionis cautae|dies planus 3}}
** &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:mora substitutionis cautae|dies planus 3{{safesubst:!}}22{{safesubst:!}}4{{safesubst:!}}1983}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
**: ↳ {{mora substitutionis cautae|dies planus 3{{!}}22{{!}}4{{!}}1983}}
* In formulis substituendis (exempli gratia {{fsn|dies planus 3}} morando):
** &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{{{{|safesafesubst:}}}mora substitutionis cautae|dies planus 3}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
**: ↳ {{mora substitutionis cautae|dies planus 3}}
** &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{{{{|safesafesubst:}}}mora substitutionis cautae|dies planus 3{{safesubst:!}}22{{safesubst:!}}4{{safesubst:!}}1983}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
**: ↳ {{mora substitutionis cautae|dies planus 3{{!}}22{{!}}4{{!}}1983}} 
* In paginis documentationis (exempli gratia {{fsn|dies planus 3}} morando):
** &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{mora substitutionis cautae|dies planus 3}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
**: ↳ {{mora substitutionis cautae|dies planus 3}}
** &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{mora substitutionis cautae|dies planus 3{{safesubst:!}}22{{safesubst:!}}4{{safesubst:!}}1983}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
**: ↳ {{mora substitutionis cautae|dies planus 3{{!}}22{{!}}4{{!}}1983}} 

=== Casus verisimiles ===
Duo exempla substitutionum morandarum sunt sequentes annotationes HTML, cum per {{fsn|murmur}} scribantur:

# &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;!-- Scribe {{subst:dies planus 3}}. --&gt;&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
# &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;!-- Scribe {{subst:dies planus 3|22|4|1983}}. --&gt;&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Prima annotatio substitutionem sine argumentis {{fsn|dies planus 3}} continet, secunda annotatio eandem substitutionem cum tribus argumentis ({{fsnp|dies planus 3|22|4|1983}}). Si tales annotationes per substitutionem {{fsn|murmur}} genantur, substitutio {{fsn|dies planus 3}} quoque infeliciter expandatur. Ut hoc vitetur, substitutio {{fsn|mora substitutionis}} adhiberi potest.

Ita, si quandam substitutionem sine argumentis morari vis, scribe, secundum exempla annotationum precedentia, '''in paginam'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{subst:murmur|Scribe {{subst:mora substitutionis|dies planus 3}}.}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

vel in quandam '''formulam substituendam''',

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;murmur|Scribe {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;mora substitutionis|dies planus 3}}.}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

et ambo exempla gignent

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;&lt;!-- Scribe {{subst:dies planus 3}}. --&gt;&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Si substitutionem cum argumentis morari vis, scribe, secundum exempla annotationum precedentia, '''in paginam'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{subst:murmur|Scribe {{subst:mora substitutionis|dies planus 3{{subst:!}}22{{subst:!}}4{{subst:!}}1983}}.}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

vel in quandam '''formulam substituendam''',

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;murmur|Scribe {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;mora substitutionis|dies planus 3{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;!}}22{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;!}}4{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;!}}1983}}.}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

et ambo exempla gignent

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;&lt;!-- Scribe {{subst:dies planus 3|22|4|1983}}. --&gt;&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== Subformulae (non machinariae) ==
* {{Relfsn|Formula:Mora substitutionis/inceptio}}

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* {{fn|Mora transclusionis}}
* {{fn|Mora parametri}}
* {{fn|Vicitextus caducus}}
* [[:Categoria:Metaformulae]]

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Metaformulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae administrationis Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>m2ghmtig5i0ysc9hd443sr2kmoqctuf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974502</id>
      <parentid>3974500</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T14:15:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3974502</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5722" sha1="q56vr0d2sp5fnyhd39cfocq7fhndudf" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis|proprietas=distributa}}{{#ifeq:{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|Mora substitutionis cautae
	| {{Formula in nuntiis systematis adhibita|custodes=usores|r3946544=Formula:Postilla redirectionis}}
}}
{{Formula semper substituenda}}

Utere metaformulis {{Fn|Mora substitutionis}} et {{Fn|Mora substitutionis cautae}} ut expansionem [[Auxilium:Substitutio|substitutionis]] moreris.

== De usu ==

=== {{[[Formula:Mora substitutionis|subst:mora substitutionis|...]]}} ===
* In paginis (exempli gratia {{fsn|dies planus 3}} morando):
** &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:mora substitutionis|dies planus 3}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
**: ↳ {{mora substitutionis|dies planus 3}}
** &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:mora substitutionis|dies planus 3{{subst:!}}22{{subst:!}}4{{subst:!}}1983}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
**: ↳ {{mora substitutionis|dies planus 3{{!}}22{{!}}4{{!}}1983}}
* In formulis substituendis (exempli gratia {{fsn|dies planus 3}} morando):
** &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;mora substitutionis|dies planus 3}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
**: ↳ {{mora substitutionis|dies planus 3}}
** &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;mora substitutionis|dies planus 3{{subst:!}}22{{subst:!}}4{{subst:!}}1983}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
**: ↳ {{mora substitutionis|dies planus 3{{!}}22{{!}}4{{!}}1983}} 
* In paginis documentationis (exempli gratia {{fsn|dies planus 3}} morando):
** &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{mora substitutionis|dies planus 3}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
**: ↳ {{mora substitutionis|dies planus 3}}
** &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{mora substitutionis|dies planus 3{{subst:!}}22{{subst:!}}4{{subst:!}}1983}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
**: ↳ {{mora substitutionis|dies planus 3{{!}}22{{!}}4{{!}}1983}} 

=== {{[[Formula:mora substitutionis cautae|subst:mora substitutionis cautae|...]]}} ===
* In paginis (exempli gratia {{fsn|dies planus 3}} morando):
** &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:mora substitutionis cautae|dies planus 3}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
**: ↳ {{mora substitutionis cautae|dies planus 3}}
** &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:mora substitutionis cautae|dies planus 3{{safesubst:!}}22{{safesubst:!}}4{{safesubst:!}}1983}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
**: ↳ {{mora substitutionis cautae|dies planus 3{{!}}22{{!}}4{{!}}1983}}
* In formulis substituendis (exempli gratia {{fsn|dies planus 3}} morando):
** &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{{{{|safesafesubst:}}}mora substitutionis cautae|dies planus 3}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
**: ↳ {{mora substitutionis cautae|dies planus 3}}
** &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{{{{|safesafesubst:}}}mora substitutionis cautae|dies planus 3{{safesubst:!}}22{{safesubst:!}}4{{safesubst:!}}1983}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
**: ↳ {{mora substitutionis cautae|dies planus 3{{!}}22{{!}}4{{!}}1983}} 
* In paginis documentationis (exempli gratia {{fsn|dies planus 3}} morando):
** &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{mora substitutionis cautae|dies planus 3}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
**: ↳ {{mora substitutionis cautae|dies planus 3}}
** &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{mora substitutionis cautae|dies planus 3{{safesubst:!}}22{{safesubst:!}}4{{safesubst:!}}1983}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
**: ↳ {{mora substitutionis cautae|dies planus 3{{!}}22{{!}}4{{!}}1983}} 

=== Casus verisimiles ===
Duo exempla substitutionum morandarum sunt sequentes annotationes HTML, cum per {{fsn|murmur}} scribantur:

# &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;!-- Scribe {{subst:dies planus 3}}. --&gt;&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
# &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;!-- Scribe {{subst:dies planus 3|22|4|1983}}. --&gt;&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Prima annotatio substitutionem sine argumentis {{fsn|dies planus 3}} continet, secunda annotatio eandem substitutionem cum tribus argumentis ({{fsnp|dies planus 3|22|4|1983}}). Si tales annotationes per substitutionem {{fsn|murmur}} genantur, substitutio {{fsn|dies planus 3}} quoque infeliciter expandatur. Ut hoc vitetur, substitutio {{fsn|mora substitutionis}} adhiberi potest.

Ita, si quandam substitutionem sine argumentis morari vis, scribe, secundum exempla annotationum precedentia, '''in paginam'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{subst:murmur|Scribe {{subst:mora substitutionis|dies planus 3}}.}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

vel in quandam '''formulam substituendam''',

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;murmur|Scribe {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;mora substitutionis|dies planus 3}}.}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

et ambo exempla gignent

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;&lt;!-- Scribe {{subst:dies planus 3}}. --&gt;&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Si substitutionem cum argumentis morari vis, scribe, secundum exempla annotationum precedentia, '''in paginam'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{subst:murmur|Scribe {{subst:mora substitutionis|dies planus 3{{subst:!}}22{{subst:!}}4{{subst:!}}1983}}.}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

vel in quandam '''formulam substituendam''',

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;murmur|Scribe {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;mora substitutionis|dies planus 3{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;!}}22{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;!}}4{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;!}}1983}}.}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

et ambo exempla gignent

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;&lt;!-- Scribe {{subst:dies planus 3|22|4|1983}}. --&gt;&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* {{fn|Mora transclusionis}}
* {{fn|Mora parametri}}
* {{fn|Vicitextus caducus}}
* [[:Categoria:Metaformulae]]

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Metaformulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae administrationis Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>q56vr0d2sp5fnyhd39cfocq7fhndudf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:'/doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>308506</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3974483</id>
      <parentid>3826435</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T13:59:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+Cat; minora</comment>
      <origin>3974483</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="763" sha1="6glkzlxkdqtjv8zfrvc0u2jxkuaokuw" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{Formula substituibilis}}

== De usu ==
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;The ''Iliad''{{'}}s vocabulary is archaic.&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ The ''Iliad''{{'}}s vocabulary is archaic.
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;The ''Iliad''{{subst:'}}s vocabulary is archaic.&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ The ''Iliad''{{'}}s vocabulary is archaic.

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* [[:Categoria:Formulae typographicae]]

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae quae nullum argumentum accipiunt|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae typographicae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>6glkzlxkdqtjv8zfrvc0u2jxkuaokuw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Mora transclusionis/doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>308775</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3974504</id>
      <parentid>3788092</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T14:17:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ulteriora si cupis */</comment>
      <origin>3974504</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="805" sha1="pgq1vo9n1417re5by4r2qpx4e19ni5z" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{Formula substituibilis|...}}

Utere hac metaformula ut expansionem formulae moreris.

== De usu ==
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{mora transclusionis|ast}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{Mora transclusionis|ast}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{mora transclusionis|unitas{{!}}km}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{mora transclusionis|unitas{{!}}km}}

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* {{Fn|((}} et {{Fn|))}}
* {{Fn|Mora substitutionis}}
* {{Fn|Mora parametri}}
* {{Fn|Notae parenthesis ungulatae}}
* [[:Categoria:Metaformulae]]

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Metaformulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae administrationis Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>pgq1vo9n1417re5by4r2qpx4e19ni5z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974518</id>
      <parentid>3974504</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T14:24:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Documentationem redintegravi</comment>
      <origin>3974518</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1428" sha1="o119wyfxyxy508dp7n68e1zol5hjp21" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis|proprietas=distributa}}
{{Formula substituibilis|{{#ifeq:{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|Mora transclusionis|...}}}}

Formulae {{Fn|((}} et {{Fn|))}} duplas notas parenthesis ungulatae (&lt;code&gt;{{((}}&lt;/code&gt; et &lt;code&gt;{{))}}&lt;/code&gt;) scribunt. Formula {{Fn|Mora transclusionis}} textum intra ambas has notas ostendit.

== De usu ==
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{mora transclusionis|ast}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{Mora transclusionis|ast}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{mora transclusionis|unitas{{!}}km}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{mora transclusionis|unitas{{!}}km}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{((}}ast{{))}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{((}}ast{{))}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{((}}unitas{{!}}km{{))}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{((}}unitas{{!}}km{{))}}

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* {{Fn|Mora substitutionis}}
* {{Fn|Mora substitutionis cautae}}
* {{Fn|Mora parametri}}
* {{Fn|Notae parenthesis ungulatae}}
* [[:Categoria:Metaformulae]]

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi|1=|2=
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Metaformulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae administrationis Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
{{#ifeq:{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|Mora transclusionis||[[Categoria:Formulae quae nullum argumentum accipiunt|{{PAGENAME}}]]}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>o119wyfxyxy508dp7n68e1zol5hjp21</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974530</id>
      <parentid>3974518</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T14:27:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3974530</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1413" sha1="156upuiz89vn3z6khya777umjfyqmx1" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis|proprietas=distributa}}
{{Formula substituibilis|{{#ifeq:{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|Mora transclusionis|...}}}}

Formulae {{Fn|((}} et {{Fn|))}} duplas notas parenthesis ungulatae (&lt;code&gt;{{((}}&lt;/code&gt; et &lt;code&gt;{{))}}&lt;/code&gt;) scribunt. Formula {{Fn|Mora transclusionis}} textum intra ambas has notas ostendit.

== De usu ==
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{mora transclusionis|ast}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{Mora transclusionis|ast}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{mora transclusionis|unitas{{!}}km}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{mora transclusionis|unitas{{!}}km}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{((}}ast{{))}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{((}}ast{{))}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{((}}unitas{{!}}km{{))}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{((}}unitas{{!}}km{{))}}

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* {{Fn|Mora substitutionis}}
* {{Fn|Mora substitutionis cautae}}
* {{Fn|Mora parametri}}
* {{Fn|Notae parenthesis ungulatae}}
* [[:Categoria:Metaformulae]]

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi|1=|2=
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Metaformulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae typographicae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
{{#ifeq:{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|Mora transclusionis||[[Categoria:Formulae quae nullum argumentum accipiunt|{{PAGENAME}}]]}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>156upuiz89vn3z6khya777umjfyqmx1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974570</id>
      <parentid>3974530</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T16:19:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3974570</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1413" sha1="9td77rakvbx2gz2hz0sijz3n8sxb3od" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis|proprietas=distributa}}
{{Formula substituibilis|{{#ifeq:{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|Mora transclusionis|...}}}}

Formulae {{Fn|((}} et {{Fn|))}} duplas notas parenthesis ungulatae (&lt;code&gt;{{((}}&lt;/code&gt; et &lt;code&gt;{{))}}&lt;/code&gt;) scribunt. Formula {{Fn|Mora transclusionis}} textum intra has binas notas ostendit.

== De usu ==
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{mora transclusionis|ast}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{Mora transclusionis|ast}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{mora transclusionis|unitas{{!}}km}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{mora transclusionis|unitas{{!}}km}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{((}}ast{{))}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{((}}ast{{))}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{((}}unitas{{!}}km{{))}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{((}}unitas{{!}}km{{))}}

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* {{Fn|Mora substitutionis}}
* {{Fn|Mora substitutionis cautae}}
* {{Fn|Mora parametri}}
* {{Fn|Notae parenthesis ungulatae}}
* [[:Categoria:Metaformulae]]

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi|1=|2=
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Metaformulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae typographicae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
{{#ifeq:{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|Mora transclusionis||[[Categoria:Formulae quae nullum argumentum accipiunt|{{PAGENAME}}]]}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>9td77rakvbx2gz2hz0sijz3n8sxb3od</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974571</id>
      <parentid>3974570</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T16:19:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3974571</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1412" sha1="nxtibmwrjh6bo98hvqzcntzuakrcqzn" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis|proprietas=distributa}}
{{Formula substituibilis|{{#ifeq:{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|Mora transclusionis|...}}}}

Formulae {{Fn|((}} et {{Fn|))}} binas notas parenthesis ungulatae (&lt;code&gt;{{((}}&lt;/code&gt; et &lt;code&gt;{{))}}&lt;/code&gt;) scribunt. Formula {{Fn|Mora transclusionis}} textum intra has binas notas ostendit.

== De usu ==
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{mora transclusionis|ast}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{Mora transclusionis|ast}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{mora transclusionis|unitas{{!}}km}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{mora transclusionis|unitas{{!}}km}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{((}}ast{{))}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{((}}ast{{))}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{((}}unitas{{!}}km{{))}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{((}}unitas{{!}}km{{))}}

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* {{Fn|Mora substitutionis}}
* {{Fn|Mora substitutionis cautae}}
* {{Fn|Mora parametri}}
* {{Fn|Notae parenthesis ungulatae}}
* [[:Categoria:Metaformulae]]

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi|1=|2=
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Metaformulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae typographicae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
{{#ifeq:{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|Mora transclusionis||[[Categoria:Formulae quae nullum argumentum accipiunt|{{PAGENAME}}]]}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>nxtibmwrjh6bo98hvqzcntzuakrcqzn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Modulus:Translitteratio</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>309137</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3974647</id>
      <parentid>3952280</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T23:19:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+‘multiplex’</comment>
      <origin>3974647</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="2993" sha1="0kb16z6jzrkqopz1dzz6z47j7q700z8" xml:space="preserve">require[[strict]]


local ifacies = {}


ifacies.abecedaria = function(frame)

	local argg = frame.args

	if argg[1] == nil or argg[1] == '' then return '' end
	if argg[2] == nil or argg[2] == '' then return argg[1] end

	local reddenda = {}
	local nparia
	local textus = mw.text.split(argg[1], '', true)
	local delenda = mw.text.split(argg[2], '', true)
	local substituenda

	if argg[3] ~= nil then
		substituenda = mw.text.split(argg[3], '', true)
	else
		substituenda = {}
	end

	local ndeletiones = #delenda
	local nlitterae = #textus
	local tmp = #substituenda

	if ndeletiones &gt; tmp then nparia = tmp else nparia = ndeletiones end

	for idx1 = 1, nparia do
		for idx2 = 1, nlitterae do
			if textus[idx2] == delenda[idx1] then
				textus[idx2] = substituenda[idx1]
			end
		end
	end

	for idx1 = nparia + 1, ndeletiones do
		for idx2 = 1, nlitterae do
			if textus[idx2] == delenda[idx1] then
				textus[idx2] = nil
			end
		end
	end

	tmp = 0

	for key, val in pairs(textus) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			tmp = tmp + 1
			reddenda[tmp] = key
		end
	end

	table.sort(reddenda)
	for key, val in ipairs(reddenda) do reddenda[key] = textus[val] end
	return table.concat(reddenda)

end


ifacies.aucta = function(frame)

	local substituenda = {}
	local nparia = 0

	for key, val in pairs(frame.args) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			if nparia == nil or key &gt; nparia then nparia = key end
			substituenda[key - 2] = val
		end
	end

	nparia = nparia - 2

	if substituenda[-1] == nil or substituenda[-1] == '' then return '' end

	if nparia &lt; 1 or substituenda[0] == nil
		or substituenda[0] == '' then return substituenda[-1] end

	local reddenda = {}
	local textus = mw.text.split(substituenda[-1], '', true)
	local delenda = mw.text.split(substituenda[0], '', true)
	local ndeletiones = #delenda
	local nlitterae = #textus

	substituenda[-1] = nil
	substituenda[0] = nil

	if ndeletiones &lt; nparia then nparia = ndeletiones end

	for idx1 = 1, nparia do
		for idx2 = 1, nlitterae do
			if textus[idx2] == delenda[idx1] then
				textus[idx2] = substituenda[idx1]
			end
		end
	end

	for idx1 = nparia + 1, ndeletiones do
		for idx2 = 1, nlitterae do
			if textus[idx2] == delenda[idx1] then
				textus[idx2] = nil
			end
		end
	end

	local tmp = 0

	for key, val in pairs(textus) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			tmp = tmp + 1
			reddenda[tmp] = key
		end
	end

	table.sort(reddenda)
	for key, val in ipairs(reddenda) do reddenda[key] = textus[val] end
	return table.concat(reddenda)

end


ifacies.multiplex = function(frame)
	local len, seq = 0, {}
	for key, val in ipairs(frame.args) do len, seq[key] = len + 1, val end
	if len % 2 == 0 then error('Modulus:Translitteratio, ‘multiplex’: numerus argumentorum compensandum est.', 0) end
	if len &lt; 3 then error('Modulus:Translitteratio, ‘multiplex’: numerus argumentorum est insufficiens.', 0) end
	local txt = seq[1]
	for idx = 2, len, 2 do txt = txt:gsub(seq[idx], seq[idx + 1]) end
	return txt
end


return ifacies</text>
      <sha1>0kb16z6jzrkqopz1dzz6z47j7q700z8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Virgulis curvis</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>309626</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3974645</id>
      <parentid>3836289</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T22:52:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Formulam redintegravi</comment>
      <origin>3974645</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="289" sha1="sn6zldj9wty7m5r6jkzufzjjy1p1tmf" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Substitutio requisita
	| propositum = {{{propositum|}}}
	| 1 = {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#invoke:MultiReplace|main| {{{1}}} |([^%w'])'([^'])|%1‘%2|([^'])'([^%w'])|%1’%2|&quot;([%p%s])|”%1|&quot;|“}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>sn6zldj9wty7m5r6jkzufzjjy1p1tmf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974648</id>
      <parentid>3974645</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T23:20:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+[[Modulus:Translitteratio]]; -[[Modulus:MultiReplace</comment>
      <origin>3974648</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="296" sha1="ltyrw1iccnwjuskd3k039upedh4jtra" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Substitutio requisita
	| propositum = {{{propositum|}}}
	| 1 = {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#invoke:translitteratio|multiplex| {{{1}}} |([^%w'])'([^'])|%1‘%2|([^'])'([^%w'])|%1’%2|&quot;([^%w])|”%1|&quot;|“}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ltyrw1iccnwjuskd3k039upedh4jtra</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974651</id>
      <parentid>3974648</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T01:20:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3974651</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="328" sha1="p4dz3mhvln00fd4nw52fv7cewng2ea0" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Substitutio requisita
	| propositum = {{{propositum|}}}
	| 1 = {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#invoke:translitteratio|multiplex| {{{1}}} |(%s+)'([^'])|%1'%2|([^%w'])'([^'])|%1‘%2|([^'])'([^%w'])|%1’%2|(%s+)&quot;|%1“|&quot;([^%w])|”%1|&quot;|“}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>p4dz3mhvln00fd4nw52fv7cewng2ea0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Virgulis curvis/doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>309627</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3974646</id>
      <parentid>3826311</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T22:54:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3974646</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1817" sha1="cv5agu07c4f2oblxbcysh0y5xn4s3r4" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{Formula semper substituenda|...|inspectio=propria}}
{{Lua|Module:String}}
{{Compendia substitutionis|cvirg|virgc}}

Utere hac [[Vicipaedia:Substitutio|substitutione]] ut virgulas citationis directas (&lt;code&gt;&quot;...&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;'...'&lt;/code&gt;) ad virgulas citationis curvas (&lt;code&gt;“...”&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;‘...’&lt;/code&gt;) vertas. Si virgulas curvas ad virgulas directas vertere vis, utere substitutionem {{fsn|virgulis directis}}.

== De usu ==
Haec substitutio unum argumentum tantum requirit. Exempli gratia:

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:cvirg|&quot;Salve!&quot;}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{cvirg|propositum=exhibitio|&quot;Salve!&quot;}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:cvirg|'Salve!'}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{cvirg|propositum=exhibitio|'Salve!'}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:cvirg|De tua sententia &quot;Cato dixit: 'Carthago delenda'st'&quot;: verba exacta [[Marcus Porcius Cato maior|Catonis]] fuerunt: &quot;Ceterum autem censeo Carthaginem esse delendam&quot;}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{cvirg|propositum=exhibitio|De tua sententia &quot;Cato dixit: 'Carthago delenda'st'&quot;: verba exacta [[Marcus Porcius Cato maior|Catonis]] fuerunt: &quot;Ceterum autem censeo Carthaginem esse delendam&quot;}}

== Synonyma ==
* {{Fsn|Cvirg}}
* {{Fsn|Virgc}}
* {{Fsn|Virgulae curvae}}

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* [[:Categoria:Formulae typographicae]]
* [[:Categoria:Formulae compendiariae characterum Unicodicis]]
* {{Fsn|Virgulis directis}}
* {{Fsn|Verba relata}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae typographicae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae compendiariae characterum Unicodicis|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>cv5agu07c4f2oblxbcysh0y5xn4s3r4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974649</id>
      <parentid>3974646</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T23:24:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3974649</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1826" sha1="1esj4g3uo4jkz8rkd687gjt01mls2oi" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{Formula semper substituenda|...|inspectio=propria}}
{{Lua|Module:Translitteratio}}
{{Compendia substitutionis|cvirg|virgc}}

Utere hac [[Vicipaedia:Substitutio|substitutione]] ut virgulas citationis directas (&lt;code&gt;&quot;...&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;'...'&lt;/code&gt;) ad virgulas citationis curvas (&lt;code&gt;“...”&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;‘...’&lt;/code&gt;) vertas. Si virgulas curvas ad virgulas directas vertere vis, utere substitutionem {{fsn|virgulis directis}}.

== De usu ==
Haec substitutio unum argumentum tantum requirit. Exempli gratia:

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:cvirg|&quot;Salve!&quot;}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{cvirg|propositum=exhibitio|&quot;Salve!&quot;}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:cvirg|'Salve!'}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{cvirg|propositum=exhibitio|'Salve!'}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:cvirg|De tua sententia &quot;Cato dixit: 'Carthago delenda'st'&quot;: verba exacta [[Marcus Porcius Cato maior|Catonis]] fuerunt: &quot;Ceterum autem censeo Carthaginem esse delendam&quot;}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{cvirg|propositum=exhibitio|De tua sententia &quot;Cato dixit: 'Carthago delenda'st'&quot;: verba exacta [[Marcus Porcius Cato maior|Catonis]] fuerunt: &quot;Ceterum autem censeo Carthaginem esse delendam&quot;}}

== Synonyma ==
* {{Fsn|Cvirg}}
* {{Fsn|Virgc}}
* {{Fsn|Virgulae curvae}}

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* [[:Categoria:Formulae typographicae]]
* [[:Categoria:Formulae compendiariae characterum Unicodicis]]
* {{Fsn|Virgulis directis}}
* {{Fsn|Verba relata}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae typographicae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae compendiariae characterum Unicodicis|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>1esj4g3uo4jkz8rkd687gjt01mls2oi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Modulus:Translitteratio/doc</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>312438</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3974709</id>
      <parentid>3973607</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T10:22:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* multiplex */ Nova pars</comment>
      <origin>3974709</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3042" sha1="47ymyk123fzh05i9gd9rwvfp5mac34w" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{Modulus in nuntiis systematis adhibitus
	| custodes = usores
	| r3816980 = Formula:Textus planus
}}

Hic modulus nonnullas functiones translitteratorias praebet.

== De usu ==
&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;#invoke:translitteratio|''nomen functionis''&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;

== De functionibus ==
=== &lt;code&gt;abecedaria&lt;/code&gt; ===
Haec functio tribus argumentis singulos characteres translitterat.

==== De usu ====
'''Vicitextus:'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:translitteratio|abecedaria
	| 1 = Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
	| 2 = aeiou
	| 3 = AEIOU
}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus:'''

{{#invoke:translitteratio|abecedaria
	| 1 = Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
	| 2 = aeiou
	| 3 = AEIOU
}}

Si secundum argumentum est longius tertio, characteres in excessu a textu delebuntur. Si tertium argumentum est longius secundo, characteres in excessu ignorabuntur.

=== &lt;code&gt;aucta&lt;/code&gt; ===
Secundum hanc functionem variadicam cuique characteri in secundo argumento seorsum argumentum congruit.

==== De usu ====
'''Vicitextus:'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:translitteratio|aucta
	| 1 = Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
	| 2 = aeiou
	| 3 = &amp;amacr;
	| 4 = &amp;emacr;
	| 5 = &amp;imacr;
	| 6 = &amp;omacr;
	| 7 = &amp;umacr;
}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus:'''

{{#invoke:translitteratio|aucta
	| 1 = Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
	| 2 = aeiou
	| 3 = &amp;amacr;
	| 4 = &amp;emacr;
	| 5 = &amp;imacr;
	| 6 = &amp;omacr;
	| 7 = &amp;umacr;
}}

Si secundum argumentum est longius quam numerus argumentorum sequentium, characteres in excessu a textu delebuntur. Si numerus argumentorum sequentium est maior quam characteres secundi argumenti, argumenta in excessu ignorabuntur.

=== &lt;code&gt;multiplex&lt;/code&gt; ===
Secundum hanc functionem variadicam, quodque impar argumentum in locum exemplaris argumenti inferioris paris substituetur.

==== De usu ====
'''Vicitextus:'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:translitteratio|multiplex
	| 1 = De tua sententia “Cato dixit: ‘Carthago delenda'st’”: verba exacta Catonis fuerunt: “Ceterum autem censeo Carthaginem esse delendam”
	| 2 = (%s+)'([^']) | 3 = %1'%2
	| 4 = ([^%w'])'([^']) | 5 = %1‘%2
	| 6 = ([^'])'([^%w']) | 7 = %1’%2
	| 8 = (%s+)&quot; | 9 = %1“ 
	| 10 = &quot;([^%w]) | 11 = ”%1
	| 12 = &quot; | 13 = “
}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus:'''

{{#invoke:translitteratio|multiplex
	| 1 = De tua sententia “Cato dixit: ‘Carthago delenda'st’”: verba exacta Catonis fuerunt: “Ceterum autem censeo Carthaginem esse delendam”
	| 2 = (%s+)'([^']) | 3 = %1'%2
	| 4 = ([^%w'])'([^']) | 5 = %1‘%2
	| 6 = ([^'])'([^%w']) | 7 = %1’%2
	| 8 = (%s+)&quot; | 9 = %1“ 
	| 10 = &quot;([^%w]) | 11 = ”%1
	| 12 = &quot; | 13 = “
}}

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* {{Ml|string}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Moduli]]
[[Categoria:Moduli in formulis adhibendi|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Moduli utilitatis generalis|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Moduli utilitatis generalis in formulis adhibendi|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>47ymyk123fzh05i9gd9rwvfp5mac34w</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974711</id>
      <parentid>3974709</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T10:29:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* multiplex */</comment>
      <origin>3974711</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3025" sha1="fx2qoiqil8uwwq3uawwc9fi445yr6dv" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{Modulus in nuntiis systematis adhibitus
	| custodes = usores
	| r3816980 = Formula:Textus planus
}}

Hic modulus nonnullas functiones translitteratorias praebet.

== De usu ==
&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;#invoke:translitteratio|''nomen functionis''&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;

== De functionibus ==
=== &lt;code&gt;abecedaria&lt;/code&gt; ===
Haec functio tribus argumentis singulos characteres translitterat.

==== De usu ====
'''Vicitextus:'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:translitteratio|abecedaria
	| 1 = Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
	| 2 = aeiou
	| 3 = AEIOU
}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus:'''

{{#invoke:translitteratio|abecedaria
	| 1 = Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
	| 2 = aeiou
	| 3 = AEIOU
}}

Si secundum argumentum est longius tertio, characteres in excessu a textu delebuntur. Si tertium argumentum est longius secundo, characteres in excessu ignorabuntur.

=== &lt;code&gt;aucta&lt;/code&gt; ===
Secundum hanc functionem variadicam cuique characteri in secundo argumento seorsum argumentum congruit.

==== De usu ====
'''Vicitextus:'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:translitteratio|aucta
	| 1 = Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
	| 2 = aeiou
	| 3 = &amp;amacr;
	| 4 = &amp;emacr;
	| 5 = &amp;imacr;
	| 6 = &amp;omacr;
	| 7 = &amp;umacr;
}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus:'''

{{#invoke:translitteratio|aucta
	| 1 = Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
	| 2 = aeiou
	| 3 = &amp;amacr;
	| 4 = &amp;emacr;
	| 5 = &amp;imacr;
	| 6 = &amp;omacr;
	| 7 = &amp;umacr;
}}

Si secundum argumentum est longius quam numerus argumentorum sequentium, characteres in excessu a textu delebuntur. Si numerus argumentorum sequentium est maior quam characteres secundi argumenti, argumenta in excessu ignorabuntur.

=== &lt;code&gt;multiplex&lt;/code&gt; ===
Secundum hanc functionem variadicam, quodque impar argumentum in locum argumenti inferioris substituetur.

==== De usu ====
'''Vicitextus:'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:translitteratio|multiplex
	| 1 = De tua sententia “Cato dixit: ‘Carthago delenda'st’”: verba exacta Catonis fuerunt: “Ceterum autem censeo Carthaginem esse delendam”
	| 2 = (%s+)'([^']) | 3 = %1'%2
	| 4 = ([^%w'])'([^']) | 5 = %1‘%2
	| 6 = ([^'])'([^%w']) | 7 = %1’%2
	| 8 = (%s+)&quot; | 9 = %1“ 
	| 10 = &quot;([^%w]) | 11 = ”%1
	| 12 = &quot; | 13 = “
}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus:'''

{{#invoke:translitteratio|multiplex
	| 1 = De tua sententia “Cato dixit: ‘Carthago delenda'st’”: verba exacta Catonis fuerunt: “Ceterum autem censeo Carthaginem esse delendam”
	| 2 = (%s+)'([^']) | 3 = %1'%2
	| 4 = ([^%w'])'([^']) | 5 = %1‘%2
	| 6 = ([^'])'([^%w']) | 7 = %1’%2
	| 8 = (%s+)&quot; | 9 = %1“ 
	| 10 = &quot;([^%w]) | 11 = ”%1
	| 12 = &quot; | 13 = “
}}

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* {{Ml|string}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Moduli]]
[[Categoria:Moduli in formulis adhibendi|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Moduli utilitatis generalis|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Moduli utilitatis generalis in formulis adhibendi|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>fx2qoiqil8uwwq3uawwc9fi445yr6dv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974712</id>
      <parentid>3974711</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T10:31:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* De usu */</comment>
      <origin>3974712</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3063" sha1="46vzxhizhh5fi1wd14q8a9g4dbm7qza" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{Modulus in nuntiis systematis adhibitus
	| custodes = usores
	| r3816980 = Formula:Textus planus
}}

Hic modulus nonnullas functiones translitteratorias praebet.

== De usu ==
&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;#invoke:translitteratio|''nomen functionis''&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;

== De functionibus ==
=== &lt;code&gt;abecedaria&lt;/code&gt; ===
Haec functio tribus argumentis singulos characteres translitterat.

==== De usu ====
'''Vicitextus:'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:translitteratio|abecedaria
	| 1 = Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
	| 2 = aeiou
	| 3 = AEIOU
}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus:'''

{{#invoke:translitteratio|abecedaria
	| 1 = Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
	| 2 = aeiou
	| 3 = AEIOU
}}

Si secundum argumentum est longius tertio, characteres in excessu a textu delebuntur. Si tertium argumentum est longius secundo, characteres in excessu ignorabuntur.

=== &lt;code&gt;aucta&lt;/code&gt; ===
Secundum hanc functionem variadicam cuique characteri in secundo argumento seorsum argumentum congruit.

==== De usu ====
'''Vicitextus:'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:translitteratio|aucta
	| 1 = Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
	| 2 = aeiou
	| 3 = &amp;amacr;
	| 4 = &amp;emacr;
	| 5 = &amp;imacr;
	| 6 = &amp;omacr;
	| 7 = &amp;umacr;
}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus:'''

{{#invoke:translitteratio|aucta
	| 1 = Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
	| 2 = aeiou
	| 3 = &amp;amacr;
	| 4 = &amp;emacr;
	| 5 = &amp;imacr;
	| 6 = &amp;omacr;
	| 7 = &amp;umacr;
}}

Si secundum argumentum est longius quam numerus argumentorum sequentium, characteres in excessu a textu delebuntur. Si numerus argumentorum sequentium est maior quam characteres secundi argumenti, argumenta in excessu ignorabuntur.

=== &lt;code&gt;multiplex&lt;/code&gt; ===
Secundum hanc functionem variadicam, quodque impar argumentum in locum argumenti inferioris substituetur.

==== De usu ====
'''Vicitextus:'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:translitteratio|multiplex
	| 1 = De tua sententia &quot;Cato dixit: 'Carthago delenda'st'&quot;: verba exacta [[Marcus Porcius Cato maior|Catonis]] fuerunt: &quot;Ceterum autem censeo Carthaginem esse delendam&quot;.
	| 2 = (%s+)'([^']) | 3 = %1'%2
	| 4 = ([^%w'])'([^']) | 5 = %1‘%2
	| 6 = ([^'])'([^%w']) | 7 = %1’%2
	| 8 = (%s+)&quot; | 9 = %1“ 
	| 10 = &quot;([^%w]) | 11 = ”%1
	| 12 = &quot; | 13 = “
}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus:'''

{{#invoke:translitteratio|multiplex
	| 1 = De tua sententia &quot;Cato dixit: 'Carthago delenda'st'&quot;: verba exacta [[Marcus Porcius Cato maior|Catonis]] fuerunt: &quot;Ceterum autem censeo Carthaginem esse delendam&quot;.
	| 2 = (%s+)'([^']) | 3 = %1'%2
	| 4 = ([^%w'])'([^']) | 5 = %1‘%2
	| 6 = ([^'])'([^%w']) | 7 = %1’%2
	| 8 = (%s+)&quot; | 9 = %1“ 
	| 10 = &quot;([^%w]) | 11 = ”%1
	| 12 = &quot; | 13 = “
}}

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* {{Ml|string}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Moduli]]
[[Categoria:Moduli in formulis adhibendi|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Moduli utilitatis generalis|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Moduli utilitatis generalis in formulis adhibendi|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>46vzxhizhh5fi1wd14q8a9g4dbm7qza</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Nexus cum parametris/doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>313904</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3974459</id>
      <parentid>3969592</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T12:43:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ulteriora si cupis */</comment>
      <origin>3974459</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3213" sha1="mi3nyfwvqsy1d8bsinzl7tdjbgq1xw8" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{Formula in nuntiis systematis adhibita
	| custodes = usores
	| r3949392 = Formula:Monitus de adumbratione recensenda/capsa
	| r3951261 = Formula:Textus paginarum absentium
}}
{{Formula substituibilis|...}}
{{Lua|Module:Params}}

Utere hac formula ut nexum internum cum parametris crees.

Haec formula est similis iussui MediaViciali {{nim|fullurl}}, sed
* sinit parametros nexuales scribi singula argumenta
* omnia sua argumenta per iussum MediaVicialem {{verba machinaria|{{nim|urlencode|...|QUERY}}}} sponte interpretatur
* nexus creatos intra elementa HTML &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;html&quot; inline&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; ponit – scribe vacuum argumentum {{para|class}} si elementum {{verba machinaria|span}} creare nolis

== De usu ==
'''Codex manuscriptus:'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Nexus cum parametris | Specialis:Nuper mutata | Lorem ipsum
	| namespace = 0
	| hidebots = 1
	| hidepageedits = 1
	| hidecategorization = 1
	| hideWikibase = 1
	| hidelog = 1
	| hidenewuserlog = 1
	| tagfilter = mw-new-redirect
	| inverttags = 1
	| limit = 1000
	| days = 30
	| urlversion = 2
}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus:'''

{{Nexus cum parametris | Specialis:Nuper mutata | Lorem ipsum
	| namespace = 0
	| hidebots = 1
	| hidepageedits = 1
	| hidecategorization = 1
	| hideWikibase = 1
	| hidelog = 1
	| hidenewuserlog = 1
	| tagfilter = mw-new-redirect
	| inverttags = 1
	| limit = 1000
	| days = 30
	| urlversion = 2
}}

{{Ast}}

'''Codex manuscriptus:'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Nexus cum parametris|Specialis:Nuper mutata|Lorem ipsum}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus:'''

{{Nexus cum parametris|Specialis:Nuper mutata|Lorem ipsum}}

== De argumentis ==

&lt;templatedata&gt;{
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Haec formula nexum internum cum parametris creat.&quot;,
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;1&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Pagina&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Pagina nectenda&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Specialis:Nuper mutata&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Verba ostendenda&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Verba ostendenda&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Lorem ipsum&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;#class&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;HTML class&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Attributio ‘class’ elementi ‘span’ quod nexum continet (‘&lt;span class=\&quot;plainlinks\&quot;&gt;...&lt;/span&gt;’ si argumentum omittitur; nullum elementum ‘span’ nexum circumdabit si argumentum datur vacuum!)&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;plainlinks user-show&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		}
	}
}&lt;/templatedata&gt;

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* [[:Categoria:Formulae nexuales]]
* {{nim|fullurl|}}
* {{Fn|Nexus ad quaerendum}}
* {{Fn|Nexus planus}}
* {{Fn|Nexus ad recensendum}}
* {{Fn|Nexus ad historiam paginae}}
* {{Fn|Nexus ad redirectionem non sequendam}}
* {{Fn|Nexus perpetuus}}
* {{Fn|Nexus ad indicem subpaginarum}}
* {{Fn|Nexus ad formulas resolvendas}}
* {{Fn|Nexus ad indicem nexuum ad paginam}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae administrationis Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae nexuales|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>mi3nyfwvqsy1d8bsinzl7tdjbgq1xw8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Capsa quaesitoria lateralis/doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>314614</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3974468</id>
      <parentid>3912451</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T13:01:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ulteriora si cupis */</comment>
      <origin>3974468</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3155" sha1="sjhbxspcxkdomsbh9c1m6eklnvd9rxy" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{Formula numquam substituenda|...}}

Insere hanc formulam ut capsam quaesitoriam apud marginem dextrum crees.

== De usu ==
Utere argumento {{para|radix}} ad paginam definiendam in cuius subpaginis quaerendum est.

'''Vicitextus manuscriptus:'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Capsa quaesitoria lateralis
	| radix = Vicipaedia:Taberna
	| imago = Replacement filing cabinet.svg
	| praeambulum = Gallia est omnis divisa
	| consilium = In partes tres
	| actio = Quarum unam
	| postilla = Incolunt Belgae
}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus (apud marginem dextrum):'''

{{Capsa quaesitoria lateralis
	| radix = Vicipaedia:Taberna
	| imago = Replacement filing cabinet.svg
	| praeambulum = Gallia est omnis divisa
	| consilium = In partes tres
	| actio = Quarum unam
	| postilla = Incolunt Belgae
}}
{{-}}
{{Ast}}

'''Vicitextus manuscriptus:'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Capsa quaesitoria lateralis}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus (apud marginem dextrum):'''

{{Capsa quaesitoria lateralis}}
{{-}}

== De argumentis ==
&lt;templatedata&gt;{
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Haec formula capsam quaesitoriam apud marginem dextrum creat.&quot;,
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;radix&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Radix&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Pagina in cuius subpaginis quaerendum est&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;default&quot;: &quot;{{FULLPAGENAME}}&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Vicipaedia:Taberna&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;imago&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Imago&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Imago capsae&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Replacement filing cabinet.svg&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;praeambulum&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Praeambulum&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Vicitextus prae versu quaesitorio ostentus&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;content&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Gallia est omnis divisa&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;postilla&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Postilla&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Vicitextus post versum quaesitorium ostentus&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;content&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Incolunt Belgae&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;consilium&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Consilium&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Verba ostenta dum nihil scriptum sit&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Quarum unam&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;actio&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Actio&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Nomen actionis in malleolo ostentum&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;default&quot;: &quot;In subpaginis quaerere&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;In tabulariis quaerere&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		}
	}
}&lt;/templatedata&gt;

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* {{Fn|Nexus ad quaerendum}}
* {{Fn|Hic sunt tabularia disputationum}}
* {{Fn|Capsa lateralis}}
* {{Fn|Capsa annuntiationis}}
* {{Fn|Capsa notionis}}
* {{Fn|Capsa disputationis}}
* {{Fn|Capsa documentationis}}
* {{Fn|Capsa monitus}}
* {{Fn|Capsa paginae}}
* {{Fn|Capsa tabellaria}}
* {{Fn|Metacapsa tabellaria}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae administrationis Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae capsarum|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae schedularum petitoriarum|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae monituum nuntiorumque|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae marginales|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>sjhbxspcxkdomsbh9c1m6eklnvd9rxy</sha1>
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    <title>Fertőd</title>
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      <text bytes="695" sha1="s8i7929buw2h1km724adoun7b3zjltq" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Aerial image of Esterházy Palace, Fertőd (view from the southeast).jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Castellum in oppido ex aēre spectatum.]]
'''Fertőd''' est [[oppidum]] in septentrionali Hungariae parte situm.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.fertod.hu/hu Situs interretialis urbis proprius.]&lt;/ref&gt; Notum est ob [[castellum]] illic exstructum, quod [[natura]] amoena amplectitur.

==Spectanda==

Castellum, quod Dux Ioannes Eszterházy hic exstruī iussit, secundum morem [[Barocus|Baroci]] aedificatum est. Praeterea castellum inter opera heredii mundani cultūs numeratur. 

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Urbes Hungariae]]</text>
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'''Disputatio de translatione Latina systematis MediaVicialis'''

{{#if:{{{1|}}}|[[{{{1}}}|Pagina disputata]]|[[{{ARTICLEPAGENAME}}|Pagina huic annexa]]}} translationem Latinam unius [[Specialis:Nuntia systematis|textuum systematis]] [[MediaVici]]alis statuit{{#if:{{#ifeq:{{#contentmodel:canonical|{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{ARTICLEPAGENAME}}}}}}|wikitext||/}}{{#ifeq:{{{versus|}}}|nullus|/}}
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Talis interpretatio hic disputari et emendari potest. In situ [[MediaVici]] forma barbara originalis [[:mw:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{ARTICLEPAGENAME}}}}|inveniri potest]].

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  <page>
    <title>Ioannes Vaisov</title>
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      <text bytes="3669" sha1="somb36dlidaomfamyv49nkunqb9bv0n" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|Ioannes Augustini filius Vaisov}} ([[Bulgarice]] Иван Августинов Вайсов; natus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Piešťany|Piešťany|sk|qid=Q321074}} die [[26 Februarii]] [[1957]])
est [[archaeologus]] [[Bulgaria|Bulgaricus]], in investigationibus [[praehistoria]]e [[Paeninsula Balcanica|Balcanicae]] versatus, praesertim aetatum [[Neolithicum|Neolithicae]] et [[Chalcolithicum|Aeneolithicae]] in [[Europa Meridiana]] et [[Europa Orientalis|Orientali]].

== Vita ==
Vaisov Piešťanis in [[Slovacia]] natus est. Archaeologiam apud [[Universitas Comeniana Bratislavensis|Universitatem Comenianam Bratislavensem]] studuit, ubi gradum [[doctor philosophiae|doctoris philosophiae]] consecutus est.&lt;ref name=&quot;uk-absolvent&quot;&gt;{{Cite web
 | url = https://absolventi.uniba.sk/
 | title = Ivan Avgustinov Vajsov
 | publisher = Universitas Comeniana Bratislaviensis
 | location = Bratislava
 | language = sk
 | access-date = 2 Februarii 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ab anno [[1982]] apud Institutum Nationale Archaeologicum cum Museo Academiae Scientiarum Bulgaricae (NAIM–BAN) laborat, in sectione praehistoriae operam scientificam praestans.&lt;ref&gt;[https://naim.bg/bg/content/person/700/0/321/ Pagina officialis Instituti Nationalis Archaeologici cum Museo apud BAN]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Investigatio scientifica ==
Investigationes Ivani Vaisovii ad processus neolithizationis, transitionem a Neolithico ad Aeneolithicum, necnon ad initia metallurgiae in Europa Meridionali-Orientali pertinent. Opera eius saepe in contextu comparativo Balcanico atque Aegaeo tractantur, praesertim in studiis de structura sociali communitatum praehistoricarum et de cultura materiali.

Contributiones eius in synthesiis archaeologicis recentioribus adhibentur, quae evolutionem culturalem regionis inter V et IV millennium a.C.n. tractant.&lt;ref&gt;Krauß, R. ‘‘Dynamics of Neolithisation in South-eastern Europe’’. Vindobonae: Austrian Academy of Sciences, 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hansen, S. (ed.). ‘‘Neolithic and Copper Age between the Carpathians and the Aegean Sea’’. Bonnae, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Receptio academica ==
Studia Vaisovii in litteris archaeologicis internationalibus regulariter citantur, praesertim in disputationibus de interpretatione plasticae anthropomorphae, de differentiatione sociali, atque de mutationibus culturalibus aetatis Aeneolithicae in Balcanis.

Opera eius adhibentur in investigationibus comparativis de figurinis praehistoricis et de symbolismo culturae materialis Neolithicae et Aeneolithicae.&lt;ref&gt;Nanoglou, S. “Representing people, constituting worlds: multiple ‘Neolithics’ in the Southern Balkans”. ‘‘Documenta Praehistorica’’ XXXVI (2009), 283–297.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bailey, D. W. ‘‘Prehistoric Figurines: Representation and Corporeality in the Neolithic’’. Londinii–Neo Eboraci, 2005.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Müller, M. (2015). On the Distribution of Diﬀerent Types of Anthropomorphic Figurines of the Copper Age on the Eastern Balkan Peninsula and the Lower Danube Valley. – In: S. Hansen, P. Raczky, A. Anders, A. Reingruber (eds.), Neolithic and Copper Age between the Carpathians and the Aegean Sea. Chronologies and Technologies from the 6th to 4th Millennium BC. International Workshop Budapedst 2012 (Bonn 2015), 353–367&lt;/ref&gt;

== Opera selecta ==
* Vajsov, I. Die frühesten Metalldolche Südost- und Mitteleuropas. ‘‘Praehistorische Zeitschrift’’ 68 (1993), 103–145.
* Todorova, H.; Vajsov, I. Der kupferzeitliche Schmuck Bulgariens. Stutgardiae: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2001.

{{Lifetime|1957||Vaisov, Ioannes}}
[[Categoria:Archaeologi]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Bulgariae]]</text>
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{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
	| titulus =
	| imago =
	| descriptio =
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	| numerus =
	| auctor =
	| argumenta =
	| tempus =
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{{lres|Utar contra vitia}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XLII reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-correctione-hominum-26-28&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = De correctione hominum 26-28
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo4.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
Utar contra vitia carmine rebelli.
mel proponunt alii, fel supponunt melli,
pectus subest ferreum deaurate pelli
et leonis spolium induunt aselli.

Disputat cum animo facies rebellis,
mel ab ore profluit, mens est plena fellis;
non est totum melleum, quod est instar mellis,
facies est alia pectoris quam pellis.

Vitium in opere, virtus est in ore,
tegunt picem animi niveo colore,
membra dolent singula capitis dolore
et radici consonat ramus in sapore.

Roma mundi caput est, sed nil capit mundum,
quod pendet a capite, totum est immundum;
trahit enim vitium primum in secundum,
et de fundo redolet, quod est iuxta fundum.

Roma capit singulos et res singulorum,
Romanorum curia non est nisi forum.
ibi sunt venalia iura senatorum,
et solvit contraria copia nummorum.

In hoc consistorio si quis causam regat
suam vel alterius, hoc inprimis legat:
nisi det pecuniam, Roma totum negat;
qui plus dat pecunie, melius allegat.

Romani capitulum habent in decretis,
ut petentes audiant manibus repletis.
dabis, aut non dabitur, petunt, quando petis,
qua mensura seminas, et eadem metis.

Munus et petitio currunt passu pari,
opereris munere, si vis operari;
Tullium ne timeas, si velit causari:
Nummus eloquentia gaudet singolari.

Nummis in hac curia non est qui non vacet;
crux placet, rotunditas et albedo placet;
et cum totum placeat et Romanos placet,
ubi nummus loquitur, et lex omnis tacet.

Si quo grandi munere bene pascas manum,
frustra quis obiceret vel Iustinianum
vel Sanctorum canones, quia tamquam vanum
transeunt has paleas et imbursant granum.

Solam avaritiam Rome nevit Parca:
parcit danti munera, parco non est parca,
nummus est pro numine et pro Marco marca,
et est minus celebris ara quam sit arca.

Cum ad papam veneris, habe pro constanti:
non est locus pauperi, soli favet danti,
vel si munus prestitum non sit aliquanti,
respondet: «hec tibia non est michi tanti.»

Papa, si rem tangimus, nomen habet a re:
quicquid habent alii, solus vult papare,
vel si verbum gallicum vis apocopare,
«paies! paies!» dist li mot, si vis impetrare.

Porta querit, chartula querit, bulla querit,
papa querit, etiam cardinalis querit,
omnes querunt, et si des - si quid uni deerit,
totum mare salsum est, tota causa perit.

Das istis, das aliis, addis dona datis,
et cum satis dederis, querunt ultra satis;
o vos burse turgide, Romam veniatis:
Rome viget physica bursis constipatis.

Predantur marsupium singuli paulatim,
magna, maior, maxima preda fit gradatim.
quid irem per singula? colligam summatim:
omnes bursam strangulant, et exspirat statim.

Bursa tamen Tityi iecur imitatur:
fugit res, ut redeat, perit, ut nascatur.
et hoc pacto loculum Roma depredatur,
ut, cum totum dederit, totus impleatur.

Redeunt a curia capite cornuto;
ima tenet Iupiter, celum habet Pluto,
et accedit dignitas animali bruto
tamquam gemma stercori vel pictura luto.

Divites divitibus dant, ut sumant ibi,
et occurrunt munera relative sibi.
lex est ista celebris, quam fecerunt scribi:
«Si tu michi dederis, ego dabo tibi.»&lt;ref name=&quot;de-correctione-hominum-26-28&quot;/&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen satiriсum, celeberrimo poëtae [[Gualterus de Castellione|Gualtero de Castellione]] adscriptum, acerrimam reprehensionem [[Curia Romana|Curiae Romanae]] et avaritiae ecclesiasticae exhibet. Auctor, [[Metaphora|metaphoris]] animalium et medicinae utens, describit quomodo hypocrisis et [[simonia]] in urbe [[Roma|Roma]] dominentur, ubi species externa virtutis interiorem corruptionem tegit.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-correctione-hominum-26-28&quot;/&gt;

Argumentum praecipue in potestatem pecuniae ([[Personificatio|personificatae]] ut ''Nummus'') vertitur, quae leges, canones [[Iustinianus I|Iustiniani]] et iustitiam ipsam superat. Per ludos verborum (sicut etymologia popularis vocabuli “Papa” a manducando o “papare”) et allusiones ad [[Marcus (evangelista)|Marcum]] argenteum, poëta deplorat statum Ecclesiae, unde pauperes excluduntur et sola munera aditum ad gratiam apostolicam patefaciunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-correctione-hominum-26-28&quot;/&gt;

== Investigatio critica ==
Hoc carmen, quod [[Gualterus de Castellione]] aut saltem eius schola composuisse videtur, acerrimam praebet denuntiationem contra avaritiam venalitatemque [[Curia Romana|Curiae Romanae]]. Auctor argumentis ex fabulis antiquis haustis utitur, clericos asinis comparans qui leonina pelle se induunt; quae imago, iam ab [[Aesopus|Aesopo]] (†267) tradita et ab [[Avianus|Aviano]] repetita, hypocrisiam denotat eorum quorum vultus a corde discrepat. Haec simulatio verba [[Sallustius|Sallustii]] in ''[[De Catilinae coniuratione]]'' (X, 5) plane resonat, ubi scriptor antiquus dicit ambitionem homines falsos fieri cogere et aliud clausum in pectore, aliud in lingua promptum habere.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-pp250-252&quot;&gt;{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, pp. 250–252.&lt;/ref&gt;

In carmine totum corpus ecclesiasticum morbo laborare videtur, nam sicut in aliis carminibus (v.g. CB 34, 2) legitur, omnia membra ex capitis dolore patiuntur. Similitudo biblica de radice et ramis ex [[Epistula ad Romanos]] (XI, 16) hic invertitur ad statum corruptionis describendum: si enim radix immunda est, rami quoque vitio inquinantur, sicut postea etiam [[Laurentius Valla]] in opere ''De falso credita et ementita Constantini donatione'' (XXIX, 94) confirmavit. Critica haec ad parodiam iuris et evangelii procedit, ubi mandata divina ad pecuniam vertuntur: sententiae biblicae de mensura reddenda (Lc VI, 38) et de seminante qui metit (II Cor IX, 6) usurpantur ut significent solum eum audiri qui plenis manibus supplicet.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-pp250-252&quot; /&gt;

Eloquentia antiqua, cuius symbolum est [[Marcus Tullius Cicero|Cicero]], coram pecuniae vi tacet; secundum sententiam ex [[Liber Ecclesiasticus|Ecclesiastico]] (XIII, 28) desumptam, divite loquente omnes silere coguntur. Iudices vero, qui [[Corpus Iuris Civilis]] [[Iustinianus I|Iustiniani]] sequi deberent, leges tamquam paleam inutilem neglegunt, triticum iustitiae spernentes. Poëta ludis verbis utitur ad corruptionem ecclesiae demonstrandam, marcas (monetam Germanicam) sancto Marco praeferens, et etymologiam facetam vocis “papa” fingens. Fatum hominum non iam a [[Parcae|Parcis]] antiquis regi videtur, sed a metallis pretiosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-pp250-252&quot; /&gt;

Denique conditio mundi per inversionem valorum describitur: per ''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|adynaton||en|qid=Q380217}}'' quoddam, [[Iuppiter]] in tartaro clauditur dum [[Pluto (deus)|Pluto]]—qui saepe cum Plutu, deo divitiarum, confunditur—in caelo regnat. Reditus a Curia non cum gloria sed cum “cornibus” (quae deum [[Mithras|Mithram]] revocant) fingitur, et res sacrae foedantur sicut margaritae ante porcos missae vel tabulae pictae in luto iacentes. Omnia haec sub regula parodica “do ut des” concluduntur, ubi promissio evangelica “date et dabitur vobis” in merum commercium mutatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-pp250-252&quot; /&gt;

== Investigatio palaeographica musica ==
In hac investigatione, elementa musica carminis cuius titulus est {{Op|Utar contra vitia}} per artem palaeographicam examinantur. Quamvis hoc carmen in manuscripto dicto {{Op|Carmina Burana}} (München, BSB, Clm 4660) sine notatione superlineari servetur, structura eius metrica, quae in undeviginti vel viginti strophis goliardicis constat (forma 4×oˋooˋooˋoo–|oˋooˋooˋo), comparationem palaeographicam cum aliis fontibus musicis sicut contrafactis sinit. Investigatio palaeographica indicat hunc metrum communem et regularem aptum fuisse melodiis praeexistentibus, quarum exempla inveniuntur in cantione Gallica {{Op|Veine pleine de douçour|lingua=fr}} (RS 1970a) et in carmine {{Op|Apris ai qu'en chantant plour|lingua=fr}} (RS 2010). Hae fontes, in manuscriptis [[saeculum 13|saeculi XIII]] (sicut London, BL, Arundel 248 vel Paris, BNF, Fr. 846) servati, structuram plerumque litanicam ostendunt, ubi eadem melodia cum paucis variationibus pro quolibet versu repetitur, quod proprium erat strophis goliardicis antiquis.&lt;ref name=&quot;examen-apium-cb-42&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Utar contra vitia carmine rebelli – CB 42
	| contextus = Carmina Burana: ricerche sulla musica
	| url = https://www.examenapium.it/carmina/0-eds/042utar.html
	| tempus inspectionis = 2026-04-30
	| domus editoria = Examen Apium
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Palaeographia comparativa horum contrafactorum demonstrat quomodo melodiae ad usum clericorum vagantium accommodatae sint, praesertim cum in codice Arundel 248 nota quaedam pro extensione ultimi versūs inveniatur, more qui dicitur ''cum auctoritas''. In aliis codicibus, velut in Parisinis Fr. 847 et N.a.f. 1050, notationis lineamenta ricalcantur super versus carminis, naturam rhythmicam trochaicam confirmantia quae ex tetrametro classico derivatur. Ergo, etsi carmen CB 42 nuda verba praebet, analysis palaeographica aliorum coevorum codicum permittit restitutionem verisimilem soni et rhythmi huius invectivae contra curiam Romanam.&lt;ref name=&quot;examen-apium-cb-42&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Rossi, 2006
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen redactoris = Rossi
		| nomen redactoris = Petrus Victorius
		| titulus = Carmina Burana. Testo latino a fronte
		| annus = 2006
		| annus primae editionis = 1989
		| editio = 8
		| locus = [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]]
		| domus editoria = Tascabili Bompiani
		| isbn = 88-452-5307-4
		| lingua = it
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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{{lres|Utar contra vitia}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XLII reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-correctione-hominum-26-28&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = De correctione hominum 26-28
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo4.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
Utar contra vitia carmine rebelli.
mel proponunt alii, fel supponunt melli,
pectus subest ferreum deaurate pelli
et leonis spolium induunt aselli.

Disputat cum animo facies rebellis,
mel ab ore profluit, mens est plena fellis;
non est totum melleum, quod est instar mellis,
facies est alia pectoris quam pellis.

Vitium in opere, virtus est in ore,
tegunt picem animi niveo colore,
membra dolent singula capitis dolore
et radici consonat ramus in sapore.

Roma mundi caput est, sed nil capit mundum,
quod pendet a capite, totum est immundum;
trahit enim vitium primum in secundum,
et de fundo redolet, quod est iuxta fundum.

Roma capit singulos et res singulorum,
Romanorum curia non est nisi forum.
ibi sunt venalia iura senatorum,
et solvit contraria copia nummorum.

In hoc consistorio si quis causam regat
suam vel alterius, hoc inprimis legat:
nisi det pecuniam, Roma totum negat;
qui plus dat pecunie, melius allegat.

Romani capitulum habent in decretis,
ut petentes audiant manibus repletis.
dabis, aut non dabitur, petunt, quando petis,
qua mensura seminas, et eadem metis.

Munus et petitio currunt passu pari,
opereris munere, si vis operari;
Tullium ne timeas, si velit causari:
Nummus eloquentia gaudet singolari.

Nummis in hac curia non est qui non vacet;
crux placet, rotunditas et albedo placet;
et cum totum placeat et Romanos placet,
ubi nummus loquitur, et lex omnis tacet.

Si quo grandi munere bene pascas manum,
frustra quis obiceret vel Iustinianum
vel Sanctorum canones, quia tamquam vanum
transeunt has paleas et imbursant granum.

Solam avaritiam Rome nevit Parca:
parcit danti munera, parco non est parca,
nummus est pro numine et pro Marco marca,
et est minus celebris ara quam sit arca.

Cum ad papam veneris, habe pro constanti:
non est locus pauperi, soli favet danti,
vel si munus prestitum non sit aliquanti,
respondet: «hec tibia non est michi tanti.»

Papa, si rem tangimus, nomen habet a re:
quicquid habent alii, solus vult papare,
vel si verbum gallicum vis apocopare,
«paies! paies!» dist li mot, si vis impetrare.

Porta querit, chartula querit, bulla querit,
papa querit, etiam cardinalis querit,
omnes querunt, et si des - si quid uni deerit,
totum mare salsum est, tota causa perit.

Das istis, das aliis, addis dona datis,
et cum satis dederis, querunt ultra satis;
o vos burse turgide, Romam veniatis:
Rome viget physica bursis constipatis.

Predantur marsupium singuli paulatim,
magna, maior, maxima preda fit gradatim.
quid irem per singula? colligam summatim:
omnes bursam strangulant, et exspirat statim.

Bursa tamen Tityi iecur imitatur:
fugit res, ut redeat, perit, ut nascatur.
et hoc pacto loculum Roma depredatur,
ut, cum totum dederit, totus impleatur.

Redeunt a curia capite cornuto;
ima tenet Iupiter, celum habet Pluto,
et accedit dignitas animali bruto
tamquam gemma stercori vel pictura luto.

Divites divitibus dant, ut sumant ibi,
et occurrunt munera relative sibi.
lex est ista celebris, quam fecerunt scribi:
«Si tu michi dederis, ego dabo tibi.»&lt;ref name=&quot;de-correctione-hominum-26-28&quot;/&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen satiriсum, celeberrimo poëtae [[Gualterus de Castellione|Gualtero de Castellione]] adscriptum, acerrimam reprehensionem [[Curia Romana|Curiae Romanae]] et avaritiae ecclesiasticae exhibet. Auctor, [[Metaphora|metaphoris]] animalium et medicinae utens, describit quomodo hypocrisis et [[simonia]] in urbe [[Roma|Roma]] dominentur, ubi species externa virtutis interiorem corruptionem tegit.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-correctione-hominum-26-28&quot;/&gt;

Argumentum praecipue in potestatem pecuniae ([[Personificatio|personificatae]] ut ''Nummus'') vertitur, quae leges, canones [[Iustinianus I|Iustiniani]] et iustitiam ipsam superat. Per ludos verborum (sicut etymologia popularis vocabuli “Papa” a manducando o “papare”) et allusiones ad [[Marcus (evangelista)|Marcum]] argenteum, poëta deplorat statum Ecclesiae, unde pauperes excluduntur et sola munera aditum ad gratiam apostolicam patefaciunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-correctione-hominum-26-28&quot;/&gt;

== Investigatio critica ==
Hoc carmen, quod [[Gualterus de Castellione]] aut saltem eius schola composuisse videtur, acerrimam praebet denuntiationem contra avaritiam venalitatemque [[Curia Romana|Curiae Romanae]]. Auctor argumentis ex fabulis antiquis haustis utitur, clericos asinis comparans qui leonina pelle se induunt; quae imago, iam ab [[Aesopus|Aesopo]] (†267) tradita et ab [[Avianus|Aviano]] repetita, hypocrisim denotat eorum quorum vultus a corde discrepat. Haec simulatio verba [[Sallustius|Sallustii]] in ''[[De Catilinae coniuratione]]'' (X, 5) plane resonat, ubi scriptor antiquus dicit ambitionem homines falsos fieri cogere et aliud clausum in pectore, aliud in lingua promptum habere.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-pp250-252&quot;&gt;{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, pp. 250–252.&lt;/ref&gt;

In carmine totum corpus ecclesiasticum morbo laborare videtur, nam sicut in aliis carminibus (v.g. CB 34, 2) legitur, omnia membra ex capitis dolore patiuntur. Similitudo biblica de radice et ramis ex [[Epistula ad Romanos]] (XI, 16) hic invertitur ad statum corruptionis describendum: si enim radix immunda est, rami quoque vitio inquinantur, sicut postea etiam [[Laurentius Valla]] in opere ''De falso credita et ementita Constantini donatione'' (XXIX, 94) confirmavit. Critica haec ad [[Parodia|parodiam]] iuris et evangelii procedit, ubi mandata divina ad pecuniam vertuntur: sententiae biblicae de mensura reddenda (Lc VI, 38) et de seminante qui metit (II Cor IX, 6) usurpantur ut significent solum eum audiri qui plenis manibus supplicet.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-pp250-252&quot; /&gt;

Eloquentia antiqua, cuius symbolum est [[Marcus Tullius Cicero|Cicero]], coram pecuniae vi tacet; secundum sententiam ex [[Liber Ecclesiasticus|Ecclesiastico]] (XIII, 28) desumptam, divite loquente omnes silere coguntur. Iudices vero, qui [[Corpus Iuris Civilis]] [[Iustinianus I|Iustiniani]] sequi deberent, leges tamquam paleam inutilem neglegunt, triticum iustitiae spernentes. Poëta ludicris verbis utitur ad corruptionem ecclesiae demonstrandam, marcas (monetam Germanicam) sancto Marco praeferens, et [[Etymologia|etymologiam]] facetam vocis “papa” fingens. Fatum hominum non iam a [[Parcae|Parcis]] antiquis regi videtur, sed a metallis pretiosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-pp250-252&quot; /&gt;

Denique conditio mundi per inversionem valorum describitur: per ''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|adynaton||en|qid=Q380217}}'' quoddam, [[Iuppiter]] in [[Tartarus|Tartaro]] clauditur dum [[Pluto (deus)|Pluto]]—qui saepe cum Plutu, deo divitiarum, confunditur—in caelo regnat. Reditus a Curia non cum gloria sed cum “cornibus” (quae deum [[Mithras|Mithram]] revocant) fingitur, et res sacrae foedantur sicut margaritae ante porcos missae vel tabulae pictae in luto iacentes. Omnia haec sub regula parodica “do ut des” concluduntur, ubi promissio evangelica “date et dabitur vobis” in merum commercium mutatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-pp250-252&quot; /&gt;

== Investigatio palaeographica musica ==
In hac investigatione, elementa musica carminis cuius titulus est {{Op|Utar contra vitia}} per artem palaeographicam examinantur. Quamvis hoc carmen in manuscripto dicto {{Op|Carmina Burana}} (München, BSB, Clm 4660) sine notatione superlineari servetur, structura eius metrica, quae in undeviginti vel viginti strophis goliardicis constat (forma 4×oˋooˋooˋoo–|oˋooˋooˋo), comparationem palaeographicam cum aliis fontibus musicis sicut contrafactis sinit. Investigatio palaeographica indicat hunc metrum communem et regularem aptum fuisse melodiis praeexistentibus, quarum exempla inveniuntur in cantione Gallica {{Op|Veine pleine de douçour|lingua=fr}} (RS 1970a) et in carmine {{Op|Apris ai qu'en chantant plour|lingua=fr}} (RS 2010). Hae fontes, in manuscriptis [[saeculum 13|saeculi XIII]] (sicut London, BL, Arundel 248 vel Paris, BNF, Fr. 846) servati, structuram plerumque litanicam ostendunt, ubi eadem melodia cum paucis variationibus pro quolibet versu repetitur, quod proprium erat strophis goliardicis antiquis.&lt;ref name=&quot;examen-apium-cb-42&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Utar contra vitia carmine rebelli – CB 42
	| contextus = Carmina Burana: ricerche sulla musica
	| url = https://www.examenapium.it/carmina/0-eds/042utar.html
	| tempus inspectionis = 2026-04-30
	| domus editoria = Examen Apium
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Palaeographia comparativa horum contrafactorum demonstrat quomodo melodiae ad usum clericorum vagantium accommodatae sint, praesertim cum in codice Arundel 248 nota quaedam pro extensione ultimi versūs inveniatur, more qui dicitur ''cum auctoritas''. In aliis codicibus, velut in Parisinis Fr. 847 et N.a.f. 1050, notationis lineamenta ricalcantur super versus carminis, naturam rhythmicam trochaicam confirmantia quae ex tetrametro classico derivatur. Ergo, etsi carmen CB 42 nuda verba praebet, analysis palaeographica aliorum coevorum codicum permittit restitutionem verisimilem soni et rhythmi huius invectivae contra curiam Romanam.&lt;ref name=&quot;examen-apium-cb-42&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Rossi, 2006
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen redactoris = Rossi
		| nomen redactoris = Petrus Victorius
		| titulus = Carmina Burana. Testo latino a fronte
		| annus = 2006
		| annus primae editionis = 1989
		| editio = 8
		| locus = [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]]
		| domus editoria = Tascabili Bompiani
		| isbn = 88-452-5307-4
		| lingua = it
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Investigatio palaeographica musica */</comment>
      <origin>3974613</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10273" sha1="8t1qp9osi6scw3r7x305f1un4f6htgs" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}
{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
	| titulus =
	| imago =
	| descriptio =
	| categoria =
	| numerus =
	| auctor =
	| argumenta =
	| tempus =
	| lingua =
	| contextus =
	| praecedens =
	| sequens =
}}

{{lres|Utar contra vitia}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XLII reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-correctione-hominum-26-28&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = De correctione hominum 26-28
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo4.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
Utar contra vitia carmine rebelli.
mel proponunt alii, fel supponunt melli,
pectus subest ferreum deaurate pelli
et leonis spolium induunt aselli.

Disputat cum animo facies rebellis,
mel ab ore profluit, mens est plena fellis;
non est totum melleum, quod est instar mellis,
facies est alia pectoris quam pellis.

Vitium in opere, virtus est in ore,
tegunt picem animi niveo colore,
membra dolent singula capitis dolore
et radici consonat ramus in sapore.

Roma mundi caput est, sed nil capit mundum,
quod pendet a capite, totum est immundum;
trahit enim vitium primum in secundum,
et de fundo redolet, quod est iuxta fundum.

Roma capit singulos et res singulorum,
Romanorum curia non est nisi forum.
ibi sunt venalia iura senatorum,
et solvit contraria copia nummorum.

In hoc consistorio si quis causam regat
suam vel alterius, hoc inprimis legat:
nisi det pecuniam, Roma totum negat;
qui plus dat pecunie, melius allegat.

Romani capitulum habent in decretis,
ut petentes audiant manibus repletis.
dabis, aut non dabitur, petunt, quando petis,
qua mensura seminas, et eadem metis.

Munus et petitio currunt passu pari,
opereris munere, si vis operari;
Tullium ne timeas, si velit causari:
Nummus eloquentia gaudet singolari.

Nummis in hac curia non est qui non vacet;
crux placet, rotunditas et albedo placet;
et cum totum placeat et Romanos placet,
ubi nummus loquitur, et lex omnis tacet.

Si quo grandi munere bene pascas manum,
frustra quis obiceret vel Iustinianum
vel Sanctorum canones, quia tamquam vanum
transeunt has paleas et imbursant granum.

Solam avaritiam Rome nevit Parca:
parcit danti munera, parco non est parca,
nummus est pro numine et pro Marco marca,
et est minus celebris ara quam sit arca.

Cum ad papam veneris, habe pro constanti:
non est locus pauperi, soli favet danti,
vel si munus prestitum non sit aliquanti,
respondet: «hec tibia non est michi tanti.»

Papa, si rem tangimus, nomen habet a re:
quicquid habent alii, solus vult papare,
vel si verbum gallicum vis apocopare,
«paies! paies!» dist li mot, si vis impetrare.

Porta querit, chartula querit, bulla querit,
papa querit, etiam cardinalis querit,
omnes querunt, et si des - si quid uni deerit,
totum mare salsum est, tota causa perit.

Das istis, das aliis, addis dona datis,
et cum satis dederis, querunt ultra satis;
o vos burse turgide, Romam veniatis:
Rome viget physica bursis constipatis.

Predantur marsupium singuli paulatim,
magna, maior, maxima preda fit gradatim.
quid irem per singula? colligam summatim:
omnes bursam strangulant, et exspirat statim.

Bursa tamen Tityi iecur imitatur:
fugit res, ut redeat, perit, ut nascatur.
et hoc pacto loculum Roma depredatur,
ut, cum totum dederit, totus impleatur.

Redeunt a curia capite cornuto;
ima tenet Iupiter, celum habet Pluto,
et accedit dignitas animali bruto
tamquam gemma stercori vel pictura luto.

Divites divitibus dant, ut sumant ibi,
et occurrunt munera relative sibi.
lex est ista celebris, quam fecerunt scribi:
«Si tu michi dederis, ego dabo tibi.»&lt;ref name=&quot;de-correctione-hominum-26-28&quot;/&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen satiriсum, celeberrimo poëtae [[Gualterus de Castellione|Gualtero de Castellione]] adscriptum, acerrimam reprehensionem [[Curia Romana|Curiae Romanae]] et avaritiae ecclesiasticae exhibet. Auctor, [[Metaphora|metaphoris]] animalium et medicinae utens, describit quomodo hypocrisis et [[simonia]] in urbe [[Roma|Roma]] dominentur, ubi species externa virtutis interiorem corruptionem tegit.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-correctione-hominum-26-28&quot;/&gt;

Argumentum praecipue in potestatem pecuniae ([[Personificatio|personificatae]] ut ''Nummus'') vertitur, quae leges, canones [[Iustinianus I|Iustiniani]] et iustitiam ipsam superat. Per ludos verborum (sicut etymologia popularis vocabuli “Papa” a manducando o “papare”) et allusiones ad [[Marcus (evangelista)|Marcum]] argenteum, poëta deplorat statum Ecclesiae, unde pauperes excluduntur et sola munera aditum ad gratiam apostolicam patefaciunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-correctione-hominum-26-28&quot;/&gt;

== Investigatio critica ==
Hoc carmen, quod [[Gualterus de Castellione]] aut saltem eius schola composuisse videtur, acerrimam praebet denuntiationem contra avaritiam venalitatemque [[Curia Romana|Curiae Romanae]]. Auctor argumentis ex fabulis antiquis haustis utitur, clericos asinis comparans qui leonina pelle se induunt; quae imago, iam ab [[Aesopus|Aesopo]] (†267) tradita et ab [[Avianus|Aviano]] repetita, hypocrisim denotat eorum quorum vultus a corde discrepat. Haec simulatio verba [[Sallustius|Sallustii]] in ''[[De Catilinae coniuratione]]'' (X, 5) plane resonat, ubi scriptor antiquus dicit ambitionem homines falsos fieri cogere et aliud clausum in pectore, aliud in lingua promptum habere.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-pp250-252&quot;&gt;{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, pp. 250–252.&lt;/ref&gt;

In carmine totum corpus ecclesiasticum morbo laborare videtur, nam sicut in aliis carminibus (v.g. CB 34, 2) legitur, omnia membra ex capitis dolore patiuntur. Similitudo biblica de radice et ramis ex [[Epistula ad Romanos]] (XI, 16) hic invertitur ad statum corruptionis describendum: si enim radix immunda est, rami quoque vitio inquinantur, sicut postea etiam [[Laurentius Valla]] in opere ''De falso credita et ementita Constantini donatione'' (XXIX, 94) confirmavit. Critica haec ad [[Parodia|parodiam]] iuris et evangelii procedit, ubi mandata divina ad pecuniam vertuntur: sententiae biblicae de mensura reddenda (Lc VI, 38) et de seminante qui metit (II Cor IX, 6) usurpantur ut significent solum eum audiri qui plenis manibus supplicet.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-pp250-252&quot; /&gt;

Eloquentia antiqua, cuius symbolum est [[Marcus Tullius Cicero|Cicero]], coram pecuniae vi tacet; secundum sententiam ex [[Liber Ecclesiasticus|Ecclesiastico]] (XIII, 28) desumptam, divite loquente omnes silere coguntur. Iudices vero, qui [[Corpus Iuris Civilis]] [[Iustinianus I|Iustiniani]] sequi deberent, leges tamquam paleam inutilem neglegunt, triticum iustitiae spernentes. Poëta ludicris verbis utitur ad corruptionem ecclesiae demonstrandam, marcas (monetam Germanicam) sancto Marco praeferens, et [[Etymologia|etymologiam]] facetam vocis “papa” fingens. Fatum hominum non iam a [[Parcae|Parcis]] antiquis regi videtur, sed a metallis pretiosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-pp250-252&quot; /&gt;

Denique conditio mundi per inversionem valorum describitur: per ''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|adynaton||en|qid=Q380217}}'' quoddam, [[Iuppiter]] in [[Tartarus|Tartaro]] clauditur dum [[Pluto (deus)|Pluto]]—qui saepe cum Plutu, deo divitiarum, confunditur—in caelo regnat. Reditus a Curia non cum gloria sed cum “cornibus” (quae deum [[Mithras|Mithram]] revocant) fingitur, et res sacrae foedantur sicut margaritae ante porcos missae vel tabulae pictae in luto iacentes. Omnia haec sub regula parodica “do ut des” concluduntur, ubi promissio evangelica “date et dabitur vobis” in merum commercium mutatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-pp250-252&quot; /&gt;

== Investigatio palaeographica musica ==
In hac investigatione, elementa musica carminis cuius titulus est {{Op|Utar contra vitia}} per artem [[Palaeographia|palaeographicam]] examinantur. Quamvis hoc carmen in manuscripto dicto {{Op|Carmina Burana}} (München, BSB, Clm 4660) sine notatione superlineari servetur, structura eius metrica, quae in undeviginti vel viginti strophis goliardicis constat (forma 4×oˋooˋooˋoo–|oˋooˋooˋo), comparationem palaeographicam cum aliis fontibus musicis sicut contrafactis sinit. Investigatio palaeographica indicat hunc metrum communem et regularem aptum fuisse melodiis praeexistentibus, quarum exempla inveniuntur in cantione Gallica {{Op|Veine pleine de douçour|lingua=fr}} (RS 1970a) et in carmine {{Op|Apris ai qu'en chantant plour|lingua=fr}} (RS 2010). Hi fontes, in manuscriptis [[saeculum 13|saeculi XIII]] (sicut London, BL, Arundel 248 vel Paris, BNF, Fr. 846) servati, structuram plerumque litanicam ostendunt, ubi eadem melodia cum paucis variationibus pro quolibet versu repetitur, quod proprium erat strophis goliardicis antiquis.&lt;ref name=&quot;examen-apium-cb-42&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Utar contra vitia carmine rebelli – CB 42
	| contextus = Carmina Burana: ricerche sulla musica
	| url = https://www.examenapium.it/carmina/0-eds/042utar.html
	| tempus inspectionis = 2026-04-30
	| domus editoria = Examen Apium
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Palaeographia comparativa horum contrafactorum demonstrat quomodo melodiae ad usum clericorum vagantium accommodatae sint, praesertim cum in [[codex|codice]] Arundel 248 nota quaedam pro extensione ultimi versūs inveniatur, more qui dicitur ''cum auctoritas''. In aliis codicibus, velut in Parisinis Fr. 847 et N.a.f. 1050, notationis lineamenta ricalcantur super versus carminis, naturam rhythmicam [[Trochaeus|trochaïcam]] confirmantia quae ex tetrametro classico derivatur. Ergo, etsi carmen CB 42 nuda verba praebet, analysis palaeographica aliorum coevorum codicum permittit restitutionem verisimilem soni et rhythmi huius invectivae contra Curiam Romanam.&lt;ref name=&quot;examen-apium-cb-42&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Rossi, 2006
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen redactoris = Rossi
		| nomen redactoris = Petrus Victorius
		| titulus = Carmina Burana. Testo latino a fronte
		| annus = 2006
		| annus primae editionis = 1989
		| editio = 8
		| locus = [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]]
		| domus editoria = Tascabili Bompiani
		| isbn = 88-452-5307-4
		| lingua = it
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
      <sha1>8t1qp9osi6scw3r7x305f1un4f6htgs</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974614</id>
      <parentid>3974613</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T18:37:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Investigatio palaeographica musica */</comment>
      <origin>3974614</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10273" sha1="cv027l63uj2fxg4vvg9ey178lv0ke1r" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}
{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
	| titulus =
	| imago =
	| descriptio =
	| categoria =
	| numerus =
	| auctor =
	| argumenta =
	| tempus =
	| lingua =
	| contextus =
	| praecedens =
	| sequens =
}}

{{lres|Utar contra vitia}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XLII reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-correctione-hominum-26-28&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = De correctione hominum 26-28
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo4.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
Utar contra vitia carmine rebelli.
mel proponunt alii, fel supponunt melli,
pectus subest ferreum deaurate pelli
et leonis spolium induunt aselli.

Disputat cum animo facies rebellis,
mel ab ore profluit, mens est plena fellis;
non est totum melleum, quod est instar mellis,
facies est alia pectoris quam pellis.

Vitium in opere, virtus est in ore,
tegunt picem animi niveo colore,
membra dolent singula capitis dolore
et radici consonat ramus in sapore.

Roma mundi caput est, sed nil capit mundum,
quod pendet a capite, totum est immundum;
trahit enim vitium primum in secundum,
et de fundo redolet, quod est iuxta fundum.

Roma capit singulos et res singulorum,
Romanorum curia non est nisi forum.
ibi sunt venalia iura senatorum,
et solvit contraria copia nummorum.

In hoc consistorio si quis causam regat
suam vel alterius, hoc inprimis legat:
nisi det pecuniam, Roma totum negat;
qui plus dat pecunie, melius allegat.

Romani capitulum habent in decretis,
ut petentes audiant manibus repletis.
dabis, aut non dabitur, petunt, quando petis,
qua mensura seminas, et eadem metis.

Munus et petitio currunt passu pari,
opereris munere, si vis operari;
Tullium ne timeas, si velit causari:
Nummus eloquentia gaudet singolari.

Nummis in hac curia non est qui non vacet;
crux placet, rotunditas et albedo placet;
et cum totum placeat et Romanos placet,
ubi nummus loquitur, et lex omnis tacet.

Si quo grandi munere bene pascas manum,
frustra quis obiceret vel Iustinianum
vel Sanctorum canones, quia tamquam vanum
transeunt has paleas et imbursant granum.

Solam avaritiam Rome nevit Parca:
parcit danti munera, parco non est parca,
nummus est pro numine et pro Marco marca,
et est minus celebris ara quam sit arca.

Cum ad papam veneris, habe pro constanti:
non est locus pauperi, soli favet danti,
vel si munus prestitum non sit aliquanti,
respondet: «hec tibia non est michi tanti.»

Papa, si rem tangimus, nomen habet a re:
quicquid habent alii, solus vult papare,
vel si verbum gallicum vis apocopare,
«paies! paies!» dist li mot, si vis impetrare.

Porta querit, chartula querit, bulla querit,
papa querit, etiam cardinalis querit,
omnes querunt, et si des - si quid uni deerit,
totum mare salsum est, tota causa perit.

Das istis, das aliis, addis dona datis,
et cum satis dederis, querunt ultra satis;
o vos burse turgide, Romam veniatis:
Rome viget physica bursis constipatis.

Predantur marsupium singuli paulatim,
magna, maior, maxima preda fit gradatim.
quid irem per singula? colligam summatim:
omnes bursam strangulant, et exspirat statim.

Bursa tamen Tityi iecur imitatur:
fugit res, ut redeat, perit, ut nascatur.
et hoc pacto loculum Roma depredatur,
ut, cum totum dederit, totus impleatur.

Redeunt a curia capite cornuto;
ima tenet Iupiter, celum habet Pluto,
et accedit dignitas animali bruto
tamquam gemma stercori vel pictura luto.

Divites divitibus dant, ut sumant ibi,
et occurrunt munera relative sibi.
lex est ista celebris, quam fecerunt scribi:
«Si tu michi dederis, ego dabo tibi.»&lt;ref name=&quot;de-correctione-hominum-26-28&quot;/&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen satiriсum, celeberrimo poëtae [[Gualterus de Castellione|Gualtero de Castellione]] adscriptum, acerrimam reprehensionem [[Curia Romana|Curiae Romanae]] et avaritiae ecclesiasticae exhibet. Auctor, [[Metaphora|metaphoris]] animalium et medicinae utens, describit quomodo hypocrisis et [[simonia]] in urbe [[Roma|Roma]] dominentur, ubi species externa virtutis interiorem corruptionem tegit.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-correctione-hominum-26-28&quot;/&gt;

Argumentum praecipue in potestatem pecuniae ([[Personificatio|personificatae]] ut ''Nummus'') vertitur, quae leges, canones [[Iustinianus I|Iustiniani]] et iustitiam ipsam superat. Per ludos verborum (sicut etymologia popularis vocabuli “Papa” a manducando o “papare”) et allusiones ad [[Marcus (evangelista)|Marcum]] argenteum, poëta deplorat statum Ecclesiae, unde pauperes excluduntur et sola munera aditum ad gratiam apostolicam patefaciunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-correctione-hominum-26-28&quot;/&gt;

== Investigatio critica ==
Hoc carmen, quod [[Gualterus de Castellione]] aut saltem eius schola composuisse videtur, acerrimam praebet denuntiationem contra avaritiam venalitatemque [[Curia Romana|Curiae Romanae]]. Auctor argumentis ex fabulis antiquis haustis utitur, clericos asinis comparans qui leonina pelle se induunt; quae imago, iam ab [[Aesopus|Aesopo]] (†267) tradita et ab [[Avianus|Aviano]] repetita, hypocrisim denotat eorum quorum vultus a corde discrepat. Haec simulatio verba [[Sallustius|Sallustii]] in ''[[De Catilinae coniuratione]]'' (X, 5) plane resonat, ubi scriptor antiquus dicit ambitionem homines falsos fieri cogere et aliud clausum in pectore, aliud in lingua promptum habere.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-pp250-252&quot;&gt;{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, pp. 250–252.&lt;/ref&gt;

In carmine totum corpus ecclesiasticum morbo laborare videtur, nam sicut in aliis carminibus (v.g. CB 34, 2) legitur, omnia membra ex capitis dolore patiuntur. Similitudo biblica de radice et ramis ex [[Epistula ad Romanos]] (XI, 16) hic invertitur ad statum corruptionis describendum: si enim radix immunda est, rami quoque vitio inquinantur, sicut postea etiam [[Laurentius Valla]] in opere ''De falso credita et ementita Constantini donatione'' (XXIX, 94) confirmavit. Critica haec ad [[Parodia|parodiam]] iuris et evangelii procedit, ubi mandata divina ad pecuniam vertuntur: sententiae biblicae de mensura reddenda (Lc VI, 38) et de seminante qui metit (II Cor IX, 6) usurpantur ut significent solum eum audiri qui plenis manibus supplicet.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-pp250-252&quot; /&gt;

Eloquentia antiqua, cuius symbolum est [[Marcus Tullius Cicero|Cicero]], coram pecuniae vi tacet; secundum sententiam ex [[Liber Ecclesiasticus|Ecclesiastico]] (XIII, 28) desumptam, divite loquente omnes silere coguntur. Iudices vero, qui [[Corpus Iuris Civilis]] [[Iustinianus I|Iustiniani]] sequi deberent, leges tamquam paleam inutilem neglegunt, triticum iustitiae spernentes. Poëta ludicris verbis utitur ad corruptionem ecclesiae demonstrandam, marcas (monetam Germanicam) sancto Marco praeferens, et [[Etymologia|etymologiam]] facetam vocis “papa” fingens. Fatum hominum non iam a [[Parcae|Parcis]] antiquis regi videtur, sed a metallis pretiosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-pp250-252&quot; /&gt;

Denique conditio mundi per inversionem valorum describitur: per ''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|adynaton||en|qid=Q380217}}'' quoddam, [[Iuppiter]] in [[Tartarus|Tartaro]] clauditur dum [[Pluto (deus)|Pluto]]—qui saepe cum Plutu, deo divitiarum, confunditur—in caelo regnat. Reditus a Curia non cum gloria sed cum “cornibus” (quae deum [[Mithras|Mithram]] revocant) fingitur, et res sacrae foedantur sicut margaritae ante porcos missae vel tabulae pictae in luto iacentes. Omnia haec sub regula parodica “do ut des” concluduntur, ubi promissio evangelica “date et dabitur vobis” in merum commercium mutatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-pp250-252&quot; /&gt;

== Investigatio palaeographica musica ==
In hac investigatione, elementa musica carminis cuius titulus est {{Op|Utar contra vitia}} per artem [[Palaeographia|palaeographicam]] examinantur. Quamvis hoc carmen in manuscripto dicto {{Op|Carmina Burana}} (München, BSB, Clm 4660) sine notatione superlineari servetur, structura eius metrica, quae in undeviginti vel viginti strophis goliardicis constat (forma 4×oˋooˋooˋoo–|oˋooˋooˋo), comparationem palaeographicam cum aliis fontibus musicis sicut contrafactis sinit. Investigatio palaeographica indicat hunc metrum communem et regularem aptum fuisse melodiis praeexistentibus, quarum exempla inveniuntur in cantione Gallica {{Op|Veine pleine de douçour|lingua=fr}} (RS 1970a) et in carmine {{Op|Apris ai qu'en chantant plour|lingua=fr}} (RS 2010). Hi fontes, in manuscriptis [[saeculum 13|saeculi XIII]] (sicut London, BL, Arundel 248 vel Paris, BNF, Fr. 846) servati, structuram plerumque litanicam ostendunt, ubi eadem melodia cum paucis variationibus pro quolibet versu repetitur, quod proprium erat strophis goliardicis antiquis.&lt;ref name=&quot;examen-apium-cb-42&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Utar contra vitia carmine rebelli – CB 42
	| contextus = Carmina Burana: ricerche sulla musica
	| url = https://www.examenapium.it/carmina/0-eds/042utar.html
	| tempus inspectionis = 2026-04-30
	| domus editoria = Examen Apium
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Palaeographia comparativa horum contrafactorum demonstrat quomodo melodiae ad usum clericorum vagantium accommodatae sint, praesertim cum in [[codex|codice]] Arundel 248 nota quaedam pro extensione ultimi versūs inveniatur, more qui dicitur ''cum auctoritas''. In aliis codicibus, velut in Parisinis Fr. 847 et N.a.f. 1050, notationis lineamenta recalcantur super versus carminis, naturam rhythmicam [[Trochaeus|trochaïcam]] confirmantia quae ex tetrametro classico derivatur. Ergo, etsi carmen CB 42 nuda verba praebet, analysis palaeographica aliorum coevorum codicum permittit restitutionem verisimilem soni et rhythmi huius invectivae contra Curiam Romanam.&lt;ref name=&quot;examen-apium-cb-42&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Rossi, 2006
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen redactoris = Rossi
		| nomen redactoris = Petrus Victorius
		| titulus = Carmina Burana. Testo latino a fronte
		| annus = 2006
		| annus primae editionis = 1989
		| editio = 8
		| locus = [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]]
		| domus editoria = Tascabili Bompiani
		| isbn = 88-452-5307-4
		| lingua = it
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Babylonokia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>3974582</id>
      <parentid>3966228</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T16:34:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-41505-21</username>
        <id>212589</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>calumniae delevit</comment>
      <origin>3974582</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4468" sha1="bnxvumi85jeoulk8wu11bv7xgksj2rs" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:Babylonokia.jpg|thumb|''Babylonokia'']]

{{ores|Babylonokia}}&lt;ref&gt;Etiam ''Babylon-Nokia,'' ''Alien-Mobile,'' et ''Cuneiform Mobile Phone'' appellatum.&lt;/ref&gt; est [[opus artis]] a Carolo Weingärtner anno [[2012]]&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Angeblich “Alien-Handy” in Österreich entdeckt
	| tempus = 2015-12-31
	| domus editoria = news.ORF.at
	| url = http://orf.at/stories/2316971/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; confectum, tabella fictilis specie [[telephonum gestabile|telephoni gestabilis]], cuius claves et velum signis [[scriptura cuneiformis|cuneiformibus]] insignita sunt.

Weingärtner hoc opus fecit, ut progressionem communicationis ab antiquitate usque ad tempora nostra significaret.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; Postea fautores opinionum marginalium atque pseudoarchaeologiae&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; imaginem operis falso pro invento archaeologico annorum octingentorum protulerunt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Open Press Release&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Centuries Old Cell-Phone Artifact Presents Modern Day Mystery
	| tempus = 2017-01-19
	| domus editoria = openpr.com
	| url = http://www.openpr.com/news/416272/Centuries-Old-Cell-Phone-Artifact-Presents-Modern-Day-Mystery-Award-Winning-Author-Dana-Lyons-Sees-The-Possibilities-In-Such-An-Impossible-Scenario.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; haec narratio per pelliculam in canali YouTube “Paranormal Crucible”&lt;ref name=&quot;huffpo&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = Moye
	| nomen 1 = David
	| titulus = Ancient Babylonian Cellphone Isn't Ancient, Babylonian Or A Phone
	| tempus = 2016-01-11
	| domus editoria = HuffPost
	| url = https://huffingtonpost.com/entry/ancient-babylonian-nokia-isnt-ancient-babylonian-nor-a-nokia_us_568d70abe4b0c8beacf5630b
	| tempus inspectionis = 2017-01-03
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; latius divulgata est atque nonnulla media eam quasi rem arcanam rettulerunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Is this an 800-year-old mobile phone? (Video)
	| annus = 2016
	| mensis = 1
	| domus editoria = Canada Journal - News of the World
	| url = http://canadajournal.net/science/is-this-an-800-year-old-mobile-phone-video-40526-2016/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ars ==
Weingärtner tabellam fictilem specie telephoni gestabilis, signis cuneiformibus ornatam, confecit, impulsus tum exhibitione in Museo Communicationis Berolinensi habita, cui titulus erat “A cuneiformibus ad SMS: communicatio olim et hodie”, tum effectibus technologiae informaticae per orbem terrarum perniciosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; Scriptura cuneiformis initia informationis litteris traditae significat.

Quamquam opus exemplar fictile telephoni gestabilis Ericsson S868,&lt;ref name=&quot;truth&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = Martin
	| nomen 1 = Aaron
	| titulus = Archeologists Discover 800-Year-Old Cell Phone Tablet-Fiction!
	| tempus = 2016-01-05
	| domus editoria = www.truthorfiction.com
	| url = https://www.truthorfiction.com/archeologists-discover-800-year-old-cell-phone-tablet/
	| tempus inspectionis = 2017-01-03
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; exemplaris [[decennium 200|decennii 200]], imitari videtur, hoc artifici propriam significationem non habebat; forma enim telephoni tantum utebatur velut imagine instrumentorum mobilium generatim.&lt;ref name=&quot;Open Press Release&quot; /&gt;

Opus unicum est atque apud ipsum artificem servatur. Rogatu museis ad exhibitiones commodari potest. Ex argilla confectum est.&lt;ref name=&quot;huffpo&quot; /&gt;

== Falsa repraesentatio ==
Weingärtner imaginem operis in Facebook publicavit, dum illud venale offerebat;&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; tum quidam usor nomen “BabyloNokia” finxit.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; Triennio post, eadem imago in situ “Conspiracy Club” titulo “Telephonum mobile octingentorum annorum in Austria inventum? Vide hoc” edita est.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; “The Express” imaginem sine auctoris mentione adhibuit atque falso scripsit rem ad [[saeculum 13 a.C.n.]] referendam esse.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; 

De imagine a paginis opinionum marginalium et a diurnariis usurpata loquens, Weingärtner affirmavit eam sine sua scientia neque consensu adhibitam esse; addidit id sibi minime propositum fuisse, nec se UFO vel alienigenis credere. De imagine a paginis opinionum marginalium et a diurnariis usurpata loquens, Weingärtner affirmavit eam sine sua scientia neque consensu adhibitam esse; addidit id sibi minime propositum fuisse, nec se UFO vel alienigenis credere.&lt;ref name=&quot;huffpo&quot; /&gt; 

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Nokia (societas)]]
* [[Babylon]]

[[Categoria:Ars]]
[[Categoria:Cultura popularis]]
[[Categoria:Babylon]]
[[Categoria:Telephona]]</text>
      <sha1>bnxvumi85jeoulk8wu11bv7xgksj2rs</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974585</id>
      <parentid>3974582</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T16:37:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-41414-27</username>
        <id>212590</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3974585</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4468" sha1="ls834uk5yutsqkr0gb8gejkskuwsqay" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:Babylonokia.jpg|thumb|''Babylonokia'']]

{{Ores|Babylonokia}}&lt;ref&gt;Etiam ''Babylon-Nokia,'' ''Alien-Mobile,'' et ''Cuneiform Mobile Phone'' appellatum.&lt;/ref&gt; est [[opus artis]] a Carolo Weingärtner anno [[2012]]&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Angeblich “Alien-Handy” in Österreich entdeckt
	| tempus = 2015-12-31
	| domus editoria = news.ORF.at
	| url = http://orf.at/stories/2316971/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; confectum, tabella fictilis specie [[telephonum gestabile|telephoni gestabilis]], cuius claves et velum signis [[scriptura cuneiformis|cuneiformibus]] insignita sunt.

Weingärtner hoc opus fecit, ut progressionem communicationis ab antiquitate usque ad tempora nostra significaret.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; Postea fautores opinionum marginalium atque pseudoarchaeologiae&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; imaginem operis falso pro invento archaeologico annorum octingentorum protulerunt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Open Press Release&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Centuries Old Cell-Phone Artifact Presents Modern Day Mystery
	| tempus = 2017-01-19
	| domus editoria = openpr.com
	| url = http://www.openpr.com/news/416272/Centuries-Old-Cell-Phone-Artifact-Presents-Modern-Day-Mystery-Award-Winning-Author-Dana-Lyons-Sees-The-Possibilities-In-Such-An-Impossible-Scenario.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; haec narratio per pelliculam in canali YouTube “Paranormal Crucible”&lt;ref name=&quot;huffpo&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = Moye
	| nomen 1 = David
	| titulus = Ancient Babylonian Cellphone Isn't Ancient, Babylonian Or A Phone
	| tempus = 2016-01-11
	| domus editoria = HuffPost
	| url = https://huffingtonpost.com/entry/ancient-babylonian-nokia-isnt-ancient-babylonian-nor-a-nokia_us_568d70abe4b0c8beacf5630b
	| tempus inspectionis = 2017-01-03
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; latius divulgata est atque nonnulla media eam quasi rem arcanam rettulerunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Is this an 800-year-old mobile phone? (Video)
	| annus = 2016
	| mensis = 1
	| domus editoria = Canada Journal - News of the World
	| url = http://canadajournal.net/science/is-this-an-800-year-old-mobile-phone-video-40526-2016/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ars ==
Weingärtner tabellam fictilem specie telephoni gestabilis, signis cuneiformibus ornatam, confecit, impulsus tum exhibitione in Museo Communicationis Berolinensi habita, cui titulus erat “A cuneiformibus ad SMS: communicatio olim et hodie”, tum effectibus technologiae informaticae per orbem terrarum perniciosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; Scriptura cuneiformis initia informationis litteris traditae significat.

Quamquam opus exemplar fictile telephoni gestabilis Ericsson S868,&lt;ref name=&quot;truth&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = Martin
	| nomen 1 = Aaron
	| titulus = Archeologists Discover 800-Year-Old Cell Phone Tablet-Fiction!
	| tempus = 2016-01-05
	| domus editoria = www.truthorfiction.com
	| url = https://www.truthorfiction.com/archeologists-discover-800-year-old-cell-phone-tablet/
	| tempus inspectionis = 2017-01-03
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; exemplaris [[decennium 200|decennii 200]], imitari videtur, hoc artifici propriam significationem non habebat; forma enim telephoni tantum utebatur velut imagine instrumentorum mobilium generatim.&lt;ref name=&quot;Open Press Release&quot; /&gt;

Opus unicum est atque apud ipsum artificem servatur. Rogatu museis ad exhibitiones commodari potest. Ex argilla confectum est.&lt;ref name=&quot;huffpo&quot; /&gt;

== Falsa repraesentatio ==
Weingärtner imaginem operis in Facebook publicavit, dum illud venale offerebat;&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; tum quidam usor nomen “BabyloNokia” finxit.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; Triennio post, eadem imago in situ “Conspiracy Club” titulo “Telephonum mobile octingentorum annorum in Austria inventum? Vide hoc” edita est.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; “The Express” imaginem sine auctoris mentione adhibuit atque falso scripsit rem ad [[saeculum 13 a.C.n.]] referendam esse.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; 

De imagine a paginis opinionum marginalium et a diurnariis usurpata loquens, Weingärtner affirmavit eam sine sua scientia neque consensu adhibitam esse; addidit id sibi minime propositum fuisse, nec se UFO vel alienigenis credere. De imagine a paginis opinionum marginalium et a diurnariis usurpata loquens, Weingärtner affirmavit eam sine sua scientia neque consensu adhibitam esse; addidit id sibi minime propositum fuisse, nec se UFO vel alienigenis credere.&lt;ref name=&quot;huffpo&quot; /&gt; 

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Nokia (societas)]]
* [[Babylon]]

[[Categoria:Ars]]
[[Categoria:Cultura popularis]]
[[Categoria:Babylon]]
[[Categoria:Telephona]]</text>
      <sha1>ls834uk5yutsqkr0gb8gejkskuwsqay</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974586</id>
      <parentid>3974585</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T16:38:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-41414-27</username>
        <id>212590</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3974586</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4468" sha1="bnxvumi85jeoulk8wu11bv7xgksj2rs" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:Babylonokia.jpg|thumb|''Babylonokia'']]

{{ores|Babylonokia}}&lt;ref&gt;Etiam ''Babylon-Nokia,'' ''Alien-Mobile,'' et ''Cuneiform Mobile Phone'' appellatum.&lt;/ref&gt; est [[opus artis]] a Carolo Weingärtner anno [[2012]]&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Angeblich “Alien-Handy” in Österreich entdeckt
	| tempus = 2015-12-31
	| domus editoria = news.ORF.at
	| url = http://orf.at/stories/2316971/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; confectum, tabella fictilis specie [[telephonum gestabile|telephoni gestabilis]], cuius claves et velum signis [[scriptura cuneiformis|cuneiformibus]] insignita sunt.

Weingärtner hoc opus fecit, ut progressionem communicationis ab antiquitate usque ad tempora nostra significaret.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; Postea fautores opinionum marginalium atque pseudoarchaeologiae&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; imaginem operis falso pro invento archaeologico annorum octingentorum protulerunt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Open Press Release&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Centuries Old Cell-Phone Artifact Presents Modern Day Mystery
	| tempus = 2017-01-19
	| domus editoria = openpr.com
	| url = http://www.openpr.com/news/416272/Centuries-Old-Cell-Phone-Artifact-Presents-Modern-Day-Mystery-Award-Winning-Author-Dana-Lyons-Sees-The-Possibilities-In-Such-An-Impossible-Scenario.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; haec narratio per pelliculam in canali YouTube “Paranormal Crucible”&lt;ref name=&quot;huffpo&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = Moye
	| nomen 1 = David
	| titulus = Ancient Babylonian Cellphone Isn't Ancient, Babylonian Or A Phone
	| tempus = 2016-01-11
	| domus editoria = HuffPost
	| url = https://huffingtonpost.com/entry/ancient-babylonian-nokia-isnt-ancient-babylonian-nor-a-nokia_us_568d70abe4b0c8beacf5630b
	| tempus inspectionis = 2017-01-03
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; latius divulgata est atque nonnulla media eam quasi rem arcanam rettulerunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Is this an 800-year-old mobile phone? (Video)
	| annus = 2016
	| mensis = 1
	| domus editoria = Canada Journal - News of the World
	| url = http://canadajournal.net/science/is-this-an-800-year-old-mobile-phone-video-40526-2016/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ars ==
Weingärtner tabellam fictilem specie telephoni gestabilis, signis cuneiformibus ornatam, confecit, impulsus tum exhibitione in Museo Communicationis Berolinensi habita, cui titulus erat “A cuneiformibus ad SMS: communicatio olim et hodie”, tum effectibus technologiae informaticae per orbem terrarum perniciosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; Scriptura cuneiformis initia informationis litteris traditae significat.

Quamquam opus exemplar fictile telephoni gestabilis Ericsson S868,&lt;ref name=&quot;truth&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = Martin
	| nomen 1 = Aaron
	| titulus = Archeologists Discover 800-Year-Old Cell Phone Tablet-Fiction!
	| tempus = 2016-01-05
	| domus editoria = www.truthorfiction.com
	| url = https://www.truthorfiction.com/archeologists-discover-800-year-old-cell-phone-tablet/
	| tempus inspectionis = 2017-01-03
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; exemplaris [[decennium 200|decennii 200]], imitari videtur, hoc artifici propriam significationem non habebat; forma enim telephoni tantum utebatur velut imagine instrumentorum mobilium generatim.&lt;ref name=&quot;Open Press Release&quot; /&gt;

Opus unicum est atque apud ipsum artificem servatur. Rogatu museis ad exhibitiones commodari potest. Ex argilla confectum est.&lt;ref name=&quot;huffpo&quot; /&gt;

== Falsa repraesentatio ==
Weingärtner imaginem operis in Facebook publicavit, dum illud venale offerebat;&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; tum quidam usor nomen “BabyloNokia” finxit.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; Triennio post, eadem imago in situ “Conspiracy Club” titulo “Telephonum mobile octingentorum annorum in Austria inventum? Vide hoc” edita est.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; “The Express” imaginem sine auctoris mentione adhibuit atque falso scripsit rem ad [[saeculum 13 a.C.n.]] referendam esse.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; 

De imagine a paginis opinionum marginalium et a diurnariis usurpata loquens, Weingärtner affirmavit eam sine sua scientia neque consensu adhibitam esse; addidit id sibi minime propositum fuisse, nec se UFO vel alienigenis credere. De imagine a paginis opinionum marginalium et a diurnariis usurpata loquens, Weingärtner affirmavit eam sine sua scientia neque consensu adhibitam esse; addidit id sibi minime propositum fuisse, nec se UFO vel alienigenis credere.&lt;ref name=&quot;huffpo&quot; /&gt; 

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Nokia (societas)]]
* [[Babylon]]

[[Categoria:Ars]]
[[Categoria:Cultura popularis]]
[[Categoria:Babylon]]
[[Categoria:Telephona]]</text>
      <sha1>bnxvumi85jeoulk8wu11bv7xgksj2rs</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974617</id>
      <parentid>3974586</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T19:14:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Licet deletionem proponere; licet contra deletionem suadere</comment>
      <origin>3974617</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4630" sha1="ruy9jjikr9syxwz4o86kg0p6tqgqu18" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{delete|No useful content. Out of project scope. AI-x-wiki spam &lt;small&gt;[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/User:TenWhile6/XReport|XReport]]&lt;/small&gt;}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:Babylonokia.jpg|thumb|''Babylonokia'']]

{{ores|Babylonokia}}&lt;ref&gt;Etiam ''Babylon-Nokia,'' ''Alien-Mobile,'' et ''Cuneiform Mobile Phone'' appellatum.&lt;/ref&gt; est [[opus artis]] a Carolo Weingärtner anno [[2012]]&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Angeblich “Alien-Handy” in Österreich entdeckt
	| tempus = 2015-12-31
	| domus editoria = news.ORF.at
	| url = http://orf.at/stories/2316971/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; confectum, tabella fictilis specie [[telephonum gestabile|telephoni gestabilis]], cuius claves et velum signis [[scriptura cuneiformis|cuneiformibus]] insignita sunt.

Weingärtner hoc opus fecit, ut progressionem communicationis ab antiquitate usque ad tempora nostra significaret.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; Postea fautores opinionum marginalium atque pseudoarchaeologiae&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; imaginem operis falso pro invento archaeologico annorum octingentorum protulerunt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Open Press Release&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Centuries Old Cell-Phone Artifact Presents Modern Day Mystery
	| tempus = 2017-01-19
	| domus editoria = openpr.com
	| url = http://www.openpr.com/news/416272/Centuries-Old-Cell-Phone-Artifact-Presents-Modern-Day-Mystery-Award-Winning-Author-Dana-Lyons-Sees-The-Possibilities-In-Such-An-Impossible-Scenario.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; haec narratio per pelliculam in canali YouTube “Paranormal Crucible”&lt;ref name=&quot;huffpo&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = Moye
	| nomen 1 = David
	| titulus = Ancient Babylonian Cellphone Isn't Ancient, Babylonian Or A Phone
	| tempus = 2016-01-11
	| domus editoria = HuffPost
	| url = https://huffingtonpost.com/entry/ancient-babylonian-nokia-isnt-ancient-babylonian-nor-a-nokia_us_568d70abe4b0c8beacf5630b
	| tempus inspectionis = 2017-01-03
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; latius divulgata est atque nonnulla media eam quasi rem arcanam rettulerunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Is this an 800-year-old mobile phone? (Video)
	| annus = 2016
	| mensis = 1
	| domus editoria = Canada Journal - News of the World
	| url = http://canadajournal.net/science/is-this-an-800-year-old-mobile-phone-video-40526-2016/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ars ==
Weingärtner tabellam fictilem specie telephoni gestabilis, signis cuneiformibus ornatam, confecit, impulsus tum exhibitione in Museo Communicationis Berolinensi habita, cui titulus erat “A cuneiformibus ad SMS: communicatio olim et hodie”, tum effectibus technologiae informaticae per orbem terrarum perniciosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; Scriptura cuneiformis initia informationis litteris traditae significat.

Quamquam opus exemplar fictile telephoni gestabilis Ericsson S868,&lt;ref name=&quot;truth&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = Martin
	| nomen 1 = Aaron
	| titulus = Archeologists Discover 800-Year-Old Cell Phone Tablet-Fiction!
	| tempus = 2016-01-05
	| domus editoria = www.truthorfiction.com
	| url = https://www.truthorfiction.com/archeologists-discover-800-year-old-cell-phone-tablet/
	| tempus inspectionis = 2017-01-03
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; exemplaris [[decennium 200|decennii 200]], imitari videtur, hoc artifici propriam significationem non habebat; forma enim telephoni tantum utebatur velut imagine instrumentorum mobilium generatim.&lt;ref name=&quot;Open Press Release&quot; /&gt;

Opus unicum est atque apud ipsum artificem servatur. Rogatu museis ad exhibitiones commodari potest. Ex argilla confectum est.&lt;ref name=&quot;huffpo&quot; /&gt;

== Falsa repraesentatio ==
Weingärtner imaginem operis in Facebook publicavit, dum illud venale offerebat;&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; tum quidam usor nomen “BabyloNokia” finxit.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; Triennio post, eadem imago in situ “Conspiracy Club” titulo “Telephonum mobile octingentorum annorum in Austria inventum? Vide hoc” edita est.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; “The Express” imaginem sine auctoris mentione adhibuit atque falso scripsit rem ad [[saeculum 13 a.C.n.]] referendam esse.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; 

De imagine a paginis opinionum marginalium et a diurnariis usurpata loquens, Weingärtner affirmavit eam sine sua scientia neque consensu adhibitam esse; addidit id sibi minime propositum fuisse, nec se UFO vel alienigenis credere. De imagine a paginis opinionum marginalium et a diurnariis usurpata loquens, Weingärtner affirmavit eam sine sua scientia neque consensu adhibitam esse; addidit id sibi minime propositum fuisse, nec se UFO vel alienigenis credere.&lt;ref name=&quot;huffpo&quot; /&gt; 

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Nokia (societas)]]
* [[Babylon]]

[[Categoria:ars]]
[[Categoria:cultura popularis]]
[[Categoria:Babylon]]
[[Categoria:Telephona]]</text>
      <sha1>ruy9jjikr9syxwz4o86kg0p6tqgqu18</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974619</id>
      <parentid>3974617</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T19:44:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>{{[[Formula:Confestim delenda|Confestim delenda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Delenda|Delenda]]}}—quia [[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby#Vandalismus|disputatio]] orta est</comment>
      <origin>3974619</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4631" sha1="0y9v8ovwzsh5b4d24xa97wr3diwlgbe" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Delenda|No useful content. Out of project scope. AI-x-wiki spam &lt;small&gt;[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/User:TenWhile6/XReport|XReport]]&lt;/small&gt;}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:Babylonokia.jpg|thumb|''Babylonokia'']]

{{ores|Babylonokia}}&lt;ref&gt;Etiam ''Babylon-Nokia,'' ''Alien-Mobile,'' et ''Cuneiform Mobile Phone'' appellatum.&lt;/ref&gt; est [[opus artis]] a Carolo Weingärtner anno [[2012]]&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Angeblich “Alien-Handy” in Österreich entdeckt
	| tempus = 2015-12-31
	| domus editoria = news.ORF.at
	| url = http://orf.at/stories/2316971/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; confectum, tabella fictilis specie [[telephonum gestabile|telephoni gestabilis]], cuius claves et velum signis [[scriptura cuneiformis|cuneiformibus]] insignita sunt.

Weingärtner hoc opus fecit, ut progressionem communicationis ab antiquitate usque ad tempora nostra significaret.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; Postea fautores opinionum marginalium atque pseudoarchaeologiae&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; imaginem operis falso pro invento archaeologico annorum octingentorum protulerunt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Open Press Release&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Centuries Old Cell-Phone Artifact Presents Modern Day Mystery
	| tempus = 2017-01-19
	| domus editoria = openpr.com
	| url = http://www.openpr.com/news/416272/Centuries-Old-Cell-Phone-Artifact-Presents-Modern-Day-Mystery-Award-Winning-Author-Dana-Lyons-Sees-The-Possibilities-In-Such-An-Impossible-Scenario.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; haec narratio per pelliculam in canali YouTube “Paranormal Crucible”&lt;ref name=&quot;huffpo&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = Moye
	| nomen 1 = David
	| titulus = Ancient Babylonian Cellphone Isn't Ancient, Babylonian Or A Phone
	| tempus = 2016-01-11
	| domus editoria = HuffPost
	| url = https://huffingtonpost.com/entry/ancient-babylonian-nokia-isnt-ancient-babylonian-nor-a-nokia_us_568d70abe4b0c8beacf5630b
	| tempus inspectionis = 2017-01-03
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; latius divulgata est atque nonnulla media eam quasi rem arcanam rettulerunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Is this an 800-year-old mobile phone? (Video)
	| annus = 2016
	| mensis = 1
	| domus editoria = Canada Journal - News of the World
	| url = http://canadajournal.net/science/is-this-an-800-year-old-mobile-phone-video-40526-2016/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ars ==
Weingärtner tabellam fictilem specie telephoni gestabilis, signis cuneiformibus ornatam, confecit, impulsus tum exhibitione in Museo Communicationis Berolinensi habita, cui titulus erat “A cuneiformibus ad SMS: communicatio olim et hodie”, tum effectibus technologiae informaticae per orbem terrarum perniciosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; Scriptura cuneiformis initia informationis litteris traditae significat.

Quamquam opus exemplar fictile telephoni gestabilis Ericsson S868,&lt;ref name=&quot;truth&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = Martin
	| nomen 1 = Aaron
	| titulus = Archeologists Discover 800-Year-Old Cell Phone Tablet-Fiction!
	| tempus = 2016-01-05
	| domus editoria = www.truthorfiction.com
	| url = https://www.truthorfiction.com/archeologists-discover-800-year-old-cell-phone-tablet/
	| tempus inspectionis = 2017-01-03
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; exemplaris [[decennium 200|decennii 200]], imitari videtur, hoc artifici propriam significationem non habebat; forma enim telephoni tantum utebatur velut imagine instrumentorum mobilium generatim.&lt;ref name=&quot;Open Press Release&quot; /&gt;

Opus unicum est atque apud ipsum artificem servatur. Rogatu museis ad exhibitiones commodari potest. Ex argilla confectum est.&lt;ref name=&quot;huffpo&quot; /&gt;

== Falsa repraesentatio ==
Weingärtner imaginem operis in Facebook publicavit, dum illud venale offerebat;&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; tum quidam usor nomen “BabyloNokia” finxit.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; Triennio post, eadem imago in situ “Conspiracy Club” titulo “Telephonum mobile octingentorum annorum in Austria inventum? Vide hoc” edita est.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; “The Express” imaginem sine auctoris mentione adhibuit atque falso scripsit rem ad [[saeculum 13 a.C.n.]] referendam esse.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; 

De imagine a paginis opinionum marginalium et a diurnariis usurpata loquens, Weingärtner affirmavit eam sine sua scientia neque consensu adhibitam esse; addidit id sibi minime propositum fuisse, nec se UFO vel alienigenis credere. De imagine a paginis opinionum marginalium et a diurnariis usurpata loquens, Weingärtner affirmavit eam sine sua scientia neque consensu adhibitam esse; addidit id sibi minime propositum fuisse, nec se UFO vel alienigenis credere.&lt;ref name=&quot;huffpo&quot; /&gt; 

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Nokia (societas)]]
* [[Babylon]]

[[Categoria:ars]]
[[Categoria:cultura popularis]]
[[Categoria:Babylon]]
[[Categoria:Telephona]]</text>
      <sha1>0y9v8ovwzsh5b4d24xa97wr3diwlgbe</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974621</id>
      <parentid>3974619</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T19:52:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>petitio</comment>
      <origin>3974621</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4704" sha1="96qfjgkrrmzqmr7cpyg07dypszkrs2b" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Delenda|No useful content. Out of project scope. AI-x-wiki spam &lt;small&gt;[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/User:TenWhile6/XReport|XReport]]&lt;/small&gt;|tempus=20260725195201|disputatio={{subst:petitio/nondum|20260725195201}}}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:Babylonokia.jpg|thumb|''Babylonokia'']]

{{ores|Babylonokia}}&lt;ref&gt;Etiam ''Babylon-Nokia,'' ''Alien-Mobile,'' et ''Cuneiform Mobile Phone'' appellatum.&lt;/ref&gt; est [[opus artis]] a Carolo Weingärtner anno [[2012]]&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Angeblich “Alien-Handy” in Österreich entdeckt
	| tempus = 2015-12-31
	| domus editoria = news.ORF.at
	| url = http://orf.at/stories/2316971/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; confectum, tabella fictilis specie [[telephonum gestabile|telephoni gestabilis]], cuius claves et velum signis [[scriptura cuneiformis|cuneiformibus]] insignita sunt.

Weingärtner hoc opus fecit, ut progressionem communicationis ab antiquitate usque ad tempora nostra significaret.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; Postea fautores opinionum marginalium atque pseudoarchaeologiae&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; imaginem operis falso pro invento archaeologico annorum octingentorum protulerunt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Open Press Release&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Centuries Old Cell-Phone Artifact Presents Modern Day Mystery
	| tempus = 2017-01-19
	| domus editoria = openpr.com
	| url = http://www.openpr.com/news/416272/Centuries-Old-Cell-Phone-Artifact-Presents-Modern-Day-Mystery-Award-Winning-Author-Dana-Lyons-Sees-The-Possibilities-In-Such-An-Impossible-Scenario.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; haec narratio per pelliculam in canali YouTube “Paranormal Crucible”&lt;ref name=&quot;huffpo&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = Moye
	| nomen 1 = David
	| titulus = Ancient Babylonian Cellphone Isn't Ancient, Babylonian Or A Phone
	| tempus = 2016-01-11
	| domus editoria = HuffPost
	| url = https://huffingtonpost.com/entry/ancient-babylonian-nokia-isnt-ancient-babylonian-nor-a-nokia_us_568d70abe4b0c8beacf5630b
	| tempus inspectionis = 2017-01-03
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; latius divulgata est atque nonnulla media eam quasi rem arcanam rettulerunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Is this an 800-year-old mobile phone? (Video)
	| annus = 2016
	| mensis = 1
	| domus editoria = Canada Journal - News of the World
	| url = http://canadajournal.net/science/is-this-an-800-year-old-mobile-phone-video-40526-2016/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ars ==
Weingärtner tabellam fictilem specie telephoni gestabilis, signis cuneiformibus ornatam, confecit, impulsus tum exhibitione in Museo Communicationis Berolinensi habita, cui titulus erat “A cuneiformibus ad SMS: communicatio olim et hodie”, tum effectibus technologiae informaticae per orbem terrarum perniciosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; Scriptura cuneiformis initia informationis litteris traditae significat.

Quamquam opus exemplar fictile telephoni gestabilis Ericsson S868,&lt;ref name=&quot;truth&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = Martin
	| nomen 1 = Aaron
	| titulus = Archeologists Discover 800-Year-Old Cell Phone Tablet-Fiction!
	| tempus = 2016-01-05
	| domus editoria = www.truthorfiction.com
	| url = https://www.truthorfiction.com/archeologists-discover-800-year-old-cell-phone-tablet/
	| tempus inspectionis = 2017-01-03
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; exemplaris [[decennium 200|decennii 200]], imitari videtur, hoc artifici propriam significationem non habebat; forma enim telephoni tantum utebatur velut imagine instrumentorum mobilium generatim.&lt;ref name=&quot;Open Press Release&quot; /&gt;

Opus unicum est atque apud ipsum artificem servatur. Rogatu museis ad exhibitiones commodari potest. Ex argilla confectum est.&lt;ref name=&quot;huffpo&quot; /&gt;

== Falsa repraesentatio ==
Weingärtner imaginem operis in Facebook publicavit, dum illud venale offerebat;&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; tum quidam usor nomen “BabyloNokia” finxit.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; Triennio post, eadem imago in situ “Conspiracy Club” titulo “Telephonum mobile octingentorum annorum in Austria inventum? Vide hoc” edita est.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; “The Express” imaginem sine auctoris mentione adhibuit atque falso scripsit rem ad [[saeculum 13 a.C.n.]] referendam esse.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; 

De imagine a paginis opinionum marginalium et a diurnariis usurpata loquens, Weingärtner affirmavit eam sine sua scientia neque consensu adhibitam esse; addidit id sibi minime propositum fuisse, nec se UFO vel alienigenis credere. De imagine a paginis opinionum marginalium et a diurnariis usurpata loquens, Weingärtner affirmavit eam sine sua scientia neque consensu adhibitam esse; addidit id sibi minime propositum fuisse, nec se UFO vel alienigenis credere.&lt;ref name=&quot;huffpo&quot; /&gt; 

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Nokia (societas)]]
* [[Babylon]]

[[Categoria:ars]]
[[Categoria:cultura popularis]]
[[Categoria:Babylon]]
[[Categoria:Telephona]]</text>
      <sha1>96qfjgkrrmzqmr7cpyg07dypszkrs2b</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974623</id>
      <parentid>3974621</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T19:52:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Nexum ad disputationem de petitione formulae {{[[Formula:Delenda|Delenda]]}} addidi</comment>
      <origin>3974623</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4709" sha1="iqz0ujg4rte8sojls1on1cgjyxtfzwz" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Delenda|No useful content. Out of project scope. AI-x-wiki spam &lt;small&gt;[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/User:TenWhile6/XReport|XReport]]&lt;/small&gt;|tempus=20260725195201|disputatio=petitio-temporis-20260725195201-vicipaediani}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:Babylonokia.jpg|thumb|''Babylonokia'']]

{{ores|Babylonokia}}&lt;ref&gt;Etiam ''Babylon-Nokia,'' ''Alien-Mobile,'' et ''Cuneiform Mobile Phone'' appellatum.&lt;/ref&gt; est [[opus artis]] a Carolo Weingärtner anno [[2012]]&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Angeblich “Alien-Handy” in Österreich entdeckt
	| tempus = 2015-12-31
	| domus editoria = news.ORF.at
	| url = http://orf.at/stories/2316971/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; confectum, tabella fictilis specie [[telephonum gestabile|telephoni gestabilis]], cuius claves et velum signis [[scriptura cuneiformis|cuneiformibus]] insignita sunt.

Weingärtner hoc opus fecit, ut progressionem communicationis ab antiquitate usque ad tempora nostra significaret.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; Postea fautores opinionum marginalium atque pseudoarchaeologiae&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; imaginem operis falso pro invento archaeologico annorum octingentorum protulerunt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Open Press Release&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Centuries Old Cell-Phone Artifact Presents Modern Day Mystery
	| tempus = 2017-01-19
	| domus editoria = openpr.com
	| url = http://www.openpr.com/news/416272/Centuries-Old-Cell-Phone-Artifact-Presents-Modern-Day-Mystery-Award-Winning-Author-Dana-Lyons-Sees-The-Possibilities-In-Such-An-Impossible-Scenario.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; haec narratio per pelliculam in canali YouTube “Paranormal Crucible”&lt;ref name=&quot;huffpo&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = Moye
	| nomen 1 = David
	| titulus = Ancient Babylonian Cellphone Isn't Ancient, Babylonian Or A Phone
	| tempus = 2016-01-11
	| domus editoria = HuffPost
	| url = https://huffingtonpost.com/entry/ancient-babylonian-nokia-isnt-ancient-babylonian-nor-a-nokia_us_568d70abe4b0c8beacf5630b
	| tempus inspectionis = 2017-01-03
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; latius divulgata est atque nonnulla media eam quasi rem arcanam rettulerunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Is this an 800-year-old mobile phone? (Video)
	| annus = 2016
	| mensis = 1
	| domus editoria = Canada Journal - News of the World
	| url = http://canadajournal.net/science/is-this-an-800-year-old-mobile-phone-video-40526-2016/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ars ==
Weingärtner tabellam fictilem specie telephoni gestabilis, signis cuneiformibus ornatam, confecit, impulsus tum exhibitione in Museo Communicationis Berolinensi habita, cui titulus erat “A cuneiformibus ad SMS: communicatio olim et hodie”, tum effectibus technologiae informaticae per orbem terrarum perniciosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; Scriptura cuneiformis initia informationis litteris traditae significat.

Quamquam opus exemplar fictile telephoni gestabilis Ericsson S868,&lt;ref name=&quot;truth&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = Martin
	| nomen 1 = Aaron
	| titulus = Archeologists Discover 800-Year-Old Cell Phone Tablet-Fiction!
	| tempus = 2016-01-05
	| domus editoria = www.truthorfiction.com
	| url = https://www.truthorfiction.com/archeologists-discover-800-year-old-cell-phone-tablet/
	| tempus inspectionis = 2017-01-03
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; exemplaris [[decennium 200|decennii 200]], imitari videtur, hoc artifici propriam significationem non habebat; forma enim telephoni tantum utebatur velut imagine instrumentorum mobilium generatim.&lt;ref name=&quot;Open Press Release&quot; /&gt;

Opus unicum est atque apud ipsum artificem servatur. Rogatu museis ad exhibitiones commodari potest. Ex argilla confectum est.&lt;ref name=&quot;huffpo&quot; /&gt;

== Falsa repraesentatio ==
Weingärtner imaginem operis in Facebook publicavit, dum illud venale offerebat;&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; tum quidam usor nomen “BabyloNokia” finxit.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; Triennio post, eadem imago in situ “Conspiracy Club” titulo “Telephonum mobile octingentorum annorum in Austria inventum? Vide hoc” edita est.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; “The Express” imaginem sine auctoris mentione adhibuit atque falso scripsit rem ad [[saeculum 13 a.C.n.]] referendam esse.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; 

De imagine a paginis opinionum marginalium et a diurnariis usurpata loquens, Weingärtner affirmavit eam sine sua scientia neque consensu adhibitam esse; addidit id sibi minime propositum fuisse, nec se UFO vel alienigenis credere. De imagine a paginis opinionum marginalium et a diurnariis usurpata loquens, Weingärtner affirmavit eam sine sua scientia neque consensu adhibitam esse; addidit id sibi minime propositum fuisse, nec se UFO vel alienigenis credere.&lt;ref name=&quot;huffpo&quot; /&gt; 

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Nokia (societas)]]
* [[Babylon]]

[[Categoria:ars]]
[[Categoria:cultura popularis]]
[[Categoria:Babylon]]
[[Categoria:Telephona]]</text>
      <sha1>iqz0ujg4rte8sojls1on1cgjyxtfzwz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974677</id>
      <parentid>3974623</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T06:57:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kalligraphiemonk</username>
        <id>212594</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>{{Confestim delenda|falsum praeiudicium, latine emendatum est}}</comment>
      <origin>3974677</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4750" sha1="o7k1r1ufc6b7llnr8rpo5iu92zyzkxe" xml:space="preserve">{{Confestim delenda|falsum praeiudicium, latine emendatum est}}
{{Delenda|No useful content. Out of project scope. AI-x-wiki spam &lt;small&gt;[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/User:TenWhile6/XReport|XReport]]&lt;/small&gt;|tempus=20260725195201|disputatio=petitio-temporis-20260725195201-vicipaediani}}
{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:Babylonokia.jpg|thumb|''Babylonokia'']]

{{ores|Babylonokia}}&lt;ref&gt;Etiam ''Babylon-Nokia,'' ''Alien-Mobile,'' et ''Cuneiform Mobile Phone'' appellatum.&lt;/ref&gt; est [[opus artis]] a Carolo Weingärtner anno [[2012]]&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Angeblich “Alien-Handy” in Österreich entdeckt
	| tempus = 2015-12-31
	| domus editoria = news.ORF.at
	| url = http://orf.at/stories/2316971/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; confectum, tabella fictilis specie [[telephonum gestabile|telephoni gestabilis]], cuius claves et velum signis [[scriptura cuneiformis|cuneiformibus]] insignita sunt.

Weingärtner hoc opus fecit, ut progressionem communicationis ab antiquitate usque ad tempora nostra significaret.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; Postea fautores opinionum marginalium atque pseudoarchaeologiae&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; imaginem operis falso pro invento archaeologico annorum octingentorum protulerunt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Open Press Release&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Centuries Old Cell-Phone Artifact Presents Modern Day Mystery
	| tempus = 2017-01-19
	| domus editoria = openpr.com
	| url = http://www.openpr.com/news/416272/Centuries-Old-Cell-Phone-Artifact-Presents-Modern-Day-Mystery-Award-Winning-Author-Dana-Lyons-Sees-The-Possibilities-In-Such-An-Impossible-Scenario.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; haec narratio per pelliculam in canali YouTube “Paranormal Crucible”&lt;ref name=&quot;huffpo&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = Moye
	| nomen 1 = David
	| titulus = Ancient Babylonian Cellphone Isn't Ancient, Babylonian Or A Phone
	| tempus = 2016-01-11
	| domus editoria = HuffPost
	| url = https://huffingtonpost.com/entry/ancient-babylonian-nokia-isnt-ancient-babylonian-nor-a-nokia_us_568d70abe4b0c8beacf5630b
	| tempus inspectionis = 2017-01-03
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; latius divulgata est atque nonnulla media eam quasi rem arcanam rettulerunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Is this an 800-year-old mobile phone? (Video)
	| annus = 2016
	| mensis = 1
	| domus editoria = Canada Journal - News of the World
	| url = http://canadajournal.net/science/is-this-an-800-year-old-mobile-phone-video-40526-2016/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ars ==
Weingärtner tabellam fictilem specie telephoni gestabilis, signis cuneiformibus ornatam, confecit, impulsus tum exhibitione in Museo Communicationis Berolinensi habita, cui titulus erat “A cuneiformibus ad SMS: communicatio olim et hodie”, tum effectibus technologiae informaticae per orbem terrarum perniciosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; Scriptura cuneiformis initia informationis litteris traditae significat.

Quamquam opus exemplar fictile telephoni gestabilis Ericsson S868,&lt;ref name=&quot;truth&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = Martin
	| nomen 1 = Aaron
	| titulus = Archeologists Discover 800-Year-Old Cell Phone Tablet-Fiction!
	| tempus = 2016-01-05
	| domus editoria = www.truthorfiction.com
	| url = https://www.truthorfiction.com/archeologists-discover-800-year-old-cell-phone-tablet/
	| tempus inspectionis = 2017-01-03
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; exemplaris [[decennium 200|decennii 200]], imitari videtur, hoc artifici propriam significationem non habebat; forma enim telephoni tantum utebatur velut imagine instrumentorum mobilium generatim.&lt;ref name=&quot;Open Press Release&quot; /&gt;

Opus unicum est atque apud ipsum artificem servatur. Rogatu museis ad exhibitiones commodari potest. Ex argilla confectum est.&lt;ref name=&quot;huffpo&quot; /&gt;

== Falsa repraesentatio ==
Weingärtner imaginem operis in Facebook publicavit, dum illud venale offerebat;&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; tum quidam usor nomen “BabyloNokia” finxit.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; Triennio post, eadem imago in situ “Conspiracy Club” titulo “Telephonum mobile octingentorum annorum in Austria inventum? Vide hoc” edita est.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; “The Express” imaginem sine auctoris mentione adhibuit atque falso scripsit rem ad [[saeculum 13 a.C.n.]] referendam esse.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; 

De imagine a paginis opinionum marginalium et a diurnariis usurpata loquens, Weingärtner affirmavit eam sine sua scientia neque consensu adhibitam esse; addidit id sibi minime propositum fuisse, nec se UFO vel alienigenis credere. De imagine a paginis opinionum marginalium et a diurnariis usurpata loquens, Weingärtner affirmavit eam sine sua scientia neque consensu adhibitam esse; addidit id sibi minime propositum fuisse, nec se UFO vel alienigenis credere.&lt;ref name=&quot;huffpo&quot; /&gt; 

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Nokia (societas)]]
* [[Babylon]]

[[Categoria:ars]]
[[Categoria:cultura popularis]]
[[Categoria:Babylon]]
[[Categoria:Telephona]]</text>
      <sha1>o7k1r1ufc6b7llnr8rpo5iu92zyzkxe</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974678</id>
      <parentid>3974677</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T06:59:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kalligraphiemonk</username>
        <id>212594</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>19 linguae rectae sunt</comment>
      <origin>3974678</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4775" sha1="6utme1rs0y70dj1uzeyhkrxmxo3bd4o" xml:space="preserve">{{Confestim delenda|falsum praeiudicium, latine emendatum est - 19 linguae rectae sunt}}
{{Delenda|No useful content. Out of project scope. AI-x-wiki spam &lt;small&gt;[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/User:TenWhile6/XReport|XReport]]&lt;/small&gt;|tempus=20260725195201|disputatio=petitio-temporis-20260725195201-vicipaediani}}
{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:Babylonokia.jpg|thumb|''Babylonokia'']]

{{ores|Babylonokia}}&lt;ref&gt;Etiam ''Babylon-Nokia,'' ''Alien-Mobile,'' et ''Cuneiform Mobile Phone'' appellatum.&lt;/ref&gt; est [[opus artis]] a Carolo Weingärtner anno [[2012]]&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Angeblich “Alien-Handy” in Österreich entdeckt
	| tempus = 2015-12-31
	| domus editoria = news.ORF.at
	| url = http://orf.at/stories/2316971/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; confectum, tabella fictilis specie [[telephonum gestabile|telephoni gestabilis]], cuius claves et velum signis [[scriptura cuneiformis|cuneiformibus]] insignita sunt.

Weingärtner hoc opus fecit, ut progressionem communicationis ab antiquitate usque ad tempora nostra significaret.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; Postea fautores opinionum marginalium atque pseudoarchaeologiae&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; imaginem operis falso pro invento archaeologico annorum octingentorum protulerunt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Open Press Release&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Centuries Old Cell-Phone Artifact Presents Modern Day Mystery
	| tempus = 2017-01-19
	| domus editoria = openpr.com
	| url = http://www.openpr.com/news/416272/Centuries-Old-Cell-Phone-Artifact-Presents-Modern-Day-Mystery-Award-Winning-Author-Dana-Lyons-Sees-The-Possibilities-In-Such-An-Impossible-Scenario.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; haec narratio per pelliculam in canali YouTube “Paranormal Crucible”&lt;ref name=&quot;huffpo&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = Moye
	| nomen 1 = David
	| titulus = Ancient Babylonian Cellphone Isn't Ancient, Babylonian Or A Phone
	| tempus = 2016-01-11
	| domus editoria = HuffPost
	| url = https://huffingtonpost.com/entry/ancient-babylonian-nokia-isnt-ancient-babylonian-nor-a-nokia_us_568d70abe4b0c8beacf5630b
	| tempus inspectionis = 2017-01-03
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; latius divulgata est atque nonnulla media eam quasi rem arcanam rettulerunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Is this an 800-year-old mobile phone? (Video)
	| annus = 2016
	| mensis = 1
	| domus editoria = Canada Journal - News of the World
	| url = http://canadajournal.net/science/is-this-an-800-year-old-mobile-phone-video-40526-2016/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ars ==
Weingärtner tabellam fictilem specie telephoni gestabilis, signis cuneiformibus ornatam, confecit, impulsus tum exhibitione in Museo Communicationis Berolinensi habita, cui titulus erat “A cuneiformibus ad SMS: communicatio olim et hodie”, tum effectibus technologiae informaticae per orbem terrarum perniciosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; Scriptura cuneiformis initia informationis litteris traditae significat.

Quamquam opus exemplar fictile telephoni gestabilis Ericsson S868,&lt;ref name=&quot;truth&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = Martin
	| nomen 1 = Aaron
	| titulus = Archeologists Discover 800-Year-Old Cell Phone Tablet-Fiction!
	| tempus = 2016-01-05
	| domus editoria = www.truthorfiction.com
	| url = https://www.truthorfiction.com/archeologists-discover-800-year-old-cell-phone-tablet/
	| tempus inspectionis = 2017-01-03
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; exemplaris [[decennium 200|decennii 200]], imitari videtur, hoc artifici propriam significationem non habebat; forma enim telephoni tantum utebatur velut imagine instrumentorum mobilium generatim.&lt;ref name=&quot;Open Press Release&quot; /&gt;

Opus unicum est atque apud ipsum artificem servatur. Rogatu museis ad exhibitiones commodari potest. Ex argilla confectum est.&lt;ref name=&quot;huffpo&quot; /&gt;

== Falsa repraesentatio ==
Weingärtner imaginem operis in Facebook publicavit, dum illud venale offerebat;&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; tum quidam usor nomen “BabyloNokia” finxit.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; Triennio post, eadem imago in situ “Conspiracy Club” titulo “Telephonum mobile octingentorum annorum in Austria inventum? Vide hoc” edita est.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; “The Express” imaginem sine auctoris mentione adhibuit atque falso scripsit rem ad [[saeculum 13 a.C.n.]] referendam esse.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; 

De imagine a paginis opinionum marginalium et a diurnariis usurpata loquens, Weingärtner affirmavit eam sine sua scientia neque consensu adhibitam esse; addidit id sibi minime propositum fuisse, nec se UFO vel alienigenis credere. De imagine a paginis opinionum marginalium et a diurnariis usurpata loquens, Weingärtner affirmavit eam sine sua scientia neque consensu adhibitam esse; addidit id sibi minime propositum fuisse, nec se UFO vel alienigenis credere.&lt;ref name=&quot;huffpo&quot; /&gt; 

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Nokia (societas)]]
* [[Babylon]]

[[Categoria:ars]]
[[Categoria:cultura popularis]]
[[Categoria:Babylon]]
[[Categoria:Telephona]]</text>
      <sha1>6utme1rs0y70dj1uzeyhkrxmxo3bd4o</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974695</id>
      <parentid>3974678</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T08:47:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Placitum a Kalligraphiemonk scriptum, incaute intra formulam &quot;Confestim delenda&quot; inscriptum, in paginam disputationem rescribo</comment>
      <origin>3974695</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4686" sha1="4ssfcpr724wmetcfibdrcz6dww9f2yb" xml:space="preserve">{{Delenda|No useful content. Out of project scope. AI-x-wiki spam &lt;small&gt;[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/User:TenWhile6/XReport|XReport]]&lt;/small&gt;|tempus=20260725195201|disputatio=petitio-temporis-20260725195201-vicipaediani}}
{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:Babylonokia.jpg|thumb|''Babylonokia'']]

{{ores|Babylonokia}}&lt;ref&gt;Etiam ''Babylon-Nokia,'' ''Alien-Mobile,'' et ''Cuneiform Mobile Phone'' appellatum.&lt;/ref&gt; est [[opus artis]] a Carolo Weingärtner anno [[2012]]&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Angeblich “Alien-Handy” in Österreich entdeckt
	| tempus = 2015-12-31
	| domus editoria = news.ORF.at
	| url = http://orf.at/stories/2316971/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; confectum, tabella fictilis specie [[telephonum gestabile|telephoni gestabilis]], cuius claves et velum signis [[scriptura cuneiformis|cuneiformibus]] insignita sunt.

Weingärtner hoc opus fecit, ut progressionem communicationis ab antiquitate usque ad tempora nostra significaret.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; Postea fautores opinionum marginalium atque pseudoarchaeologiae&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; imaginem operis falso pro invento archaeologico annorum octingentorum protulerunt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Open Press Release&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Centuries Old Cell-Phone Artifact Presents Modern Day Mystery
	| tempus = 2017-01-19
	| domus editoria = openpr.com
	| url = http://www.openpr.com/news/416272/Centuries-Old-Cell-Phone-Artifact-Presents-Modern-Day-Mystery-Award-Winning-Author-Dana-Lyons-Sees-The-Possibilities-In-Such-An-Impossible-Scenario.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; haec narratio per pelliculam in canali YouTube “Paranormal Crucible”&lt;ref name=&quot;huffpo&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = Moye
	| nomen 1 = David
	| titulus = Ancient Babylonian Cellphone Isn't Ancient, Babylonian Or A Phone
	| tempus = 2016-01-11
	| domus editoria = HuffPost
	| url = https://huffingtonpost.com/entry/ancient-babylonian-nokia-isnt-ancient-babylonian-nor-a-nokia_us_568d70abe4b0c8beacf5630b
	| tempus inspectionis = 2017-01-03
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; latius divulgata est atque nonnulla media eam quasi rem arcanam rettulerunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Is this an 800-year-old mobile phone? (Video)
	| annus = 2016
	| mensis = 1
	| domus editoria = Canada Journal - News of the World
	| url = http://canadajournal.net/science/is-this-an-800-year-old-mobile-phone-video-40526-2016/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ars ==
Weingärtner tabellam fictilem specie telephoni gestabilis, signis cuneiformibus ornatam, confecit, impulsus tum exhibitione in Museo Communicationis Berolinensi habita, cui titulus erat “A cuneiformibus ad SMS: communicatio olim et hodie”, tum effectibus technologiae informaticae per orbem terrarum perniciosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; Scriptura cuneiformis initia informationis litteris traditae significat.

Quamquam opus exemplar fictile telephoni gestabilis Ericsson S868,&lt;ref name=&quot;truth&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = Martin
	| nomen 1 = Aaron
	| titulus = Archeologists Discover 800-Year-Old Cell Phone Tablet-Fiction!
	| tempus = 2016-01-05
	| domus editoria = www.truthorfiction.com
	| url = https://www.truthorfiction.com/archeologists-discover-800-year-old-cell-phone-tablet/
	| tempus inspectionis = 2017-01-03
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; exemplaris [[decennium 200|decennii 200]], imitari videtur, hoc artifici propriam significationem non habebat; forma enim telephoni tantum utebatur velut imagine instrumentorum mobilium generatim.&lt;ref name=&quot;Open Press Release&quot; /&gt;

Opus unicum est atque apud ipsum artificem servatur. Rogatu museis ad exhibitiones commodari potest. Ex argilla confectum est.&lt;ref name=&quot;huffpo&quot; /&gt;

== Falsa repraesentatio ==
Weingärtner imaginem operis in Facebook publicavit, dum illud venale offerebat;&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; tum quidam usor nomen “BabyloNokia” finxit.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; Triennio post, eadem imago in situ “Conspiracy Club” titulo “Telephonum mobile octingentorum annorum in Austria inventum? Vide hoc” edita est.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; “The Express” imaginem sine auctoris mentione adhibuit atque falso scripsit rem ad [[saeculum 13 a.C.n.]] referendam esse.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; 

De imagine a paginis opinionum marginalium et a diurnariis usurpata loquens, Weingärtner affirmavit eam sine sua scientia neque consensu adhibitam esse; addidit id sibi minime propositum fuisse, nec se UFO vel alienigenis credere. De imagine a paginis opinionum marginalium et a diurnariis usurpata loquens, Weingärtner affirmavit eam sine sua scientia neque consensu adhibitam esse; addidit id sibi minime propositum fuisse, nec se UFO vel alienigenis credere.&lt;ref name=&quot;huffpo&quot; /&gt; 

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Nokia (societas)]]
* [[Babylon]]

[[Categoria:ars]]
[[Categoria:cultura popularis]]
[[Categoria:Babylon]]
[[Categoria:Telephona]]</text>
      <sha1>4ssfcpr724wmetcfibdrcz6dww9f2yb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974698</id>
      <parentid>3974695</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T08:57:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: -[[Categoria:Babylon]]</comment>
      <origin>3974698</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4664" sha1="iyem4269154vlxlsb1msfi8g11no5w7" xml:space="preserve">{{Delenda|No useful content. Out of project scope. AI-x-wiki spam &lt;small&gt;[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/User:TenWhile6/XReport|XReport]]&lt;/small&gt;|tempus=20260725195201|disputatio=petitio-temporis-20260725195201-vicipaediani}}
{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:Babylonokia.jpg|thumb|''Babylonokia'']]

{{ores|Babylonokia}}&lt;ref&gt;Etiam ''Babylon-Nokia,'' ''Alien-Mobile,'' et ''Cuneiform Mobile Phone'' appellatum.&lt;/ref&gt; est [[opus artis]] a Carolo Weingärtner anno [[2012]]&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Angeblich “Alien-Handy” in Österreich entdeckt
	| tempus = 2015-12-31
	| domus editoria = news.ORF.at
	| url = http://orf.at/stories/2316971/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; confectum, tabella fictilis specie [[telephonum gestabile|telephoni gestabilis]], cuius claves et velum signis [[scriptura cuneiformis|cuneiformibus]] insignita sunt.

Weingärtner hoc opus fecit, ut progressionem communicationis ab antiquitate usque ad tempora nostra significaret.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; Postea fautores opinionum marginalium atque pseudoarchaeologiae&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; imaginem operis falso pro invento archaeologico annorum octingentorum protulerunt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Open Press Release&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Centuries Old Cell-Phone Artifact Presents Modern Day Mystery
	| tempus = 2017-01-19
	| domus editoria = openpr.com
	| url = http://www.openpr.com/news/416272/Centuries-Old-Cell-Phone-Artifact-Presents-Modern-Day-Mystery-Award-Winning-Author-Dana-Lyons-Sees-The-Possibilities-In-Such-An-Impossible-Scenario.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; haec narratio per pelliculam in canali YouTube “Paranormal Crucible”&lt;ref name=&quot;huffpo&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = Moye
	| nomen 1 = David
	| titulus = Ancient Babylonian Cellphone Isn't Ancient, Babylonian Or A Phone
	| tempus = 2016-01-11
	| domus editoria = HuffPost
	| url = https://huffingtonpost.com/entry/ancient-babylonian-nokia-isnt-ancient-babylonian-nor-a-nokia_us_568d70abe4b0c8beacf5630b
	| tempus inspectionis = 2017-01-03
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; latius divulgata est atque nonnulla media eam quasi rem arcanam rettulerunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Is this an 800-year-old mobile phone? (Video)
	| annus = 2016
	| mensis = 1
	| domus editoria = Canada Journal - News of the World
	| url = http://canadajournal.net/science/is-this-an-800-year-old-mobile-phone-video-40526-2016/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ars ==
Weingärtner tabellam fictilem specie telephoni gestabilis, signis cuneiformibus ornatam, confecit, impulsus tum exhibitione in Museo Communicationis Berolinensi habita, cui titulus erat “A cuneiformibus ad SMS: communicatio olim et hodie”, tum effectibus technologiae informaticae per orbem terrarum perniciosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; Scriptura cuneiformis initia informationis litteris traditae significat.

Quamquam opus exemplar fictile telephoni gestabilis Ericsson S868,&lt;ref name=&quot;truth&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = Martin
	| nomen 1 = Aaron
	| titulus = Archeologists Discover 800-Year-Old Cell Phone Tablet-Fiction!
	| tempus = 2016-01-05
	| domus editoria = www.truthorfiction.com
	| url = https://www.truthorfiction.com/archeologists-discover-800-year-old-cell-phone-tablet/
	| tempus inspectionis = 2017-01-03
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; exemplaris [[decennium 200|decennii 200]], imitari videtur, hoc artifici propriam significationem non habebat; forma enim telephoni tantum utebatur velut imagine instrumentorum mobilium generatim.&lt;ref name=&quot;Open Press Release&quot; /&gt;

Opus unicum est atque apud ipsum artificem servatur. Rogatu museis ad exhibitiones commodari potest. Ex argilla confectum est.&lt;ref name=&quot;huffpo&quot; /&gt;

== Falsa repraesentatio ==
Weingärtner imaginem operis in Facebook publicavit, dum illud venale offerebat;&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; tum quidam usor nomen “BabyloNokia” finxit.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; Triennio post, eadem imago in situ “Conspiracy Club” titulo “Telephonum mobile octingentorum annorum in Austria inventum? Vide hoc” edita est.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; “The Express” imaginem sine auctoris mentione adhibuit atque falso scripsit rem ad [[saeculum 13 a.C.n.]] referendam esse.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; 

De imagine a paginis opinionum marginalium et a diurnariis usurpata loquens, Weingärtner affirmavit eam sine sua scientia neque consensu adhibitam esse; addidit id sibi minime propositum fuisse, nec se UFO vel alienigenis credere. De imagine a paginis opinionum marginalium et a diurnariis usurpata loquens, Weingärtner affirmavit eam sine sua scientia neque consensu adhibitam esse; addidit id sibi minime propositum fuisse, nec se UFO vel alienigenis credere.&lt;ref name=&quot;huffpo&quot; /&gt; 

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Nokia (societas)]]
* [[Babylon]]

[[Categoria:ars]]
[[Categoria:cultura popularis]]
[[Categoria:Telephona]]</text>
      <sha1>iyem4269154vlxlsb1msfi8g11no5w7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974699</id>
      <parentid>3974698</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T08:57:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: +[[Categoria:2012 confecta]]</comment>
      <origin>3974699</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4692" sha1="9r45zy2d5sf8ll63jplk4nr1d2x4ggd" xml:space="preserve">{{Delenda|No useful content. Out of project scope. AI-x-wiki spam &lt;small&gt;[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/User:TenWhile6/XReport|XReport]]&lt;/small&gt;|tempus=20260725195201|disputatio=petitio-temporis-20260725195201-vicipaediani}}
{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:Babylonokia.jpg|thumb|''Babylonokia'']]

{{ores|Babylonokia}}&lt;ref&gt;Etiam ''Babylon-Nokia,'' ''Alien-Mobile,'' et ''Cuneiform Mobile Phone'' appellatum.&lt;/ref&gt; est [[opus artis]] a Carolo Weingärtner anno [[2012]]&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Angeblich “Alien-Handy” in Österreich entdeckt
	| tempus = 2015-12-31
	| domus editoria = news.ORF.at
	| url = http://orf.at/stories/2316971/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; confectum, tabella fictilis specie [[telephonum gestabile|telephoni gestabilis]], cuius claves et velum signis [[scriptura cuneiformis|cuneiformibus]] insignita sunt.

Weingärtner hoc opus fecit, ut progressionem communicationis ab antiquitate usque ad tempora nostra significaret.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; Postea fautores opinionum marginalium atque pseudoarchaeologiae&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; imaginem operis falso pro invento archaeologico annorum octingentorum protulerunt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Open Press Release&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Centuries Old Cell-Phone Artifact Presents Modern Day Mystery
	| tempus = 2017-01-19
	| domus editoria = openpr.com
	| url = http://www.openpr.com/news/416272/Centuries-Old-Cell-Phone-Artifact-Presents-Modern-Day-Mystery-Award-Winning-Author-Dana-Lyons-Sees-The-Possibilities-In-Such-An-Impossible-Scenario.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; haec narratio per pelliculam in canali YouTube “Paranormal Crucible”&lt;ref name=&quot;huffpo&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = Moye
	| nomen 1 = David
	| titulus = Ancient Babylonian Cellphone Isn't Ancient, Babylonian Or A Phone
	| tempus = 2016-01-11
	| domus editoria = HuffPost
	| url = https://huffingtonpost.com/entry/ancient-babylonian-nokia-isnt-ancient-babylonian-nor-a-nokia_us_568d70abe4b0c8beacf5630b
	| tempus inspectionis = 2017-01-03
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; latius divulgata est atque nonnulla media eam quasi rem arcanam rettulerunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Is this an 800-year-old mobile phone? (Video)
	| annus = 2016
	| mensis = 1
	| domus editoria = Canada Journal - News of the World
	| url = http://canadajournal.net/science/is-this-an-800-year-old-mobile-phone-video-40526-2016/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ars ==
Weingärtner tabellam fictilem specie telephoni gestabilis, signis cuneiformibus ornatam, confecit, impulsus tum exhibitione in Museo Communicationis Berolinensi habita, cui titulus erat “A cuneiformibus ad SMS: communicatio olim et hodie”, tum effectibus technologiae informaticae per orbem terrarum perniciosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; Scriptura cuneiformis initia informationis litteris traditae significat.

Quamquam opus exemplar fictile telephoni gestabilis Ericsson S868,&lt;ref name=&quot;truth&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = Martin
	| nomen 1 = Aaron
	| titulus = Archeologists Discover 800-Year-Old Cell Phone Tablet-Fiction!
	| tempus = 2016-01-05
	| domus editoria = www.truthorfiction.com
	| url = https://www.truthorfiction.com/archeologists-discover-800-year-old-cell-phone-tablet/
	| tempus inspectionis = 2017-01-03
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; exemplaris [[decennium 200|decennii 200]], imitari videtur, hoc artifici propriam significationem non habebat; forma enim telephoni tantum utebatur velut imagine instrumentorum mobilium generatim.&lt;ref name=&quot;Open Press Release&quot; /&gt;

Opus unicum est atque apud ipsum artificem servatur. Rogatu museis ad exhibitiones commodari potest. Ex argilla confectum est.&lt;ref name=&quot;huffpo&quot; /&gt;

== Falsa repraesentatio ==
Weingärtner imaginem operis in Facebook publicavit, dum illud venale offerebat;&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; tum quidam usor nomen “BabyloNokia” finxit.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; Triennio post, eadem imago in situ “Conspiracy Club” titulo “Telephonum mobile octingentorum annorum in Austria inventum? Vide hoc” edita est.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; “The Express” imaginem sine auctoris mentione adhibuit atque falso scripsit rem ad [[saeculum 13 a.C.n.]] referendam esse.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; 

De imagine a paginis opinionum marginalium et a diurnariis usurpata loquens, Weingärtner affirmavit eam sine sua scientia neque consensu adhibitam esse; addidit id sibi minime propositum fuisse, nec se UFO vel alienigenis credere. De imagine a paginis opinionum marginalium et a diurnariis usurpata loquens, Weingärtner affirmavit eam sine sua scientia neque consensu adhibitam esse; addidit id sibi minime propositum fuisse, nec se UFO vel alienigenis credere.&lt;ref name=&quot;huffpo&quot; /&gt; 

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Nokia (societas)]]
* [[Babylon]]

[[Categoria:ars]]
[[Categoria:cultura popularis]]
[[Categoria:Telephona]]
[[Categoria:2012 confecta]]</text>
      <sha1>9r45zy2d5sf8ll63jplk4nr1d2x4ggd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974700</id>
      <parentid>3974699</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T08:58:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: -[[Categoria:2012 confecta]]; +[[Categoria:Confecta 2012]]</comment>
      <origin>3974700</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4692" sha1="edkkhke9wukpkvfnxnkgvw1cxtb43c7" xml:space="preserve">{{Delenda|No useful content. Out of project scope. AI-x-wiki spam &lt;small&gt;[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/User:TenWhile6/XReport|XReport]]&lt;/small&gt;|tempus=20260725195201|disputatio=petitio-temporis-20260725195201-vicipaediani}}
{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:Babylonokia.jpg|thumb|''Babylonokia'']]

{{ores|Babylonokia}}&lt;ref&gt;Etiam ''Babylon-Nokia,'' ''Alien-Mobile,'' et ''Cuneiform Mobile Phone'' appellatum.&lt;/ref&gt; est [[opus artis]] a Carolo Weingärtner anno [[2012]]&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Angeblich “Alien-Handy” in Österreich entdeckt
	| tempus = 2015-12-31
	| domus editoria = news.ORF.at
	| url = http://orf.at/stories/2316971/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; confectum, tabella fictilis specie [[telephonum gestabile|telephoni gestabilis]], cuius claves et velum signis [[scriptura cuneiformis|cuneiformibus]] insignita sunt.

Weingärtner hoc opus fecit, ut progressionem communicationis ab antiquitate usque ad tempora nostra significaret.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; Postea fautores opinionum marginalium atque pseudoarchaeologiae&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; imaginem operis falso pro invento archaeologico annorum octingentorum protulerunt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Open Press Release&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Centuries Old Cell-Phone Artifact Presents Modern Day Mystery
	| tempus = 2017-01-19
	| domus editoria = openpr.com
	| url = http://www.openpr.com/news/416272/Centuries-Old-Cell-Phone-Artifact-Presents-Modern-Day-Mystery-Award-Winning-Author-Dana-Lyons-Sees-The-Possibilities-In-Such-An-Impossible-Scenario.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; haec narratio per pelliculam in canali YouTube “Paranormal Crucible”&lt;ref name=&quot;huffpo&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = Moye
	| nomen 1 = David
	| titulus = Ancient Babylonian Cellphone Isn't Ancient, Babylonian Or A Phone
	| tempus = 2016-01-11
	| domus editoria = HuffPost
	| url = https://huffingtonpost.com/entry/ancient-babylonian-nokia-isnt-ancient-babylonian-nor-a-nokia_us_568d70abe4b0c8beacf5630b
	| tempus inspectionis = 2017-01-03
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; latius divulgata est atque nonnulla media eam quasi rem arcanam rettulerunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Is this an 800-year-old mobile phone? (Video)
	| annus = 2016
	| mensis = 1
	| domus editoria = Canada Journal - News of the World
	| url = http://canadajournal.net/science/is-this-an-800-year-old-mobile-phone-video-40526-2016/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ars ==
Weingärtner tabellam fictilem specie telephoni gestabilis, signis cuneiformibus ornatam, confecit, impulsus tum exhibitione in Museo Communicationis Berolinensi habita, cui titulus erat “A cuneiformibus ad SMS: communicatio olim et hodie”, tum effectibus technologiae informaticae per orbem terrarum perniciosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; Scriptura cuneiformis initia informationis litteris traditae significat.

Quamquam opus exemplar fictile telephoni gestabilis Ericsson S868,&lt;ref name=&quot;truth&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen 1 = Martin
	| nomen 1 = Aaron
	| titulus = Archeologists Discover 800-Year-Old Cell Phone Tablet-Fiction!
	| tempus = 2016-01-05
	| domus editoria = www.truthorfiction.com
	| url = https://www.truthorfiction.com/archeologists-discover-800-year-old-cell-phone-tablet/
	| tempus inspectionis = 2017-01-03
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; exemplaris [[decennium 200|decennii 200]], imitari videtur, hoc artifici propriam significationem non habebat; forma enim telephoni tantum utebatur velut imagine instrumentorum mobilium generatim.&lt;ref name=&quot;Open Press Release&quot; /&gt;

Opus unicum est atque apud ipsum artificem servatur. Rogatu museis ad exhibitiones commodari potest. Ex argilla confectum est.&lt;ref name=&quot;huffpo&quot; /&gt;

== Falsa repraesentatio ==
Weingärtner imaginem operis in Facebook publicavit, dum illud venale offerebat;&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; tum quidam usor nomen “BabyloNokia” finxit.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; Triennio post, eadem imago in situ “Conspiracy Club” titulo “Telephonum mobile octingentorum annorum in Austria inventum? Vide hoc” edita est.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; “The Express” imaginem sine auctoris mentione adhibuit atque falso scripsit rem ad [[saeculum 13 a.C.n.]] referendam esse.&lt;ref name=&quot;orf.at&quot; /&gt; 

De imagine a paginis opinionum marginalium et a diurnariis usurpata loquens, Weingärtner affirmavit eam sine sua scientia neque consensu adhibitam esse; addidit id sibi minime propositum fuisse, nec se UFO vel alienigenis credere. De imagine a paginis opinionum marginalium et a diurnariis usurpata loquens, Weingärtner affirmavit eam sine sua scientia neque consensu adhibitam esse; addidit id sibi minime propositum fuisse, nec se UFO vel alienigenis credere.&lt;ref name=&quot;huffpo&quot; /&gt; 

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Nokia (societas)]]
* [[Babylon]]

[[Categoria:ars]]
[[Categoria:cultura popularis]]
[[Categoria:Telephona]]
[[Categoria:Confecta 2012]]</text>
      <sha1>edkkhke9wukpkvfnxnkgvw1cxtb43c7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aminum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>325202</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3974562</id>
      <parentid>3970449</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T16:06:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* In biologia */</comment>
      <origin>3974562</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5998" sha1="ey38439235bno8pdpexo94vuc1a7cyx" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Primary-amine-2D-general.svg|thumb|Structura aminorum primariorum.]]
Aminum est categoria [[Compositum chemicum|compositorum chemicorum]] [[Chemia organica|organicorum]] quae unum aut plures atomos [[Nitrogenium|nitrogenii]] comprehendunt et quorum structura ex [[ammonia]] (NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) derivata est. Nam si in locum unius aut plurium [[Hydrogenium|hydrogeniorum]] [[Radicale (chemia)|radicale]] organicum sive aliphatum sive cyclicum posueris aminum habebis. Amina primaria dicuntur si unum radicale organicum habent ut methylaminum CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, secundaria si duo ut dimethylaminum (CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;NH, tertiaria si tria ut trimethylaminum (CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;N.

In [[Solutio (chemia)|solutione]] amina sunt leviter [[Basis (chemia)|basica]]. Eorum grex functionalis NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; [[Vinculum chemicum|vincula hydrogenica]] formare potest. Si duo greges amina in eadem [[molecula]] sunt diaminum dicitur, si tres triaminum, si plures polyaminum, si unus monoaminum. 

== De nominum imponendorum ratione ==
In aminis primariis suffixum -aminum nomini alkyli aut [[Alcanum|alcani]] additur: ex ethylo ethylaminum (alias ethanaminum&lt;ref&gt;Sic IUPAC ex [[Ethanum|ethano]], quod tamen parum in usu est.&lt;/ref&gt;), e methylo methylaminum (alias methanaminum ex [[Methanum|methano]]) etc. Amina secundaria et tertiaria nominantur ex radicalibus alkylis quae cum atomo [[Nitrogenium|azoti]] iuncta sunt, addito [[Suffixum|suffixo]] -aminum. Exempli gratia diethylmethylaminum est aminum tertiarium (CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;N in quo duo aethyla et unum methylum in azoto ponuntur. Item diethylpropylaminum duo aethyla et unum propanylum  ad azotum iuncta habet: (CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;NCH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;.

Econtra si grex aminum media catena alcani positus est [[Praefixum|praefixo]] amino- notatur. Ita 2-aminopropanum CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH(NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; ubi secundum carbonium gregem aminum fert&lt;ref&gt;[https://ressources.univ-lemans.fr/AccesLibre/UM/Pedago/chimie/02/gressier/nice/nomenclature/amine.htm Universitas Cenomanensis][https://www.lachimie.fr/organique/nomenclature/amine.php Lachimie.fr] [https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/24%3A_Amines_and_Heterocycles/24.01%3A_Naming_Amines Naming amines] [https://scienceinsights.org/how-to-name-amines-iupac-rules-and-common-names/ Science Insights] [https://www.chemistrysteps.com/naming-amines-systematic-and-common-nomenclature/ Chemistry steps]&lt;/ref&gt;. Idem praefixum adhibetur cum alcanum iam alium gregem praebet (alcohol, acidum carboxylicum...) quo suffixatum est. Exempli gratia 3-amino[[Propanol|propan-1-ol]] (IUPAC) aut 3-amino-1-propanol in quo grex alcohol in primo carbonio et grex aminum in tertio positus est.

== In biologia ==
[[Fasciculus:Amide-general.png|thumb|Structura amidorum.]]
Magni momenti sunt amina in biologia tam in [[Acidum nucleicum|acidis nucleïcis]] ([[Basis nucleici acidi|bases]] [[Purinum|puricae]] et [[Pyrimidinum|pyrimidicae]] quae in [[Nucleotidum|nucleotidis]] [[ADN]] et [[ARN]] inveniuntur amina heterocyclica sunt) quam in [[Proteina|proteinis]] quae ex [[Aminoacidum|aminoacidis]] constant. Aminoacida et gregem aminum NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; et gregem [[Acidum carboxylicum|carboxylum]] COOH praebent (e.g. [[glycinum]] NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;COOH): quocirca moleculae hybridae dici possunt, et [[acidum|acidae]] et basicae. Multi [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissores]] quoque sunt amina ut [[dopamina]]&lt;ref&gt;Formula C&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;11&lt;/sub&gt;NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. Nomen [[IUPAC|UIPAC]]:	4-(2-aminoéthyl)benzène-1,2-diol.&lt;/ref&gt;. In aqua si [[pH]] acidum aut neutrum est {{chem|NH|2|}} [[ion|ionizatur]] in {{chem|NH|3|+}} ({{chem|NH|2|}} invenitur cum pH supra 11). In corpore humano igitur grex aminum ionizatum est.

Taeter odor [[Putrefactio|putrescentis]] [[caro|carnis]] e dissolutione compositorum nitrogenii oritur. Diamina duo imprimis in culpa inveniuntur: putrescinum NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; et cadaverinum NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ashiq Hussain et alii, &quot;[https://www.pnas.org/doi/epdf/10.1073/pnas.1318596110 High-affinity olfactory receptor for the death-associated odor cadaverine]&quot;, ''PNAS'', 2013: 19579-19584. Beatriz del Rio et alii, &quot;[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-36239-w The biogenic amines putrescine and cadaverine show in vitro cytotoxicity at concentrations that can be found in foods]&quot;, ''Scientific Reports'', 2019: 120.&lt;/ref&gt;.

In aqua [[Acidum carboxylicum|carboxylica acida]] et amina inter se [[Reactio chemica|reagunt]] et [[Amidum|amida]] formant per [[Condensatio|condensationem]] dimissa molecula aquae:
* R-COOH + NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-R  →  R-CONH-R + H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O
In [[Peptidum|peptidis]] aminoacida ita inter sese nectuntur. Nam illa amida in longissimas fibras sese concatenare possunt quae [[polyamidum|polyamida]] appellantur (ut in ''nylone'').

Multa monoamina inter [[Neurotransmissor|neurotrasmissores]] inveniuntur ut [[dopamina]], [[serotoninum]], [[adrenalina]], [[noradrenalina]], [[histaminum]]. Etiam &quot;amina biogena&quot; appellantur quia in organismis synthetizantur, plerumque per decarboxylationem aminoacidi.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*A.S. Smith, ''The Chemistry of open-chain organic nitrogen compounds. Volume I, Functions derived from ammonia, amines, amides, imines, nitriles, isocyanates'', Novi Eboraci, 1965

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Amines amina] pertinent
* Manon Leconte, [https://perso.ens-lyon.fr/manon.leconte/pedago/fichiers/orga/amines/amines.pdf ENS Lyon lectio]
*[https://chimieorganique.faidherbe.org/amind.htm Lectio Faidherbe]


[[Categoria:Composita organica]]
[[Categoria:Metabolismus nitrogenii]]
[[Categoria:Composita nitrogenii]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974564</id>
      <parentid>3974562</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T16:09:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* In biologia */</comment>
      <origin>3974564</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6017" sha1="68bgm8nla8guclpzk4xpb6gng0lhyfm" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Primary-amine-2D-general.svg|thumb|Structura aminorum primariorum.]]
Aminum est categoria [[Compositum chemicum|compositorum chemicorum]] [[Chemia organica|organicorum]] quae unum aut plures atomos [[Nitrogenium|nitrogenii]] comprehendunt et quorum structura ex [[ammonia]] (NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) derivata est. Nam si in locum unius aut plurium [[Hydrogenium|hydrogeniorum]] [[Radicale (chemia)|radicale]] organicum sive aliphatum sive cyclicum posueris aminum habebis. Amina primaria dicuntur si unum radicale organicum habent ut methylaminum CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, secundaria si duo ut dimethylaminum (CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;NH, tertiaria si tria ut trimethylaminum (CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;N.

In [[Solutio (chemia)|solutione]] amina sunt leviter [[Basis (chemia)|basica]]. Eorum grex functionalis NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; [[Vinculum chemicum|vincula hydrogenica]] formare potest. Si duo greges amina in eadem [[molecula]] sunt diaminum dicitur, si tres triaminum, si plures polyaminum, si unus monoaminum. 

== De nominum imponendorum ratione ==
In aminis primariis suffixum -aminum nomini alkyli aut [[Alcanum|alcani]] additur: ex ethylo ethylaminum (alias ethanaminum&lt;ref&gt;Sic IUPAC ex [[Ethanum|ethano]], quod tamen parum in usu est.&lt;/ref&gt;), e methylo methylaminum (alias methanaminum ex [[Methanum|methano]]) etc. Amina secundaria et tertiaria nominantur ex radicalibus alkylis quae cum atomo [[Nitrogenium|azoti]] iuncta sunt, addito [[Suffixum|suffixo]] -aminum. Exempli gratia diethylmethylaminum est aminum tertiarium (CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;N in quo duo aethyla et unum methylum in azoto ponuntur. Item diethylpropylaminum duo aethyla et unum propanylum  ad azotum iuncta habet: (CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;NCH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;.

Econtra si grex aminum media catena alcani positus est [[Praefixum|praefixo]] amino- notatur. Ita 2-aminopropanum CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH(NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; ubi secundum carbonium gregem aminum fert&lt;ref&gt;[https://ressources.univ-lemans.fr/AccesLibre/UM/Pedago/chimie/02/gressier/nice/nomenclature/amine.htm Universitas Cenomanensis][https://www.lachimie.fr/organique/nomenclature/amine.php Lachimie.fr] [https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/24%3A_Amines_and_Heterocycles/24.01%3A_Naming_Amines Naming amines] [https://scienceinsights.org/how-to-name-amines-iupac-rules-and-common-names/ Science Insights] [https://www.chemistrysteps.com/naming-amines-systematic-and-common-nomenclature/ Chemistry steps]&lt;/ref&gt;. Idem praefixum adhibetur cum alcanum iam alium gregem praebet (alcohol, acidum carboxylicum...) quo suffixatum est. Exempli gratia 3-amino[[Propanol|propan-1-ol]] (IUPAC) aut 3-amino-1-propanol in quo grex alcohol in primo carbonio et grex aminum in tertio positus est.

== In biologia ==
[[Fasciculus:Amide-general.png|thumb|Structura amidorum.]]
Magni momenti sunt amina in biologia tam in [[Acidum nucleicum|acidis nucleïcis]] ([[Basis nucleici acidi|bases]] [[Purinum|puricae]] et [[Pyrimidinum|pyrimidicae]] quae in [[Nucleotidum|nucleotidis]] [[ADN]] et [[ARN]] inveniuntur amina heterocyclica sunt) quam in [[Proteina|proteinis]] quae ex [[Aminoacidum|aminoacidis]] constant. Aminoacida et gregem aminum NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; et gregem [[Acidum carboxylicum|carboxylum]] COOH praebent (e.g. [[glycinum]] NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;COOH): quocirca moleculae hybridae dici possunt, et [[acidum|acidae]] et basicae. Multi [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissores]] quoque sunt amina ut [[dopamina]]&lt;ref&gt;Formula C&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;11&lt;/sub&gt;NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. Nomen [[IUPAC|UIPAC]]:	4-(2-aminoéthyl)benzène-1,2-diol.&lt;/ref&gt;. In aqua si [[pH]] acidum aut neutrum est {{chem|NH|2|}} [[ion|ionizatur]] in {{chem|NH|3|+}} ({{chem|NH|2|}} invenitur cum pH supra 11). In corpore humano igitur grex aminum ionizatum est.

Taeter odor [[Putrefactio|putrescentis]] [[caro|carnis]] e dissolutione compositorum nitrogenii oritur. Diamina duo imprimis in culpa inveniuntur: putrescinum NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; et cadaverinum NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ashiq Hussain et alii, &quot;[https://www.pnas.org/doi/epdf/10.1073/pnas.1318596110 High-affinity olfactory receptor for the death-associated odor cadaverine]&quot;, ''PNAS'', 2013: 19579-19584. Beatriz del Rio et alii, &quot;[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-36239-w The biogenic amines putrescine and cadaverine show in vitro cytotoxicity at concentrations that can be found in foods]&quot;, ''Scientific Reports'', 2019: 120.&lt;/ref&gt;.

In aqua [[Acidum carboxylicum|carboxylica acida]] et amina inter se [[Reactio chemica|reagunt]] et [[Amidum|amida]] formant per [[Condensatio|condensationem]] dimissa molecula aquae:
* R-COOH + NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-R  →  R-CONH-R + H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O
In [[Peptidum|peptidis]] aminoacida ita inter sese nectuntur. Nam illa amida in longissimas fibras sese concatenare possunt quae [[polyamidum|polyamida]] appellantur (ut in ''nylone'').

Multa monoamina inter [[Neurotransmissor|neurotrasmissores]] inveniuntur ut [[dopamina]], [[serotoninum]], [[adrenalina]], [[noradrenalina]], [[histaminum]]. Etiam &quot;amina biogena&quot; appellantur quia in organismis synthetizantur, plerumque per [[decarboxylatio|decarboxylationem]] aminoacidi.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*A.S. Smith, ''The Chemistry of open-chain organic nitrogen compounds. Volume I, Functions derived from ammonia, amines, amides, imines, nitriles, isocyanates'', Novi Eboraci, 1965

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Amines amina] pertinent
* Manon Leconte, [https://perso.ens-lyon.fr/manon.leconte/pedago/fichiers/orga/amines/amines.pdf ENS Lyon lectio]
*[https://chimieorganique.faidherbe.org/amind.htm Lectio Faidherbe]


[[Categoria:Composita organica]]
[[Categoria:Metabolismus nitrogenii]]
[[Categoria:Composita nitrogenii]]</text>
      <sha1>68bgm8nla8guclpzk4xpb6gng0lhyfm</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>3974565</id>
      <parentid>3974564</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T16:12:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* In biologia */</comment>
      <origin>3974565</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6125" sha1="lilvl23ejku1xfqo6yo1f4gegsf2gu5" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Primary-amine-2D-general.svg|thumb|Structura aminorum primariorum.]]
Aminum est categoria [[Compositum chemicum|compositorum chemicorum]] [[Chemia organica|organicorum]] quae unum aut plures atomos [[Nitrogenium|nitrogenii]] comprehendunt et quorum structura ex [[ammonia]] (NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) derivata est. Nam si in locum unius aut plurium [[Hydrogenium|hydrogeniorum]] [[Radicale (chemia)|radicale]] organicum sive aliphatum sive cyclicum posueris aminum habebis. Amina primaria dicuntur si unum radicale organicum habent ut methylaminum CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, secundaria si duo ut dimethylaminum (CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;NH, tertiaria si tria ut trimethylaminum (CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;N.

In [[Solutio (chemia)|solutione]] amina sunt leviter [[Basis (chemia)|basica]]. Eorum grex functionalis NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; [[Vinculum chemicum|vincula hydrogenica]] formare potest. Si duo greges amina in eadem [[molecula]] sunt diaminum dicitur, si tres triaminum, si plures polyaminum, si unus monoaminum. 

== De nominum imponendorum ratione ==
In aminis primariis suffixum -aminum nomini alkyli aut [[Alcanum|alcani]] additur: ex ethylo ethylaminum (alias ethanaminum&lt;ref&gt;Sic IUPAC ex [[Ethanum|ethano]], quod tamen parum in usu est.&lt;/ref&gt;), e methylo methylaminum (alias methanaminum ex [[Methanum|methano]]) etc. Amina secundaria et tertiaria nominantur ex radicalibus alkylis quae cum atomo [[Nitrogenium|azoti]] iuncta sunt, addito [[Suffixum|suffixo]] -aminum. Exempli gratia diethylmethylaminum est aminum tertiarium (CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;N in quo duo aethyla et unum methylum in azoto ponuntur. Item diethylpropylaminum duo aethyla et unum propanylum  ad azotum iuncta habet: (CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;NCH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;.

Econtra si grex aminum media catena alcani positus est [[Praefixum|praefixo]] amino- notatur. Ita 2-aminopropanum CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CH(NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; ubi secundum carbonium gregem aminum fert&lt;ref&gt;[https://ressources.univ-lemans.fr/AccesLibre/UM/Pedago/chimie/02/gressier/nice/nomenclature/amine.htm Universitas Cenomanensis][https://www.lachimie.fr/organique/nomenclature/amine.php Lachimie.fr] [https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/24%3A_Amines_and_Heterocycles/24.01%3A_Naming_Amines Naming amines] [https://scienceinsights.org/how-to-name-amines-iupac-rules-and-common-names/ Science Insights] [https://www.chemistrysteps.com/naming-amines-systematic-and-common-nomenclature/ Chemistry steps]&lt;/ref&gt;. Idem praefixum adhibetur cum alcanum iam alium gregem praebet (alcohol, acidum carboxylicum...) quo suffixatum est. Exempli gratia 3-amino[[Propanol|propan-1-ol]] (IUPAC) aut 3-amino-1-propanol in quo grex alcohol in primo carbonio et grex aminum in tertio positus est.

== In biologia ==
[[Fasciculus:Amide-general.png|thumb|Structura amidorum.]]
Magni momenti sunt amina in biologia tam in [[Acidum nucleicum|acidis nucleïcis]] ([[Basis nucleici acidi|bases]] [[Purinum|puricae]] et [[Pyrimidinum|pyrimidicae]] quae in [[Nucleotidum|nucleotidis]] [[ADN]] et [[ARN]] inveniuntur amina heterocyclica sunt) quam in [[Proteina|proteinis]] quae ex [[Aminoacidum|aminoacidis]] constant. Aminoacida et gregem aminum NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; et gregem [[Acidum carboxylicum|carboxylum]] COOH praebent (e.g. [[glycinum]] NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;COOH): quocirca moleculae hybridae dici possunt, et [[acidum|acidae]] et basicae. Multi [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissores]] quoque sunt amina ut [[dopamina]]&lt;ref&gt;Formula C&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;11&lt;/sub&gt;NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. Nomen [[IUPAC|UIPAC]]:	4-(2-aminoéthyl)benzène-1,2-diol.&lt;/ref&gt;. In aqua si [[pH]] acidum aut neutrum est {{chem|NH|2|}} [[ion|ionizatur]] in {{chem|NH|3|+}} ({{chem|NH|2|}} invenitur cum pH supra 11). In corpore humano igitur grex aminum ionizatum est.

Taeter odor [[Putrefactio|putrescentis]] [[caro|carnis]] e dissolutione compositorum nitrogenii oritur. Diamina duo imprimis in culpa inveniuntur: putrescinum NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; et cadaverinum NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ashiq Hussain et alii, &quot;[https://www.pnas.org/doi/epdf/10.1073/pnas.1318596110 High-affinity olfactory receptor for the death-associated odor cadaverine]&quot;, ''PNAS'', 2013: 19579-19584. Beatriz del Rio et alii, &quot;[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-36239-w The biogenic amines putrescine and cadaverine show in vitro cytotoxicity at concentrations that can be found in foods]&quot;, ''Scientific Reports'', 2019: 120.&lt;/ref&gt;.

In aqua [[Acidum carboxylicum|carboxylica acida]] et amina inter se [[Reactio chemica|reagunt]] et [[Amidum|amida]] formant per [[Condensatio|condensationem]] dimissa molecula aquae:
* R-COOH + NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-R  →  R-CONH-R + H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O
In [[Peptidum|peptidis]] aminoacida ita inter sese nectuntur. Nam illa amida in longissimas fibras sese concatenare possunt quae [[polyamidum|polyamida]] appellantur (ut in ''nylone'').

Multa monoamina inter [[Neurotransmissor|neurotrasmissores]] inveniuntur ut [[dopamina]], [[serotoninum]], [[adrenalina]], [[noradrenalina]], [[histaminum]]. Etiam &quot;amina biogena&quot; appellantur quia in organismis synthetizantur, plerumque per [[decarboxylatio|decarboxylationem]] aminoacidi. [[Synapsis chemica|Synapses chemicae]] quae illa neurotransmissorum categoria utuntur aminergicae dicuntur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*A.S. Smith, ''The Chemistry of open-chain organic nitrogen compounds. Volume I, Functions derived from ammonia, amines, amides, imines, nitriles, isocyanates'', Novi Eboraci, 1965

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Amines amina] pertinent
* Manon Leconte, [https://perso.ens-lyon.fr/manon.leconte/pedago/fichiers/orga/amines/amines.pdf ENS Lyon lectio]
*[https://chimieorganique.faidherbe.org/amind.htm Lectio Faidherbe]


[[Categoria:Composita organica]]
[[Categoria:Metabolismus nitrogenii]]
[[Categoria:Composita nitrogenii]]</text>
      <sha1>lilvl23ejku1xfqo6yo1f4gegsf2gu5</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Smalltalk</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>325470</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3974650</id>
      <parentid>3967091</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T01:04:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Minora</comment>
      <origin>3974650</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1277" sha1="bao909d35rjesth659dov9a64k1py1f" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Smalltalk_Balloon.svg|thumb|upright|[[Logotypus]].]]

{{res|Smalltalk}} est [[lingua programmationis]] [[programmatio ad res directa|ad res directa]], quae primum [[decennium 198|decennio 198]] ad usum [[paedagogia|paedagogicum]] excogitata est, sed postea in [[commercium|rebus mercatoriis]] locum invenit. Ab [[Alanus Kay|Alano Kay]] apud Xerox PARC opera dante condita est.

In Smalltalk, [[Programma computatrale|programmata]] ex obiectis opacis atomicisque construuntur, quae sunt instantiae in classibus servatae. Haec obiecta per transmissionem nuntiorum in ambitu machinae virtualis inter se communicant. Parvus numerus obiectorum, quae “primitiva” appellantur, dum programma incedit redefiniri non possunt, quare interdum extra ambitum Smalltalk ipsum definiuntur.

== Salve munde! ==
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;smalltalk&quot;&gt;
Transcript show: 'Salve munde!'; nl.
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Wikibooks|Smalltalk Programming|Smalltalk}}
*[https://archive.org/download/smsemantics.-dc-jun-73/SMSEMANTICS.DC_Jun73.pdf Smalltalk per se ipsum illustrata, semantice descripta anno 1973]
*[http://stephane.ducasse.free.fr/FreeBooks.html Libri Smalltalk in rete gratuiti]

[[Categoria:Linguae programmationis]]
[[Categoria:Programmatio ad res directa]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Usor:SomethingAsWell</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>325804</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3974624</id>
      <parentid>3966711</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T19:52:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SomethingAsWell</username>
        <id>210926</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3974624</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="175" sha1="ch788jotogq1c2gj96yrtjoh9mxdwzd" xml:space="preserve">{{#babel:la-2|en|ar-1|}}
Linguae mihi placet et cognoscendum sum eas saepe parlare. Prefero [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latinitatem Medii Aevi]], sed Latinitas Classica est idonea.</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Disputatio:Proelium Mactanense</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>326811</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3974697</id>
      <parentid>3973849</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T08:54:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jondel</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* enemicus */ nova pars</comment>
      <origin>3974697</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1185" sha1="a7riepd487r1zu018a7tsknhxwefcuz" xml:space="preserve">== Translated from the Simple English ==

Intended meaning:The Battle of Mactan was fought in the Philippines on April 27, 1521. It was the first time the Filipino people fought back against the Spanish invaders led by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan. Magellan was killed by Lapu-Lapu in the battle at Mactan Island.
--[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) [[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 01:33, 22 Iulii 2026 (UTC)

Ok Jondel nunc Grufonis gratia res bene se habet. Vale--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 12:38, 22 Iulii 2026 (UTC)

::Responsum tuum, gratias tibi ago.---[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]])
:[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 07:31, 23 Iulii 2026 (UTC)

== enemicus  ==

Gratias vobis ago Rufe, Marce, Iacobe conlationiis. Autem emendum est ut Europaei non erant hostes immo Hispanorum secundum acta. Velim ut ita emendetur vel mox ita emendabo.--- [[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 08:54, 26 Iulii 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>a7riepd487r1zu018a7tsknhxwefcuz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974702</id>
      <parentid>3974697</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T09:05:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jondel</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* enemicus */</comment>
      <origin>3974702</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1190" sha1="hklng4vcffsgkbw50w5nm2v2kd52f2d" xml:space="preserve">== Translated from the Simple English ==

Intended meaning:The Battle of Mactan was fought in the Philippines on April 27, 1521. It was the first time the Filipino people fought back against the Spanish invaders led by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan. Magellan was killed by Lapu-Lapu in the battle at Mactan Island.
--[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) [[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 01:33, 22 Iulii 2026 (UTC)

Ok Jondel nunc Grufonis gratia res bene se habet. Vale--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 12:38, 22 Iulii 2026 (UTC)

::Responsum tuum, gratias tibi ago.---[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]])
:[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 07:31, 23 Iulii 2026 (UTC)

== De re inemica  ==

Gratias vobis ago Rufe, Marce, Iacobe conlationiis. Autem emendum est ut Europaei non erant hostes immo Hispanorum secundum acta. Velim ut ita emendetur vel mox ita emendabo.--- [[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 08:54, 26 Iulii 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>hklng4vcffsgkbw50w5nm2v2kd52f2d</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974714</id>
      <parentid>3974702</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T10:40:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* De re inemica */ Re</comment>
      <origin>3974714</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1458" sha1="0i4qvr54ldkrur8046bvma61mie32i3" xml:space="preserve">== Translated from the Simple English ==

Intended meaning:The Battle of Mactan was fought in the Philippines on April 27, 1521. It was the first time the Filipino people fought back against the Spanish invaders led by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan. Magellan was killed by Lapu-Lapu in the battle at Mactan Island.
--[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) [[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 01:33, 22 Iulii 2026 (UTC)

Ok Jondel nunc Grufonis gratia res bene se habet. Vale--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 12:38, 22 Iulii 2026 (UTC)

::Responsum tuum, gratias tibi ago.---[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]])
:[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 07:31, 23 Iulii 2026 (UTC)

== De re inemica  ==

Gratias vobis ago Rufe, Marce, Iacobe conlationiis. Autem emendum est ut Europaei non erant hostes immo Hispanorum secundum acta. Velim ut ita emendetur vel mox ita emendabo.--- [[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 08:54, 26 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
: @[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]]: [[Carolus V (imperator)|Carolus V]] non erat rex Hispaniae tantum, sed [[Romanorum Imperator]]. [[:File:Habsburg Map 1547.jpg|Hoc]] fuit suum regnum. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 10:40, 26 Iulii 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>0i4qvr54ldkrur8046bvma61mie32i3</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Les Quatre cents coups (pellicula 1959)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>3974559</id>
      <parentid>3974278</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T15:57:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Neander</username>
        <id>1973</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3974559</origin>
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      <text bytes="2144" sha1="h2latg0sc1mynkry0gpcv7uymsfo6ap" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Pellicula
|Imago=JeanPierreLeaud-StudioHarcourt-1959.png 
|Titulus=''Les Quatre Cents Coups''  
|Latinus titulus=Artificiis districtus   
|Annus=[[1959]]
|Moderator=[[Franciscus Truffaut]]
|Scriptor= [[Franciscus Truffaut]] 
|Actores= [[Ioannes Petrus Léaud]]   
|Compositor=
|Duratio=99 minuta
|Lingua=[[Lingua Francogallica|Francogallica]] 
}}
{{ires|Les Quatre cents coups}} ('Artificiis districtus'&lt;ref&gt;Titulus pelliculae ad verborum significationem 'quadringenta artificia' converti potest, sed quia ''faire les quatre cents coups'' [[idioma]] est, quod potius fere 'sescenta artificia committere' significat, titulum Latinum ad sensum reddidimus.&lt;/ref&gt;) est pellicula [[Francia|Francica]] a [[Franciscus Truffaut|Francisco Truffaut]] anno [[1959]] disposita, et quidem prima taenia ab eodem facta. Prima persona ([[Antonius Doinel]]) ab [[Ioannes Petrus Léaud|Ioanne Petro Léaud]] sustenta est. Quae pellicula ex sua parte originem [[Nova unda Francica|Novae undae Francicae]] significavit. Dedicata est [[Andreas Bazin|Andreae Bazin]], conditori ephemeridis ''[[Cahiers du cinéma]]''.

In pellicula Truffaut partim de eventis vitae suae et amicorum refert. Praesertim memorabilis est scaena mutuata a ''[[Zéro de conduite]]'', pellicula classica ab [[Ioannes Vigo|Ioanne Vigo]] anno [[1933]] disposita. 

== Argumentum ==
Antonius puer Francicus est, iuvenis tredecim annorum, qui et in schola et domi molestias incommoditatesque habet. Magistri eum velut [[caper emissarius|emissarium]] reprehendunt et puniunt. Mater eum insolenter aspernatur frigideque tractat,  et saepe cum marito suo, Antonii [[vitricus|vitrico]], rixatur. Antonius mox detegit matrem cum collega adulteria exercere. 

Familia in gravibus angustiis pecuniariis versatur, et Antonius in [[saccus dormitorius|sacco dormitorio]] in lecto iuxta aditum aedificii posito dormire debet. Artificia puerilia committit saepe ab amico suo Renato incitatus, sed post singula quaeque facinora deprehensus punitur. Postremo machinam scriptoriam e patris officina furatur, eam pignoraturus. 


== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Pelliculae 1959]]</text>
      <sha1>h2latg0sc1mynkry0gpcv7uymsfo6ap</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974563</id>
      <parentid>3974559</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T16:08:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+{{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}; minora</comment>
      <origin>3974563</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2705" sha1="cjwmao12m1o3daaw58igcx9fk469d8e" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Pellicula
	| Imago = JeanPierreLeaud-StudioHarcourt-1959.png 
	| Titulus = ''Les Quatre Cents Coups'' 
	| Latinus titulus = Artificiis districtus 
	| Annus = [[1959]]
	| Moderator = [[Franciscus Truffaut]]
	| Scriptor = [[Franciscus Truffaut]] 
	| Actores = {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Petrus Léaud||en|qid=Q295834}}
	| Compositor = 
	| Duratio = 99 minuta
	| Lingua = [[Lingua Francogallica|Francogallica]] 
}}

{{ores|Les Quatre cents coups}} (‘Artificiis districtus’&lt;ref&gt;Titulus pelliculae ad verborum significationem 'quadringenta artificia' converti potest, sed quia ''faire les quatre cents coups'' [[idioma]] est, quod potius fere 'sescenta artificia committere' significat, titulum Latinum ad sensum reddidimus.&lt;/ref&gt;) est pellicula [[Francia|Francica]] a [[Franciscus Truffaut|Francisco Truffaut]] anno [[1959]] disposita, et quidem prima taenia ab eodem facta. Prima persona ({{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Antonius Doinel (persona)|Antonius Doinel|en|qid=Q21562043}}) ab {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Petrus Léaud|Ioanne Petro Léaud|en|qid=Q295834}} sustenta est. Quae pellicula ex sua parte originem [[Nova unda Francica|Novae undae Francicae]] significavit. Dedicata est {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Andreas Bazin|Andreae Bazin|en|qid=Q362544}}, conditori ephemeridis {{Op|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Cahiers du cinéma||fr|qid=Q909176}}}}.

In pellicula Truffaut partim de eventis vitae suae et amicorum refert. Praesertim memorabilis est scaena mutuata a {{Op|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Zéro de conduite||fr|qid=Q613216}}}}, pellicula classica ab {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Vigo|Ioanne Vigo|fr|qid=Q55395}} anno [[1933]] disposita. 

== Argumentum ==
Antonius puer Francicus est, iuvenis tredecim annorum, qui et in schola et domi molestias incommoditatesque habet. Magistri eum velut [[caper emissarius|emissarium]] reprehendunt et puniunt. Mater eum insolenter aspernatur frigideque tractat,  et saepe cum marito suo, Antonii [[vitricus|vitrico]], rixatur. Antonius mox detegit matrem cum collega adulteria exercere. 

Familia in gravibus angustiis pecuniariis versatur, et Antonius in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|saccus dormitorius|sacco dormitorio|en|qid=Q214638}} in lecto iuxta aditum aedificii posito dormire debet. Artificia puerilia committit saepe ab amico suo Renato incitatus, sed post singula quaeque facinora deprehensus punitur. Postremo machinam scriptoriam e patris officina furatur, eam pignoraturus. 


== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Pelliculae 1959]]</text>
      <sha1>cjwmao12m1o3daaw58igcx9fk469d8e</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974566</id>
      <parentid>3974563</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T16:13:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nexus externi, etc.</comment>
      <origin>3974566</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2947" sha1="rzeamvgfte2vyfzw10t4h6mepyhm9nw" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus|lingua=fr}}
{{Pellicula
	| Imago = JeanPierreLeaud-StudioHarcourt-1959.png 
	| Titulus = ''Les Quatre Cents Coups'' 
	| Latinus titulus = Artificiis districtus 
	| Annus = [[1959]]
	| Moderator = [[Franciscus Truffaut]]
	| Scriptor = [[Franciscus Truffaut]] 
	| Actores = {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Petrus Léaud||en|qid=Q295834}}
	| Compositor = 
	| Duratio = 99 minuta
	| Lingua = [[Lingua Francogallica|Francogallica]] 
}}

{{ores|Les Quatre cents coups|lingua=fr}} (‘Artificiis districtus’&lt;ref&gt;Titulus pelliculae ad verborum significationem ‘quadringenta artificia’ converti potest, sed quia {{idioma|faire les quatre cents coups|lingua=fr}} [[idioma]] est, quod potius fere ‘sescenta artificia committere’ significat, titulum Latinum ad sensum reddidimus.&lt;/ref&gt;) est pellicula [[Francia|Francica]] a [[Franciscus Truffaut|Francisco Truffaut]] anno [[1959]] disposita, et quidem prima taenia ab eodem facta. Prima persona ({{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Antonius Doinel (persona)|Antonius Doinel|en|qid=Q21562043}}) ab {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Petrus Léaud|Ioanne Petro Léaud|en|qid=Q295834}} sustenta est. Quae pellicula ex sua parte originem [[Nova unda Francica|Novae undae Francicae]] significavit. Dedicata est {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Andreas Bazin|Andreae Bazin|en|qid=Q362544}}, conditori ephemeridis {{Op|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Cahiers du cinéma||fr|qid=Q909176}}|lingua=fr}}.

In pellicula Truffaut partim de eventis vitae suae et amicorum refert. Praesertim memorabilis est scaena mutuata a {{Op|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Zéro de conduite||fr|qid=Q613216}}|lingua=fr}}, pellicula classica ab {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Vigo|Ioanne Vigo|fr|qid=Q55395}} anno [[1933]] disposita. 

== Argumentum ==
Antonius puer Francicus est, iuvenis tredecim annorum, qui et in schola et domi molestias incommoditatesque habet. Magistri eum velut [[caper emissarius|emissarium]] reprehendunt et puniunt. Mater eum insolenter aspernatur frigideque tractat,  et saepe cum marito suo, Antonii [[vitricus|vitrico]], rixatur. Antonius mox detegit matrem cum collega adulteria exercere. 

Familia in gravibus angustiis pecuniariis versatur, et Antonius in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|saccus dormitorius|sacco dormitorio|en|qid=Q214638}} in lecto iuxta aditum aedificii posito dormire debet. Artificia puerilia committit saepe ab amico suo Renato incitatus, sed post singula quaeque facinora deprehensus punitur. Postremo machinam scriptoriam e patris officina furatur, eam pignoraturus. 

{{NexInt}}
* [[Nova unda Francica]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Les Quatre Cents Coups|Les Quatre cents coups}}
* {{Titulus in Indice Interretiali Pellicularum|0053198}}

[[Categoria:Pelliculae 1959]]</text>
      <sha1>rzeamvgfte2vyfzw10t4h6mepyhm9nw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974567</id>
      <parentid>3974566</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T16:13:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3974567</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2946" sha1="qlx5oz3e3ye7kkcmg37xxcjvqfy855g" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus|lingua=fr}}
{{Pellicula
	| Imago = JeanPierreLeaud-StudioHarcourt-1959.png 
	| Titulus = ''Les Quatre Cents Coups'' 
	| Latinus titulus = Artificiis districtus 
	| Annus = [[1959]]
	| Moderator = [[Franciscus Truffaut]]
	| Scriptor = [[Franciscus Truffaut]] 
	| Actores = {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Petrus Léaud||en|qid=Q295834}}
	| Compositor = 
	| Duratio = 99 minuta
	| Lingua = [[Lingua Francogallica|Francogallica]] 
}}

{{ores|Les Quatre cents coups|lingua=fr}} (‘Artificiis districtus’&lt;ref&gt;Titulus pelliculae ad verborum significationem ‘quadringenta artificia’ converti potest, sed quia {{idioma|faire les quatre cents coups|lingua=fr}} [[idioma]] est, quod potius fere ‘sescenta artificia committere’ significat, titulum Latinum ad sensum reddidimus.&lt;/ref&gt;) est pellicula [[Francia|Francica]] a [[Franciscus Truffaut|Francisco Truffaut]] anno [[1959]] disposita, et quidem prima taenia ab eodem facta. Prima persona ({{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Antonius Doinel (persona)|Antonius Doinel|en|qid=Q21562043}}) ab {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Petrus Léaud|Ioanne Petro Léaud|en|qid=Q295834}} sustenta est. Quae pellicula ex sua parte originem [[Nova unda Francica|Novae undae Francicae]] significavit. Dedicata est {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Andreas Bazin|Andreae Bazin|en|qid=Q362544}}, conditori ephemeridis {{Op|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Cahiers du cinéma||fr|qid=Q909176}}|lingua=fr}}.

In pellicula Truffaut partim de eventis vitae suae et amicorum refert. Praesertim memorabilis est scaena mutuata a {{Op|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Zéro de conduite||fr|qid=Q613216}}|lingua=fr}}, pellicula classica ab {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Vigo|Ioanne Vigo|fr|qid=Q55395}} anno [[1933]] disposita. 

== Argumentum ==
Antonius puer Francicus est, iuvenis tredecim annorum, qui et in schola et domi molestias incommoditatesque habet. Magistri eum velut [[caper emissarius|emissarium]] reprehendunt et puniunt. Mater eum insolenter aspernatur frigideque tractat,  et saepe cum marito suo, Antonii [[vitricus|vitrico]], rixatur. Antonius mox detegit matrem cum collega adulteria exercere. 

Familia in gravibus angustiis pecuniariis versatur, et Antonius in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|saccus dormitorius|sacco dormitorio|en|qid=Q214638}} in lecto iuxta aditum aedificii posito dormire debet. Artificia puerilia committit saepe ab amico suo Renato incitatus, sed post singula quaeque facinora deprehensus punitur. Postremo machinam scriptoriam e patris officina furatur, eam pignoraturus.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Nova unda Francica]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Les Quatre Cents Coups|Les Quatre cents coups}}
* {{Titulus in Indice Interretiali Pellicularum|0053198}}

[[Categoria:Pelliculae 1959]]</text>
      <sha1>qlx5oz3e3ye7kkcmg37xxcjvqfy855g</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>De insulis nuper inventis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>326897</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3974593</id>
      <parentid>3974435</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T17:00:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3974593</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2991" sha1="0ohxxb5yuey0y5dewjfrjzfr52wbnkw" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:Carta Colon 1493 manuscrito Simancas.JPG|thumb|Manuscriptum epistulae anno 1493, scriba aut Columbo, aut Ludovico de Sancto Angelo]]

{{ores|Epistola de insulis nuper inventis}} (titulo variis modis in editionibus dato) a [[Christophorus Columbus|Christophoro Columbo]] scripta est. Huius epistulae ultima verba die [[14 Februarii]] [[1493]] inseruit dum navis prope [[Insula Sanctae Mariae (Azores)|insulam S. Mariae]] archipelagi [[Azores|Azorum]] iacebat. De sito aut incertus aut incertitudinem fingens &quot;[[insulae Canariae|insulas Canarias]]&quot; iuxta subscriptionem posuit: haec enim insulae [[regnum Castellae|regno Castellae]], [[Azores]] regno [[Portugallia|Portugallensi]] pertinebant. Epistulam cancellario [[Ludovicus de Sancto Angelo|Ludovico de Sancto Angelo]] direxit: dum navis iuxta {{safesubst:creanda/m|Restelo|pt|Restelo|t=2026-07-24 20:46:47}} [[Olisipo]]nis morabat ad aulam regum catholicorum commisit.

== Bibliographia ==
; Editiones et versiones
[[Fasciculus:Houghton Inc 7988 - title.jpg|thumb|Titulus vel frontispicium editionis Latinae [[Lutetia]]e anno fere 1493 divulgatae]]
* Epistola Hispanice scripta. Barcinone: Johann Rosenbach, 1493
* ''The Spanish Letter of Columbus'' (editio fac-simile cum versione Anglica). Londinii: Bernard Quaritch, 1893 {{Google Books|NPXCTYxu-R4C}} [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044004509063 Textus apud Hathi Trust])
* Samuel Eliot Morison, interpr., ''Journals and other documents on the life and voyages of Christopher Columbus''. Novi Eboraci, 1963 [https://archive.org/details/journalsdocumentscolumbus Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* Frank E. Robbins, ed., ''Christopher Columbus: Epistola de Insulis Nuper Inventis''. Ann Arbor, 1966
* Consuelo Varela, Juan Gil, edd., ''Cristóbal Colón: Textos y documentos completos; Nuevas cartas''. Matriti: Alianza Editorial, 1992 (prima editio 1982)
* ''Kolumbus: Der erste Brief aus der Neuen Welt.'' Stutgardiae: Reclam, 2006. (editio versionis Latinae cum interpretatione Theodisca, titulo Latino: ''De insulis nuper in mari Indico repertis'') ([https://web.archive.org/web/20110821021624/http://www.ralf-schoenbach.de/index.php?option=com_remository&amp;Itemid=29&amp;func=fileinfo&amp;id=24 Versio interretialis])

; Eruditio
* Rebecca Catz, &quot;Columbus in the Azores&quot; in Portuguese Studies vol. 6 (1990) pp. 17–23

== Nexus externi ==
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130606004635/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/90/ Epistola Christofori Colom: cui etas nostra multum debet: de insulis Indiae supra Gangem nuper inventis]&quot; (1493) apud ''World Digital Library''; [https://web.archive.org/web/20130605185545/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2828/ alia editio] ibidem
* ''[http://purl.pt/24139 Epistola de insulis nuper inventis]'' (Romae, 1493) apud Bibliothecam Nationalem Portugallensem

[[Categoria:Christophorus Columbus]]
[[Categoria:Epistulae]]
[[Categoria:Scripta 1493]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Hispanicae]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latine versae]]</text>
      <sha1>0ohxxb5yuey0y5dewjfrjzfr52wbnkw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974625</id>
      <parentid>3974593</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T19:53:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>bibl</comment>
      <origin>3974625</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4138" sha1="4v9xp36093nz8lawcoh80e92gpf9s9c" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:Carta Colon 1493 manuscrito Simancas.JPG|thumb|1. Manuscriptum epistulae anno 1493, manu haud Columbi, fortasse Ludovici de Sancto Angelo]]

{{ores|Epistola de insulis nuper inventis}} (titulo variis modis in editionibus dato) a [[Christophorus Columbus|Christophoro Columbo]] scripta est. Huius epistulae ultima verba die [[14 Februarii]] [[1493]] inseruit dum navis prope [[Insula Sanctae Mariae (Azores)|insulam S. Mariae]] archipelagi [[Azores|Azorum]] iacebat. De sito aut incertus aut incertitudinem fingens &quot;[[insulae Canariae|insulas Canarias]]&quot; iuxta subscriptionem posuit: haec enim insulae [[regnum Castellae|regno Castellae]], [[Azores]] regno [[Portugallia|Portugallensi]] pertinebant. Epistulam cancellario [[Ludovicus de Sancto Angelo|Ludovico de Sancto Angelo]] direxit: dum navis iuxta {{safesubst:creanda/m|Restelo|pt|Restelo|t=2026-07-24 20:46:47}} [[Olisipo]]nis morabat ad aulam regum catholicorum commisit.

== Bibliographia ==
; Editiones versionesque priscae
[[Fasciculus:De insulis nuper inventis.jpg|thumb|2. Prima pagina editionis Latoinae [[Roma]]e mense Maio 1493 divulgatae]]
[[Fasciculus:ColumbusLetter Basel first.jpg|thumb|3. Titulus vel frontispicium editionis Latinae [[Basilea]]e anno 1493 divulgatae]]
[[Fasciculus:Houghton Inc 7988 - title.jpg|thumb|4. Titulus vel frontispicium editionis Latinae [[Lutetia]]e anno fere 1493 divulgatae]]
* 1493 mense Aprili : Epistola Hispanice scripta, incipit ''Señor, por que se''. Barcinone: Johann Rosenbach; [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044004509063 Fac-simile apud Hathi Trust]
* 1493 mense Maio : Aliander de Cosco, interpr., ''De insulis nuper inventis: epistola Christofori Colom, cui etas nostra multum debet ...''. Romae (vide imaginem 2. nostram)
* c. 1493 : ''In laudem serenissimi Ferdinandi Hispaniae regis ... et de insulis in mari Indico nuper repertis''. Basileae: Johann Bergmann de Olpe (vide imaginem 3. nostram)
* c. 1493 : ''Epistola de insulis noviter repertis''. Parisiis: in Campo Gaillardi (vide imaginem 4. nostram) 
* 1497 : Versio Theodisce facta, [[Ulma]]e divulgata; [[:File:Katilonischen.jpg|Colophon huius editionis]]

; Editiones versionesque recentes
* 1893 : ''The Spanish Letter of Columbus'' (editio fac-simile cum versione Anglica). Londinii: Bernard Quaritch {{Google Books|NPXCTYxu-R4C}} [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044004509063 Textus apud Hathi Trust])
* 1963 : Samuel Eliot Morison, interpr., ''Journals and other documents on the life and voyages of Christopher Columbus''. Novi Eboraci [https://archive.org/details/journalsdocumentscolumbus Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1966 : Frank E. Robbins, ed., ''Christopher Columbus: Epistola de Insulis Nuper Inventis''. Ann Arbor
* 1982 : Consuelo Varela, ed., ''Cristóbal Colón: Textos y documentos completos''. Matriti: Alianza Editorial, 1982
* 1992 : Consuelo Varela, Juan Gil, edd., ''Cristóbal Colón: Textos y documentos completos; Nuevas cartas''. Matriti: Alianza Editorial, 1992 (prima editio 1982)
* 2006 : ''Kolumbus: Der erste Brief aus der Neuen Welt.'' Stutgardiae: Reclam, 2006. (editio versionis Latinae cum interpretatione Theodisca, titulo Latino: ''De insulis nuper in mari Indico repertis'') ([https://web.archive.org/web/20110821021624/http://www.ralf-schoenbach.de/index.php?option=com_remository&amp;Itemid=29&amp;func=fileinfo&amp;id=24 Versio interretialis])

; Eruditio
* Rebecca Catz, &quot;Columbus in the Azores&quot; in Portuguese Studies vol. 6 (1990) pp. 17–23

== Nexus externi ==
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130606004635/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/90/ Epistola Christofori Colom: cui etas nostra multum debet: de insulis Indiae supra Gangem nuper inventis]&quot; (1493) apud ''World Digital Library''; [https://web.archive.org/web/20130605185545/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2828/ alia editio] ibidem
* ''[http://purl.pt/24139 Epistola de insulis nuper inventis]'' (Romae, 1493) apud Bibliothecam Nationalem Portugallensem

[[Categoria:Christophorus Columbus]]
[[Categoria:Epistulae]]
[[Categoria:Scripta 1493]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Hispanicae]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latine versae]]</text>
      <sha1>4v9xp36093nz8lawcoh80e92gpf9s9c</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974631</id>
      <parentid>3974625</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T20:25:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3974631</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4522" sha1="ikx1ujjlrsgnh1wofkwxoxprtdiqy9d" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:Carta Colon 1493 manuscrito Simancas.JPG|thumb|1. Manuscriptum epistulae anno 1493, manu haud Columbi, fortasse Ludovici de Sancto Angelo]]

{{ores|Epistola de insulis nuper inventis}} (titulo variis modis in editionibus dato) a [[Christophorus Columbus|Christophoro Columbo]] scripta est. Huius epistulae ultima verba die [[14 Februarii]] [[1493]] inseruit dum navis prope [[Insula Sanctae Mariae (Azores)|insulam S. Mariae]] archipelagi [[Azores|Azorum]] iacebat. De sito aut incertus aut incertitudinem fingens &quot;[[insulae Canariae|insulas Canarias]]&quot; iuxta subscriptionem posuit: haec enim insulae [[regnum Castellae|regno Castellae]], [[Azores]] regno [[Portugallia|Portugallensi]] pertinebant. Epistulam cancellario [[Ludovicus de Sancto Angelo|Ludovico de Sancto Angelo]] direxit: dum navis iuxta {{safesubst:creanda/m|Restelo|pt|Restelo|t=2026-07-24 20:46:47}} [[Olisipo]]nis morabat ad aulam regum catholicorum commisit.

== Bibliographia ==
; Editiones versionesque priscae
[[Fasciculus:De insulis nuper inventis.jpg|thumb|2. Prima pagina editionis Latinae [[Roma]]e mense Maio 1493 divulgatae]]
[[Fasciculus:ColumbusLetter Basel first.jpg|thumb|3. Titulus vel frontispicium editionis Latinae [[Basilea]]e anno 1493 divulgatae]]
[[Fasciculus:Houghton Inc 7988 - title.jpg|thumb|4. Titulus vel frontispicium editionis Latinae [[Lutetia]]e anno fere 1493 divulgatae]]
* 1493 mense Aprili : Epistola Hispanice scripta, incipit ''Señor, por que se''. Barcinone: Johann Rosenbach; [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044004509063 Fac-simile apud Hathi Trust]
* 1493 mense Maio : Aliander de Cosco, interpr., ''De insulis nuper inventis: epistola Christofori Colom, cui etas nostra multum debet ...''. Romae: Stephan Plannck (vide imaginem 2. nostram)
* 1493 paulo tardius : Aliander de Cosco, interpr., ''De insulis nuper inventis: epistola Christofori Colom, cui etas nostra multũ debet ...''. Romae; [https://web.archive.org/web/20130603062615/http://content.wdl.org/90/service/90.pdf Fac-simile apud Wayback Machine]
* c. 1493 : ''In laudem serenissimi Ferdinandi Hispaniae regis ... et de insulis in mari Indico nuper repertis''. Basileae: Johann Bergmann de Olpe (vide imaginem 3. nostram); [https://web.archive.org/web/20150907014932/http://dl.wdl.org/625/service/625.pdf exemplar .pdf]
* c. 1493 : ''Epistola de insulis noviter repertis''. Parisiis: in Campo Gaillardi (vide imaginem 4. nostram) 
* 1497 : Versio Theodisce facta, [[Ulma]]e divulgata; [[:File:Katilonischen.jpg|Colophon huius editionis]]

; Editiones versionesque recentes
* 1893 : ''The Spanish Letter of Columbus'' (editio fac-simile cum versione Anglica). Londinii: Bernard Quaritch {{Google Books|NPXCTYxu-R4C}} [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044004509063 Textus apud Hathi Trust])
* 1963 : Samuel Eliot Morison, interpr., ''Journals and other documents on the life and voyages of Christopher Columbus''. Novi Eboraci [https://archive.org/details/journalsdocumentscolumbus Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1966 : Frank E. Robbins, ed., ''Christopher Columbus: Epistola de Insulis Nuper Inventis''. Ann Arbor
* 1982 : Consuelo Varela, ed., ''Cristóbal Colón: Textos y documentos completos''. Matriti: Alianza Editorial, 1982
* 1992 : Consuelo Varela, Juan Gil, edd., ''Cristóbal Colón: Textos y documentos completos; Nuevas cartas''. Matriti: Alianza Editorial, 1992 (prima editio 1982)
* 2006 : ''Kolumbus: Der erste Brief aus der Neuen Welt.'' Stutgardiae: Reclam, 2006. (editio versionis Latinae cum interpretatione Theodisca, titulo Latino: ''De insulis nuper in mari Indico repertis'') ([https://web.archive.org/web/20110821021624/http://www.ralf-schoenbach.de/index.php?option=com_remository&amp;Itemid=29&amp;func=fileinfo&amp;id=24 Versio interretialis])

; Eruditio
* Rebecca Catz, &quot;Columbus in the Azores&quot; in Portuguese Studies vol. 6 (1990) pp. 17–23

== Nexus externi ==
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130606004635/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/90/ Epistola Christofori Colom: cui etas nostra multum debet: de insulis Indiae supra Gangem nuper inventis]&quot; (1493) apud ''World Digital Library''; [https://web.archive.org/web/20130605185545/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2828/ alia editio] ibidem
* ''[http://purl.pt/24139 Epistola de insulis nuper inventis]'' (Romae, 1493) apud Bibliothecam Nationalem Portugallensem

[[Categoria:Christophorus Columbus]]
[[Categoria:Epistulae]]
[[Categoria:Scripta 1493]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Hispanicae]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latine versae]]</text>
      <sha1>ikx1ujjlrsgnh1wofkwxoxprtdiqy9d</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974632</id>
      <parentid>3974631</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T20:29:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3974632</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4497" sha1="q0g7222483ackn1sl1hof92pfud7v0m" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:Carta Colon 1493 manuscrito Simancas.JPG|thumb|1. Manuscriptum epistulae anno 1493, manu haud Columbi, fortasse Ludovici de Sancto Angelo]]

{{ores|Epistola de insulis nuper inventis}} (titulo variis modis in editionibus dato) a [[Christophorus Columbus|Christophoro Columbo]] scripta est. Huius epistulae ultima verba die [[14 Februarii]] [[1493]] inseruit dum navis prope [[Insula Sanctae Mariae (Azores)|insulam S. Mariae]] archipelagi [[Azores|Azorum]] iacebat. De sito aut incertus aut incertitudinem fingens &quot;[[insulae Canariae|insulas Canarias]]&quot; iuxta subscriptionem posuit: haec enim insulae [[regnum Castellae|regno Castellae]], [[Azores]] regno [[Portugallia|Portugallensi]] pertinebant. Epistulam cancellario [[Ludovicus de Sancto Angelo|Ludovico de Sancto Angelo]] direxit: dum navis iuxta {{safesubst:creanda/m|Restelo|pt|Restelo|t=2026-07-24 20:46:47}} [[Olisipo]]nis morabat ad aulam regum catholicorum commisit.

== Bibliographia ==
; Editiones versionesque priscae
[[Fasciculus:De insulis nuper inventis.jpg|thumb|2. Prima pagina editionis Latinae [[Roma]]e mense Maio 1493 divulgatae]]
[[Fasciculus:ColumbusLetter Basel first.jpg|thumb|3. Titulus vel frontispicium editionis Latinae [[Basilea]]e anno 1493 divulgatae]]
[[Fasciculus:Houghton Inc 7988 - title.jpg|thumb|4. Titulus vel frontispicium editionis Latinae [[Lutetia]]e anno fere 1493 divulgatae]]
* 1493 mense Aprili : Epistola Hispanice scripta, incipit ''Señor, por que se''. Barcinone: Johann Rosenbach; [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044004509063 Fac-simile apud Hathi Trust]
* 1493 mense Maio : Aliander de Cosco, interpr., ''De insulis nuper inventis: epistola Christofori Colom, cui etas nostra multum debet ...''. Romae: Stephan Plannck (vide imaginem 2. nostram)
* 1493 paulo tardius : Aliander de Cosco, interpr., ''De insulis nuper inventis: epistola Christofori Colom, cui etas nostra multũ debet ...''. Romae; [https://web.archive.org/web/20130603062615/http://content.wdl.org/90/service/90.pdf Fac-simile apud Wayback Machine]
* c. 1493 : ''In laudem serenissimi Ferdinandi Hispaniae regis ... et de insulis in mari Indico nuper repertis''. Basileae (vide imaginem 3. nostram); [https://web.archive.org/web/20150907014932/http://dl.wdl.org/625/service/625.pdf exemplar .pdf]
* c. 1493 : ''Epistola de insulis noviter repertis''. Parisiis: in Campo Gaillardi (vide imaginem 4. nostram) 
* 1497 : Versio Theodisce facta, [[Ulma]]e divulgata; [[:File:Katilonischen.jpg|Colophon huius editionis]]

; Editiones versionesque recentes
* 1893 : ''The Spanish Letter of Columbus'' (editio fac-simile cum versione Anglica). Londinii: Bernard Quaritch {{Google Books|NPXCTYxu-R4C}} [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044004509063 Textus apud Hathi Trust])
* 1963 : Samuel Eliot Morison, interpr., ''Journals and other documents on the life and voyages of Christopher Columbus''. Novi Eboraci [https://archive.org/details/journalsdocumentscolumbus Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1966 : Frank E. Robbins, ed., ''Christopher Columbus: Epistola de Insulis Nuper Inventis''. Ann Arbor
* 1982 : Consuelo Varela, ed., ''Cristóbal Colón: Textos y documentos completos''. Matriti: Alianza Editorial, 1982
* 1992 : Consuelo Varela, Juan Gil, edd., ''Cristóbal Colón: Textos y documentos completos; Nuevas cartas''. Matriti: Alianza Editorial, 1992 (prima editio 1982)
* 2006 : ''Kolumbus: Der erste Brief aus der Neuen Welt.'' Stutgardiae: Reclam, 2006. (editio versionis Latinae cum interpretatione Theodisca, titulo Latino: ''De insulis nuper in mari Indico repertis'') ([https://web.archive.org/web/20110821021624/http://www.ralf-schoenbach.de/index.php?option=com_remository&amp;Itemid=29&amp;func=fileinfo&amp;id=24 Versio interretialis])

; Eruditio
* Rebecca Catz, &quot;Columbus in the Azores&quot; in Portuguese Studies vol. 6 (1990) pp. 17–23

== Nexus externi ==
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130606004635/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/90/ Epistola Christofori Colom: cui etas nostra multum debet: de insulis Indiae supra Gangem nuper inventis]&quot; (1493) apud ''World Digital Library''; [https://web.archive.org/web/20130605185545/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2828/ alia editio] ibidem
* ''[http://purl.pt/24139 Epistola de insulis nuper inventis]'' (Romae, 1493) apud Bibliothecam Nationalem Portugallensem

[[Categoria:Christophorus Columbus]]
[[Categoria:Epistulae]]
[[Categoria:Scripta 1493]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Hispanicae]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latine versae]]</text>
      <sha1>q0g7222483ackn1sl1hof92pfud7v0m</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974634</id>
      <parentid>3974632</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T20:48:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4508" sha1="pl5ep2ese0b9mnj2fyg128aq6t6jni2" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:Carta Colon 1493 manuscrito Simancas.JPG|thumb|1. Manuscriptum epistulae anno 1493, manu haud Columbi, fortasse Ludovici de Sancto Angelo]]

{{ores|Epistola de insulis nuper inventis}} (titulo variis modis in editionibus dato) a [[Christophorus Columbus|Christophoro Columbo]] scripta est. Huius epistulae ultima verba die [[14 Februarii]] [[1493]] inseruit dum navis prope [[Insula Sanctae Mariae (Azores)|insulam S. Mariae]] archipelagi [[Azores|Azorum]] iacebat. De sito aut incertus aut incertitudinem fingens &quot;[[insulae Canariae|insulas Canarias]]&quot; iuxta subscriptionem posuit: haec enim insulae [[regnum Castellae|regno Castellae]], [[Azores]] regno [[Portugallia|Portugallensi]] pertinebant. Epistulam cancellario [[Ludovicus de Sancto Angelo|Ludovico de Sancto Angelo]] direxit: dum navis iuxta {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Restelo||pt|qid=Q10359913}} [[Olisipo]]nis morabat ad aulam regum catholicorum commisit.

== Bibliographia ==
; Editiones versionesque priscae
[[Fasciculus:De insulis nuper inventis.jpg|thumb|2. Prima pagina editionis Latinae [[Roma]]e mense Maio 1493 divulgatae]]
[[Fasciculus:ColumbusLetter Basel first.jpg|thumb|3. Titulus vel frontispicium editionis Latinae [[Basilea]]e anno 1493 divulgatae]]
[[Fasciculus:Houghton Inc 7988 - title.jpg|thumb|4. Titulus vel frontispicium editionis Latinae [[Lutetia]]e anno fere 1493 divulgatae]]
* 1493 mense Aprili : Epistola Hispanice scripta, incipit ''Señor, por que se''. Barcinone: Johann Rosenbach; [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044004509063 Fac-simile apud Hathi Trust]
* 1493 mense Maio : Aliander de Cosco, interpr., ''De insulis nuper inventis: epistola Christofori Colom, cui etas nostra multum debet ...''. Romae: Stephan Plannck (vide imaginem 2. nostram)
* 1493 paulo tardius : Aliander de Cosco, interpr., ''De insulis nuper inventis: epistola Christofori Colom, cui etas nostra multũ debet ...''. Romae; [https://web.archive.org/web/20130603062615/http://content.wdl.org/90/service/90.pdf Fac-simile apud Wayback Machine]
* c. 1493 : ''In laudem serenissimi Ferdinandi Hispaniae regis ... et de insulis in mari Indico nuper repertis''. Basileae (vide imaginem 3. nostram); [https://web.archive.org/web/20150907014932/http://dl.wdl.org/625/service/625.pdf exemplar .pdf]
* c. 1493 : ''Epistola de insulis noviter repertis''. Parisiis: in Campo Gaillardi (vide imaginem 4. nostram) 
* 1497 : Versio Theodisce facta, [[Ulma]]e divulgata; [[:File:Katilonischen.jpg|Colophon huius editionis]]

; Editiones versionesque recentes
* 1893 : ''The Spanish Letter of Columbus'' (editio fac-simile cum versione Anglica). Londinii: Bernard Quaritch {{Google Books|NPXCTYxu-R4C}} [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044004509063 Textus apud Hathi Trust])
* 1963 : Samuel Eliot Morison, interpr., ''Journals and other documents on the life and voyages of Christopher Columbus''. Novi Eboraci [https://archive.org/details/journalsdocumentscolumbus Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1966 : Frank E. Robbins, ed., ''Christopher Columbus: Epistola de Insulis Nuper Inventis''. Ann Arbor
* 1982 : Consuelo Varela, ed., ''Cristóbal Colón: Textos y documentos completos''. Matriti: Alianza Editorial, 1982
* 1992 : Consuelo Varela, Juan Gil, edd., ''Cristóbal Colón: Textos y documentos completos; Nuevas cartas''. Matriti: Alianza Editorial, 1992 (prima editio 1982)
* 2006 : ''Kolumbus: Der erste Brief aus der Neuen Welt.'' Stutgardiae: Reclam, 2006. (editio versionis Latinae cum interpretatione Theodisca, titulo Latino: ''De insulis nuper in mari Indico repertis'') ([https://web.archive.org/web/20110821021624/http://www.ralf-schoenbach.de/index.php?option=com_remository&amp;Itemid=29&amp;func=fileinfo&amp;id=24 Versio interretialis])

; Eruditio
* Rebecca Catz, &quot;Columbus in the Azores&quot; in Portuguese Studies vol. 6 (1990) pp. 17–23

== Nexus externi ==
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130606004635/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/90/ Epistola Christofori Colom: cui etas nostra multum debet: de insulis Indiae supra Gangem nuper inventis]&quot; (1493) apud ''World Digital Library''; [https://web.archive.org/web/20130605185545/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2828/ alia editio] ibidem
* ''[http://purl.pt/24139 Epistola de insulis nuper inventis]'' (Romae, 1493) apud Bibliothecam Nationalem Portugallensem

[[Categoria:Christophorus Columbus]]
[[Categoria:Epistulae]]
[[Categoria:Scripta 1493]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Hispanicae]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latine versae]]</text>
      <sha1>pl5ep2ese0b9mnj2fyg128aq6t6jni2</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Vexillum Moraviae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>326898</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3974453</id>
      <parentid>3974441</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T12:20:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Vicificanda</comment>
      <origin>3974453</origin>
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      <text bytes="24214" sha1="mi5e8kw2itj0iptdhwo2kaekbf6pami" xml:space="preserve">{{Pagina autotranslata
	| fons = [[:cs:Moravská vlajka]] conferantur [[Specialis:PermanentLink/3974324|versio labens]] et [https://cs-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moravsk%C3%A1_vlajka?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=la pagina ''Google'' translata]—aut [[:it:Bandiera della Moravia]]—[https://it-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bandiera_della_Moravia?_x_tr_sl=it&amp;_x_tr_tl=la pagina ''Google'' translata]
	| tempus = 2026-07-24 22:06:13
}}
{{Vicificanda}}

[[Fasciculus:Banner of arms of Moravia.svg|thumb|Vexillum Moraviae, ut annis 2002–2003 codificatum{{dubsig}} est. Historicum regionis Moravicae vexillum, constans ex campo caeruleo, qui [[aquila]]m rubro et albo damisatam{{dubsig}} cum [[corona]] et armis flavis gerit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Odborné vexilologické stanovisko&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | first=Zbyšek
 | last=Svoboda
 | first2=Pavel
 | last2=Fojtík
 | first3=Petr
 | last3=Exner
 | first4=Jaroslav
 | last4=Martykán
 | authorlink=
 | coauthors=
 | title=Odborné vexilologické stanovisko k moravské vlajce
 | booktitle=Vexilologie. Zpravodaj České vexilologické společnosti, o.s. č. 169
 | pages=3319, 3320
 | publisher=Česká vexilologická společnost
 | date=2013
 | location=Brno
 | url=http://www.vexilologie.cz/index2.php?a=000&amp;n=0
 | accessdate=2017-08-20
 | id=
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Znaky a prapory v kronice Ottokara Štýrského&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | first=František
 | last=Pícha
 | authorlink=
 | coauthors=
 | title=Znaky a prapory v kronice Ottokara Štýrského
 | booktitle=Vexilologie. Zpravodaj České vexilologické společnosti, o.s. č. 169
 | pages=3320–3324
 | publisher=Česká vexilologická společnost
 | date=2013
 | location=Brno
 | url=
 | accessdate=
 | id=
}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''Vexillum Moraviense''' est symbolum quo [[Moravia (terra)|Moravia]] repraesentatur.

Prima depictio insignis provincialis Moraviae in vexillo, cum media aetate vexilla ex insignibus derivarentur, invenitur in vexillo marchionis, quod in Codice Gelnhausenensi anno MCDVII depictum est (aquila argentea et rubra, armatura aurea et corona aurea ornata, in campo caeruleo).&lt;ref name=&quot;ruzek22&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 | last = Růžek
 | first = Vladimír
 | title = Cesty k definici (nejen) moravského znaku a praporu, in: Veřejná správa, Nr. 10
 | year = 2013
 | pages = 20–22:22
 | url = https://www.mvcr.cz/webpm/clanek/historicke-symboly.aspx
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt; PPrima descriptio scripta re vera toto saeculo vetustior est. Nihilominus, neque Marchio Moraviae, neque Moravia, neque Moravia-Silesia umquam vexillum adoptavit aut per actum legitimum ut ens iuridicum instituit. Ex variis documentis historicis, delineationibus, descriptionibusque fundatum est, quorum usu nullum fundamentum iuridicum erat.

Respublica Bohemica-Slovaca colores album vel argenteum in arma Moravica restituit (Lex 252/1920). Vexilla nationalia legibus posterioribus non reguntur (Leges 269/1936, 222/1939, 163/1960 et Legibus hodie validis 3/1993 et 352/2001 Collectionis Legum).

Hodie, vexillum bicolore flavo et rubro, in medio insignia coloribus congruentibus praebens, interdum pro vexillo Moravio usurpatur, praesertim a quibusdam factionibus politicis, consociationibus aliisque organizationibus Moravis.

[[File:Flag of South Moravian Region.svg|thumb|right|Vexillum Regionis Moraviae Meridionalis. Primum campum vexilli aquila Moravica ornatur. In quarta et ultima parte vexilli aquila est cum ornatu quadriato flavicoccineo, quae addita est ut symbolum reconciliationis et integrationis inter varios greges linguisticos, religiosos et ethnicos qui olim in Moravia Meridiana habitabant.&lt;ref name=&quot;koudelka&quot;&gt;{{cite book
| last = Koudelka
| first = Zdeněk
| title = Znaky a vlajky Moravy a Slezska, in: Sborník z konference MORAVA 1918
| url = https://is.muni.cz/repo/1570777/Znaky_Moravy_a_Slezska.pdf
| publisher = KEY Publishing s.r.o.
| location = Ostrava
| chapter = 
| pages = 58–73
| isbn = 978-80-7418-316-4
| language = cs
| year = 2019
}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Vexillum Moraviense hunc statum non nactum est nisi annis MMII–MMIII, cum insignia et vexilla regionibus hodiernis assignata sunt, dimidio saeculo post abolitione systematis provincialis et introductionem systematis regionalis.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Zákon č. 280/1948 Sb. Zákon o krajském zřízení
| url = https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/1948-280#oddil1
| language = cs
| accessdate = 2026-07-22
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20250211142519/https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/1948-280/#oddil1
| archivedate = 2025-02-11
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hoc vexillum in partem superiorem vexillorum regionum Vysočinae, Moraviae Meridionalis, Olomucensis et Zlìnensis, necnon in partem superiorem vexillorum regionum Pardubicensis et Moravico-Silesiae incorporatur. Vexillum caeruleum est; in medio campo caeruleo est aquila quadratim disposita, alis albis et rubris, corona et armatura aurea ornata.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
| title = Historie, moravské barvy a moravská vlajka
| url = https://www.mvcr.cz/clanek/historie-moravske-barvy-a-moravska-vlajka.aspx
| publisher = Ministerstvo vnitra ČR
| year = 2013
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Etiam hoc modo ineunte Martio anni MMXXIII a grege Legumlatrorum Parlamenti Reipublicae Bohemicae in rogatione propositum est, quae consilium insignium et vexillorum regionalium codificaret.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Návrh poslanců Radka Vondráčka, Pavla Blažka, Petra Gazdíka, Lucie Šafránkové, Mariana Jurečky, Vlastimila Válka a dalších na vydání zákona o zemských znacích a vlajkách | url = https://www.psp.cz/sqw/text/orig2.sqw?idd=225139 | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rogatio paulatim in ordine rerum agendarum complurium sessionum Camerae Deputatōrum inclusa est, sed ibi non disputata est. Rogatio, a Radeko Vondráček, legato, die XXII Ianuarii anno MMXXVI iterum proposita, non praescribit fines historicos regionum insignibus regionalibus notandos esse, sicut in rogatione priore statutum erat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Parlament České republiky. Poslanecká sněmovna. 10. volební období. 87/0. Návrh poslance Radka Vondráčka na vydání zákona o zemských znacích
a vlajkách
| url = https://www.psp.cz/sqw/text/orig2.sqw?idd=267037
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rogatio insignia et vexilla regionalia in legem aperte sancit, praescribens ut forma eorum ad insigne nationale conformetur, et cuilibet permittit ut iis utatur. Una tantum condicio est ut debita cum reverentia tractentur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = ODok Portál. Zákon o zemských znacích a vlajkách 
| url = https://odok.gov.cz/portal/veklep/material/KORNDQQNALEE/
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia Vexilli Moravici ==
=== Historia antiquissima ===
[[File:Nejstarší dochované barevné vyobrazení znaku markraběcí Moravy, hrad Gozzoburg v Kremži.jpeg|thumb|Veterrima pictura colorata superstes armorum marchionatus Moraviae.]]
Historia vexilli Moravici – vel, accuratius, insignis Moravici (quod, dissimile vexillo, perpetuo in alveo affigitur) – dives et varia est, quae saeculo tertio decimo coepit, cum rationes inter Boemiam et Moraviam ordinabantur ad monarchiam centralizatam a Przemysidis ultimis constituendam. Primum mentio vexilli Moravici colorumque eius invenitur in chronica Ottocari Styriae, quae ad finem saeculi duodecimi et initium saeculi quarti decimi pertinet. Haec est narratio proelii Kressenbrunnensis, quod die XII Iulii anno MCCLX factum est. Insignia Bohemiae et Moraviae in chronica [[Bela IV (rex Hungariae)|Belae IV]] a Iindrico Preisslero, comite castrorum eius, vive describuntur. Prae exercitu Bohemico progrediente ducebat [[Ottocarus II (rex Bohemiae)|Ottocarus II]], prope quem vexillum fluitabat, leone albo in velluto rubro insigni, et iuxta eum alterum vexillum, quod formam aquilae Moravicae quadratam rubro et albo coloribus monstrabat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Znaky a prapory v kronice Ottokara Štýrského&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
 |title=Ottokars Österreichische Reimchronik (MGH Deutsche Chroniken V,1)
 |url=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/bsb00000779/images/index.html?id=00000779&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=226
 |accessdate=2016-07-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
 |title=Ottokar von Steiermark: 'Steirische Reimchronik'
 |url=http://www.handschriftencensus.de/werke/602
 |publisher=www.handschriftencensus.de
 |accessdate=2017-08-19
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Hern Dietrich Spatzmanen''

''sach man die banier leiten:''

''in einem rȏten samît breiten''

''was gewohrt ein lewe wîz.''

''ouch heten ir baniere flîz,'' (Etiam illi suas vexilla habebant,)

'''''die von Merhaeren wârn''':'' (qui ex Moravia venerunt:)

'''''ein geschâchzabelten arn''''' (Aquila scaccata)

'''''von rȏter und von wîzer varbe''''' (rubro et albo picta)

'''''sach man ob in begarbe''''' (super eos plane conspicue)

'''''waejen von dem winde.''''' (in vento fluitabat.)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Nejstarší zmínka o praporu Moravy v kronice Ottokara Štýrského
| url = http://moravskaorlice.blogspot.com/2014/09/nejstarsi-zminka-o-praporu-moravy-v.html | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Postea, colores vexilli ex coloribus armorum derivati sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Odborné vexilologické stanovisko&quot; /&gt; 

Ex regno Ottocari II, titulus Margravi Moraviae repraesentatur aquila argentea et rubra dammata, corona aurea et unguibus aureis ornata, ad dextram versa, in scuto caeruleo posita.&lt;ref name=&quot;vojtisek21&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last=Vojtíšek
 | first=Václav
 | title=Naše státní znaky (staré a nynější)
 | publisher=Vesmír
 | place=Pragae
 | year=1921
 | page=21
 | language=Czech}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pícha - O klenotu znaku moravského markraběte&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | last = Pícha
 | first = František
 | title = O klenotu znaku moravského markraběte
 | url = 
 | publisher = 
 | location = Brno
 | booktitle = Genealogické a heraldické informace 2010: Moravská genealogická a heraldická společnost, o. s. 2011
 | volume = 15 (30)
 | year = 2011
 | číslo = 
 | počet_stran = 174
 | pages = 7-32
 | isbn = 
 | language = česky
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Veterrima aquilae scaccatae effigies in Gozzoburg invenitur. Picturae in aula arcis localis [[Cremisa (urbs)|Cremsensis]] non post annum circiter MCCLXX (MCCLXIX) pictae sunt, aut cum nuper aedificata Capella Sanctae Catharinae (MCCLXVII) coniunguntur; utroque casu, post annum MCCLXII factae sunt. In aula insignes armorum Bohemiae, Moraviae, Austriae et Styriae apparent, sed insignia Carinthiae et Carniolae – quae Ottocarus II anno MCCLXIX hereditate accepit – absunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pícha, Krejčík - Gozzoburg&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | last = Krejčík
 | first = Tomáš
 | last2 = Pícha
 | first2 = František
 | title = Český a moravský znak ve znakové galerii v Gozzoburgu v Kremsu
 | location = Brno
 | booktitle = Genealogické a heraldické informace 2008 : Moravská genealogická a heraldická společnost, o. s. 2009
 | volume = 13 (28)
 | year = 2009
 | pages = 49-57
 | issn = 0862-8963
 | language = Czech
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Jošt Moravský, též Lucemburský -.jpg|thumb|left|Margravius [[Iodocus a Moravia]], vexillum aquila Moravica quadratim alba et rubra in Codice Gelnhausenensi (saeculo XIV/XV).]]
Aquila scaccata insigne Moraviae terrae habetur saltem ex tempore Luxemburgense.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adamová&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last = Adamová
 | first = Karolina
 | title = K heraldické výzdobě Staroměstské mostecké věže. Právně historický pohled, in: Pražský sborník historický
 | publisher = Panorama
 | location = Praha
 | volume = 15
 | year = 1982
 | pages = 44–62
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Una ex antiquissimis imaginibus notis vexilli aquila Moravica insignis est illa in Codice Gelnhausen, quae imaginem Margravi Moraviae Iodocum monstrat, qui vexillum caeruleum tenet, aquila Moravica in campo albescente et rubescente scaccato, cum corona et armatura flava. (ut par est, sine scuto).&lt;ref name=&quot;ruzek22&quot; /&gt; Kódex bol napísaný niekedy v poslednej tretine 14. až prvej tretine 15. storočia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Gelnhausenův kodex (kodex A) - právní kniha. Jošt Lucemburský s moravským praporem v Jihlavské právní knize z roku 1407 na foliu 63r.
| url = http://www.manuscriptorium.com/apps/index.php?direct=record&amp;pid=AIPDIG-SOAJ__MESTSKASPRAV0TBA6E4-cs#search
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Jihlavský archiv ukázal své nejvzácnější dokumenty, jinak nepřístupné
| url = https://jihlava.idnes.cz/vzacne-dokumenty-jihlavskeho-archivu-dx1-/jihlava-zpravy.aspx?c=A121101_143951_jihlava-zpravy_mv
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Charta armorum Imperatoris [[Fridericus III|Friderici III]], data VII Decembris anno MCDLXII, quod, a Henrico de Lippa, Capitano Provinciali Moraviae et Marescallo Regni Bohemiae, ex incepto Ordinum Moravicorum editum est, documentum fuit quod, sub regno [[Georgius Podiebradensis|Georgii Podiebradensis]], primigenium colorem argenteum aquilae Moravicae mutavit, campis insigneis argenteis auro substitutis, ita novum insigne 'Ordinum' creans. ('color albus in glaucum sive aureum transmutetur' (Color albus in flavum vel aureum mutatus est)).&lt;ref name=&quot;vojtisek222&quot;&gt;{{cite book
| last = Vojtíšek
| first = Václav
| title = Naše státní znaky (staré a nynější)
| publisher = Vesmír
| location = Praha
| pages = 22
| language = cs
| year = 1921
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Alexius Habrich, Iura primaeva Moraviae2&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| last = Habrich
| first = Alexius (ed.)
| title = Iura primaeva Moraviae
| url = https://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb10542951_00038.html
| location = Brno
| pages = 38–42
| language = la
| year = 1781
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Josef Kalousek, Archiv český2&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| last = Kalousek
| first = Josef (ed.)
| title = Archiv český čili staré písemné památky české i moravské, svazek X
| url = https://sources.cms.flu.cas.cz/src/index.php?s=v&amp;action=jdi&amp;cat=10&amp;bookid=800&amp;page=273&amp;action_button.x=0&amp;action_button.y=0
| location = Praha
| pages = 273–274
| language = la
| year = 1890
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Berthold Bretholz2&quot;&gt;{{cite book
| last = Bretholz
| first = Berthold
| title = Das mährische Landesarchiv, Seine Geschichte, seine Bestände
| location = Brno
| pages = 124
| language = de la
| year = 1908
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Publicatio huius litterae exemplum est interventionis in res internas terrarum Bohemicarum, cum Fridericus III, ut Imperator Romanus Sanctus, eam statibus Moravicis concesserit. Tamen Moravia pars Coronae Bohemicae erat et, secundum leges a [[Carolus IV (imperator)|Carolo IV]] latas, rex Romanorum nullam potestatem habebat talis consilii capiendi, cum Moraviae res sub directa potestate Regis Bohemiae esset.&lt;ref name=&quot;starha92&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| last = Štarha
| first = Ivan
| title = Historie, moravské barvy a moravská vlajka, in: Veřejná správa
| url = https://www.mvcr.cz/clanek/historie-moravske-barvy-a-moravska-vlajka.aspx
| year = 2013
| pages = 8–9
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ex prospectu historico, plures versiones vexillorum Moravicorum exstiterunt, quae simul duabus aut tribus coloribus ex insignibus provincialibus derivatis adhibebantur, praesertim saeculo undevicesimo.&lt;ref name=&quot;hlinomaz167&quot;&gt;''Ke státní a zemské symbolice českého státu v období 1526–1918'', s. 167.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Slavobrána postavená v Kuníně v roce 1845 u příležitosti návštěvy arcivévody Františka Karla, kolorovaná litografie.png|thumb|Porta caerimonialis Kunini anno MDCCCXLV exstructa ad visitationem Archducis Francisci Caroli commemorandam. Relatio eius temporis describit vexilla bicolora, nigrum et flavum et rubrum et album, in turribus vexata, tamquam colores et Austriacos et Moravicos provinciales.]]
Initio saeculi undevicesimi, Moravia erat regio non autonoma, quae ab anno MDCCCIV pars [[Imperium Austriacum|Imperii Austriaci erat]], quod paulo ante finalem collapsum [[Sacrum Romanum Imperium|Sacri Romani Imperii]] constitutum erat. Erat una ex finibus Coronae dictis, a praeside provinciali gubernata. Regulis a regimine centrali Vindobonae edictis tenebatur. Ex tempore priore pauca indicia sunt usus colorum provincialium Moravicorum. Imperator Moraviae dux erat, et cum titulus Margravius unus tantum ex multis quos tenebat esset, ei certam imaginem visualem non requirebat. Quapropter, per paene totam primam partem saeculi undevicesimi, colores provinciales non eandem significationem habebant quam a medio illius saeculi deinceps habuerunt. Potestates corporum administrativorum statuum provinciales finitae erant. Non habebant auctoritatem nec repraesentandi nec repraesentari.

Gubernatio provincialis sui iuris potestates satis amplas nonnisi promulgatione Constitutionis Decembris anno MDCCCLXI accepit, post quam singulae provinciae suas constitutiones sanxerunt. Tamen, neque hae neque ullum aliud instrumentum minoris vis legitimae colores vel vexilla provincialia designaverunt. Quamquam hae notiones saeculo undevicesimo exstiterunt, vocabula inania erant, id est, iure nec generaliter nec speciatim definita. Describendo igitur tempus ante annum MCMXVIII, non est rectum dicere &quot;vexillum provinciale Marchionatus Moraviae fuisse bicolorem horizontalem flavam et rubram&quot;, cum in nullo instrumento legali ita definitum sit. Licetne simpliciter dicere &quot;auctoritates provinciales rubrum et flavum ut colores provinciales inter annos MDCCCXLVIII et MCMXVIII adhibuisse&quot;, an, si iustificari potest, 'ut vexillum provinciale Moraviae, magistratus provinciales bicolorem rubro et flavo inter annos MDCCCXLVIII et MCMXVIII adhibuerunt'.

[[File:Cockade of Moravia, the historical land of the Czech Republic, red-white-blue.svg|thumb|right|In Ludovici Ritteri Dictionariolo Pochtario Diurnariis et Colloquiis (titulo Bohemico &quot;Kapesní slovníček novinářský a konverzační&quot;), anno MDCCCLI edito, haec de coloribus laqueorum dicuntur: &quot;''Fasciculus est rosula aut laqueus rotundus qui in petaso aut paenula geritur ad significandam sententiam quandam, gentem, sodalitatem, municipium, et cetera. A mulieribus gestus, in capillo aut in pectore affigitur. Notae sunt insignes variorum motuum politicorum ab anno MDCCCXLVIII, praesertim Slavorum, '''rubri, albi et caerulei coloris''', deinde colores nigro-rubro-flavi partis Germanicae et eius variae controversiae. Vexillum Austro-Hungaricum, quod exercitus noster vehit, nigrum et flavum est; vexilla Bohemica et Polonica alba et rubra sunt; '''vexillum Moravicum vel etiam Bohemico-Moravicum; et deinde vexillum Slavorum Meridianorum, ut vexillum Slavorum'''. Fascis Rusinorum flavus et caeruleus est; Hungarorum et Polonorum revolutionariorum ruber, albus et viridis; Prussicus niger et albus est, et sic deinceps. Pragae, omnes fascis privatis sine ulla exceptione ab anno MDCCCXLVIIII interdicti sunt.''&quot;.]]
Absentia ullius praescripti legis explicat cur 'vexilla provincialia' in scriptis huius aetatis variis modis depingantur. Plerumque auctor ea ex paucis vexillis reapse notis et regulis heraldicis, quae ad insignia pertinentia pertinent, derivabat. Quaestio peculiaris in Moravia saeculo undevicesimo fuit quod insigne Moraviense duabus formis exstabat. Descriptio eius historica et publice agnita armorum imperialium – qui per saecula in usu fuerant – erat aquila argentea et rubra alternis coloribus picta, cum corona et armatura aurea, in scuto caeruleo posita. Tamen, auctoritas ab Imperatore Friderico III concessa in diplomate die 7 Decembris 1462 edito, ut aquila scaccata aurea et rubra adhiberetur – quamquam haec compositio in usu non recepta est – adduxit, Postquam diploma in notitiam procuratorum administrationis provincialis Moravicae ad finem saeculorum XVIII et XIX pervenit – praesertim ab annis 1830 et 1840 – hoc ad auctos conatus administrationis provincialis adnotavit ut agnitio diplomatis ab Imperatore impetraretur. Et quamquam usus eius non publice agnitus est usque ad annum MCMXV, complures sententiae a magistratibus Vindobonensibus editae significabant eos non adversari usu exemplaris aureo et rubro quadratim dispositi in aquila.

Quaestio igitur per saeculum undevicesimum fuit, utrum diploma validum, sed publice irritum, Friderici III praevaluerit insignibus Moraviae, quae usu historico probata et confirmata erant. Quaestio de coloribus provincialibus, ad quam pertinebat quaestio de forma vexilli provincialis (futuri), naturaliter a diversis sententiis de recta (valida) insigne provinciali affecta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pícha - Moravské barvy a vlajky v revolučním roce 1848&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last = Pícha
 | first = František
 | title = Moravské barvy a vlajky v revolučním roce 1848, in: Genealogické a heraldické informace 2017 : Moravská genealogická a heraldická společnost, o. s. 2018
 | location = Brno
 | volume = 22 (37)
 | year = 2018
 | pages = 40–41
 | isbn = 
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Secundum quosdam auctores, vexillum Moravicum album, rubrum, caeruleumque est, fasciis horizontalibus eo ordine.&lt;ref name=&quot;brozek50&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last = Brožek
 | first = Aleš
 | title = Lexikon vlajek a znaků zemí světa
 | publisher = Kartografie
 | location = Praha
 | year = 2003
 | pages = 50
 | isbn = 8070117761
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haec colorum coniunctio saeculo undevicesimo symbolum erat civium Moravicorum patriam amantium.

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Modrobílá historická vlajka Moravy (1611).png|Vexillum historicum caeruleo et albo, memoratum iuxta vexillum caeruleum insigne provinciale Moraviae gerens ('insigne provinciale eiusdem marchionatus') in nuntiis anni MDCXII, qui adventum Pragam et coronationem Regis [[Matthias (imperator)|Mathiae II]] describunt.
File:Red-white historical flag of Moravia (from the first half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century).svg|Compositio colorum rubrorum et alborum, quae usque ad ineuntem saeculum vicesimum adhibita est.
File:Red-white-blue historical flag of Moravia (from the middle of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century).svg|Tricolōr ruber, albus, caeruleusque, qui adhibitus est in secunda parte saeculi undevicesimi et in initio saeculi vicesimi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jan Havelka&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | last = Havelka | first = Jan | title = Erb a zemské barvy markkrabství moravského | journal = Komenský | access-date = 2015-12-15 | year = 1880 | number = 29 | pages = 454–455 | url = http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112042804044;view=1up;seq=463 | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orlice, časopis politický&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | title = O barvách praporů (8. 9. 1888) | journal = Orlice, časopis politický | location = Telč | year = 1888 | number = 19 | pages = Příloha Orlice k číslu 19  | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;
File:Red-yellow historical flag of Moravia (from the middle of the 19th century or from the 2nd half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century).svg|Vexillum bicolore rubrum et flavum. Aliud ex vexillis historicis Moraviae a secunda parte saeculi undevicesimi et ineunte saeculo vicesimo.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Vexillum Moravicum inter vexilla regionalia ==
[[File:Moravská orlice.jpg|thumb|right|Vexillum historicum Moraviae]]
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Flag of Pardubice Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Pardubiensis
File:Flag of Vysocina Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Vysočinae
File:Flag of Olomouc Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Olomucensis
File:Flag of Moravian-Silesian Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Moravico-Silesiae
File:Flag of Zlin Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Zlinensis
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Vexillum caeruleum aquila Moravica insignis ===
Relatio vexillologica de vexillo Moravio, quae submissa est Kalendis Iuniis MMXIII per peritos Subcommissionis de Heraldica et Vexillologia Camerae Deputatōrum Parlamenti Rei Publicae Bohemicae (subcommissionis Commissionis de Scientia, Educatione, Cultura, Iuventute et Educatione Physica) – Zbyšek Svoboda, Pavel Fojtík, Petr Exner et Praeses Societatis Vexillologicae Bohemicae, Jaroslav Martykán, vexillum et insignia Moraviae, in vetustissima forma sua quae memoriae prodita est, habentur historice aptissima, scilicet campum caeruleum gerentia aquilam quadratorum alborum et rubrorum.&lt;ref name=&quot;Odborné vexilologické stanovisko&quot; /&gt;

== Nexūs externi ==
{{Commonscat|Flags of Moravia|Vexillum Moraviae}}
* [https://moravskavlajka.blogspot.com/ Moravská vlajka]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Categoria:Moravia]]
[[Categoria:Vexilla]]</text>
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	| fons = [[:cs:Moravská vlajka]] conferantur [[Specialis:PermanentLink/3974324|versio labens]] et [https://cs-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moravsk%C3%A1_vlajka?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=la pagina ''Google'' translata]—aut [[:it:Bandiera della Moravia]]—[https://it-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bandiera_della_Moravia?_x_tr_sl=it&amp;_x_tr_tl=la pagina ''Google'' translata]
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}}
{{Vicificanda}}

[[Fasciculus:Banner of arms of Moravia.svg|thumb|Vexillum Moraviae, ut annis 2002–2003 codificatum{{dubsig}} est. Historicum regionis Moravicae vexillum, constans ex campo caeruleo, qui [[aquila]]m rubro et albo damisatam{{dubsig}} cum [[corona]] et armis flavis gerit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Odborné vexilologické stanovisko&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | first=Zbyšek
 | last=Svoboda
 | first2=Pavel
 | last2=Fojtík
 | first3=Petr
 | last3=Exner
 | first4=Jaroslav
 | last4=Martykán
 | authorlink=
 | coauthors=
 | title=Odborné vexilologické stanovisko k moravské vlajce
 | booktitle=Vexilologie. Zpravodaj České vexilologické společnosti, o.s. č. 169
 | pages=3319, 3320
 | publisher=Česká vexilologická společnost
 | date=2013
 | location=Brno
 | url=http://www.vexilologie.cz/index2.php?a=000&amp;n=0
 | accessdate=2017-08-20
 | id=
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Znaky a prapory v kronice Ottokara Štýrského&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | first=František
 | last=Pícha
 | authorlink=
 | coauthors=
 | title=Znaky a prapory v kronice Ottokara Štýrského
 | booktitle=Vexilologie. Zpravodaj České vexilologické společnosti, o.s. č. 169
 | pages=3320–3324
 | publisher=Česká vexilologická společnost
 | date=2013
 | location=Brno
 | url=
 | accessdate=
 | id=
}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''Vexillum Moraviense''' est symbolum quo [[Moravia (terra)|Moravia]] repraesentatur.

Prima depictio insignis provincialis Moraviae in vexillo, cum media aetate vexilla ex insignibus derivarentur, invenitur in vexillo marchionis, quod in Codice Gelnhausenensi anno MCDVII depictum est (aquila argentea et rubra, armatura aurea et corona aurea ornata, in campo caeruleo).&lt;ref name=&quot;ruzek22&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 | last = Růžek
 | first = Vladimír
 | title = Cesty k definici (nejen) moravského znaku a praporu, in: Veřejná správa, Nr. 10
 | year = 2013
 | pages = 20–22:22
 | url = https://www.mvcr.cz/webpm/clanek/historicke-symboly.aspx
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prima descriptio scripta re vera toto saeculo vetustior est. Nihilominus, neque Marchio Moraviae, neque Moravia, neque Moravia-Silesia umquam vexillum adoptavit aut per actum legitimum ut ens iuridicum instituit. Ex variis documentis historicis, delineationibus, descriptionibusque fundatum est, quorum usu nullum fundamentum iuridicum erat.

Respublica Bohemica-Slovaca colores album vel argenteum in arma Moravica restituit (Lex 252/1920). Vexilla nationalia legibus posterioribus non reguntur (Leges 269/1936, 222/1939, 163/1960 et Legibus hodie validis 3/1993 et 352/2001 Collectionis Legum).

Hodie, vexillum bicolore flavo et rubro, in medio insignia coloribus congruentibus praebens, interdum pro vexillo Moravio usurpatur, praesertim a quibusdam factionibus politicis, consociationibus aliisque organizationibus Moravis.

[[File:Flag of South Moravian Region.svg|thumb|right|Vexillum Regionis Moraviae Meridionalis. Primum campum vexilli aquila Moravica ornatur. In quarta et ultima parte vexilli aquila est cum ornatu quadriato flavicoccineo, quae addita est ut symbolum reconciliationis et integrationis inter varios greges linguisticos, religiosos et ethnicos qui olim in Moravia Meridiana habitabant.&lt;ref name=&quot;koudelka&quot;&gt;{{cite book
| last = Koudelka
| first = Zdeněk
| title = Znaky a vlajky Moravy a Slezska, in: Sborník z konference MORAVA 1918
| url = https://is.muni.cz/repo/1570777/Znaky_Moravy_a_Slezska.pdf
| publisher = KEY Publishing s.r.o.
| location = Ostrava
| chapter = 
| pages = 58–73
| isbn = 978-80-7418-316-4
| language = cs
| year = 2019
}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Vexillum Moraviense hunc statum non nactum est nisi annis MMII–MMIII, cum insignia et vexilla regionibus hodiernis assignata sunt, dimidio saeculo post abolitione systematis provincialis et introductionem systematis regionalis.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Zákon č. 280/1948 Sb. Zákon o krajském zřízení
| url = https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/1948-280#oddil1
| language = cs
| accessdate = 2026-07-22
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20250211142519/https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/1948-280/#oddil1
| archivedate = 2025-02-11
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hoc vexillum in partem superiorem vexillorum regionum Vysočinae, Moraviae Meridionalis, Olomucensis et Zlìnensis, necnon in partem superiorem vexillorum regionum Pardubicensis et Moravico-Silesiae incorporatur. Vexillum caeruleum est; in medio campo caeruleo est aquila quadratim disposita, alis albis et rubris, corona et armatura aurea ornata.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
| title = Historie, moravské barvy a moravská vlajka
| url = https://www.mvcr.cz/clanek/historie-moravske-barvy-a-moravska-vlajka.aspx
| publisher = Ministerstvo vnitra ČR
| year = 2013
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Etiam hoc modo ineunte Martio anni MMXXIII a grege Legumlatrorum Parlamenti Reipublicae Bohemicae in rogatione propositum est, quae consilium insignium et vexillorum regionalium codificaret.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Návrh poslanců Radka Vondráčka, Pavla Blažka, Petra Gazdíka, Lucie Šafránkové, Mariana Jurečky, Vlastimila Válka a dalších na vydání zákona o zemských znacích a vlajkách | url = https://www.psp.cz/sqw/text/orig2.sqw?idd=225139 | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rogatio paulatim in ordine rerum agendarum complurium sessionum Camerae Deputatōrum inclusa est, sed ibi non disputata est. Rogatio, a Radeko Vondráček, legato, die XXII Ianuarii anno MMXXVI iterum proposita, non praescribit fines historicos regionum insignibus regionalibus notandos esse, sicut in rogatione priore statutum erat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Parlament České republiky. Poslanecká sněmovna. 10. volební období. 87/0. Návrh poslance Radka Vondráčka na vydání zákona o zemských znacích
a vlajkách
| url = https://www.psp.cz/sqw/text/orig2.sqw?idd=267037
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rogatio insignia et vexilla regionalia in legem aperte sancit, praescribens ut forma eorum ad insigne nationale conformetur, et cuilibet permittit ut iis utatur. Una tantum condicio est ut debita cum reverentia tractentur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = ODok Portál. Zákon o zemských znacích a vlajkách 
| url = https://odok.gov.cz/portal/veklep/material/KORNDQQNALEE/
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia Vexilli Moravici ==
=== Historia antiquissima ===
[[File:Nejstarší dochované barevné vyobrazení znaku markraběcí Moravy, hrad Gozzoburg v Kremži.jpeg|thumb|Veterrima pictura colorata superstes armorum marchionatus Moraviae.]]
Historia vexilli Moravici – vel, accuratius, insignis Moravici (quod, dissimile vexillo, perpetuo in alveo affigitur) – dives et varia est, quae saeculo tertio decimo coepit, cum rationes inter Boemiam et Moraviam ordinabantur ad monarchiam centralizatam a Przemysidis ultimis constituendam. Primum mentio vexilli Moravici colorumque eius invenitur in chronica Ottocari Styriae, quae ad finem saeculi duodecimi et initium saeculi quarti decimi pertinet. Haec est narratio proelii Kressenbrunnensis, quod die XII Iulii anno MCCLX factum est. Insignia Bohemiae et Moraviae in chronica [[Bela IV (rex Hungariae)|Belae IV]] a Iindrico Preisslero, comite castrorum eius, vive describuntur. Prae exercitu Bohemico progrediente ducebat [[Ottocarus II (rex Bohemiae)|Ottocarus II]], prope quem vexillum fluitabat, leone albo in velluto rubro insigni, et iuxta eum alterum vexillum, quod formam aquilae Moravicae quadratam rubro et albo coloribus monstrabat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Znaky a prapory v kronice Ottokara Štýrského&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
 |title=Ottokars Österreichische Reimchronik (MGH Deutsche Chroniken V,1)
 |url=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/bsb00000779/images/index.html?id=00000779&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=226
 |accessdate=2016-07-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
 |title=Ottokar von Steiermark: 'Steirische Reimchronik'
 |url=http://www.handschriftencensus.de/werke/602
 |publisher=www.handschriftencensus.de
 |accessdate=2017-08-19
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Hern Dietrich Spatzmanen''

''sach man die banier leiten:''

''in einem rȏten samît breiten''

''was gewohrt ein lewe wîz.''

''ouch heten ir baniere flîz,'' (Etiam illi suas vexilla habebant,)

'''''die von Merhaeren wârn''':'' (qui ex Moravia venerunt:)

'''''ein geschâchzabelten arn''''' (Aquila scaccata)

'''''von rȏter und von wîzer varbe''''' (rubro et albo picta)

'''''sach man ob in begarbe''''' (super eos plane conspicue)

'''''waejen von dem winde.''''' (in vento fluitabat.)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Nejstarší zmínka o praporu Moravy v kronice Ottokara Štýrského
| url = http://moravskaorlice.blogspot.com/2014/09/nejstarsi-zminka-o-praporu-moravy-v.html | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Postea, colores vexilli ex coloribus armorum derivati sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Odborné vexilologické stanovisko&quot; /&gt; 

Ex regno Ottocari II, titulus Margravi Moraviae repraesentatur aquila argentea et rubra dammata, corona aurea et unguibus aureis ornata, ad dextram versa, in scuto caeruleo posita.&lt;ref name=&quot;vojtisek21&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last=Vojtíšek
 | first=Václav
 | title=Naše státní znaky (staré a nynější)
 | publisher=Vesmír
 | place=Pragae
 | year=1921
 | page=21
 | language=Czech}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pícha - O klenotu znaku moravského markraběte&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | last = Pícha
 | first = František
 | title = O klenotu znaku moravského markraběte
 | url = 
 | publisher = 
 | location = Brno
 | booktitle = Genealogické a heraldické informace 2010: Moravská genealogická a heraldická společnost, o. s. 2011
 | volume = 15 (30)
 | year = 2011
 | číslo = 
 | počet_stran = 174
 | pages = 7-32
 | isbn = 
 | language = česky
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Veterrima aquilae scaccatae effigies in Gozzoburg invenitur. Picturae in aula arcis localis [[Cremisa (urbs)|Cremsensis]] non post annum circiter MCCLXX (MCCLXIX) pictae sunt, aut cum nuper aedificata Capella Sanctae Catharinae (MCCLXVII) coniunguntur; utroque casu, post annum MCCLXII factae sunt. In aula insignes armorum Bohemiae, Moraviae, Austriae et Styriae apparent, sed insignia Carinthiae et Carniolae – quae Ottocarus II anno MCCLXIX hereditate accepit – absunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pícha, Krejčík - Gozzoburg&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | last = Krejčík
 | first = Tomáš
 | last2 = Pícha
 | first2 = František
 | title = Český a moravský znak ve znakové galerii v Gozzoburgu v Kremsu
 | location = Brno
 | booktitle = Genealogické a heraldické informace 2008 : Moravská genealogická a heraldická společnost, o. s. 2009
 | volume = 13 (28)
 | year = 2009
 | pages = 49-57
 | issn = 0862-8963
 | language = Czech
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Jošt Moravský, též Lucemburský -.jpg|thumb|left|Margravius [[Iodocus a Moravia]], vexillum aquila Moravica quadratim alba et rubra in Codice Gelnhausenensi (saeculo XIV/XV).]]
Aquila scaccata insigne Moraviae terrae habetur saltem ex tempore Luxemburgense.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adamová&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last = Adamová
 | first = Karolina
 | title = K heraldické výzdobě Staroměstské mostecké věže. Právně historický pohled, in: Pražský sborník historický
 | publisher = Panorama
 | location = Praha
 | volume = 15
 | year = 1982
 | pages = 44–62
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Una ex antiquissimis imaginibus notis vexilli aquila Moravica insignis est illa in Codice Gelnhausen, quae imaginem Margravi Moraviae Iodocum monstrat, qui vexillum caeruleum tenet, aquila Moravica in campo albescente et rubescente scaccato, cum corona et armatura flava. (ut par est, sine scuto).&lt;ref name=&quot;ruzek22&quot; /&gt; Kódex bol napísaný niekedy v poslednej tretine 14. až prvej tretine 15. storočia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Gelnhausenův kodex (kodex A) - právní kniha. Jošt Lucemburský s moravským praporem v Jihlavské právní knize z roku 1407 na foliu 63r.
| url = http://www.manuscriptorium.com/apps/index.php?direct=record&amp;pid=AIPDIG-SOAJ__MESTSKASPRAV0TBA6E4-cs#search
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Jihlavský archiv ukázal své nejvzácnější dokumenty, jinak nepřístupné
| url = https://jihlava.idnes.cz/vzacne-dokumenty-jihlavskeho-archivu-dx1-/jihlava-zpravy.aspx?c=A121101_143951_jihlava-zpravy_mv
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Charta armorum Imperatoris [[Fridericus III|Friderici III]], data VII Decembris anno MCDLXII, quod, a Henrico de Lippa, Capitano Provinciali Moraviae et Marescallo Regni Bohemiae, ex incepto Ordinum Moravicorum editum est, documentum fuit quod, sub regno [[Georgius Podiebradensis|Georgii Podiebradensis]], primigenium colorem argenteum aquilae Moravicae mutavit, campis insigneis argenteis auro substitutis, ita novum insigne 'Ordinum' creans. ('color albus in glaucum sive aureum transmutetur' (Color albus in flavum vel aureum mutatus est)).&lt;ref name=&quot;vojtisek222&quot;&gt;{{cite book
| last = Vojtíšek
| first = Václav
| title = Naše státní znaky (staré a nynější)
| publisher = Vesmír
| location = Praha
| pages = 22
| language = cs
| year = 1921
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Alexius Habrich, Iura primaeva Moraviae2&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| last = Habrich
| first = Alexius (ed.)
| title = Iura primaeva Moraviae
| url = https://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb10542951_00038.html
| location = Brno
| pages = 38–42
| language = la
| year = 1781
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Josef Kalousek, Archiv český2&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| last = Kalousek
| first = Josef (ed.)
| title = Archiv český čili staré písemné památky české i moravské, svazek X
| url = https://sources.cms.flu.cas.cz/src/index.php?s=v&amp;action=jdi&amp;cat=10&amp;bookid=800&amp;page=273&amp;action_button.x=0&amp;action_button.y=0
| location = Praha
| pages = 273–274
| language = la
| year = 1890
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Berthold Bretholz2&quot;&gt;{{cite book
| last = Bretholz
| first = Berthold
| title = Das mährische Landesarchiv, Seine Geschichte, seine Bestände
| location = Brno
| pages = 124
| language = de la
| year = 1908
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Publicatio huius litterae exemplum est interventionis in res internas terrarum Bohemicarum, cum Fridericus III, ut Imperator Romanus Sanctus, eam statibus Moravicis concesserit. Tamen Moravia pars Coronae Bohemicae erat et, secundum leges a [[Carolus IV (imperator)|Carolo IV]] latas, rex Romanorum nullam potestatem habebat talis consilii capiendi, cum Moraviae res sub directa potestate Regis Bohemiae esset.&lt;ref name=&quot;starha92&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| last = Štarha
| first = Ivan
| title = Historie, moravské barvy a moravská vlajka, in: Veřejná správa
| url = https://www.mvcr.cz/clanek/historie-moravske-barvy-a-moravska-vlajka.aspx
| year = 2013
| pages = 8–9
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ex prospectu historico, plures versiones vexillorum Moravicorum exstiterunt, quae simul duabus aut tribus coloribus ex insignibus provincialibus derivatis adhibebantur, praesertim saeculo undevicesimo.&lt;ref name=&quot;hlinomaz167&quot;&gt;''Ke státní a zemské symbolice českého státu v období 1526–1918'', s. 167.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Slavobrána postavená v Kuníně v roce 1845 u příležitosti návštěvy arcivévody Františka Karla, kolorovaná litografie.png|thumb|Porta caerimonialis Kunini anno MDCCCXLV exstructa ad visitationem Archducis Francisci Caroli commemorandam. Relatio eius temporis describit vexilla bicolora, nigrum et flavum et rubrum et album, in turribus vexata, tamquam colores et Austriacos et Moravicos provinciales.]]
Initio saeculi undevicesimi, Moravia erat regio non autonoma, quae ab anno MDCCCIV pars [[Imperium Austriacum|Imperii Austriaci erat]], quod paulo ante finalem collapsum [[Sacrum Romanum Imperium|Sacri Romani Imperii]] constitutum erat. Erat una ex finibus Coronae dictis, a praeside provinciali gubernata. Regulis a regimine centrali Vindobonae edictis tenebatur. Ex tempore priore pauca indicia sunt usus colorum provincialium Moravicorum. Imperator Moraviae dux erat, et cum titulus Margravius unus tantum ex multis quos tenebat esset, ei certam imaginem visualem non requirebat. Quapropter, per paene totam primam partem saeculi undevicesimi, colores provinciales non eandem significationem habebant quam a medio illius saeculi deinceps habuerunt. Potestates corporum administrativorum statuum provinciales finitae erant. Non habebant auctoritatem nec repraesentandi nec repraesentari.

Gubernatio provincialis sui iuris potestates satis amplas nonnisi promulgatione Constitutionis Decembris anno MDCCCLXI accepit, post quam singulae provinciae suas constitutiones sanxerunt. Tamen, neque hae neque ullum aliud instrumentum minoris vis legitimae colores vel vexilla provincialia designaverunt. Quamquam hae notiones saeculo undevicesimo exstiterunt, vocabula inania erant, id est, iure nec generaliter nec speciatim definita. Describendo igitur tempus ante annum MCMXVIII, non est rectum dicere &quot;vexillum provinciale Marchionatus Moraviae fuisse bicolorem horizontalem flavam et rubram&quot;, cum in nullo instrumento legali ita definitum sit. Licetne simpliciter dicere &quot;auctoritates provinciales rubrum et flavum ut colores provinciales inter annos MDCCCXLVIII et MCMXVIII adhibuisse&quot;, an, si iustificari potest, 'ut vexillum provinciale Moraviae, magistratus provinciales bicolorem rubro et flavo inter annos MDCCCXLVIII et MCMXVIII adhibuerunt'.

[[File:Cockade of Moravia, the historical land of the Czech Republic, red-white-blue.svg|thumb|right|In Ludovici Ritteri Dictionariolo Pochtario Diurnariis et Colloquiis (titulo Bohemico &quot;Kapesní slovníček novinářský a konverzační&quot;), anno MDCCCLI edito, haec de coloribus laqueorum dicuntur: &quot;''Fasciculus est rosula aut laqueus rotundus qui in petaso aut paenula geritur ad significandam sententiam quandam, gentem, sodalitatem, municipium, et cetera. A mulieribus gestus, in capillo aut in pectore affigitur. Notae sunt insignes variorum motuum politicorum ab anno MDCCCXLVIII, praesertim Slavorum, '''rubri, albi et caerulei coloris''', deinde colores nigro-rubro-flavi partis Germanicae et eius variae controversiae. Vexillum Austro-Hungaricum, quod exercitus noster vehit, nigrum et flavum est; vexilla Bohemica et Polonica alba et rubra sunt; '''vexillum Moravicum vel etiam Bohemico-Moravicum; et deinde vexillum Slavorum Meridianorum, ut vexillum Slavorum'''. Fascis Rusinorum flavus et caeruleus est; Hungarorum et Polonorum revolutionariorum ruber, albus et viridis; Prussicus niger et albus est, et sic deinceps. Pragae, omnes fascis privatis sine ulla exceptione ab anno MDCCCXLVIIII interdicti sunt.''&quot;.]]
Absentia ullius praescripti legis explicat cur 'vexilla provincialia' in scriptis huius aetatis variis modis depingantur. Plerumque auctor ea ex paucis vexillis reapse notis et regulis heraldicis, quae ad insignia pertinentia pertinent, derivabat. Quaestio peculiaris in Moravia saeculo undevicesimo fuit quod insigne Moraviense duabus formis exstabat. Descriptio eius historica et publice agnita armorum imperialium – qui per saecula in usu fuerant – erat aquila argentea et rubra alternis coloribus picta, cum corona et armatura aurea, in scuto caeruleo posita. Tamen, auctoritas ab Imperatore Friderico III concessa in diplomate die 7 Decembris 1462 edito, ut aquila scaccata aurea et rubra adhiberetur – quamquam haec compositio in usu non recepta est – adduxit, Postquam diploma in notitiam procuratorum administrationis provincialis Moravicae ad finem saeculorum XVIII et XIX pervenit – praesertim ab annis 1830 et 1840 – hoc ad auctos conatus administrationis provincialis adnotavit ut agnitio diplomatis ab Imperatore impetraretur. Et quamquam usus eius non publice agnitus est usque ad annum MCMXV, complures sententiae a magistratibus Vindobonensibus editae significabant eos non adversari usu exemplaris aureo et rubro quadratim dispositi in aquila.

Quaestio igitur per saeculum undevicesimum fuit, utrum diploma validum, sed publice irritum, Friderici III praevaluerit insignibus Moraviae, quae usu historico probata et confirmata erant. Quaestio de coloribus provincialibus, ad quam pertinebat quaestio de forma vexilli provincialis (futuri), naturaliter a diversis sententiis de recta (valida) insigne provinciali affecta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pícha - Moravské barvy a vlajky v revolučním roce 1848&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last = Pícha
 | first = František
 | title = Moravské barvy a vlajky v revolučním roce 1848, in: Genealogické a heraldické informace 2017 : Moravská genealogická a heraldická společnost, o. s. 2018
 | location = Brno
 | volume = 22 (37)
 | year = 2018
 | pages = 40–41
 | isbn = 
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Secundum quosdam auctores, vexillum Moravicum album, rubrum, caeruleumque est, fasciis horizontalibus eo ordine.&lt;ref name=&quot;brozek50&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last = Brožek
 | first = Aleš
 | title = Lexikon vlajek a znaků zemí světa
 | publisher = Kartografie
 | location = Praha
 | year = 2003
 | pages = 50
 | isbn = 8070117761
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haec colorum coniunctio saeculo undevicesimo symbolum erat civium Moravicorum patriam amantium.

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Modrobílá historická vlajka Moravy (1611).png|Vexillum historicum caeruleo et albo, memoratum iuxta vexillum caeruleum insigne provinciale Moraviae gerens ('insigne provinciale eiusdem marchionatus') in nuntiis anni MDCXII, qui adventum Pragam et coronationem Regis [[Matthias (imperator)|Mathiae II]] describunt.
File:Red-white historical flag of Moravia (from the first half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century).svg|Compositio colorum rubrorum et alborum, quae usque ad ineuntem saeculum vicesimum adhibita est.
File:Red-white-blue historical flag of Moravia (from the middle of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century).svg|Tricolōr ruber, albus, caeruleusque, qui adhibitus est in secunda parte saeculi undevicesimi et in initio saeculi vicesimi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jan Havelka&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | last = Havelka | first = Jan | title = Erb a zemské barvy markkrabství moravského | journal = Komenský | access-date = 2015-12-15 | year = 1880 | number = 29 | pages = 454–455 | url = http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112042804044;view=1up;seq=463 | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orlice, časopis politický&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | title = O barvách praporů (8. 9. 1888) | journal = Orlice, časopis politický | location = Telč | year = 1888 | number = 19 | pages = Příloha Orlice k číslu 19  | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;
File:Red-yellow historical flag of Moravia (from the middle of the 19th century or from the 2nd half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century).svg|Vexillum bicolore rubrum et flavum. Aliud ex vexillis historicis Moraviae a secunda parte saeculi undevicesimi et ineunte saeculo vicesimo.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Vexillum Moravicum inter vexilla regionalia ==
[[File:Moravská orlice.jpg|thumb|right|Vexillum historicum Moraviae]]
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Flag of Pardubice Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Pardubiensis
File:Flag of Vysocina Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Vysočinae
File:Flag of Olomouc Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Olomucensis
File:Flag of Moravian-Silesian Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Moravico-Silesiae
File:Flag of Zlin Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Zlinensis
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Vexillum caeruleum aquila Moravica insignis ===
Relatio vexillologica de vexillo Moravio, quae submissa est Kalendis Iuniis MMXIII per peritos Subcommissionis de Heraldica et Vexillologia Camerae Deputatōrum Parlamenti Rei Publicae Bohemicae (subcommissionis Commissionis de Scientia, Educatione, Cultura, Iuventute et Educatione Physica) – Zbyšek Svoboda, Pavel Fojtík, Petr Exner et Praeses Societatis Vexillologicae Bohemicae, Jaroslav Martykán, vexillum et insignia Moraviae, in vetustissima forma sua quae memoriae prodita est, habentur historice aptissima, scilicet campum caeruleum gerentia aquilam quadratorum alborum et rubrorum.&lt;ref name=&quot;Odborné vexilologické stanovisko&quot; /&gt;

== Nexūs externi ==
{{Commonscat|Flags of Moravia|Vexillum Moraviae}}
* [https://moravskavlajka.blogspot.com/ Moravská vlajka]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Categoria:Moravia]]
[[Categoria:Vexilla]]</text>
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	| fons = [[:cs:Moravská vlajka]] conferantur [[Specialis:PermanentLink/3974324|versio labens]] et [https://cs-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moravsk%C3%A1_vlajka?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=la pagina ''Google'' translata]—aut [[:it:Bandiera della Moravia]]—[https://it-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bandiera_della_Moravia?_x_tr_sl=it&amp;_x_tr_tl=la pagina ''Google'' translata]
	| tempus = 2026-07-24 22:06:13
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{{Vicificanda}}

[[Fasciculus:Banner of arms of Moravia.svg|thumb|Vexillum Moraviae, ut annis 2002–2003 codificatum{{dubsig}} est. Historicum regionis Moravicae vexillum, constans ex campo caeruleo, qui [[aquila]]m rubro et albo damisatam{{dubsig}} cum [[corona]] et armis flavis gerit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Odborné vexilologické stanovisko&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | first=Zbyšek
 | last=Svoboda
 | first2=Pavel
 | last2=Fojtík
 | first3=Petr
 | last3=Exner
 | first4=Jaroslav
 | last4=Martykán
 | authorlink=
 | coauthors=
 | title=Odborné vexilologické stanovisko k moravské vlajce
 | booktitle=Vexilologie. Zpravodaj České vexilologické společnosti, o.s. č. 169
 | pages=3319, 3320
 | publisher=Česká vexilologická společnost
 | date=2013
 | location=Brno
 | url=http://www.vexilologie.cz/index2.php?a=000&amp;n=0
 | accessdate=2017-08-20
 | id=
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Znaky a prapory v kronice Ottokara Štýrského&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | first=František
 | last=Pícha
 | authorlink=
 | coauthors=
 | title=Znaky a prapory v kronice Ottokara Štýrského
 | booktitle=Vexilologie. Zpravodaj České vexilologické společnosti, o.s. č. 169
 | pages=3320–3324
 | publisher=Česká vexilologická společnost
 | date=2013
 | location=Brno
 | url=
 | accessdate=
 | id=
}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''Vexillum Moraviense''' est symbolum quo [[Moravia (terra)|Moravia]] repraesentatur.

Prima depictio insignis provincialis Moraviae in vexillo, cum media aetate vexilla ex insignibus derivarentur, invenitur in vexillo marchionis, quod in Codice Gelnhausenensi anno MCDVII depictum est (aquila argentea et rubra, armatura aurea et corona aurea ornata, in campo caeruleo).&lt;ref name=&quot;ruzek22&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 | last = Růžek
 | first = Vladimír
 | title = Cesty k definici (nejen) moravského znaku a praporu, in: Veřejná správa, Nr. 10
 | year = 2013
 | pages = 20–22:22
 | url = https://www.mvcr.cz/webpm/clanek/historicke-symboly.aspx
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prima descriptio scripta re vera toto saeculo vetustior est. Nihilominus, neque Marchio Moraviae, neque Moravia, neque Moravia-Silesia umquam vexillum adoptavit aut per actum legitimum ut ens iuridicum instituit. Ex variis documentis historicis, delineationibus, descriptionibusque fundatum est, quorum usu nullum fundamentum iuridicum erat.

Respublica Bohemica-Slovaca colores album vel argenteum in arma Moravica iterum restituit (Lex n. 252/1920). Vexilla provincialia non sunt emendata legibus posterioribus (Legibus n. 269/1936, n. 222/1939, n. 163/1960 et Legibus hodie validis n. 3/1993 Coll. et n. 352/2001 Coll.).

Hodie, vexillum bicolore flavo et rubro, in medio insignia coloribus congruentibus praebens, interdum pro vexillo Moravio usurpatur, praesertim a quibusdam factionibus politicis, consociationibus aliisque organizationibus Moravis.

[[File:Flag of South Moravian Region.svg|thumb|right|Vexillum Regionis Moraviae Meridionalis. Primum campum vexilli aquila Moravica ornatur. In quarta et ultima parte vexilli aquila est cum ornatu quadriato flavicoccineo, quae addita est ut symbolum reconciliationis et integrationis inter varios greges linguisticos, religiosos et ethnicos qui olim in Moravia Meridiana habitabant.&lt;ref name=&quot;koudelka&quot;&gt;{{cite book
| last = Koudelka
| first = Zdeněk
| title = Znaky a vlajky Moravy a Slezska, in: Sborník z konference MORAVA 1918
| url = https://is.muni.cz/repo/1570777/Znaky_Moravy_a_Slezska.pdf
| publisher = KEY Publishing s.r.o.
| location = Ostrava
| chapter = 
| pages = 58–73
| isbn = 978-80-7418-316-4
| language = cs
| year = 2019
}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Vexillum Moraviense hunc statum non nactum est nisi annis MMII–MMIII, cum insignia et vexilla regionibus hodiernis assignata sunt, dimidio saeculo post abolitione systematis provincialis et introductionem systematis regionalis.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Zákon č. 280/1948 Sb. Zákon o krajském zřízení
| url = https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/1948-280#oddil1
| language = cs
| accessdate = 2026-07-22
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20250211142519/https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/1948-280/#oddil1
| archivedate = 2025-02-11
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hoc vexillum in partem superiorem vexillorum regionum Vysočinae, Moraviae Meridionalis, Olomucensis et Zlìnensis, necnon in partem superiorem vexillorum regionum Pardubicensis et Moravico-Silesiae incorporatur. Vexillum caeruleum est; in medio campo caeruleo est aquila quadratim disposita, alis albis et rubris, corona et armatura aurea ornata.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
| title = Historie, moravské barvy a moravská vlajka
| url = https://www.mvcr.cz/clanek/historie-moravske-barvy-a-moravska-vlajka.aspx
| publisher = Ministerstvo vnitra ČR
| year = 2013
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Etiam hoc modo ineunte Martio anni MMXXIII a grege Legumlatrorum Parlamenti Reipublicae Bohemicae in rogatione propositum est, quae consilium insignium et vexillorum regionalium codificaret.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Návrh poslanců Radka Vondráčka, Pavla Blažka, Petra Gazdíka, Lucie Šafránkové, Mariana Jurečky, Vlastimila Válka a dalších na vydání zákona o zemských znacích a vlajkách | url = https://www.psp.cz/sqw/text/orig2.sqw?idd=225139 | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rogatio paulatim in ordine rerum agendarum complurium sessionum Camerae Deputatōrum inclusa est, sed ibi non disputata est. Rogatio, a Radeko Vondráček, legato, die XXII Ianuarii anno MMXXVI iterum proposita, non praescribit fines historicos regionum insignibus regionalibus notandos esse, sicut in rogatione priore statutum erat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Parlament České republiky. Poslanecká sněmovna. 10. volební období. 87/0. Návrh poslance Radka Vondráčka na vydání zákona o zemských znacích
a vlajkách
| url = https://www.psp.cz/sqw/text/orig2.sqw?idd=267037
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rogatio insignia et vexilla regionalia in legem aperte sancit, praescribens ut forma eorum ad insigne nationale conformetur, et cuilibet permittit ut iis utatur. Una tantum condicio est ut debita cum reverentia tractentur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = ODok Portál. Zákon o zemských znacích a vlajkách 
| url = https://odok.gov.cz/portal/veklep/material/KORNDQQNALEE/
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia Vexilli Moravici ==
=== Historia antiquissima ===
[[File:Nejstarší dochované barevné vyobrazení znaku markraběcí Moravy, hrad Gozzoburg v Kremži.jpeg|thumb|Veterrima pictura colorata superstes armorum marchionatus Moraviae.]]
Historia vexilli Moravici – vel, accuratius, insignis Moravici (quod, dissimile vexillo, perpetuo in alveo affigitur) – dives et varia est, quae saeculo tertio decimo coepit, cum rationes inter Boemiam et Moraviam ordinabantur ad monarchiam centralizatam a Przemysidis ultimis constituendam. Primum mentio vexilli Moravici colorumque eius invenitur in chronica Ottocari Styriae, quae ad finem saeculi duodecimi et initium saeculi quarti decimi pertinet. Haec est narratio proelii Kressenbrunnensis, quod die XII Iulii anno MCCLX factum est. Insignia Bohemiae et Moraviae in chronica [[Bela IV (rex Hungariae)|Belae IV]] a Iindrico Preisslero, comite castrorum eius, vive describuntur. Prae exercitu Bohemico progrediente ducebat [[Ottocarus II (rex Bohemiae)|Ottocarus II]], prope quem vexillum fluitabat, leone albo in velluto rubro insigni, et iuxta eum alterum vexillum, quod formam aquilae Moravicae quadratam rubro et albo coloribus monstrabat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Znaky a prapory v kronice Ottokara Štýrského&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
 |title=Ottokars Österreichische Reimchronik (MGH Deutsche Chroniken V,1)
 |url=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/bsb00000779/images/index.html?id=00000779&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=226
 |accessdate=2016-07-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
 |title=Ottokar von Steiermark: 'Steirische Reimchronik'
 |url=http://www.handschriftencensus.de/werke/602
 |publisher=www.handschriftencensus.de
 |accessdate=2017-08-19
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Hern Dietrich Spatzmanen''

''sach man die banier leiten:''

''in einem rȏten samît breiten''

''was gewohrt ein lewe wîz.''

''ouch heten ir baniere flîz,'' (Etiam illi suas vexilla habebant,)

'''''die von Merhaeren wârn''':'' (qui ex Moravia venerunt:)

'''''ein geschâchzabelten arn''''' (Aquila scaccata)

'''''von rȏter und von wîzer varbe''''' (rubro et albo picta)

'''''sach man ob in begarbe''''' (super eos plane conspicue)

'''''waejen von dem winde.''''' (in vento fluitabat.)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Nejstarší zmínka o praporu Moravy v kronice Ottokara Štýrského
| url = http://moravskaorlice.blogspot.com/2014/09/nejstarsi-zminka-o-praporu-moravy-v.html | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Postea, colores vexilli ex coloribus armorum derivati sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Odborné vexilologické stanovisko&quot; /&gt; 

Ex regno Ottocari II, titulus Margravi Moraviae repraesentatur aquila argentea et rubra dammata, corona aurea et unguibus aureis ornata, ad dextram versa, in scuto caeruleo posita.&lt;ref name=&quot;vojtisek21&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last=Vojtíšek
 | first=Václav
 | title=Naše státní znaky (staré a nynější)
 | publisher=Vesmír
 | place=Pragae
 | year=1921
 | page=21
 | language=Czech}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pícha - O klenotu znaku moravského markraběte&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | last = Pícha
 | first = František
 | title = O klenotu znaku moravského markraběte
 | url = 
 | publisher = 
 | location = Brno
 | booktitle = Genealogické a heraldické informace 2010: Moravská genealogická a heraldická společnost, o. s. 2011
 | volume = 15 (30)
 | year = 2011
 | číslo = 
 | počet_stran = 174
 | pages = 7-32
 | isbn = 
 | language = česky
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Veterrima aquilae scaccatae effigies in Gozzoburg invenitur. Picturae in aula arcis localis [[Cremisa (urbs)|Cremsensis]] non post annum circiter MCCLXX (MCCLXIX) pictae sunt, aut cum nuper aedificata Capella Sanctae Catharinae (MCCLXVII) coniunguntur; utroque casu, post annum MCCLXII factae sunt. In aula insignes armorum Bohemiae, Moraviae, Austriae et Styriae apparent, sed insignia Carinthiae et Carniolae – quae Ottocarus II anno MCCLXIX hereditate accepit – absunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pícha, Krejčík - Gozzoburg&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | last = Krejčík
 | first = Tomáš
 | last2 = Pícha
 | first2 = František
 | title = Český a moravský znak ve znakové galerii v Gozzoburgu v Kremsu
 | location = Brno
 | booktitle = Genealogické a heraldické informace 2008 : Moravská genealogická a heraldická společnost, o. s. 2009
 | volume = 13 (28)
 | year = 2009
 | pages = 49-57
 | issn = 0862-8963
 | language = Czech
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Jošt Moravský, též Lucemburský -.jpg|thumb|left|Margravius [[Iodocus a Moravia]], vexillum aquila Moravica quadratim alba et rubra in Codice Gelnhausenensi (saeculo XIV/XV).]]
Aquila scaccata insigne Moraviae terrae habetur saltem ex tempore Luxemburgense.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adamová&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last = Adamová
 | first = Karolina
 | title = K heraldické výzdobě Staroměstské mostecké věže. Právně historický pohled, in: Pražský sborník historický
 | publisher = Panorama
 | location = Praha
 | volume = 15
 | year = 1982
 | pages = 44–62
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Una ex antiquissimis imaginibus notis vexilli aquila Moravica insignis est illa in Codice Gelnhausen, quae imaginem Margravi Moraviae Iodocum monstrat, qui vexillum caeruleum tenet, aquila Moravica in campo albescente et rubescente scaccato, cum corona et armatura flava. (ut par est, sine scuto).&lt;ref name=&quot;ruzek22&quot; /&gt; Kódex bol napísaný niekedy v poslednej tretine 14. až prvej tretine 15. storočia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Gelnhausenův kodex (kodex A) - právní kniha. Jošt Lucemburský s moravským praporem v Jihlavské právní knize z roku 1407 na foliu 63r.
| url = http://www.manuscriptorium.com/apps/index.php?direct=record&amp;pid=AIPDIG-SOAJ__MESTSKASPRAV0TBA6E4-cs#search
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Jihlavský archiv ukázal své nejvzácnější dokumenty, jinak nepřístupné
| url = https://jihlava.idnes.cz/vzacne-dokumenty-jihlavskeho-archivu-dx1-/jihlava-zpravy.aspx?c=A121101_143951_jihlava-zpravy_mv
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Charta armorum Imperatoris [[Fridericus III|Friderici III]], data VII Decembris anno MCDLXII, quod, a Henrico de Lippa, Capitano Provinciali Moraviae et Marescallo Regni Bohemiae, ex incepto Ordinum Moravicorum editum est, documentum fuit quod, sub regno [[Georgius Podiebradensis|Georgii Podiebradensis]], primigenium colorem argenteum aquilae Moravicae mutavit, campis insigneis argenteis auro substitutis, ita novum insigne 'Ordinum' creans. ('color albus in glaucum sive aureum transmutetur' (Color albus in flavum vel aureum mutatus est)).&lt;ref name=&quot;vojtisek222&quot;&gt;{{cite book
| last = Vojtíšek
| first = Václav
| title = Naše státní znaky (staré a nynější)
| publisher = Vesmír
| location = Praha
| pages = 22
| language = cs
| year = 1921
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Alexius Habrich, Iura primaeva Moraviae2&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| last = Habrich
| first = Alexius (ed.)
| title = Iura primaeva Moraviae
| url = https://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb10542951_00038.html
| location = Brno
| pages = 38–42
| language = la
| year = 1781
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Josef Kalousek, Archiv český2&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| last = Kalousek
| first = Josef (ed.)
| title = Archiv český čili staré písemné památky české i moravské, svazek X
| url = https://sources.cms.flu.cas.cz/src/index.php?s=v&amp;action=jdi&amp;cat=10&amp;bookid=800&amp;page=273&amp;action_button.x=0&amp;action_button.y=0
| location = Praha
| pages = 273–274
| language = la
| year = 1890
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Berthold Bretholz2&quot;&gt;{{cite book
| last = Bretholz
| first = Berthold
| title = Das mährische Landesarchiv, Seine Geschichte, seine Bestände
| location = Brno
| pages = 124
| language = de la
| year = 1908
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Publicatio huius litterae exemplum est interventionis in res internas terrarum Bohemicarum, cum Fridericus III, ut Imperator Romanus Sanctus, eam statibus Moravicis concesserit. Tamen Moravia pars Coronae Bohemicae erat et, secundum leges a [[Carolus IV (imperator)|Carolo IV]] latas, rex Romanorum nullam potestatem habebat talis consilii capiendi, cum Moraviae res sub directa potestate Regis Bohemiae esset.&lt;ref name=&quot;starha92&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| last = Štarha
| first = Ivan
| title = Historie, moravské barvy a moravská vlajka, in: Veřejná správa
| url = https://www.mvcr.cz/clanek/historie-moravske-barvy-a-moravska-vlajka.aspx
| year = 2013
| pages = 8–9
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ex prospectu historico, plures versiones vexillorum Moravicorum exstiterunt, quae simul duabus aut tribus coloribus ex insignibus provincialibus derivatis adhibebantur, praesertim saeculo undevicesimo.&lt;ref name=&quot;hlinomaz167&quot;&gt;''Ke státní a zemské symbolice českého státu v období 1526–1918'', s. 167.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Slavobrána postavená v Kuníně v roce 1845 u příležitosti návštěvy arcivévody Františka Karla, kolorovaná litografie.png|thumb|Porta caerimonialis Kunini anno MDCCCXLV exstructa ad visitationem Archducis Francisci Caroli commemorandam. Relatio eius temporis describit vexilla bicolora, nigrum et flavum et rubrum et album, in turribus vexata, tamquam colores et Austriacos et Moravicos provinciales.]]
Initio saeculi undevicesimi, Moravia erat regio non autonoma, quae ab anno MDCCCIV pars [[Imperium Austriacum|Imperii Austriaci erat]], quod paulo ante finalem collapsum [[Sacrum Romanum Imperium|Sacri Romani Imperii]] constitutum erat. Erat una ex finibus Coronae dictis, a praeside provinciali gubernata. Regulis a regimine centrali Vindobonae edictis tenebatur. Ex tempore priore pauca indicia sunt usus colorum provincialium Moravicorum. Imperator Moraviae dux erat, et cum titulus Margravius unus tantum ex multis quos tenebat esset, ei certam imaginem visualem non requirebat. Quapropter, per paene totam primam partem saeculi undevicesimi, colores provinciales non eandem significationem habebant quam a medio illius saeculi deinceps habuerunt. Potestates corporum administrativorum statuum provinciales finitae erant. Non habebant auctoritatem nec repraesentandi nec repraesentari.

Gubernatio provincialis sui iuris potestates satis amplas nonnisi promulgatione Constitutionis Decembris anno MDCCCLXI accepit, post quam singulae provinciae suas constitutiones sanxerunt. Tamen, neque hae neque ullum aliud instrumentum minoris vis legitimae colores vel vexilla provincialia designaverunt. Quamquam hae notiones saeculo undevicesimo exstiterunt, vocabula inania erant, id est, iure nec generaliter nec speciatim definita. Describendo igitur tempus ante annum MCMXVIII, non est rectum dicere &quot;vexillum provinciale Marchionatus Moraviae fuisse bicolorem horizontalem flavam et rubram&quot;, cum in nullo instrumento legali ita definitum sit. Licetne simpliciter dicere &quot;auctoritates provinciales rubrum et flavum ut colores provinciales inter annos MDCCCXLVIII et MCMXVIII adhibuisse&quot;, an, si iustificari potest, 'ut vexillum provinciale Moraviae, magistratus provinciales bicolorem rubro et flavo inter annos MDCCCXLVIII et MCMXVIII adhibuerunt'.

[[File:Cockade of Moravia, the historical land of the Czech Republic, red-white-blue.svg|thumb|right|In Ludovici Ritteri Dictionariolo Pochtario Diurnariis et Colloquiis (titulo Bohemico &quot;Kapesní slovníček novinářský a konverzační&quot;), anno MDCCCLI edito, haec de coloribus laqueorum dicuntur: &quot;''Fasciculus est rosula aut laqueus rotundus qui in petaso aut paenula geritur ad significandam sententiam quandam, gentem, sodalitatem, municipium, et cetera. A mulieribus gestus, in capillo aut in pectore affigitur. Notae sunt insignes variorum motuum politicorum ab anno MDCCCXLVIII, praesertim Slavorum, '''rubri, albi et caerulei coloris''', deinde colores nigro-rubro-flavi partis Germanicae et eius variae controversiae. Vexillum Austro-Hungaricum, quod exercitus noster vehit, nigrum et flavum est; vexilla Bohemica et Polonica alba et rubra sunt; '''vexillum Moravicum vel etiam Bohemico-Moravicum; et deinde vexillum Slavorum Meridianorum, ut vexillum Slavorum'''. Fascis Rusinorum flavus et caeruleus est; Hungarorum et Polonorum revolutionariorum ruber, albus et viridis; Prussicus niger et albus est, et sic deinceps. Pragae, omnes fascis privatis sine ulla exceptione ab anno MDCCCXLVIIII interdicti sunt.''&quot;.]]
Absentia ullius praescripti legis explicat cur 'vexilla provincialia' in scriptis huius aetatis variis modis depingantur. Plerumque auctor ea ex paucis vexillis reapse notis et regulis heraldicis, quae ad insignia pertinentia pertinent, derivabat. Quaestio peculiaris in Moravia saeculo undevicesimo fuit quod insigne Moraviense duabus formis exstabat. Descriptio eius historica et publice agnita armorum imperialium – qui per saecula in usu fuerant – erat aquila argentea et rubra alternis coloribus picta, cum corona et armatura aurea, in scuto caeruleo posita. Tamen, auctoritas ab Imperatore Friderico III concessa in diplomate die 7 Decembris 1462 edito, ut aquila scaccata aurea et rubra adhiberetur – quamquam haec compositio in usu non recepta est – adduxit, Postquam diploma in notitiam procuratorum administrationis provincialis Moravicae ad finem saeculorum XVIII et XIX pervenit – praesertim ab annis 1830 et 1840 – hoc ad auctos conatus administrationis provincialis adnotavit ut agnitio diplomatis ab Imperatore impetraretur. Et quamquam usus eius non publice agnitus est usque ad annum MCMXV, complures sententiae a magistratibus Vindobonensibus editae significabant eos non adversari usu exemplaris aureo et rubro quadratim dispositi in aquila.

Quaestio igitur per saeculum undevicesimum fuit, utrum diploma validum, sed publice irritum, Friderici III praevaluerit insignibus Moraviae, quae usu historico probata et confirmata erant. Quaestio de coloribus provincialibus, ad quam pertinebat quaestio de forma vexilli provincialis (futuri), naturaliter a diversis sententiis de recta (valida) insigne provinciali affecta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pícha - Moravské barvy a vlajky v revolučním roce 1848&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last = Pícha
 | first = František
 | title = Moravské barvy a vlajky v revolučním roce 1848, in: Genealogické a heraldické informace 2017 : Moravská genealogická a heraldická společnost, o. s. 2018
 | location = Brno
 | volume = 22 (37)
 | year = 2018
 | pages = 40–41
 | isbn = 
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Secundum quosdam auctores, vexillum Moravicum album, rubrum, caeruleumque est, fasciis horizontalibus eo ordine.&lt;ref name=&quot;brozek50&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last = Brožek
 | first = Aleš
 | title = Lexikon vlajek a znaků zemí světa
 | publisher = Kartografie
 | location = Praha
 | year = 2003
 | pages = 50
 | isbn = 8070117761
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haec colorum coniunctio saeculo undevicesimo symbolum erat civium Moravicorum patriam amantium.

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Modrobílá historická vlajka Moravy (1611).png|Vexillum historicum caeruleo et albo, memoratum iuxta vexillum caeruleum insigne provinciale Moraviae gerens ('insigne provinciale eiusdem marchionatus') in nuntiis anni MDCXII, qui adventum Pragam et coronationem Regis [[Matthias (imperator)|Mathiae II]] describunt.
File:Red-white historical flag of Moravia (from the first half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century).svg|Compositio colorum rubrorum et alborum, quae usque ad ineuntem saeculum vicesimum adhibita est.
File:Red-white-blue historical flag of Moravia (from the middle of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century).svg|Tricolōr ruber, albus, caeruleusque, qui adhibitus est in secunda parte saeculi undevicesimi et in initio saeculi vicesimi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jan Havelka&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | last = Havelka | first = Jan | title = Erb a zemské barvy markkrabství moravského | journal = Komenský | access-date = 2015-12-15 | year = 1880 | number = 29 | pages = 454–455 | url = http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112042804044;view=1up;seq=463 | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orlice, časopis politický&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | title = O barvách praporů (8. 9. 1888) | journal = Orlice, časopis politický | location = Telč | year = 1888 | number = 19 | pages = Příloha Orlice k číslu 19  | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;
File:Red-yellow historical flag of Moravia (from the middle of the 19th century or from the 2nd half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century).svg|Vexillum bicolore rubrum et flavum. Aliud ex vexillis historicis Moraviae a secunda parte saeculi undevicesimi et ineunte saeculo vicesimo.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Vexillum Moravicum inter vexilla regionalia ==
[[File:Moravská orlice.jpg|thumb|right|Vexillum historicum Moraviae]]
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Flag of Pardubice Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Pardubiensis
File:Flag of Vysocina Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Vysočinae
File:Flag of Olomouc Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Olomucensis
File:Flag of Moravian-Silesian Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Moravico-Silesiae
File:Flag of Zlin Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Zlinensis
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Vexillum caeruleum aquila Moravica insignis ===
Relatio vexillologica de vexillo Moravio, quae submissa est Kalendis Iuniis MMXIII per peritos Subcommissionis de Heraldica et Vexillologia Camerae Deputatōrum Parlamenti Rei Publicae Bohemicae (subcommissionis Commissionis de Scientia, Educatione, Cultura, Iuventute et Educatione Physica) – Zbyšek Svoboda, Pavel Fojtík, Petr Exner et Praeses Societatis Vexillologicae Bohemicae, Jaroslav Martykán, vexillum et insignia Moraviae, in vetustissima forma sua quae memoriae prodita est, habentur historice aptissima, scilicet campum caeruleum gerentia aquilam quadratorum alborum et rubrorum.&lt;ref name=&quot;Odborné vexilologické stanovisko&quot; /&gt;

== Nexūs externi ==
{{Commonscat|Flags of Moravia|Vexillum Moraviae}}
* [https://moravskavlajka.blogspot.com/ Moravská vlajka]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Categoria:Moravia]]
[[Categoria:Vexilla]]</text>
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	| fons = [[:cs:Moravská vlajka]] conferantur [[Specialis:PermanentLink/3974324|versio labens]] et [https://cs-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moravsk%C3%A1_vlajka?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=la pagina ''Google'' translata]—aut [[:it:Bandiera della Moravia]]—[https://it-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bandiera_della_Moravia?_x_tr_sl=it&amp;_x_tr_tl=la pagina ''Google'' translata]
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{{Vicificanda}}

[[Fasciculus:Banner of arms of Moravia.svg|thumb|Vexillum Moraviae, ut annis 2002–2003 codificatum{{dubsig}} est. Historicum regionis Moravicae vexillum, constans ex campo caeruleo, qui [[aquila]]m rubro et albo damisatam{{dubsig}} cum [[corona]] et armis flavis gerit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Odborné vexilologické stanovisko&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | first=Zbyšek
 | last=Svoboda
 | first2=Pavel
 | last2=Fojtík
 | first3=Petr
 | last3=Exner
 | first4=Jaroslav
 | last4=Martykán
 | authorlink=
 | coauthors=
 | title=Odborné vexilologické stanovisko k moravské vlajce
 | booktitle=Vexilologie. Zpravodaj České vexilologické společnosti, o.s. č. 169
 | pages=3319, 3320
 | publisher=Česká vexilologická společnost
 | date=2013
 | location=Brno
 | url=http://www.vexilologie.cz/index2.php?a=000&amp;n=0
 | accessdate=2017-08-20
 | id=
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Znaky a prapory v kronice Ottokara Štýrského&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | first=František
 | last=Pícha
 | authorlink=
 | coauthors=
 | title=Znaky a prapory v kronice Ottokara Štýrského
 | booktitle=Vexilologie. Zpravodaj České vexilologické společnosti, o.s. č. 169
 | pages=3320–3324
 | publisher=Česká vexilologická společnost
 | date=2013
 | location=Brno
 | url=
 | accessdate=
 | id=
}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''Vexillum Moraviense''' est symbolum quo [[Moravia (terra)|Moravia]] repraesentatur.

Prima depictio insignis provincialis Moraviae in vexillo, cum media aetate vexilla ex insignibus derivarentur, invenitur in vexillo marchionis, quod in Codice Gelnhausenensi anno MCDVII depictum est (aquila argentea et rubra, armatura aurea et corona aurea ornata, in campo caeruleo).&lt;ref name=&quot;ruzek22&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 | last = Růžek
 | first = Vladimír
 | title = Cesty k definici (nejen) moravského znaku a praporu, in: Veřejná správa, Nr. 10
 | year = 2013
 | pages = 20–22:22
 | url = https://www.mvcr.cz/webpm/clanek/historicke-symboly.aspx
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prima descriptio scripta re vera toto saeculo vetustior est. Nihilominus, neque Marchio Moraviae, neque Moravia, neque Moravia-Silesia umquam [[vexillum]] adoptavit aut per actum legitimum ut ens iuridicum instituit. Ex variis documentis historicis, delineationibus, descriptionibusque fundatum est, quorum usu nullum fundamentum iuridicum erat.

Respublica Bohemica-Slovaca colores album vel argenteum in arma Moravica iterum restituit (Lex n. 252/1920). Vexilla provincialia non sunt emendata legibus posterioribus (Legibus n. 269/1936, n. 222/1939, n. 163/1960 et Legibus hodie validis n. 3/1993 Coll. et n. 352/2001 Coll.).

Hodie, vexillum bicolore flavo et rubro, in medio insignia coloribus congruentibus praebens, interdum pro vexillo Moravio usurpatur, praesertim a quibusdam factionibus politicis, consociationibus aliisque organizationibus Moravis.

[[File:Flag of South Moravian Region.svg|thumb|right|Vexillum Regionis Moraviae Meridionalis. Primum campum vexilli aquila Moravica ornatur. In quarta et ultima parte vexilli aquila est cum ornatu quadriato flavicoccineo, quae addita est ut symbolum reconciliationis et integrationis inter varios greges linguisticos, religiosos et ethnicos qui olim in Moravia Meridiana habitabant.&lt;ref name=&quot;koudelka&quot;&gt;{{cite book
| last = Koudelka
| first = Zdeněk
| title = Znaky a vlajky Moravy a Slezska, in: Sborník z konference MORAVA 1918
| url = https://is.muni.cz/repo/1570777/Znaky_Moravy_a_Slezska.pdf
| publisher = KEY Publishing s.r.o.
| location = Ostrava
| chapter = 
| pages = 58–73
| isbn = 978-80-7418-316-4
| language = cs
| year = 2019
}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Vexillum Moraviense hunc statum non nactum est nisi annis MMII–MMIII, cum insignia et vexilla regionibus hodiernis assignata sunt, dimidio saeculo post abolitione systematis provincialis et introductionem systematis regionalis.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Zákon č. 280/1948 Sb. Zákon o krajském zřízení
| url = https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/1948-280#oddil1
| language = cs
| accessdate = 2026-07-22
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20250211142519/https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/1948-280/#oddil1
| archivedate = 2025-02-11
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hoc vexillum in partem superiorem vexillorum regionum Vysočinae, Moraviae Meridionalis, Olomucensis et Zlìnensis, necnon in partem superiorem vexillorum regionum Pardubicensis et Moravico-Silesiae incorporatur. Vexillum caeruleum est; in medio campo caeruleo est aquila quadratim disposita, alis albis et rubris, corona et armatura aurea ornata.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
| title = Historie, moravské barvy a moravská vlajka
| url = https://www.mvcr.cz/clanek/historie-moravske-barvy-a-moravska-vlajka.aspx
| publisher = Ministerstvo vnitra ČR
| year = 2013
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Etiam hoc modo ineunte Martio anni MMXXIII a grege Legumlatrorum Parlamenti [[Cechia|rei publicae Bohemicae]] in rogatione propositum est, quae consilium insignium et vexillorum regionalium codificaret.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Návrh poslanců Radka Vondráčka, Pavla Blažka, Petra Gazdíka, Lucie Šafránkové, Mariana Jurečky, Vlastimila Válka a dalších na vydání zákona o zemských znacích a vlajkách | url = https://www.psp.cz/sqw/text/orig2.sqw?idd=225139 | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rogatio paulatim in ordine rerum agendarum complurium sessionum Camerae Deputatōrum inclusa est, sed ibi non disputata est. Rogatio, a Radeko Vondráček, legato, die XXII Ianuarii anno MMXXVI iterum proposita, non praescribit fines historicos regionum insignibus regionalibus notandos esse, sicut in rogatione priore statutum erat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Parlament České republiky. Poslanecká sněmovna. 10. volební období. 87/0. Návrh poslance Radka Vondráčka na vydání zákona o zemských znacích
a vlajkách
| url = https://www.psp.cz/sqw/text/orig2.sqw?idd=267037
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rogatio insignia et vexilla regionalia in legem aperte sancit, praescribens ut forma eorum ad insigne nationale conformetur, et cuilibet permittit ut iis utatur. Una tantum condicio est ut debita cum reverentia tractentur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = ODok Portál. Zákon o zemských znacích a vlajkách 
| url = https://odok.gov.cz/portal/veklep/material/KORNDQQNALEE/
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia Vexilli Moravici ==
=== Historia antiquissima ===
[[File:Nejstarší dochované barevné vyobrazení znaku markraběcí Moravy, hrad Gozzoburg v Kremži.jpeg|thumb|Veterrima pictura colorata superstes armorum marchionatus Moraviae.]]
Historia vexilli Moravici – vel, accuratius, insignis Moravici (quod, dissimile vexillo, perpetuo in alveo affigitur) – dives et varia est, quae saeculo tertio decimo coepit, cum rationes inter Boemiam et Moraviam ordinabantur ad monarchiam centralizatam a Przemysidis ultimis constituendam. Primum mentio vexilli Moravici colorumque eius invenitur in chronica Ottocari Styriae, quae ad finem saeculi duodecimi et initium saeculi quarti decimi pertinet. Haec est narratio proelii Kressenbrunnensis, quod die XII Iulii anno MCCLX factum est. Insignia Bohemiae et Moraviae in chronica [[Bela IV (rex Hungariae)|Belae IV]] a Iindrico Preisslero, comite castrorum eius, vive describuntur. Prae exercitu Bohemico progrediente ducebat [[Ottocarus II (rex Bohemiae)|Ottocarus II]], prope quem vexillum fluitabat, leone albo in velluto rubro insigni, et iuxta eum alterum vexillum, quod formam aquilae Moravicae quadratam rubro et albo coloribus monstrabat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Znaky a prapory v kronice Ottokara Štýrského&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
 |title=Ottokars Österreichische Reimchronik (MGH Deutsche Chroniken V,1)
 |url=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/bsb00000779/images/index.html?id=00000779&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=226
 |accessdate=2016-07-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
 |title=Ottokar von Steiermark: 'Steirische Reimchronik'
 |url=http://www.handschriftencensus.de/werke/602
 |publisher=www.handschriftencensus.de
 |accessdate=2017-08-19
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Hern Dietrich Spatzmanen''

''sach man die banier leiten:''

''in einem rȏten samît breiten''

''was gewohrt ein lewe wîz.''

''ouch heten ir baniere flîz,'' (Etiam illi suas vexilla habebant,)

'''''die von Merhaeren wârn''':'' (qui ex Moravia venerunt:)

'''''ein geschâchzabelten arn''''' (Aquila scaccata)

'''''von rȏter und von wîzer varbe''''' (rubro et albo picta)

'''''sach man ob in begarbe''''' (super eos plane conspicue)

'''''waejen von dem winde.''''' (in vento fluitabat.)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Nejstarší zmínka o praporu Moravy v kronice Ottokara Štýrského
| url = http://moravskaorlice.blogspot.com/2014/09/nejstarsi-zminka-o-praporu-moravy-v.html | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Postea, colores vexilli ex coloribus armorum derivati sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Odborné vexilologické stanovisko&quot; /&gt; 

Ex regno Ottocari II, titulus Margravi Moraviae repraesentatur aquila argentea et rubra dammata, corona aurea et unguibus aureis ornata, ad dextram versa, in scuto caeruleo posita.&lt;ref name=&quot;vojtisek21&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last=Vojtíšek
 | first=Václav
 | title=Naše státní znaky (staré a nynější)
 | publisher=Vesmír
 | place=Pragae
 | year=1921
 | page=21
 | language=Czech}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pícha - O klenotu znaku moravského markraběte&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | last = Pícha
 | first = František
 | title = O klenotu znaku moravského markraběte
 | url = 
 | publisher = 
 | location = Brno
 | booktitle = Genealogické a heraldické informace 2010: Moravská genealogická a heraldická společnost, o. s. 2011
 | volume = 15 (30)
 | year = 2011
 | číslo = 
 | počet_stran = 174
 | pages = 7-32
 | isbn = 
 | language = česky
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Veterrima aquilae scaccatae effigies in Gozzoburg invenitur. Picturae in aula arcis localis [[Cremisa (urbs)|Cremsensis]] non post annum circiter MCCLXX (MCCLXIX) pictae sunt, aut cum nuper aedificata Capella Sanctae Catharinae (MCCLXVII) coniunguntur; utroque casu, post annum MCCLXII factae sunt. In aula insignes armorum Bohemiae, Moraviae, Austriae et Styriae apparent, sed insignia Carinthiae et Carniolae – quae Ottocarus II anno MCCLXIX hereditate accepit – absunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pícha, Krejčík - Gozzoburg&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | last = Krejčík
 | first = Tomáš
 | last2 = Pícha
 | first2 = František
 | title = Český a moravský znak ve znakové galerii v Gozzoburgu v Kremsu
 | location = Brno
 | booktitle = Genealogické a heraldické informace 2008 : Moravská genealogická a heraldická společnost, o. s. 2009
 | volume = 13 (28)
 | year = 2009
 | pages = 49-57
 | issn = 0862-8963
 | language = Czech
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Jošt Moravský, též Lucemburský -.jpg|thumb|left|Margravius [[Iodocus a Moravia]], vexillum aquila Moravica quadratim alba et rubra in Codice Gelnhausenensi (saeculo XIV/XV).]]
Aquila scaccata insigne Moraviae terrae habetur saltem ex tempore Luxemburgense.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adamová&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last = Adamová
 | first = Karolina
 | title = K heraldické výzdobě Staroměstské mostecké věže. Právně historický pohled, in: Pražský sborník historický
 | publisher = Panorama
 | location = Praha
 | volume = 15
 | year = 1982
 | pages = 44–62
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Una ex antiquissimis imaginibus notis vexilli aquila Moravica insignis est illa in Codice Gelnhausen, quae imaginem Margravi Moraviae Iodocum monstrat, qui vexillum caeruleum tenet, aquila Moravica in campo albescente et rubescente scaccato, cum corona et armatura flava. (ut par est, sine scuto).&lt;ref name=&quot;ruzek22&quot; /&gt; Kódex bol napísaný niekedy v poslednej tretine 14. až prvej tretine 15. storočia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Gelnhausenův kodex (kodex A) - právní kniha. Jošt Lucemburský s moravským praporem v Jihlavské právní knize z roku 1407 na foliu 63r.
| url = http://www.manuscriptorium.com/apps/index.php?direct=record&amp;pid=AIPDIG-SOAJ__MESTSKASPRAV0TBA6E4-cs#search
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Jihlavský archiv ukázal své nejvzácnější dokumenty, jinak nepřístupné
| url = https://jihlava.idnes.cz/vzacne-dokumenty-jihlavskeho-archivu-dx1-/jihlava-zpravy.aspx?c=A121101_143951_jihlava-zpravy_mv
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Charta armorum Imperatoris [[Fridericus III|Friderici III]], data VII Decembris anno MCDLXII, quod, a Henrico de Lippa, Capitano Provinciali Moraviae et Marescallo Regni Bohemiae, ex incepto Ordinum Moravicorum editum est, documentum fuit quod, sub regno [[Georgius Podiebradensis|Georgii Podiebradensis]], primigenium colorem argenteum aquilae Moravicae mutavit, campis insigneis argenteis auro substitutis, ita novum insigne 'Ordinum' creans. ('color albus in glaucum sive aureum transmutetur' (Color albus in flavum vel aureum mutatus est)).&lt;ref name=&quot;vojtisek222&quot;&gt;{{cite book
| last = Vojtíšek
| first = Václav
| title = Naše státní znaky (staré a nynější)
| publisher = Vesmír
| location = Praha
| pages = 22
| language = cs
| year = 1921
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Alexius Habrich, Iura primaeva Moraviae2&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| last = Habrich
| first = Alexius (ed.)
| title = Iura primaeva Moraviae
| url = https://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb10542951_00038.html
| location = Brno
| pages = 38–42
| language = la
| year = 1781
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Josef Kalousek, Archiv český2&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| last = Kalousek
| first = Josef (ed.)
| title = Archiv český čili staré písemné památky české i moravské, svazek X
| url = https://sources.cms.flu.cas.cz/src/index.php?s=v&amp;action=jdi&amp;cat=10&amp;bookid=800&amp;page=273&amp;action_button.x=0&amp;action_button.y=0
| location = Praha
| pages = 273–274
| language = la
| year = 1890
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Berthold Bretholz2&quot;&gt;{{cite book
| last = Bretholz
| first = Berthold
| title = Das mährische Landesarchiv, Seine Geschichte, seine Bestände
| location = Brno
| pages = 124
| language = de la
| year = 1908
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Publicatio huius litterae exemplum est interventionis in res internas terrarum Bohemicarum, cum Fridericus III, ut Imperator Romanus Sanctus, eam statibus Moravicis concesserit. Tamen Moravia pars Coronae Bohemicae erat et, secundum leges a [[Carolus IV (imperator)|Carolo IV]] latas, rex Romanorum nullam potestatem habebat talis consilii capiendi, cum Moraviae res sub directa potestate Regis Bohemiae esset.&lt;ref name=&quot;starha92&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| last = Štarha
| first = Ivan
| title = Historie, moravské barvy a moravská vlajka, in: Veřejná správa
| url = https://www.mvcr.cz/clanek/historie-moravske-barvy-a-moravska-vlajka.aspx
| year = 2013
| pages = 8–9
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ex prospectu historico, plures versiones vexillorum Moravicorum exstiterunt, quae simul duabus aut tribus coloribus ex insignibus provincialibus derivatis adhibebantur, praesertim saeculo undevicesimo.&lt;ref name=&quot;hlinomaz167&quot;&gt;''Ke státní a zemské symbolice českého státu v období 1526–1918'', s. 167.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Slavobrána postavená v Kuníně v roce 1845 u příležitosti návštěvy arcivévody Františka Karla, kolorovaná litografie.png|thumb|Porta caerimonialis Kunini anno MDCCCXLV exstructa ad visitationem Archducis Francisci Caroli commemorandam. Relatio eius temporis describit vexilla bicolora, nigrum et flavum et rubrum et album, in turribus vexata, tamquam colores et Austriacos et Moravicos provinciales.]]
Initio saeculi undevicesimi, Moravia erat regio non autonoma, quae ab anno MDCCCIV pars [[Imperium Austriacum|Imperii Austriaci erat]], quod paulo ante finalem collapsum [[Sacrum Romanum Imperium|Sacri Romani Imperii]] constitutum erat. Erat una ex finibus Coronae dictis, a praeside provinciali gubernata. Regulis a regimine centrali Vindobonae edictis tenebatur. Ex tempore priore pauca indicia sunt usus colorum provincialium Moravicorum. Imperator Moraviae dux erat, et cum titulus Margravius unus tantum ex multis quos tenebat esset, ei certam imaginem visualem non requirebat. Quapropter, per paene totam primam partem saeculi undevicesimi, colores provinciales non eandem significationem habebant quam a medio illius saeculi deinceps habuerunt. Potestates corporum administrativorum statuum provinciales finitae erant. Non habebant auctoritatem nec repraesentandi nec repraesentari.

Gubernatio provincialis sui iuris potestates satis amplas nonnisi promulgatione Constitutionis Decembris anno MDCCCLXI accepit, post quam singulae provinciae suas constitutiones sanxerunt. Tamen, neque hae neque ullum aliud instrumentum minoris vis legitimae colores vel vexilla provincialia designaverunt. Quamquam hae notiones saeculo undevicesimo exstiterunt, vocabula inania erant, id est, iure nec generaliter nec speciatim definita. Describendo igitur tempus ante annum MCMXVIII, non est rectum dicere &quot;vexillum provinciale Marchionatus Moraviae fuisse bicolorem horizontalem flavam et rubram&quot;, cum in nullo instrumento legali ita definitum sit. Licetne simpliciter dicere &quot;auctoritates provinciales rubrum et flavum ut colores provinciales inter annos MDCCCXLVIII et MCMXVIII adhibuisse&quot;, an, si iustificari potest, 'ut vexillum provinciale Moraviae, magistratus provinciales bicolorem rubro et flavo inter annos MDCCCXLVIII et MCMXVIII adhibuerunt'.

[[File:Cockade of Moravia, the historical land of the Czech Republic, red-white-blue.svg|thumb|right|In Ludovici Ritteri Dictionariolo Pochtario Diurnariis et Colloquiis (titulo Bohemico &quot;Kapesní slovníček novinářský a konverzační&quot;), anno MDCCCLI edito, haec de coloribus laqueorum dicuntur: &quot;''Fasciculus est rosula aut laqueus rotundus qui in petaso aut paenula geritur ad significandam sententiam quandam, gentem, sodalitatem, municipium, et cetera. A mulieribus gestus, in capillo aut in pectore affigitur. Notae sunt insignes variorum motuum politicorum ab anno MDCCCXLVIII, praesertim Slavorum, '''rubri, albi et caerulei coloris''', deinde colores nigro-rubro-flavi partis Germanicae et eius variae controversiae. Vexillum Austro-Hungaricum, quod exercitus noster vehit, nigrum et flavum est; vexilla Bohemica et Polonica alba et rubra sunt; '''vexillum Moravicum vel etiam Bohemico-Moravicum; et deinde vexillum Slavorum Meridianorum, ut vexillum Slavorum'''. Fascis Rusinorum flavus et caeruleus est; Hungarorum et Polonorum revolutionariorum ruber, albus et viridis; Prussicus niger et albus est, et sic deinceps. Pragae, omnes fascis privatis sine ulla exceptione ab anno MDCCCXLVIIII interdicti sunt.''&quot;.]]
Absentia ullius praescripti legis explicat cur 'vexilla provincialia' in scriptis huius aetatis variis modis depingantur. Plerumque auctor ea ex paucis vexillis reapse notis et regulis heraldicis, quae ad insignia pertinentia pertinent, derivabat. Quaestio peculiaris in Moravia saeculo undevicesimo fuit quod insigne Moraviense duabus formis exstabat. Descriptio eius historica et publice agnita armorum imperialium – qui per saecula in usu fuerant – erat aquila argentea et rubra alternis coloribus picta, cum corona et armatura aurea, in scuto caeruleo posita. Tamen, auctoritas ab Imperatore Friderico III concessa in diplomate die 7 Decembris 1462 edito, ut aquila scaccata aurea et rubra adhiberetur – quamquam haec compositio in usu non recepta est – adduxit, Postquam diploma in notitiam procuratorum administrationis provincialis Moravicae ad finem saeculorum XVIII et XIX pervenit – praesertim ab annis 1830 et 1840 – hoc ad auctos conatus administrationis provincialis adnotavit ut agnitio diplomatis ab Imperatore impetraretur. Et quamquam usus eius non publice agnitus est usque ad annum MCMXV, complures sententiae a magistratibus Vindobonensibus editae significabant eos non adversari usu exemplaris aureo et rubro quadratim dispositi in aquila.

Quaestio igitur per saeculum undevicesimum fuit, utrum diploma validum, sed publice irritum, Friderici III praevaluerit insignibus Moraviae, quae usu historico probata et confirmata erant. Quaestio de coloribus provincialibus, ad quam pertinebat quaestio de forma vexilli provincialis (futuri), naturaliter a diversis sententiis de recta (valida) insigne provinciali affecta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pícha - Moravské barvy a vlajky v revolučním roce 1848&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last = Pícha
 | first = František
 | title = Moravské barvy a vlajky v revolučním roce 1848, in: Genealogické a heraldické informace 2017 : Moravská genealogická a heraldická společnost, o. s. 2018
 | location = Brno
 | volume = 22 (37)
 | year = 2018
 | pages = 40–41
 | isbn = 
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Secundum quosdam auctores, vexillum Moravicum album, rubrum, caeruleumque est, fasciis horizontalibus eo ordine.&lt;ref name=&quot;brozek50&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last = Brožek
 | first = Aleš
 | title = Lexikon vlajek a znaků zemí světa
 | publisher = Kartografie
 | location = Praha
 | year = 2003
 | pages = 50
 | isbn = 8070117761
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haec colorum coniunctio saeculo undevicesimo symbolum erat civium Moravicorum patriam amantium.

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Modrobílá historická vlajka Moravy (1611).png|Vexillum historicum caeruleo et albo, memoratum iuxta vexillum caeruleum insigne provinciale Moraviae gerens ('insigne provinciale eiusdem marchionatus') in nuntiis anni MDCXII, qui adventum Pragam et coronationem Regis [[Matthias (imperator)|Mathiae II]] describunt.
File:Red-white historical flag of Moravia (from the first half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century).svg|Compositio colorum rubrorum et alborum, quae usque ad ineuntem saeculum vicesimum adhibita est.
File:Red-white-blue historical flag of Moravia (from the middle of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century).svg|Tricolōr ruber, albus, caeruleusque, qui adhibitus est in secunda parte saeculi undevicesimi et in initio saeculi vicesimi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jan Havelka&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | last = Havelka | first = Jan | title = Erb a zemské barvy markkrabství moravského | journal = Komenský | access-date = 2015-12-15 | year = 1880 | number = 29 | pages = 454–455 | url = http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112042804044;view=1up;seq=463 | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orlice, časopis politický&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | title = O barvách praporů (8. 9. 1888) | journal = Orlice, časopis politický | location = Telč | year = 1888 | number = 19 | pages = Příloha Orlice k číslu 19  | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;
File:Red-yellow historical flag of Moravia (from the middle of the 19th century or from the 2nd half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century).svg|Vexillum bicolore rubrum et flavum. Aliud ex vexillis historicis Moraviae a secunda parte saeculi undevicesimi et ineunte saeculo vicesimo.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Vexillum Moravicum inter vexilla regionalia ==
[[File:Moravská orlice.jpg|thumb|right|Vexillum historicum Moraviae]]
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Flag of Pardubice Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Pardubiensis
File:Flag of Vysocina Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Vysočinae
File:Flag of Olomouc Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Olomucensis
File:Flag of Moravian-Silesian Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Moravico-Silesiae
File:Flag of Zlin Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Zlinensis
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Vexillum caeruleum aquila Moravica insignis ===
Relatio vexillologica de vexillo Moravio, quae submissa est Kalendis Iuniis MMXIII per peritos Subcommissionis de Heraldica et Vexillologia Camerae Deputatōrum Parlamenti Rei Publicae Bohemicae (subcommissionis Commissionis de Scientia, Educatione, Cultura, Iuventute et Educatione Physica) – Zbyšek Svoboda, Pavel Fojtík, Petr Exner et Praeses Societatis Vexillologicae Bohemicae, Jaroslav Martykán, vexillum et insignia Moraviae, in vetustissima forma sua quae memoriae prodita est, habentur historice aptissima, scilicet campum caeruleum gerentia aquilam quadratorum alborum et rubrorum.&lt;ref name=&quot;Odborné vexilologické stanovisko&quot; /&gt;

== Nexūs externi ==
{{Commonscat|Flags of Moravia|Vexillum Moraviae}}
* [https://moravskavlajka.blogspot.com/ Moravská vlajka]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Categoria:Moravia]]
[[Categoria:Vexilla]]</text>
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	| fons = [[:cs:Moravská vlajka]] conferantur [[Specialis:PermanentLink/3974324|versio labens]] et [https://cs-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moravsk%C3%A1_vlajka?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=la pagina ''Google'' translata]—aut [[:it:Bandiera della Moravia]]—[https://it-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bandiera_della_Moravia?_x_tr_sl=it&amp;_x_tr_tl=la pagina ''Google'' translata]
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{{Vicificanda}}

[[Fasciculus:Banner of arms of Moravia.svg|thumb|Vexillum Moraviae, ut annis 2002–2003 codificatum{{dubsig}} est. Historicum regionis Moravicae vexillum, constans ex campo caeruleo, qui [[aquila]]m rubro et albo damisatam{{dubsig}} cum [[corona]] et armis flavis gerit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Odborné vexilologické stanovisko&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | first=Zbyšek
 | last=Svoboda
 | first2=Pavel
 | last2=Fojtík
 | first3=Petr
 | last3=Exner
 | first4=Jaroslav
 | last4=Martykán
 | authorlink=
 | coauthors=
 | title=Odborné vexilologické stanovisko k moravské vlajce
 | booktitle=Vexilologie. Zpravodaj České vexilologické společnosti, o.s. č. 169
 | pages=3319, 3320
 | publisher=Česká vexilologická společnost
 | date=2013
 | location=Brno
 | url=http://www.vexilologie.cz/index2.php?a=000&amp;n=0
 | accessdate=2017-08-20
 | id=
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Znaky a prapory v kronice Ottokara Štýrského&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | first=František
 | last=Pícha
 | authorlink=
 | coauthors=
 | title=Znaky a prapory v kronice Ottokara Štýrského
 | booktitle=Vexilologie. Zpravodaj České vexilologické společnosti, o.s. č. 169
 | pages=3320–3324
 | publisher=Česká vexilologická společnost
 | date=2013
 | location=Brno
 | url=
 | accessdate=
 | id=
}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''Vexillum Moraviense''' est symbolum quo [[Moravia (terra)|Moravia]] repraesentatur.

Prima depictio insignis provincialis Moraviae in vexillo, cum media aetate vexilla ex insignibus derivarentur, invenitur in vexillo marchionis, quod in Codice Gelnhausenensi anno MCDVII depictum est (aquila argentea et rubra, armatura aurea et corona aurea ornata, in campo caeruleo).&lt;ref name=&quot;ruzek22&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 | last = Růžek
 | first = Vladimír
 | title = Cesty k definici (nejen) moravského znaku a praporu, in: Veřejná správa, Nr. 10
 | year = 2013
 | pages = 20–22:22
 | url = https://www.mvcr.cz/webpm/clanek/historicke-symboly.aspx
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prima descriptio scripta re vera toto saeculo vetustior est. Nihilominus, neque Marchio Moraviae, neque Moravia, neque Moravia-Silesia umquam [[vexillum]] adoptavit aut per actum legitimum ut ens iuridicum instituit. Ex variis documentis historicis, delineationibus, descriptionibusque fundatum est, quorum usu nullum fundamentum iuridicum erat.

[[Cechoslovacia|Res publica Bohemoslovaca]] colores album vel argenteum in arma Moravica iterum restituit ([[Lex]] n. 252/1920). Vexilla provincialia non sunt emendata legibus posterioribus (Legibus n. 269/1936, n. 222/1939, n. 163/1960 et Legibus hodie validis n. 3/1993 Coll. et n. 352/2001 Coll.).

Hodie, vexillum bicolore flavo et rubro, in medio insignia coloribus congruentibus praebens, interdum pro vexillo Moravio usurpatur, praesertim a quibusdam factionibus politicis, consociationibus aliisque organizationibus Moravis.

[[File:Flag of South Moravian Region.svg|thumb|right|Vexillum Regionis Moraviae Meridionalis. Primum campum vexilli aquila Moravica ornatur. In quarta et ultima parte vexilli aquila est cum ornatu quadriato flavicoccineo, quae addita est ut symbolum reconciliationis et integrationis inter varios greges linguisticos, religiosos et ethnicos qui olim in Moravia Meridiana habitabant.&lt;ref name=&quot;koudelka&quot;&gt;{{cite book
| last = Koudelka
| first = Zdeněk
| title = Znaky a vlajky Moravy a Slezska, in: Sborník z konference MORAVA 1918
| url = https://is.muni.cz/repo/1570777/Znaky_Moravy_a_Slezska.pdf
| publisher = KEY Publishing s.r.o.
| location = Ostrava
| chapter = 
| pages = 58–73
| isbn = 978-80-7418-316-4
| language = cs
| year = 2019
}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Vexillum Moraviense hunc statum non nactum est nisi annis MMII–MMIII, cum insignia et vexilla regionibus hodiernis assignata sunt, dimidio saeculo post abolitione systematis provincialis et introductionem systematis regionalis.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Zákon č. 280/1948 Sb. Zákon o krajském zřízení
| url = https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/1948-280#oddil1
| language = cs
| accessdate = 2026-07-22
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20250211142519/https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/1948-280/#oddil1
| archivedate = 2025-02-11
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hoc vexillum in partem superiorem vexillorum regionum Vysočinae, Moraviae Meridionalis, Olomucensis et Zlìnensis, necnon in partem superiorem vexillorum regionum Pardubicensis et Moravico-Silesiae incorporatur. Vexillum caeruleum est; in medio campo caeruleo est aquila quadratim disposita, alis albis et rubris, corona et armatura aurea ornata.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
| title = Historie, moravské barvy a moravská vlajka
| url = https://www.mvcr.cz/clanek/historie-moravske-barvy-a-moravska-vlajka.aspx
| publisher = Ministerstvo vnitra ČR
| year = 2013
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Etiam hoc modo ineunte Martio anni MMXXIII a grege Legumlatrorum Parlamenti [[Cechia|rei publicae Bohemicae]] in rogatione propositum est, quae consilium insignium et vexillorum regionalium codificaret.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Návrh poslanců Radka Vondráčka, Pavla Blažka, Petra Gazdíka, Lucie Šafránkové, Mariana Jurečky, Vlastimila Válka a dalších na vydání zákona o zemských znacích a vlajkách | url = https://www.psp.cz/sqw/text/orig2.sqw?idd=225139 | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rogatio paulatim in ordine rerum agendarum complurium sessionum Camerae Deputatōrum inclusa est, sed ibi non disputata est. Rogatio, a Radeko Vondráček, legato, die XXII Ianuarii anno MMXXVI iterum proposita, non praescribit fines historicos regionum insignibus regionalibus notandos esse, sicut in rogatione priore statutum erat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Parlament České republiky. Poslanecká sněmovna. 10. volební období. 87/0. Návrh poslance Radka Vondráčka na vydání zákona o zemských znacích
a vlajkách
| url = https://www.psp.cz/sqw/text/orig2.sqw?idd=267037
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rogatio insignia et vexilla regionalia in legem aperte sancit, praescribens ut forma eorum ad insigne nationale conformetur, et cuilibet permittit ut iis utatur. Una tantum condicio est ut debita cum reverentia tractentur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = ODok Portál. Zákon o zemských znacích a vlajkách 
| url = https://odok.gov.cz/portal/veklep/material/KORNDQQNALEE/
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia Vexilli Moravici ==
=== Historia antiquissima ===
[[File:Nejstarší dochované barevné vyobrazení znaku markraběcí Moravy, hrad Gozzoburg v Kremži.jpeg|thumb|Veterrima pictura colorata superstes armorum marchionatus Moraviae.]]
Historia vexilli Moravici – vel, accuratius, insignis Moravici (quod, dissimile vexillo, perpetuo in alveo affigitur) – dives et varia est, quae saeculo tertio decimo coepit, cum rationes inter Boemiam et Moraviam ordinabantur ad monarchiam centralizatam a Przemysidis ultimis constituendam. Primum mentio vexilli Moravici colorumque eius invenitur in chronica Ottocari Styriae, quae ad finem saeculi duodecimi et initium saeculi quarti decimi pertinet. Haec est narratio proelii Kressenbrunnensis, quod die XII Iulii anno MCCLX factum est. Insignia Bohemiae et Moraviae in chronica [[Bela IV (rex Hungariae)|Belae IV]] a Iindrico Preisslero, comite castrorum eius, vive describuntur. Prae exercitu Bohemico progrediente ducebat [[Ottocarus II (rex Bohemiae)|Ottocarus II]], prope quem vexillum fluitabat, leone albo in velluto rubro insigni, et iuxta eum alterum vexillum, quod formam aquilae Moravicae quadratam rubro et albo coloribus monstrabat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Znaky a prapory v kronice Ottokara Štýrského&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
 |title=Ottokars Österreichische Reimchronik (MGH Deutsche Chroniken V,1)
 |url=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/bsb00000779/images/index.html?id=00000779&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=226
 |accessdate=2016-07-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
 |title=Ottokar von Steiermark: 'Steirische Reimchronik'
 |url=http://www.handschriftencensus.de/werke/602
 |publisher=www.handschriftencensus.de
 |accessdate=2017-08-19
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Hern Dietrich Spatzmanen''

''sach man die banier leiten:''

''in einem rȏten samît breiten''

''was gewohrt ein lewe wîz.''

''ouch heten ir baniere flîz,'' (Etiam illi suas vexilla habebant,)

'''''die von Merhaeren wârn''':'' (qui ex Moravia venerunt:)

'''''ein geschâchzabelten arn''''' (Aquila scaccata)

'''''von rȏter und von wîzer varbe''''' (rubro et albo picta)

'''''sach man ob in begarbe''''' (super eos plane conspicue)

'''''waejen von dem winde.''''' (in vento fluitabat.)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Nejstarší zmínka o praporu Moravy v kronice Ottokara Štýrského
| url = http://moravskaorlice.blogspot.com/2014/09/nejstarsi-zminka-o-praporu-moravy-v.html | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Postea, colores vexilli ex coloribus armorum derivati sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Odborné vexilologické stanovisko&quot; /&gt; 

Ex regno Ottocari II, titulus Margravi Moraviae repraesentatur aquila argentea et rubra dammata, corona aurea et unguibus aureis ornata, ad dextram versa, in scuto caeruleo posita.&lt;ref name=&quot;vojtisek21&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last=Vojtíšek
 | first=Václav
 | title=Naše státní znaky (staré a nynější)
 | publisher=Vesmír
 | place=Pragae
 | year=1921
 | page=21
 | language=Czech}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pícha - O klenotu znaku moravského markraběte&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | last = Pícha
 | first = František
 | title = O klenotu znaku moravského markraběte
 | url = 
 | publisher = 
 | location = Brno
 | booktitle = Genealogické a heraldické informace 2010: Moravská genealogická a heraldická společnost, o. s. 2011
 | volume = 15 (30)
 | year = 2011
 | číslo = 
 | počet_stran = 174
 | pages = 7-32
 | isbn = 
 | language = česky
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Veterrima aquilae scaccatae effigies in Gozzoburg invenitur. Picturae in aula arcis localis [[Cremisa (urbs)|Cremsensis]] non post annum circiter MCCLXX (MCCLXIX) pictae sunt, aut cum nuper aedificata Capella Sanctae Catharinae (MCCLXVII) coniunguntur; utroque casu, post annum MCCLXII factae sunt. In aula insignes armorum Bohemiae, Moraviae, Austriae et Styriae apparent, sed insignia Carinthiae et Carniolae – quae Ottocarus II anno MCCLXIX hereditate accepit – absunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pícha, Krejčík - Gozzoburg&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | last = Krejčík
 | first = Tomáš
 | last2 = Pícha
 | first2 = František
 | title = Český a moravský znak ve znakové galerii v Gozzoburgu v Kremsu
 | location = Brno
 | booktitle = Genealogické a heraldické informace 2008 : Moravská genealogická a heraldická společnost, o. s. 2009
 | volume = 13 (28)
 | year = 2009
 | pages = 49-57
 | issn = 0862-8963
 | language = Czech
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Jošt Moravský, též Lucemburský -.jpg|thumb|left|Margravius [[Iodocus a Moravia]], vexillum aquila Moravica quadratim alba et rubra in Codice Gelnhausenensi (saeculo XIV/XV).]]
Aquila scaccata insigne Moraviae terrae habetur saltem ex tempore Luxemburgense.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adamová&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last = Adamová
 | first = Karolina
 | title = K heraldické výzdobě Staroměstské mostecké věže. Právně historický pohled, in: Pražský sborník historický
 | publisher = Panorama
 | location = Praha
 | volume = 15
 | year = 1982
 | pages = 44–62
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Una ex antiquissimis imaginibus notis vexilli aquila Moravica insignis est illa in Codice Gelnhausen, quae imaginem Margravi Moraviae Iodocum monstrat, qui vexillum caeruleum tenet, aquila Moravica in campo albescente et rubescente scaccato, cum corona et armatura flava. (ut par est, sine scuto).&lt;ref name=&quot;ruzek22&quot; /&gt; Kódex bol napísaný niekedy v poslednej tretine 14. až prvej tretine 15. storočia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Gelnhausenův kodex (kodex A) - právní kniha. Jošt Lucemburský s moravským praporem v Jihlavské právní knize z roku 1407 na foliu 63r.
| url = http://www.manuscriptorium.com/apps/index.php?direct=record&amp;pid=AIPDIG-SOAJ__MESTSKASPRAV0TBA6E4-cs#search
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Jihlavský archiv ukázal své nejvzácnější dokumenty, jinak nepřístupné
| url = https://jihlava.idnes.cz/vzacne-dokumenty-jihlavskeho-archivu-dx1-/jihlava-zpravy.aspx?c=A121101_143951_jihlava-zpravy_mv
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Charta armorum Imperatoris [[Fridericus III|Friderici III]], data VII Decembris anno MCDLXII, quod, a Henrico de Lippa, Capitano Provinciali Moraviae et Marescallo Regni Bohemiae, ex incepto Ordinum Moravicorum editum est, documentum fuit quod, sub regno [[Georgius Podiebradensis|Georgii Podiebradensis]], primigenium colorem argenteum aquilae Moravicae mutavit, campis insigneis argenteis auro substitutis, ita novum insigne 'Ordinum' creans. ('color albus in glaucum sive aureum transmutetur' (Color albus in flavum vel aureum mutatus est)).&lt;ref name=&quot;vojtisek222&quot;&gt;{{cite book
| last = Vojtíšek
| first = Václav
| title = Naše státní znaky (staré a nynější)
| publisher = Vesmír
| location = Praha
| pages = 22
| language = cs
| year = 1921
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Alexius Habrich, Iura primaeva Moraviae2&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| last = Habrich
| first = Alexius (ed.)
| title = Iura primaeva Moraviae
| url = https://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb10542951_00038.html
| location = Brno
| pages = 38–42
| language = la
| year = 1781
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Josef Kalousek, Archiv český2&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| last = Kalousek
| first = Josef (ed.)
| title = Archiv český čili staré písemné památky české i moravské, svazek X
| url = https://sources.cms.flu.cas.cz/src/index.php?s=v&amp;action=jdi&amp;cat=10&amp;bookid=800&amp;page=273&amp;action_button.x=0&amp;action_button.y=0
| location = Praha
| pages = 273–274
| language = la
| year = 1890
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Berthold Bretholz2&quot;&gt;{{cite book
| last = Bretholz
| first = Berthold
| title = Das mährische Landesarchiv, Seine Geschichte, seine Bestände
| location = Brno
| pages = 124
| language = de la
| year = 1908
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Publicatio huius litterae exemplum est interventionis in res internas terrarum Bohemicarum, cum Fridericus III, ut Imperator Romanus Sanctus, eam statibus Moravicis concesserit. Tamen Moravia pars Coronae Bohemicae erat et, secundum leges a [[Carolus IV (imperator)|Carolo IV]] latas, rex Romanorum nullam potestatem habebat talis consilii capiendi, cum Moraviae res sub directa potestate Regis Bohemiae esset.&lt;ref name=&quot;starha92&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| last = Štarha
| first = Ivan
| title = Historie, moravské barvy a moravská vlajka, in: Veřejná správa
| url = https://www.mvcr.cz/clanek/historie-moravske-barvy-a-moravska-vlajka.aspx
| year = 2013
| pages = 8–9
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ex prospectu historico, plures versiones vexillorum Moravicorum exstiterunt, quae simul duabus aut tribus coloribus ex insignibus provincialibus derivatis adhibebantur, praesertim saeculo undevicesimo.&lt;ref name=&quot;hlinomaz167&quot;&gt;''Ke státní a zemské symbolice českého státu v období 1526–1918'', s. 167.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Slavobrána postavená v Kuníně v roce 1845 u příležitosti návštěvy arcivévody Františka Karla, kolorovaná litografie.png|thumb|Porta caerimonialis Kunini anno MDCCCXLV exstructa ad visitationem Archducis Francisci Caroli commemorandam. Relatio eius temporis describit vexilla bicolora, nigrum et flavum et rubrum et album, in turribus vexata, tamquam colores et Austriacos et Moravicos provinciales.]]
Initio saeculi undevicesimi, Moravia erat regio non autonoma, quae ab anno MDCCCIV pars [[Imperium Austriacum|Imperii Austriaci erat]], quod paulo ante finalem collapsum [[Sacrum Romanum Imperium|Sacri Romani Imperii]] constitutum erat. Erat una ex finibus Coronae dictis, a praeside provinciali gubernata. Regulis a regimine centrali Vindobonae edictis tenebatur. Ex tempore priore pauca indicia sunt usus colorum provincialium Moravicorum. Imperator Moraviae dux erat, et cum titulus Margravius unus tantum ex multis quos tenebat esset, ei certam imaginem visualem non requirebat. Quapropter, per paene totam primam partem saeculi undevicesimi, colores provinciales non eandem significationem habebant quam a medio illius saeculi deinceps habuerunt. Potestates corporum administrativorum statuum provinciales finitae erant. Non habebant auctoritatem nec repraesentandi nec repraesentari.

Gubernatio provincialis sui iuris potestates satis amplas nonnisi promulgatione Constitutionis Decembris anno MDCCCLXI accepit, post quam singulae provinciae suas constitutiones sanxerunt. Tamen, neque hae neque ullum aliud instrumentum minoris vis legitimae colores vel vexilla provincialia designaverunt. Quamquam hae notiones saeculo undevicesimo exstiterunt, vocabula inania erant, id est, iure nec generaliter nec speciatim definita. Describendo igitur tempus ante annum MCMXVIII, non est rectum dicere &quot;vexillum provinciale Marchionatus Moraviae fuisse bicolorem horizontalem flavam et rubram&quot;, cum in nullo instrumento legali ita definitum sit. Licetne simpliciter dicere &quot;auctoritates provinciales rubrum et flavum ut colores provinciales inter annos MDCCCXLVIII et MCMXVIII adhibuisse&quot;, an, si iustificari potest, 'ut vexillum provinciale Moraviae, magistratus provinciales bicolorem rubro et flavo inter annos MDCCCXLVIII et MCMXVIII adhibuerunt'.

[[File:Cockade of Moravia, the historical land of the Czech Republic, red-white-blue.svg|thumb|right|In Ludovici Ritteri Dictionariolo Pochtario Diurnariis et Colloquiis (titulo Bohemico &quot;Kapesní slovníček novinářský a konverzační&quot;), anno MDCCCLI edito, haec de coloribus laqueorum dicuntur: &quot;''Fasciculus est rosula aut laqueus rotundus qui in petaso aut paenula geritur ad significandam sententiam quandam, gentem, sodalitatem, municipium, et cetera. A mulieribus gestus, in capillo aut in pectore affigitur. Notae sunt insignes variorum motuum politicorum ab anno MDCCCXLVIII, praesertim Slavorum, '''rubri, albi et caerulei coloris''', deinde colores nigro-rubro-flavi partis Germanicae et eius variae controversiae. Vexillum Austro-Hungaricum, quod exercitus noster vehit, nigrum et flavum est; vexilla Bohemica et Polonica alba et rubra sunt; '''vexillum Moravicum vel etiam Bohemico-Moravicum; et deinde vexillum Slavorum Meridianorum, ut vexillum Slavorum'''. Fascis Rusinorum flavus et caeruleus est; Hungarorum et Polonorum revolutionariorum ruber, albus et viridis; Prussicus niger et albus est, et sic deinceps. Pragae, omnes fascis privatis sine ulla exceptione ab anno MDCCCXLVIIII interdicti sunt.''&quot;.]]
Absentia ullius praescripti legis explicat cur 'vexilla provincialia' in scriptis huius aetatis variis modis depingantur. Plerumque auctor ea ex paucis vexillis reapse notis et regulis heraldicis, quae ad insignia pertinentia pertinent, derivabat. Quaestio peculiaris in Moravia saeculo undevicesimo fuit quod insigne Moraviense duabus formis exstabat. Descriptio eius historica et publice agnita armorum imperialium – qui per saecula in usu fuerant – erat aquila argentea et rubra alternis coloribus picta, cum corona et armatura aurea, in scuto caeruleo posita. Tamen, auctoritas ab Imperatore Friderico III concessa in diplomate die 7 Decembris 1462 edito, ut aquila scaccata aurea et rubra adhiberetur – quamquam haec compositio in usu non recepta est – adduxit, Postquam diploma in notitiam procuratorum administrationis provincialis Moravicae ad finem saeculorum XVIII et XIX pervenit – praesertim ab annis 1830 et 1840 – hoc ad auctos conatus administrationis provincialis adnotavit ut agnitio diplomatis ab Imperatore impetraretur. Et quamquam usus eius non publice agnitus est usque ad annum MCMXV, complures sententiae a magistratibus Vindobonensibus editae significabant eos non adversari usu exemplaris aureo et rubro quadratim dispositi in aquila.

Quaestio igitur per saeculum undevicesimum fuit, utrum diploma validum, sed publice irritum, Friderici III praevaluerit insignibus Moraviae, quae usu historico probata et confirmata erant. Quaestio de coloribus provincialibus, ad quam pertinebat quaestio de forma vexilli provincialis (futuri), naturaliter a diversis sententiis de recta (valida) insigne provinciali affecta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pícha - Moravské barvy a vlajky v revolučním roce 1848&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last = Pícha
 | first = František
 | title = Moravské barvy a vlajky v revolučním roce 1848, in: Genealogické a heraldické informace 2017 : Moravská genealogická a heraldická společnost, o. s. 2018
 | location = Brno
 | volume = 22 (37)
 | year = 2018
 | pages = 40–41
 | isbn = 
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Secundum quosdam auctores, vexillum Moravicum album, rubrum, caeruleumque est, fasciis horizontalibus eo ordine.&lt;ref name=&quot;brozek50&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last = Brožek
 | first = Aleš
 | title = Lexikon vlajek a znaků zemí světa
 | publisher = Kartografie
 | location = Praha
 | year = 2003
 | pages = 50
 | isbn = 8070117761
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haec colorum coniunctio saeculo undevicesimo symbolum erat civium Moravicorum patriam amantium.

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Modrobílá historická vlajka Moravy (1611).png|Vexillum historicum caeruleo et albo, memoratum iuxta vexillum caeruleum insigne provinciale Moraviae gerens ('insigne provinciale eiusdem marchionatus') in nuntiis anni MDCXII, qui adventum Pragam et coronationem Regis [[Matthias (imperator)|Mathiae II]] describunt.
File:Red-white historical flag of Moravia (from the first half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century).svg|Compositio colorum rubrorum et alborum, quae usque ad ineuntem saeculum vicesimum adhibita est.
File:Red-white-blue historical flag of Moravia (from the middle of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century).svg|Tricolōr ruber, albus, caeruleusque, qui adhibitus est in secunda parte saeculi undevicesimi et in initio saeculi vicesimi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jan Havelka&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | last = Havelka | first = Jan | title = Erb a zemské barvy markkrabství moravského | journal = Komenský | access-date = 2015-12-15 | year = 1880 | number = 29 | pages = 454–455 | url = http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112042804044;view=1up;seq=463 | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orlice, časopis politický&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | title = O barvách praporů (8. 9. 1888) | journal = Orlice, časopis politický | location = Telč | year = 1888 | number = 19 | pages = Příloha Orlice k číslu 19  | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;
File:Red-yellow historical flag of Moravia (from the middle of the 19th century or from the 2nd half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century).svg|Vexillum bicolore rubrum et flavum. Aliud ex vexillis historicis Moraviae a secunda parte saeculi undevicesimi et ineunte saeculo vicesimo.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Vexillum Moravicum inter vexilla regionalia ==
[[File:Moravská orlice.jpg|thumb|right|Vexillum historicum Moraviae]]
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Flag of Pardubice Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Pardubiensis
File:Flag of Vysocina Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Vysočinae
File:Flag of Olomouc Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Olomucensis
File:Flag of Moravian-Silesian Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Moravico-Silesiae
File:Flag of Zlin Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Zlinensis
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Vexillum caeruleum aquila Moravica insignis ===
Relatio vexillologica de vexillo Moravio, quae submissa est Kalendis Iuniis MMXIII per peritos Subcommissionis de Heraldica et Vexillologia Camerae Deputatōrum Parlamenti Rei Publicae Bohemicae (subcommissionis Commissionis de Scientia, Educatione, Cultura, Iuventute et Educatione Physica) – Zbyšek Svoboda, Pavel Fojtík, Petr Exner et Praeses Societatis Vexillologicae Bohemicae, Jaroslav Martykán, vexillum et insignia Moraviae, in vetustissima forma sua quae memoriae prodita est, habentur historice aptissima, scilicet campum caeruleum gerentia aquilam quadratorum alborum et rubrorum.&lt;ref name=&quot;Odborné vexilologické stanovisko&quot; /&gt;

== Nexūs externi ==
{{Commonscat|Flags of Moravia|Vexillum Moraviae}}
* [https://moravskavlajka.blogspot.com/ Moravská vlajka]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Categoria:Moravia]]
[[Categoria:Vexilla]]</text>
      <sha1>s7drl98h2wv8txfg54x4byhj7phq4yf</sha1>
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      <text bytes="24382" sha1="4504phv5ar7gu8li6ay8kip0yq5dcqc" xml:space="preserve">{{Pagina autotranslata
	| fons = [[:cs:Moravská vlajka]] conferantur [[Specialis:PermanentLink/3974324|versio labens]] et [https://cs-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moravsk%C3%A1_vlajka?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=la pagina ''Google'' translata]—aut [[:it:Bandiera della Moravia]]—[https://it-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bandiera_della_Moravia?_x_tr_sl=it&amp;_x_tr_tl=la pagina ''Google'' translata]
	| tempus = 2026-07-24 22:06:13
}}
{{Vicificanda}}

[[Fasciculus:Banner of arms of Moravia.svg|thumb|Vexillum Moraviae, ut annis 2002–2003 codificatum{{dubsig}} est. Historicum regionis Moravicae vexillum, constans ex campo caeruleo, qui [[aquila]]m rubro et albo damisatam{{dubsig}} cum [[corona]] et armis flavis gerit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Odborné vexilologické stanovisko&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | first=Zbyšek
 | last=Svoboda
 | first2=Pavel
 | last2=Fojtík
 | first3=Petr
 | last3=Exner
 | first4=Jaroslav
 | last4=Martykán
 | authorlink=
 | coauthors=
 | title=Odborné vexilologické stanovisko k moravské vlajce
 | booktitle=Vexilologie. Zpravodaj České vexilologické společnosti, o.s. č. 169
 | pages=3319, 3320
 | publisher=Česká vexilologická společnost
 | date=2013
 | location=Brno
 | url=http://www.vexilologie.cz/index2.php?a=000&amp;n=0
 | accessdate=2017-08-20
 | id=
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Znaky a prapory v kronice Ottokara Štýrského&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | first=František
 | last=Pícha
 | authorlink=
 | coauthors=
 | title=Znaky a prapory v kronice Ottokara Štýrského
 | booktitle=Vexilologie. Zpravodaj České vexilologické společnosti, o.s. č. 169
 | pages=3320–3324
 | publisher=Česká vexilologická společnost
 | date=2013
 | location=Brno
 | url=
 | accessdate=
 | id=
}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''Vexillum Moraviense''' est symbolum quo [[Moravia (terra)|Moravia]] repraesentatur.

Prima depictio insignis provincialis Moraviae in vexillo, cum [[Medium aevum|media aetate]] vexilla ex [[Insigne|insignibus]] derivarentur, invenitur in vexillo [[Marchio|marchionis]], quod in Codice Gelnhausenensi anno MCDVII depictum est ([[aquila]] [[Argenteus|argentea]] et [[Ruber|rubra]], armatura [[Aureus (color)|aurea]] et corona aurea ornata, in campo [[Caeruleus|caeruleo]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;ruzek22&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 | last = Růžek
 | first = Vladimír
 | title = Cesty k definici (nejen) moravského znaku a praporu, in: Veřejná správa, Nr. 10
 | year = 2013
 | pages = 20–22:22
 | url = https://www.mvcr.cz/webpm/clanek/historicke-symboly.aspx
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prima descriptio scripta re vera toto saeculo vetustior est. Nihilominus, neque Marchio Moraviae, neque Moravia, neque Moravia-[[Silesia]] umquam [[vexillum]] adoptavit aut per actum legitimum ut ens iuridicum instituit. Ex variis documentis historicis, delineationibus, descriptionibusque fundatum est, quorum usu nullum fundamentum iuridicum erat.

[[Cechoslovacia|Res publica Bohemoslovaca]] colores album vel argenteum in arma Moravica iterum restituit ([[Lex]] n. 252/1920). Vexilla provincialia non sunt emendata legibus posterioribus (Legibus n. 269/1936, n. 222/1939, n. 163/1960 et Legibus hodie validis n. 3/1993 Coll. et n. 352/2001 Coll.).

Hodie, vexillum bicolore flavo et rubro, in medio insignia coloribus congruentibus praebens, interdum pro vexillo Moravio usurpatur, praesertim a quibusdam factionibus politicis, consociationibus aliisque organizationibus Moravis.

[[File:Flag of South Moravian Region.svg|thumb|right|Vexillum Regionis Moraviae Meridionalis. Primum campum vexilli aquila Moravica ornatur. In quarta et ultima parte vexilli aquila est cum ornatu quadriato flavicoccineo, quae addita est ut symbolum reconciliationis et integrationis inter varios greges linguisticos, religiosos et ethnicos qui olim in Moravia Meridiana habitabant.&lt;ref name=&quot;koudelka&quot;&gt;{{cite book
| last = Koudelka
| first = Zdeněk
| title = Znaky a vlajky Moravy a Slezska, in: Sborník z konference MORAVA 1918
| url = https://is.muni.cz/repo/1570777/Znaky_Moravy_a_Slezska.pdf
| publisher = KEY Publishing s.r.o.
| location = Ostrava
| chapter = 
| pages = 58–73
| isbn = 978-80-7418-316-4
| language = cs
| year = 2019
}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Vexillum Moraviense hunc statum non nactum est nisi annis MMII–MMIII, cum insignia et vexilla regionibus hodiernis assignata sunt, dimidio saeculo post abolitione systematis provincialis et introductionem systematis regionalis.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Zákon č. 280/1948 Sb. Zákon o krajském zřízení
| url = https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/1948-280#oddil1
| language = cs
| accessdate = 2026-07-22
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20250211142519/https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/1948-280/#oddil1
| archivedate = 2025-02-11
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hoc vexillum in partem superiorem vexillorum regionum Vysočinae, Moraviae Meridionalis, Olomucensis et Zlìnensis, necnon in partem superiorem vexillorum regionum Pardubicensis et Moravico-Silesiae incorporatur. Vexillum caeruleum est; in medio campo caeruleo est aquila quadratim disposita, alis albis et rubris, corona et armatura aurea ornata.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
| title = Historie, moravské barvy a moravská vlajka
| url = https://www.mvcr.cz/clanek/historie-moravske-barvy-a-moravska-vlajka.aspx
| publisher = Ministerstvo vnitra ČR
| year = 2013
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Etiam hoc modo ineunte Martio anni MMXXIII a grege Legumlatrorum Parlamenti [[Cechia|rei publicae Bohemicae]] in rogatione propositum est, quae consilium insignium et vexillorum regionalium codificaret.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Návrh poslanců Radka Vondráčka, Pavla Blažka, Petra Gazdíka, Lucie Šafránkové, Mariana Jurečky, Vlastimila Válka a dalších na vydání zákona o zemských znacích a vlajkách | url = https://www.psp.cz/sqw/text/orig2.sqw?idd=225139 | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rogatio paulatim in ordine rerum agendarum complurium sessionum Camerae Deputatōrum inclusa est, sed ibi non disputata est. Rogatio, a Radeko Vondráček, legato, die XXII Ianuarii anno MMXXVI iterum proposita, non praescribit fines historicos regionum insignibus regionalibus notandos esse, sicut in rogatione priore statutum erat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Parlament České republiky. Poslanecká sněmovna. 10. volební období. 87/0. Návrh poslance Radka Vondráčka na vydání zákona o zemských znacích
a vlajkách
| url = https://www.psp.cz/sqw/text/orig2.sqw?idd=267037
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rogatio insignia et vexilla regionalia in legem aperte sancit, praescribens ut forma eorum ad insigne nationale conformetur, et cuilibet permittit ut iis utatur. Una tantum condicio est ut debita cum reverentia tractentur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = ODok Portál. Zákon o zemských znacích a vlajkách 
| url = https://odok.gov.cz/portal/veklep/material/KORNDQQNALEE/
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia Vexilli Moravici ==
=== Historia antiquissima ===
[[File:Nejstarší dochované barevné vyobrazení znaku markraběcí Moravy, hrad Gozzoburg v Kremži.jpeg|thumb|Veterrima pictura colorata superstes armorum marchionatus Moraviae.]]
Historia vexilli Moravici – vel, accuratius, insignis Moravici (quod, dissimile vexillo, perpetuo in alveo affigitur) – dives et varia est, quae saeculo tertio decimo coepit, cum rationes inter Boemiam et Moraviam ordinabantur ad monarchiam centralizatam a Przemysidis ultimis constituendam. Primum mentio vexilli Moravici colorumque eius invenitur in chronica Ottocari Styriae, quae ad finem saeculi duodecimi et initium saeculi quarti decimi pertinet. Haec est narratio proelii Kressenbrunnensis, quod die XII Iulii anno MCCLX factum est. Insignia Bohemiae et Moraviae in chronica [[Bela IV (rex Hungariae)|Belae IV]] a Iindrico Preisslero, comite castrorum eius, vive describuntur. Prae exercitu Bohemico progrediente ducebat [[Ottocarus II (rex Bohemiae)|Ottocarus II]], prope quem vexillum fluitabat, leone albo in velluto rubro insigni, et iuxta eum alterum vexillum, quod formam aquilae Moravicae quadratam rubro et albo coloribus monstrabat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Znaky a prapory v kronice Ottokara Štýrského&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
 |title=Ottokars Österreichische Reimchronik (MGH Deutsche Chroniken V,1)
 |url=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/bsb00000779/images/index.html?id=00000779&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=226
 |accessdate=2016-07-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
 |title=Ottokar von Steiermark: 'Steirische Reimchronik'
 |url=http://www.handschriftencensus.de/werke/602
 |publisher=www.handschriftencensus.de
 |accessdate=2017-08-19
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Hern Dietrich Spatzmanen''

''sach man die banier leiten:''

''in einem rȏten samît breiten''

''was gewohrt ein lewe wîz.''

''ouch heten ir baniere flîz,'' (Etiam illi suas vexilla habebant,)

'''''die von Merhaeren wârn''':'' (qui ex Moravia venerunt:)

'''''ein geschâchzabelten arn''''' (Aquila scaccata)

'''''von rȏter und von wîzer varbe''''' (rubro et albo picta)

'''''sach man ob in begarbe''''' (super eos plane conspicue)

'''''waejen von dem winde.''''' (in vento fluitabat.)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Nejstarší zmínka o praporu Moravy v kronice Ottokara Štýrského
| url = http://moravskaorlice.blogspot.com/2014/09/nejstarsi-zminka-o-praporu-moravy-v.html | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Postea, colores vexilli ex coloribus armorum derivati sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Odborné vexilologické stanovisko&quot; /&gt; 

Ex regno Ottocari II, titulus Margravi Moraviae repraesentatur aquila argentea et rubra dammata, corona aurea et unguibus aureis ornata, ad dextram versa, in scuto caeruleo posita.&lt;ref name=&quot;vojtisek21&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last=Vojtíšek
 | first=Václav
 | title=Naše státní znaky (staré a nynější)
 | publisher=Vesmír
 | place=Pragae
 | year=1921
 | page=21
 | language=Czech}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pícha - O klenotu znaku moravského markraběte&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | last = Pícha
 | first = František
 | title = O klenotu znaku moravského markraběte
 | url = 
 | publisher = 
 | location = Brno
 | booktitle = Genealogické a heraldické informace 2010: Moravská genealogická a heraldická společnost, o. s. 2011
 | volume = 15 (30)
 | year = 2011
 | číslo = 
 | počet_stran = 174
 | pages = 7-32
 | isbn = 
 | language = česky
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Veterrima aquilae scaccatae effigies in Gozzoburg invenitur. Picturae in aula arcis localis [[Cremisa (urbs)|Cremsensis]] non post annum circiter MCCLXX (MCCLXIX) pictae sunt, aut cum nuper aedificata Capella Sanctae Catharinae (MCCLXVII) coniunguntur; utroque casu, post annum MCCLXII factae sunt. In aula insignes armorum Bohemiae, Moraviae, Austriae et Styriae apparent, sed insignia Carinthiae et Carniolae – quae Ottocarus II anno MCCLXIX hereditate accepit – absunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pícha, Krejčík - Gozzoburg&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | last = Krejčík
 | first = Tomáš
 | last2 = Pícha
 | first2 = František
 | title = Český a moravský znak ve znakové galerii v Gozzoburgu v Kremsu
 | location = Brno
 | booktitle = Genealogické a heraldické informace 2008 : Moravská genealogická a heraldická společnost, o. s. 2009
 | volume = 13 (28)
 | year = 2009
 | pages = 49-57
 | issn = 0862-8963
 | language = Czech
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Jošt Moravský, též Lucemburský -.jpg|thumb|left|Margravius [[Iodocus a Moravia]], vexillum aquila Moravica quadratim alba et rubra in Codice Gelnhausenensi (saeculo XIV/XV).]]
Aquila scaccata insigne Moraviae terrae habetur saltem ex tempore Luxemburgense.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adamová&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last = Adamová
 | first = Karolina
 | title = K heraldické výzdobě Staroměstské mostecké věže. Právně historický pohled, in: Pražský sborník historický
 | publisher = Panorama
 | location = Praha
 | volume = 15
 | year = 1982
 | pages = 44–62
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Una ex antiquissimis imaginibus notis vexilli aquila Moravica insignis est illa in Codice Gelnhausen, quae imaginem Margravi Moraviae Iodocum monstrat, qui vexillum caeruleum tenet, aquila Moravica in campo albescente et rubescente scaccato, cum corona et armatura flava. (ut par est, sine scuto).&lt;ref name=&quot;ruzek22&quot; /&gt; Kódex bol napísaný niekedy v poslednej tretine 14. až prvej tretine 15. storočia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Gelnhausenův kodex (kodex A) - právní kniha. Jošt Lucemburský s moravským praporem v Jihlavské právní knize z roku 1407 na foliu 63r.
| url = http://www.manuscriptorium.com/apps/index.php?direct=record&amp;pid=AIPDIG-SOAJ__MESTSKASPRAV0TBA6E4-cs#search
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Jihlavský archiv ukázal své nejvzácnější dokumenty, jinak nepřístupné
| url = https://jihlava.idnes.cz/vzacne-dokumenty-jihlavskeho-archivu-dx1-/jihlava-zpravy.aspx?c=A121101_143951_jihlava-zpravy_mv
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Charta armorum Imperatoris [[Fridericus III|Friderici III]], data VII Decembris anno MCDLXII, quod, a Henrico de Lippa, Capitano Provinciali Moraviae et Marescallo Regni Bohemiae, ex incepto Ordinum Moravicorum editum est, documentum fuit quod, sub regno [[Georgius Podiebradensis|Georgii Podiebradensis]], primigenium colorem argenteum aquilae Moravicae mutavit, campis insigneis argenteis auro substitutis, ita novum insigne 'Ordinum' creans. ('color albus in glaucum sive aureum transmutetur' (Color albus in flavum vel aureum mutatus est)).&lt;ref name=&quot;vojtisek222&quot;&gt;{{cite book
| last = Vojtíšek
| first = Václav
| title = Naše státní znaky (staré a nynější)
| publisher = Vesmír
| location = Praha
| pages = 22
| language = cs
| year = 1921
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Alexius Habrich, Iura primaeva Moraviae2&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| last = Habrich
| first = Alexius (ed.)
| title = Iura primaeva Moraviae
| url = https://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb10542951_00038.html
| location = Brno
| pages = 38–42
| language = la
| year = 1781
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Josef Kalousek, Archiv český2&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| last = Kalousek
| first = Josef (ed.)
| title = Archiv český čili staré písemné památky české i moravské, svazek X
| url = https://sources.cms.flu.cas.cz/src/index.php?s=v&amp;action=jdi&amp;cat=10&amp;bookid=800&amp;page=273&amp;action_button.x=0&amp;action_button.y=0
| location = Praha
| pages = 273–274
| language = la
| year = 1890
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Berthold Bretholz2&quot;&gt;{{cite book
| last = Bretholz
| first = Berthold
| title = Das mährische Landesarchiv, Seine Geschichte, seine Bestände
| location = Brno
| pages = 124
| language = de la
| year = 1908
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Publicatio huius litterae exemplum est interventionis in res internas terrarum Bohemicarum, cum Fridericus III, ut Imperator Romanus Sanctus, eam statibus Moravicis concesserit. Tamen Moravia pars Coronae Bohemicae erat et, secundum leges a [[Carolus IV (imperator)|Carolo IV]] latas, rex Romanorum nullam potestatem habebat talis consilii capiendi, cum Moraviae res sub directa potestate Regis Bohemiae esset.&lt;ref name=&quot;starha92&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| last = Štarha
| first = Ivan
| title = Historie, moravské barvy a moravská vlajka, in: Veřejná správa
| url = https://www.mvcr.cz/clanek/historie-moravske-barvy-a-moravska-vlajka.aspx
| year = 2013
| pages = 8–9
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ex prospectu historico, plures versiones vexillorum Moravicorum exstiterunt, quae simul duabus aut tribus coloribus ex insignibus provincialibus derivatis adhibebantur, praesertim saeculo undevicesimo.&lt;ref name=&quot;hlinomaz167&quot;&gt;''Ke státní a zemské symbolice českého státu v období 1526–1918'', s. 167.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Slavobrána postavená v Kuníně v roce 1845 u příležitosti návštěvy arcivévody Františka Karla, kolorovaná litografie.png|thumb|Porta caerimonialis Kunini anno MDCCCXLV exstructa ad visitationem Archducis Francisci Caroli commemorandam. Relatio eius temporis describit vexilla bicolora, nigrum et flavum et rubrum et album, in turribus vexata, tamquam colores et Austriacos et Moravicos provinciales.]]
Initio saeculi undevicesimi, Moravia erat regio non autonoma, quae ab anno MDCCCIV pars [[Imperium Austriacum|Imperii Austriaci erat]], quod paulo ante finalem collapsum [[Sacrum Romanum Imperium|Sacri Romani Imperii]] constitutum erat. Erat una ex finibus Coronae dictis, a praeside provinciali gubernata. Regulis a regimine centrali Vindobonae edictis tenebatur. Ex tempore priore pauca indicia sunt usus colorum provincialium Moravicorum. Imperator Moraviae dux erat, et cum titulus Margravius unus tantum ex multis quos tenebat esset, ei certam imaginem visualem non requirebat. Quapropter, per paene totam primam partem saeculi undevicesimi, colores provinciales non eandem significationem habebant quam a medio illius saeculi deinceps habuerunt. Potestates corporum administrativorum statuum provinciales finitae erant. Non habebant auctoritatem nec repraesentandi nec repraesentari.

Gubernatio provincialis sui iuris potestates satis amplas nonnisi promulgatione Constitutionis Decembris anno MDCCCLXI accepit, post quam singulae provinciae suas constitutiones sanxerunt. Tamen, neque hae neque ullum aliud instrumentum minoris vis legitimae colores vel vexilla provincialia designaverunt. Quamquam hae notiones saeculo undevicesimo exstiterunt, vocabula inania erant, id est, iure nec generaliter nec speciatim definita. Describendo igitur tempus ante annum MCMXVIII, non est rectum dicere &quot;vexillum provinciale Marchionatus Moraviae fuisse bicolorem horizontalem flavam et rubram&quot;, cum in nullo instrumento legali ita definitum sit. Licetne simpliciter dicere &quot;auctoritates provinciales rubrum et flavum ut colores provinciales inter annos MDCCCXLVIII et MCMXVIII adhibuisse&quot;, an, si iustificari potest, 'ut vexillum provinciale Moraviae, magistratus provinciales bicolorem rubro et flavo inter annos MDCCCXLVIII et MCMXVIII adhibuerunt'.

[[File:Cockade of Moravia, the historical land of the Czech Republic, red-white-blue.svg|thumb|right|In Ludovici Ritteri Dictionariolo Pochtario Diurnariis et Colloquiis (titulo Bohemico &quot;Kapesní slovníček novinářský a konverzační&quot;), anno MDCCCLI edito, haec de coloribus laqueorum dicuntur: &quot;''Fasciculus est rosula aut laqueus rotundus qui in petaso aut paenula geritur ad significandam sententiam quandam, gentem, sodalitatem, municipium, et cetera. A mulieribus gestus, in capillo aut in pectore affigitur. Notae sunt insignes variorum motuum politicorum ab anno MDCCCXLVIII, praesertim Slavorum, '''rubri, albi et caerulei coloris''', deinde colores nigro-rubro-flavi partis Germanicae et eius variae controversiae. Vexillum Austro-Hungaricum, quod exercitus noster vehit, nigrum et flavum est; vexilla Bohemica et Polonica alba et rubra sunt; '''vexillum Moravicum vel etiam Bohemico-Moravicum; et deinde vexillum Slavorum Meridianorum, ut vexillum Slavorum'''. Fascis Rusinorum flavus et caeruleus est; Hungarorum et Polonorum revolutionariorum ruber, albus et viridis; Prussicus niger et albus est, et sic deinceps. Pragae, omnes fascis privatis sine ulla exceptione ab anno MDCCCXLVIIII interdicti sunt.''&quot;.]]
Absentia ullius praescripti legis explicat cur 'vexilla provincialia' in scriptis huius aetatis variis modis depingantur. Plerumque auctor ea ex paucis vexillis reapse notis et regulis heraldicis, quae ad insignia pertinentia pertinent, derivabat. Quaestio peculiaris in Moravia saeculo undevicesimo fuit quod insigne Moraviense duabus formis exstabat. Descriptio eius historica et publice agnita armorum imperialium – qui per saecula in usu fuerant – erat aquila argentea et rubra alternis coloribus picta, cum corona et armatura aurea, in scuto caeruleo posita. Tamen, auctoritas ab Imperatore Friderico III concessa in diplomate die 7 Decembris 1462 edito, ut aquila scaccata aurea et rubra adhiberetur – quamquam haec compositio in usu non recepta est – adduxit, Postquam diploma in notitiam procuratorum administrationis provincialis Moravicae ad finem saeculorum XVIII et XIX pervenit – praesertim ab annis 1830 et 1840 – hoc ad auctos conatus administrationis provincialis adnotavit ut agnitio diplomatis ab Imperatore impetraretur. Et quamquam usus eius non publice agnitus est usque ad annum MCMXV, complures sententiae a magistratibus Vindobonensibus editae significabant eos non adversari usu exemplaris aureo et rubro quadratim dispositi in aquila.

Quaestio igitur per saeculum undevicesimum fuit, utrum diploma validum, sed publice irritum, Friderici III praevaluerit insignibus Moraviae, quae usu historico probata et confirmata erant. Quaestio de coloribus provincialibus, ad quam pertinebat quaestio de forma vexilli provincialis (futuri), naturaliter a diversis sententiis de recta (valida) insigne provinciali affecta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pícha - Moravské barvy a vlajky v revolučním roce 1848&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last = Pícha
 | first = František
 | title = Moravské barvy a vlajky v revolučním roce 1848, in: Genealogické a heraldické informace 2017 : Moravská genealogická a heraldická společnost, o. s. 2018
 | location = Brno
 | volume = 22 (37)
 | year = 2018
 | pages = 40–41
 | isbn = 
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Secundum quosdam auctores, vexillum Moravicum album, rubrum, caeruleumque est, fasciis horizontalibus eo ordine.&lt;ref name=&quot;brozek50&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last = Brožek
 | first = Aleš
 | title = Lexikon vlajek a znaků zemí světa
 | publisher = Kartografie
 | location = Praha
 | year = 2003
 | pages = 50
 | isbn = 8070117761
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haec colorum coniunctio saeculo undevicesimo symbolum erat civium Moravicorum patriam amantium.

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Modrobílá historická vlajka Moravy (1611).png|Vexillum historicum caeruleo et albo, memoratum iuxta vexillum caeruleum insigne provinciale Moraviae gerens ('insigne provinciale eiusdem marchionatus') in nuntiis anni MDCXII, qui adventum Pragam et coronationem Regis [[Matthias (imperator)|Mathiae II]] describunt.
File:Red-white historical flag of Moravia (from the first half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century).svg|Compositio colorum rubrorum et alborum, quae usque ad ineuntem saeculum vicesimum adhibita est.
File:Red-white-blue historical flag of Moravia (from the middle of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century).svg|Tricolōr ruber, albus, caeruleusque, qui adhibitus est in secunda parte saeculi undevicesimi et in initio saeculi vicesimi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jan Havelka&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | last = Havelka | first = Jan | title = Erb a zemské barvy markkrabství moravského | journal = Komenský | access-date = 2015-12-15 | year = 1880 | number = 29 | pages = 454–455 | url = http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112042804044;view=1up;seq=463 | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orlice, časopis politický&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | title = O barvách praporů (8. 9. 1888) | journal = Orlice, časopis politický | location = Telč | year = 1888 | number = 19 | pages = Příloha Orlice k číslu 19  | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;
File:Red-yellow historical flag of Moravia (from the middle of the 19th century or from the 2nd half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century).svg|Vexillum bicolore rubrum et flavum. Aliud ex vexillis historicis Moraviae a secunda parte saeculi undevicesimi et ineunte saeculo vicesimo.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Vexillum Moravicum inter vexilla regionalia ==
[[File:Moravská orlice.jpg|thumb|right|Vexillum historicum Moraviae]]
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Flag of Pardubice Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Pardubiensis
File:Flag of Vysocina Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Vysočinae
File:Flag of Olomouc Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Olomucensis
File:Flag of Moravian-Silesian Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Moravico-Silesiae
File:Flag of Zlin Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Zlinensis
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Vexillum caeruleum aquila Moravica insignis ===
Relatio vexillologica de vexillo Moravio, quae submissa est Kalendis Iuniis MMXIII per peritos Subcommissionis de Heraldica et Vexillologia Camerae Deputatōrum Parlamenti Rei Publicae Bohemicae (subcommissionis Commissionis de Scientia, Educatione, Cultura, Iuventute et Educatione Physica) – Zbyšek Svoboda, Pavel Fojtík, Petr Exner et Praeses Societatis Vexillologicae Bohemicae, Jaroslav Martykán, vexillum et insignia Moraviae, in vetustissima forma sua quae memoriae prodita est, habentur historice aptissima, scilicet campum caeruleum gerentia aquilam quadratorum alborum et rubrorum.&lt;ref name=&quot;Odborné vexilologické stanovisko&quot; /&gt;

== Nexūs externi ==
{{Commonscat|Flags of Moravia|Vexillum Moraviae}}
* [https://moravskavlajka.blogspot.com/ Moravská vlajka]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Categoria:Moravia]]
[[Categoria:Vexilla]]</text>
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	| fons = [[:cs:Moravská vlajka]] conferantur [[Specialis:PermanentLink/3974324|versio labens]] et [https://cs-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moravsk%C3%A1_vlajka?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=la pagina ''Google'' translata]—aut [[:it:Bandiera della Moravia]]—[https://it-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bandiera_della_Moravia?_x_tr_sl=it&amp;_x_tr_tl=la pagina ''Google'' translata]
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{{Vicificanda}}

[[Fasciculus:Banner of arms of Moravia.svg|thumb|Vexillum Moraviae, ut annis 2002–2003 codificatum{{dubsig}} est. Historicum regionis Moravicae vexillum, constans ex campo caeruleo, qui [[aquila]]m rubro et albo damisatam{{dubsig}} cum [[corona]] et armis flavis gerit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Odborné vexilologické stanovisko&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | first=Zbyšek
 | last=Svoboda
 | first2=Pavel
 | last2=Fojtík
 | first3=Petr
 | last3=Exner
 | first4=Jaroslav
 | last4=Martykán
 | authorlink=
 | coauthors=
 | title=Odborné vexilologické stanovisko k moravské vlajce
 | booktitle=Vexilologie. Zpravodaj České vexilologické společnosti, o.s. č. 169
 | pages=3319, 3320
 | publisher=Česká vexilologická společnost
 | date=2013
 | location=Brno
 | url=http://www.vexilologie.cz/index2.php?a=000&amp;n=0
 | accessdate=2017-08-20
 | id=
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Znaky a prapory v kronice Ottokara Štýrského&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | first=František
 | last=Pícha
 | authorlink=
 | coauthors=
 | title=Znaky a prapory v kronice Ottokara Štýrského
 | booktitle=Vexilologie. Zpravodaj České vexilologické společnosti, o.s. č. 169
 | pages=3320–3324
 | publisher=Česká vexilologická společnost
 | date=2013
 | location=Brno
 | url=
 | accessdate=
 | id=
}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''Vexillum Moraviense''' est symbolum quo [[Moravia (terra)|Moravia]] repraesentatur.

Prima depictio insignis provincialis Moraviae in vexillo, cum [[Medium aevum|media aetate]] vexilla ex [[Insigne|insignibus]] derivarentur, invenitur in vexillo [[Marchio|marchionis]], quod in Codice Gelnhausenensi [[Anno Domini|anno]] MCDVII depictum est ([[aquila]] [[Argenteus|argentea]] et [[Ruber|rubra]], armatura [[Aureus (color)|aurea]] et corona aurea ornata, in campo [[Caeruleus|caeruleo]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;ruzek22&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 | last = Růžek
 | first = Vladimír
 | title = Cesty k definici (nejen) moravského znaku a praporu, in: Veřejná správa, Nr. 10
 | year = 2013
 | pages = 20–22:22
 | url = https://www.mvcr.cz/webpm/clanek/historicke-symboly.aspx
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prima [[Scriba|descriptio]] [[Scriptura|scripta]] re vera toto [[Saeculum|saeculo]] vetustior est. Nihilominus, neque Marchio Moraviae, neque Moravia, neque Moravia-[[Silesia]] umquam [[vexillum]] adoptavit aut per actum legitimum ut ens [[Ius|iuridicum]] instituit. Ex variis documentis [[Historia|historicis]], [[Delineatio|delineationibus]], descriptionibusque fundatum est, quorum usu nullum fundamentum iuridicum erat.

[[Cechoslovacia|Res publica Bohemoslovaca]] [[Color|colores]] album vel argenteum in arma Moravica iterum restituit ([[Lex]] n. 252/1920). Vexilla provincialia non sunt emendata legibus posterioribus (Legibus n. 269/1936, n. 222/1939, n. 163/1960 et Legibus hodie validis n. 3/1993 Coll. et n. 352/2001 Coll.).

Hodie, vexillum bicolore [[Flavus|flavo]] et rubro, in medio insignia coloribus congruentibus praebens, interdum pro vexillo moravico usurpatur, praesertim a quibusdam [[Factio politica|factionibus politicis]], consociationibus aliisque [[Organizatio|organizationibus]] moraviensibus.

[[File:Flag of South Moravian Region.svg|thumb|right|Vexillum Regionis Moraviae Meridionalis. Primum campum vexilli aquila moravica ornatur. In quarta et ultima parte vexilli aquila est cum ornatu [[Scaccarium|scaccato]] flavo et rubro, quae addita est ut [[symbolum]] reconciliationis et integrationis inter varios greges linguisticos, religiosos et ethnicos qui olim in Moravia Meridiana habitabant.&lt;ref name=&quot;koudelka&quot;&gt;{{cite book
| last = Koudelka
| first = Zdeněk
| title = Znaky a vlajky Moravy a Slezska, in: Sborník z konference MORAVA 1918
| url = https://is.muni.cz/repo/1570777/Znaky_Moravy_a_Slezska.pdf
| publisher = KEY Publishing s.r.o.
| location = Ostrava
| chapter = 
| pages = 58–73
| isbn = 978-80-7418-316-4
| language = cs
| year = 2019
}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Vexillum Moraviense hunc statum non nactum est nisi annis MMII–MMIII, cum insignia et vexilla regionibus hodiernis assignata sunt, dimidio saeculo post abolitione systematis provincialis et introductionem systematis regionalis.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Zákon č. 280/1948 Sb. Zákon o krajském zřízení
| url = https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/1948-280#oddil1
| language = cs
| accessdate = 2026-07-22
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20250211142519/https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/1948-280/#oddil1
| archivedate = 2025-02-11
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hoc vexillum in partem superiorem vexillorum regionum Vysočinae, Moraviae Meridionalis, Olomucensis et Zlìnensis, necnon in partem superiorem vexillorum regionum Pardubicensis et Moravico-Silesiae incorporatur. Vexillum caeruleum est; in medio campo caeruleo est aquila quadratim disposita, alis albis et rubris, corona et armatura aurea ornata.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
| title = Historie, moravské barvy a moravská vlajka
| url = https://www.mvcr.cz/clanek/historie-moravske-barvy-a-moravska-vlajka.aspx
| publisher = Ministerstvo vnitra ČR
| year = 2013
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Etiam hoc modo ineunte Martio anni MMXXIII a grege Legumlatrorum Parlamenti [[Cechia|rei publicae Bohemicae]] in rogatione propositum est, quae consilium insignium et vexillorum regionalium codificaret.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Návrh poslanců Radka Vondráčka, Pavla Blažka, Petra Gazdíka, Lucie Šafránkové, Mariana Jurečky, Vlastimila Válka a dalších na vydání zákona o zemských znacích a vlajkách | url = https://www.psp.cz/sqw/text/orig2.sqw?idd=225139 | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rogatio paulatim in ordine rerum agendarum complurium sessionum Camerae Deputatōrum inclusa est, sed ibi non disputata est. Rogatio, a Radeko Vondráček, legato, die XXII Ianuarii anno MMXXVI iterum proposita, non praescribit fines historicos regionum insignibus regionalibus notandos esse, sicut in rogatione priore statutum erat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Parlament České republiky. Poslanecká sněmovna. 10. volební období. 87/0. Návrh poslance Radka Vondráčka na vydání zákona o zemských znacích
a vlajkách
| url = https://www.psp.cz/sqw/text/orig2.sqw?idd=267037
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rogatio insignia et vexilla regionalia in legem aperte sancit, praescribens ut forma eorum ad insigne nationale conformetur, et cuilibet permittit ut iis utatur. Una tantum condicio est ut debita cum reverentia tractentur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = ODok Portál. Zákon o zemských znacích a vlajkách 
| url = https://odok.gov.cz/portal/veklep/material/KORNDQQNALEE/
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia Vexilli Moravici ==
=== Historia antiquissima ===
[[File:Nejstarší dochované barevné vyobrazení znaku markraběcí Moravy, hrad Gozzoburg v Kremži.jpeg|thumb|Veterrima pictura colorata superstes armorum marchionatus Moraviae.]]
Historia vexilli moravici – vel, accuratius, insignis moravici (quod, dissimile vexillo, perpetuo in alveo affigitur) – dives et varia est, quae saeculo tertio decimo coepit, cum rationes inter [[Bohemia|Bohemiam]] et Moraviam ordinabantur ad [[Monarchia|monarchiam]] centralizatam a [[Premyslidae|Premyslidis]] ultimis constituendam. Primum mentio vexilli Moravici colorumque eius invenitur in chronica Ottocari Styriae, quae ad finem saeculi duodecimi et initium saeculi quarti decimi pertinet. Haec est narratio proelii Kressenbrunnensis, quod die XII Iulii anno MCCLX factum est. Insignia Bohemiae et Moraviae in chronica [[Bela IV (rex Hungariae)|Belae IV]] a Iindrico Preisslero, comite castrorum eius, vive describuntur. Prae exercitu Bohemico progrediente ducebat [[Ottocarus II (rex Bohemiae)|Ottocarus II]], prope quem vexillum fluitabat, leone albo in velluto rubro insigni, et iuxta eum alterum vexillum, quod formam aquilae Moravicae quadratam rubro et albo coloribus monstrabat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Znaky a prapory v kronice Ottokara Štýrského&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
 |title=Ottokars Österreichische Reimchronik (MGH Deutsche Chroniken V,1)
 |url=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/bsb00000779/images/index.html?id=00000779&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=226
 |accessdate=2016-07-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
 |title=Ottokar von Steiermark: 'Steirische Reimchronik'
 |url=http://www.handschriftencensus.de/werke/602
 |publisher=www.handschriftencensus.de
 |accessdate=2017-08-19
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Hern Dietrich Spatzmanen''

''sach man die banier leiten:''

''in einem rȏten samît breiten''

''was gewohrt ein lewe wîz.''

''ouch heten ir baniere flîz,'' (Etiam illi suas vexilla habebant,)

'''''die von Merhaeren wârn''':'' (qui ex Moravia venerunt:)

'''''ein geschâchzabelten arn''''' (Aquila scaccata)

'''''von rȏter und von wîzer varbe''''' (rubro et albo picta)

'''''sach man ob in begarbe''''' (super eos plane conspicue)

'''''waejen von dem winde.''''' (in vento fluitabat.)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Nejstarší zmínka o praporu Moravy v kronice Ottokara Štýrského
| url = http://moravskaorlice.blogspot.com/2014/09/nejstarsi-zminka-o-praporu-moravy-v.html | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Postea, colores vexilli ex coloribus armorum derivati sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Odborné vexilologické stanovisko&quot; /&gt; 

Ex regno Ottocari II, titulus Margravi Moraviae repraesentatur aquila argentea et rubra dammata, corona aurea et unguibus aureis ornata, ad dextram versa, in scuto caeruleo posita.&lt;ref name=&quot;vojtisek21&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last=Vojtíšek
 | first=Václav
 | title=Naše státní znaky (staré a nynější)
 | publisher=Vesmír
 | place=Pragae
 | year=1921
 | page=21
 | language=Czech}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pícha - O klenotu znaku moravského markraběte&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | last = Pícha
 | first = František
 | title = O klenotu znaku moravského markraběte
 | url = 
 | publisher = 
 | location = Brno
 | booktitle = Genealogické a heraldické informace 2010: Moravská genealogická a heraldická společnost, o. s. 2011
 | volume = 15 (30)
 | year = 2011
 | číslo = 
 | počet_stran = 174
 | pages = 7-32
 | isbn = 
 | language = česky
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Veterrima aquilae scaccatae effigies in Gozzoburg invenitur. Picturae in aula arcis localis [[Cremisa (urbs)|Cremsensis]] non post annum circiter MCCLXX (MCCLXIX) pictae sunt, aut cum nuper aedificata Capella Sanctae Catharinae (MCCLXVII) coniunguntur; utroque casu, post annum MCCLXII factae sunt. In aula insignes armorum Bohemiae, Moraviae, Austriae et Styriae apparent, sed insignia Carinthiae et Carniolae – quae Ottocarus II anno MCCLXIX hereditate accepit – absunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pícha, Krejčík - Gozzoburg&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | last = Krejčík
 | first = Tomáš
 | last2 = Pícha
 | first2 = František
 | title = Český a moravský znak ve znakové galerii v Gozzoburgu v Kremsu
 | location = Brno
 | booktitle = Genealogické a heraldické informace 2008 : Moravská genealogická a heraldická společnost, o. s. 2009
 | volume = 13 (28)
 | year = 2009
 | pages = 49-57
 | issn = 0862-8963
 | language = Czech
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Jošt Moravský, též Lucemburský -.jpg|thumb|left|Margravius [[Iodocus a Moravia]], vexillum aquila Moravica quadratim alba et rubra in Codice Gelnhausenensi (saeculo XIV/XV).]]
Aquila scaccata insigne Moraviae terrae habetur saltem ex tempore Luxemburgense.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adamová&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last = Adamová
 | first = Karolina
 | title = K heraldické výzdobě Staroměstské mostecké věže. Právně historický pohled, in: Pražský sborník historický
 | publisher = Panorama
 | location = Praha
 | volume = 15
 | year = 1982
 | pages = 44–62
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Una ex antiquissimis imaginibus notis vexilli aquila Moravica insignis est illa in Codice Gelnhausen, quae imaginem Margravi Moraviae Iodocum monstrat, qui vexillum caeruleum tenet, aquila Moravica in campo albescente et rubescente scaccato, cum corona et armatura flava. (ut par est, sine scuto).&lt;ref name=&quot;ruzek22&quot; /&gt; Kódex bol napísaný niekedy v poslednej tretine 14. až prvej tretine 15. storočia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Gelnhausenův kodex (kodex A) - právní kniha. Jošt Lucemburský s moravským praporem v Jihlavské právní knize z roku 1407 na foliu 63r.
| url = http://www.manuscriptorium.com/apps/index.php?direct=record&amp;pid=AIPDIG-SOAJ__MESTSKASPRAV0TBA6E4-cs#search
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Jihlavský archiv ukázal své nejvzácnější dokumenty, jinak nepřístupné
| url = https://jihlava.idnes.cz/vzacne-dokumenty-jihlavskeho-archivu-dx1-/jihlava-zpravy.aspx?c=A121101_143951_jihlava-zpravy_mv
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Charta armorum Imperatoris [[Fridericus III|Friderici III]], data VII Decembris anno MCDLXII, quod, a Henrico de Lippa, Capitano Provinciali Moraviae et Marescallo Regni Bohemiae, ex incepto Ordinum Moravicorum editum est, documentum fuit quod, sub regno [[Georgius Podiebradensis|Georgii Podiebradensis]], primigenium colorem argenteum aquilae Moravicae mutavit, campis insigneis argenteis auro substitutis, ita novum insigne 'Ordinum' creans. ('color albus in glaucum sive aureum transmutetur' (Color albus in flavum vel aureum mutatus est)).&lt;ref name=&quot;vojtisek222&quot;&gt;{{cite book
| last = Vojtíšek
| first = Václav
| title = Naše státní znaky (staré a nynější)
| publisher = Vesmír
| location = Praha
| pages = 22
| language = cs
| year = 1921
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Alexius Habrich, Iura primaeva Moraviae2&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| last = Habrich
| first = Alexius (ed.)
| title = Iura primaeva Moraviae
| url = https://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb10542951_00038.html
| location = Brno
| pages = 38–42
| language = la
| year = 1781
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Josef Kalousek, Archiv český2&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| last = Kalousek
| first = Josef (ed.)
| title = Archiv český čili staré písemné památky české i moravské, svazek X
| url = https://sources.cms.flu.cas.cz/src/index.php?s=v&amp;action=jdi&amp;cat=10&amp;bookid=800&amp;page=273&amp;action_button.x=0&amp;action_button.y=0
| location = Praha
| pages = 273–274
| language = la
| year = 1890
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Berthold Bretholz2&quot;&gt;{{cite book
| last = Bretholz
| first = Berthold
| title = Das mährische Landesarchiv, Seine Geschichte, seine Bestände
| location = Brno
| pages = 124
| language = de la
| year = 1908
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Publicatio huius litterae exemplum est interventionis in res internas terrarum Bohemicarum, cum Fridericus III, ut Imperator Romanus Sanctus, eam statibus Moravicis concesserit. Tamen Moravia pars Coronae Bohemicae erat et, secundum leges a [[Carolus IV (imperator)|Carolo IV]] latas, rex Romanorum nullam potestatem habebat talis consilii capiendi, cum Moraviae res sub directa potestate Regis Bohemiae esset.&lt;ref name=&quot;starha92&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| last = Štarha
| first = Ivan
| title = Historie, moravské barvy a moravská vlajka, in: Veřejná správa
| url = https://www.mvcr.cz/clanek/historie-moravske-barvy-a-moravska-vlajka.aspx
| year = 2013
| pages = 8–9
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ex prospectu historico, plures versiones vexillorum Moravicorum exstiterunt, quae simul duabus aut tribus coloribus ex insignibus provincialibus derivatis adhibebantur, praesertim saeculo undevicesimo.&lt;ref name=&quot;hlinomaz167&quot;&gt;''Ke státní a zemské symbolice českého státu v období 1526–1918'', s. 167.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Slavobrána postavená v Kuníně v roce 1845 u příležitosti návštěvy arcivévody Františka Karla, kolorovaná litografie.png|thumb|Porta caerimonialis Kunini anno MDCCCXLV exstructa ad visitationem Archducis Francisci Caroli commemorandam. Relatio eius temporis describit vexilla bicolora, nigrum et flavum et rubrum et album, in turribus vexata, tamquam colores et Austriacos et Moravicos provinciales.]]
Initio saeculi undevicesimi, Moravia erat regio non autonoma, quae ab anno MDCCCIV pars [[Imperium Austriacum|Imperii Austriaci erat]], quod paulo ante finalem collapsum [[Sacrum Romanum Imperium|Sacri Romani Imperii]] constitutum erat. Erat una ex finibus Coronae dictis, a praeside provinciali gubernata. Regulis a regimine centrali Vindobonae edictis tenebatur. Ex tempore priore pauca indicia sunt usus colorum provincialium Moravicorum. Imperator Moraviae dux erat, et cum titulus Margravius unus tantum ex multis quos tenebat esset, ei certam imaginem visualem non requirebat. Quapropter, per paene totam primam partem saeculi undevicesimi, colores provinciales non eandem significationem habebant quam a medio illius saeculi deinceps habuerunt. Potestates corporum administrativorum statuum provinciales finitae erant. Non habebant auctoritatem nec repraesentandi nec repraesentari.

Gubernatio provincialis sui iuris potestates satis amplas nonnisi promulgatione Constitutionis Decembris anno MDCCCLXI accepit, post quam singulae provinciae suas constitutiones sanxerunt. Tamen, neque hae neque ullum aliud instrumentum minoris vis legitimae colores vel vexilla provincialia designaverunt. Quamquam hae notiones saeculo undevicesimo exstiterunt, vocabula inania erant, id est, iure nec generaliter nec speciatim definita. Describendo igitur tempus ante annum MCMXVIII, non est rectum dicere &quot;vexillum provinciale Marchionatus Moraviae fuisse bicolorem horizontalem flavam et rubram&quot;, cum in nullo instrumento legali ita definitum sit. Licetne simpliciter dicere &quot;auctoritates provinciales rubrum et flavum ut colores provinciales inter annos MDCCCXLVIII et MCMXVIII adhibuisse&quot;, an, si iustificari potest, 'ut vexillum provinciale Moraviae, magistratus provinciales bicolorem rubro et flavo inter annos MDCCCXLVIII et MCMXVIII adhibuerunt'.

[[File:Cockade of Moravia, the historical land of the Czech Republic, red-white-blue.svg|thumb|right|In Ludovici Ritteri Dictionariolo Pochtario Diurnariis et Colloquiis (titulo Bohemico &quot;Kapesní slovníček novinářský a konverzační&quot;), anno MDCCCLI edito, haec de coloribus laqueorum dicuntur: &quot;''Fasciculus est rosula aut laqueus rotundus qui in petaso aut paenula geritur ad significandam sententiam quandam, gentem, sodalitatem, municipium, et cetera. A mulieribus gestus, in capillo aut in pectore affigitur. Notae sunt insignes variorum motuum politicorum ab anno MDCCCXLVIII, praesertim Slavorum, '''rubri, albi et caerulei coloris''', deinde colores nigro-rubro-flavi partis Germanicae et eius variae controversiae. Vexillum Austro-Hungaricum, quod exercitus noster vehit, nigrum et flavum est; vexilla Bohemica et Polonica alba et rubra sunt; '''vexillum Moravicum vel etiam Bohemico-Moravicum; et deinde vexillum Slavorum Meridianorum, ut vexillum Slavorum'''. Fascis Rusinorum flavus et caeruleus est; Hungarorum et Polonorum revolutionariorum ruber, albus et viridis; Prussicus niger et albus est, et sic deinceps. Pragae, omnes fascis privatis sine ulla exceptione ab anno MDCCCXLVIIII interdicti sunt.''&quot;.]]
Absentia ullius praescripti legis explicat cur 'vexilla provincialia' in scriptis huius aetatis variis modis depingantur. Plerumque auctor ea ex paucis vexillis reapse notis et regulis heraldicis, quae ad insignia pertinentia pertinent, derivabat. Quaestio peculiaris in Moravia saeculo undevicesimo fuit quod insigne Moraviense duabus formis exstabat. Descriptio eius historica et publice agnita armorum imperialium – qui per saecula in usu fuerant – erat aquila argentea et rubra alternis coloribus picta, cum corona et armatura aurea, in scuto caeruleo posita. Tamen, auctoritas ab Imperatore Friderico III concessa in diplomate die 7 Decembris 1462 edito, ut aquila scaccata aurea et rubra adhiberetur – quamquam haec compositio in usu non recepta est – adduxit, Postquam diploma in notitiam procuratorum administrationis provincialis Moravicae ad finem saeculorum XVIII et XIX pervenit – praesertim ab annis 1830 et 1840 – hoc ad auctos conatus administrationis provincialis adnotavit ut agnitio diplomatis ab Imperatore impetraretur. Et quamquam usus eius non publice agnitus est usque ad annum MCMXV, complures sententiae a magistratibus Vindobonensibus editae significabant eos non adversari usu exemplaris aureo et rubro quadratim dispositi in aquila.

Quaestio igitur per saeculum undevicesimum fuit, utrum diploma validum, sed publice irritum, Friderici III praevaluerit insignibus Moraviae, quae usu historico probata et confirmata erant. Quaestio de coloribus provincialibus, ad quam pertinebat quaestio de forma vexilli provincialis (futuri), naturaliter a diversis sententiis de recta (valida) insigne provinciali affecta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pícha - Moravské barvy a vlajky v revolučním roce 1848&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last = Pícha
 | first = František
 | title = Moravské barvy a vlajky v revolučním roce 1848, in: Genealogické a heraldické informace 2017 : Moravská genealogická a heraldická společnost, o. s. 2018
 | location = Brno
 | volume = 22 (37)
 | year = 2018
 | pages = 40–41
 | isbn = 
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Secundum quosdam auctores, vexillum Moravicum album, rubrum, caeruleumque est, fasciis horizontalibus eo ordine.&lt;ref name=&quot;brozek50&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last = Brožek
 | first = Aleš
 | title = Lexikon vlajek a znaků zemí světa
 | publisher = Kartografie
 | location = Praha
 | year = 2003
 | pages = 50
 | isbn = 8070117761
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haec colorum coniunctio saeculo undevicesimo symbolum erat civium Moravicorum patriam amantium.

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Modrobílá historická vlajka Moravy (1611).png|Vexillum historicum caeruleo et albo, memoratum iuxta vexillum caeruleum insigne provinciale Moraviae gerens ('insigne provinciale eiusdem marchionatus') in nuntiis anni MDCXII, qui adventum Pragam et coronationem Regis [[Matthias (imperator)|Mathiae II]] describunt.
File:Red-white historical flag of Moravia (from the first half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century).svg|Compositio colorum rubrorum et alborum, quae usque ad ineuntem saeculum vicesimum adhibita est.
File:Red-white-blue historical flag of Moravia (from the middle of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century).svg|Tricolōr ruber, albus, caeruleusque, qui adhibitus est in secunda parte saeculi undevicesimi et in initio saeculi vicesimi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jan Havelka&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | last = Havelka | first = Jan | title = Erb a zemské barvy markkrabství moravského | journal = Komenský | access-date = 2015-12-15 | year = 1880 | number = 29 | pages = 454–455 | url = http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112042804044;view=1up;seq=463 | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orlice, časopis politický&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | title = O barvách praporů (8. 9. 1888) | journal = Orlice, časopis politický | location = Telč | year = 1888 | number = 19 | pages = Příloha Orlice k číslu 19  | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;
File:Red-yellow historical flag of Moravia (from the middle of the 19th century or from the 2nd half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century).svg|Vexillum bicolore rubrum et flavum. Aliud ex vexillis historicis Moraviae a secunda parte saeculi undevicesimi et ineunte saeculo vicesimo.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Vexillum Moravicum inter vexilla regionalia ==
[[File:Moravská orlice.jpg|thumb|right|Vexillum historicum Moraviae]]
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Flag of Pardubice Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Pardubiensis
File:Flag of Vysocina Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Vysočinae
File:Flag of Olomouc Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Olomucensis
File:Flag of Moravian-Silesian Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Moravico-Silesiae
File:Flag of Zlin Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Zlinensis
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Vexillum caeruleum aquila Moravica insignis ===
Relatio vexillologica de vexillo Moravio, quae submissa est Kalendis Iuniis MMXIII per peritos Subcommissionis de Heraldica et Vexillologia Camerae Deputatōrum Parlamenti Rei Publicae Bohemicae (subcommissionis Commissionis de Scientia, Educatione, Cultura, Iuventute et Educatione Physica) – Zbyšek Svoboda, Pavel Fojtík, Petr Exner et Praeses Societatis Vexillologicae Bohemicae, Jaroslav Martykán, vexillum et insignia Moraviae, in vetustissima forma sua quae memoriae prodita est, habentur historice aptissima, scilicet campum caeruleum gerentia aquilam quadratorum alborum et rubrorum.&lt;ref name=&quot;Odborné vexilologické stanovisko&quot; /&gt;

== Nexūs externi ==
{{Commonscat|Flags of Moravia|Vexillum Moraviae}}
* [https://moravskavlajka.blogspot.com/ Moravská vlajka]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Categoria:Moravia]]
[[Categoria:Vexilla]]</text>
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	| fons = [[:cs:Moravská vlajka]] conferantur [[Specialis:PermanentLink/3974324|versio labens]] et [https://cs-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moravsk%C3%A1_vlajka?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=la pagina ''Google'' translata]—aut [[:it:Bandiera della Moravia]]—[https://it-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bandiera_della_Moravia?_x_tr_sl=it&amp;_x_tr_tl=la pagina ''Google'' translata]
	| tempus = 2026-07-24 22:06:13
}}
{{Vicificanda}}

[[Fasciculus:Banner of arms of Moravia.svg|thumb|Vexillum Moraviae, ut annis 2002–2003 codificatum{{dubsig}} est. Historicum regionis Moravicae vexillum, constans ex campo caeruleo, qui [[aquila]]m rubro et albo damisatam{{dubsig}} cum [[corona]] et armis flavis gerit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Odborné vexilologické stanovisko&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | first=Zbyšek
 | last=Svoboda
 | first2=Pavel
 | last2=Fojtík
 | first3=Petr
 | last3=Exner
 | first4=Jaroslav
 | last4=Martykán
 | authorlink=
 | coauthors=
 | title=Odborné vexilologické stanovisko k moravské vlajce
 | booktitle=Vexilologie. Zpravodaj České vexilologické společnosti, o.s. č. 169
 | pages=3319, 3320
 | publisher=Česká vexilologická společnost
 | date=2013
 | location=Brno
 | url=http://www.vexilologie.cz/index2.php?a=000&amp;n=0
 | accessdate=2017-08-20
 | id=
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Znaky a prapory v kronice Ottokara Štýrského&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | first=František
 | last=Pícha
 | authorlink=
 | coauthors=
 | title=Znaky a prapory v kronice Ottokara Štýrského
 | booktitle=Vexilologie. Zpravodaj České vexilologické společnosti, o.s. č. 169
 | pages=3320–3324
 | publisher=Česká vexilologická společnost
 | date=2013
 | location=Brno
 | url=
 | accessdate=
 | id=
}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''Vexillum Moraviense''' est symbolum quo [[Moravia (terra)|Moravia]] repraesentatur.

Prima depictio insignis provincialis Moraviae in vexillo, cum [[Medium aevum|media aetate]] vexilla ex [[Insigne|insignibus]] derivarentur, invenitur in vexillo [[Marchio|marchionis]], quod in Codice Gelnhausenensi [[Anno Domini|anno]] MCDVII depictum est ([[aquila]] [[Argenteus|argentea]] et [[Ruber|rubra]], armatura [[Aureus (color)|aurea]] et corona aurea ornata, in campo [[Caeruleus|caeruleo]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;ruzek22&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 | last = Růžek
 | first = Vladimír
 | title = Cesty k definici (nejen) moravského znaku a praporu, in: Veřejná správa, Nr. 10
 | year = 2013
 | pages = 20–22:22
 | url = https://www.mvcr.cz/webpm/clanek/historicke-symboly.aspx
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prima [[Scriba|descriptio]] [[Scriptura|scripta]] re vera toto [[Saeculum|saeculo]] vetustior est. Nihilominus, neque Marchio Moraviae, neque Moravia, neque Moravia-[[Silesia]] umquam [[vexillum]] adoptavit aut per actum legitimum ut ens [[Ius|iuridicum]] instituit. Ex variis documentis [[Historia|historicis]], [[Delineatio|delineationibus]], descriptionibusque fundatum est, quorum usu nullum fundamentum iuridicum erat.

[[Cechoslovacia|Res publica Bohemoslovaca]] [[Color|colores]] album vel argenteum in arma Moravica iterum restituit ([[Lex]] n. 252/1920). Vexilla provincialia non sunt emendata legibus posterioribus (Legibus n. 269/1936, n. 222/1939, n. 163/1960 et Legibus hodie validis n. 3/1993 Coll. et n. 352/2001 Coll.).

Hodie, vexillum bicolore [[Flavus|flavo]] et rubro, in medio insignia coloribus congruentibus praebens, interdum pro vexillo moravico usurpatur, praesertim a quibusdam [[Factio politica|factionibus politicis]], consociationibus aliisque [[Organizatio|organizationibus]] moraviensibus.

[[File:Flag of South Moravian Region.svg|thumb|right|Vexillum Regionis Moraviae Meridionalis. Primum campum vexilli aquila moravica ornatur. In quarta et ultima parte vexilli aquila est cum ornatu [[Scaccarium|scaccato]] flavo et rubro, quae addita est ut [[symbolum]] reconciliationis et integrationis inter varios greges linguisticos, religiosos et ethnicos qui olim in Moravia Meridiana habitabant.&lt;ref name=&quot;koudelka&quot;&gt;{{cite book
| last = Koudelka
| first = Zdeněk
| title = Znaky a vlajky Moravy a Slezska, in: Sborník z konference MORAVA 1918
| url = https://is.muni.cz/repo/1570777/Znaky_Moravy_a_Slezska.pdf
| publisher = KEY Publishing s.r.o.
| location = Ostrava
| chapter = 
| pages = 58–73
| isbn = 978-80-7418-316-4
| language = cs
| year = 2019
}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Vexillum Moraviense hunc statum non nactum est nisi annis MMII–MMIII, cum insignia et vexilla regionibus hodiernis assignata sunt, dimidio saeculo post abolitione systematis provincialis et introductionem systematis regionalis.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Zákon č. 280/1948 Sb. Zákon o krajském zřízení
| url = https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/1948-280#oddil1
| language = cs
| accessdate = 2026-07-22
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20250211142519/https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/1948-280/#oddil1
| archivedate = 2025-02-11
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hoc vexillum in partem superiorem vexillorum regionum Vysočinae, Moraviae Meridionalis, Olomucensis et Zlìnensis, necnon in partem superiorem vexillorum regionum Pardubicensis et Moravico-Silesiae incorporatur. Vexillum caeruleum est; in medio campo caeruleo est aquila quadratim disposita, alis albis et rubris, corona et armatura aurea ornata.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
| title = Historie, moravské barvy a moravská vlajka
| url = https://www.mvcr.cz/clanek/historie-moravske-barvy-a-moravska-vlajka.aspx
| publisher = Ministerstvo vnitra ČR
| year = 2013
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Etiam hoc modo ineunte Martio anni MMXXIII a grege Legumlatrorum Parlamenti [[Cechia|rei publicae Bohemicae]] in rogatione propositum est, quae consilium insignium et vexillorum regionalium codificaret.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Návrh poslanců Radka Vondráčka, Pavla Blažka, Petra Gazdíka, Lucie Šafránkové, Mariana Jurečky, Vlastimila Válka a dalších na vydání zákona o zemských znacích a vlajkách | url = https://www.psp.cz/sqw/text/orig2.sqw?idd=225139 | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rogatio paulatim in ordine rerum agendarum complurium sessionum Camerae Deputatōrum inclusa est, sed ibi non disputata est. Rogatio, a Radeko Vondráček, legato, die XXII Ianuarii anno MMXXVI iterum proposita, non praescribit fines historicos regionum insignibus regionalibus notandos esse, sicut in rogatione priore statutum erat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Parlament České republiky. Poslanecká sněmovna. 10. volební období. 87/0. Návrh poslance Radka Vondráčka na vydání zákona o zemských znacích
a vlajkách
| url = https://www.psp.cz/sqw/text/orig2.sqw?idd=267037
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rogatio insignia et vexilla regionalia in legem aperte sancit, praescribens ut forma eorum ad insigne nationale conformetur, et cuilibet permittit ut iis utatur. Una tantum condicio est ut debita cum reverentia tractentur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = ODok Portál. Zákon o zemských znacích a vlajkách 
| url = https://odok.gov.cz/portal/veklep/material/KORNDQQNALEE/
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia Vexilli Moravici ==
=== Historia antiquissima ===
[[File:Nejstarší dochované barevné vyobrazení znaku markraběcí Moravy, hrad Gozzoburg v Kremži.jpeg|thumb|Veterrima pictura colorata superstes armorum marchionatus Moraviae.]]
Historia vexilli moravici – vel, accuratius, insignis moravici (quod, dissimile vexillo, perpetuo in alveo affigitur) – dives et varia est, quae saeculo tertio decimo coepit, cum rationes inter [[Bohemia|Bohemiam]] et Moraviam ordinabantur ad [[Monarchia|monarchiam]] centralizatam a [[Premyslidae|Premyslidis]] ultimis constituendam. Primum mentio vexilli moravici colorumque eius invenitur in [[Annales|chronica]] Ottocari Styriae, quae ad finem saeculi duodecimi et initium saeculi quarti decimi pertinet. Haec est [[narratio]] [[Proelium|proelii]] Kressenbrunnensis, quod die XII Iulii anno MCCLX factum est. Insignia Bohemiae et Moraviae in chronica [[Bela IV (rex Hungariae)|Belae IV]] a Iindrico Preisslero, [[Comes|comite]] castrorum eius, vive describuntur. Prae [[Exercitus|exercitu]] bohemico progrediente ducebat [[Ottocarus II (rex Bohemiae)|Ottocarus II]], prope quem vexillum fluitabat, [[Leo|leone]] [[Albus|albo]] in velluto rubro insigni, et iuxta eum alterum vexillum, quod formam aquilae moravicae quadratam rubro et albo coloribus monstrabat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Znaky a prapory v kronice Ottokara Štýrského&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
 |title=Ottokars Österreichische Reimchronik (MGH Deutsche Chroniken V,1)
 |url=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/bsb00000779/images/index.html?id=00000779&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=226
 |accessdate=2016-07-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
 |title=Ottokar von Steiermark: 'Steirische Reimchronik'
 |url=http://www.handschriftencensus.de/werke/602
 |publisher=www.handschriftencensus.de
 |accessdate=2017-08-19
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Hern Dietrich Spatzmanen''

''sach man die banier leiten:''

''in einem rȏten samît breiten''

''was gewohrt ein lewe wîz.''

''ouch heten ir baniere flîz,'' (Etiam illi suas vexilla habebant,)

'''''die von Merhaeren wârn''':'' (qui ex Moravia venerunt:)

'''''ein geschâchzabelten arn''''' (Aquila scaccata)

'''''von rȏter und von wîzer varbe''''' (rubro et albo picta)

'''''sach man ob in begarbe''''' (super eos plane conspicue)

'''''waejen von dem winde.''''' (in vento fluitabat.)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Nejstarší zmínka o praporu Moravy v kronice Ottokara Štýrského
| url = http://moravskaorlice.blogspot.com/2014/09/nejstarsi-zminka-o-praporu-moravy-v.html | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Postea, colores vexilli ex coloribus armorum derivati sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Odborné vexilologické stanovisko&quot; /&gt; 

Ex regno Ottocari II, titulus Margravi Moraviae repraesentatur aquila argentea et rubra dammata, corona aurea et unguibus aureis ornata, ad dextram versa, in scuto caeruleo posita.&lt;ref name=&quot;vojtisek21&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last=Vojtíšek
 | first=Václav
 | title=Naše státní znaky (staré a nynější)
 | publisher=Vesmír
 | place=Pragae
 | year=1921
 | page=21
 | language=Czech}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pícha - O klenotu znaku moravského markraběte&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | last = Pícha
 | first = František
 | title = O klenotu znaku moravského markraběte
 | url = 
 | publisher = 
 | location = Brno
 | booktitle = Genealogické a heraldické informace 2010: Moravská genealogická a heraldická společnost, o. s. 2011
 | volume = 15 (30)
 | year = 2011
 | číslo = 
 | počet_stran = 174
 | pages = 7-32
 | isbn = 
 | language = česky
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Veterrima aquilae scaccatae effigies in Gozzoburg invenitur. Picturae in aula arcis localis [[Cremisa (urbs)|Cremsensis]] non post annum circiter MCCLXX (MCCLXIX) pictae sunt, aut cum nuper aedificata Capella Sanctae Catharinae (MCCLXVII) coniunguntur; utroque casu, post annum MCCLXII factae sunt. In aula insignes armorum Bohemiae, Moraviae, Austriae et Styriae apparent, sed insignia Carinthiae et Carniolae – quae Ottocarus II anno MCCLXIX hereditate accepit – absunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pícha, Krejčík - Gozzoburg&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | last = Krejčík
 | first = Tomáš
 | last2 = Pícha
 | first2 = František
 | title = Český a moravský znak ve znakové galerii v Gozzoburgu v Kremsu
 | location = Brno
 | booktitle = Genealogické a heraldické informace 2008 : Moravská genealogická a heraldická společnost, o. s. 2009
 | volume = 13 (28)
 | year = 2009
 | pages = 49-57
 | issn = 0862-8963
 | language = Czech
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Jošt Moravský, též Lucemburský -.jpg|thumb|left|Margravius [[Iodocus a Moravia]], vexillum aquila Moravica quadratim alba et rubra in Codice Gelnhausenensi (saeculo XIV/XV).]]
Aquila scaccata insigne Moraviae terrae habetur saltem ex tempore Luxemburgense.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adamová&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last = Adamová
 | first = Karolina
 | title = K heraldické výzdobě Staroměstské mostecké věže. Právně historický pohled, in: Pražský sborník historický
 | publisher = Panorama
 | location = Praha
 | volume = 15
 | year = 1982
 | pages = 44–62
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Una ex antiquissimis imaginibus notis vexilli aquila Moravica insignis est illa in Codice Gelnhausen, quae imaginem Margravi Moraviae Iodocum monstrat, qui vexillum caeruleum tenet, aquila Moravica in campo albescente et rubescente scaccato, cum corona et armatura flava. (ut par est, sine scuto).&lt;ref name=&quot;ruzek22&quot; /&gt; Kódex bol napísaný niekedy v poslednej tretine 14. až prvej tretine 15. storočia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Gelnhausenův kodex (kodex A) - právní kniha. Jošt Lucemburský s moravským praporem v Jihlavské právní knize z roku 1407 na foliu 63r.
| url = http://www.manuscriptorium.com/apps/index.php?direct=record&amp;pid=AIPDIG-SOAJ__MESTSKASPRAV0TBA6E4-cs#search
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Jihlavský archiv ukázal své nejvzácnější dokumenty, jinak nepřístupné
| url = https://jihlava.idnes.cz/vzacne-dokumenty-jihlavskeho-archivu-dx1-/jihlava-zpravy.aspx?c=A121101_143951_jihlava-zpravy_mv
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Charta armorum Imperatoris [[Fridericus III|Friderici III]], data VII Decembris anno MCDLXII, quod, a Henrico de Lippa, Capitano Provinciali Moraviae et Marescallo Regni Bohemiae, ex incepto Ordinum Moravicorum editum est, documentum fuit quod, sub regno [[Georgius Podiebradensis|Georgii Podiebradensis]], primigenium colorem argenteum aquilae Moravicae mutavit, campis insigneis argenteis auro substitutis, ita novum insigne 'Ordinum' creans. ('color albus in glaucum sive aureum transmutetur' (Color albus in flavum vel aureum mutatus est)).&lt;ref name=&quot;vojtisek222&quot;&gt;{{cite book
| last = Vojtíšek
| first = Václav
| title = Naše státní znaky (staré a nynější)
| publisher = Vesmír
| location = Praha
| pages = 22
| language = cs
| year = 1921
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Alexius Habrich, Iura primaeva Moraviae2&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| last = Habrich
| first = Alexius (ed.)
| title = Iura primaeva Moraviae
| url = https://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb10542951_00038.html
| location = Brno
| pages = 38–42
| language = la
| year = 1781
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Josef Kalousek, Archiv český2&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| last = Kalousek
| first = Josef (ed.)
| title = Archiv český čili staré písemné památky české i moravské, svazek X
| url = https://sources.cms.flu.cas.cz/src/index.php?s=v&amp;action=jdi&amp;cat=10&amp;bookid=800&amp;page=273&amp;action_button.x=0&amp;action_button.y=0
| location = Praha
| pages = 273–274
| language = la
| year = 1890
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Berthold Bretholz2&quot;&gt;{{cite book
| last = Bretholz
| first = Berthold
| title = Das mährische Landesarchiv, Seine Geschichte, seine Bestände
| location = Brno
| pages = 124
| language = de la
| year = 1908
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Publicatio huius litterae exemplum est interventionis in res internas terrarum Bohemicarum, cum Fridericus III, ut Imperator Romanus Sanctus, eam statibus Moravicis concesserit. Tamen Moravia pars Coronae Bohemicae erat et, secundum leges a [[Carolus IV (imperator)|Carolo IV]] latas, rex Romanorum nullam potestatem habebat talis consilii capiendi, cum Moraviae res sub directa potestate Regis Bohemiae esset.&lt;ref name=&quot;starha92&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| last = Štarha
| first = Ivan
| title = Historie, moravské barvy a moravská vlajka, in: Veřejná správa
| url = https://www.mvcr.cz/clanek/historie-moravske-barvy-a-moravska-vlajka.aspx
| year = 2013
| pages = 8–9
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ex prospectu historico, plures versiones vexillorum Moravicorum exstiterunt, quae simul duabus aut tribus coloribus ex insignibus provincialibus derivatis adhibebantur, praesertim saeculo undevicesimo.&lt;ref name=&quot;hlinomaz167&quot;&gt;''Ke státní a zemské symbolice českého státu v období 1526–1918'', s. 167.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Slavobrána postavená v Kuníně v roce 1845 u příležitosti návštěvy arcivévody Františka Karla, kolorovaná litografie.png|thumb|Porta caerimonialis Kunini anno MDCCCXLV exstructa ad visitationem Archducis Francisci Caroli commemorandam. Relatio eius temporis describit vexilla bicolora, nigrum et flavum et rubrum et album, in turribus vexata, tamquam colores et Austriacos et Moravicos provinciales.]]
Initio saeculi undevicesimi, Moravia erat regio non autonoma, quae ab anno MDCCCIV pars [[Imperium Austriacum|Imperii Austriaci erat]], quod paulo ante finalem collapsum [[Sacrum Romanum Imperium|Sacri Romani Imperii]] constitutum erat. Erat una ex finibus Coronae dictis, a praeside provinciali gubernata. Regulis a regimine centrali Vindobonae edictis tenebatur. Ex tempore priore pauca indicia sunt usus colorum provincialium Moravicorum. Imperator Moraviae dux erat, et cum titulus Margravius unus tantum ex multis quos tenebat esset, ei certam imaginem visualem non requirebat. Quapropter, per paene totam primam partem saeculi undevicesimi, colores provinciales non eandem significationem habebant quam a medio illius saeculi deinceps habuerunt. Potestates corporum administrativorum statuum provinciales finitae erant. Non habebant auctoritatem nec repraesentandi nec repraesentari.

Gubernatio provincialis sui iuris potestates satis amplas nonnisi promulgatione Constitutionis Decembris anno MDCCCLXI accepit, post quam singulae provinciae suas constitutiones sanxerunt. Tamen, neque hae neque ullum aliud instrumentum minoris vis legitimae colores vel vexilla provincialia designaverunt. Quamquam hae notiones saeculo undevicesimo exstiterunt, vocabula inania erant, id est, iure nec generaliter nec speciatim definita. Describendo igitur tempus ante annum MCMXVIII, non est rectum dicere &quot;vexillum provinciale Marchionatus Moraviae fuisse bicolorem horizontalem flavam et rubram&quot;, cum in nullo instrumento legali ita definitum sit. Licetne simpliciter dicere &quot;auctoritates provinciales rubrum et flavum ut colores provinciales inter annos MDCCCXLVIII et MCMXVIII adhibuisse&quot;, an, si iustificari potest, 'ut vexillum provinciale Moraviae, magistratus provinciales bicolorem rubro et flavo inter annos MDCCCXLVIII et MCMXVIII adhibuerunt'.

[[File:Cockade of Moravia, the historical land of the Czech Republic, red-white-blue.svg|thumb|right|In Ludovici Ritteri Dictionariolo Pochtario Diurnariis et Colloquiis (titulo Bohemico &quot;Kapesní slovníček novinářský a konverzační&quot;), anno MDCCCLI edito, haec de coloribus laqueorum dicuntur: &quot;''Fasciculus est rosula aut laqueus rotundus qui in petaso aut paenula geritur ad significandam sententiam quandam, gentem, sodalitatem, municipium, et cetera. A mulieribus gestus, in capillo aut in pectore affigitur. Notae sunt insignes variorum motuum politicorum ab anno MDCCCXLVIII, praesertim Slavorum, '''rubri, albi et caerulei coloris''', deinde colores nigro-rubro-flavi partis Germanicae et eius variae controversiae. Vexillum Austro-Hungaricum, quod exercitus noster vehit, nigrum et flavum est; vexilla Bohemica et Polonica alba et rubra sunt; '''vexillum Moravicum vel etiam Bohemico-Moravicum; et deinde vexillum Slavorum Meridianorum, ut vexillum Slavorum'''. Fascis Rusinorum flavus et caeruleus est; Hungarorum et Polonorum revolutionariorum ruber, albus et viridis; Prussicus niger et albus est, et sic deinceps. Pragae, omnes fascis privatis sine ulla exceptione ab anno MDCCCXLVIIII interdicti sunt.''&quot;.]]
Absentia ullius praescripti legis explicat cur 'vexilla provincialia' in scriptis huius aetatis variis modis depingantur. Plerumque auctor ea ex paucis vexillis reapse notis et regulis heraldicis, quae ad insignia pertinentia pertinent, derivabat. Quaestio peculiaris in Moravia saeculo undevicesimo fuit quod insigne Moraviense duabus formis exstabat. Descriptio eius historica et publice agnita armorum imperialium – qui per saecula in usu fuerant – erat aquila argentea et rubra alternis coloribus picta, cum corona et armatura aurea, in scuto caeruleo posita. Tamen, auctoritas ab Imperatore Friderico III concessa in diplomate die 7 Decembris 1462 edito, ut aquila scaccata aurea et rubra adhiberetur – quamquam haec compositio in usu non recepta est – adduxit, Postquam diploma in notitiam procuratorum administrationis provincialis Moravicae ad finem saeculorum XVIII et XIX pervenit – praesertim ab annis 1830 et 1840 – hoc ad auctos conatus administrationis provincialis adnotavit ut agnitio diplomatis ab Imperatore impetraretur. Et quamquam usus eius non publice agnitus est usque ad annum MCMXV, complures sententiae a magistratibus Vindobonensibus editae significabant eos non adversari usu exemplaris aureo et rubro quadratim dispositi in aquila.

Quaestio igitur per saeculum undevicesimum fuit, utrum diploma validum, sed publice irritum, Friderici III praevaluerit insignibus Moraviae, quae usu historico probata et confirmata erant. Quaestio de coloribus provincialibus, ad quam pertinebat quaestio de forma vexilli provincialis (futuri), naturaliter a diversis sententiis de recta (valida) insigne provinciali affecta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pícha - Moravské barvy a vlajky v revolučním roce 1848&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last = Pícha
 | first = František
 | title = Moravské barvy a vlajky v revolučním roce 1848, in: Genealogické a heraldické informace 2017 : Moravská genealogická a heraldická společnost, o. s. 2018
 | location = Brno
 | volume = 22 (37)
 | year = 2018
 | pages = 40–41
 | isbn = 
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Secundum quosdam auctores, vexillum Moravicum album, rubrum, caeruleumque est, fasciis horizontalibus eo ordine.&lt;ref name=&quot;brozek50&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last = Brožek
 | first = Aleš
 | title = Lexikon vlajek a znaků zemí světa
 | publisher = Kartografie
 | location = Praha
 | year = 2003
 | pages = 50
 | isbn = 8070117761
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haec colorum coniunctio saeculo undevicesimo symbolum erat civium Moravicorum patriam amantium.

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Modrobílá historická vlajka Moravy (1611).png|Vexillum historicum caeruleo et albo, memoratum iuxta vexillum caeruleum insigne provinciale Moraviae gerens ('insigne provinciale eiusdem marchionatus') in nuntiis anni MDCXII, qui adventum Pragam et coronationem Regis [[Matthias (imperator)|Mathiae II]] describunt.
File:Red-white historical flag of Moravia (from the first half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century).svg|Compositio colorum rubrorum et alborum, quae usque ad ineuntem saeculum vicesimum adhibita est.
File:Red-white-blue historical flag of Moravia (from the middle of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century).svg|Tricolōr ruber, albus, caeruleusque, qui adhibitus est in secunda parte saeculi undevicesimi et in initio saeculi vicesimi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jan Havelka&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | last = Havelka | first = Jan | title = Erb a zemské barvy markkrabství moravského | journal = Komenský | access-date = 2015-12-15 | year = 1880 | number = 29 | pages = 454–455 | url = http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112042804044;view=1up;seq=463 | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orlice, časopis politický&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | title = O barvách praporů (8. 9. 1888) | journal = Orlice, časopis politický | location = Telč | year = 1888 | number = 19 | pages = Příloha Orlice k číslu 19  | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;
File:Red-yellow historical flag of Moravia (from the middle of the 19th century or from the 2nd half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century).svg|Vexillum bicolore rubrum et flavum. Aliud ex vexillis historicis Moraviae a secunda parte saeculi undevicesimi et ineunte saeculo vicesimo.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Vexillum Moravicum inter vexilla regionalia ==
[[File:Moravská orlice.jpg|thumb|right|Vexillum historicum Moraviae]]
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Flag of Pardubice Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Pardubiensis
File:Flag of Vysocina Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Vysočinae
File:Flag of Olomouc Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Olomucensis
File:Flag of Moravian-Silesian Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Moravico-Silesiae
File:Flag of Zlin Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Zlinensis
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Vexillum caeruleum aquila Moravica insignis ===
Relatio vexillologica de vexillo Moravio, quae submissa est Kalendis Iuniis MMXIII per peritos Subcommissionis de Heraldica et Vexillologia Camerae Deputatōrum Parlamenti Rei Publicae Bohemicae (subcommissionis Commissionis de Scientia, Educatione, Cultura, Iuventute et Educatione Physica) – Zbyšek Svoboda, Pavel Fojtík, Petr Exner et Praeses Societatis Vexillologicae Bohemicae, Jaroslav Martykán, vexillum et insignia Moraviae, in vetustissima forma sua quae memoriae prodita est, habentur historice aptissima, scilicet campum caeruleum gerentia aquilam quadratorum alborum et rubrorum.&lt;ref name=&quot;Odborné vexilologické stanovisko&quot; /&gt;

== Nexūs externi ==
{{Commonscat|Flags of Moravia|Vexillum Moraviae}}
* [https://moravskavlajka.blogspot.com/ Moravská vlajka]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Categoria:Moravia]]
[[Categoria:Vexilla]]</text>
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	| fons = [[:cs:Moravská vlajka]] conferantur [[Specialis:PermanentLink/3974324|versio labens]] et [https://cs-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moravsk%C3%A1_vlajka?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=la pagina ''Google'' translata]—aut [[:it:Bandiera della Moravia]]—[https://it-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bandiera_della_Moravia?_x_tr_sl=it&amp;_x_tr_tl=la pagina ''Google'' translata]
	| tempus = 2026-07-24 22:06:13
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{{Vicificanda}}

[[Fasciculus:Banner of arms of Moravia.svg|thumb|Vexillum Moraviae, ut annis 2002–2003 codificatum{{dubsig}} est. Historicum regionis Moravicae vexillum, constans ex campo caeruleo, qui [[aquila]]m rubro et albo damisatam{{dubsig}} cum [[corona]] et armis flavis gerit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Odborné vexilologické stanovisko&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | first=Zbyšek
 | last=Svoboda
 | first2=Pavel
 | last2=Fojtík
 | first3=Petr
 | last3=Exner
 | first4=Jaroslav
 | last4=Martykán
 | authorlink=
 | coauthors=
 | title=Odborné vexilologické stanovisko k moravské vlajce
 | booktitle=Vexilologie. Zpravodaj České vexilologické společnosti, o.s. č. 169
 | pages=3319, 3320
 | publisher=Česká vexilologická společnost
 | date=2013
 | location=Brno
 | url=http://www.vexilologie.cz/index2.php?a=000&amp;n=0
 | accessdate=2017-08-20
 | id=
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Znaky a prapory v kronice Ottokara Štýrského&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | first=František
 | last=Pícha
 | authorlink=
 | coauthors=
 | title=Znaky a prapory v kronice Ottokara Štýrského
 | booktitle=Vexilologie. Zpravodaj České vexilologické společnosti, o.s. č. 169
 | pages=3320–3324
 | publisher=Česká vexilologická společnost
 | date=2013
 | location=Brno
 | url=
 | accessdate=
 | id=
}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''Vexillum Moraviense''' est symbolum quo [[Moravia (terra)|Moravia]] repraesentatur.

Prima depictio insignis provincialis Moraviae in vexillo, cum [[Medium aevum|media aetate]] vexilla ex [[Insigne|insignibus]] derivarentur, invenitur in vexillo [[Marchio|marchionis]], quod in Codice Gelnhausenensi [[Anno Domini|anno]] MCDVII depictum est ([[aquila]] [[Argenteus|argentea]] et [[Ruber|rubra]], armatura [[Aureus (color)|aurea]] et corona aurea ornata, in campo [[Caeruleus|caeruleo]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;ruzek22&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 | last = Růžek
 | first = Vladimír
 | title = Cesty k definici (nejen) moravského znaku a praporu, in: Veřejná správa, Nr. 10
 | year = 2013
 | pages = 20–22:22
 | url = https://www.mvcr.cz/webpm/clanek/historicke-symboly.aspx
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prima [[Scriba|descriptio]] [[Scriptura|scripta]] re vera toto [[Saeculum|saeculo]] vetustior est. Nihilominus, neque Marchio Moraviae, neque Moravia, neque Moravia-[[Silesia]] umquam [[vexillum]] adoptavit aut per actum legitimum ut ens [[Ius|iuridicum]] instituit. Ex variis documentis [[Historia|historicis]], [[Delineatio|delineationibus]], descriptionibusque fundatum est, quorum usu nullum fundamentum iuridicum erat.

[[Cechoslovacia|Res publica Bohemoslovaca]] [[Color|colores]] album vel argenteum in insigne moravico iterum restituit ([[Lex]] n. 252/1920). Vexilla provincialia non sunt emendata legibus posterioribus (Legibus n. 269/1936, n. 222/1939, n. 163/1960 et Legibus hodie validis n. 3/1993 Coll. et n. 352/2001 Coll.).

Hodie, vexillum bicolore [[Flavus|flavo]] et rubro, in medio insignia coloribus congruentibus praebens, interdum pro vexillo moravico usurpatur, praesertim a quibusdam [[Factio politica|factionibus politicis]], consociationibus aliisque [[Organizatio|organizationibus]] moraviensibus.

[[File:Flag of South Moravian Region.svg|thumb|right|Vexillum Regionis Moraviae Meridionalis. Primum campum vexilli aquila moravica ornatur. In quarta et ultima parte vexilli aquila est cum ornatu [[Scaccarium|scaccato]] flavo et rubro, quae addita est ut [[symbolum]] reconciliationis et integrationis inter varios greges linguisticos, religiosos et ethnicos qui olim in Moravia Meridiana habitabant.&lt;ref name=&quot;koudelka&quot;&gt;{{cite book
| last = Koudelka
| first = Zdeněk
| title = Znaky a vlajky Moravy a Slezska, in: Sborník z konference MORAVA 1918
| url = https://is.muni.cz/repo/1570777/Znaky_Moravy_a_Slezska.pdf
| publisher = KEY Publishing s.r.o.
| location = Ostrava
| chapter = 
| pages = 58–73
| isbn = 978-80-7418-316-4
| language = cs
| year = 2019
}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Vexillum Moraviense hunc statum non nactum est nisi annis MMII–MMIII, cum insignia et vexilla regionibus hodiernis assignata sunt, dimidio saeculo post abolitione systematis [[Provincia|provincialis]] et introductionem systematis [[Regio|regionalis]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Zákon č. 280/1948 Sb. Zákon o krajském zřízení
| url = https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/1948-280#oddil1
| language = cs
| accessdate = 2026-07-22
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20250211142519/https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/1948-280/#oddil1
| archivedate = 2025-02-11
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hoc vexillum in partem superiorem vexillorum regionum Vysočinae, Moraviae Meridionalis, Olomucensis et Zlìnensis, necnon in partem superiorem vexillorum regionum Pardubicensis et Moravico-Silesiae incorporatur. Vexillum caeruleum est; in medio campo caeruleo est aquila quadratim disposita, alis albis et rubris, corona et armatura aurea ornata.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
| title = Historie, moravské barvy a moravská vlajka
| url = https://www.mvcr.cz/clanek/historie-moravske-barvy-a-moravska-vlajka.aspx
| publisher = Ministerstvo vnitra ČR
| year = 2013
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Etiam hoc modo ineunte [[Martius|Martio]] anni MMXXIII a grege Legumlatrorum [[Parlamentum|Parlamenti]] [[Cechia|rei publicae Bohemicae]] in rogatione propositum est, quae consilium insignium et vexillorum regionalium codificaret.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Návrh poslanců Radka Vondráčka, Pavla Blažka, Petra Gazdíka, Lucie Šafránkové, Mariana Jurečky, Vlastimila Válka a dalších na vydání zákona o zemských znacích a vlajkách | url = https://www.psp.cz/sqw/text/orig2.sqw?idd=225139 | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rogatio paulatim in ordine rerum agendarum complurium sessionum Camerae Deputatōrum inclusa est, sed ibi non disputata est. Rogatio, a Radeko Vondráček, legato, die XXII Ianuarii anno MMXXVI iterum proposita, non praescribit fines historicos regionum insignibus regionalibus notandos esse, sicut in rogatione priore statutum erat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Parlament České republiky. Poslanecká sněmovna. 10. volební období. 87/0. Návrh poslance Radka Vondráčka na vydání zákona o zemských znacích
a vlajkách
| url = https://www.psp.cz/sqw/text/orig2.sqw?idd=267037
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rogatio insignia et vexilla regionalia in legem aperte sancit, praescribens ut forma eorum ad insigne nationale conformetur, et cuilibet permittit ut iis utatur. Una tantum condicio est ut debita cum reverentia tractentur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = ODok Portál. Zákon o zemských znacích a vlajkách 
| url = https://odok.gov.cz/portal/veklep/material/KORNDQQNALEE/
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia vexilli moravici ==
=== Historia antiquissima ===
[[File:Nejstarší dochované barevné vyobrazení znaku markraběcí Moravy, hrad Gozzoburg v Kremži.jpeg|thumb|Veterrima pictura colorata superstes armorum marchionatus Moraviae.]]
Historia vexilli moravici – vel, accuratius, insignis moravici (quod, dissimile vexillo, perpetuo in alveo affigitur) – dives et varia est, quae saeculo tertio decimo coepit, cum rationes inter [[Bohemia|Bohemiam]] et Moraviam ordinabantur ad [[Monarchia|monarchiam]] centralizatam a [[Premyslidae|Premyslidis]] ultimis constituendam. Primum mentio vexilli moravici colorumque eius invenitur in [[Annales|chronica]] Ottocari Styriae, quae ad finem saeculi duodecimi et initium saeculi quarti decimi pertinet. Haec est [[narratio]] [[Proelium|proelii]] Kressenbrunnensis, quod die XII Iulii anno MCCLX factum est. Insignia Bohemiae et Moraviae in chronica [[Bela IV (rex Hungariae)|Belae IV]] a Iindrico Preisslero, [[Comes|comite]] castrorum eius, vive describuntur. Prae [[Exercitus|exercitu]] bohemico progrediente ducebat [[Ottocarus II (rex Bohemiae)|Ottocarus II]], prope quem vexillum fluitabat, [[Leo|leone]] [[Albus|albo]] in velluto rubro insigni, et iuxta eum alterum vexillum, quod formam aquilae moravicae quadratam rubro et albo coloribus monstrabat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Znaky a prapory v kronice Ottokara Štýrského&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
 |title=Ottokars Österreichische Reimchronik (MGH Deutsche Chroniken V,1)
 |url=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/bsb00000779/images/index.html?id=00000779&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=226
 |accessdate=2016-07-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
 |title=Ottokar von Steiermark: 'Steirische Reimchronik'
 |url=http://www.handschriftencensus.de/werke/602
 |publisher=www.handschriftencensus.de
 |accessdate=2017-08-19
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Hern Dietrich Spatzmanen''

''sach man die banier leiten:''

''in einem rȏten samît breiten''

''was gewohrt ein lewe wîz.''

''ouch heten ir baniere flîz,'' (Etiam illi suas vexilla habebant,)

'''''die von Merhaeren wârn''':'' (qui ex Moravia venerunt:)

'''''ein geschâchzabelten arn''''' (Aquila scaccata)

'''''von rȏter und von wîzer varbe''''' (rubro et albo picta)

'''''sach man ob in begarbe''''' (super eos plane conspicue)

'''''waejen von dem winde.''''' (in vento fluitabat.)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Nejstarší zmínka o praporu Moravy v kronice Ottokara Štýrského
| url = http://moravskaorlice.blogspot.com/2014/09/nejstarsi-zminka-o-praporu-moravy-v.html | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Postea, colores vexilli ex coloribus armorum derivati sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Odborné vexilologické stanovisko&quot; /&gt; 

Ex regno Ottocari II, [[titulus]] margravi Moraviae repraesentatur aquila argentea et rubra scaccata, [[Coronatio|corona]] aurea et unguibus aureis ornata, ad dextram versa, in [[Scutum|scuto]] caeruleo posita.&lt;ref name=&quot;vojtisek21&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last=Vojtíšek
 | first=Václav
 | title=Naše státní znaky (staré a nynější)
 | publisher=Vesmír
 | place=Pragae
 | year=1921
 | page=21
 | language=Czech}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pícha - O klenotu znaku moravského markraběte&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | last = Pícha
 | first = František
 | title = O klenotu znaku moravského markraběte
 | url = 
 | publisher = 
 | location = Brno
 | booktitle = Genealogické a heraldické informace 2010: Moravská genealogická a heraldická společnost, o. s. 2011
 | volume = 15 (30)
 | year = 2011
 | číslo = 
 | počet_stran = 174
 | pages = 7-32
 | isbn = 
 | language = česky
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Veterrima aquilae scaccatae effigies in Gozzoburg invenitur. [[Pictura|Picturae]] in aula arcis localis [[Cremisa (urbs)|Cremsensis]] non post annum circiter MCCLXX (MCCLXIX) pictae sunt, aut cum nuper aedificata capella Sanctae Catharinae (MCCLXVII) coniunguntur; utroque casu, post annum MCCLXII factae sunt. In aula insignes armorum Bohemiae, Moraviae, [[Austria|Austriae]] et [[Styria|Styriae]] apparent, sed insignia [[Carinthia|Carinthiae]] et [[Carniola|Carniolae]], quae Ottocarus II anno MCCLXIX hereditate accepit, absunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pícha, Krejčík - Gozzoburg&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | last = Krejčík
 | first = Tomáš
 | last2 = Pícha
 | first2 = František
 | title = Český a moravský znak ve znakové galerii v Gozzoburgu v Kremsu
 | location = Brno
 | booktitle = Genealogické a heraldické informace 2008 : Moravská genealogická a heraldická společnost, o. s. 2009
 | volume = 13 (28)
 | year = 2009
 | pages = 49-57
 | issn = 0862-8963
 | language = Czech
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Jošt Moravský, též Lucemburský -.jpg|thumb|left|Margravius [[Iodocus a Moravia]], vexillum aquila Moravica quadratim alba et rubra in Codice Gelnhausenensi (saeculo XIV/XV).]]
Aquila scaccata insigne Moraviae terrae habetur saltem ex tempore [[Domus Luxemburgica|Luxemburgense]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Adamová&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last = Adamová
 | first = Karolina
 | title = K heraldické výzdobě Staroměstské mostecké věže. Právně historický pohled, in: Pražský sborník historický
 | publisher = Panorama
 | location = Praha
 | volume = 15
 | year = 1982
 | pages = 44–62
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Una ex antiquissimis [[Imago|imaginibus]] notis vexilli aquila moravica insignis est illa in [[Codex|Codice]] Gelnhausen, quae imaginem margravi Moraviae [[Iodocus a Moravia|Iodocum]] monstrat, qui vexillum caeruleum tenet, aquila moravica in campo albescente et rubescente scaccato, cum corona et armatura flava. (ut par est, sine scuto).&lt;ref name=&quot;ruzek22&quot; /&gt; Codex scriptus est aliquando inter ultimum tertium saeculi quarti decimi et primum tertium saeculi quinti decimi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Gelnhausenův kodex (kodex A) - právní kniha. Jošt Lucemburský s moravským praporem v Jihlavské právní knize z roku 1407 na foliu 63r.
| url = http://www.manuscriptorium.com/apps/index.php?direct=record&amp;pid=AIPDIG-SOAJ__MESTSKASPRAV0TBA6E4-cs#search
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Jihlavský archiv ukázal své nejvzácnější dokumenty, jinak nepřístupné
| url = https://jihlava.idnes.cz/vzacne-dokumenty-jihlavskeho-archivu-dx1-/jihlava-zpravy.aspx?c=A121101_143951_jihlava-zpravy_mv
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Charta]] armorum imperatoris [[Fridericus III|Friderici III]], data VII [[December|Decembris]] anno MCDLXII, quod, a [[Henricus|Henrico]] de Lippa, capitano provinciali Moraviae et marescallo [[Regnum Bohemiae|Regni Bohemiae]], ex incepto ordinum moravicorum editum est, documentum fuit quod, sub regno [[Georgius Podiebradensis|Georgii Podiebradensis]], primigenium colorem argenteum aquilae moravicae mutavit, campis insigneis argenteis auro substitutis, ita novum insigne 'ordinum' creans (''color albus in glaucum sive aureum transmutetur'': color albus in flavum vel aureum mutatus est)).&lt;ref name=&quot;vojtisek222&quot;&gt;{{cite book
| last = Vojtíšek
| first = Václav
| title = Naše státní znaky (staré a nynější)
| publisher = Vesmír
| location = Praha
| pages = 22
| language = cs
| year = 1921
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Alexius Habrich, Iura primaeva Moraviae2&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| last = Habrich
| first = Alexius (ed.)
| title = Iura primaeva Moraviae
| url = https://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb10542951_00038.html
| location = Brno
| pages = 38–42
| language = la
| year = 1781
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Josef Kalousek, Archiv český2&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| last = Kalousek
| first = Josef (ed.)
| title = Archiv český čili staré písemné památky české i moravské, svazek X
| url = https://sources.cms.flu.cas.cz/src/index.php?s=v&amp;action=jdi&amp;cat=10&amp;bookid=800&amp;page=273&amp;action_button.x=0&amp;action_button.y=0
| location = Praha
| pages = 273–274
| language = la
| year = 1890
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Berthold Bretholz2&quot;&gt;{{cite book
| last = Bretholz
| first = Berthold
| title = Das mährische Landesarchiv, Seine Geschichte, seine Bestände
| location = Brno
| pages = 124
| language = de la
| year = 1908
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Publicatio huius litterae exemplum est interventionis in res internas terrarum Bohemicarum, cum Fridericus III, ut Imperator Romanus Sanctus, eam statibus Moravicis concesserit. Tamen Moravia pars Coronae Bohemicae erat et, secundum leges a [[Carolus IV (imperator)|Carolo IV]] latas, rex Romanorum nullam potestatem habebat talis consilii capiendi, cum Moraviae res sub directa potestate Regis Bohemiae esset.&lt;ref name=&quot;starha92&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| last = Štarha
| first = Ivan
| title = Historie, moravské barvy a moravská vlajka, in: Veřejná správa
| url = https://www.mvcr.cz/clanek/historie-moravske-barvy-a-moravska-vlajka.aspx
| year = 2013
| pages = 8–9
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ex prospectu historico, plures versiones vexillorum Moravicorum exstiterunt, quae simul duabus aut tribus coloribus ex insignibus provincialibus derivatis adhibebantur, praesertim saeculo undevicesimo.&lt;ref name=&quot;hlinomaz167&quot;&gt;''Ke státní a zemské symbolice českého státu v období 1526–1918'', s. 167.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Slavobrána postavená v Kuníně v roce 1845 u příležitosti návštěvy arcivévody Františka Karla, kolorovaná litografie.png|thumb|Porta caerimonialis Kunini anno MDCCCXLV exstructa ad visitationem Archducis Francisci Caroli commemorandam. Relatio eius temporis describit vexilla bicolora, nigrum et flavum et rubrum et album, in turribus vexata, tamquam colores et Austriacos et Moravicos provinciales.]]
Initio saeculi undevicesimi, Moravia erat regio non autonoma, quae ab anno MDCCCIV pars [[Imperium Austriacum|Imperii Austriaci erat]], quod paulo ante finalem collapsum [[Sacrum Romanum Imperium|Sacri Romani Imperii]] constitutum erat. Erat una ex finibus Coronae dictis, a praeside provinciali gubernata. Regulis a regimine centrali Vindobonae edictis tenebatur. Ex tempore priore pauca indicia sunt usus colorum provincialium Moravicorum. Imperator Moraviae dux erat, et cum titulus Margravius unus tantum ex multis quos tenebat esset, ei certam imaginem visualem non requirebat. Quapropter, per paene totam primam partem saeculi undevicesimi, colores provinciales non eandem significationem habebant quam a medio illius saeculi deinceps habuerunt. Potestates corporum administrativorum statuum provinciales finitae erant. Non habebant auctoritatem nec repraesentandi nec repraesentari.

Gubernatio provincialis sui iuris potestates satis amplas nonnisi promulgatione Constitutionis Decembris anno MDCCCLXI accepit, post quam singulae provinciae suas constitutiones sanxerunt. Tamen, neque hae neque ullum aliud instrumentum minoris vis legitimae colores vel vexilla provincialia designaverunt. Quamquam hae notiones saeculo undevicesimo exstiterunt, vocabula inania erant, id est, iure nec generaliter nec speciatim definita. Describendo igitur tempus ante annum MCMXVIII, non est rectum dicere &quot;vexillum provinciale Marchionatus Moraviae fuisse bicolorem horizontalem flavam et rubram&quot;, cum in nullo instrumento legali ita definitum sit. Licetne simpliciter dicere &quot;auctoritates provinciales rubrum et flavum ut colores provinciales inter annos MDCCCXLVIII et MCMXVIII adhibuisse&quot;, an, si iustificari potest, 'ut vexillum provinciale Moraviae, magistratus provinciales bicolorem rubro et flavo inter annos MDCCCXLVIII et MCMXVIII adhibuerunt'.

[[File:Cockade of Moravia, the historical land of the Czech Republic, red-white-blue.svg|thumb|right|In Ludovici Ritteri Dictionariolo Pochtario Diurnariis et Colloquiis (titulo Bohemico &quot;Kapesní slovníček novinářský a konverzační&quot;), anno MDCCCLI edito, haec de coloribus laqueorum dicuntur: &quot;''Fasciculus est rosula aut laqueus rotundus qui in petaso aut paenula geritur ad significandam sententiam quandam, gentem, sodalitatem, municipium, et cetera. A mulieribus gestus, in capillo aut in pectore affigitur. Notae sunt insignes variorum motuum politicorum ab anno MDCCCXLVIII, praesertim Slavorum, '''rubri, albi et caerulei coloris''', deinde colores nigro-rubro-flavi partis Germanicae et eius variae controversiae. Vexillum Austro-Hungaricum, quod exercitus noster vehit, nigrum et flavum est; vexilla Bohemica et Polonica alba et rubra sunt; '''vexillum Moravicum vel etiam Bohemico-Moravicum; et deinde vexillum Slavorum Meridianorum, ut vexillum Slavorum'''. Fascis Rusinorum flavus et caeruleus est; Hungarorum et Polonorum revolutionariorum ruber, albus et viridis; Prussicus niger et albus est, et sic deinceps. Pragae, omnes fascis privatis sine ulla exceptione ab anno MDCCCXLVIIII interdicti sunt.''&quot;.]]
Absentia ullius praescripti legis explicat cur 'vexilla provincialia' in scriptis huius aetatis variis modis depingantur. Plerumque auctor ea ex paucis vexillis reapse notis et regulis heraldicis, quae ad insignia pertinentia pertinent, derivabat. Quaestio peculiaris in Moravia saeculo undevicesimo fuit quod insigne Moraviense duabus formis exstabat. Descriptio eius historica et publice agnita armorum imperialium – qui per saecula in usu fuerant – erat aquila argentea et rubra alternis coloribus picta, cum corona et armatura aurea, in scuto caeruleo posita. Tamen, auctoritas ab Imperatore Friderico III concessa in diplomate die 7 Decembris 1462 edito, ut aquila scaccata aurea et rubra adhiberetur – quamquam haec compositio in usu non recepta est – adduxit, Postquam diploma in notitiam procuratorum administrationis provincialis Moravicae ad finem saeculorum XVIII et XIX pervenit – praesertim ab annis 1830 et 1840 – hoc ad auctos conatus administrationis provincialis adnotavit ut agnitio diplomatis ab Imperatore impetraretur. Et quamquam usus eius non publice agnitus est usque ad annum MCMXV, complures sententiae a magistratibus Vindobonensibus editae significabant eos non adversari usu exemplaris aureo et rubro quadratim dispositi in aquila.

Quaestio igitur per saeculum undevicesimum fuit, utrum diploma validum, sed publice irritum, Friderici III praevaluerit insignibus Moraviae, quae usu historico probata et confirmata erant. Quaestio de coloribus provincialibus, ad quam pertinebat quaestio de forma vexilli provincialis (futuri), naturaliter a diversis sententiis de recta (valida) insigne provinciali affecta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pícha - Moravské barvy a vlajky v revolučním roce 1848&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last = Pícha
 | first = František
 | title = Moravské barvy a vlajky v revolučním roce 1848, in: Genealogické a heraldické informace 2017 : Moravská genealogická a heraldická společnost, o. s. 2018
 | location = Brno
 | volume = 22 (37)
 | year = 2018
 | pages = 40–41
 | isbn = 
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Secundum quosdam auctores, vexillum Moravicum album, rubrum, caeruleumque est, fasciis horizontalibus eo ordine.&lt;ref name=&quot;brozek50&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last = Brožek
 | first = Aleš
 | title = Lexikon vlajek a znaků zemí světa
 | publisher = Kartografie
 | location = Praha
 | year = 2003
 | pages = 50
 | isbn = 8070117761
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haec colorum coniunctio saeculo undevicesimo symbolum erat civium Moravicorum patriam amantium.

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Modrobílá historická vlajka Moravy (1611).png|Vexillum historicum caeruleo et albo, memoratum iuxta vexillum caeruleum insigne provinciale Moraviae gerens ('insigne provinciale eiusdem marchionatus') in nuntiis anni MDCXII, qui adventum Pragam et coronationem Regis [[Matthias (imperator)|Mathiae II]] describunt.
File:Red-white historical flag of Moravia (from the first half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century).svg|Compositio colorum rubrorum et alborum, quae usque ad ineuntem saeculum vicesimum adhibita est.
File:Red-white-blue historical flag of Moravia (from the middle of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century).svg|Tricolōr ruber, albus, caeruleusque, qui adhibitus est in secunda parte saeculi undevicesimi et in initio saeculi vicesimi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jan Havelka&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | last = Havelka | first = Jan | title = Erb a zemské barvy markkrabství moravského | journal = Komenský | access-date = 2015-12-15 | year = 1880 | number = 29 | pages = 454–455 | url = http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112042804044;view=1up;seq=463 | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orlice, časopis politický&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | title = O barvách praporů (8. 9. 1888) | journal = Orlice, časopis politický | location = Telč | year = 1888 | number = 19 | pages = Příloha Orlice k číslu 19  | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;
File:Red-yellow historical flag of Moravia (from the middle of the 19th century or from the 2nd half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century).svg|Vexillum bicolore rubrum et flavum. Aliud ex vexillis historicis Moraviae a secunda parte saeculi undevicesimi et ineunte saeculo vicesimo.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Vexillum Moravicum inter vexilla regionalia ==
[[File:Moravská orlice.jpg|thumb|right|Vexillum historicum Moraviae]]
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Flag of Pardubice Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Pardubiensis
File:Flag of Vysocina Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Vysočinae
File:Flag of Olomouc Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Olomucensis
File:Flag of Moravian-Silesian Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Moravico-Silesiae
File:Flag of Zlin Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Zlinensis
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Vexillum caeruleum aquila Moravica insignis ===
Relatio vexillologica de vexillo Moravio, quae submissa est Kalendis Iuniis MMXIII per peritos Subcommissionis de Heraldica et Vexillologia Camerae Deputatōrum Parlamenti Rei Publicae Bohemicae (subcommissionis Commissionis de Scientia, Educatione, Cultura, Iuventute et Educatione Physica) – Zbyšek Svoboda, Pavel Fojtík, Petr Exner et Praeses Societatis Vexillologicae Bohemicae, Jaroslav Martykán, vexillum et insignia Moraviae, in vetustissima forma sua quae memoriae prodita est, habentur historice aptissima, scilicet campum caeruleum gerentia aquilam quadratorum alborum et rubrorum.&lt;ref name=&quot;Odborné vexilologické stanovisko&quot; /&gt;

== Nexūs externi ==
{{Commonscat|Flags of Moravia|Vexillum Moraviae}}
* [https://moravskavlajka.blogspot.com/ Moravská vlajka]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Categoria:Moravia]]
[[Categoria:Vexilla]]</text>
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      <text bytes="24952" sha1="gmmjh68315lgz214l53nc9245e6pve1" xml:space="preserve">{{Pagina autotranslata
	| fons = [[:cs:Moravská vlajka]] conferantur [[Specialis:PermanentLink/3974324|versio labens]] et [https://cs-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moravsk%C3%A1_vlajka?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=la pagina ''Google'' translata]—aut [[:it:Bandiera della Moravia]]—[https://it-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bandiera_della_Moravia?_x_tr_sl=it&amp;_x_tr_tl=la pagina ''Google'' translata]
	| tempus = 2026-07-24 22:06:13
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{{Vicificanda}}

[[Fasciculus:Banner of arms of Moravia.svg|thumb|Vexillum Moraviae, ut annis 2002–2003 codificatum{{dubsig}} est. Historicum regionis Moravicae vexillum, constans ex campo caeruleo, qui [[aquila]]m rubro et albo damisatam{{dubsig}} cum [[corona]] et armis flavis gerit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Odborné vexilologické stanovisko&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | first=Zbyšek
 | last=Svoboda
 | first2=Pavel
 | last2=Fojtík
 | first3=Petr
 | last3=Exner
 | first4=Jaroslav
 | last4=Martykán
 | authorlink=
 | coauthors=
 | title=Odborné vexilologické stanovisko k moravské vlajce
 | booktitle=Vexilologie. Zpravodaj České vexilologické společnosti, o.s. č. 169
 | pages=3319, 3320
 | publisher=Česká vexilologická společnost
 | date=2013
 | location=Brno
 | url=http://www.vexilologie.cz/index2.php?a=000&amp;n=0
 | accessdate=2017-08-20
 | id=
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Znaky a prapory v kronice Ottokara Štýrského&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | first=František
 | last=Pícha
 | authorlink=
 | coauthors=
 | title=Znaky a prapory v kronice Ottokara Štýrského
 | booktitle=Vexilologie. Zpravodaj České vexilologické společnosti, o.s. č. 169
 | pages=3320–3324
 | publisher=Česká vexilologická společnost
 | date=2013
 | location=Brno
 | url=
 | accessdate=
 | id=
}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''Vexillum Moraviense''' est symbolum quo [[Moravia (terra)|Moravia]] repraesentatur.

Prima depictio insignis provincialis Moraviae in vexillo, cum [[Medium aevum|media aetate]] vexilla ex [[Insigne|insignibus]] derivarentur, invenitur in vexillo [[Marchio|marchionis]], quod in Codice Gelnhausenensi [[Anno Domini|anno]] MCDVII depictum est ([[aquila]] [[Argenteus|argentea]] et [[Ruber|rubra]], armatura [[Aureus (color)|aurea]] et corona aurea ornata, in campo [[Caeruleus|caeruleo]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;ruzek22&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 | last = Růžek
 | first = Vladimír
 | title = Cesty k definici (nejen) moravského znaku a praporu, in: Veřejná správa, Nr. 10
 | year = 2013
 | pages = 20–22:22
 | url = https://www.mvcr.cz/webpm/clanek/historicke-symboly.aspx
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prima [[Scriba|descriptio]] [[Scriptura|scripta]] re vera toto [[Saeculum|saeculo]] vetustior est. Nihilominus, neque Marchio Moraviae, neque Moravia, neque Moravia-[[Silesia]] umquam [[vexillum]] adoptavit aut per actum legitimum ut ens [[Ius|iuridicum]] instituit. Ex variis documentis [[Historia|historicis]], [[Delineatio|delineationibus]], descriptionibusque fundatum est, quorum usu nullum fundamentum iuridicum erat.

[[Cechoslovacia|Res publica Bohemoslovaca]] [[Color|colores]] album vel argenteum in insigne moravico iterum restituit ([[Lex]] n. 252/1920). Vexilla provincialia non sunt emendata legibus posterioribus (Legibus n. 269/1936, n. 222/1939, n. 163/1960 et Legibus hodie validis n. 3/1993 Coll. et n. 352/2001 Coll.).

Hodie, vexillum bicolore [[Flavus|flavo]] et rubro, in medio insignia coloribus congruentibus praebens, interdum pro vexillo moravico usurpatur, praesertim a quibusdam [[Factio politica|factionibus politicis]], consociationibus aliisque [[Organizatio|organizationibus]] moraviensibus.

[[File:Flag of South Moravian Region.svg|thumb|right|Vexillum Regionis Moraviae Meridionalis. Primum campum vexilli aquila moravica ornatur. In quarta et ultima parte vexilli aquila est cum ornatu [[Scaccarium|scaccato]] flavo et rubro, quae addita est ut [[symbolum]] reconciliationis et integrationis inter varios greges linguisticos, religiosos et ethnicos qui olim in Moravia Meridiana habitabant.&lt;ref name=&quot;koudelka&quot;&gt;{{cite book
| last = Koudelka
| first = Zdeněk
| title = Znaky a vlajky Moravy a Slezska, in: Sborník z konference MORAVA 1918
| url = https://is.muni.cz/repo/1570777/Znaky_Moravy_a_Slezska.pdf
| publisher = KEY Publishing s.r.o.
| location = Ostrava
| chapter = 
| pages = 58–73
| isbn = 978-80-7418-316-4
| language = cs
| year = 2019
}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Vexillum Moraviense hunc statum non nactum est nisi annis MMII–MMIII, cum insignia et vexilla regionibus hodiernis assignata sunt, dimidio saeculo post abolitione systematis [[Provincia|provincialis]] et introductionem systematis [[Regio|regionalis]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Zákon č. 280/1948 Sb. Zákon o krajském zřízení
| url = https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/1948-280#oddil1
| language = cs
| accessdate = 2026-07-22
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20250211142519/https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/1948-280/#oddil1
| archivedate = 2025-02-11
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hoc vexillum in partem superiorem vexillorum regionum Vysočinae, Moraviae Meridionalis, Olomucensis et Zlìnensis, necnon in partem superiorem vexillorum regionum Pardubicensis et Moravico-Silesiae incorporatur. Vexillum caeruleum est; in medio campo caeruleo est aquila quadratim disposita, alis albis et rubris, corona et armatura aurea ornata.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
| title = Historie, moravské barvy a moravská vlajka
| url = https://www.mvcr.cz/clanek/historie-moravske-barvy-a-moravska-vlajka.aspx
| publisher = Ministerstvo vnitra ČR
| year = 2013
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Etiam hoc modo ineunte [[Martius|Martio]] anni MMXXIII a grege Legumlatrorum [[Parlamentum|Parlamenti]] [[Cechia|rei publicae Bohemicae]] in rogatione propositum est, quae consilium insignium et vexillorum regionalium codificaret.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Návrh poslanců Radka Vondráčka, Pavla Blažka, Petra Gazdíka, Lucie Šafránkové, Mariana Jurečky, Vlastimila Válka a dalších na vydání zákona o zemských znacích a vlajkách | url = https://www.psp.cz/sqw/text/orig2.sqw?idd=225139 | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rogatio paulatim in ordine rerum agendarum complurium sessionum Camerae Deputatōrum inclusa est, sed ibi non disputata est. Rogatio, a Radeko Vondráček, legato, die XXII Ianuarii anno MMXXVI iterum proposita, non praescribit fines historicos regionum insignibus regionalibus notandos esse, sicut in rogatione priore statutum erat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Parlament České republiky. Poslanecká sněmovna. 10. volební období. 87/0. Návrh poslance Radka Vondráčka na vydání zákona o zemských znacích
a vlajkách
| url = https://www.psp.cz/sqw/text/orig2.sqw?idd=267037
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rogatio insignia et vexilla regionalia in legem aperte sancit, praescribens ut forma eorum ad insigne nationale conformetur, et cuilibet permittit ut iis utatur. Una tantum condicio est ut debita cum reverentia tractentur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = ODok Portál. Zákon o zemských znacích a vlajkách 
| url = https://odok.gov.cz/portal/veklep/material/KORNDQQNALEE/
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia vexilli moravici ==
=== Historia antiquissima ===
[[File:Nejstarší dochované barevné vyobrazení znaku markraběcí Moravy, hrad Gozzoburg v Kremži.jpeg|thumb|Veterrima pictura colorata superstes armorum marchionatus Moraviae.]]
Historia vexilli moravici – vel, accuratius, insignis moravici (quod, dissimile vexillo, perpetuo in alveo affigitur) – dives et varia est, quae saeculo tertio decimo coepit, cum rationes inter [[Bohemia|Bohemiam]] et Moraviam ordinabantur ad [[Monarchia|monarchiam]] centralizatam a [[Premyslidae|Premyslidis]] ultimis constituendam. Primum mentio vexilli moravici colorumque eius invenitur in [[Annales|chronica]] Ottocari Styriae, quae ad finem saeculi duodecimi et initium saeculi quarti decimi pertinet. Haec est [[narratio]] [[Proelium|proelii]] Kressenbrunnensis, quod die XII Iulii anno MCCLX factum est. Insignia Bohemiae et Moraviae in chronica [[Bela IV (rex Hungariae)|Belae IV]] a Iindrico Preisslero, [[Comes|comite]] castrorum eius, vive describuntur. Prae [[Exercitus|exercitu]] bohemico progrediente ducebat [[Ottocarus II (rex Bohemiae)|Ottocarus II]], prope quem vexillum fluitabat, [[Leo|leone]] [[Albus|albo]] in velluto rubro insigni, et iuxta eum alterum vexillum, quod formam aquilae moravicae quadratam rubro et albo coloribus monstrabat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Znaky a prapory v kronice Ottokara Štýrského&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
 |title=Ottokars Österreichische Reimchronik (MGH Deutsche Chroniken V,1)
 |url=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/bsb00000779/images/index.html?id=00000779&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=226
 |accessdate=2016-07-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
 |title=Ottokar von Steiermark: 'Steirische Reimchronik'
 |url=http://www.handschriftencensus.de/werke/602
 |publisher=www.handschriftencensus.de
 |accessdate=2017-08-19
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Hern Dietrich Spatzmanen''

''sach man die banier leiten:''

''in einem rȏten samît breiten''

''was gewohrt ein lewe wîz.''

''ouch heten ir baniere flîz,'' (Etiam illi suas vexilla habebant,)

'''''die von Merhaeren wârn''':'' (qui ex Moravia venerunt:)

'''''ein geschâchzabelten arn''''' (Aquila scaccata)

'''''von rȏter und von wîzer varbe''''' (rubro et albo picta)

'''''sach man ob in begarbe''''' (super eos plane conspicue)

'''''waejen von dem winde.''''' (in vento fluitabat.)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Nejstarší zmínka o praporu Moravy v kronice Ottokara Štýrského
| url = http://moravskaorlice.blogspot.com/2014/09/nejstarsi-zminka-o-praporu-moravy-v.html | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Postea, colores vexilli ex coloribus armorum derivati sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Odborné vexilologické stanovisko&quot; /&gt; 

Ex regno Ottocari II, [[titulus]] margravi Moraviae repraesentatur aquila argentea et rubra scaccata, [[Coronatio|corona]] aurea et unguibus aureis ornata, ad dextram versa, in [[Scutum|scuto]] caeruleo posita.&lt;ref name=&quot;vojtisek21&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last=Vojtíšek
 | first=Václav
 | title=Naše státní znaky (staré a nynější)
 | publisher=Vesmír
 | place=Pragae
 | year=1921
 | page=21
 | language=Czech}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pícha - O klenotu znaku moravského markraběte&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | last = Pícha
 | first = František
 | title = O klenotu znaku moravského markraběte
 | url = 
 | publisher = 
 | location = Brno
 | booktitle = Genealogické a heraldické informace 2010: Moravská genealogická a heraldická společnost, o. s. 2011
 | volume = 15 (30)
 | year = 2011
 | číslo = 
 | počet_stran = 174
 | pages = 7-32
 | isbn = 
 | language = česky
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Veterrima aquilae scaccatae effigies in Gozzoburg invenitur. [[Pictura|Picturae]] in aula arcis localis [[Cremisa (urbs)|Cremsensis]] non post annum circiter MCCLXX (MCCLXIX) pictae sunt, aut cum nuper aedificata capella Sanctae Catharinae (MCCLXVII) coniunguntur; utroque casu, post annum MCCLXII factae sunt. In aula insignes armorum Bohemiae, Moraviae, [[Austria|Austriae]] et [[Styria|Styriae]] apparent, sed insignia [[Carinthia|Carinthiae]] et [[Carniola|Carniolae]], quae Ottocarus II anno MCCLXIX hereditate accepit, absunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pícha, Krejčík - Gozzoburg&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | last = Krejčík
 | first = Tomáš
 | last2 = Pícha
 | first2 = František
 | title = Český a moravský znak ve znakové galerii v Gozzoburgu v Kremsu
 | location = Brno
 | booktitle = Genealogické a heraldické informace 2008 : Moravská genealogická a heraldická společnost, o. s. 2009
 | volume = 13 (28)
 | year = 2009
 | pages = 49-57
 | issn = 0862-8963
 | language = Czech
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Jošt Moravský, též Lucemburský -.jpg|thumb|left|Margravius [[Iodocus a Moravia]], vexillum aquila Moravica quadratim alba et rubra in Codice Gelnhausenensi (saeculo XIV/XV).]]
Aquila scaccata insigne Moraviae terrae habetur saltem ex tempore [[Domus Luxemburgica|Luxemburgense]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Adamová&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last = Adamová
 | first = Karolina
 | title = K heraldické výzdobě Staroměstské mostecké věže. Právně historický pohled, in: Pražský sborník historický
 | publisher = Panorama
 | location = Praha
 | volume = 15
 | year = 1982
 | pages = 44–62
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Una ex antiquissimis [[Imago|imaginibus]] notis vexilli aquila moravica insignis est illa in [[Codex|Codice]] Gelnhausen, quae imaginem margravi Moraviae [[Iodocus a Moravia|Iodocum]] monstrat, qui vexillum caeruleum tenet, aquila moravica in campo albescente et rubescente scaccato, cum corona et armatura flava. (ut par est, sine scuto).&lt;ref name=&quot;ruzek22&quot; /&gt; Codex scriptus est aliquando inter ultimum tertium saeculi quarti decimi et primum tertium saeculi quinti decimi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Gelnhausenův kodex (kodex A) - právní kniha. Jošt Lucemburský s moravským praporem v Jihlavské právní knize z roku 1407 na foliu 63r.
| url = http://www.manuscriptorium.com/apps/index.php?direct=record&amp;pid=AIPDIG-SOAJ__MESTSKASPRAV0TBA6E4-cs#search
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Jihlavský archiv ukázal své nejvzácnější dokumenty, jinak nepřístupné
| url = https://jihlava.idnes.cz/vzacne-dokumenty-jihlavskeho-archivu-dx1-/jihlava-zpravy.aspx?c=A121101_143951_jihlava-zpravy_mv
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Charta]] armorum imperatoris [[Fridericus III|Friderici III]], data VII [[December|Decembris]] anno MCDLXII, quod, a [[Henricus|Henrico]] de Lippa, capitano provinciali Moraviae et marescallo [[Regnum Bohemiae|Regni Bohemiae]], ex incepto ordinum moravicorum editum est, documentum fuit quod, sub regno [[Georgius Podiebradensis|Georgii Podiebradensis]], primigenium colorem argenteum aquilae moravicae mutavit, campis insigneis argenteis auro substitutis, ita novum insigne 'ordinum' creans (''color albus in glaucum sive aureum transmutetur'': color albus in flavum vel aureum mutatus est).&lt;ref name=&quot;vojtisek222&quot;&gt;{{cite book
| last = Vojtíšek
| first = Václav
| title = Naše státní znaky (staré a nynější)
| publisher = Vesmír
| location = Praha
| pages = 22
| language = cs
| year = 1921
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Alexius Habrich, Iura primaeva Moraviae2&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| last = Habrich
| first = Alexius (ed.)
| title = Iura primaeva Moraviae
| url = https://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb10542951_00038.html
| location = Brno
| pages = 38–42
| language = la
| year = 1781
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Josef Kalousek, Archiv český2&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| last = Kalousek
| first = Josef (ed.)
| title = Archiv český čili staré písemné památky české i moravské, svazek X
| url = https://sources.cms.flu.cas.cz/src/index.php?s=v&amp;action=jdi&amp;cat=10&amp;bookid=800&amp;page=273&amp;action_button.x=0&amp;action_button.y=0
| location = Praha
| pages = 273–274
| language = la
| year = 1890
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Berthold Bretholz2&quot;&gt;{{cite book
| last = Bretholz
| first = Berthold
| title = Das mährische Landesarchiv, Seine Geschichte, seine Bestände
| location = Brno
| pages = 124
| language = de la
| year = 1908
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Publicatio huius litterae exemplum est interventionis in res internas terrarum Bohemicarum, cum Fridericus III, ut Imperator Romanus Sanctus, eam statibus Moravicis concesserit. Tamen Moravia pars Coronae Bohemicae erat et, secundum leges a [[Carolus IV (imperator)|Carolo IV]] latas, rex Romanorum nullam potestatem habebat talis consilii capiendi, cum Moraviae res sub directa potestate Regis Bohemiae esset.&lt;ref name=&quot;starha92&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| last = Štarha
| first = Ivan
| title = Historie, moravské barvy a moravská vlajka, in: Veřejná správa
| url = https://www.mvcr.cz/clanek/historie-moravske-barvy-a-moravska-vlajka.aspx
| year = 2013
| pages = 8–9
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ex prospectu historico, plures versiones vexillorum Moravicorum exstiterunt, quae simul duabus aut tribus coloribus ex insignibus provincialibus derivatis adhibebantur, praesertim saeculo undevicesimo.&lt;ref name=&quot;hlinomaz167&quot;&gt;''Ke státní a zemské symbolice českého státu v období 1526–1918'', s. 167.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Slavobrána postavená v Kuníně v roce 1845 u příležitosti návštěvy arcivévody Františka Karla, kolorovaná litografie.png|thumb|Porta caerimonialis Kunini anno MDCCCXLV exstructa ad visitationem Archducis Francisci Caroli commemorandam. Relatio eius temporis describit vexilla bicolora, nigrum et flavum et rubrum et album, in turribus vexata, tamquam colores et Austriacos et Moravicos provinciales.]]
Initio saeculi undevicesimi, Moravia erat regio non autonoma, quae ab anno MDCCCIV pars [[Imperium Austriacum|Imperii Austriaci erat]], quod paulo ante finalem collapsum [[Sacrum Romanum Imperium|Sacri Romani Imperii]] constitutum erat. Erat una ex finibus Coronae dictis, a praeside provinciali gubernata. Regulis a regimine centrali Vindobonae edictis tenebatur. Ex tempore priore pauca indicia sunt usus colorum provincialium Moravicorum. Imperator Moraviae dux erat, et cum titulus Margravius unus tantum ex multis quos tenebat esset, ei certam imaginem visualem non requirebat. Quapropter, per paene totam primam partem saeculi undevicesimi, colores provinciales non eandem significationem habebant quam a medio illius saeculi deinceps habuerunt. Potestates corporum administrativorum statuum provinciales finitae erant. Non habebant auctoritatem nec repraesentandi nec repraesentari.

Gubernatio provincialis sui iuris potestates satis amplas nonnisi promulgatione Constitutionis Decembris anno MDCCCLXI accepit, post quam singulae provinciae suas constitutiones sanxerunt. Tamen, neque hae neque ullum aliud instrumentum minoris vis legitimae colores vel vexilla provincialia designaverunt. Quamquam hae notiones saeculo undevicesimo exstiterunt, vocabula inania erant, id est, iure nec generaliter nec speciatim definita. Describendo igitur tempus ante annum MCMXVIII, non est rectum dicere &quot;vexillum provinciale Marchionatus Moraviae fuisse bicolorem horizontalem flavam et rubram&quot;, cum in nullo instrumento legali ita definitum sit. Licetne simpliciter dicere &quot;auctoritates provinciales rubrum et flavum ut colores provinciales inter annos MDCCCXLVIII et MCMXVIII adhibuisse&quot;, an, si iustificari potest, 'ut vexillum provinciale Moraviae, magistratus provinciales bicolorem rubro et flavo inter annos MDCCCXLVIII et MCMXVIII adhibuerunt'.

[[File:Cockade of Moravia, the historical land of the Czech Republic, red-white-blue.svg|thumb|right|In Ludovici Ritteri Dictionariolo Pochtario Diurnariis et Colloquiis (titulo Bohemico &quot;Kapesní slovníček novinářský a konverzační&quot;), anno MDCCCLI edito, haec de coloribus laqueorum dicuntur: &quot;''Fasciculus est rosula aut laqueus rotundus qui in petaso aut paenula geritur ad significandam sententiam quandam, gentem, sodalitatem, municipium, et cetera. A mulieribus gestus, in capillo aut in pectore affigitur. Notae sunt insignes variorum motuum politicorum ab anno MDCCCXLVIII, praesertim Slavorum, '''rubri, albi et caerulei coloris''', deinde colores nigro-rubro-flavi partis Germanicae et eius variae controversiae. Vexillum Austro-Hungaricum, quod exercitus noster vehit, nigrum et flavum est; vexilla Bohemica et Polonica alba et rubra sunt; '''vexillum Moravicum vel etiam Bohemico-Moravicum; et deinde vexillum Slavorum Meridianorum, ut vexillum Slavorum'''. Fascis Rusinorum flavus et caeruleus est; Hungarorum et Polonorum revolutionariorum ruber, albus et viridis; Prussicus niger et albus est, et sic deinceps. Pragae, omnes fascis privatis sine ulla exceptione ab anno MDCCCXLVIIII interdicti sunt.''&quot;.]]
Absentia ullius praescripti legis explicat cur 'vexilla provincialia' in scriptis huius aetatis variis modis depingantur. Plerumque auctor ea ex paucis vexillis reapse notis et regulis heraldicis, quae ad insignia pertinentia pertinent, derivabat. Quaestio peculiaris in Moravia saeculo undevicesimo fuit quod insigne Moraviense duabus formis exstabat. Descriptio eius historica et publice agnita armorum imperialium – qui per saecula in usu fuerant – erat aquila argentea et rubra alternis coloribus picta, cum corona et armatura aurea, in scuto caeruleo posita. Tamen, auctoritas ab Imperatore Friderico III concessa in diplomate die 7 Decembris 1462 edito, ut aquila scaccata aurea et rubra adhiberetur – quamquam haec compositio in usu non recepta est – adduxit, Postquam diploma in notitiam procuratorum administrationis provincialis Moravicae ad finem saeculorum XVIII et XIX pervenit – praesertim ab annis 1830 et 1840 – hoc ad auctos conatus administrationis provincialis adnotavit ut agnitio diplomatis ab Imperatore impetraretur. Et quamquam usus eius non publice agnitus est usque ad annum MCMXV, complures sententiae a magistratibus Vindobonensibus editae significabant eos non adversari usu exemplaris aureo et rubro quadratim dispositi in aquila.

Quaestio igitur per saeculum undevicesimum fuit, utrum diploma validum, sed publice irritum, Friderici III praevaluerit insignibus Moraviae, quae usu historico probata et confirmata erant. Quaestio de coloribus provincialibus, ad quam pertinebat quaestio de forma vexilli provincialis (futuri), naturaliter a diversis sententiis de recta (valida) insigne provinciali affecta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pícha - Moravské barvy a vlajky v revolučním roce 1848&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last = Pícha
 | first = František
 | title = Moravské barvy a vlajky v revolučním roce 1848, in: Genealogické a heraldické informace 2017 : Moravská genealogická a heraldická společnost, o. s. 2018
 | location = Brno
 | volume = 22 (37)
 | year = 2018
 | pages = 40–41
 | isbn = 
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Secundum quosdam auctores, vexillum Moravicum album, rubrum, caeruleumque est, fasciis horizontalibus eo ordine.&lt;ref name=&quot;brozek50&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last = Brožek
 | first = Aleš
 | title = Lexikon vlajek a znaků zemí světa
 | publisher = Kartografie
 | location = Praha
 | year = 2003
 | pages = 50
 | isbn = 8070117761
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haec colorum coniunctio saeculo undevicesimo symbolum erat civium Moravicorum patriam amantium.

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Modrobílá historická vlajka Moravy (1611).png|Vexillum historicum caeruleo et albo, memoratum iuxta vexillum caeruleum insigne provinciale Moraviae gerens ('insigne provinciale eiusdem marchionatus') in nuntiis anni MDCXII, qui adventum Pragam et coronationem Regis [[Matthias (imperator)|Mathiae II]] describunt.
File:Red-white historical flag of Moravia (from the first half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century).svg|Compositio colorum rubrorum et alborum, quae usque ad ineuntem saeculum vicesimum adhibita est.
File:Red-white-blue historical flag of Moravia (from the middle of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century).svg|Tricolōr ruber, albus, caeruleusque, qui adhibitus est in secunda parte saeculi undevicesimi et in initio saeculi vicesimi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jan Havelka&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | last = Havelka | first = Jan | title = Erb a zemské barvy markkrabství moravského | journal = Komenský | access-date = 2015-12-15 | year = 1880 | number = 29 | pages = 454–455 | url = http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112042804044;view=1up;seq=463 | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orlice, časopis politický&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | title = O barvách praporů (8. 9. 1888) | journal = Orlice, časopis politický | location = Telč | year = 1888 | number = 19 | pages = Příloha Orlice k číslu 19  | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;
File:Red-yellow historical flag of Moravia (from the middle of the 19th century or from the 2nd half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century).svg|Vexillum bicolore rubrum et flavum. Aliud ex vexillis historicis Moraviae a secunda parte saeculi undevicesimi et ineunte saeculo vicesimo.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Vexillum Moravicum inter vexilla regionalia ==
[[File:Moravská orlice.jpg|thumb|right|Vexillum historicum Moraviae]]
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Flag of Pardubice Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Pardubiensis
File:Flag of Vysocina Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Vysočinae
File:Flag of Olomouc Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Olomucensis
File:Flag of Moravian-Silesian Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Moravico-Silesiae
File:Flag of Zlin Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Zlinensis
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Vexillum caeruleum aquila Moravica insignis ===
Relatio vexillologica de vexillo Moravio, quae submissa est Kalendis Iuniis MMXIII per peritos Subcommissionis de Heraldica et Vexillologia Camerae Deputatōrum Parlamenti Rei Publicae Bohemicae (subcommissionis Commissionis de Scientia, Educatione, Cultura, Iuventute et Educatione Physica) – Zbyšek Svoboda, Pavel Fojtík, Petr Exner et Praeses Societatis Vexillologicae Bohemicae, Jaroslav Martykán, vexillum et insignia Moraviae, in vetustissima forma sua quae memoriae prodita est, habentur historice aptissima, scilicet campum caeruleum gerentia aquilam quadratorum alborum et rubrorum.&lt;ref name=&quot;Odborné vexilologické stanovisko&quot; /&gt;

== Nexūs externi ==
{{Commonscat|Flags of Moravia|Vexillum Moraviae}}
* [https://moravskavlajka.blogspot.com/ Moravská vlajka]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Categoria:Moravia]]
[[Categoria:Vexilla]]</text>
      <sha1>gmmjh68315lgz214l53nc9245e6pve1</sha1>
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      <text bytes="25003" sha1="re5bp2x2zwjv94sh6dxr4hp5bsqhsqd" xml:space="preserve">{{Pagina autotranslata
	| fons = [[:cs:Moravská vlajka]] conferantur [[Specialis:PermanentLink/3974324|versio labens]] et [https://cs-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moravsk%C3%A1_vlajka?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=la pagina ''Google'' translata]—aut [[:it:Bandiera della Moravia]]—[https://it-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bandiera_della_Moravia?_x_tr_sl=it&amp;_x_tr_tl=la pagina ''Google'' translata]
	| tempus = 2026-07-24 22:06:13
}}
{{Vicificanda}}

[[Fasciculus:Banner of arms of Moravia.svg|thumb|Vexillum Moraviae, ut annis 2002–2003 codificatum{{dubsig}} est. Historicum regionis Moravicae vexillum, constans ex campo caeruleo, qui [[aquila]]m rubro et albo damisatam{{dubsig}} cum [[corona]] et armis flavis gerit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Odborné vexilologické stanovisko&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | first=Zbyšek
 | last=Svoboda
 | first2=Pavel
 | last2=Fojtík
 | first3=Petr
 | last3=Exner
 | first4=Jaroslav
 | last4=Martykán
 | authorlink=
 | coauthors=
 | title=Odborné vexilologické stanovisko k moravské vlajce
 | booktitle=Vexilologie. Zpravodaj České vexilologické společnosti, o.s. č. 169
 | pages=3319, 3320
 | publisher=Česká vexilologická společnost
 | date=2013
 | location=Brno
 | url=http://www.vexilologie.cz/index2.php?a=000&amp;n=0
 | accessdate=2017-08-20
 | id=
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Znaky a prapory v kronice Ottokara Štýrského&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | first=František
 | last=Pícha
 | authorlink=
 | coauthors=
 | title=Znaky a prapory v kronice Ottokara Štýrského
 | booktitle=Vexilologie. Zpravodaj České vexilologické společnosti, o.s. č. 169
 | pages=3320–3324
 | publisher=Česká vexilologická společnost
 | date=2013
 | location=Brno
 | url=
 | accessdate=
 | id=
}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''Vexillum Moraviense''' est symbolum quo [[Moravia (terra)|Moravia]] repraesentatur.

Prima depictio insignis provincialis Moraviae in vexillo, cum [[Medium aevum|media aetate]] vexilla ex [[Insigne|insignibus]] derivarentur, invenitur in vexillo [[Marchio|marchionis]], quod in Codice Gelnhausenensi [[Anno Domini|anno]] MCDVII depictum est ([[aquila]] [[Argenteus|argentea]] et [[Ruber|rubra]], armatura [[Aureus (color)|aurea]] et corona aurea ornata, in campo [[Caeruleus|caeruleo]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;ruzek22&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 | last = Růžek
 | first = Vladimír
 | title = Cesty k definici (nejen) moravského znaku a praporu, in: Veřejná správa, Nr. 10
 | year = 2013
 | pages = 20–22:22
 | url = https://www.mvcr.cz/webpm/clanek/historicke-symboly.aspx
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prima [[Scriba|descriptio]] [[Scriptura|scripta]] re vera toto [[Saeculum|saeculo]] vetustior est. Nihilominus, neque Marchio Moraviae, neque Moravia, neque Moravia-[[Silesia]] umquam [[vexillum]] adoptavit aut per actum legitimum ut ens [[Ius|iuridicum]] instituit. Ex variis documentis [[Historia|historicis]], [[Delineatio|delineationibus]], descriptionibusque fundatum est, quorum usu nullum fundamentum iuridicum erat.

[[Cechoslovacia|Res publica Bohemoslovaca]] [[Color|colores]] album vel argenteum in insigne moravico iterum restituit ([[Lex]] n. 252/1920). Vexilla provincialia non sunt emendata legibus posterioribus (Legibus n. 269/1936, n. 222/1939, n. 163/1960 et Legibus hodie validis n. 3/1993 Coll. et n. 352/2001 Coll.).

Hodie, vexillum bicolore [[Flavus|flavo]] et rubro, in medio insignia coloribus congruentibus praebens, interdum pro vexillo moravico usurpatur, praesertim a quibusdam [[Factio politica|factionibus politicis]], consociationibus aliisque [[Organizatio|organizationibus]] moraviensibus.

[[File:Flag of South Moravian Region.svg|thumb|right|Vexillum Regionis Moraviae Meridionalis. Primum campum vexilli aquila moravica ornatur. In quarta et ultima parte vexilli aquila est cum ornatu [[Scaccarium|scaccato]] flavo et rubro, quae addita est ut [[symbolum]] reconciliationis et integrationis inter varios greges linguisticos, religiosos et ethnicos qui olim in Moravia Meridiana habitabant.&lt;ref name=&quot;koudelka&quot;&gt;{{cite book
| last = Koudelka
| first = Zdeněk
| title = Znaky a vlajky Moravy a Slezska, in: Sborník z konference MORAVA 1918
| url = https://is.muni.cz/repo/1570777/Znaky_Moravy_a_Slezska.pdf
| publisher = KEY Publishing s.r.o.
| location = Ostrava
| chapter = 
| pages = 58–73
| isbn = 978-80-7418-316-4
| language = cs
| year = 2019
}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Vexillum Moraviense hunc statum non nactum est nisi annis MMII–MMIII, cum insignia et vexilla regionibus hodiernis assignata sunt, dimidio saeculo post abolitione systematis [[Provincia|provincialis]] et introductionem systematis [[Regio|regionalis]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Zákon č. 280/1948 Sb. Zákon o krajském zřízení
| url = https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/1948-280#oddil1
| language = cs
| accessdate = 2026-07-22
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20250211142519/https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/1948-280/#oddil1
| archivedate = 2025-02-11
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hoc vexillum in partem superiorem vexillorum regionum Vysočinae, Moraviae Meridionalis, Olomucensis et Zlìnensis, necnon in partem superiorem vexillorum regionum Pardubicensis et Moravico-Silesiae incorporatur. Vexillum caeruleum est; in medio campo caeruleo est aquila quadratim disposita, alis albis et rubris, corona et armatura aurea ornata.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
| title = Historie, moravské barvy a moravská vlajka
| url = https://www.mvcr.cz/clanek/historie-moravske-barvy-a-moravska-vlajka.aspx
| publisher = Ministerstvo vnitra ČR
| year = 2013
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Etiam hoc modo ineunte [[Martius|Martio]] anni MMXXIII a grege Legumlatrorum [[Parlamentum|Parlamenti]] [[Cechia|rei publicae Bohemicae]] in rogatione propositum est, quae consilium insignium et vexillorum regionalium codificaret.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Návrh poslanců Radka Vondráčka, Pavla Blažka, Petra Gazdíka, Lucie Šafránkové, Mariana Jurečky, Vlastimila Válka a dalších na vydání zákona o zemských znacích a vlajkách | url = https://www.psp.cz/sqw/text/orig2.sqw?idd=225139 | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rogatio paulatim in ordine rerum agendarum complurium sessionum Camerae Deputatōrum inclusa est, sed ibi non disputata est. Rogatio, a Radeko Vondráček, legato, die XXII Ianuarii anno MMXXVI iterum proposita, non praescribit fines historicos regionum insignibus regionalibus notandos esse, sicut in rogatione priore statutum erat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Parlament České republiky. Poslanecká sněmovna. 10. volební období. 87/0. Návrh poslance Radka Vondráčka na vydání zákona o zemských znacích
a vlajkách
| url = https://www.psp.cz/sqw/text/orig2.sqw?idd=267037
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rogatio insignia et vexilla regionalia in legem aperte sancit, praescribens ut forma eorum ad insigne nationale conformetur, et cuilibet permittit ut iis utatur. Una tantum condicio est ut debita cum reverentia tractentur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = ODok Portál. Zákon o zemských znacích a vlajkách 
| url = https://odok.gov.cz/portal/veklep/material/KORNDQQNALEE/
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia vexilli moravici ==
=== Historia antiquissima ===
[[File:Nejstarší dochované barevné vyobrazení znaku markraběcí Moravy, hrad Gozzoburg v Kremži.jpeg|thumb|Veterrima pictura colorata superstes armorum marchionatus Moraviae.]]
Historia vexilli moravici – vel, accuratius, insignis moravici (quod, dissimile vexillo, perpetuo in alveo affigitur) – dives et varia est, quae saeculo tertio decimo coepit, cum rationes inter [[Bohemia|Bohemiam]] et Moraviam ordinabantur ad [[Monarchia|monarchiam]] centralizatam a [[Premyslidae|Premyslidis]] ultimis constituendam. Primum mentio vexilli moravici colorumque eius invenitur in [[Annales|chronica]] Ottocari Styriae, quae ad finem saeculi duodecimi et initium saeculi quarti decimi pertinet. Haec est [[narratio]] [[Proelium|proelii]] Kressenbrunnensis, quod die XII Iulii anno MCCLX factum est. Insignia Bohemiae et Moraviae in chronica [[Bela IV (rex Hungariae)|Belae IV]] a Iindrico Preisslero, [[Comes|comite]] castrorum eius, vive describuntur. Prae [[Exercitus|exercitu]] bohemico progrediente ducebat [[Ottocarus II (rex Bohemiae)|Ottocarus II]], prope quem vexillum fluitabat, [[Leo|leone]] [[Albus|albo]] in velluto rubro insigni, et iuxta eum alterum vexillum, quod formam aquilae moravicae quadratam rubro et albo coloribus monstrabat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Znaky a prapory v kronice Ottokara Štýrského&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
 |title=Ottokars Österreichische Reimchronik (MGH Deutsche Chroniken V,1)
 |url=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/bsb00000779/images/index.html?id=00000779&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=226
 |accessdate=2016-07-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
 |title=Ottokar von Steiermark: 'Steirische Reimchronik'
 |url=http://www.handschriftencensus.de/werke/602
 |publisher=www.handschriftencensus.de
 |accessdate=2017-08-19
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Hern Dietrich Spatzmanen''

''sach man die banier leiten:''

''in einem rȏten samît breiten''

''was gewohrt ein lewe wîz.''

''ouch heten ir baniere flîz,'' (Etiam illi suas vexilla habebant,)

'''''die von Merhaeren wârn''':'' (qui ex Moravia venerunt:)

'''''ein geschâchzabelten arn''''' (Aquila scaccata)

'''''von rȏter und von wîzer varbe''''' (rubro et albo picta)

'''''sach man ob in begarbe''''' (super eos plane conspicue)

'''''waejen von dem winde.''''' (in vento fluitabat.)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Nejstarší zmínka o praporu Moravy v kronice Ottokara Štýrského
| url = http://moravskaorlice.blogspot.com/2014/09/nejstarsi-zminka-o-praporu-moravy-v.html | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Postea, colores vexilli ex coloribus armorum derivati sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Odborné vexilologické stanovisko&quot; /&gt; 

Ex regno Ottocari II, [[titulus]] margravi Moraviae repraesentatur aquila argentea et rubra scaccata, [[Coronatio|corona]] aurea et unguibus aureis ornata, ad dextram versa, in [[Scutum|scuto]] caeruleo posita.&lt;ref name=&quot;vojtisek21&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last=Vojtíšek
 | first=Václav
 | title=Naše státní znaky (staré a nynější)
 | publisher=Vesmír
 | place=Pragae
 | year=1921
 | page=21
 | language=Czech}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pícha - O klenotu znaku moravského markraběte&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | last = Pícha
 | first = František
 | title = O klenotu znaku moravského markraběte
 | url = 
 | publisher = 
 | location = Brno
 | booktitle = Genealogické a heraldické informace 2010: Moravská genealogická a heraldická společnost, o. s. 2011
 | volume = 15 (30)
 | year = 2011
 | číslo = 
 | počet_stran = 174
 | pages = 7-32
 | isbn = 
 | language = česky
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Veterrima aquilae scaccatae effigies in Gozzoburg invenitur. [[Pictura|Picturae]] in aula arcis localis [[Cremisa (urbs)|Cremsensis]] non post annum circiter MCCLXX (MCCLXIX) pictae sunt, aut cum nuper aedificata capella Sanctae Catharinae (MCCLXVII) coniunguntur; utroque casu, post annum MCCLXII factae sunt. In aula insignes armorum Bohemiae, Moraviae, [[Austria|Austriae]] et [[Styria|Styriae]] apparent, sed insignia [[Carinthia|Carinthiae]] et [[Carniola|Carniolae]], quae Ottocarus II anno MCCLXIX hereditate accepit, absunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pícha, Krejčík - Gozzoburg&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | last = Krejčík
 | first = Tomáš
 | last2 = Pícha
 | first2 = František
 | title = Český a moravský znak ve znakové galerii v Gozzoburgu v Kremsu
 | location = Brno
 | booktitle = Genealogické a heraldické informace 2008 : Moravská genealogická a heraldická společnost, o. s. 2009
 | volume = 13 (28)
 | year = 2009
 | pages = 49-57
 | issn = 0862-8963
 | language = Czech
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Jošt Moravský, též Lucemburský -.jpg|thumb|left|Margravius [[Iodocus a Moravia]], vexillum aquila Moravica quadratim alba et rubra in Codice Gelnhausenensi (saeculo XIV/XV).]]
Aquila scaccata insigne Moraviae terrae habetur saltem ex tempore [[Domus Luxemburgica|Luxemburgense]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Adamová&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last = Adamová
 | first = Karolina
 | title = K heraldické výzdobě Staroměstské mostecké věže. Právně historický pohled, in: Pražský sborník historický
 | publisher = Panorama
 | location = Praha
 | volume = 15
 | year = 1982
 | pages = 44–62
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Una ex antiquissimis [[Imago|imaginibus]] notis vexilli aquila moravica insignis est illa in [[Codex|Codice]] Gelnhausen, quae imaginem margravi Moraviae [[Iodocus a Moravia|Iodocum]] monstrat, qui vexillum caeruleum tenet, aquila moravica in campo albescente et rubescente scaccato, cum corona et armatura flava. (ut par est, sine scuto).&lt;ref name=&quot;ruzek22&quot; /&gt; Codex scriptus est aliquando inter ultimum tertium saeculi quarti decimi et primum tertium saeculi quinti decimi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Gelnhausenův kodex (kodex A) - právní kniha. Jošt Lucemburský s moravským praporem v Jihlavské právní knize z roku 1407 na foliu 63r.
| url = http://www.manuscriptorium.com/apps/index.php?direct=record&amp;pid=AIPDIG-SOAJ__MESTSKASPRAV0TBA6E4-cs#search
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Jihlavský archiv ukázal své nejvzácnější dokumenty, jinak nepřístupné
| url = https://jihlava.idnes.cz/vzacne-dokumenty-jihlavskeho-archivu-dx1-/jihlava-zpravy.aspx?c=A121101_143951_jihlava-zpravy_mv
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Charta]] armorum imperatoris [[Fridericus III|Friderici III]], data VII [[December|Decembris]] anno MCDLXII, quod, a [[Henricus|Henrico]] de Lippa, capitano provinciali Moraviae et marescallo [[Regnum Bohemiae|Regni Bohemiae]], ex incepto ordinum moravicorum editum est, documentum fuit quod, sub regno [[Georgius Podiebradensis|Georgii Podiebradensis]], primigenium colorem argenteum aquilae moravicae mutavit, campis insigneis argenteis auro substitutis, ita novum insigne 'ordinum' creans (''color albus in glaucum sive aureum transmutetur'': color albus in flavum vel aureum mutatus est).&lt;ref name=&quot;vojtisek222&quot;&gt;{{cite book
| last = Vojtíšek
| first = Václav
| title = Naše státní znaky (staré a nynější)
| publisher = Vesmír
| location = Praha
| pages = 22
| language = cs
| year = 1921
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Alexius Habrich, Iura primaeva Moraviae2&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| last = Habrich
| first = Alexius (ed.)
| title = Iura primaeva Moraviae
| url = https://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb10542951_00038.html
| location = Brno
| pages = 38–42
| language = la
| year = 1781
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Josef Kalousek, Archiv český2&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| last = Kalousek
| first = Josef (ed.)
| title = Archiv český čili staré písemné památky české i moravské, svazek X
| url = https://sources.cms.flu.cas.cz/src/index.php?s=v&amp;action=jdi&amp;cat=10&amp;bookid=800&amp;page=273&amp;action_button.x=0&amp;action_button.y=0
| location = Praha
| pages = 273–274
| language = la
| year = 1890
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Berthold Bretholz2&quot;&gt;{{cite book
| last = Bretholz
| first = Berthold
| title = Das mährische Landesarchiv, Seine Geschichte, seine Bestände
| location = Brno
| pages = 124
| language = de la
| year = 1908
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Publicatio huius litterae exemplum est interventionis in res internas terrarum Bohemicarum, cum Fridericus III, ut Imperator Romanus Sanctus, eam statibus Moravicis concesserit. Tamen Moravia pars Coronae Bohemicae erat et, secundum leges a [[Carolus IV (imperator)|Carolo IV]] latas, rex Romanorum nullam potestatem habebat talis consilii capiendi, cum Moraviae res sub directa potestate Regis Bohemiae esset.&lt;ref name=&quot;starha92&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| last = Štarha
| first = Ivan
| title = Historie, moravské barvy a moravská vlajka, in: Veřejná správa
| url = https://www.mvcr.cz/clanek/historie-moravske-barvy-a-moravska-vlajka.aspx
| year = 2013
| pages = 8–9
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ex prospectu historico, plures versiones vexillorum Moravicorum exstiterunt, quae simul duabus aut tribus coloribus ex insignibus provincialibus derivatis adhibebantur, praesertim saeculo undevicesimo.&lt;ref name=&quot;hlinomaz167&quot;&gt;''Ke státní a zemské symbolice českého státu v období 1526–1918'', s. 167.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Slavobrána postavená v Kuníně v roce 1845 u příležitosti návštěvy arcivévody Františka Karla, kolorovaná litografie.png|thumb|Porta caerimonialis Kunini anno MDCCCXLV exstructa ad visitationem Archducis Francisci Caroli commemorandam. Relatio eius temporis describit vexilla bicolora, nigrum et flavum et rubrum et album, in turribus vexata, tamquam colores et Austriacos et Moravicos provinciales.]]
Initio saeculi undevicesimi, Moravia erat regio non autonoma, quae ab anno MDCCCIV pars [[Imperium Austriacum|Imperii Austriaci erat]], quod paulo ante finalem collapsum [[Sacrum Romanum Imperium|Sacri Romani Imperii]] constitutum erat. Erat una ex finibus Coronae dictis, a praeside provinciali gubernata. Regulis a regimine centrali Vindobonae edictis tenebatur. Ex tempore priore pauca indicia sunt usus colorum provincialium Moravicorum. Imperator Moraviae dux erat, et cum titulus Margravius unus tantum ex multis quos tenebat esset, ei certam imaginem visualem non requirebat. Quapropter, per paene totam primam partem saeculi undevicesimi, colores provinciales non eandem significationem habebant quam a medio illius saeculi deinceps habuerunt. Potestates corporum administrativorum statuum provinciales finitae erant. Non habebant auctoritatem nec repraesentandi nec repraesentari.

Gubernatio provincialis sui iuris potestates satis amplas nonnisi promulgatione Constitutionis Decembris anno MDCCCLXI accepit, post quam singulae provinciae suas constitutiones sanxerunt. Tamen, neque hae neque ullum aliud instrumentum minoris vis legitimae colores vel vexilla provincialia designaverunt. Quamquam hae notiones saeculo undevicesimo exstiterunt, vocabula inania erant, id est, iure nec generaliter nec speciatim definita. Describendo igitur tempus ante annum MCMXVIII, non est rectum dicere &quot;vexillum provinciale Marchionatus Moraviae fuisse bicolorem horizontalem flavam et rubram&quot;, cum in nullo instrumento legali ita definitum sit. Licetne simpliciter dicere &quot;auctoritates provinciales rubrum et flavum ut colores provinciales inter annos MDCCCXLVIII et MCMXVIII adhibuisse&quot;, an, si iustificari potest, 'ut vexillum provinciale Moraviae, magistratus provinciales bicolorem rubro et flavo inter annos MDCCCXLVIII et MCMXVIII adhibuerunt'.

[[File:Cockade of Moravia, the historical land of the Czech Republic, red-white-blue.svg|thumb|right|In Ludovici Ritteri Dictionariolo Pochtario Diurnariis et Colloquiis (titulo Bohemico &quot;Kapesní slovníček novinářský a konverzační&quot;), anno MDCCCLI edito, haec de coloribus laqueorum dicuntur: &quot;''Fasciculus est rosula aut laqueus rotundus qui in petaso aut paenula geritur ad significandam sententiam quandam, gentem, sodalitatem, municipium, et cetera. A mulieribus gestus, in capillo aut in pectore affigitur. Notae sunt insignes variorum motuum politicorum ab anno MDCCCXLVIII, praesertim Slavorum, '''rubri, albi et caerulei coloris''', deinde colores nigro-rubro-flavi partis Germanicae et eius variae controversiae. Vexillum Austro-Hungaricum, quod exercitus noster vehit, nigrum et flavum est; vexilla Bohemica et Polonica alba et rubra sunt; '''vexillum Moravicum vel etiam Bohemico-Moravicum; et deinde vexillum Slavorum Meridianorum, ut vexillum Slavorum'''. Fascis Rusinorum flavus et caeruleus est; Hungarorum et Polonorum revolutionariorum ruber, albus et viridis; Prussicus niger et albus est, et sic deinceps. Pragae, omnes fascis privatis sine ulla exceptione ab anno MDCCCXLVIIII interdicti sunt.''&quot;.]]
Absentia ullius praescripti legis explicat cur 'vexilla provincialia' in scriptis huius aetatis variis modis depingantur. Plerumque auctor ea ex paucis vexillis reapse notis et regulis heraldicis, quae ad insignia pertinentia pertinent, derivabat. Quaestio peculiaris in Moravia saeculo undevicesimo fuit quod insigne Moraviense duabus formis exstabat. Descriptio eius historica et publice agnita armorum imperialium – qui per saecula in usu fuerant – erat aquila argentea et rubra alternis coloribus picta, cum corona et armatura aurea, in scuto caeruleo posita. Tamen, auctoritas ab Imperatore Friderico III concessa in diplomate die 7 Decembris 1462 edito, ut aquila scaccata aurea et rubra adhiberetur – quamquam haec compositio in usu non recepta est – adduxit, Postquam diploma in notitiam procuratorum administrationis provincialis Moravicae ad finem saeculorum XVIII et XIX pervenit – praesertim ab annis 1830 et 1840 – hoc ad auctos conatus administrationis provincialis adnotavit ut agnitio diplomatis ab Imperatore impetraretur. Et quamquam usus eius non publice agnitus est usque ad annum MCMXV, complures sententiae a magistratibus Vindobonensibus editae significabant eos non adversari usu exemplaris aureo et rubro quadratim dispositi in aquila.

Quaestio igitur per saeculum undevicesimum fuit, utrum diploma validum, sed publice irritum, Friderici III praevaluerit insignibus Moraviae, quae usu historico probata et confirmata erant. Quaestio de coloribus provincialibus, ad quam pertinebat quaestio de forma vexilli provincialis (futuri), naturaliter a diversis sententiis de recta (valida) insigne provinciali affecta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pícha - Moravské barvy a vlajky v revolučním roce 1848&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last = Pícha
 | first = František
 | title = Moravské barvy a vlajky v revolučním roce 1848, in: Genealogické a heraldické informace 2017 : Moravská genealogická a heraldická společnost, o. s. 2018
 | location = Brno
 | volume = 22 (37)
 | year = 2018
 | pages = 40–41
 | isbn = 
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Secundum quosdam auctores, vexillum Moravicum album, rubrum, caeruleumque est, fasciis horizontalibus eo ordine.&lt;ref name=&quot;brozek50&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last = Brožek
 | first = Aleš
 | title = Lexikon vlajek a znaků zemí světa
 | publisher = Kartografie
 | location = Praha
 | year = 2003
 | pages = 50
 | isbn = 8070117761
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haec colorum coniunctio saeculo undevicesimo symbolum erat civium Moravicorum patriam amantium.

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Modrobílá historická vlajka Moravy (1611).png|Vexillum historicum caeruleo et albo, memoratum iuxta vexillum caeruleum insigne provinciale Moraviae gerens ('insigne provinciale eiusdem marchionatus') in nuntiis anni MDCXII, qui adventum Pragam et coronationem Regis [[Matthias (imperator)|Mathiae II]] describunt.
File:Red-white historical flag of Moravia (from the first half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century).svg|Compositio colorum rubrorum et alborum, quae usque ad ineuntem saeculum vicesimum adhibita est.
File:Red-white-blue historical flag of Moravia (from the middle of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century).svg|Tricolōr ruber, albus, caeruleusque, qui adhibitus est in secunda parte saeculi undevicesimi et in initio saeculi vicesimi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jan Havelka&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | last = Havelka | first = Jan | title = Erb a zemské barvy markkrabství moravského | journal = Komenský | access-date = 2015-12-15 | year = 1880 | number = 29 | pages = 454–455 | url = http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112042804044;view=1up;seq=463 | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orlice, časopis politický&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | title = O barvách praporů (8. 9. 1888) | journal = Orlice, časopis politický | location = Telč | year = 1888 | number = 19 | pages = Příloha Orlice k číslu 19  | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;
File:Red-yellow historical flag of Moravia (from the middle of the 19th century or from the 2nd half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century).svg|Vexillum bicolore rubrum et flavum. Aliud ex vexillis historicis Moraviae a secunda parte saeculi undevicesimi et ineunte saeculo vicesimo.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Vexillum Moravicum inter vexilla regionalia ==
[[File:Moravská orlice.jpg|thumb|right|Vexillum historicum Moraviae]]
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Flag of Pardubice Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Pardubiensis
File:Flag of Vysocina Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Vysočinae
File:Flag of Olomouc Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Olomucensis
File:Flag of Moravian-Silesian Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Moravico-Silesiae
File:Flag of Zlin Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Zlinensis
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Vexillum caeruleum aquila Moravica insignis ===
Relatio vexillologica de vexillo moravico, quae submissa est [[Kalendae|Kalendis]] [[Iunius|Iuniis]] MMXIII per peritos Subcommissionis de [[Scientia heraldica|Heraldica]] et Vexillologia Camerae deputatōrum Parlamenti rei publicae Bohemicae (subcommissionis Commissionis de scientia, educatione, cultura, iuventute et educatione physica) – Zbyšek Svoboda, Pavel Fojtík, Petr Exner et Praeses Societatis Vexillologicae Bohemicae, Jaroslav Martykán, vexillum et insignia Moraviae, in vetustissima forma sua quae in monumentis invenitur, habentur historice aptissima, scilicet campum caeruleum gerentia aquilam scaccatorum alborum et rubrorum.&lt;ref name=&quot;Odborné vexilologické stanovisko&quot; /&gt;

== Nexūs externi ==
{{Commonscat|Flags of Moravia|Vexillum Moraviae}}
* [https://moravskavlajka.blogspot.com/ Moravská vlajka]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Categoria:Moravia]]
[[Categoria:Vexilla]]</text>
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      <text bytes="25085" sha1="9njgg1cxg8ncsa1re374jirsp7chwfc" xml:space="preserve">{{Pagina autotranslata
	| fons = [[:cs:Moravská vlajka]] conferantur [[Specialis:PermanentLink/3974324|versio labens]] et [https://cs-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moravsk%C3%A1_vlajka?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=la pagina ''Google'' translata]—aut [[:it:Bandiera della Moravia]]—[https://it-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bandiera_della_Moravia?_x_tr_sl=it&amp;_x_tr_tl=la pagina ''Google'' translata]
	| tempus = 2026-07-24 22:06:13
}}
{{Vicificanda}}

[[Fasciculus:Banner of arms of Moravia.svg|thumb|Vexillum Moraviae, ut annis 2002–2003 codificatum{{dubsig}} est. Historicum regionis Moravicae vexillum, constans ex campo caeruleo, qui [[aquila]]m rubro et albo damisatam{{dubsig}} cum [[corona]] et armis flavis gerit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Odborné vexilologické stanovisko&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | first=Zbyšek
 | last=Svoboda
 | first2=Pavel
 | last2=Fojtík
 | first3=Petr
 | last3=Exner
 | first4=Jaroslav
 | last4=Martykán
 | authorlink=
 | coauthors=
 | title=Odborné vexilologické stanovisko k moravské vlajce
 | booktitle=Vexilologie. Zpravodaj České vexilologické společnosti, o.s. č. 169
 | pages=3319, 3320
 | publisher=Česká vexilologická společnost
 | date=2013
 | location=Brno
 | url=http://www.vexilologie.cz/index2.php?a=000&amp;n=0
 | accessdate=2017-08-20
 | id=
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Znaky a prapory v kronice Ottokara Štýrského&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | first=František
 | last=Pícha
 | authorlink=
 | coauthors=
 | title=Znaky a prapory v kronice Ottokara Štýrského
 | booktitle=Vexilologie. Zpravodaj České vexilologické společnosti, o.s. č. 169
 | pages=3320–3324
 | publisher=Česká vexilologická společnost
 | date=2013
 | location=Brno
 | url=
 | accessdate=
 | id=
}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''Vexillum Moraviense''' est symbolum quo [[Moravia (terra)|Moravia]] repraesentatur.

Prima depictio insignis provincialis Moraviae in vexillo, cum [[Medium aevum|media aetate]] vexilla ex [[Insigne|insignibus]] derivarentur, invenitur in vexillo [[Marchio|marchionis]], quod in Codice Gelnhausenensi [[Anno Domini|anno]] MCDVII depictum est ([[aquila]] [[Argenteus|argentea]] et [[Ruber|rubra]], armatura [[Aureus (color)|aurea]] et corona aurea ornata, in campo [[Caeruleus|caeruleo]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;ruzek22&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 | last = Růžek
 | first = Vladimír
 | title = Cesty k definici (nejen) moravského znaku a praporu, in: Veřejná správa, Nr. 10
 | year = 2013
 | pages = 20–22:22
 | url = https://www.mvcr.cz/webpm/clanek/historicke-symboly.aspx
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prima [[Scriba|descriptio]] [[Scriptura|scripta]] re vera toto [[Saeculum|saeculo]] vetustior est. Nihilominus, neque Marchio Moraviae, neque Moravia, neque Moravia-[[Silesia]] umquam [[vexillum]] adoptavit aut per actum legitimum ut ens [[Ius|iuridicum]] instituit. Ex variis documentis [[Historia|historicis]], [[Delineatio|delineationibus]], descriptionibusque fundatum est, quorum usu nullum fundamentum iuridicum erat.

[[Cechoslovacia|Res publica Bohemoslovaca]] [[Color|colores]] album vel argenteum in insigne moravico iterum restituit ([[Lex]] n. 252/1920). Vexilla provincialia non sunt emendata legibus posterioribus (Legibus n. 269/1936, n. 222/1939, n. 163/1960 et Legibus hodie validis n. 3/1993 Coll. et n. 352/2001 Coll.).

Hodie, vexillum bicolore [[Flavus|flavo]] et rubro, in medio insignia coloribus congruentibus praebens, interdum pro vexillo moravico usurpatur, praesertim a quibusdam [[Factio politica|factionibus politicis]], consociationibus aliisque [[Organizatio|organizationibus]] moraviensibus.

[[File:Flag of South Moravian Region.svg|thumb|right|Vexillum Regionis Moraviae Meridionalis. Primum campum vexilli aquila moravica ornatur. In quarta et ultima parte vexilli aquila est cum ornatu [[Scaccarium|scaccato]] flavo et rubro, quae addita est ut [[symbolum]] reconciliationis et integrationis inter varios greges linguisticos, religiosos et ethnicos qui olim in Moravia Meridiana habitabant.&lt;ref name=&quot;koudelka&quot;&gt;{{cite book
| last = Koudelka
| first = Zdeněk
| title = Znaky a vlajky Moravy a Slezska, in: Sborník z konference MORAVA 1918
| url = https://is.muni.cz/repo/1570777/Znaky_Moravy_a_Slezska.pdf
| publisher = KEY Publishing s.r.o.
| location = Ostrava
| chapter = 
| pages = 58–73
| isbn = 978-80-7418-316-4
| language = cs
| year = 2019
}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Vexillum Moraviense hunc statum non nactum est nisi annis MMII–MMIII, cum insignia et vexilla regionibus hodiernis assignata sunt, dimidio saeculo post abolitione systematis [[Provincia|provincialis]] et introductionem systematis [[Regio|regionalis]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Zákon č. 280/1948 Sb. Zákon o krajském zřízení
| url = https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/1948-280#oddil1
| language = cs
| accessdate = 2026-07-22
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20250211142519/https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/1948-280/#oddil1
| archivedate = 2025-02-11
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hoc vexillum in partem superiorem vexillorum regionum Vysočinae, Moraviae Meridionalis, Olomucensis et Zlìnensis, necnon in partem superiorem vexillorum regionum Pardubicensis et Moravico-Silesiae incorporatur. Vexillum caeruleum est; in medio campo caeruleo est aquila quadratim disposita, alis albis et rubris, corona et armatura aurea ornata.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
| title = Historie, moravské barvy a moravská vlajka
| url = https://www.mvcr.cz/clanek/historie-moravske-barvy-a-moravska-vlajka.aspx
| publisher = Ministerstvo vnitra ČR
| year = 2013
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Etiam hoc modo ineunte [[Martius|Martio]] anni MMXXIII a grege Legumlatrorum [[Parlamentum|Parlamenti]] [[Cechia|rei publicae Bohemicae]] in rogatione propositum est, quae consilium insignium et vexillorum regionalium codificaret.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Návrh poslanců Radka Vondráčka, Pavla Blažka, Petra Gazdíka, Lucie Šafránkové, Mariana Jurečky, Vlastimila Válka a dalších na vydání zákona o zemských znacích a vlajkách | url = https://www.psp.cz/sqw/text/orig2.sqw?idd=225139 | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rogatio paulatim in ordine rerum agendarum complurium sessionum Camerae Deputatōrum inclusa est, sed ibi non disputata est. Rogatio, a Radeko Vondráček, legato, die XXII Ianuarii anno MMXXVI iterum proposita, non praescribit fines historicos regionum insignibus regionalibus notandos esse, sicut in rogatione priore statutum erat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Parlament České republiky. Poslanecká sněmovna. 10. volební období. 87/0. Návrh poslance Radka Vondráčka na vydání zákona o zemských znacích
a vlajkách
| url = https://www.psp.cz/sqw/text/orig2.sqw?idd=267037
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rogatio insignia et vexilla regionalia in legem aperte sancit, praescribens ut forma eorum ad insigne nationale conformetur, et cuilibet permittit ut iis utatur. Una tantum condicio est ut debita cum reverentia tractentur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = ODok Portál. Zákon o zemských znacích a vlajkách 
| url = https://odok.gov.cz/portal/veklep/material/KORNDQQNALEE/
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia vexilli moravici ==
=== Historia antiquissima ===
[[File:Nejstarší dochované barevné vyobrazení znaku markraběcí Moravy, hrad Gozzoburg v Kremži.jpeg|thumb|Veterrima pictura colorata superstes armorum marchionatus Moraviae.]]
Historia vexilli moravici – vel, accuratius, insignis moravici (quod, dissimile vexillo, perpetuo in alveo affigitur) – dives et varia est, quae saeculo tertio decimo coepit, cum rationes inter [[Bohemia|Bohemiam]] et Moraviam ordinabantur ad [[Monarchia|monarchiam]] centralizatam a [[Premyslidae|Premyslidis]] ultimis constituendam. Primum mentio vexilli moravici colorumque eius invenitur in [[Annales|chronica]] Ottocari Styriae, quae ad finem saeculi duodecimi et initium saeculi quarti decimi pertinet. Haec est [[narratio]] [[Proelium|proelii]] Kressenbrunnensis, quod die XII Iulii anno MCCLX factum est. Insignia Bohemiae et Moraviae in chronica [[Bela IV (rex Hungariae)|Belae IV]] a Iindrico Preisslero, [[Comes|comite]] castrorum eius, vive describuntur. Prae [[Exercitus|exercitu]] bohemico progrediente ducebat [[Ottocarus II (rex Bohemiae)|Ottocarus II]], prope quem vexillum fluitabat, [[Leo|leone]] [[Albus|albo]] in velluto rubro insigni, et iuxta eum alterum vexillum, quod formam aquilae moravicae quadratam rubro et albo coloribus monstrabat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Znaky a prapory v kronice Ottokara Štýrského&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
 |title=Ottokars Österreichische Reimchronik (MGH Deutsche Chroniken V,1)
 |url=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/bsb00000779/images/index.html?id=00000779&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=226
 |accessdate=2016-07-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
 |title=Ottokar von Steiermark: 'Steirische Reimchronik'
 |url=http://www.handschriftencensus.de/werke/602
 |publisher=www.handschriftencensus.de
 |accessdate=2017-08-19
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Hern Dietrich Spatzmanen''

''sach man die banier leiten:''

''in einem rȏten samît breiten''

''was gewohrt ein lewe wîz.''

''ouch heten ir baniere flîz,'' (Etiam illi suas vexilla habebant,)

'''''die von Merhaeren wârn''':'' (qui ex Moravia venerunt:)

'''''ein geschâchzabelten arn''''' (Aquila scaccata)

'''''von rȏter und von wîzer varbe''''' (rubro et albo picta)

'''''sach man ob in begarbe''''' (super eos plane conspicue)

'''''waejen von dem winde.''''' (in vento fluitabat.)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Nejstarší zmínka o praporu Moravy v kronice Ottokara Štýrského
| url = http://moravskaorlice.blogspot.com/2014/09/nejstarsi-zminka-o-praporu-moravy-v.html | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Postea, colores vexilli ex coloribus armorum derivati sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Odborné vexilologické stanovisko&quot; /&gt; 

Ex regno Ottocari II, [[titulus]] margravi Moraviae repraesentatur aquila argentea et rubra scaccata, [[Coronatio|corona]] aurea et unguibus aureis ornata, ad dextram versa, in [[Scutum|scuto]] caeruleo posita.&lt;ref name=&quot;vojtisek21&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last=Vojtíšek
 | first=Václav
 | title=Naše státní znaky (staré a nynější)
 | publisher=Vesmír
 | place=Pragae
 | year=1921
 | page=21
 | language=Czech}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pícha - O klenotu znaku moravského markraběte&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | last = Pícha
 | first = František
 | title = O klenotu znaku moravského markraběte
 | url = 
 | publisher = 
 | location = Brno
 | booktitle = Genealogické a heraldické informace 2010: Moravská genealogická a heraldická společnost, o. s. 2011
 | volume = 15 (30)
 | year = 2011
 | číslo = 
 | počet_stran = 174
 | pages = 7-32
 | isbn = 
 | language = česky
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Veterrima aquilae scaccatae effigies in Gozzoburg invenitur. [[Pictura|Picturae]] in aula arcis localis [[Cremisa (urbs)|Cremsensis]] non post annum circiter MCCLXX (MCCLXIX) pictae sunt, aut cum nuper aedificata capella Sanctae Catharinae (MCCLXVII) coniunguntur; utroque casu, post annum MCCLXII factae sunt. In aula insignes armorum Bohemiae, Moraviae, [[Austria|Austriae]] et [[Styria|Styriae]] apparent, sed insignia [[Carinthia|Carinthiae]] et [[Carniola|Carniolae]], quae Ottocarus II anno MCCLXIX hereditate accepit, absunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pícha, Krejčík - Gozzoburg&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | last = Krejčík
 | first = Tomáš
 | last2 = Pícha
 | first2 = František
 | title = Český a moravský znak ve znakové galerii v Gozzoburgu v Kremsu
 | location = Brno
 | booktitle = Genealogické a heraldické informace 2008 : Moravská genealogická a heraldická společnost, o. s. 2009
 | volume = 13 (28)
 | year = 2009
 | pages = 49-57
 | issn = 0862-8963
 | language = Czech
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Jošt Moravský, též Lucemburský -.jpg|thumb|left|Margravius [[Iodocus a Moravia]], vexillum aquila Moravica quadratim alba et rubra in Codice Gelnhausenensi (saeculo XIV/XV).]]
Aquila scaccata insigne Moraviae terrae habetur saltem ex tempore [[Domus Luxemburgica|Luxemburgense]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Adamová&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last = Adamová
 | first = Karolina
 | title = K heraldické výzdobě Staroměstské mostecké věže. Právně historický pohled, in: Pražský sborník historický
 | publisher = Panorama
 | location = Praha
 | volume = 15
 | year = 1982
 | pages = 44–62
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Una ex antiquissimis [[Imago|imaginibus]] notis vexilli aquila moravica insignis est illa in [[Codex|Codice]] Gelnhausen, quae imaginem margravi Moraviae [[Iodocus a Moravia|Iodocum]] monstrat, qui vexillum caeruleum tenet, aquila moravica in campo albescente et rubescente scaccato, cum corona et armatura flava. (ut par est, sine scuto).&lt;ref name=&quot;ruzek22&quot; /&gt; Codex scriptus est aliquando inter ultimum tertium saeculi quarti decimi et primum tertium saeculi quinti decimi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Gelnhausenův kodex (kodex A) - právní kniha. Jošt Lucemburský s moravským praporem v Jihlavské právní knize z roku 1407 na foliu 63r.
| url = http://www.manuscriptorium.com/apps/index.php?direct=record&amp;pid=AIPDIG-SOAJ__MESTSKASPRAV0TBA6E4-cs#search
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Jihlavský archiv ukázal své nejvzácnější dokumenty, jinak nepřístupné
| url = https://jihlava.idnes.cz/vzacne-dokumenty-jihlavskeho-archivu-dx1-/jihlava-zpravy.aspx?c=A121101_143951_jihlava-zpravy_mv
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Charta]] armorum imperatoris [[Fridericus III|Friderici III]], data VII [[December|Decembris]] anno MCDLXII, quod, a [[Henricus|Henrico]] de Lippa, capitano provinciali Moraviae et marescallo [[Regnum Bohemiae|Regni Bohemiae]], ex incepto ordinum moravicorum editum est, documentum fuit quod, sub regno [[Georgius Podiebradensis|Georgii Podiebradensis]], primigenium colorem argenteum aquilae moravicae mutavit, campis insigneis argenteis auro substitutis, ita novum insigne 'ordinum' creans (''color albus in glaucum sive aureum transmutetur'': color albus in flavum vel aureum mutatus est).&lt;ref name=&quot;vojtisek222&quot;&gt;{{cite book
| last = Vojtíšek
| first = Václav
| title = Naše státní znaky (staré a nynější)
| publisher = Vesmír
| location = Praha
| pages = 22
| language = cs
| year = 1921
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Alexius Habrich, Iura primaeva Moraviae2&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| last = Habrich
| first = Alexius (ed.)
| title = Iura primaeva Moraviae
| url = https://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb10542951_00038.html
| location = Brno
| pages = 38–42
| language = la
| year = 1781
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Josef Kalousek, Archiv český2&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| last = Kalousek
| first = Josef (ed.)
| title = Archiv český čili staré písemné památky české i moravské, svazek X
| url = https://sources.cms.flu.cas.cz/src/index.php?s=v&amp;action=jdi&amp;cat=10&amp;bookid=800&amp;page=273&amp;action_button.x=0&amp;action_button.y=0
| location = Praha
| pages = 273–274
| language = la
| year = 1890
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Berthold Bretholz2&quot;&gt;{{cite book
| last = Bretholz
| first = Berthold
| title = Das mährische Landesarchiv, Seine Geschichte, seine Bestände
| location = Brno
| pages = 124
| language = de la
| year = 1908
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Publicatio huius litterae exemplum est interventionis in res internas terrarum Bohemicarum, cum Fridericus III, ut Imperator Romanus Sanctus, eam statibus Moravicis concesserit. Tamen Moravia pars Coronae Bohemicae erat et, secundum leges a [[Carolus IV (imperator)|Carolo IV]] latas, rex Romanorum nullam potestatem habebat talis consilii capiendi, cum Moraviae res sub directa potestate Regis Bohemiae esset.&lt;ref name=&quot;starha92&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| last = Štarha
| first = Ivan
| title = Historie, moravské barvy a moravská vlajka, in: Veřejná správa
| url = https://www.mvcr.cz/clanek/historie-moravske-barvy-a-moravska-vlajka.aspx
| year = 2013
| pages = 8–9
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ex prospectu historico, plures versiones vexillorum Moravicorum exstiterunt, quae simul duabus aut tribus coloribus ex insignibus provincialibus derivatis adhibebantur, praesertim saeculo undevicesimo.&lt;ref name=&quot;hlinomaz167&quot;&gt;''Ke státní a zemské symbolice českého státu v období 1526–1918'', s. 167.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Slavobrána postavená v Kuníně v roce 1845 u příležitosti návštěvy arcivévody Františka Karla, kolorovaná litografie.png|thumb|Porta caerimonialis Kunini anno MDCCCXLV exstructa ad visitationem Archducis Francisci Caroli commemorandam. Relatio eius temporis describit vexilla bicolora, nigrum et flavum et rubrum et album, in turribus vexata, tamquam colores et Austriacos et Moravicos provinciales.]]
Initio saeculi undevicesimi, Moravia erat regio non [[Autonomia|autonoma]], quae ab anno MDCCCIV pars [[Imperium Austriacum|Imperii Austriaci erat]], quod paulo ante finalem collapsum [[Sacrum Romanum Imperium|Sacri Romani Imperii]] constitutum erat. Erat una ex finibus regiae dicatis, quae a praeside provinciali [[Gubernator|gubernabatur]]. Regulis a regimine centrali [[Vindobona|Vindobonae]] edictis tenebatur. Ex [[Tempus|tempore]] priore pauca indicia sunt usus colorum provincialium moravicorum. Imperator Moraviae [[dux]] erat, et cum titulus margravius unus tantum ex multis quos tenebat esset, ei certam imaginem visualem non requirebat. Quapropter, per paene totam primam partem saeculi undevicesimi, colores provinciales non eandem significationem habebant quam a medio illius saeculi deinceps habuerunt. Potestates [[Corpus|corporum]] administrativorum statuum provinciales finitae erant. Non habebant [[Auctoritas|auctoritatem]] nec repraesentandi nec repraesentari.

[[Rectio|Gubernatio]] provincialis sui iuris potestates satis amplas nonnisi promulgatione [[Constitutio|Constitutionis]] Decembris anno MDCCCLXI accepit, post quam singulae provinciae suas constitutiones sanxerunt. Tamen, neque hae neque ullum aliud instrumentum minoris [[vis]] legitimae colores vel vexilla provincialia designaverunt. Quamquam hae notiones saeculo undevicesimo exstiterunt, vocabula inania erant, id est, iure nec generaliter nec speciatim definita. Describendo igitur tempus ante annum MCMXVIII, non est rectum dicere &quot;vexillum provinciale Marchionatus Moraviae fuisse bicolorem horizontalem flavam et rubram&quot;, cum in nullo instrumento [[Legalitas|legali]] ita definitum sit. Licetne simpliciter dicere &quot;auctoritates provinciales rubrum et flavum ut colores provinciales inter annos MDCCCXLVIII et MCMXVIII adhibuisse&quot;, an, si iustificari potest, &quot;ut vexillum provinciale Moraviae, magistratus provinciales bicolorem rubro et flavo inter annos MDCCCXLVIII et MCMXVIII adhibuerunt&quot;.

[[File:Cockade of Moravia, the historical land of the Czech Republic, red-white-blue.svg|thumb|right|In Ludovici Ritteri Dictionariolo Pochtario Diurnariis et Colloquiis (titulo Bohemico &quot;Kapesní slovníček novinářský a konverzační&quot;), anno MDCCCLI edito, haec de coloribus laqueorum dicuntur: &quot;''Cocarda est rosula aut laqueus rotundus qui in petaso aut paenula geritur, qui certam mentem, nationem, unitatem, congregationem, etc. significat. A mulieribus gesta, in capillo aut in pectore affigitur. Notae sunt insignes variorum motuum politicorum ab anno MDCCCXLVIII, praesertim Slavorum, '''rubri, albi et caerulei coloris''', deinde colores nigro-rubro-flavi partis Germanicae et eius variae controversiae. Imperialis Austriaca, quam exercitus hic gerit, nigra et flava est, Bohemica et Polonica alba et rubra, '''Moraviensis vel etiam Bohemico-Moraviensis, deinde Slavica meridionalis, similis Slavicae'''.  Cocarda Rusinorum flavus et caeruleus est; Hungarorum et Polonorum revolutionariorum ruber, albus et viridis; Prussica nigra et alba est, et sic deinceps. Pragae, omnes cocardae privatae sine ulla exceptione ab anno MDCCCXLVIIII interdictae sunt.''&quot;.]]
Absentia ullius praescripti legis explicat cur 'vexilla provincialia' in scriptis huius aetatis variis modis depingantur. Plerumque auctor ea ex paucis vexillis reapse notis et regulis heraldicis, quae ad insignia pertinentia pertinent, derivabat. Quaestio peculiaris in Moravia saeculo undevicesimo fuit quod insigne Moraviense duabus formis exstabat. Descriptio eius historica et publice agnita armorum imperialium – qui per saecula in usu fuerant – erat aquila argentea et rubra alternis coloribus picta, cum corona et armatura aurea, in scuto caeruleo posita. Tamen, auctoritas ab Imperatore Friderico III concessa in diplomate die 7 Decembris 1462 edito, ut aquila scaccata aurea et rubra adhiberetur – quamquam haec compositio in usu non recepta est – adduxit, Postquam diploma in notitiam procuratorum administrationis provincialis Moravicae ad finem saeculorum XVIII et XIX pervenit – praesertim ab annis 1830 et 1840 – hoc ad auctos conatus administrationis provincialis adnotavit ut agnitio diplomatis ab Imperatore impetraretur. Et quamquam usus eius non publice agnitus est usque ad annum MCMXV, complures sententiae a magistratibus Vindobonensibus editae significabant eos non adversari usu exemplaris aureo et rubro quadratim dispositi in aquila.

Quaestio igitur per saeculum undevicesimum fuit, utrum diploma validum, sed publice irritum, Friderici III praevaluerit insignibus Moraviae, quae usu historico probata et confirmata erant. Quaestio de coloribus provincialibus, ad quam pertinebat quaestio de forma vexilli provincialis (futuri), naturaliter a diversis sententiis de recta (valida) insigne provinciali affecta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pícha - Moravské barvy a vlajky v revolučním roce 1848&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last = Pícha
 | first = František
 | title = Moravské barvy a vlajky v revolučním roce 1848, in: Genealogické a heraldické informace 2017 : Moravská genealogická a heraldická společnost, o. s. 2018
 | location = Brno
 | volume = 22 (37)
 | year = 2018
 | pages = 40–41
 | isbn = 
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Secundum quosdam auctores, vexillum Moravicum album, rubrum, caeruleumque est, fasciis horizontalibus eo ordine.&lt;ref name=&quot;brozek50&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last = Brožek
 | first = Aleš
 | title = Lexikon vlajek a znaků zemí světa
 | publisher = Kartografie
 | location = Praha
 | year = 2003
 | pages = 50
 | isbn = 8070117761
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haec colorum coniunctio saeculo undevicesimo symbolum erat civium Moravicorum patriam amantium.

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Modrobílá historická vlajka Moravy (1611).png|Vexillum historicum caeruleo et albo, memoratum iuxta vexillum caeruleum insigne provinciale Moraviae gerens ('insigne provinciale eiusdem marchionatus') in nuntiis anni MDCXII, qui adventum Pragam et coronationem Regis [[Matthias (imperator)|Mathiae II]] describunt.
File:Red-white historical flag of Moravia (from the first half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century).svg|Compositio colorum rubrorum et alborum, quae usque ad ineuntem saeculum vicesimum adhibita est.
File:Red-white-blue historical flag of Moravia (from the middle of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century).svg|Tricolōr ruber, albus, caeruleusque, qui adhibitus est in secunda parte saeculi undevicesimi et in initio saeculi vicesimi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jan Havelka&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | last = Havelka | first = Jan | title = Erb a zemské barvy markkrabství moravského | journal = Komenský | access-date = 2015-12-15 | year = 1880 | number = 29 | pages = 454–455 | url = http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112042804044;view=1up;seq=463 | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orlice, časopis politický&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | title = O barvách praporů (8. 9. 1888) | journal = Orlice, časopis politický | location = Telč | year = 1888 | number = 19 | pages = Příloha Orlice k číslu 19  | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;
File:Red-yellow historical flag of Moravia (from the middle of the 19th century or from the 2nd half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century).svg|Vexillum bicolore rubrum et flavum. Aliud ex vexillis historicis Moraviae a secunda parte saeculi undevicesimi et ineunte saeculo vicesimo.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Vexillum Moravicum inter vexilla regionalia ==
[[File:Moravská orlice.jpg|thumb|right|Vexillum historicum Moraviae]]
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Flag of Pardubice Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Pardubiensis
File:Flag of Vysocina Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Vysočinae
File:Flag of Olomouc Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Olomucensis
File:Flag of Moravian-Silesian Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Moravico-Silesiae
File:Flag of Zlin Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Zlinensis
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Vexillum caeruleum aquila Moravica insignis ===
Relatio vexillologica de vexillo moravico, quae submissa est [[Kalendae|Kalendis]] [[Iunius|Iuniis]] MMXIII per peritos Subcommissionis de [[Scientia heraldica|Heraldica]] et Vexillologia Camerae deputatōrum Parlamenti rei publicae Bohemicae (subcommissionis Commissionis de scientia, educatione, cultura, iuventute et educatione physica) – Zbyšek Svoboda, Pavel Fojtík, Petr Exner et Praeses Societatis Vexillologicae Bohemicae, Jaroslav Martykán, vexillum et insignia Moraviae, in vetustissima forma sua quae in monumentis invenitur, habentur historice aptissima, scilicet campum caeruleum gerentia aquilam scaccatorum alborum et rubrorum.&lt;ref name=&quot;Odborné vexilologické stanovisko&quot; /&gt;

== Nexūs externi ==
{{Commonscat|Flags of Moravia|Vexillum Moraviae}}
* [https://moravskavlajka.blogspot.com/ Moravská vlajka]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Categoria:Moravia]]
[[Categoria:Vexilla]]</text>
      <sha1>9njgg1cxg8ncsa1re374jirsp7chwfc</sha1>
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	| fons = [[:cs:Moravská vlajka]] conferantur [[Specialis:PermanentLink/3974324|versio labens]] et [https://cs-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moravsk%C3%A1_vlajka?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=la pagina ''Google'' translata]—aut [[:it:Bandiera della Moravia]]—[https://it-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bandiera_della_Moravia?_x_tr_sl=it&amp;_x_tr_tl=la pagina ''Google'' translata]
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{{Vicificanda}}

[[Fasciculus:Banner of arms of Moravia.svg|thumb|Vexillum Moraviae, ut annis 2002–2003 codificatum{{dubsig}} est. Historicum regionis Moravicae vexillum, constans ex campo caeruleo, qui [[aquila]]m rubro et albo damisatam{{dubsig}} cum [[corona]] et armis flavis gerit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Odborné vexilologické stanovisko&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | first=Zbyšek
 | last=Svoboda
 | first2=Pavel
 | last2=Fojtík
 | first3=Petr
 | last3=Exner
 | first4=Jaroslav
 | last4=Martykán
 | authorlink=
 | coauthors=
 | title=Odborné vexilologické stanovisko k moravské vlajce
 | booktitle=Vexilologie. Zpravodaj České vexilologické společnosti, o.s. č. 169
 | pages=3319, 3320
 | publisher=Česká vexilologická společnost
 | date=2013
 | location=Brno
 | url=http://www.vexilologie.cz/index2.php?a=000&amp;n=0
 | accessdate=2017-08-20
 | id=
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Znaky a prapory v kronice Ottokara Štýrského&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | first=František
 | last=Pícha
 | authorlink=
 | coauthors=
 | title=Znaky a prapory v kronice Ottokara Štýrského
 | booktitle=Vexilologie. Zpravodaj České vexilologické společnosti, o.s. č. 169
 | pages=3320–3324
 | publisher=Česká vexilologická společnost
 | date=2013
 | location=Brno
 | url=
 | accessdate=
 | id=
}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''Vexillum Moraviense''' est symbolum quo [[Moravia (terra)|Moravia]] repraesentatur.

Prima depictio insignis provincialis Moraviae in vexillo, cum [[Medium aevum|media aetate]] vexilla ex [[Insigne|insignibus]] derivarentur, invenitur in vexillo [[Marchio|marchionis]], quod in Codice Gelnhausenensi [[Anno Domini|anno]] MCDVII depictum est ([[aquila]] [[Argenteus|argentea]] et [[Ruber|rubra]], armatura [[Aureus (color)|aurea]] et corona aurea ornata, in campo [[Caeruleus|caeruleo]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;ruzek22&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 | last = Růžek
 | first = Vladimír
 | title = Cesty k definici (nejen) moravského znaku a praporu, in: Veřejná správa, Nr. 10
 | year = 2013
 | pages = 20–22:22
 | url = https://www.mvcr.cz/webpm/clanek/historicke-symboly.aspx
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prima [[Scriba|descriptio]] [[Scriptura|scripta]] re vera toto [[Saeculum|saeculo]] vetustior est. Nihilominus, neque Marchio Moraviae, neque Moravia, neque Moravia-[[Silesia]] umquam [[vexillum]] adoptavit aut per actum legitimum ut ens [[Ius|iuridicum]] instituit. Ex variis documentis [[Historia|historicis]], [[Delineatio|delineationibus]], descriptionibusque fundatum est, quorum usu nullum fundamentum iuridicum erat.

[[Cechoslovacia|Res publica Bohemoslovaca]] [[Color|colores]] album vel argenteum in insigne moravico iterum restituit ([[Lex]] n. 252/1920). Vexilla provincialia non sunt emendata legibus posterioribus (Legibus n. 269/1936, n. 222/1939, n. 163/1960 et Legibus hodie validis n. 3/1993 Coll. et n. 352/2001 Coll.).

Hodie, vexillum bicolore [[Flavus|flavo]] et rubro, in medio insignia coloribus congruentibus praebens, interdum pro vexillo moravico usurpatur, praesertim a quibusdam [[Factio politica|factionibus politicis]], consociationibus aliisque [[Organizatio|organizationibus]] moraviensibus.

[[File:Flag of South Moravian Region.svg|thumb|right|Vexillum Regionis Moraviae Meridionalis. Primum campum vexilli aquila moravica ornatur. In quarta et ultima parte vexilli aquila est cum ornatu [[Scaccarium|scaccato]] flavo et rubro, quae addita est ut [[symbolum]] reconciliationis et integrationis inter varios greges linguisticos, religiosos et ethnicos qui olim in Moravia Meridiana habitabant.&lt;ref name=&quot;koudelka&quot;&gt;{{cite book
| last = Koudelka
| first = Zdeněk
| title = Znaky a vlajky Moravy a Slezska, in: Sborník z konference MORAVA 1918
| url = https://is.muni.cz/repo/1570777/Znaky_Moravy_a_Slezska.pdf
| publisher = KEY Publishing s.r.o.
| location = Ostrava
| chapter = 
| pages = 58–73
| isbn = 978-80-7418-316-4
| language = cs
| year = 2019
}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Vexillum Moraviense hunc statum non nactum est nisi annis MMII–MMIII, cum insignia et vexilla regionibus hodiernis assignata sunt, dimidio saeculo post abolitione systematis [[Provincia|provincialis]] et introductionem systematis [[Regio|regionalis]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Zákon č. 280/1948 Sb. Zákon o krajském zřízení
| url = https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/1948-280#oddil1
| language = cs
| accessdate = 2026-07-22
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20250211142519/https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/1948-280/#oddil1
| archivedate = 2025-02-11
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hoc vexillum in partem superiorem vexillorum regionum Vysočinae, Moraviae Meridionalis, Olomucensis et Zlìnensis, necnon in partem superiorem vexillorum regionum Pardubicensis et Moravico-Silesiae incorporatur. Vexillum caeruleum est; in medio campo caeruleo est aquila quadratim disposita, alis albis et rubris, corona et armatura aurea ornata.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
| title = Historie, moravské barvy a moravská vlajka
| url = https://www.mvcr.cz/clanek/historie-moravske-barvy-a-moravska-vlajka.aspx
| publisher = Ministerstvo vnitra ČR
| year = 2013
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Etiam hoc modo ineunte [[Martius|Martio]] anni MMXXIII a grege Legumlatrorum [[Parlamentum|Parlamenti]] [[Cechia|rei publicae Bohemicae]] in rogatione propositum est, quae consilium insignium et vexillorum regionalium codificaret.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Návrh poslanců Radka Vondráčka, Pavla Blažka, Petra Gazdíka, Lucie Šafránkové, Mariana Jurečky, Vlastimila Válka a dalších na vydání zákona o zemských znacích a vlajkách | url = https://www.psp.cz/sqw/text/orig2.sqw?idd=225139 | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rogatio paulatim in ordine rerum agendarum complurium sessionum Camerae Deputatōrum inclusa est, sed ibi non disputata est. Rogatio, a Radeko Vondráček, legato, die XXII Ianuarii anno MMXXVI iterum proposita, non praescribit fines historicos regionum insignibus regionalibus notandos esse, sicut in rogatione priore statutum erat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Parlament České republiky. Poslanecká sněmovna. 10. volební období. 87/0. Návrh poslance Radka Vondráčka na vydání zákona o zemských znacích
a vlajkách
| url = https://www.psp.cz/sqw/text/orig2.sqw?idd=267037
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rogatio insignia et vexilla regionalia in legem aperte sancit, praescribens ut forma eorum ad insigne nationale conformetur, et cuilibet permittit ut iis utatur. Una tantum condicio est ut debita cum reverentia tractentur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = ODok Portál. Zákon o zemských znacích a vlajkách 
| url = https://odok.gov.cz/portal/veklep/material/KORNDQQNALEE/
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia vexilli moravici ==
=== Historia antiquissima ===
[[File:Nejstarší dochované barevné vyobrazení znaku markraběcí Moravy, hrad Gozzoburg v Kremži.jpeg|thumb|Veterrima pictura colorata superstes armorum marchionatus Moraviae.]]
Historia vexilli moravici – vel, accuratius, insignis moravici (quod, dissimile vexillo, perpetuo in alveo affigitur) – dives et varia est, quae saeculo tertio decimo coepit, cum rationes inter [[Bohemia|Bohemiam]] et Moraviam ordinabantur ad [[Monarchia|monarchiam]] centralizatam a [[Premyslidae|Premyslidis]] ultimis constituendam. Primum mentio vexilli moravici colorumque eius invenitur in [[Annales|chronica]] Ottocari Styriae, quae ad finem saeculi duodecimi et initium saeculi quarti decimi pertinet. Haec est [[narratio]] [[Proelium|proelii]] Kressenbrunnensis, quod die XII Iulii anno MCCLX factum est. Insignia Bohemiae et Moraviae in chronica [[Bela IV (rex Hungariae)|Belae IV]] a Iindrico Preisslero, [[Comes|comite]] castrorum eius, vive describuntur. Prae [[Exercitus|exercitu]] bohemico progrediente ducebat [[Ottocarus II (rex Bohemiae)|Ottocarus II]], prope quem vexillum fluitabat, [[Leo|leone]] [[Albus|albo]] in velluto rubro insigni, et iuxta eum alterum vexillum, quod formam aquilae moravicae quadratam rubro et albo coloribus monstrabat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Znaky a prapory v kronice Ottokara Štýrského&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
 |title=Ottokars Österreichische Reimchronik (MGH Deutsche Chroniken V,1)
 |url=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/bsb00000779/images/index.html?id=00000779&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=226
 |accessdate=2016-07-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
 |title=Ottokar von Steiermark: 'Steirische Reimchronik'
 |url=http://www.handschriftencensus.de/werke/602
 |publisher=www.handschriftencensus.de
 |accessdate=2017-08-19
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Hern Dietrich Spatzmanen''

''sach man die banier leiten:''

''in einem rȏten samît breiten''

''was gewohrt ein lewe wîz.''

''ouch heten ir baniere flîz,'' (Etiam illi suas vexilla habebant,)

'''''die von Merhaeren wârn''':'' (qui ex Moravia venerunt:)

'''''ein geschâchzabelten arn''''' (Aquila scaccata)

'''''von rȏter und von wîzer varbe''''' (rubro et albo picta)

'''''sach man ob in begarbe''''' (super eos plane conspicue)

'''''waejen von dem winde.''''' (in vento fluitabat.)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Nejstarší zmínka o praporu Moravy v kronice Ottokara Štýrského
| url = http://moravskaorlice.blogspot.com/2014/09/nejstarsi-zminka-o-praporu-moravy-v.html | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Postea, colores vexilli ex coloribus armorum derivati sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Odborné vexilologické stanovisko&quot; /&gt; 

Ex regno Ottocari II, [[titulus]] margravi Moraviae repraesentatur aquila argentea et rubra scaccata, [[Coronatio|corona]] aurea et unguibus aureis ornata, ad dextram versa, in [[Scutum|scuto]] caeruleo posita.&lt;ref name=&quot;vojtisek21&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last=Vojtíšek
 | first=Václav
 | title=Naše státní znaky (staré a nynější)
 | publisher=Vesmír
 | place=Pragae
 | year=1921
 | page=21
 | language=Czech}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pícha - O klenotu znaku moravského markraběte&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | last = Pícha
 | first = František
 | title = O klenotu znaku moravského markraběte
 | url = 
 | publisher = 
 | location = Brno
 | booktitle = Genealogické a heraldické informace 2010: Moravská genealogická a heraldická společnost, o. s. 2011
 | volume = 15 (30)
 | year = 2011
 | číslo = 
 | počet_stran = 174
 | pages = 7-32
 | isbn = 
 | language = česky
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Veterrima aquilae scaccatae effigies in Gozzoburg invenitur. [[Pictura|Picturae]] in aula arcis localis [[Cremisa (urbs)|Cremsensis]] non post annum circiter MCCLXX (MCCLXIX) pictae sunt, aut cum nuper aedificata capella Sanctae Catharinae (MCCLXVII) coniunguntur; utroque casu, post annum MCCLXII factae sunt. In aula insignes armorum Bohemiae, Moraviae, [[Austria|Austriae]] et [[Styria|Styriae]] apparent, sed insignia [[Carinthia|Carinthiae]] et [[Carniola|Carniolae]], quae Ottocarus II anno MCCLXIX hereditate accepit, absunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pícha, Krejčík - Gozzoburg&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | last = Krejčík
 | first = Tomáš
 | last2 = Pícha
 | first2 = František
 | title = Český a moravský znak ve znakové galerii v Gozzoburgu v Kremsu
 | location = Brno
 | booktitle = Genealogické a heraldické informace 2008 : Moravská genealogická a heraldická společnost, o. s. 2009
 | volume = 13 (28)
 | year = 2009
 | pages = 49-57
 | issn = 0862-8963
 | language = Czech
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Jošt Moravský, též Lucemburský -.jpg|thumb|left|Margravius [[Iodocus a Moravia]], vexillum aquila Moravica quadratim alba et rubra in Codice Gelnhausenensi (saeculo XIV/XV).]]
Aquila scaccata insigne Moraviae terrae habetur saltem ex tempore [[Domus Luxemburgica|Luxemburgense]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Adamová&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last = Adamová
 | first = Karolina
 | title = K heraldické výzdobě Staroměstské mostecké věže. Právně historický pohled, in: Pražský sborník historický
 | publisher = Panorama
 | location = Praha
 | volume = 15
 | year = 1982
 | pages = 44–62
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Una ex antiquissimis [[Imago|imaginibus]] notis vexilli aquila moravica insignis est illa in [[Codex|Codice]] Gelnhausen, quae imaginem margravi Moraviae [[Iodocus a Moravia|Iodocum]] monstrat, qui vexillum caeruleum tenet, aquila moravica in campo albescente et rubescente scaccato, cum corona et armatura flava. (ut par est, sine scuto).&lt;ref name=&quot;ruzek22&quot; /&gt; Codex scriptus est aliquando inter ultimum tertium saeculi quarti decimi et primum tertium saeculi quinti decimi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Gelnhausenův kodex (kodex A) - právní kniha. Jošt Lucemburský s moravským praporem v Jihlavské právní knize z roku 1407 na foliu 63r.
| url = http://www.manuscriptorium.com/apps/index.php?direct=record&amp;pid=AIPDIG-SOAJ__MESTSKASPRAV0TBA6E4-cs#search
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Jihlavský archiv ukázal své nejvzácnější dokumenty, jinak nepřístupné
| url = https://jihlava.idnes.cz/vzacne-dokumenty-jihlavskeho-archivu-dx1-/jihlava-zpravy.aspx?c=A121101_143951_jihlava-zpravy_mv
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Charta]] armorum imperatoris [[Fridericus III|Friderici III]], data VII [[December|Decembris]] anno MCDLXII, quod, a [[Henricus|Henrico]] de Lippa, capitano provinciali Moraviae et marescallo [[Regnum Bohemiae|Regni Bohemiae]], ex incepto ordinum moravicorum editum est, documentum fuit quod, sub regno [[Georgius Podiebradensis|Georgii Podiebradensis]], primigenium colorem argenteum aquilae moravicae mutavit, campis insigneis argenteis auro substitutis, ita novum insigne 'ordinum' creans (''color albus in glaucum sive aureum transmutetur'': color albus in flavum vel aureum mutatus est).&lt;ref name=&quot;vojtisek222&quot;&gt;{{cite book
| last = Vojtíšek
| first = Václav
| title = Naše státní znaky (staré a nynější)
| publisher = Vesmír
| location = Praha
| pages = 22
| language = cs
| year = 1921
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Alexius Habrich, Iura primaeva Moraviae2&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| last = Habrich
| first = Alexius (ed.)
| title = Iura primaeva Moraviae
| url = https://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb10542951_00038.html
| location = Brno
| pages = 38–42
| language = la
| year = 1781
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Josef Kalousek, Archiv český2&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| last = Kalousek
| first = Josef (ed.)
| title = Archiv český čili staré písemné památky české i moravské, svazek X
| url = https://sources.cms.flu.cas.cz/src/index.php?s=v&amp;action=jdi&amp;cat=10&amp;bookid=800&amp;page=273&amp;action_button.x=0&amp;action_button.y=0
| location = Praha
| pages = 273–274
| language = la
| year = 1890
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Berthold Bretholz2&quot;&gt;{{cite book
| last = Bretholz
| first = Berthold
| title = Das mährische Landesarchiv, Seine Geschichte, seine Bestände
| location = Brno
| pages = 124
| language = de la
| year = 1908
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Publicatio huius litterae exemplum est interventionis in res internas terrarum Bohemicarum, cum Fridericus III, ut Imperator Romanus Sanctus, eam statibus Moravicis concesserit. Tamen Moravia pars Coronae Bohemicae erat et, secundum leges a [[Carolus IV (imperator)|Carolo IV]] latas, rex Romanorum nullam potestatem habebat talis consilii capiendi, cum Moraviae res sub directa potestate Regis Bohemiae esset.&lt;ref name=&quot;starha92&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| last = Štarha
| first = Ivan
| title = Historie, moravské barvy a moravská vlajka, in: Veřejná správa
| url = https://www.mvcr.cz/clanek/historie-moravske-barvy-a-moravska-vlajka.aspx
| year = 2013
| pages = 8–9
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ex prospectu historico, plures versiones vexillorum Moravicorum exstiterunt, quae simul duabus aut tribus coloribus ex insignibus provincialibus derivatis adhibebantur, praesertim saeculo undevicesimo.&lt;ref name=&quot;hlinomaz167&quot;&gt;''Ke státní a zemské symbolice českého státu v období 1526–1918'', s. 167.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Slavobrána postavená v Kuníně v roce 1845 u příležitosti návštěvy arcivévody Františka Karla, kolorovaná litografie.png|thumb|Porta caerimonialis Kunini anno MDCCCXLV exstructa ad visitationem Archducis Francisci Caroli commemorandam. Relatio eius temporis describit vexilla bicolora, nigrum et flavum et rubrum et album, in turribus vexata, tamquam colores et Austriacos et Moravicos provinciales.]]
Initio saeculi undevicesimi, Moravia erat regio non [[Autonomia|autonoma]], quae ab anno MDCCCIV pars [[Imperium Austriacum|Imperii Austriaci erat]], quod paulo ante finalem collapsum [[Sacrum Romanum Imperium|Sacri Romani Imperii]] constitutum erat. Erat una ex finibus regiae dicatis, quae a praeside provinciali [[Gubernator|gubernabatur]]. Regulis a regimine centrali [[Vindobona|Vindobonae]] edictis tenebatur. Ex [[Tempus|tempore]] priore pauca indicia sunt usus colorum provincialium moravicorum. Imperator Moraviae [[dux]] erat, et cum titulus margravius unus tantum ex multis quos tenebat esset, ei certam imaginem visualem non requirebat. Quapropter, per paene totam primam partem saeculi undevicesimi, colores provinciales non eandem significationem habebant quam a medio illius saeculi deinceps habuerunt. Potestates [[Corpus|corporum]] administrativorum statuum provinciales finitae erant. Non habebant [[Auctoritas|auctoritatem]] nec repraesentandi nec repraesentari.

[[Rectio|Gubernatio]] provincialis sui iuris potestates satis amplas nonnisi promulgatione [[Constitutio|Constitutionis]] Decembris anno MDCCCLXI accepit, post quam singulae provinciae suas constitutiones sanxerunt. Tamen, neque hae neque ullum aliud instrumentum minoris [[vis]] legitimae colores vel vexilla provincialia designaverunt. Quamquam hae notiones saeculo undevicesimo exstiterunt, vocabula inania erant, id est, iure nec generaliter nec speciatim definita. Describendo igitur tempus ante annum MCMXVIII, non est rectum dicere &quot;vexillum provinciale Marchionatus Moraviae fuisse bicolorem horizontalem flavam et rubram&quot;, cum in nullo instrumento [[Legalitas|legali]] ita definitum sit. Licetne simpliciter dicere &quot;auctoritates provinciales rubrum et flavum ut colores provinciales inter annos MDCCCXLVIII et MCMXVIII adhibuisse&quot;, an, si iustificari potest, &quot;ut vexillum provinciale Moraviae, magistratus provinciales bicolorem rubro et flavo inter annos MDCCCXLVIII et MCMXVIII adhibuerunt&quot;.

[[File:Cockade of Moravia, the historical land of the Czech Republic, red-white-blue.svg|thumb|right|In Ludovici Ritteri Dictionariolo Pochtario Diurnariis et Colloquiis (titulo Bohemico &quot;Kapesní slovníček novinářský a konverzační&quot;), anno MDCCCLI edito, haec de coloribus cocardarum dicuntur: &quot;''Cocarda est rosula aut fasciculus rotundus qui in [[Petasus|petaso]] aut [[paenula]] geritur, qui certam [[Mens|mentem]], [[Natio|nationem]], unitatem, [[Congregatio|congregationem]], etc. significat. A [[Mulier|mulieribus]] gesta, in capillo aut in [[Mamma|pectore]] affigitur. Notae sunt insignes variorum motuum politicorum ab anno MDCCCXLVIII, praesertim Slavorum, '''rubri, albi et caerulei coloris''', deinde colores [[Niger (color)|nigro]]-rubro-flavi partis Germanicae et eius variae controversiae. Imperialis Austriaca, quam exercitus hic gerit, nigra et flava est, Bohemica et Polonica alba et rubra, '''Moraviensis vel etiam Bohemico-Moraviensis, deinde Slavica meridionalis, similis Slavicae'''.  Cocarda Rusinorum flavus et caeruleus est; Hungarorum et Polonorum revolutionariorum ruber, albus et viridis; Prussica nigra et alba est, et sic deinceps. Pragae, omnes cocardae privatae sine ulla exceptione ab anno MDCCCXLVIIII interdictae sunt.''&quot;.]]
Absentia ullius praescripti legis explicat cur 'vexilla provincialia' in scriptis huius aetatis variis modis depingantur. Plerumque auctor ea ex paucis vexillis reapse notis et regulis heraldicis, quae ad insignia pertinentia pertinent, derivabat. Quaestio peculiaris in Moravia saeculo undevicesimo fuit quod insigne Moraviense duabus formis exstabat. Descriptio eius historica et publice agnita armorum imperialium – qui per saecula in usu fuerant – erat aquila argentea et rubra alternis coloribus picta, cum corona et armatura aurea, in scuto caeruleo posita. Tamen, auctoritas ab Imperatore Friderico III concessa in diplomate die 7 Decembris 1462 edito, ut aquila scaccata aurea et rubra adhiberetur – quamquam haec compositio in usu non recepta est – adduxit, Postquam diploma in notitiam procuratorum administrationis provincialis Moravicae ad finem saeculorum XVIII et XIX pervenit – praesertim ab annis 1830 et 1840 – hoc ad auctos conatus administrationis provincialis adnotavit ut agnitio diplomatis ab Imperatore impetraretur. Et quamquam usus eius non publice agnitus est usque ad annum MCMXV, complures sententiae a magistratibus Vindobonensibus editae significabant eos non adversari usu exemplaris aureo et rubro quadratim dispositi in aquila.

Quaestio igitur per saeculum undevicesimum fuit, utrum diploma validum, sed publice irritum, Friderici III praevaluerit insignibus Moraviae, quae usu historico probata et confirmata erant. Quaestio de coloribus provincialibus, ad quam pertinebat quaestio de forma vexilli provincialis (futuri), naturaliter a diversis sententiis de recta (valida) insigne provinciali affecta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pícha - Moravské barvy a vlajky v revolučním roce 1848&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last = Pícha
 | first = František
 | title = Moravské barvy a vlajky v revolučním roce 1848, in: Genealogické a heraldické informace 2017 : Moravská genealogická a heraldická společnost, o. s. 2018
 | location = Brno
 | volume = 22 (37)
 | year = 2018
 | pages = 40–41
 | isbn = 
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Secundum quosdam auctores, vexillum Moravicum album, rubrum, caeruleumque est, fasciis horizontalibus eo ordine.&lt;ref name=&quot;brozek50&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last = Brožek
 | first = Aleš
 | title = Lexikon vlajek a znaků zemí světa
 | publisher = Kartografie
 | location = Praha
 | year = 2003
 | pages = 50
 | isbn = 8070117761
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haec colorum coniunctio saeculo undevicesimo symbolum erat civium Moravicorum patriam amantium.

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Modrobílá historická vlajka Moravy (1611).png|Vexillum historicum caeruleo et albo, memoratum iuxta vexillum caeruleum insigne provinciale Moraviae gerens ('insigne provinciale eiusdem marchionatus') in nuntiis anni MDCXII, qui adventum Pragam et coronationem Regis [[Matthias (imperator)|Mathiae II]] describunt.
File:Red-white historical flag of Moravia (from the first half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century).svg|Compositio colorum rubrorum et alborum, quae usque ad ineuntem saeculum vicesimum adhibita est.
File:Red-white-blue historical flag of Moravia (from the middle of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century).svg|Tricolōr ruber, albus, caeruleusque, qui adhibitus est in secunda parte saeculi undevicesimi et in initio saeculi vicesimi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jan Havelka&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | last = Havelka | first = Jan | title = Erb a zemské barvy markkrabství moravského | journal = Komenský | access-date = 2015-12-15 | year = 1880 | number = 29 | pages = 454–455 | url = http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112042804044;view=1up;seq=463 | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orlice, časopis politický&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | title = O barvách praporů (8. 9. 1888) | journal = Orlice, časopis politický | location = Telč | year = 1888 | number = 19 | pages = Příloha Orlice k číslu 19  | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;
File:Red-yellow historical flag of Moravia (from the middle of the 19th century or from the 2nd half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century).svg|Vexillum bicolore rubrum et flavum. Aliud ex vexillis historicis Moraviae a secunda parte saeculi undevicesimi et ineunte saeculo vicesimo.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Vexillum Moravicum inter vexilla regionalia ==
[[File:Moravská orlice.jpg|thumb|right|Vexillum historicum Moraviae]]
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Flag of Pardubice Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Pardubiensis
File:Flag of Vysocina Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Vysočinae
File:Flag of Olomouc Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Olomucensis
File:Flag of Moravian-Silesian Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Moravico-Silesiae
File:Flag of Zlin Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Zlinensis
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Vexillum caeruleum aquila Moravica insignis ===
Relatio vexillologica de vexillo moravico, quae submissa est [[Kalendae|Kalendis]] [[Iunius|Iuniis]] MMXIII per peritos Subcommissionis de [[Scientia heraldica|Heraldica]] et Vexillologia Camerae deputatōrum Parlamenti rei publicae Bohemicae (subcommissionis Commissionis de scientia, educatione, cultura, iuventute et educatione physica) – Zbyšek Svoboda, Pavel Fojtík, Petr Exner et Praeses Societatis Vexillologicae Bohemicae, Jaroslav Martykán, vexillum et insignia Moraviae, in vetustissima forma sua quae in monumentis invenitur, habentur historice aptissima, scilicet campum caeruleum gerentia aquilam scaccatorum alborum et rubrorum.&lt;ref name=&quot;Odborné vexilologické stanovisko&quot; /&gt;

== Nexūs externi ==
{{Commonscat|Flags of Moravia|Vexillum Moraviae}}
* [https://moravskavlajka.blogspot.com/ Moravská vlajka]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Categoria:Moravia]]
[[Categoria:Vexilla]]</text>
      <sha1>9gh8ppblgay6hj5sporgj1cnrr6z3de</sha1>
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      <text bytes="25217" sha1="a2i5kb7itk3u6q5vte7tfyqcgvb68na" xml:space="preserve">{{Pagina autotranslata
	| fons = [[:cs:Moravská vlajka]] conferantur [[Specialis:PermanentLink/3974324|versio labens]] et [https://cs-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moravsk%C3%A1_vlajka?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=la pagina ''Google'' translata]—aut [[:it:Bandiera della Moravia]]—[https://it-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bandiera_della_Moravia?_x_tr_sl=it&amp;_x_tr_tl=la pagina ''Google'' translata]
	| tempus = 2026-07-24 22:06:13
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{{Vicificanda}}

[[Fasciculus:Banner of arms of Moravia.svg|thumb|Vexillum Moraviae, ut annis 2002–2003 codificatum{{dubsig}} est. Historicum regionis Moravicae vexillum, constans ex campo caeruleo, qui [[aquila]]m rubro et albo damisatam{{dubsig}} cum [[corona]] et armis flavis gerit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Odborné vexilologické stanovisko&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | first=Zbyšek
 | last=Svoboda
 | first2=Pavel
 | last2=Fojtík
 | first3=Petr
 | last3=Exner
 | first4=Jaroslav
 | last4=Martykán
 | authorlink=
 | coauthors=
 | title=Odborné vexilologické stanovisko k moravské vlajce
 | booktitle=Vexilologie. Zpravodaj České vexilologické společnosti, o.s. č. 169
 | pages=3319, 3320
 | publisher=Česká vexilologická společnost
 | date=2013
 | location=Brno
 | url=http://www.vexilologie.cz/index2.php?a=000&amp;n=0
 | accessdate=2017-08-20
 | id=
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Znaky a prapory v kronice Ottokara Štýrského&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | first=František
 | last=Pícha
 | authorlink=
 | coauthors=
 | title=Znaky a prapory v kronice Ottokara Štýrského
 | booktitle=Vexilologie. Zpravodaj České vexilologické společnosti, o.s. č. 169
 | pages=3320–3324
 | publisher=Česká vexilologická společnost
 | date=2013
 | location=Brno
 | url=
 | accessdate=
 | id=
}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''Vexillum Moraviense''' est symbolum quo [[Moravia (terra)|Moravia]] repraesentatur.

Prima depictio insignis provincialis Moraviae in vexillo, cum [[Medium aevum|media aetate]] vexilla ex [[Insigne|insignibus]] derivarentur, invenitur in vexillo [[Marchio|marchionis]], quod in Codice Gelnhausenensi [[Anno Domini|anno]] MCDVII depictum est ([[aquila]] [[Argenteus|argentea]] et [[Ruber|rubra]], armatura [[Aureus (color)|aurea]] et corona aurea ornata, in campo [[Caeruleus|caeruleo]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;ruzek22&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 | last = Růžek
 | first = Vladimír
 | title = Cesty k definici (nejen) moravského znaku a praporu, in: Veřejná správa, Nr. 10
 | year = 2013
 | pages = 20–22:22
 | url = https://www.mvcr.cz/webpm/clanek/historicke-symboly.aspx
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prima [[Scriba|descriptio]] [[Scriptura|scripta]] re vera toto [[Saeculum|saeculo]] vetustior est. Nihilominus, neque Marchio Moraviae, neque Moravia, neque Moravia-[[Silesia]] umquam [[vexillum]] adoptavit aut per actum legitimum ut ens [[Ius|iuridicum]] instituit. Ex variis documentis [[Historia|historicis]], [[Delineatio|delineationibus]], descriptionibusque fundatum est, quorum usu nullum fundamentum iuridicum erat.

[[Cechoslovacia|Res publica Bohemoslovaca]] [[Color|colores]] album vel argenteum in insigne moravico iterum restituit ([[Lex]] n. 252/1920). Vexilla provincialia non sunt emendata legibus posterioribus (Legibus n. 269/1936, n. 222/1939, n. 163/1960 et Legibus hodie validis n. 3/1993 Coll. et n. 352/2001 Coll.).

Hodie, vexillum bicolore [[Flavus|flavo]] et rubro, in medio insignia coloribus congruentibus praebens, interdum pro vexillo moravico usurpatur, praesertim a quibusdam [[Factio politica|factionibus politicis]], consociationibus aliisque [[Organizatio|organizationibus]] moraviensibus.

[[File:Flag of South Moravian Region.svg|thumb|right|Vexillum Regionis Moraviae Meridionalis. Primum campum vexilli aquila moravica ornatur. In quarta et ultima parte vexilli aquila est cum ornatu [[Scaccarium|scaccato]] flavo et rubro, quae addita est ut [[symbolum]] reconciliationis et integrationis inter varios greges linguisticos, religiosos et ethnicos qui olim in Moravia Meridiana habitabant.&lt;ref name=&quot;koudelka&quot;&gt;{{cite book
| last = Koudelka
| first = Zdeněk
| title = Znaky a vlajky Moravy a Slezska, in: Sborník z konference MORAVA 1918
| url = https://is.muni.cz/repo/1570777/Znaky_Moravy_a_Slezska.pdf
| publisher = KEY Publishing s.r.o.
| location = Ostrava
| chapter = 
| pages = 58–73
| isbn = 978-80-7418-316-4
| language = cs
| year = 2019
}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Vexillum Moraviense hunc statum non nactum est nisi annis MMII–MMIII, cum insignia et vexilla regionibus hodiernis assignata sunt, dimidio saeculo post abolitione systematis [[Provincia|provincialis]] et introductionem systematis [[Regio|regionalis]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Zákon č. 280/1948 Sb. Zákon o krajském zřízení
| url = https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/1948-280#oddil1
| language = cs
| accessdate = 2026-07-22
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20250211142519/https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/1948-280/#oddil1
| archivedate = 2025-02-11
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hoc vexillum in partem superiorem vexillorum regionum Vysočinae, Moraviae Meridionalis, Olomucensis et Zlìnensis, necnon in partem superiorem vexillorum regionum Pardubicensis et Moravico-Silesiae incorporatur. Vexillum caeruleum est; in medio campo caeruleo est aquila quadratim disposita, alis albis et rubris, corona et armatura aurea ornata.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
| title = Historie, moravské barvy a moravská vlajka
| url = https://www.mvcr.cz/clanek/historie-moravske-barvy-a-moravska-vlajka.aspx
| publisher = Ministerstvo vnitra ČR
| year = 2013
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Etiam hoc modo ineunte [[Martius|Martio]] anni MMXXIII a grege Legumlatrorum [[Parlamentum|Parlamenti]] [[Cechia|rei publicae Bohemicae]] in rogatione propositum est, quae consilium insignium et vexillorum regionalium codificaret.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Návrh poslanců Radka Vondráčka, Pavla Blažka, Petra Gazdíka, Lucie Šafránkové, Mariana Jurečky, Vlastimila Válka a dalších na vydání zákona o zemských znacích a vlajkách | url = https://www.psp.cz/sqw/text/orig2.sqw?idd=225139 | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rogatio paulatim in ordine rerum agendarum complurium sessionum Camerae Deputatōrum inclusa est, sed ibi non disputata est. Rogatio, a Radeko Vondráček, legato, die XXII Ianuarii anno MMXXVI iterum proposita, non praescribit fines historicos regionum insignibus regionalibus notandos esse, sicut in rogatione priore statutum erat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Parlament České republiky. Poslanecká sněmovna. 10. volební období. 87/0. Návrh poslance Radka Vondráčka na vydání zákona o zemských znacích
a vlajkách
| url = https://www.psp.cz/sqw/text/orig2.sqw?idd=267037
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rogatio insignia et vexilla regionalia in legem aperte sancit, praescribens ut forma eorum ad insigne nationale conformetur, et cuilibet permittit ut iis utatur. Una tantum condicio est ut debita cum reverentia tractentur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = ODok Portál. Zákon o zemských znacích a vlajkách 
| url = https://odok.gov.cz/portal/veklep/material/KORNDQQNALEE/
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia vexilli moravici ==
=== Historia antiquissima ===
[[File:Nejstarší dochované barevné vyobrazení znaku markraběcí Moravy, hrad Gozzoburg v Kremži.jpeg|thumb|Veterrima pictura colorata superstes armorum marchionatus Moraviae.]]
Historia vexilli moravici – vel, accuratius, insignis moravici (quod, dissimile vexillo, perpetuo in alveo affigitur) – dives et varia est, quae saeculo tertio decimo coepit, cum rationes inter [[Bohemia|Bohemiam]] et Moraviam ordinabantur ad [[Monarchia|monarchiam]] centralizatam a [[Premyslidae|Premyslidis]] ultimis constituendam. Primum mentio vexilli moravici colorumque eius invenitur in [[Annales|chronica]] Ottocari Styriae, quae ad finem saeculi duodecimi et initium saeculi quarti decimi pertinet. Haec est [[narratio]] [[Proelium|proelii]] Kressenbrunnensis, quod die XII Iulii anno MCCLX factum est. Insignia Bohemiae et Moraviae in chronica [[Bela IV (rex Hungariae)|Belae IV]] a Iindrico Preisslero, [[Comes|comite]] castrorum eius, vive describuntur. Prae [[Exercitus|exercitu]] bohemico progrediente ducebat [[Ottocarus II (rex Bohemiae)|Ottocarus II]], prope quem vexillum fluitabat, [[Leo|leone]] [[Albus|albo]] in velluto rubro insigni, et iuxta eum alterum vexillum, quod formam aquilae moravicae quadratam rubro et albo coloribus monstrabat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Znaky a prapory v kronice Ottokara Štýrského&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
 |title=Ottokars Österreichische Reimchronik (MGH Deutsche Chroniken V,1)
 |url=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/bsb00000779/images/index.html?id=00000779&amp;groesser=&amp;fip=193.174.98.30&amp;no=&amp;seite=226
 |accessdate=2016-07-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
 |title=Ottokar von Steiermark: 'Steirische Reimchronik'
 |url=http://www.handschriftencensus.de/werke/602
 |publisher=www.handschriftencensus.de
 |accessdate=2017-08-19
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Hern Dietrich Spatzmanen''

''sach man die banier leiten:''

''in einem rȏten samît breiten''

''was gewohrt ein lewe wîz.''

''ouch heten ir baniere flîz,'' (Etiam illi suas vexilla habebant,)

'''''die von Merhaeren wârn''':'' (qui ex Moravia venerunt:)

'''''ein geschâchzabelten arn''''' (Aquila scaccata)

'''''von rȏter und von wîzer varbe''''' (rubro et albo picta)

'''''sach man ob in begarbe''''' (super eos plane conspicue)

'''''waejen von dem winde.''''' (in vento fluitabat.)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Nejstarší zmínka o praporu Moravy v kronice Ottokara Štýrského
| url = http://moravskaorlice.blogspot.com/2014/09/nejstarsi-zminka-o-praporu-moravy-v.html | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Postea, colores vexilli ex coloribus armorum derivati sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Odborné vexilologické stanovisko&quot; /&gt; 

Ex regno Ottocari II, [[titulus]] margravi Moraviae repraesentatur aquila argentea et rubra scaccata, [[Coronatio|corona]] aurea et unguibus aureis ornata, ad dextram versa, in [[Scutum|scuto]] caeruleo posita.&lt;ref name=&quot;vojtisek21&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last=Vojtíšek
 | first=Václav
 | title=Naše státní znaky (staré a nynější)
 | publisher=Vesmír
 | place=Pragae
 | year=1921
 | page=21
 | language=Czech}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pícha - O klenotu znaku moravského markraběte&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | last = Pícha
 | first = František
 | title = O klenotu znaku moravského markraběte
 | url = 
 | publisher = 
 | location = Brno
 | booktitle = Genealogické a heraldické informace 2010: Moravská genealogická a heraldická společnost, o. s. 2011
 | volume = 15 (30)
 | year = 2011
 | číslo = 
 | počet_stran = 174
 | pages = 7-32
 | isbn = 
 | language = česky
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Veterrima aquilae scaccatae effigies in Gozzoburg invenitur. [[Pictura|Picturae]] in aula arcis localis [[Cremisa (urbs)|Cremsensis]] non post annum circiter MCCLXX (MCCLXIX) pictae sunt, aut cum nuper aedificata capella Sanctae Catharinae (MCCLXVII) coniunguntur; utroque casu, post annum MCCLXII factae sunt. In aula insignes armorum Bohemiae, Moraviae, [[Austria|Austriae]] et [[Styria|Styriae]] apparent, sed insignia [[Carinthia|Carinthiae]] et [[Carniola|Carniolae]], quae Ottocarus II anno MCCLXIX hereditate accepit, absunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pícha, Krejčík - Gozzoburg&quot;&gt;{{cite news
 | last = Krejčík
 | first = Tomáš
 | last2 = Pícha
 | first2 = František
 | title = Český a moravský znak ve znakové galerii v Gozzoburgu v Kremsu
 | location = Brno
 | booktitle = Genealogické a heraldické informace 2008 : Moravská genealogická a heraldická společnost, o. s. 2009
 | volume = 13 (28)
 | year = 2009
 | pages = 49-57
 | issn = 0862-8963
 | language = Czech
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Jošt Moravský, též Lucemburský -.jpg|thumb|left|Margravius [[Iodocus a Moravia]], vexillum aquila Moravica quadratim alba et rubra in Codice Gelnhausenensi (saeculo XIV/XV).]]
Aquila scaccata insigne Moraviae terrae habetur saltem ex tempore [[Domus Luxemburgica|Luxemburgense]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Adamová&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last = Adamová
 | first = Karolina
 | title = K heraldické výzdobě Staroměstské mostecké věže. Právně historický pohled, in: Pražský sborník historický
 | publisher = Panorama
 | location = Praha
 | volume = 15
 | year = 1982
 | pages = 44–62
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Una ex antiquissimis [[Imago|imaginibus]] notis vexilli aquila moravica insignis est illa in [[Codex|Codice]] Gelnhausen, quae imaginem margravi Moraviae [[Iodocus a Moravia|Iodocum]] monstrat, qui vexillum caeruleum tenet, aquila moravica in campo albescente et rubescente scaccato, cum corona et armatura flava. (ut par est, sine scuto).&lt;ref name=&quot;ruzek22&quot; /&gt; Codex scriptus est aliquando inter ultimum tertium saeculi quarti decimi et primum tertium saeculi quinti decimi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Gelnhausenův kodex (kodex A) - právní kniha. Jošt Lucemburský s moravským praporem v Jihlavské právní knize z roku 1407 na foliu 63r.
| url = http://www.manuscriptorium.com/apps/index.php?direct=record&amp;pid=AIPDIG-SOAJ__MESTSKASPRAV0TBA6E4-cs#search
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Jihlavský archiv ukázal své nejvzácnější dokumenty, jinak nepřístupné
| url = https://jihlava.idnes.cz/vzacne-dokumenty-jihlavskeho-archivu-dx1-/jihlava-zpravy.aspx?c=A121101_143951_jihlava-zpravy_mv
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Charta]] armorum imperatoris [[Fridericus III|Friderici III]], data VII [[December|Decembris]] anno MCDLXII, quod, a [[Henricus|Henrico]] de Lippa, capitano provinciali Moraviae et marescallo [[Regnum Bohemiae|Regni Bohemiae]], ex incepto ordinum moravicorum editum est, documentum fuit quod, sub regno [[Georgius Podiebradensis|Georgii Podiebradensis]], primigenium colorem argenteum aquilae moravicae mutavit, campis insigneis argenteis auro substitutis, ita novum insigne 'ordinum' creans (''color albus in glaucum sive aureum transmutetur'': color albus in flavum vel aureum mutatus est).&lt;ref name=&quot;vojtisek222&quot;&gt;{{cite book
| last = Vojtíšek
| first = Václav
| title = Naše státní znaky (staré a nynější)
| publisher = Vesmír
| location = Praha
| pages = 22
| language = cs
| year = 1921
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Alexius Habrich, Iura primaeva Moraviae2&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| last = Habrich
| first = Alexius (ed.)
| title = Iura primaeva Moraviae
| url = https://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb10542951_00038.html
| location = Brno
| pages = 38–42
| language = la
| year = 1781
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Josef Kalousek, Archiv český2&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| last = Kalousek
| first = Josef (ed.)
| title = Archiv český čili staré písemné památky české i moravské, svazek X
| url = https://sources.cms.flu.cas.cz/src/index.php?s=v&amp;action=jdi&amp;cat=10&amp;bookid=800&amp;page=273&amp;action_button.x=0&amp;action_button.y=0
| location = Praha
| pages = 273–274
| language = la
| year = 1890
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Berthold Bretholz2&quot;&gt;{{cite book
| last = Bretholz
| first = Berthold
| title = Das mährische Landesarchiv, Seine Geschichte, seine Bestände
| location = Brno
| pages = 124
| language = de la
| year = 1908
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Publicatio huius litterae exemplum est interventionis in res internas terrarum Bohemicarum, cum Fridericus III, ut Imperator Romanus Sanctus, eam statibus Moravicis concesserit. Tamen Moravia pars Coronae Bohemicae erat et, secundum leges a [[Carolus IV (imperator)|Carolo IV]] latas, rex Romanorum nullam potestatem habebat talis consilii capiendi, cum Moraviae res sub directa potestate Regis Bohemiae esset.&lt;ref name=&quot;starha92&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| last = Štarha
| first = Ivan
| title = Historie, moravské barvy a moravská vlajka, in: Veřejná správa
| url = https://www.mvcr.cz/clanek/historie-moravske-barvy-a-moravska-vlajka.aspx
| year = 2013
| pages = 8–9
| language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ex prospectu historico, plures versiones vexillorum Moravicorum exstiterunt, quae simul duabus aut tribus coloribus ex insignibus provincialibus derivatis adhibebantur, praesertim saeculo undevicesimo.&lt;ref name=&quot;hlinomaz167&quot;&gt;''Ke státní a zemské symbolice českého státu v období 1526–1918'', s. 167.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Slavobrána postavená v Kuníně v roce 1845 u příležitosti návštěvy arcivévody Františka Karla, kolorovaná litografie.png|thumb|Porta caerimonialis Kunini anno MDCCCXLV exstructa ad visitationem Archducis Francisci Caroli commemorandam. Relatio eius temporis describit vexilla bicolora, nigrum et flavum et rubrum et album, in turribus vexata, tamquam colores et Austriacos et Moravicos provinciales.]]
Initio saeculi undevicesimi, Moravia erat regio non [[Autonomia|autonoma]], quae ab anno MDCCCIV pars [[Imperium Austriacum|Imperii Austriaci erat]], quod paulo ante finalem collapsum [[Sacrum Romanum Imperium|Sacri Romani Imperii]] constitutum erat. Erat una ex finibus regiae dicatis, quae a praeside provinciali [[Gubernator|gubernabatur]]. Regulis a regimine centrali [[Vindobona|Vindobonae]] edictis tenebatur. Ex [[Tempus|tempore]] priore pauca indicia sunt usus colorum provincialium moravicorum. Imperator Moraviae [[dux]] erat, et cum titulus margravius unus tantum ex multis quos tenebat esset, ei certam imaginem visualem non requirebat. Quapropter, per paene totam primam partem saeculi undevicesimi, colores provinciales non eandem significationem habebant quam a medio illius saeculi deinceps habuerunt. Potestates [[Corpus|corporum]] administrativorum statuum provinciales finitae erant. Non habebant [[Auctoritas|auctoritatem]] nec repraesentandi nec repraesentari.

[[Rectio|Gubernatio]] provincialis sui iuris potestates satis amplas nonnisi promulgatione [[Constitutio|Constitutionis]] Decembris anno MDCCCLXI accepit, post quam singulae provinciae suas constitutiones sanxerunt. Tamen, neque hae neque ullum aliud instrumentum minoris [[vis]] legitimae colores vel vexilla provincialia designaverunt. Quamquam hae notiones saeculo undevicesimo exstiterunt, vocabula inania erant, id est, iure nec generaliter nec speciatim definita. Describendo igitur tempus ante annum MCMXVIII, non est rectum dicere &quot;vexillum provinciale Marchionatus Moraviae fuisse bicolorem horizontalem flavam et rubram&quot;, cum in nullo instrumento [[Legalitas|legali]] ita definitum sit. Licetne simpliciter dicere &quot;auctoritates provinciales rubrum et flavum ut colores provinciales inter annos MDCCCXLVIII et MCMXVIII adhibuisse&quot;, an, si iustificari potest, &quot;ut vexillum provinciale Moraviae, magistratus provinciales bicolorem rubro et flavo inter annos MDCCCXLVIII et MCMXVIII adhibuerunt&quot;.

[[File:Cockade of Moravia, the historical land of the Czech Republic, red-white-blue.svg|thumb|right|In Ludovici Ritteri Dictionariolo Pochtario Diurnariis et Colloquiis (titulo Bohemico &quot;Kapesní slovníček novinářský a konverzační&quot;), anno MDCCCLI edito, haec de coloribus cocardarum dicuntur: &quot;''Cocarda est rosula aut fasciculus rotundus qui in [[Petasus|petaso]] aut [[paenula]] geritur, qui certam [[Mens|mentem]], [[Natio|nationem]], unitatem, [[Congregatio|congregationem]], etc. significat. A [[Mulier|mulieribus]] gesta, in capillo aut in [[Mamma|pectore]] affigitur. Notae sunt insignes variorum motuum politicorum ab anno MDCCCXLVIII, praesertim Slavorum, '''rubri, albi et caerulei coloris''', deinde colores [[Niger (color)|nigro]]-rubro-flavi partis Germanicae et eius variae controversiae. Imperialis Austriaca, quam exercitus hic gerit, nigra et flava est, Bohemica et Polonica alba et rubra, '''Moraviensis vel etiam Bohemico-Moraviensis, deinde Slavica meridionalis, similis Slavicae'''.  Cocarda Rusinorum flava et caerulea est; Hungarorum et Polonorum revolutionariorum rubra, alba et viridis; Prussica nigra et alba est, et sic deinceps. Pragae, omnes cocardae privatae sine ulla exceptione ab anno MDCCCXLVIIII interdictae sunt.''&quot;.]]
Absentia ullius praescripti legis explicat cur vexilla provincialia in scriptis huius aetatis variis modis depingantur. Plerumque auctor ea ex paucis vexillis reapse notis et regulis heraldicis, quae ad insignia pertinentia pertinent, derivabat. Quaestio peculiaris in Moravia saeculo undevicesimo fuit quod insigne moraviense duabus formis exstabat. Descriptio eius historica et publice agnita insignium [[Imperium|imperialium]] – qui per saecula in usu fuerant – erat aquila argentea et rubra alternis coloribus picta, cum corona et armatura aurea, in scuto caeruleo posita. Tamen, auctoritas ab imperatore Friderico III concessa in [[Diploma|diplomate]] die 7 Decembris 1462 edito, ut aquila scaccata aurea et rubra adhiberetur – quamquam haec compositio in usu non recepta est – adduxit, Postquam diploma in notitiam procuratorum administrationis provincialis Moravicae ad finem saeculorum XVIII et XIX pervenit – praesertim ab annis 1830 et 1840 – hoc ad auctos conatus administrationis provincialis adnotavit ut agnitio diplomatis ab imperatore impetraretur. Et quamquam usus eius non publice agnitus est usque ad annum MCMXV, complures sententiae a [[Magistratus|magistratibus]] Vindobonensibus editae significabant eos non adversari usu exemplaris aureo et rubro scaccatim dispositi in aquila.

Quaestio igitur per saeculum undevicesimum fuit, utrum diploma validum, sed publice irritum, Friderici III praevaluerit insignibus Moraviae, quae usu historico probata et confirmata erant. Quaestio de coloribus provincialibus, ad quam pertinebat quaestio de forma vexilli provincialis (futuri), naturaliter a diversis sententiis de recta (valida) insigne provinciali affecta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pícha - Moravské barvy a vlajky v revolučním roce 1848&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last = Pícha
 | first = František
 | title = Moravské barvy a vlajky v revolučním roce 1848, in: Genealogické a heraldické informace 2017 : Moravská genealogická a heraldická společnost, o. s. 2018
 | location = Brno
 | volume = 22 (37)
 | year = 2018
 | pages = 40–41
 | isbn = 
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Secundum quosdam auctores, vexillum Moravicum album, rubrum, caeruleumque est, fasciis horizontalibus eo ordine.&lt;ref name=&quot;brozek50&quot;&gt;{{cite book
 | last = Brožek
 | first = Aleš
 | title = Lexikon vlajek a znaků zemí světa
 | publisher = Kartografie
 | location = Praha
 | year = 2003
 | pages = 50
 | isbn = 8070117761
 | language = cs
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haec colorum coniunctio saeculo undevicesimo symbolum erat civium Moravicorum patriam amantium.

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Modrobílá historická vlajka Moravy (1611).png|Vexillum historicum caeruleo et albo, memoratum iuxta vexillum caeruleum insigne provinciale Moraviae gerens ('insigne provinciale eiusdem marchionatus') in nuntiis anni MDCXII, qui adventum Pragam et coronationem Regis [[Matthias (imperator)|Mathiae II]] describunt.
File:Red-white historical flag of Moravia (from the first half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century).svg|Compositio colorum rubrorum et alborum, quae usque ad ineuntem saeculum vicesimum adhibita est.
File:Red-white-blue historical flag of Moravia (from the middle of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century).svg|Tricolōr ruber, albus, caeruleusque, qui adhibitus est in secunda parte saeculi undevicesimi et in initio saeculi vicesimi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jan Havelka&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | last = Havelka | first = Jan | title = Erb a zemské barvy markkrabství moravského | journal = Komenský | access-date = 2015-12-15 | year = 1880 | number = 29 | pages = 454–455 | url = http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112042804044;view=1up;seq=463 | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orlice, časopis politický&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | title = O barvách praporů (8. 9. 1888) | journal = Orlice, časopis politický | location = Telč | year = 1888 | number = 19 | pages = Příloha Orlice k číslu 19  | language = cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;
File:Red-yellow historical flag of Moravia (from the middle of the 19th century or from the 2nd half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century).svg|Vexillum bicolore rubrum et flavum. Aliud ex vexillis historicis Moraviae a secunda parte saeculi undevicesimi et ineunte saeculo vicesimo.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Vexillum Moravicum inter vexilla regionalia ==
[[File:Moravská orlice.jpg|thumb|right|Vexillum historicum Moraviae]]
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Flag of Pardubice Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Pardubiensis
File:Flag of Vysocina Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Vysočinae
File:Flag of Olomouc Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Olomucensis
File:Flag of Moravian-Silesian Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Moravico-Silesiae
File:Flag of Zlin Region.svg|Vexillum Regionis Zlinensis
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Vexillum caeruleum aquila Moravica insignis ===
Relatio vexillologica de vexillo moravico, quae submissa est [[Kalendae|Kalendis]] [[Iunius|Iuniis]] MMXIII per peritos Subcommissionis de [[Scientia heraldica|Heraldica]] et Vexillologia Camerae deputatōrum Parlamenti rei publicae Bohemicae (subcommissionis Commissionis de scientia, educatione, cultura, iuventute et educatione physica) – Zbyšek Svoboda, Pavel Fojtík, Petr Exner et Praeses Societatis Vexillologicae Bohemicae, Jaroslav Martykán, vexillum et insignia Moraviae, in vetustissima forma sua quae in monumentis invenitur, habentur historice aptissima, scilicet campum caeruleum gerentia aquilam scaccatorum alborum et rubrorum.&lt;ref name=&quot;Odborné vexilologické stanovisko&quot; /&gt;

== Nexūs externi ==
{{Commonscat|Flags of Moravia|Vexillum Moraviae}}
* [https://moravskavlajka.blogspot.com/ Moravská vlajka]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Categoria:Moravia]]
[[Categoria:Vexilla]]</text>
      <sha1>a2i5kb7itk3u6q5vte7tfyqcgvb68na</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Nexus ad quaerendum/doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>326911</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3974469</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-25T13:01:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ulteriora si cupis */</comment>
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      <text bytes="3252" sha1="6o7twqiyw4sud274kqhhh9teltzhgdt" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{Formula substituibilis|...}}
{{Lua|Params}}

Haec formula nexum ad “[[Specialis:Quaerere]]” creat.

== De usu ==
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Nexus ad quaerendum|insource:/invoke:vicidata/i|Ubi modulus “Vicidata” adhibeatur}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{Nexus ad quaerendum|insource:/invoke:vicidata/i|Ubi modulus “Vicidata” adhibeatur}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Nexus ad quaerendum|insource:/invoke:vicidata/i|Ubi modulus “Vicidata” adhibeatur|intra=0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 100, 101, 118, 119, 710, 711, 829|dumtaxat=500|ordo=secundum recensionem}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{Nexus ad quaerendum|insource:/invoke:vicidata/i|Ubi modulus “Vicidata” adhibeatur|intra=0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 100, 101, 118, 119, 710, 711, 829|dumtaxat=500|ordo=secundum recensionem}}

'''Vicitextus:'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Nexus ad quaerendum
	| insource:/invoke:vicidata/i
	| Ubi modulus “Vicidata” adhibeatur
	| intra = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 100, 101, 118, 119, 710, 711, 829
	| dumtaxat = 500
	| ordo = secundum recensionem
}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus:'''

{{Nexus ad quaerendum
	| insource:/invoke:vicidata/i
	| Ubi modulus “Vicidata” adhibeatur
	| intra = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 100, 101, 118, 119, 710, 711, 829
	| dumtaxat = 500
	| ordo = secundum recensionem
}}

== De argumentis ==
&lt;templatedata&gt;{
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Haec formula nexum ad quaerendum creat.&quot;,
	&quot;format&quot;: &quot;inline&quot;,
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;1&quot;: {
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Textus quaerendus&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres&quot;,
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Textus&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		},
		&quot;2&quot;: {
			&quot;default&quot;: &quot;Quaerere&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Verba ostendenda (si omittitur “Quaerere” ostendetur)&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Nunc quaerere&quot;,
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Ostendenda&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		},
		&quot;intra&quot;: {
			&quot;default&quot;: &quot;0&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Spatia nominalia ubi quaerendum sit (si omittitur “0” legetur)&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 100, 101, 118, 119, 828, 829&quot;,
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Spatia nominalia&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		},
		&quot;dumtaxat&quot;: {
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Quot paginae ostendendae sint&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;500&quot;,
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Dumtaxat&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;number&quot;
		},
		&quot;ordo&quot;: {
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Scribe ‘secundum creationem’ aut ‘secundum recensionem’ aut ‘secundum nomen’ aut omitte&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;secundum recensionem&quot;,
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Ordo&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		}
	}
}&lt;/templatedata&gt;

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* [[Specialis:Quaerere]]
* {{Fn|Capsa quaesitoria lateralis}}
* {{Fn|Nexus cum parametris}}
* [[:en:Help:Searching]]

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae administrationis Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae nexuales|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae de paginis specialibus|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>6o7twqiyw4sud274kqhhh9teltzhgdt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974470</id>
      <parentid>3974469</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T13:04:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3974470</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3376" sha1="74hjzbmyerdb0w98staq332ah12hjqi" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{Formula substituibilis|...}}
{{Lua|Params}}

Haec formula nexum ad “[[Specialis:Quaerere]]” creat.

== De usu ==
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Nexus ad quaerendum|insource:/invoke:vicidata/i|Ubi modulus “Vicidata” adhibeatur}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{Nexus ad quaerendum|insource:/invoke:vicidata/i|Ubi modulus “Vicidata” adhibeatur}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Nexus ad quaerendum|insource:/invoke:vicidata/i|Ubi modulus “Vicidata” adhibeatur|intra=0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 100, 101, 118, 119, 710, 711, 829|dumtaxat=500|ordo=secundum recensionem}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{Nexus ad quaerendum|insource:/invoke:vicidata/i|Ubi modulus “Vicidata” adhibeatur|intra=0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 100, 101, 118, 119, 710, 711, 829|dumtaxat=500|ordo=secundum recensionem}}

'''Vicitextus:'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Nexus ad quaerendum
	| insource:/invoke:vicidata/i
	| Ubi modulus “Vicidata” adhibeatur
	| intra = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 100, 101, 118, 119, 710, 711, 829
	| dumtaxat = 500
	| ordo = secundum recensionem
}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus:'''

{{Nexus ad quaerendum
	| insource:/invoke:vicidata/i
	| Ubi modulus “Vicidata” adhibeatur
	| intra = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 100, 101, 118, 119, 710, 711, 829
	| dumtaxat = 500
	| ordo = secundum recensionem
}}

== De argumentis ==
&lt;templatedata&gt;{
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Haec formula nexum ad quaerendum creat.&quot;,
	&quot;format&quot;: &quot;inline&quot;,
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;1&quot;: {
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Textus quaerendus&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres&quot;,
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Textus&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		},
		&quot;2&quot;: {
			&quot;default&quot;: &quot;Quaerere&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Verba ostendenda (si omittitur “Quaerere” ostendetur)&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Nunc quaerere&quot;,
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Ostendenda&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		},
		&quot;intra&quot;: {
			&quot;default&quot;: &quot;0&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Spatia nominalia ubi quaerendum sit (si omittitur “0” legetur)&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 100, 101, 118, 119, 828, 829&quot;,
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Spatia nominalia&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		},
		&quot;dumtaxat&quot;: {
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Quot paginae ostendendae sint&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;500&quot;,
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Dumtaxat&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;number&quot;
		},
		&quot;ordo&quot;: {
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Scribe ‘secundum creationem’ aut ‘secundum recensionem’ aut ‘secundum nomen’ aut omitte&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;secundum recensionem&quot;,
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Ordo&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		}
	}
}&lt;/templatedata&gt;

== De numeris spatiorum nominalium ==
{{Pagina principalis|Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale}}

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* [[Specialis:Quaerere]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale]]
* {{Fn|Capsa quaesitoria lateralis}}
* {{Fn|Nexus cum parametris}}
* [[:en:Help:Searching]]

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae administrationis Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae nexuales|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae de paginis specialibus|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>74hjzbmyerdb0w98staq332ah12hjqi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974472</id>
      <parentid>3974470</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T13:06:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* De usu */</comment>
      <origin>3974472</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3786" sha1="8ncha3z4h80an3fdjoywsje7bjtnkr5" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{Formula substituibilis|...}}
{{Lua|Params}}

Haec formula nexum ad “[[Specialis:Quaerere]]” creat.

== De usu ==
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Nexus ad quaerendum|Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{Nexus ad quaerendum|Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Nexus ad quaerendum|Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres|Lorem ipsum}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{Nexus ad quaerendum|Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres|Lorem ipsum}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Nexus ad quaerendum|insource:/invoke:vicidata/i|Ubi modulus “Vicidata” adhibeatur}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{Nexus ad quaerendum|insource:/invoke:vicidata/i|Ubi modulus “Vicidata” adhibeatur}}
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Nexus ad quaerendum|insource:/invoke:vicidata/i|Ubi modulus “Vicidata” adhibeatur|intra=0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 100, 101, 118, 119, 710, 711, 829|dumtaxat=500|ordo=secundum recensionem}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{Nexus ad quaerendum|insource:/invoke:vicidata/i|Ubi modulus “Vicidata” adhibeatur|intra=0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 100, 101, 118, 119, 710, 711, 829|dumtaxat=500|ordo=secundum recensionem}}

'''Vicitextus:'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Nexus ad quaerendum
	| insource:/invoke:vicidata/i
	| Ubi modulus “Vicidata” adhibeatur
	| intra = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 100, 101, 118, 119, 710, 711, 829
	| dumtaxat = 500
	| ordo = secundum recensionem
}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus:'''

{{Nexus ad quaerendum
	| insource:/invoke:vicidata/i
	| Ubi modulus “Vicidata” adhibeatur
	| intra = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 100, 101, 118, 119, 710, 711, 829
	| dumtaxat = 500
	| ordo = secundum recensionem
}}

== De argumentis ==
&lt;templatedata&gt;{
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Haec formula nexum ad quaerendum creat.&quot;,
	&quot;format&quot;: &quot;inline&quot;,
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;1&quot;: {
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Textus quaerendus&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres&quot;,
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Textus&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		},
		&quot;2&quot;: {
			&quot;default&quot;: &quot;Quaerere&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Verba ostendenda (si omittitur “Quaerere” ostendetur)&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Nunc quaerere&quot;,
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Ostendenda&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		},
		&quot;intra&quot;: {
			&quot;default&quot;: &quot;0&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Spatia nominalia ubi quaerendum sit (si omittitur “0” legetur)&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 100, 101, 118, 119, 828, 829&quot;,
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Spatia nominalia&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		},
		&quot;dumtaxat&quot;: {
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Quot paginae ostendendae sint&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;500&quot;,
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Dumtaxat&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;number&quot;
		},
		&quot;ordo&quot;: {
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Scribe ‘secundum creationem’ aut ‘secundum recensionem’ aut ‘secundum nomen’ aut omitte&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;secundum recensionem&quot;,
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Ordo&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		}
	}
}&lt;/templatedata&gt;

== De numeris spatiorum nominalium ==
{{Pagina principalis|Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale}}

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* [[Specialis:Quaerere]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale]]
* {{Fn|Capsa quaesitoria lateralis}}
* {{Fn|Nexus cum parametris}}
* [[:en:Help:Searching]]

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae administrationis Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae nexuales|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae de paginis specialibus|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Formula:((</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>326913</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3974488</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T14:05:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Prima adumbratio</comment>
      <origin>3974488</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="90" sha1="09sk03qk1kftie7trr3oraw3y76pz5u" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio|proprietas=distributa}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>09sk03qk1kftie7trr3oraw3y76pz5u</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>3974509</id>
      <parentid>3974488</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T14:19:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paginam documentationis movi</comment>
      <origin>3974509</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="100" sha1="hzqihe7o3hcst715nzj84f3k914jgzp" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio|Formula:Mora transclusionis/doc}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>hzqihe7o3hcst715nzj84f3k914jgzp</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Formula:))</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>326914</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3974489</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T14:05:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Prima adumbratio</comment>
      <origin>3974489</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="83" sha1="01w1r6qt3nh4ik0m073uk3h3ur85pij" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio|Formula:((/doc}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3974510</id>
      <parentid>3974489</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T14:19:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paginam documentationis movi</comment>
      <origin>3974510</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="100" sha1="b4q059djvi6m11lix62skgwmpgin0gm" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio|Formula:Mora transclusionis/doc}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Disputatio Usoris:ZAJEZDNIA</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>326920</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3974548</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T14:39:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ZAJEZDNIA</username>
        <id>212580</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>pierdol sie GDARIN pierdol sie</comment>
      <origin>3974548</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9" sha1="msti5cdr3874h99l0w9kox6068ksupk" xml:space="preserve">{{salve}}</text>
      <sha1>msti5cdr3874h99l0w9kox6068ksupk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974549</id>
      <parentid>3974548</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T14:40:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ZAJEZDNIA</username>
        <id>212580</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>&lt;hoax&gt;Ϳϳ&lt;/hoax&gt;</comment>
      <origin>3974549</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9" sha1="rgtt6l3lwg1ilri6hok8hpiy9lb9pa3" xml:space="preserve">{{Salve}}</text>
      <sha1>rgtt6l3lwg1ilri6hok8hpiy9lb9pa3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974550</id>
      <parentid>3974549</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T14:41:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ZAJEZDNIA</username>
        <id>212580</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>pierdol sie GDARIN pierdol sie</comment>
      <origin>3974550</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9" sha1="msti5cdr3874h99l0w9kox6068ksupk" xml:space="preserve">{{salve}}</text>
      <sha1>msti5cdr3874h99l0w9kox6068ksupk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974551</id>
      <parentid>3974550</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T14:41:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ZAJEZDNIA</username>
        <id>212580</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>&lt;hoax&gt;Ϸϸ&lt;/hoax&gt;</comment>
      <origin>3974551</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9" sha1="rgtt6l3lwg1ilri6hok8hpiy9lb9pa3" xml:space="preserve">{{Salve}}</text>
      <sha1>rgtt6l3lwg1ilri6hok8hpiy9lb9pa3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974552</id>
      <parentid>3974551</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T14:53:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ZAJEZDNIA</username>
        <id>212580</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>&lt;hoax&gt;Ϳϳ&lt;/hoax&gt;</comment>
      <origin>3974552</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9" sha1="msti5cdr3874h99l0w9kox6068ksupk" xml:space="preserve">{{salve}}</text>
      <sha1>msti5cdr3874h99l0w9kox6068ksupk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974553</id>
      <parentid>3974552</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T14:54:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ZAJEZDNIA</username>
        <id>212580</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>&lt;hoax&gt;Ϸϸ&lt;/hoax&gt;</comment>
      <origin>3974553</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9" sha1="rgtt6l3lwg1ilri6hok8hpiy9lb9pa3" xml:space="preserve">{{Salve}}</text>
      <sha1>rgtt6l3lwg1ilri6hok8hpiy9lb9pa3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974554</id>
      <parentid>3974553</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T14:54:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ZAJEZDNIA</username>
        <id>212580</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>&lt;hoax&gt;Ϳϳ&lt;/hoax&gt;</comment>
      <origin>3974554</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9" sha1="msti5cdr3874h99l0w9kox6068ksupk" xml:space="preserve">{{salve}}</text>
      <sha1>msti5cdr3874h99l0w9kox6068ksupk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974555</id>
      <parentid>3974554</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T14:55:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ZAJEZDNIA</username>
        <id>212580</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>pierdol sie GDARIN pierdol sie pierdol sie GDARIN pierdol sie pierdol sie GDARIN pierdol sie pierdol sie GDARIN pierdol sie pierdol sie GDARIN pierdol sie pierdol sie GDARIN pierdol sie pierdol sie GDARIN pierdol sie pierdol sie GDARIN pierdol sie pierdol sie GDARIN pierdol sie pierdol sie GDARIN pierdol sie pierdol sie GDARIN pierdol sie pierdol sie GDARIN pierdol sie pierdol sie GDARIN pierdol sie pierdol sie GDARIN pierdol sie pierdol sie GDARIN pierdol sie pierdol sie GDARIN pierdol sie</comment>
      <origin>3974555</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9" sha1="rgtt6l3lwg1ilri6hok8hpiy9lb9pa3" xml:space="preserve">{{Salve}}</text>
      <sha1>rgtt6l3lwg1ilri6hok8hpiy9lb9pa3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Ipb-disableusertalk</title>
    <ns>8</ns>
    <id>326921</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3974558</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T15:51:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nuntium systematis latinizavi: “Editing own talk page” → “Prohibere ne suam paginam disputationis emendet”</comment>
      <origin>3974558</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="47" sha1="1xxh8pya76l6q0zqlpfpffjmbvr480h" xml:space="preserve">Prohibere ne suam paginam disputationis emendet</text>
      <sha1>1xxh8pya76l6q0zqlpfpffjmbvr480h</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Disputatio MediaWiki:Ipb-disableusertalk</title>
    <ns>9</ns>
    <id>326922</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3974560</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T15:58:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+{{[[Formula:Disputatio de translatione Latina systematis MediaVicialis|Disputatio de translatione Latina systematis MediaVicialis]]}}</comment>
      <origin>3974560</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="62" sha1="4zblv0vbpzbylkeetlh19gicvcaajxz" xml:space="preserve">{{Disputatio de translatione Latina systematis MediaVicialis}}</text>
      <sha1>4zblv0vbpzbylkeetlh19gicvcaajxz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Disputatio:Dopamina</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>326923</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3974587</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T16:43:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Dopamina aut dopaminum */ nova pars</comment>
      <origin>3974587</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="386" sha1="hri26n5by023t782ibi07s01lnrca7t" xml:space="preserve">== Dopamina aut dopaminum ==

Miror quod in nexibus externis fons Latinus &quot;dopaminum&quot; indicat de quo in initio paginae ratio non habetur. Praeterea in catalogo nostro aminoacidorum legimus phenylalaninum et tyrosinum non -na. [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 16:43, 25 Iulii 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>hri26n5by023t782ibi07s01lnrca7t</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974590</id>
      <parentid>3974587</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T16:46:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3974590</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="402" sha1="jy24lwv7s46vbfni1zayr38p5g50v34" xml:space="preserve">== Dopamina aut dopaminum ==

Miror quod in nexibus externis fons Latinus &quot;dopaminum&quot; indicat de quo in initio paginae ratio non habetur. Praeterea in catalogo nostro [[Aminoacidum|aminoacidorum]] legimus phenylalaninum et tyrosinum non -na. [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 16:43, 25 Iulii 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>jy24lwv7s46vbfni1zayr38p5g50v34</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974602</id>
      <parentid>3974590</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T18:03:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Dopamina aut dopaminum */ Responsum</comment>
      <origin>3974602</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1100" sha1="j2xsgba2ombokgi7wmhguzyys5su2pg" xml:space="preserve">== Dopamina aut dopaminum ==

Miror quod in nexibus externis fons Latinus &quot;dopaminum&quot; indicat de quo in initio paginae ratio non habetur. Praeterea in catalogo nostro [[Aminoacidum|aminoacidorum]] legimus phenylalaninum et tyrosinum non -na. [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 16:43, 25 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
: [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marce]], controversia iam pridem exstat. Nomina substantiarum chemicarum quae Anglice suffixo ''-ine'' terminantur Latine utrumque suffixum recipere possunt, ''-ina'' et ''-inum''. Ii qui linguis Romanicis utuntur mihi videntur plerumque formae ''-ina'' favere, ii autem qui linguis Germanicis utuntur formae ''-inum''. Fontes utriusque usūs reperiuntur. Quam ob rem quaestio non tam est quid “vere Latinum” sit, quam utra forma a Vicipaedia praeferenda sit, an revera ulla forma omnino praeferenda sit necne. Mea sententia, utraque forma apud nos est memoranda. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:03, 25 Iulii 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>j2xsgba2ombokgi7wmhguzyys5su2pg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974603</id>
      <parentid>3974602</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T18:09:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3974603</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1101" sha1="2ev4emskbqqiph7b848ljl4xcouvf8a" xml:space="preserve">== Dopamina aut dopaminum ==

Miror quod in nexibus externis fons Latinus &quot;dopaminum&quot; indicat de quo in initio paginae ratio non habetur. Praeterea in catalogo nostro [[Aminoacidum|aminoacidorum]] legimus phenylalaninum et tyrosinum non -na. [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 16:43, 25 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
: [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marce]], controversia iam pridem exstat. Nomina substantiarum chemicarum quae Anglice suffixo ''-ine'' terminantur Latine utrumque suffixum recipere possunt, ''-ina'' et ''-inum''. Ii qui linguis Romanicis utuntur mihi videntur plerumque formae ''-ina'' favere, ii autem qui linguis Germanicis utuntur formae ''-inum''. Fontes utriusque usūs reperiuntur. Quam ob rem quaestio non tam est quid “vere Latinum” sit, quam utra forma in Vicipaedia praeferenda sit, an revera ulla forma omnino praeferenda sit necne. Mea sententia, utraque forma apud nos est memoranda. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:03, 25 Iulii 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>2ev4emskbqqiph7b848ljl4xcouvf8a</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974606</id>
      <parentid>3974603</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T18:19:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3974606</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1498" sha1="r2ec92bmscxc07rsze5vkzjta6hsaqy" xml:space="preserve">== Dopamina aut dopaminum ==

Miror quod in nexibus externis fons Latinus &quot;dopaminum&quot; indicat de quo in initio paginae ratio non habetur. Praeterea in catalogo nostro [[Aminoacidum|aminoacidorum]] legimus phenylalaninum et tyrosinum non -na. [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 16:43, 25 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
: [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marce]], controversia iam pridem exstat. Nomina substantiarum chemicarum quae Anglice suffixo ''-ine'' terminantur Latine utrumque suffixum recipere possunt, ''-ina'' et ''-inum''. Ii qui linguis Romanicis utuntur mihi videntur plerumque formae ''-ina'' favere, ii autem qui linguis Germanicis utuntur formae ''-inum''. Fontes utriusque usūs reperiuntur. Quam ob rem quaestio non tam est quid “vere Latinum” sit, quam utra forma in Vicipaedia praeferenda sit, an revera ulla forma omnino praeferenda sit necne. Mea sententia, utraque forma apud nos est memoranda. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:03, 25 Iulii 2026 (UTC)


Sapienter iudicare mihi videris sed multae redirectiones addendae sunt et utraque forma initio paginae scribenda est. Alioqui non tantum lectores sed etiam contributores diu errabunt. Nam usus Vicipaedianus nunc sibi parum cohaeret --[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 18:19, 25 Iulii 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>r2ec92bmscxc07rsze5vkzjta6hsaqy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974611</id>
      <parentid>3974606</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T18:33:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Dopamina aut dopaminum */ Responsum</comment>
      <origin>3974611</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2068" sha1="4y08k2qryall596bxp7v2txpg4b8j2k" xml:space="preserve">== Dopamina aut dopaminum ==

Miror quod in nexibus externis fons Latinus &quot;dopaminum&quot; indicat de quo in initio paginae ratio non habetur. Praeterea in catalogo nostro [[Aminoacidum|aminoacidorum]] legimus phenylalaninum et tyrosinum non -na. [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 16:43, 25 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
: [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marce]], controversia iam pridem exstat. Nomina substantiarum chemicarum quae Anglice suffixo ''-ine'' terminantur Latine utrumque suffixum recipere possunt, ''-ina'' et ''-inum''. Ii qui linguis Romanicis utuntur mihi videntur plerumque formae ''-ina'' favere, ii autem qui linguis Germanicis utuntur formae ''-inum''. Fontes utriusque usūs reperiuntur. Quam ob rem quaestio non tam est quid “vere Latinum” sit, quam utra forma in Vicipaedia praeferenda sit, an revera ulla forma omnino praeferenda sit necne. Mea sententia, utraque forma apud nos est memoranda. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:03, 25 Iulii 2026 (UTC)

Sapienter iudicare mihi videris sed multae redirectiones addendae sunt et utraque forma initio paginae scribenda est. Alioqui non tantum lectores sed etiam contributores diu errabunt. Nam usus Vicipaedianus nunc sibi parum cohaeret --[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 18:19, 25 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
: Ita. Nam etiamsi ambas formas memoramus, titulus paginae semper unus est; idcirco fortasse una forma constanter nobis praeferenda est. Incommodum tamen hoc est, quod non semper fontes utriusque formae inveniuntur: interdum fontes formae in ''-inum'' reperiuntur, interdum tantummodo formae in ''-ina''. Usus suffixi ''-ina'' mihi videtur antiquior esse; cf. “Extracta ex opio materies {{lectio|Morphina}} dicta” (1818) [[Morphina|hic]], sed nescio quid nobis sit faciendum. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:33, 25 Iulii 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>4y08k2qryall596bxp7v2txpg4b8j2k</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974612</id>
      <parentid>3974611</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T18:35:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Dopamina aut dopaminum */</comment>
      <origin>3974612</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2068" sha1="jmw3b331onefjw2c5niwdgs0037j3mh" xml:space="preserve">== Dopamina aut dopaminum ==

Miror quod in nexibus externis fons Latinus &quot;dopaminum&quot; indicat de quo in initio paginae ratio non habetur. Praeterea in catalogo nostro [[Aminoacidum|aminoacidorum]] legimus phenylalaninum et tyrosinum non -na. [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 16:43, 25 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
: [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marce]], controversia iam pridem exstat. Nomina substantiarum chemicarum quae Anglice suffixo ''-ine'' terminantur Latine utrumque suffixum recipere possunt, ''-ina'' et ''-inum''. Ii qui linguis Romanicis utuntur mihi videntur plerumque formae ''-ina'' favere, ii autem qui linguis Germanicis utuntur formae ''-inum''. Fontes utriusque usūs reperiuntur. Quam ob rem quaestio non tam est quid “vere Latinum” sit, quam utra forma in Vicipaedia praeferenda sit, an revera ulla forma omnino praeferenda sit necne. Mea sententia, utraque forma apud nos est memoranda. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:03, 25 Iulii 2026 (UTC)

Sapienter iudicare mihi videris sed multae redirectiones addendae sunt et utraque forma initio paginae scribenda est. Alioqui non tantum lectores sed etiam contributores diu errabunt. Nam usus Vicipaedianus nunc sibi parum cohaeret --[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 18:19, 25 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
: Ita. Nam etiamsi ambas formas memoramus, titulus paginae semper unus est; idcirco fortasse una forma constanter nobis est praeferenda. Incommodum tamen hoc est, quod non semper fontes utriusque formae inveniuntur: interdum fontes formae in ''-inum'' reperiuntur, interdum tantummodo formae in ''-ina''. Usus suffixi ''-ina'' mihi videtur esse antiquior; cf. “Extracta ex opio materies {{lectio|Morphina}} dicta” (1818) [[Morphina|hic]], sed nescio quid nobis sit faciendum. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:33, 25 Iulii 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>jmw3b331onefjw2c5niwdgs0037j3mh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Disputatio:Babylonokia</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>326924</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3974622</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-25T19:52:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Die 25 Iulii 2026 — Estne haec pagina delenda? */ nova pars</comment>
      <origin>3974622</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="542" sha1="l471m5lfzf43o62eh8q36mio4m18320" xml:space="preserve">== Die 25 Iulii 2026 — Estne haec pagina delenda? ==

&lt;!--
Noli haec verba removere si formula die 25 Iulii 2026 hora 19:52:01 petita nondum forma finali patescit.
--&gt;{{Disputatio petitoria Vicipaediae|Delenda|20260725195201}}
Formulam {{[[Formula:Confestim delenda|Confestim delenda]]}} ad formulam {{[[Formula:Delenda|Delenda]]}} verti, quia [[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby#Vandalismus|disputatio]] orta est. De deletione hic disputare licet. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:52, 25 Iulii 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>l471m5lfzf43o62eh8q36mio4m18320</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974696</id>
      <parentid>3974622</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T08:50:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3974696</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="785" sha1="o326dkd6w2dx071xr0gu6tsa4a9gzre" xml:space="preserve">== Die 25 Iulii 2026 — Estne haec pagina delenda? ==

&lt;!--
Noli haec verba removere si formula die 25 Iulii 2026 hora 19:52:01 petita nondum forma finali patescit.
--&gt;{{Disputatio petitoria Vicipaediae|Delenda|20260725195201}}
Formulam {{[[Formula:Confestim delenda|Confestim delenda]]}} ad formulam {{[[Formula:Delenda|Delenda]]}} verti, quia [[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby#Vandalismus|disputatio]] orta est. De deletione hic disputare licet. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:52, 25 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
:{{Ping|Kalligraphiemonk}} haec, nisi fallor, scribere voluit: &quot;falsum praeiudicium, latine emendatum est - 19 linguae rectae sunt&quot;. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:49, 26 Iulii 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>o326dkd6w2dx071xr0gu6tsa4a9gzre</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974701</id>
      <parentid>3974696</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T09:03:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3974701</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1062" sha1="1n5wzsroqtuwtk5bxpxw47janz16orm" xml:space="preserve">== Die 25 Iulii 2026 — Estne haec pagina delenda? ==

&lt;!--
Noli haec verba removere si formula die 25 Iulii 2026 hora 19:52:01 petita nondum forma finali patescit.
--&gt;{{Disputatio petitoria Vicipaediae|Delenda|20260725195201}}
Formulam {{[[Formula:Confestim delenda|Confestim delenda]]}} ad formulam {{[[Formula:Delenda|Delenda]]}} verti, quia [[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby#Vandalismus|disputatio]] orta est. De deletione hic disputare licet. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:52, 25 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
:{{Ping|Kalligraphiemonk}} haec, nisi fallor, scribere voluit: &quot;falsum praeiudicium, latine emendatum est - 19 linguae rectae sunt&quot;. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:49, 26 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
::Egomet ipse haec dixerim: Commentatio, post emendationes, Latinitate haud pessima componitur: fontes plures et utiles citantur: possumus retinere. Quid dicunt alii? [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:03, 26 Iulii 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>1n5wzsroqtuwtk5bxpxw47janz16orm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974703</id>
      <parentid>3974701</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T09:08:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>disputatio alibi iam habita</comment>
      <origin>3974703</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1211" sha1="3i85ig88v23adf3x4sthbup15z01gdg" xml:space="preserve">== Die 25 Iulii 2026 — Estne haec pagina delenda? ==

&lt;!--
Noli haec verba removere si formula die 25 Iulii 2026 hora 19:52:01 petita nondum forma finali patescit.
--&gt;{{Disputatio petitoria Vicipaediae|Delenda|20260725195201}}
Formulam {{[[Formula:Confestim delenda|Confestim delenda]]}} ad formulam {{[[Formula:Delenda|Delenda]]}} verti, quia [[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby#Vandalismus|disputatio]] orta est. De deletione hic disputare licet. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:52, 25 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
:{{Ping|Kalligraphiemonk}} haec, nisi fallor, scribere voluit: &quot;falsum praeiudicium, latine emendatum est - 19 linguae rectae sunt&quot;. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:49, 26 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
::Egomet ipse haec dixerim: Commentatio, post emendationes, Latinitate haud pessima componitur: fontes plures et utiles citantur: possumus retinere. Quid dicunt alii?
::Videte etiam disputationem apud de:wiki habitam: [[:de:https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Löschkandidaten/2._April_2018#Babylonokia_(SLA)]]. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:03, 26 Iulii 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>3i85ig88v23adf3x4sthbup15z01gdg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974705</id>
      <parentid>3974703</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T09:59:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kalligraphiemonk</username>
        <id>212594</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nexus non fungebatur est</comment>
      <origin>3974705</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1181" sha1="l2mmt4i2wx4nvwmtueeu5rtqdosy4n3" xml:space="preserve">== Die 25 Iulii 2026 — Estne haec pagina delenda? ==

&lt;!--
Noli haec verba removere si formula die 25 Iulii 2026 hora 19:52:01 petita nondum forma finali patescit.
--&gt;{{Disputatio petitoria Vicipaediae|Delenda|20260725195201}}
Formulam {{[[Formula:Confestim delenda|Confestim delenda]]}} ad formulam {{[[Formula:Delenda|Delenda]]}} verti, quia [[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby#Vandalismus|disputatio]] orta est. De deletione hic disputare licet. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:52, 25 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
:{{Ping|Kalligraphiemonk}} haec, nisi fallor, scribere voluit: &quot;falsum praeiudicium, latine emendatum est - 19 linguae rectae sunt&quot;. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:49, 26 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
::Egomet ipse haec dixerim: Commentatio, post emendationes, Latinitate haud pessima componitur: fontes plures et utiles citantur: possumus retinere. Quid dicunt alii?
::Videte etiam disputationem apud de:wiki habitam: [[:de:Wikipedia:Löschkandidaten/2._April_2018#Babylonokia_(SLA)]]. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:03, 26 Iulii 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>l2mmt4i2wx4nvwmtueeu5rtqdosy4n3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974707</id>
      <parentid>3974705</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T10:05:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kalligraphiemonk</username>
        <id>212594</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[:en:Babylonokia]] - nullae obiectiones sibi sunt</comment>
      <origin>3974707</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1365" sha1="qre2ugav5r84yj6elee64qfxl78gskm" xml:space="preserve">== Die 25 Iulii 2026 — Estne haec pagina delenda? ==

&lt;!--
Noli haec verba removere si formula die 25 Iulii 2026 hora 19:52:01 petita nondum forma finali patescit.
--&gt;{{Disputatio petitoria Vicipaediae|Delenda|20260725195201}}
Formulam {{[[Formula:Confestim delenda|Confestim delenda]]}} ad formulam {{[[Formula:Delenda|Delenda]]}} verti, quia [[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby#Vandalismus|disputatio]] orta est. De deletione hic disputare licet. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:52, 25 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
:{{Ping|Kalligraphiemonk}} haec, nisi fallor, scribere voluit: &quot;falsum praeiudicium, latine emendatum est - 19 linguae rectae sunt&quot;. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:49, 26 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
::Egomet ipse haec dixerim: Commentatio, post emendationes, Latinitate haud pessima componitur: fontes plures et utiles citantur: possumus retinere. Quid dicunt alii?
::Videte etiam disputationem apud de:wiki habitam: [[:de:Wikipedia:Löschkandidaten/2._April_2018#Babylonokia_(SLA)]]. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:03, 26 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
:::Videte [[:en:Babylonokia]] - nullae obiectiones sibi sunt. [[Usor:Kalligraphiemonk|Kalligraphiemonk]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Kalligraphiemonk|disputatio]]) 10:04, 26 Iulii 2026 (UTC)</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3974719</id>
      <parentid>3974707</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T11:38:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>NDG</username>
        <id>196620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Die 25 Iulii 2026 — Estne haec pagina delenda? */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>3974719</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5224" sha1="hw5yp0qo8qkfak44fzhjl75j3zmeysd" xml:space="preserve">== Die 25 Iulii 2026 — Estne haec pagina delenda? ==

&lt;!--
Noli haec verba removere si formula die 25 Iulii 2026 hora 19:52:01 petita nondum forma finali patescit.
--&gt;{{Disputatio petitoria Vicipaediae|Delenda|20260725195201}}
Formulam {{[[Formula:Confestim delenda|Confestim delenda]]}} ad formulam {{[[Formula:Delenda|Delenda]]}} verti, quia [[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby#Vandalismus|disputatio]] orta est. De deletione hic disputare licet. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:52, 25 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
:{{Ping|Kalligraphiemonk}} haec, nisi fallor, scribere voluit: &quot;falsum praeiudicium, latine emendatum est - 19 linguae rectae sunt&quot;. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:49, 26 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
::Egomet ipse haec dixerim: Commentatio, post emendationes, Latinitate haud pessima componitur: fontes plures et utiles citantur: possumus retinere. Quid dicunt alii?
::Videte etiam disputationem apud de:wiki habitam: [[:de:Wikipedia:Löschkandidaten/2._April_2018#Babylonokia_(SLA)]]. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 09:03, 26 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
:::Videte [[:en:Babylonokia]] - nullae obiectiones sibi sunt. [[Usor:Kalligraphiemonk|Kalligraphiemonk]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Kalligraphiemonk|disputatio]]) 10:04, 26 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
:Ich wurde eingeladen, mich an dieser Löschdiskussion zu beteiligen und bedanke mich herzlich dafür. Da es mir freigestellt wurde, mich auf Deutsch zu äußern, mache ich das. Die letzten lateinischen Sätze, die von mir kamen, sind etwa so älter, als mein Wikipedia-Account. Der Benutzer ist nach unangemessenen Experimenten auf [[:mw:User:Your name/sandbox]] durch x-wiki-Spam des Artikels über dieses &quot;Kunstwerkes&quot; ([[:wikidata:Q28114063]]) aufgefallen. Eine Ansprache unter anderem wegen KI-Nutzung sehr ihr dort: [[:de:Benutzer Diskussion:Kalligrafiemonk#Wie viele...]]. In der Versionsgeschichte des Datenobjektes sieht man deutlich, dass der Benutzer seit 2017 immer wieder x-wiki diese Artikel hinzufügt, nachdem er die Seiten erstellt hat. Sprachkenntnisse des jeweiligen Projektes sieht er häufig nicht als notwendig an, so wie er selbst einräumt. Wie @[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] richtig verlinkt hat, gab es auf der deutschsprachigen Wikipedia die wohl früheste Fassung des Artikels. In deren Löschdiskussion wird der Zusammenhang zwischen Benutzer Kalligraphiemonk und dem Schöpfer von ''Babylonokia'', Karl Weingärtner hergestellt. Aus diesem Grunde halte ich den Artikel für eine x-wiki Selbstdarstellung. In meiner Funktion als globaler Rücksetzer und Metawiki-Admin begegnen mir solche Fälle öfter. Vor allem sind die bereits gelöschten Versionen hier bemerkenswert:
:* gotwiki gelöscht am 08:16, 25. Jun. 2026 von einem Steward
:* tawiki gelöscht am 11:32, 8. Jan. 2024 von einem lokalen Admin
:* ruwiki gelöscht am 22:08, 26. Dez. 2023 von einem lokalen Admin
:* dewiki '''erneut '''gelöscht am 22:32, 20. Dez. 2023 von einem lokalen Admin
:* slwiki gelöscht am 21:44, 20. Dez. 2023 von einem lokalen Admin
:* itwiki gelöscht am 00:06, 7. Aug. 2018 von einem lokalen Admin
:* hrwiki gelöscht am 13:14, 22. Jun. 2018 von einem damaligen lokalen Admin
:* bswiki erneut gelöscht am 17:16, 21. Jun. 2018 von einem damaligen lokalen Admin
:* bswiki gelöscht am 16:40, 21. Jun. 2018 von einem damaligen lokalen Admin
:* dewiki '''erneut ''' gelöscht am 09:26, 3. Apr. 2018 von einem lokalen Admin
:* hewiki gelöscht am 09:26, 3. Apr. 2018 von einem damaligen  Admin
:* dewiki gelöscht am 06:48, 25. Feb. 2017 von einem lokalen Admin
:Mit Blick auf [[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby#Vandalismus|diese Diskussion]] bin ich sehr irritiert. Hier wird mir durch den Benutzer Kalligraphiemonk Vandalismus in diesem Projekt vorgeworfen. Allerdings kann ich dem [https://la.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Specialis:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchTitle=Mahathir+Mohamad Missbrauchsfilter-Logbuch] entnehmen, dass der Benutzer in genau dem fragwürdigen Artikel abgemeldet editieren wollte. Der Filter entstand, nachdem dutzende Sprachversionen von [[:wikidata:Q181383]] durch einen Langzeitstörer vandaliert wurden. Dabei wurden die Versionsgeschichten durch teilweise sinnvolle Änderungen sowie selbstreverts massenhaft aufgebläht.
:Ich werde den Benutzer selbst ansprechen, mit welcher Begründung er mich für einen Vandalen hält, das Thema sollte hier nicht diskutiert werden. Ich möchte nur klar stellen, dass ich stets im Dienste der kleinen oder auch mittleren Wikis, in denen ich patroulliere, handle. Wenn ich dabei Fehler mache, dann geschehen diese nicht in böser Absicht. Manchmal erfolgen beispielsweise Reverts von Bearbeitungen, die ich subjektiv nicht für sinnvoll erachte, es aber vielleicht doch sind. Bitte sprecht mich an, wenn sowas passieren sollte. Gibt es wiederholt Probleme, dann nehme ich Projekte aus meinen Filtereinstellungen, damit es keinen unötigen Ärger gibt. Zum Artikel bleibt nur zu sagen: Die Entscheidung obliegt dem Projekt, ich werde aber nun aktiver für die Löschung der x-wiki-Versionen vorgehen. [[Usor:NDG|NDG]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NDG|disputatio]]) 11:38, 26 Iulii 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fujiwara-kyō</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-26T02:25:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paginam instituit, scribens '[[Fasciculus:Fujiwara-kyo Kashihara Nara pref Japan05bs5.jpg|thumb|Ruina aedificinae centralis Fujiwara-kyō]] [[Fasciculus:210401 One-thousandth scale model of Fujiwara-kyu.jpg|thumb|Minitura reconstuctionis Fujiwara-kyō]] '''Fujiwara-kyō''' ([[Iaponice]]: 藤原京) est [[caput (urbs)|caput]] antiquum [[iaponia]]e ab anno [[694]] ad annum [[710]]&lt;ref&gt;Ante creationem [[Heijō-kyō]] a [[Gemmei (imperatrix)|Gemmei]]&lt;/ref&gt; ab Jitō (imperatrix)|Imperatrice J...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="861" sha1="quwcbq27d1cm6psm718ocbi4fgabsyv" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Fujiwara-kyo Kashihara Nara pref Japan05bs5.jpg|thumb|Ruina aedificinae centralis Fujiwara-kyō]]
[[Fasciculus:210401 One-thousandth scale model of Fujiwara-kyu.jpg|thumb|Minitura reconstuctionis Fujiwara-kyō]]
'''Fujiwara-kyō''' ([[Iaponice]]: 藤原京) est [[caput (urbs)|caput]] antiquum [[iaponia]]e ab anno [[694]] ad annum [[710]]&lt;ref&gt;Ante creationem [[Heijō-kyō]] a [[Gemmei (imperatrix)|Gemmei]]&lt;/ref&gt; ab [[Jitō (imperatrix)|Imperatrice Jitō]] constitutum.

Primum urbs capitalis in [[historia Iaponiae]] a [[tegula]] creata fuit.

Anno [[2026]], lista [[Patrimonium totius mundi]] regesteri opus est.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
*[[Heijō-kyō]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Fujiwara-kyō|Fujiwara-kyō}}

[[Categoria:Historia Iaponiae]]
[[Categoria:Condita 694]]
[[Categoria:Loci hereditatis mundialis in Iaponia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Categoria:Condita 694</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
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      <comment>Paginam instituit, scribens '[[Categoria:Arte facta per annos digesta|694]] [[Categoria:694]]'</comment>
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      <text bytes="64" sha1="hwb1qe1ada8g9tevjtjeshp384up25i" xml:space="preserve">[[Categoria:Arte facta per annos digesta|694]]
[[Categoria:694]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Henricus Navigator</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-26T06:28:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jondel</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paginam instituit, scribens '[[Fasciculus:Henry the Navigator1.jpg|thumb|Henricus Navigator]] '''Henricus  Navigator'''(1394–1460),  primus Dux Viseuensis, fuit princeps [[Lusitanus]],&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dictionary.com/browse/henry-the-navigator?q=Henry+the+Navigator Henry_The_Navigator.Dictionary.July.2026&lt;/ref&gt;  tertius filius regis Ioannis I Lusitaniae. Gravissimus fuit enim patrocinio initioque [[Aevum Explorationis|Aetatis Inventionis]]. Inventor est artificium navis qualis est Cara...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="660" sha1="gcltjqih0nnk30pfjiq9vb1fx3w48ok" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Henry the Navigator1.jpg|thumb|Henricus Navigator]]
'''Henricus  Navigator'''(1394–1460),  primus Dux Viseuensis, fuit princeps [[Lusitanus]],&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dictionary.com/browse/henry-the-navigator?q=Henry+the+Navigator Henry_The_Navigator.Dictionary.July.2026&lt;/ref&gt;
 tertius filius regis Ioannis I Lusitaniae. Gravissimus fuit enim patrocinio initioque [[Aevum Explorationis|Aetatis Inventionis]]. Inventor est artificium navis qualis est [[Caravel]].&lt;ref&gt;Ivana Elbl, &quot;Man of His Time (and Peers): A New Look at Henry the Navigator.&quot; ''Luso-Brazilian Review'' 28.2 (1991): 73–89.&lt;/ref&gt; Reliquiae eius in Monasterio Batalhae sepultae sunt.</text>
      <sha1>gcltjqih0nnk30pfjiq9vb1fx3w48ok</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-26T06:30:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="691" sha1="0oh47uvhcmk71kvm5hietiknmq4893w" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Henry the Navigator1.jpg|thumb|Henricus Navigator]]
'''Henricus  Navigator'''(1394–1460),  primus Dux Viseuensis, fuit princeps [[Lusitanus]],&lt;ref&gt;https://www.dictionary.com/browse/henry-the-navigator?q=Henry+the+Navigator Henry_The_Navigator.Dictionary.July.2026&lt;/ref&gt;
 tertius filius regis Ioannis I Lusitaniae. Gravissimus fuit enim patrocinio initioque [[Aevum Explorationis|Aetatis Inventionis]]. Inventor est artificium navis qualis est [[Caravel]].&lt;ref&gt;Ivana Elbl, &quot;Man of His Time (and Peers): A New Look at Henry the Navigator.&quot; ''Luso-Brazilian Review'' 28.2 (1991): 73–89.&lt;/ref&gt; Reliquiae eius in Monasterio Batalhae sepultae sunt.


=== Referentia ==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>0oh47uvhcmk71kvm5hietiknmq4893w</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>3974669</id>
      <parentid>3974668</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T06:31:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jondel</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3974669</origin>
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      <text bytes="690" sha1="je3wbnt975djrb68xmkkbl36nbiofzl" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Henry the Navigator1.jpg|thumb|Henricus Navigator]]
'''Henricus  Navigator'''(1394–1460),  primus Dux Viseuensis, fuit princeps [[Lusitanus]],&lt;ref&gt;https://www.dictionary.com/browse/henry-the-navigator?q=Henry+the+Navigator Henry_The_Navigator.Dictionary.July.2026&lt;/ref&gt; tertius filius regis Ioannis I Lusitaniae. Gravissimus fuit enim patrocinio initioque [[Aevum Explorationis|Aetatis Inventionis]]. Inventor est artificium navis qualis est [[Caravel]].&lt;ref&gt;Ivana Elbl, &quot;Man of His Time (and Peers): A New Look at Henry the Navigator.&quot; ''Luso-Brazilian Review'' 28.2 (1991): 73–89.&lt;/ref&gt; Reliquiae eius in Monasterio Batalhae sepultae sunt.


=== Referentia ==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>je3wbnt975djrb68xmkkbl36nbiofzl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974670</id>
      <parentid>3974669</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T06:34:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jondel</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* = Referentia */</comment>
      <origin>3974670</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="693" sha1="5xzsmcp62i8j8s92e4p7hrrodxlvbns" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Henry the Navigator1.jpg|thumb|Henricus Navigator]]
'''Henricus  Navigator'''(1394–1460),  primus Dux Viseuensis, fuit princeps [[Lusitanus]],&lt;ref&gt;https://www.dictionary.com/browse/henry-the-navigator?q=Henry+the+Navigator Henry_The_Navigator.Dictionary.July.2026&lt;/ref&gt; tertius filius regis Ioannis I Lusitaniae. Gravissimus fuit enim patrocinio initioque [[Aevum Explorationis|Aetatis Inventionis]]. Inventor est artificium navis qualis est [[Caravel]].&lt;ref&gt;Ivana Elbl, &quot;Man of His Time (and Peers): A New Look at Henry the Navigator.&quot; ''Luso-Brazilian Review'' 28.2 (1991): 73–89.&lt;/ref&gt; Reliquiae eius in Monasterio Batalhae sepultae sunt.


=== Referentia ===
&lt;references/&gt;</text>
      <sha1>5xzsmcp62i8j8s92e4p7hrrodxlvbns</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974671</id>
      <parentid>3974670</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T06:37:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jondel</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3974671</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="784" sha1="i9xieec8w341dkqnxy7exi8p3gmqnsw" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Henry the Navigator1.jpg|thumb|Henricus Navigator]]
'''Henricus  Navigator'''(1394–1460),  primus Dux Viseuensis, fuit princeps [[Lusitanus]],&lt;ref&gt;https://www.dictionary.com/browse/henry-the-navigator?q=Henry+the+Navigator Henry_The_Navigator.Dictionary.July.2026&lt;/ref&gt; tertius filius regis Ioannis I Lusitaniae. Gravissimus fuit enim patrocinio initioque [[Aevum Explorationis|Aetatis Inventionis]]. Inventor est artificium navis qualis est [[Caravel]].&lt;ref&gt;Ivana Elbl, &quot;Man of His Time (and Peers): A New Look at Henry the Navigator.&quot; ''Luso-Brazilian Review'' 28.2 (1991): 73–89.&lt;/ref&gt; Reliquiae eius in Monasterio Batalhae sepultae sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-the-Navigator Britannica.Iulii.2026]&lt;/ref&gt;


=== Referentia ===
&lt;references/&gt;</text>
      <sha1>i9xieec8w341dkqnxy7exi8p3gmqnsw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974672</id>
      <parentid>3974671</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T06:44:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jondel</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3974672</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1091" sha1="nasnecane4iua3jwgjjn6i0hh4j9y2i" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Henry the Navigator1.jpg|thumb|Henricus Navigator]]
'''Henricus  Navigator'''(1394–1460),  primus Dux Viseuensis, fuit princeps [[Lusitanus]],&lt;ref&gt;https://www.dictionary.com/browse/henry-the-navigator?q=Henry+the+Navigator Henry_The_Navigator.Dictionary.July.2026&lt;/ref&gt; tertius filius regis Ioannis I Lusitaniae. Gravissimus fuit enim patrocinio initioque [[Aevum Explorationis|Aetatis Inventionis]]. Inventor est artificium navis qualis est [[Caravel]].&lt;ref&gt;Ivana Elbl, &quot;Man of His Time (and Peers): A New Look at Henry the Navigator.&quot; ''Luso-Brazilian Review'' 28.2 (1991): 73–89.&lt;/ref&gt; Reliquiae eius in Monasterio Batalhae sepultae sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-the-Navigator Britannica.Iulii.2026]&lt;/ref&gt;


=== Referentia ===
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Henricus Navigator|Henricus Navigator}}
{{Fontes biographici}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Reges Francorum}}
{{Principes Lusitanis 1394–1460}}

[[Categoria:Coprincipes Lusitanis]]
[[Categoria:Reges Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1394]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1460]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3974673</id>
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'''Henricus  Navigator'''(1394–1460),  primus Dux Viseuensis, fuit princeps [[Lusitanus]],&lt;ref&gt;https://www.dictionary.com/browse/henry-the-navigator?q=Henry+the+Navigator Henry_The_Navigator.Dictionary.July.2026&lt;/ref&gt; tertius filius regis Ioannis I Lusitaniae. Gravissimus fuit enim patrocinio initioque [[Aevum Explorationis|Aetatis Inventionis]]. Inventor est artificium navis qualis est [[Caravel]].&lt;ref&gt;Ivana Elbl, &quot;Man of His Time (and Peers): A New Look at Henry the Navigator.&quot; ''Luso-Brazilian Review'' 28.2 (1991): 73–89.&lt;/ref&gt; Reliquiae eius in Monasterio Batalhae sepultae sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-the-Navigator Britannica.Iulii.2026]&lt;/ref&gt;


== Referentia ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Henricus Navigator|Henricus Navigator}}
{{Fontes biographici}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Reges Francorum}}
{{Principes Lusitanis 1394–1460}}

[[Categoria:Coprincipes Lusitanis]]
[[Categoria:Reges Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1394]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1460]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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        <id>452</id>
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      <origin>3974674</origin>
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      <text bytes="1090" sha1="bbs5bvps4ry934zvjuu6jsg9slzt3d0" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Henry the Navigator1.jpg|thumb|Henricus Navigator]]
'''Henricus  Navigator'''(1394–1460),  primus Dux Viseuensis, fuit princeps [[Lusitanus]],&lt;ref&gt;https://www.dictionary.com/browse/henry-the-navigator?q=Henry+the+Navigator Henry_The_Navigator.Dictionary.July.2026&lt;/ref&gt; tertius filius regis Ioannis I Lusitaniae. Gravissimus fuit enim patrocinio initioque [[Aevum Explorationis|Aetatis Inventionis]]. Inventor est artificium navis qualis est [[Carabela]].&lt;ref&gt;Ivana Elbl, &quot;Man of His Time (and Peers): A New Look at Henry the Navigator.&quot; ''Luso-Brazilian Review'' 28.2 (1991): 73–89.&lt;/ref&gt; Reliquiae eius in Monasterio Batalhae sepultae sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-the-Navigator Britannica.Iulii.2026]&lt;/ref&gt;


== Referentia ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Henricus Navigator|Henricus Navigator}}
{{Fontes biographici}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Reges Francorum}}
{{Principes Lusitanis 1394–1460}}

[[Categoria:Coprincipes Lusitanis]]
[[Categoria:Reges Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1394]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1460]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Jondel</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3974675</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1091" sha1="4mmmjq3stx1hqh02elupoa6bm9egnpa" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Henry the Navigator1.jpg|thumb|Henricus Navigator]]
'''Henricus  Navigator'''(1394–1460),  primus Dux Viseuensis, fuit princeps [[Lusitanus]],&lt;ref&gt;https://www.dictionary.com/browse/henry-the-navigator?q=Henry+the+Navigator Henry_The_Navigator.Dictionary.July.2026&lt;/ref&gt; tertius filius regis Ioannis I Lusitaniae. Gravissimus fuit enim patrocinio initioque [[Aevum Explorationis|Aetatis Inventionis]]. Inventor est artificium navis qualis est [[Carabella]].&lt;ref&gt;Ivana Elbl, &quot;Man of His Time (and Peers): A New Look at Henry the Navigator.&quot; ''Luso-Brazilian Review'' 28.2 (1991): 73–89.&lt;/ref&gt; Reliquiae eius in Monasterio Batalhae sepultae sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-the-Navigator Britannica.Iulii.2026]&lt;/ref&gt;


== Referentia ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Henricus Navigator|Henricus Navigator}}
{{Fontes biographici}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Reges Francorum}}
{{Principes Lusitanis 1394–1460}}

[[Categoria:Coprincipes Lusitanis]]
[[Categoria:Reges Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1394]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1460]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Jondel</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3974679</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1185" sha1="fruz5vve834fy0z3q5tkije1j3who1j" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Henry the Navigator1.jpg|thumb|Henricus Navigator]]
'''Henricus  Navigator'''(1394–1460),  primus Dux Viseuensis, fuit princeps [[Lusitanus]],&lt;ref&gt;https://www.dictionary.com/browse/henry-the-navigator?q=Henry+the+Navigator Henry_The_Navigator.Dictionary.July.2026&lt;/ref&gt; tertius filius regis Ioannis I Lusitaniae. Gravissimus fuit enim patrocinio initioque [[Aevum Explorationis|Aetatis Inventionis]]. Is adhibendo artificium navis qualis fuit [[Carabella]], direxit progressos explorationarum novarum Africae occidentalis, insularum Oceani Atlantici.&lt;ref&gt;Ivana Elbl, &quot;Man of His Time (and Peers): A New Look at Henry the Navigator.&quot; ''Luso-Brazilian Review'' 28.2 (1991): 73–89.&lt;/ref&gt; Reliquiae eius in Monasterio Batalhae sepultae sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-the-Navigator Britannica.Iulii.2026]&lt;/ref&gt;


== Referentia ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Henricus Navigator|Henricus Navigator}}
{{Fontes biographici}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Reges Francorum}}
{{Principes Lusitanis 1394–1460}}

[[Categoria:Coprincipes Lusitanis]]
[[Categoria:Reges Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1394]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1460]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Jondel</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3974680</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1185" sha1="pnx93n4ucqy9z83e4buegc0wlzb7k3b" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Henry the Navigator1.jpg|thumb|Henricus Navigator]]
'''Henricus  Navigator'''(1394–1460),  primus Dux Viseuensis, fuit princeps [[Lusitanus]],&lt;ref&gt;https://www.dictionary.com/browse/henry-the-navigator?q=Henry+the+Navigator Henry_The_Navigator.Dictionary.July.2026&lt;/ref&gt; tertius filius regis Ioannis I Lusitaniae. Gravissimus fuit enim patrocinio initioque [[Aevum Explorationis|Aetatis Inventionis]]. Is adhibendo artificium navis qualis fuit [[Carabella]], direxit progressos explorationarum novorum Africae occidentalis, insularum Oceani Atlantici.&lt;ref&gt;Ivana Elbl, &quot;Man of His Time (and Peers): A New Look at Henry the Navigator.&quot; ''Luso-Brazilian Review'' 28.2 (1991): 73–89.&lt;/ref&gt; Reliquiae eius in Monasterio Batalhae sepultae sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-the-Navigator Britannica.Iulii.2026]&lt;/ref&gt;


== Referentia ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Henricus Navigator|Henricus Navigator}}
{{Fontes biographici}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Reges Francorum}}
{{Principes Lusitanis 1394–1460}}

[[Categoria:Coprincipes Lusitanis]]
[[Categoria:Reges Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1394]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1460]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-26T07:15:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jondel</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3974681</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1186" sha1="sl7p8q4fzwi2uc120ehf636bnv8f7de" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Henry the Navigator1.jpg|thumb|Henricus Navigator]]
'''Henricus  Navigator'''(1394–1460),  primus Dux Viseuensis, fuit princeps [[Lusitanus]],&lt;ref&gt;https://www.dictionary.com/browse/henry-the-navigator?q=Henry+the+Navigator |Henry_The_Navigator.Dictionary.July.2026&lt;/ref&gt; tertius filius regis Ioannis I Lusitaniae. Gravissimus fuit enim patrocinio initioque [[Aevum Explorationis|Aetatis Inventionis]]. Is adhibendo artificium navis qualis fuit [[Carabella]], direxit progressos explorationarum novorum Africae occidentalis, insularum Oceani Atlantici.&lt;ref&gt;Ivana Elbl, &quot;Man of His Time (and Peers): A New Look at Henry the Navigator.&quot; ''Luso-Brazilian Review'' 28.2 (1991): 73–89.&lt;/ref&gt; Reliquiae eius in Monasterio Batalhae sepultae sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-the-Navigator Britannica.Iulii.2026]&lt;/ref&gt;


== Referentia ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Henricus Navigator|Henricus Navigator}}
{{Fontes biographici}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Reges Francorum}}
{{Principes Lusitanis 1394–1460}}

[[Categoria:Coprincipes Lusitanis]]
[[Categoria:Reges Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1394]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1460]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
      <sha1>sl7p8q4fzwi2uc120ehf636bnv8f7de</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <parentid>3974681</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T07:15:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jondel</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3974682</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1185" sha1="akweacc98lakhk7lh3k1or5fxl2vprk" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Henry the Navigator1.jpg|thumb|Henricus Navigator]]
'''Henricus  Navigator'''(1394–1460),  primus Dux Viseuensis, fuit princeps [[Lusitanus]],&lt;ref&gt;https://www.dictionary.com/browse/henry-the-navigator?q=Henry+the+Navigator|Henry_The_Navigator.Dictionary.July.2026&lt;/ref&gt; tertius filius regis Ioannis I Lusitaniae. Gravissimus fuit enim patrocinio initioque [[Aevum Explorationis|Aetatis Inventionis]]. Is adhibendo artificium navis qualis fuit [[Carabella]], direxit progressos explorationarum novorum Africae occidentalis, insularum Oceani Atlantici.&lt;ref&gt;Ivana Elbl, &quot;Man of His Time (and Peers): A New Look at Henry the Navigator.&quot; ''Luso-Brazilian Review'' 28.2 (1991): 73–89.&lt;/ref&gt; Reliquiae eius in Monasterio Batalhae sepultae sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-the-Navigator Britannica.Iulii.2026]&lt;/ref&gt;


== Referentia ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Henricus Navigator|Henricus Navigator}}
{{Fontes biographici}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Reges Francorum}}
{{Principes Lusitanis 1394–1460}}

[[Categoria:Coprincipes Lusitanis]]
[[Categoria:Reges Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1394]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1460]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
      <sha1>akweacc98lakhk7lh3k1or5fxl2vprk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974683</id>
      <parentid>3974682</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T07:15:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jondel</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3974683</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1187" sha1="54m6qo6qxipbj6styzwiru4ou936hga" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Henry the Navigator1.jpg|thumb|Henricus Navigator]]
'''Henricus  Navigator'''(1394–1460),  primus Dux Viseuensis, fuit princeps [[Lusitanus]],&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dictionary.com/browse/henry-the-navigator?q=Henry+the+Navigator|Henry_The_Navigator.Dictionary.July.2026]&lt;/ref&gt; tertius filius regis Ioannis I Lusitaniae. Gravissimus fuit enim patrocinio initioque [[Aevum Explorationis|Aetatis Inventionis]]. Is adhibendo artificium navis qualis fuit [[Carabella]], direxit progressos explorationarum novorum Africae occidentalis, insularum Oceani Atlantici.&lt;ref&gt;Ivana Elbl, &quot;Man of His Time (and Peers): A New Look at Henry the Navigator.&quot; ''Luso-Brazilian Review'' 28.2 (1991): 73–89.&lt;/ref&gt; Reliquiae eius in Monasterio Batalhae sepultae sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-the-Navigator Britannica.Iulii.2026]&lt;/ref&gt;


== Referentia ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Henricus Navigator|Henricus Navigator}}
{{Fontes biographici}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Reges Francorum}}
{{Principes Lusitanis 1394–1460}}

[[Categoria:Coprincipes Lusitanis]]
[[Categoria:Reges Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1394]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1460]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3974684</id>
      <parentid>3974683</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T07:16:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jondel</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3974684</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1189" sha1="9b0qcn98gdiru55n39mhf73hxkiljjn" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Henry the Navigator1.jpg|thumb|Henricus Navigator]]
'''Henricus  Navigator'''(1394–1460),  primus Dux Viseuensis, fuit princeps [[Lusitanus]],&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dictionary.com/browse/henry-the-navigator?q=Henry+the+Navigator Henry_The_Navigator.Dictionary.Iulius.2026]&lt;/ref&gt; tertius filius regis Ioannis I Lusitaniae. Gravissimus fuit enim patrocinio initioque [[Aevum Explorationis|Aetatis Inventionis]]. Is adhibendo artificium navis qualis fuit [[Carabella]], direxit progressos explorationarum novorum Africae occidentalis, insularum Oceani Atlantici.&lt;ref&gt;Ivana Elbl, &quot;Man of His Time (and Peers): A New Look at Henry the Navigator.&quot; ''Luso-Brazilian Review'' 28.2 (1991): 73–89.&lt;/ref&gt; Reliquiae eius in Monasterio Batalhae sepultae sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-the-Navigator Britannica.Iulii.2026]&lt;/ref&gt;


== Referentia ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Henricus Navigator|Henricus Navigator}}
{{Fontes biographici}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Reges Francorum}}
{{Principes Lusitanis 1394–1460}}

[[Categoria:Coprincipes Lusitanis]]
[[Categoria:Reges Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1394]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1460]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3974685</id>
      <parentid>3974684</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Jondel</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3974685</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1190" sha1="22sfusgoot792rkknghi0rfuj7vidxd" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Henry the Navigator1.jpg|thumb|Henricus Navigator]]
'''Henricus  Navigator'''(1394–1460),  primus Dux Viseuensis, fuit princeps [[Lusitanus]],&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dictionary.com/browse/henry-the-navigator?q=Henry+the+Navigator Henry_The_Navigator.Dictionary.Iulius.2026]&lt;/ref&gt; tertius filius regis Ioannis I Lusitaniae. Gravissimus fuit enim patrocinio initioque [[Aevum Explorationis|Aetatis Inventionis]]. Is adhibendo artificium navis qualis fuit [[Carabella]], direxit progressos explorationarum novorum Africae occidentalis, insularum Oceani Atlantici.&lt;ref&gt;Ivana Elbl, &quot;Man of His Time (and Peers): A New Look at Henry the Navigator.&quot; ''Luso-Brazilian Review'' 28.2 (1991): 73–89.&lt;/ref&gt; Reliquiae eius in Monasterio Batalhae sepultae sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-the-Navigator Britannica.Iulius.2026]&lt;/ref&gt;


== Referentia ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Henricus Navigator|Henricus Navigator}}
{{Fontes biographici}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Reges Francorum}}
{{Principes Lusitanis 1394–1460}}

[[Categoria:Coprincipes Lusitanis]]
[[Categoria:Reges Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1394]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1460]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3974686</id>
      <parentid>3974685</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T07:18:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jondel</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3974686</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1196" sha1="h1ib0r0fwirf4gksdjfyqqmhfzeetmw" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Henry the Navigator1.jpg|thumb|Henricus Navigator]]
'''Henricus  Navigator'''(1394–1460),  primus Dux Viseuensis, fuit princeps [[Lusitanus]],&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dictionary.com/browse/henry-the-navigator?q=Henry+the+Navigator Henry_The_Navigator.Dictionary.Iulius.2026]&lt;/ref&gt; tertius filius regis Ioannis I Lusitaniae. Gravissimus fuit enim patrocinio initioque [[Aevum Explorationis|Aetatis Inventionis]]. Is adhibendo artificium navis qualis fuit [[Carabella]] direxit progressos explorationarum novorum Africae occidentalis, insularum Oceani Atlantici.&lt;ref&gt;Ivana Elbl, &quot;Man of His Time (and Peers): A New Look at Henry the Navigator.&quot; ''Luso-Brazilian Review'' 28.2 (1991): 73–89.&lt;/ref&gt; Reliquiae eius in Monasterio Batalhae sepultae sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-the-Navigator Britannica.Iulius.2026]&lt;/ref&gt;


== Referentia ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Henricus Navigator|Henricus Navigator}}
{{Fontes biographici}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Reges Francorum}}
{{Principes Lusitanis 1394–1460}}

[[Categoria:Coprincipes Lusitanis]]&lt;!--
[[Categoria:Reges Franciae]]--&gt;
[[Categoria:Nati 1394]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1460]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3974687</id>
      <parentid>3974686</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T07:20:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jondel</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3974687</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1232" sha1="ldd5h9vdgxief73y8gwr9arddq28ftr" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Henry the Navigator1.jpg|thumb|Henricus Navigator]]
'''Henricus  Navigator'''(1394–1460),  primus Dux Viseuensis, fuit princeps [[Lusitanus]],&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dictionary.com/browse/henry-the-navigator?q=Henry+the+Navigator Henry_The_Navigator.Dictionary.Iulius.2026]&lt;/ref&gt; tertius filius regis Ioannis I Lusitaniae. Gravissimus fuit enim patrocinio initioque [[Aevum Explorationis|Aetatis Inventionis]]. Is adhibendo artificium navis qualis fuit [[Carabella]] direxit progressos explorationarum novorum Africae occidentalis, insularum Oceani Atlantici.&lt;ref&gt;Ivana Elbl, &quot;Man of His Time (and Peers): A New Look at Henry the Navigator.&quot; ''Luso-Brazilian Review'' 28.2 (1991): 73–89.&lt;/ref&gt; Reliquiae eius in Monasterio Batalhae sepultae sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-the-Navigator Britannica.Iulius.2026]&lt;/ref&gt;


== Referentia ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Henricus Navigator|Henricus Navigator}}
{{Fontes biographici}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Reges Francorum}}
{{Principes Lusitanis 1394–1460}}

[[Categoria:Coprincipes Lusitanis]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Portugalliae]]
[[Categoria:Historia Portugalliae]]

[[Categoria:Nati 1394]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1460]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3974688</origin>
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'''Henricus  Navigator'''(1394–1460),  primus Dux Viseuensis, fuit princeps [[Lusitanus]],&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dictionary.com/browse/henry-the-navigator?q=Henry+the+Navigator Henry_The_Navigator.Dictionary.Iulius.2026]&lt;/ref&gt; tertius filius regis Ioannis I Lusitaniae. Gravissimus fuit patrocinio initioque [[Aevum Explorationis|Aetatis Inventionis]]. Is adhibendo artificium navis qualis fuit [[Carabella]] direxit progressos explorationarum novorum Africae occidentalis, insularum Oceani Atlantici.&lt;ref&gt;Ivana Elbl, &quot;Man of His Time (and Peers): A New Look at Henry the Navigator.&quot; ''Luso-Brazilian Review'' 28.2 (1991): 73–89.&lt;/ref&gt; Reliquiae eius in Monasterio Batalhae sepultae sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-the-Navigator Britannica.Iulius.2026]&lt;/ref&gt;


== Referentia ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Henricus Navigator|Henricus Navigator}}
{{Fontes biographici}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Reges Francorum}}
{{Principes Lusitanis 1394–1460}}

[[Categoria:Coprincipes Lusitanis]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Portugalliae]]
[[Categoria:Historia Portugalliae]]

[[Categoria:Nati 1394]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1460]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3974689</id>
      <parentid>3974688</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T07:32:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jondel</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <text bytes="1260" sha1="2eym8ddn0o9ed847q7r60xkr3lrs54m" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Henry the Navigator1.jpg|thumb|Henricus Navigator]]
'''Henricus  Navigator'''(1394–1460),  primus Dux Viseuensis, fuit princeps [[Lusitanus]],&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dictionary.com/browse/henry-the-navigator?q=Henry+the+Navigator Henry_The_Navigator.Dictionary.Iulius.2026]&lt;/ref&gt; tertius filius regis [[Ioannes I (rex Portugalliae)|Ioannis I Lusitaniae]]. Gravissimus fuit patrocinio initioque [[Aevum Explorationis|Aetatis Inventionis]]. Is adhibendo artificium navis qualis fuit [[Carabella]] direxit progressos explorationarum novorum Africae occidentalis, insularum Oceani Atlantici.&lt;ref&gt;Ivana Elbl, &quot;Man of His Time (and Peers): A New Look at Henry the Navigator.&quot; ''Luso-Brazilian Review'' 28.2 (1991): 73–89.&lt;/ref&gt; Reliquiae eius in Monasterio Batalhae sepultae sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-the-Navigator Britannica.Iulius.2026]&lt;/ref&gt;


== Referentia ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Henricus Navigator|Henricus Navigator}}
{{Fontes biographici}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Reges Francorum}}
{{Principes Lusitanis 1394–1460}}

[[Categoria:Coprincipes Lusitanis]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Portugalliae]]
[[Categoria:Historia Portugalliae]]

[[Categoria:Nati 1394]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1460]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3974690</id>
      <parentid>3974689</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T07:37:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jondel</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3974690</origin>
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      <text bytes="1248" sha1="5cp92lmxx0ji679k9072vaox20iej4m" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Henry the Navigator1.jpg|thumb|Henricus Navigator]]
'''Henricus  Navigator'''(1394–1460),  primus Dux Viseuensis, fuit princeps [[Lusitanus]],&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dictionary.com/browse/henry-the-navigator?q=Henry+the+Navigator Henry_The_Navigator.Dictionary.Iulius.2026]&lt;/ref&gt; tertius filius regis [[Ioannes I (rex Portugalliae)|Ioannis I Lusitaniae]]. Gravissimus fuit patrocinio initioque [[Aevum Explorationis|Aetatis Inventionis]]. Is adhibendo artificium navis [[Carabella]] direxit progressos explorationarum novorum Africae occidentalis, insularum Oceani Atlantici.&lt;ref&gt;Ivana Elbl, &quot;Man of His Time (and Peers): A New Look at Henry the Navigator.&quot; ''Luso-Brazilian Review'' 28.2 (1991): 73–89.&lt;/ref&gt; Reliquiae eius in Monasterio Batalhae sepultae sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-the-Navigator Britannica.Iulius.2026]&lt;/ref&gt;


== Referentia ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Henricus Navigator|Henricus Navigator}}
{{Fontes biographici}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Reges Francorum}}
{{Principes Lusitanis 1394–1460}}

[[Categoria:Coprincipes Lusitanis]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Portugalliae]]
[[Categoria:Historia Portugalliae]]

[[Categoria:Nati 1394]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1460]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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