Urbs Fluminensis

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      <text bytes="3316" sha1="qjjrg179h4xqafd20pwtxbufp0plau4" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
'''Urbs Fluminensis'''&lt;ref&gt;Vide disputationem nostram: &quot;Institutum historico geographicum in urbe fluminensi conditum die XXI octobris A.D. MDCCCXXXVIII&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; sive '''urbs Rivi Ianuarii'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Palaestra&quot;&gt;&quot;Rivi Ianuarii Urbs&quot;: ''Resumen de gramática latina. Apéndice al diccionario ilustrado latino-español español-latino''. Palaestra Latina. Pagina 59.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sebastianopolis, alio nomine Fluvius Januarius&quot;: José Rodrigues de Mello, ''De rebus rusticis Brasilicis carminum libri quatuor'' (Olysipone: ex typographia patriarchali Joannis Procopii Correae Silvii, 1798) [https://archive.org/details/josephrodericiim00mell/page/28/mode/2up p. 29 nota c]&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Lusitanice]]: ''Rio de Janeiro''; scl. ''Flumen Ianuarium''), urbs quam condidit [[Statius Saa|Statius de Sala]], fuit alterum caput Brasiliae post [[Soteropolis (Brasilia)|Soteropolim]]. 

{{charta locatrix 
|Brasiliae
|label=Urbs Fluminensis
|lat_deg =-22 |lat_min = -54
|lon_deg =-43  | lon_min =-11
|position=left
|background = 
|width=250
|float=right
|caption= Urbis collocatio in Brasilia
}}
== Historia ==
Urbs anno [[1565]] a [[Statius de Sá|Statio de Sá]] milite [[Lusitania|Lusitanico]] condita est.
[[Olisipo]]ne a Gallis capta, anno [[1808]], familia regia relinquit [[Lusitania]]m, petit Brasiliam et in urbe Flumine Ianuario domicilium collocat. [[13 Septembris]], anno [[1822]], [[Petrus I (imperator Brasiliae)|Petrus I]], qui perpetuum Brasiliae defensorem sese appellavit, coram Lusitaniae proceribus libertatem Brasiliae indixit et urbem Flumen Ianuarium in caput totius Imperii evexit. Anno [[1889]], deposito imperii regimine, Flumen Ianuarium factum est caput Reipublicae.

Anno [[1920]], [[Universitas Foederalis Fluminis Ianuarii]] condita est.

Anno [[1960]], post conditam [[Brasilia (urbs)|urbem Brasiliam]] Flumen Ianuarium statum capitis amisit, sed est caput provinciae [[Flumen Ianuarii|Fluminis Ianuarii]]. Praeterea, sive in litore sive in saltibus sive in aedibus servat eximiam pulchritudinem omnibus carissimam.

100 km ad septentrionem urbis, patet pulchra urbs [[Caput Frigidum|Capitis Frigidi]]

== Incolae notae ==
* [[1938]]-[[2022]]: [[Iosephus Eugenius Soares|Jô Soares]], moderator [[televisio]]nis et actor humoristicus
* [[1942]]-[[1995]]: [[Agepê]], cantor et musicographus
* [[1946]]: [[Beth Carvalho]], cantrix
* [[1947]]: [[Paulus Coelho]], scriptor poetaque
* [[1959]]: [[Zeca Pagodinho]], cantor
* [[1979]]: [[Morena Baccarin]], actrix

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Leblon and Ipanema.jpg|Despectus e mare in Urbem Fluminensem
Imago:Rio_de_Janeiro-Ipanema_Beach.jpg|Litus Ipanemae
&lt;/gallery&gt;
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Redentor.jpg|Monumentum [[Christus Redemptor|Christi Redemptoris]], imago urbis
Imago:Rio_deJaneiro_LE2002059_lrg.jpg|Despectus e satellite
&lt;/gallery&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Copacabana]]

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Rio de Janeiro|urbem Fluminensem}}
{{Fontes geographici}}
{{Coord|22|54|30|S|43|11|47|W|display=title}}

{{Urbes Americae Australis maximae}}
{{Praefecti urbi Fluminensi}}

{{1000 paginae}}
{{Myrias|Geographia}}

[[Categoria:Condita 1565]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati Civitatis Fluminensis]]
[[Categoria:Urbs Fluminensis|!]]
[[Categoria:Urbes milies milium incolarum]]</text>
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{{Decennium|203|MMXXVI}}

== Eventa ==
* 1 Ianuarii: [[Bulgaria]] [[euro]]nem [[moneta]]m induxit.
* 3 Ianuarii: [[Nicolaus Maduro]] [[Venetiola]]e praeses a [[miles|militibus]] [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum]] raptus est; [[Caracae]] multis ictibus affliguntur.
* 6 Ianuarii: [[Leo XIV|Leo papa XIV]] [[Iubilaeum anni 2025]] claudit.
* 7 Ianuarii: Necatio {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Renatae Good||en|qid=Q137723290}} inter Operationem &quot;Metro Surge&quot; ad protestationes [[Minneapolis]] excitat.
* 15 Ianuarii: [[Vicipaedia]], anno 2001 a [[Iacobus Wales|Iacobo Wales]] et [[Laurentius Sanger|Laurentio Sanger]] condita, annum vicesimum quintum celebrat.
* 22 Ianuarii: [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] ab [[Ordo mundi sanitarius|Ordine Mundi Sanitarii]] se recedunt.
* 28 Ianuarii: [[Sarah Mullally]] prima femina fit quae [[Ecclesia Anglicana|Ecclesiae Anglicanae]] praeest.
* 30 Ianuarii: Tria miliones paginarum ad acta [[Galfridus Epstein|Epstein]] pertinentium publicantur, multae personae publicae clarissimae toto orbe terrarum commemorantur.
* 2–6 Februarii: [[Curdistania Syriaca|Curdistaniam Syriacam]] [[Ahmedus Husainus al-Shara|rectio Damasci nova]] sibi adiungit.
* 6 Februarii: [[Olympia hiemalia 2026|Olympia hiemalia]] in [[Italia]] simul [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]], [[Cortina Ampecanorum|Cortinae Ampecanorum]], [[Pralatium|Pralatii]], [[Livignum|Livigni]] et [[Resinae|Ante Silvam]] patefiunt.
* 21 Februarii: Bellum inter [[Afghania]] et [[Pakistania]] erumpit.
* 28 Februarii: Civitas [[Israël]] et [[Civitates Foederatae]] impetum in [[Irania]]m faciunt, impetum praeemptivum appellantes.
* 1 Martii: Irania [[Fretum Ormusense]] commeatui maritimo claudit.
* 8 Martii: [[Mojtaba Khamenei|Mojtaba Husainus Khamenei]], [[Ali Khamenei|Alii]] necati filius, magnus dux [[Irania]]e eligitur.
* 31 Martii: In [[Mongolia]], {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Uchral Nyam-Osor||en|qid=Q110962738}}, post abdicationem Gombojavyn Zandanshatar, primus minister iurat.
* 6 Aprilis: [[Programma Artemis|Artemis II]] cum quattuor astronautis Lunam circumvolat  et 11 Aprilis feliciter in Tellurem revertitur.
* 9 Aprilis: [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitates Foederatae]] et [[Irania]] indutiis pactionem faciunt, colloquiisque ut discrimen inter se componant.
* 26 Aprilis: [[Sebastianus Sawe]] Londinii primus homo [[Cursus Marathonius|cursum Marathonium]] minore tempore quam duabus horis perficit.
* 3 Maii: Epidemia [[hantaviridae|hantavirus]] [[Andes|Andini]] ad [[quadragena]]m [[navis]] vectoriae ''Hondius'' ducit, tres mortui.
* 16 Maii: Epidemia [[ebolavirus]] Bundibugyoensis in [[Res publica democratica Congensis|Re publica democratica Congolensi]] declaratur. Contra hunc typum neque cura neque vaccinatio nota est.
* 23 Maii: Protestationes in [[Albania]], quae &quot;Revolutio Phoenicopterorum&quot; appellantur.
* 25 Maii: ''[[Magnifica humanitas]]'', epistola encyclica [[Leo XIV|Leonis XIV]] prima, editur.
* 12 Iunii: [[Elon Musk]] primus fit, qui {{num|1000000000000}} [[dollarium Civitatum Foederatarum|dollariorum Americanorum]] accumulaverit.
* 22 Iunii: [[Keir Starmer]] se ab officio primi ministri [[Britanniarum regnum|Britanniarum regni]] abdicaturum nuntiat.
* 24 Iunii: [[Terrae motus]] maior magnitudinis 7.5 in Venetiola complura milia hominum necat multaque aedificia concidit.
* 1 Iulii: [[Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Pii X]] [[Esquinia]]e quattuor [[episcopus|episcopos]] novos sine mandato [[papa]]li consecrat. [[Leo XIV]] papa totam societatem [[excommunicatio|excommunicat]].
* 3 Iulii: [[Keiko Fujimori]] prima muliebris praeses civitatis [[Peruvia|Peruviae]] eligitur.
* 19 Iulii: [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Hispanica]] vincit [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (2026)|certamen mundanum pediludii]]. [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Argentina|Argentina]] secunda et [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Anglica|Anglia]] tertia sunt.
* 20 Iulii: [[Carolus III (rex Britanniarum)|Carolus III]] rex [[Andreas Burnham|Andream Burnham]] primum ministrum [[Britanniarum regnum|Britanniarum regni]] constituit.
* 26 Iulii: [[Thaddaeus Pogačar]], birotarius [[Slovenia|Slovenicus]], quintum [[Circuitus Franciae|Circuitum Franciae]] vincit.
* 30 Iulii: Sexaginta milia [[migratio|migrantium]] [[Septa]]m e [[Marocum|Maroco]] intrant, 83 moriuntur, plerique remittuntur.

== Nati ==
{{Nati desiderati}}

== Mortui ==
* [[8 Ianuarii]]: [[Ludovicus E. Brus]], chimicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1943]].
* [[10 Ianuarii]]: [[Ericus de Däniken]], scriptor [[Helvetia|Helvetiae]]; natus est anno [[1935]].
* [[13 Ianuarii]]: [[Georgius Basiliu]], politicus [[Cyprus|Cypri]]; natus est anno [[1931]].
* [[16 Ianuarii]]: [[Ludovica Diogo]], politica [[Mozambicum|Mozambici]]; nata est anno [[1958]].
* [[24 Ianuarii]]
** [[David Abulafia]], historicus [[Britanniarum regnum|Britannicus]]; natus est anno [[1949]].
** [[Gulielmus Foege]], [[medicus]] et [[epidemiologia|epidemiologus]] [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1936]].
* [[25 Ianuarii]]: [[Yi Haechan]], politicus [[Res publica Coreana|Rei publicae Coreanae]]; natus est anno [[1952]].
* [[26 Ianuarii]]: [[Sia Figiel]], poeta, scriptrix, et pictrix [[Samoa]]na; nata est anno [[1967]].
* [[1 Februarii]]: [[Rita Süssmuth]], politica [[Germania|Germanica]]; nata est anno [[1937]].
* [[11 Februarii]]: [[Iacobus van der Beek]], actor [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1977]].
* [[15 Februarii]]: [[Robertus Duvall]], actor et moderator cinematographicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1931]].
* [[19 Februarii]]: [[Polycarpus Pengo]], archiepiscopus [[Tanzania|Tanzanicus]]; natus est anno [[1944]].
* [[28 Februarii]]: [[Ali Khamenei]], magnus dux [[Irania]]e, ab [[Israel]]e occiditur; natus est anno [[1939]].
* [[1 Martii]]: [[David Oddi filius]], politicus [[Islandia|Islandicus]]; natus est anno [[1948]].
* [[5 Martii]]: [[Antonius Lobo Antunes]], scriptor et psychologus [[Portugallia|Lusitanus]]; natus est anno [[1942]].
* [[8 Martii]]: [[Antonius Iacobus Leggett]], physicus [[Regnum Britanniarum|Britannicus]]; natus est anno [[1936]].
* [[12 Martii]]: [[Ioachimus Wanke]], episcopus [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1941]].
* [[14 Martii]]: 
**[[Georgius Habermas]], philosophus continentalis et sociologus [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1929]].
**[[Christophorus A. Sims]], oeconomiae peritus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1942]].
* [[17 Martii]]: [[Ilia II]], patriarcha Ecclesiae Orthodoxae Georgianae [[Russia|Russicus]]; natus est anno [[1933]]. 
* [[19 Martii]]:
** [[Humbertus Bossi]], politicus [[Italia|Italianus]]; natus est anno 1941.
** [[Carolus Norris]], artifex martialis [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1940]].
* [[22 Martii]]: [[Leonillus Jospin]], politicus [[Francia|Francicus]]; natus est anno [[1937]].
* [[6 Aprilis]]: [[Christianus Schwarz-Schilling]], politicus [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1930]].
* [[7 Aprilis]]: [[Iacobus Whittaker]], alpinista [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1929]].
* [[8 Aprilis]]: [[Carolus Delhez]], presbyter et sociologicus [[Belgica|Belgicus]]; natus est anno [[1951]].
* [[9 Aprilis]]: {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Björgvin Halldórsson||en|qid=Q879495}}, musicus [[Islandia|Islandicus]]; natus est anno [[1951]].
* [[19 Aprilis]]: [[Desmond Morris|Desmondus Morris]], zoologus ethologusque Anglicus; natus est anno [[1928]].
* [[24 Aprilis]]: [[Sophia Zdybicka]], philosopha et monacha [[Polonia|Polonica]]; nata est anno [[1928]].
* [[6 Maii]]: [[Theodorus Turner]], vir negotii et philanthropus Americanus; natus est anno 1938.
* [[25 Maii]]: [[Sonny Rollins]], saxophonista iazensis Americanus; natus est anno 1930.
* [[29 Maii]]: {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Bryan Bergougnoux||en|qid=Q936402}}, lusor harpastum Gallicus; nata est anno [[1983]].
* [[6 Iunii]]: [[Osorius Citora Afonso]], episcopus necatus [[Mozambicum|Mozambicus]]; natus est anno [[1972]].
* [[14 Iunii]]: [[Oliverius Tree]], cantor histrioque [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1993]].
* [[16 Iunii]]: [[Camillus Ruini]], cardinalis [[Italia|Italicus]]; natus est anno [[1931]].
* [[21 Iunii]]: [[Franciscus Guterres]], politicus [[Timora Orientalis|Timoracus]]; natus est anno [[1954]].
* [[22 Iunii]]: [[Alanus Greenspan]], pristinus praeses [[Systema aerarium foederale|systematis aerarii foederalis Americae]]; natus est anno [[1926]].
* [[8 Iulii]]: [[Anna Widdecombe]], politica Britannica; nata est anno [[1947]].
* [[11 Iulii]]: [[Lindsey Graham]], politicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1955]].
* [[14 Iulii]]: [[Ioannes Michael Maitzen]], astronomus [[Austria]]cus; natus est anno [[1943]].
* [[29 Iulii]]: [[Harrius Mitchell]], politicus Americanus; natus est anno [[1940]].
* [[31 Iulii]]: [[Francus Baresi]] pedilusor Italicus; natus est anno [[1960]].</text>
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    <title>Maximinus Daia</title>
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      <text bytes="3333" sha1="rmy9cwtec3k79rk0nqq2uz95twj1wos" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Maximinus2.jpg|thumb|250 px|[[Follis]] Maximini Daiae]]
{{videdis|Maximinus (discretiva)}}
'''Gaius Galerius Maximinus Daia''' (natus in [[Dacia]] [[20 Novembris]] circa annum [[275]], mortuus anno [[313]]) imperator Romanus fuit. 

==Iuventus==
Maximinus miles erat et scutarius, protector atque tribunus militum militavit.

==Familia==
Filius sororis [[Galerius|Galerii]] ignoti nominis erat. Uxorem duxit ignoti nominis, habuit ex ea filium Maximum (natum 305) et filiam (natam 306).

==Caesar et Augustus==
[[1 Maii]] [[305]], cum [[Diocletianus]] se imperio abdicavit, Maximinus ''Caesar'' Orientis factus est, dum eius patruus [[Galerius]] cum [[Constantius Chlorus|Constantio I]] Augustus erat. [[1 Maii]] [[310]] ad honorem'' Augusti'' sublatus est. Anno [[312]] in [[Armenia]] contra Persas certavit atque Persicus appellatus est. [[30 Aprilis]] [[313]] bello civili a [[Licinius|Licinio]] apud [[Adrianopolis|Adrianopolin]] victus est, [[Tarsus (urbs)|Tarsum]] fugit atque inter [[23 Iulii]] et [[13 Septembris]] mortem sibi dedit&lt;ref&gt;Dietmar Kienast, Römische Kaisertabelle, Darmstadii 1999, p. 288/89&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Persecutor Christianorum==
Traditum est Maximinum Daiam tyrannum fuisse et multos [[Christiani|Christianos]] necatos esse ab illo.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Tetrarchia]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{Communia|Maximinus II|Maximinus Daia}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060104140116/http://www.roman-emperors.org/daia.htm De Maximino Daia] in &quot;''De Imperatoribus Romanis''&quot; (pagina a Michael DiMaio, Jr. [[Anglice]] scripta )

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;


{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=  [[Constantius Chlorus|Imp. Caesar Flavius Valerius Constantius Augustus]] VI et [[Galerius|Imp. Caesar Galerius Valerius Maximianus Augustus]] VI|
annus= 307&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Flavius Valerius Severus|Imp. Caesare Flavio Valerio Severo Augusto]]|
successores= [[Diocletianus|Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus Augustus]] X et [[Galerius|Imp. Caesar Galerius Valerius Maximianus Augustus]] VII 
*Romae: [[Maxentius|Imp. Caesar Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius Augustus]] et [[Marcus Valerius Romulus]]}}
{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores= *Romae: [[Maxentius|Imp. Caesar Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius Augustus]] III 
*in oriente: [[Tatius Andronicus]] et [[Pompeius Probus]]
*in occidente: 	''II post consulatum DD.NN. Diocletiani X et Maximiani Augusti VII''|
annus= 311&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Galerius|Imp. Caesare Gaio Galerio Valerio Maximiano Augusto]] VIII|
successores= *[[Constantinus I|Imp. Caesar Flavius Valerius Constantinus Augustus]] II et [[Licinius|Imp. Caesar Valerius Licinianus Licinius Augustus]] II 
*Romae: [[Maxentius|Imp. Caesar Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius Augustus]] IV}}
{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores= *[[Constantinus I|Imp. Caesar Flavius Valerius Constantinus Augustus]] II et [[Licinius|Imp. Caesar Valerius Licinianus Licinius Augustus]] II 
*Romae: [[Maxentius|Imp. Caesar Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius Augustus]] IV|
annus= 313&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt; [[Constantinus I|Imp. Caesare Flavio Valerio Constantino Augusto]] III|
successores=
[[Gaius Ceionius Rufius Volusianus]] II et [[Petronius Annianus]]}}

{{Imperatores Romani}}

[[Categoria:Imperatores Romani]]
[[Categoria:Nati 275]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 313]]</text>
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  <page>
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      <text bytes="1502" sha1="aowdrhj5tl2trxsgi1l00lwycm0b8rd" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Perl-logo.svg|thumb|upright=0.6|[[Logotypus]] linguae Perl.]]

'''Perl''' est [[lingua programmationis]] [[libera programmatura|libera]], quae ex [[C (lingua programmationis)|C]] a [[Laurentius Wall|Laurentio Wall]] primum die [[18 Decembris]] [[1987]] excogitata est. Nomen ipsum contractio [[Anglice|Anglica]] est [[vocabulum|verborum]] ''practical extract and report language'' (vel iocose ''Pathologically Eclectic Rubbish Lister''). 

==Salve, munde==
Hoc exemplum monstrat [[programma computatrale|programma]] minimum, quod &quot;Salve, munde!&quot; in [[monitrum]] emittit.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;perl&quot;&gt;
#!/usr/bin/perl
print &quot;Salve, munde!\n&quot;;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[C (lingua programmationis)|C]]
* [[C++]]
* [[PHP]]
* [[Python (lingua programmationis)|Python]]
* [[Tcl]]
* [[Unix]]

==Nexus externi==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060511171121/http://www.activestate.com/Products/Download/Download.plex?id=ActivePerl ActivePerl,] activestate.com
* [http://search.cpan.org CPAN,] search.cpan.org
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060528085836/http://search.cpan.org/~dconway/Lingua-Romana-Perligata-0.50/lib/Lingua/Romana/Perligata.pm Lingua::Romana::Perligata,] search.cpan.org
* [http://perl.com Situs publicus,] perl.com
* [http://perl.org Situs publicus,] perl.org
* [http://search.cpan.org/~markj/ WWW::Mediawiki::Client,] search.cpan.org

{{info-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Linguae programmationis]]
[[Categoria:Incepta 1987]]
[[Categoria:Inventiones Civitatum Foederatarum]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Septimius Severus</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Septimius Severus busto-Musei Capitolini.jpg|thumb|Imperator Septimius Severus]]'''Lucius Septimius Severus''', [[Imperator Romanus|imperatorum Romanorum]] ille primus [[Gens Septimia|gentis Septimiae]], die [[11 Aprilis]] [[145]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Cassius Dio]], ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historia Romana]]'' 76.17.4. Secundum ''[[Historia Augusta|Historiam Augustam]]'' (&quot;Severus&quot; 1) anno [[146]] natus est. Vide J. Guey in ''Bulletin de la Société Nationale des Antiquaires de France'' (1956) p. 33.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Lepcis Magna|Lepce Magna]] natus est. E familia equitum Romanorum ortus&lt;ref&gt;Si ''Historia Augusta'' (&quot;Severus&quot; 1) credimus.&lt;/ref&gt; (cuius originem ulteriorem nescimus) fuit filius [[Publius Septimius Geta|P. Septimii Getae]] et [[Fulvia Pia|Fulviae Piae]], frater autem minor natu [[Publius Septimius Geta (consul 203)|P. Septimii Getae]] qui consul fuit anno [[203]].

L. Septimius Severus anno 172 quaestor in [[Corsica et Sardinia|Sardinia]] fuit, anno 173-174 legatus provinciae Africae, 174 [[tribunus plebis]], 178 [[praetor]], 182-183 legatus [[Legio IIII Scythica|legionis IV Scythicae]] in Syria, circa annum 186 [[consul]],&lt;ref&gt;Cassius Dio, ''Historia Romana'' 73.12.&lt;/ref&gt; 186-189 legatus Augusti pro praetore [[Gallia Lugdunensis|Galliae Lugdunensis]]. Anno 187 Septimius Severus [[Iulia Domna|Iuliam Domnam]] in matrimonium duxit, anno sequente [[Caracalla]] natus est, anno 189 [[Geta]] frater eius. Anno 190 consul suffectus erat. Anno 191 [[Commodus]] legionum imperium Severo in [[Pannonia]] superiore dedit.&lt;ref&gt;Cassius Dio, ''Historia Romana'' 74.14.3.&lt;/ref&gt; Post [[Pertinax|Pertinacis]] caedem in 193, hae [[Legio|legiones]] eum [[Carnuntum|Carnunto]] [[imperator]]em esse proclamaverunt. Postea ad [[Italia]]m progressus est insidiendi causa [[Roma]]m sine praesidio. Dum [[Pescennius Niger]] proclamatus est a legionibus Syriacis, in [[Britannia (provincia Romana)|Britannia]] [[Clodius Albinus]] imperator se proclamavit; cui Severus pro tempore titulum &quot;Caesaris&quot; obtulit. Anno [[194]] Pescennium apud [[Proelium apud Issum (194)|Issum]] debellavit,&lt;ref&gt;Cassius Dio, ''Historia Romana'' 75.6-8.&lt;/ref&gt; anno [[197]] Albinum apud [[Proelium apud Lugdunum (197)|Lugdunum]];&lt;ref&gt;Cassius Dio, ''Historia Romana'' 76.6-7.&lt;/ref&gt; ita imperii unitatem restituit.

[[Fasciculus:Aureus Septimius Severus-193-leg XIIII GMV.jpg|thumb|left|[[Aureus]] Septimii Severi anno [[193]] factus [[Legio XIV Gemina|legionem XIIII Geminam Martiam Victricem]] commemorat]]
Cum dux esset, in bello adversus [[Parthia|Parthos]] vicit. Propter has victorias, pars [[Mesopotamia]]e septentrionalis denuo in imperium Romanorum inivit. Milites sui [[Ctesiphon]]tis urbem diripuerunt et cives, qui vivi superfuerunt, velut servi venditi sunt.

Rerum gestarum scriptor [[Cassius Dio]], qui ipse ominibus valde credidit et de eis rebus scripserat,&lt;ref&gt;Cassius Dio, ''Historia Romana'' 73.23, 74.14.4-5.&lt;/ref&gt; Severum asseverat multa de vita sua et de re publica a somniis et stellarum coniunctionibus diiudicare.&lt;ref&gt;Cassius Dio, ''Historia Romana'' 73.23 et passim.&lt;/ref&gt;

In postremis annis, Septimius Severus contra barbaros, quod oppugnationibus eorum imperii unitas periclitabatur, pugnavit. Maximum periculum in Britannia erat. Ideo [[Hadrianus|Hadriani]] vallum renovatus est. Septimius Severus [[4 Februarii]] [[211]] mortuus est [[Eboracum|Eboraci]]. Post mortem suam, Divus factus est a Senatu. Hereditatem eius filiis [[Geta]]e [[Caracalla]]eque dedit. Paulo post Geta necatus est a fratre suo.

== Opera ==
* ''[[De vita sua (Septimius Severus)|De vita sua]]''&lt;ref&gt;Cassius Dio, ''Historia Romana'' 76.7.3.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fontes de vita et principatu Septimii Severi ==
* [[Aurelius Victor]], ''[[De Caesaribus (Victor)|De Caesaribus]]'' 20
* [[Cassius Dio]], ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historia Romana]]'' liber 74.11-17 cum libris 75-77 (quae pars  operis deperdita quidem est sed ''Epitome'' a monacho Byzantino [[Iohannes Xiphilinus|Xiphilino]] facta exstat)
* ''[[Epitome de Caesaribus]]'' 20
* [[Herodianus]], ''[[Ab excessu Divi Marci]]'' liber 2.9-13 cum libro 3
* ''[[Historia Augusta]]'', &quot;Severus&quot; [[Aelius Spartianus|Aelio Spartiano]] tributa

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110226205127/http://www.roman-emperors.org/sepsev.htm Vita a Michael L. Meckler scripta] {{Ling|Anglice}}

== Bibliographia ==
* Géza Alföldy, &quot;Septimius Severus und der Senat&quot; in ''Bonner Jahrbücher'' vol. 168 (1968) pp. 112-160
* [[Antonius Birley|Anthony Birley]], ''Septimius Severus: the African emperor''. Londinii, 1971; 2a ed. 1988
* Eric Birley, &quot;Septimius Severus and the Roman Army&quot; in ''Epigraphische Studien'' vol. 8 (1969) pp. 63-82

{{Imperatores Romani}}

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores= [[Quintus Pompeius Sosius Falco]] et [[Gaius Iulius Erucius Clarus Vibianus]] II|
annus= 194&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Clodius Albinus|Imp. Caesare Decimo Clodio Septimio Albino Augusto]] II|
successores= [[Publius Iulius Scapula Tertullus Priscus]] et [[Quintus Tineius Clemens]]}} 
{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores= [[Lucius Annius Fabianus]] et [[Marcus Nonius Arrius Mucianus]]|
annus= 202&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Caracalla|Imp. Caesare Marco Aurelio Severo Antonino Augusto]]|
successores= [[Gaius Fulvius Plautianus]] II et [[Publius Septimius Geta (consul 203)|Publius Septimius Geta]]}}

[[Categoria:Nati 146]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 211]]
[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Legati Galliae Lugdunensis]]
[[Categoria:Imperatores Romani]]
[[Categoria:Praetores]]
[[Categoria:Septimius Severus|!]]
[[Categoria:Tribuni plebis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rolandus (nomen)</title>
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      <text bytes="1907" sha1="2xxjwm8w1m2y8ydzdumn8631ms85x66" xml:space="preserve">{{Nomen|genus=Masculinum|origo=Germanica|significatio=&quot;regio gloriosa&quot;|imago=Bremen Roland.jpg|capitulum=Statua Bremensis ducis Francorum [[Rolandus|Rolandi]]}}

'''Rolandus''',&lt;ref&gt;[http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~northing/placenames/europe/names/ffn_qr.html Quidam situs interretialis.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060809223940/http://users.compaqnet.be/lambinon/genealog/dico/prenoms.htm Quidam situs interretialis.]&lt;/ref&gt; sive '''Rowlandus'''&lt;ref name=&quot;rootsweb&quot;&gt;[http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~oel/givennames2.html#R Quidam situs interretialis.]&lt;/ref&gt; sive '''Rohelendus'''&lt;ref name=&quot;rootsweb&quot; /&gt; aut '''Orlandus''' ([[Germanice]] ac [[Francice]] ''Roland'', [[Lingua Italica|Italice]] ''Orlando''), est [[nomen proprium|nomen]] [[mas]]culinum, e vocabulis Germanicis ''hroud'' ('gloria'), atque ''lant'' ('regio') ductum.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;''Behind the Name'', s.v. &quot;[https://www.behindthename.com/name/roland Roland]&quot;. {{Ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;Vide paginam &quot;[https://www.etymonline.com/word/Roland Roland]&quot; apud ''Online Etymology Dictionary''. {{Ling|Anglice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

''Rolande''&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060830140020/http://www.aufeminin.com/w/prenom/p16644/rolande.html Quidam situs interretialis.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/prenom/1217/Rolande.html Quidam situs interretialis.]&lt;/ref&gt; est nomen [[femina (sexus)|femininum]]; exempli gratia, Rolande Falcinelli&lt;ref&gt;[[:de:Rolande Falcinelli]].&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Homines ==
* [[Rolandus]], dux militaris Francorum
* [[Rolandus Bloom]]
* [[Rolandus Bonaparte]]
* [[Rolandus Burris]]
* [[Rolandus Claus]]
* [[Rolandus Joffé]]
* [[Rolandus Koch]]
* [[Orlandus Lassus]]
* [[Orlandus Patterson]]
* [[Orlandus Quevedo]]
* [[Rolandus Ioannes Wiley]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
*[[Ronaldus]]

== Nexus externus ==
* http://www.rolande.de/ {{Ling|Theodisce}} 

[[Categoria:Praenomina masculina]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Maximinus Thrax</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Max thrax.jpg|thumb|Maximinus Thrax]]
{{videdis|Maximinus (discretiva)}}
'''Gaius Iulius Verus Maximinus Thrax,''' praenomine abbreviato '''[[C.]] Iulius Verus Maximinus Thrax,''' fuit [[Imperatores Romani|imperator]] Romanus inter annos [[235]] et [[238]].

== Vita ==
In [[Thracia]] anno [[172]] aut [[173]] aut [[182]] natus est. Humili familia ortus et minus eruditus erat. Nonnulli scriptores antiqui eum a barbaris ortum esse falso credebant. [[Septimius Severus|Septimio Severo]] imperatore, ad militiam Romanam iit. Sed notitiae de eius vita ad tempus ante annum [[235]] pertinentes certae non sunt. At ille uxorem habuisse scitur: Nomen suae uxoris [[Caecilia Paulina]], quae ei filium donavit: Gaius Iulius Verus Maximus.

Iter imperiale ingressurus, cum in Mesopotamia imperatore [[Alexander Severus|Severo Alexandro]] bellum gesserit et vicerit, provinciam [[Mesopotamia]]m accepit [[233]]. Postea etiam bellum in Germanos gessit et praefectus tironibus novas copias erudivit, qui auctoritate magna apud milites erat. Propterea a militibus ad [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] [[235]] imperator exclamatus, deinde [[Severus Alexander]] interfectus est. In [[Senatus|senatu]] Maximinus non acceptus non solum eques, sed etiam membrum senatus, quare candidatus indignus senatore fuit.

Quo ex tempore Maximinus imperator regnabat. Hoc tempore duas coniurationes detexit et gessit bono eventu bellum in [[Germania]]. Post victoriam in [[Alamanni|Alamannos]] efficaciter gessam habebat nomen Germanicus Maximus delatum est. Sed in oriente contra [[Sassanidae|Sassanidas]] clades multas habebat. [[236]] filium successorem fecit, cum dynastiam novam suam condere vellet. In senatu tamen Maximinus fama non bona est, etiamsi victorias multas contra Sassanidas habebat. Causae eae dabantur eum non nobili genere ortum, pecuniam multam bellis suis esse, eum publicam pecuniam pauperum et frumentorum cepisse, ut bella persolvere posset, eum senatum opprimere, eius respectum ad legiones Rheni esse, eum numquam Romam visitasse, quod senatoribus malum erat.

Pernicies Caesaris anno [[238]] coepit, cum in provincia Africa procuratore necato proconsul [[Gordianus I]] imperatorem se exclamavit et filium coimperatorem. Senatus persuasus est, ut Gordianum I. imperatorem filiumque eius et Maximinum Thracem hostem acciperent. Post viginti dies socius Maximini [[Gordianus II|Gordianum II]], filium Gordiani I, victum necavit. Propterea eius pater sibi mortem conscivit. Ex timore Maximini senatus [[Pupienus|Pupienum]] et [[Balbinus|Balbinum]] Caesares creavit, sed plebs [[Gordianus III|Gordianum III]] imperatorem, nepotem Gordianorum priorum, poscebat. Deinde contra Italiam Maximinus pugnavit; necatus autem [[Aquileia]]e anno [[238]], ad obsidionem [[Aquileia]]e a suis militibus gestam.

Maximinus proditus subobscurus, sed certo in maius efferebatur. Et primus Caesar militum putatur.

== Fontes de vita et principatu Maximini ==
* ''[[Epitome de Caesaribus]]'' 25
* [[Eutropius (rerum gestarum scriptor)|Eutropius]], ''[[Breviarium (Eutropius)|Breviarium]]'' 9.1
* [[Herodianus]], ''[[Ab excessu Divi Marci]]'' libri 7-8
* ''[[Historia Augusta]]'', &quot;Maximini duo&quot; (vita [[Iulius Capitolinus|Iulio Capitolino]] adscripta)
* [[Zosimus]], ''[[Historia nova]]'' 1.16

== Nexus externi ==
{{Communia|Maximinus Thrax}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190609232742/http://www.roman-emperors.org/maxthrax.htm Vita apud roman-emperors.org] a Michael L. Meckler scripta

== Bibliographia ==
* R. A. G. Carson, &quot;The Coinage and Chronology of A.D. 238&quot; in ''Centennial Publication of The American Numismatic Society'' (1958) p. 181 ff.
* Adolf Lippold, ''Kommentar zur Vita Maximini Duo der Historia Augusta''. Bonnae: Habelt, 1991 
* Xavier Loriot, &quot;Les premieres années de la grande crise du IIIe siécle: de l'avènement de Maximin le Thrace (235) à la mort de Gordien III (244)&quot; in ''Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt'' vol. 2 pars 2 (1972) pp. 659-718
* P. W. Townshend, &quot;The Revolution of A.D. 238: The Leaders and Their Aims&quot; in ''Yale Classical Studies'' vol. 14 (1955) pp. 49-105
* C. E. van Sickle, &quot;A Hypothetical Chronology for the Year of the Gordians&quot; in ''Classical Philology'' vol. 22 (1927)

{{Imperatores Romani}}

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores= [[Gnaeus Claudius Severus]] et [[Lucius Tiberius Claudius Aurellius Quintianus]]|
annus= 236&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Marcus Pupienus Africanus|Marco Pupieno Africano]]|
successores= [[Lucius Marius Perpetuus]] et [[Lucius Mummius Felix Cornelianus]]}}

[[Categoria:Imperatores Romani]]
[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Romani antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 238]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 2]]
[[Categoria:Discrimen Tertii Saeculi]]</text>
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    <title>1209</title>
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'''1209''' = MCCIX

== Eventa ==
*[[4 Octobris]] - [[Roma]]e [[Otto IV (imperator)|Otto IV]] ab [[Innocentius III|Innocentio III]] papa imperator [[Sacrum Romanum Imperium|Sacri Romani Imperii]] coronatus est.
*Ignoto die - [[Leopolis (Saxonia Inferior)|Leopolis]] ([[Theodisce]] ''Bleckede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bleikd'') urbs ad [[Albis|Albim]] flumen sita condita est.

== Nati ==
{{Nati desiderati}}

== Mortui ==
{{Mortui desiderati}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dispositor cinematographicus</title>
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        <id>116968</id>
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      <comment>/* Clari moderatores cinematographici */</comment>
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      <text bytes="5542" sha1="3jojn0hrk0224s4cwiy4eajbelpu2mn" xml:space="preserve">'''Dispositor cinematographicus'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Morgan}}&lt;/ref&gt; est qui confectionem [[Pellicula|pellicularum cinematographicarum]] moderatur. Moderator [[scriptio cinematographica|scriptionem]] in visum convertit, [[actor]]es et [[manipulus cinematographicus|manipulum]] [[cinematographus|cinematographum]] moderatur.

== Clari moderatores cinematographici ==

{{index imperfectus}}

__NOTOC__
{{A-Z}}

=== A ===

* [[Woody Allen]]
* [[Petrus Almodóvar]]
* [[Alexander Amenábar]]
* [[Ken Annakin]]
* [[Theo Angelopoulos]]
* [[Michael Angelus Antonioni]]
* [[Andreas Antoine]]
* [[Aemilius Ardolino]]
* [[Darius Argento]]
* [[Richardus Attenborough]]
* [[Bille August]]

=== B ===

* [[Bruno Barreto]]
* [[Timur Bekmambetov]]
* [[Marcus Bellocchio]]
* [[Robertus Benigni]] 
* [[Inguiomerus Bergman]]
* [[Ioannes Iacobus Beineix]]
* [[Lucas Besson]]
* [[Catharina Bigelow]]
* [[Nuri Bilge Ceylan]]
* [[Les Blank]]
* [[Petrus Bogdanovich]]
* [[Alexander Bolchi]] (praecipue televisionis)
* [[Robertus Bresson]]
* [[Paulina Brunius]]
* [[Ludovicus Buñuel]]
* [[Timotheus Burton]]

=== C ===

* [[Iacobus Cameron]]
* [[Franciscus Capra]]
* [[Petrus Cattaneo]]
* [[Liliana Cavani]]
* [[Claudius Chabrol]]
* [[Carolinus Chaplin]]
* [[Renatus Clément]]
* [[Ioannes Cocteau]]
* [[Aloisius Comencini]]
* [[Christina Comencini]]
* [[Franciscus Ford Coppola]]
* [[Alanus Corneau]]
* [[Costa-Gavras]]
* [[Wes Craven]]
* [[Alphonsus Cuarón]]
* [[Ricardus Curtis]]

=== D ===

* [[Olivierus Dahan]]
* [[Iulius Dassin]]
* [[Iacobus Demy]]
* [[Manuel de Oliveira]]
* [[Brianus de Palma]]
* [[Iacobus Deray]]
* [[Victorius de Sica]]
* [[Helimutus Dietl]]
* [[Gualterius Elias Disney]]
* [[Dorothea Dörrie]]
* [[Franciscus Dupeyron]]

=== E ===

* [[Uli Edel]]
* [[Sergius Eisenstein]]
* [[Blake Edwards]]
* [[Nora Ephron]]
* [[Ioannes Epstein]]
* [[Lucianus Ercoli]]
* [[Aemilius Estevez]]
* [[Ioannes Eustache]]

=== F ===

* [[Ioannes Farrow]]
* [[Fridericus Fellini]]
* [[Melchior Ferrer]]
* [[Marcus Ferreri]]
* [[Victor Fleming]]
* [[Miloš Forman]]

=== G ===

* [[Matthaeus Garrone]]
* [[Lucius Giachin]]
* [[Mel Gibson]] 
* [[Matthaeus Gil]]
* [[Terrentius Gilliam]]
* [[Bahman Ghobadi]] 
* [[Marcus Tullius Giordana]]
* [[Ioannes Lucas Godard]]
* [[Jack Gold]]
* [[Michael Gondry]]
* [[Alexander González Iñárritu]]
* [[Petrus Granier-Deferre]]
* [[David Wark Griffith]]
* [[Sacha Guitry]]

=== H ===

* [[Michael Haneke]]
* [[Werner Herzog]]
* [[Ruud van Hemert]]
* [[Oliverius Hirschbiegel]]
* [[Alfredus Hitchcock]]
* [[Dionysius Hopper]] 
* [[Ronaldus Howard]]
* [[Nicolaus Hytner]]

=== I ===

* [[Iacobus Ivory]]


=== J ===

* [[Derek Jarman]]
* [[Nicolaus Jancsó]]
* [[Ioannes Petrus Jeunet]]
* [[Rolandus Joffé]]
* [[Spike Jonze]]

=== K ===
* [[Aki Kaurismäki]]
* [[Elias Kazan]]
* [[Thaddaeus Konwicki]]
* [[Stanley Kubrick]]
* [[Emir Kusturica]]

=== L ===

* [[Ioannes Landis]]
* [[Albertus Lattuada]]
* [[Spike Lee]]
* [[Claudius Lanzmann]]
* [[Claudius Lelouch]]
* [[Carolus Lizzani]]
* [[Phyllida Lloyd]]
* [[Baz Luhrmann]]
* [[Sidney Lumet]]
* [[Bigas Luna]]
* [[David Lynch]]

=== M ===

* [[Stephanus McQueen (artifex)|Stephanus McQueen]]
* [[Norman Mailer]] 
* [[Terrentius Malick]]
* [[Ludovicus Malle]]
* [[Ioannes Massaro]]
* [[Carolus Mazzacurati]]
* [[Georgius Méliès]]
* [[Ivus Michiels]]
* [[Radu Mihaileanu]]
* [[Antonius Minghella]]
* [[Marius Monicelli]]
* [[Iulianus Montaldo]]
* [[Michael Moore]]
* [[Iolanda Moreau]]
* [[Antonius Moreno]]
* [[Fridericus Gulielmus Murnau]]

=== N ===
* [[Călin Petrus Netzer]]
* [[Christophorus Nolan]]
* [[Lupita Nyong'o]]
=== O ===

* [[Nagisa Ōshima]]
* [[Nicolaus Arden Oplev]]
* [[Franciscus Ozon]]
* [[Ferzan Özpetek]]

=== P ===

* [[Alanus J. Pakula]]
* [[Jafar Panahi]]
* [[Alanus Parker]]
* [[Petrus Paulus Pasolini]]
* [[Leonardus Pieraccioni]] 
* [[Claudius Pinoteau]]
* [[Ervinus Piscator]]
* [[Ioannes Maria Poiré]]
* [[Romanus Polanski]] 
* [[Bruno Podalydès]]
* [[Sydney Pollack]]
* [[Gilbertus Pontecorvo]]
* [[Galfridus Probst]]

=== R ===

* [[Robertus Rafelson]]
* [[Maximus Reinhard]]
* [[Alanus Resnais]]
* [[Kevin Reynolds]]
* [[Leni Riefenstahl]] 
* [[Dinus Risi]]
* [[Iacobus Rivette]]
* [[Hossein Rajabian]]
* [[Alanus Robbe-Grillet]] 
* [[Ericus Rohmer]]
* [[Alice Rohrwacher]]
* [[Franciscus Rosi]]
* [[Robertus Rossellini]]

=== S ===

* [[Carolus Saura]]
* [[Hector Scola]]
* [[Martinus Scorsese]]
* [[Ridley Scott]]
* [[Hossein Shahabi]]
* [[Daryush Shokof]]
* [[Mel Smith]]
* [[Stephanus Spielberg]]
* [[Stephanus Soderbergh]]
* [[Marius Soldati]]
* [[Silvius Soldini]]
* [[Paulus Sorrentino]]
* [[Oliverius Stone]]
* [[Ioannes Georgius Syberberg]]

=== T ===

* [[Iacobus Tati]]
* [[Bertrandus Tavernier]]
* [[Paulus Taviani|Paulus]] et [[Victorius Taviani]] 
* [[Hugo Tognazzi]]
** [[Ricardus Tognazzi]]
* [[Iosephus Tornatore]]
* [[Margarita de Trotta]]
* [[Franciscus Truffaut]]

=== V ===

* [[Rogerius Vadim]]
* [[Ladislaus Vajda]]
* [[Agnes Varda]]
* [[Luchinus Vicecomes (moderator cinematographicus)|Luchinus Vicecomes]]
* [[Dionysius Villeneuve]]

=== W ===

* [[Edgarus Wallace]]
* [[Andreas Wajda]]
* [[Petrus Weir]]
* [[Orson Welles]]
* [[Gulielmus Wenders]]
* [[Lina Wertmüller]]
* [[Robertus Wiene]]
* [[Michael Winner]]
* [[Robertus Wise]]
* [[Sönke Wortmann]]
* [[Edgarus Wright]]

=== Z ===

* [[Francus Zeffirelli]]
* [[Alfredus Zinnemann]]

== Intestabiles Moderatores ==
* [[Alanus Smithee]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{Cine-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Cinematographia]]
[[Categoria:Indices hominum]]
[[Categoria:Munera]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Philippus Arabs</title>
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[[Fasciculus:AR Denarius Obv 900.jpg|thumb|[[Antoninianus]] Imperatoris Philippi Arabis.]]

'''Marcus Iulius Philippus Augustus''', qui etiam '''Arabs''' appellabatur, circa annum [[204]] natus, mortuus [[249]], fuit [[Imperatores Romani|imperator Romanus]] ab [[244]] ad mortem suam.

== Vita ==
In provincia Syria prope Damascum, in oppido cuius nomen ipse in [[Philippopolis (Syria)|Philippopolim]] verterit, natus est filius Iulii Marini ducis [[Namades|Namadum]]. Ante annum [[238]] [[Otacilia Severa|Otaciliam Severam]] uxorem duxit&lt;ref&gt;Dietmar Kienast, Römische Kaisertabelle, Darmstadii 1996, p. 200-201&lt;/ref&gt;. Philippus ordine parvo ortus celeriter ascendit in cursu militari honorum atque sub [[Gordianus III|Gordiano III]] Caesare [[praetorio praefectus]] factus est. Post mortem eius [[244]] imperator Augustus se exclamavit. Res mortis Gordiani hodie non certae sunt, sed quidem necatus, qua caede Philippus, qui successit, non omnino innocens fuit.

Primus imperator Romanus qui ex Arabia venit.

== Tempus regendi ==
Pace cum [[Sassanidae|Sassanidis]] facta imperator condicionem in finibus orientibus confirmavit, sed finis septentrionalis incertus manebat. Hoc pacto cum Sassanidis constitutum est quod [[Imperium Romanum]] [[provincia Armenia|provinciam Armeniam]] perdat at Armeniam inferiorem et [[Mesopotamia]]m teneat. Frater Caesaris [[Gaius Iulius Priscus]] eo tempore [[praefectus praetorio]] simul [[proconsul]] provinciae Mesopotamiae atque Severianus familiaris proconsul [[Moesia]]e factus est, ut Caesar provincias orientes in pericula melius servare posset et familiares procul tenere, qui fortasse sedem suam caperent. Philippus ipse autem non victoriam contra [[Carpes]] in fine septentrionali assequi et eos non repellere poterat. Deinde [[244]]/[[245]] Carpes [[Danuvius|Danuvium fluvium]] transierunt. Eo in Urbe audito Philippus eodem properavit et vicit Germanos [[246]], tum Carpes in [[Dacia]] et ad pacem coegit.

== Caeremonia anni millesimi festi ab Urbe condita ==
Philippo regnante res publica constituta est. Cum tempus Caesarum militium infirmum in se esset, non de discrimine eo tempore agebatur. [[248]] coepit [[Ludi Saeculares (248)|caeremonia anni festi millesimi]] a.u.c. secundum [[Varro Reatinus|Varro]]nem, qui annum certum computaverat ergo unum decimum saeculum. Celebratur per multos dies ludis gladiatoriis, naumachiis, cursibus curruum, pugnis animalibus atque Caesar plebi multitudinem pecuniae donavit. Ex rebus firmis Romani credebant saeculum novum melius incipere et Phlippum primum dynastiae suae fieri.

== Finis regendi sui ==
In eodem anno caeremoniae etiam multi militares imperium summum usurpare voluerunt. Philippus valde territus et turbatus sedem imperatoris iam relinquere volebat. In spe confirmata usurpatores occiderunt plerique interfecti. Quare Gothi et Carpes invaserunt in Moesiam inferiorem. Vir peritus Severianus mittebatur. Nimis invalido Severiano Caesar senatori [[Decius|Decio]] imperium Moesiae et Pannoniae dabat, vitium grave. Decius victor celer factus [[249]] a militibus suis imperator exclamatus. Philippus [[249]] proelium ad [[Verona]]m&lt;ref&gt;Eutropius, ''Breviarium'' 9.3 aliique multi.&lt;/ref&gt; vel [[Beroea (Graecia)|Beroeam]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes Antiochenus]], ''[[Historia chronica]]'' ([[FHG]] vol. 4 pp. 597-598).&lt;/ref&gt; contra Decium perdidit, cum plures milites Decio haberet. In hoc proelio Philippus et filius mortui sunt, Decius successit.

[[Eusebius Caesariensis]] olim rettulit Philippum Arabem primum Caesarem Romanum esse, qui iam festis Christianis interesse vellet.

== Fontes de vita et principatu Philippi ==
*[[Aurelius Victor]], ''[[De Caesaribus (Victor)|De Caesaribus]]'' 28
*''[[Epitome de Caesaribus]]'' 28
*[[Eusebius Pamphili|Eusebius]], ''[[Historia ecclesiastica (Eusebius)|Historia ecclesiastica]]'' 6.34-39
*[[Eutropius (rerum gestarum scriptor)|Eutropius]], ''[[Breviarium (Eutropius)|Breviarium]]'' 9.3
*''[[Historia Augusta]]'', &quot;Gordiani tres&quot; 28-34 ([http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Gordiani_tres*.html#1 Textus])
* [[Ioannes Zonaras|Zonaras]], ''[[Epitome historiarum (Zonaras)|Epitome historiarum]]'' 12.18-19
* [[Zosimus]], ''[[Historia nova]]'' 1.19-22

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* D. Boteva, &quot;On the Chronology of the Gothic Invasions under Philippus and Decius (AD 248-251)&quot; ''Archaeologia Bulgarica'' vol. 5 pars 2 (2001) pp. 37-44
* Xavier Loriot, &quot;Chronologie du règne de Philippe l'Arabe (244-249 après J.C.)&quot; in ''Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt'' vol. 2 pars 2 (Berolini: de Gruyter, 1975) pp. 788-97
* Hans A. Pohlsander, &quot;Philip the Arab and Christianity&quot; in ''Historia'' vol. 29 (1980) pp. 463-73
* Hans A. Pohlsander, &quot;Did Decius Kill the Philippi?&quot; in ''Historia'' vol. 31 (1982) pp. 214-22.
* Irfan Shahîd, ''Rome and the Arabs''. Washington: Dumbarton Oaks, 1984
* Dennis E. Trout, &quot;Victoria Redux and the First Year of the Reign of Philip the Arab&quot; in ''Chiron'' vol. 19 (1989) pp. 221-33
* Ruprecht Ziegler, &quot;Thessalonike in der Politik des Traianus Decius und der Tod des Philippus Arabs&quot; in ''Roma Renascens: Festschrift Ilona Opelt'' (Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 1988) pp. 385-414

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070625152214/http://www.roman-emperors.org/philarab.htm &quot;Philip the Arab and Rival Claimants of the later 240s&quot;] a Michael L. Meckler et Christian Körner scripta (origo bibliographiae nostrae)

{{Imperatores Romani}}

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores= [[Tiberius Pollenius Armenius Peregrinus]] et [[Fulvius Aemilianus]]|
annus= 245&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Gaius Maesius Titianus|Gaio Maesio Titiano]]|
successores= [[Gaius Bruttius Praesens (consul 246)|Gaius Bruttius Praesens]] et [[Gaius Allius Albinus]]}}
{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores= [[Gaius Bruttius Praesens (consul 246)|Gaius Bruttius Praesens]] et [[Gaius Allius Albinus]]|
annus= 247&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Philippus II (imperator)|Marco Iulio Severo Philippo Caesare]]|
successores= ipse III et [[Philippus II (imperator)|Imp. Caesar Marcus Iulius Severus Philippus Augustus]] II}}
{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores= ipse II et [[Philippus II (imperator)|Marcus Iulius Severus Philippus Caesar]]|
annus= 248&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Philippus II (imperator)|Marco Iulio Severo Philippo Caesare]] II|
successores= [[Lucius Fulvius Gavius Numisius Aemilianus]] II et [[Lucius Naevius Aquilinus]]}}

[[Categoria:Imperatores Romani]]
[[Categoria:Praefecti Praetorio]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 249]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 3]]
[[Categoria:Discrimen Tertii Saeculi]]
[[Categoria:Philippus (imperator Romanus)|!]]
[[Categoria:Proelio interfecti]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Maximianus</title>
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[[Fasciculus:MSR - Tête de l'empreur Maximien Hercule - Inv 34 b (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Maximianus imperator.]]
'''Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus''', dictus '''Herculius''' (parentibus humilibus natus apud [[Sirmium]], hodie ''Sremska Mitrovica'' in [[Pannonia]], circa [[240]]; [[mors voluntaria|mortem sibi conscivit]] in [[Gallia]] anno [[310]]), cum [[Diocletianus|Diocletiano]] fuit [[imperator]] [[Imperium Romanum|Romanus]] a die [[1 Aprilis]] [[286]] usque ad diem [[1 Maii]] [[305]]. Anno [[307]] iterum purpuram sumpsit, anno [[308]]{{dubsig}} [[bellum civile|bello civili]] [[Massilia]]e a [[Constantinus I|Constantino I]] occisus est aut, ut alii dixerunt, sibi ipsi mortem paravit.

== Ante imperium ==
Maximianus [[Aurelianus|Aureliano]], [[Probus|Probo]], [[Carus|Caro]] imperatoribus militavit.

== Familia ==
[[Uxor]]em duxit [[Eutropia]]m, e qua liberos [[Maxentius|Maxentium]], qui postea ipse regnavit, et [[Fausta (filia Maximiani)|Faustam]] habuit, quae [[Constantinus I|Constantino]] imperatori nupsit. Huius patrem [[Constantius Chlorus|Constantium]] I adoptavit. Eutropiae filia [[Flavia Maximiana Theodora]] (e connubio priori cum [[Afranius Hannibalianus|Afranio Hannibaliano]], consule anni [[292]]) autem Constantio I nupsit/&lt;ref&gt;Dietmar Kienast, ''Römische Kaisertabelle'' (Darmstadii, 1999), 275.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Consors imperii Diocletiani ==
Die [[13 Decembris]] [[285]], [[Diocletianus]] imperator eum ad honorem Caesaris sustulit. Nomen novum ''Aurelii Valerii Maximiani P. F. Nobilissimi Caesaris'' accepit, et initio anni [[286]] contra [[Bagaudae|Bagaudas]] in [[Gallia]] certavit. Die 1 Aprilis [[286]], Augustus factus est, et nomen ''Herculii'' gerere coepit, cum Diocletianus ''Iovius'' nominabatur. Occidente in parte imperii contra barbaros certabat, sed [[Carausius|Carausium]] usurpatorem in [[Britannia (provincia Romana)|Britannia]] non iam vincere potuit.

== Tetrarchia ==
Ut Carausium extingueret, Maximianus iussu Diocletiani [[1 Martii]] [[293]] [[Constantius Chlorus|Constantium]] adoptavit, novum ''Caesarem'' ut Diocletianus [[Galerius|Galerium]] Caesarem adoptaverat.&lt;ref&gt;[[Aurelius Victor]], Caesares, XIL 20-24, [[Eutropius]], IX 22,1.&lt;/ref&gt; Constantius una cum [[Iulius Asclepiodotus|Iulio Asclepiodoto]] [[praefectus praetorio|praefecto praetorio]] anno [[296]] vel [[297]] Britanniam invasit, [[Allectus|Allectum]] successorem [[Carausius|Carausii]] vicens necavit, atque Britanniam iterum cum imperio Romano coniunxit.

== Expeditio Africana ==
Anno [[297]], Maximianus [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africam]] profectus est, contra usurpatorem Iulianum, ubi contra [[Mauri|Mauros]] pugnabat annoque [[298]] [[Carthago|Carthagine]] in urbe versabatur. 

== Romae ==
Deinde Romam rediit, ubi [[Thermae Diocletiani]] [[aedificium|aedificabantur]]. Iis annis multae [[Diocletianus#Leges novae|leges novae]] ad [[res publica|rem publicam]] reformandam latae sunt. Anno [[303]] una cum Diocletiano, edictum contra [[Christiani|Christianos]] promulgavit. Die [[20 Novembris]] 303, Maximianus et Diocletianus [[Roma]]e triumphum egerunt, et vicennalia celebraverunt.

== Abdicatio ==
Die [[1 Maii]] [[305]], ambo imperatores abdicaverunt. Galerius et Constantius tunc Augusti facti sunt, et [[Maximinus Daia]] in oriente ac [[Flavius Valerius Severus]] in occidente parte imperii novi Caesares nominati sunt. Maximianus deinde se in [[Campania]]m vel [[Lucania]]m recessit, ut ultimos annos otio se daret. Interea die [[25 Iulii]] [[306]], Constantius [[Eboracum|Eboraci]] mortuus est, atque eius [[miles|milites]] [[Constantinus I|Constantinum]] ''Augustum'' proclamaverunt; Galerius autem Constantinum ''Caesarem'' tantum salutavit.

== Iterum Augustus ==
Die [[28 Octobris]] [[306]], [[Maxentius]] filius Maximiani Romae Augustus proclamatus est, et patrem ad se vocavit. Ultimis anni diebus, Maximianus Romam advenit. Interea Flavius Valerius Severus Augustus [[bellum]] contra Maxentium paraverat et in Italiam venerat, sed eius milites, qui antea sub Maximiano militaverant, eum defecerunt et ad Maxentium et Maximianum transierunt. Mense Martio vel Aprilis [[307]], Maximianus Severum apud [[Ravenna]]m in deditionem accepit. [[Aestas|Aestate]] anni [[307]], [[Augusta Treverorum|Augustae Treverorum]] Constantinum Caesarem ad honorem Augusti sustulit, et ei Faustam filiam uxori dedit. Constantinus autem eum ut Augustum officio fungentem probavit. Mense Aprili [[308]], Maximianus frustra Maxentium filium Romae deponere conatus est, et in Galliam ad Constantinum fugit. Mense Novembri in consilio imperatorum [[Carnuntum|Carnunti]] iterum abdicavit. Aestate anni [[310]], iterum purpuram sumere conatus est, et [[Massilia]]e a Constantino captus, est ac mense Iulio mortem voluntariam petivit. Maxentii iussu Romae a [[senatus|senatu]] consecratus est, annoque [[311]] eius [[damnatio memoriae|memoria damnata est]] a Constantino, sed postea (anno [[317]]/[[318]]) iterum divus honoratus est.&lt;ref&gt;Dietmar Kienast, ''Römische Kaisertabelle'' (Darmstadii, 1999), 273.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Tetrarchia]]

==Bibliographia==
* Kobes, Jörn. [[2005]]. ''Maximianus Herculius.'' In ''Die römischen Kaiser. 55 historische Porträts von Caesar bis Iustinian,'' ed. tertia, ed. Manfred Clauss, 272–75. [[Monacum|Monaci]]/

== Nexus externi ==
{{Communia|Maximianus|Maximianum}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120825094303/http://www.roman-emperors.org/maxherc.htm Biographia] a  Michael DiMaio, Jr. scripta in &quot;''De Imperatoribus Romanis''&quot; ([[Anglice]]) 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071007231505/http://faculty.wlc.edu/thompson/fourth-century/persecution/evolutiontetrarchy.htm Chronologia] Tetrarchiae usque ad annum [[324]] ([[Anglice]])

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores= [[Marcus Iunius Maximus]] II et [[Vettius Aquilinus]]|
annus= 287&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Diocletianus|Imp. Caesare Gaio Aurelio Valerio Diocletiano Augusto]] III|
successores= ipse II et [[Pomponius Ianuarianus]]}}
{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores= [[Diocletianus|Imp. Caesar Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus Augustus]] III et ipse |
annus= 288&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Pomponius Ianuarianus|Pomponio Ianuariano]]|
successores= [[Marcus Magrius Bassus]] et [[Lucius Ragonius Quintianus]]}}
{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores= [[Marcus Magrius Bassus]] et [[Lucius Ragonius Quintianus]]|
annus= 290&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Diocletianus|Imp. Caesare Gaio Aurelio Valerio Diocletiano Augusto]] IV|
successores= [[Gaius Iunius Tiberianus (consul 291)|Gaius Iunius Tiberianus]] II et [[Cassius Dio (consul 291)|Cassius Dio]]}}
{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores= [[Afranius Hannibalianus]] et [[Iulius Asclepiodotus]]|
annus= 293&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Diocletianus|Imp. Caesare Gaio Aurelio Valerio Diocletiano Augusto]] V|
successores= [[Constantius Chlorus|Gaius Flavius Valerius Constantius Caesar]] et [[Galerius|Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus Caesar]]}}
{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores= [[Diocletianus|Imp. Caesar Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus Augustus]] VI et [[Constantius Chlorus|Gaius Flavius Valerius Constantius Caesar]] II|
annus= 297&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Galerius|Gaio Galerio Valerio Maximiano Caesare]] II|
successores= [[Marcus Iunius Caesonius Nicomachus Anicius Faustus Paulinus]] et [[Virius Gallus]]}}
{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores= [[Marcus Iunius Caesonius Nicomachus Anicius Faustus Paulinus]] II et [[Virius Gallus]]|
annus= 299&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Diocletianus|Imp. Caesare Gaio Aurelio Valerio Diocletiano Augusto]] VII|
successores= [[Constantius Chlorus|Gaius Flavius Valerius Constantius Caesar]] III et [[Galerius|Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus]] III}}
{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores= [[Constantius Chlorus|Gaius Flavius Valerius Constantius Caesar]] IV et [[Galerius|Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus]] IV|
annus= 303&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Diocletianus|Imp. Caesare Gaio Aurelio Valerio Diocletiano Augusto]] VIII|
successores= [[Diocletianus|Imp. Caesar Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus Augustus]] IX et ipse VIII}}
{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores= [[Diocletianus|Imp. Caesar Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus Augustus]] VIII et ipse VII|
annus= 304&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Diocletianus|Imp. Caesare Gaio Aurelio Valerio Diocletiano Augusto]] IX|
successores= [[Constantius Chlorus|Gaius Flavius Valerius Constantius Caesar]] V et [[Galerius|Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus]] V}}

{{Imperatores Romani}}

[[Categoria:Mortui 310]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 3]]
[[Categoria:Diocletianus]]
[[Categoria:Homines qui sibi mortem consciverunt]]
[[Categoria:Imperatores Romani]]</text>
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    <title>Pupienus</title>
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[[Fasciculus:PupienusSest.jpg|thumb|[[Sestertius]] Pupieni]]

'''Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximus''' (natus circa annum [[167]] - [[Roma]]e necatus est a [[praetoriani|praetorianis]] initio Maii [[238]]). 
== Vita ==
Pater eius Marcus Pupienus Maximus fuit, senator Romanus. Pupienus duos filios habuit: [[Marcus Pupienus Africanus|Marcum Pupienum Africanum]], qui anno [[236]] consul ordinarius erat, et [[Titus Clodius Pupienus Pulcher Maximus|Titum Clodium Pupienum Pulchrum Maximum]], qui circa annum 225 consul suffectus creatus est&lt;ref&gt;http://www.genealogie-93-generationen.eu/index.asp?nid=5286&lt;/ref&gt;.
De cursu honorum nihil certi scimus, Scriptores Historiae Augustae&lt;ref&gt;Vita Maximi et Balbini V&lt;/ref&gt; et Heriodianus&lt;ref&gt;Res Gestae VIII 6,6 et 7,8&lt;/ref&gt; Pupienum legatum Augusti pro praetore provinciae Germaniae superiore aut inferiore fuisse. Anno [[205]] aut [[217]] consul suffectus, circa annum [[220]] vel [[225]] proconsul [[Asia (provincia Romana)|Asiae]] erat, anno [[234]] consul ordinarius creatus est. Praeterea circa annum [[234]] [[praefectus urbi Romae]] erat.
Ianuario 238 a senatu in collegium XXvirorum rei publicae curandae factus est, qui rem publicam contra [[Maximinus Thrax|Maximinum]] imperatorem creati sunt. Postquam nuntius de morte [[Gordianus I|Gordiani I]] et [[Gordianus II|Gordiani II]] Romae allatus est, Februario [[238]] cum [[Balbinus|Balbino]] [[imperator]] [[Imperium Romanum|Romanus]] factus est, [[Gordianus III]] Caesar nominatus est. Ambo milites contra Maximinum coegerunt, qui Aprili [[Aquileia]]m urbem obsidens militibus occisus est. Sed initio Maii Balbinus et Pupienus, qui saepe de principatu iurgaverant, a militibus praetorianis, qui imperatores a senatu creatos non patiebantur, in palatio occisi sunt. Gordianus III successor factus est.

== Fontes de vita et principatu Pupieni Maximi ==
* [[Herodianus]], ''[[Ab excessu Divi Marci]]'' libri 7-8
* ''[[Historia Augusta]]'', &quot;Maximus et Balbinus&quot; ([http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Maximus_et_Balbinus*.html Textus])

== Nexus externi ==
{{Communia|Pupienus}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070805004616/http://www.roman-emperors.org/pupi.htm De Pupieno] in &quot;''De Imperatoribus Romanis''&quot; (pagina [[Anglice]] scripta a Robin Mc Mahon)

== Bibliographia ==
* Hartwin Brandt, ''Kommentar zur Historia Augusta''. Vol. 2 pars 5: Maximi et Balbini. Bonnae, 1996
* R. A. G. Carson, &quot;The Coinage and Chronology of A.D. 238&quot; in ''Centennial Publication of The American Numismatic Society'' (1958) p. 181 ff.
* Xavier Loriot, &quot;Les premieres années de la grande crise du IIIe siécle: de l'avènement de Maximin le Thrace (235) à la mort de Gordien III (244)&quot; in ''Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt'' vol. 2 pars 2 (1972) pp. 659-718
* P. W. Townshend, &quot;The Revolution of A.D. 238: The Leaders and Their Aims&quot; in ''Yale Classical Studies'' vol. 14 (1955) pp. 49-105
* C. E. van Sickle, &quot;A Hypothetical Chronology for the Year of the Gordians&quot; in ''Classical Philology'' vol. 22 (1927)

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Imperatores Romani}}

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores= [[Lucius Valerius Claudius Maximus Acilius Priscilianus]] et [[Gnaeus Cornelius Paternus]]|
annus= 234&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Marcus Munatius Sulla Urbanus|Marco Munatio Sulla Urbano]]|
successores= [[Gnaeus Claudius Severus]] et [[Lucius Tiberius Claudius Aurellius Quintianus]]}}

[[Categoria:Mortui 238]]
[[Categoria:Necati]]
[[Categoria:Imperatores Romani]]
[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Proconsules Asiae]]
[[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Romani antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 2]]
[[Categoria:Discrimen Tertii Saeculi]]</text>
      <sha1>7n37vq2utac2hx24evtxvltrby9o6ov</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Quintillus</title>
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'''Quintillus''', accurate '''Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus''' (natus die ignoto - necatus est aut sibi mortem conscivit anno [[270]]), frater imperatoris [[Claudius Gothicus|Claudii Gothici]], anno 270 post mortem Claudii a militibus eius [[imperator]] [[Imperium Romanum|Romanus]] proclamatus est, sed breviter scilicet septuaginta septem dies regnavit.

Aliqui [[historicus|historici]] putant Quintillum, post quam [[Aurelianus]] imperator factus est, necatum esse, alii scribunt eum sibi [[mors|mortem]] conscivit 

== Nexus externi ==

{{Communia|Quintillus}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220922220941/http://www.roman-emperors.org/quintil.htm De Quintillo] in &quot;''De Imperatoribus Romanis''&quot; (pagina [[Anglice]] scripta a Thomas M. Banchich


{{bio-stipula}}

{{Imperatores Romani}}

[[Categoria:Discrimen Tertii Saeculi]]
[[Categoria:Imperatores Romani]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 270]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 3]]
[[Categoria:Homines qui sibi mortem consciverunt]]</text>
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    <title>Probus</title>
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'''Marcus Aurelius Probus''' ([[Sirmium|Sirmii]] hodie ''Sremska Mitrovica'' in [[Serbia]] natus die [[19 Augusti]] [[232]]—ibidem a militibus necatus anno [[282]]) fuit ab anno [[276]] usque ad [[mors|mortem]] [[imperator]] [[Imperium Romanum|Romanus]].

==Ante imperium==
Probus humili loco natus est, [[pater]] quidam Maximus fuit&lt;ref&gt;[[Historia Augusta]], ''Vita Probi'' 3.2.&lt;/ref&gt; vel Dalmatius&lt;ref&gt;[[Aurelius Victor]], Epitome de Caesaribus 37,1&lt;/ref&gt;. Marcus Aurelius Probus [[Valerianus (imperator)|Valeriano]] imperatore ad [[Danubius|Danubium]] militavit,&lt;ref&gt;[[Historia Augusta]], ''Vita Probi'' 6.&lt;/ref&gt; deinde in [[Africa (provincia Romana)|Africa]] contra Marmaridos et in [[Aegyptus (provincia Romana)|Aegypto]] contra [[Palmyra|Palmyrenses]] certavisse dicitur.&lt;ref&gt;[[Historia Augusta]], ''Vita Probi,'' 9.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Marcus Claudius Tacitus|Marco Claudio Tacito]] imperatore dux orientis fuit. 

==Imperator Romanus==
Mense Iulio [[276]] in oriente imperator (Imp. Caesar Marcus Aurelius Probus Augustus) proclamatus est&lt;ref&gt;Dietmar Kienast, Römische Kaisertabelle, Darmstadii 1999, p. 253.&lt;/ref&gt;. [[5 Maii]] [[277]] [[Sirmium|Sirmii]] fuit&lt;ref&gt;Codex Iustinianus VIII 55.2.&lt;/ref&gt;. Anno [[277]]/[[278]], contra [[Germani|Germanos]] certavit, anno [[279]] contra [[Isauri|Isauros]] in [[Asia]] et Blemmyos in [[Aegyptus|Aegypto]]. Anno [[280]] [[Europa]]m [[miles|milites]] duxit, ut [[Bonosus|Bonosum]] et [[Proculus|Proculum]] usurpatores, qui [[Colonia Agrippina|Coloniae Agrippinae]] purpuram sumpserant, supprimeret. Anno [[281]] Romam revertebat, ut triumphum ageret. Deinde ad bellum contra Persas profectus est. Sed mense Augusto vel Septembris [[282]] [[Praefectus praetorio]] [[Carus|Marcus Aurelius Carus]] Sirmii militibus, qui bellum Persicum negaverunt vel inviti ad opera publica adhiberentur, imperator proclamatus et Probus ab eis necatus est.

==Anecdota==
Probus, quamquam non diu regnavit, in multis regionibus praeclarus est, quia dicitur Probum [[vinum]] in has terras tulit, nam in ''[[Historia Augusta]]'' cap. 18.8 scriptum est:
:Gallis omnibus et Hispanis ac Britannis hinc permisit, ut vites haberent vinumque conficerent.

==Fontes de vita et principatu Probi==
* [[Aurelius Victor]], ''[[De Caesaribus (Victor)|De Caesaribus]]'' 37
* ''[[Epitome de Caesaribus]]'' 37
* [[Eutropius (rerum gestarum scriptor)|Eutropius]], ''[[Breviarium (Eutropius)|Breviarium]]'' 9.17
* ''[[Historia Augusta]]'', &quot;Probus&quot; (vita [[Flavius Vopiscus|Flavio Vopisco]] adscripta: [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Probus*.html Textus Latine et Anglice])
* [[Ioannes Zonaras|Zonaras]], ''[[Epitome historiarum (Zonaras)|Epitome historiarum]]'' vol. 3 pp. 154-156 Dindorf

== Nexus externi ==
{{Communia|Probus}}
* {{BBKL|p/probus_m_a|auctor=Manfred Clauss|commentatio=PROBUS, römischer Kaiser|tomus=7|columna=968}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200812001846/http://www.roman-emperors.org/probus.htm De Probo] in &quot;''De Imperatoribus Romanis''&quot; (pagina [[Anglice]] scripta a Robin Mc Mahon)

== Bibliographia ==
* Gerald Kreucher: ''Der Kaiser Marcus Aurelius Probus und seine Zeit''. Steiner, [[Stuttgartum|Stuttgarti]] [[2003]], ISBN 3-515-08382-0 (Historia Einzelschriften 174).

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores= [[Marcus Claudius Tacitus|Imp. Caesar Marcus Claudius Tacitus Augustus]] II et [[Aemilianus (consul 276)|Aemilianus]] II|
annus= 277&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Paulinus (consul 277)|Paulino]]|
successores= ipse II et [[Virius Lupus]] II}} 
{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores= ipse et [[Paulinus (consul 277)|Paulinus]]|
annus= 278&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Virius Lupus|Virio Lupo]] II|
successores= ipse III et [[Nonius Paternus]]}} 
{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores= ipse II et [[Virius Lupus]] II|
annus= 279&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Nonius Paternus|Nonio Paterno]]|
successores= [[Lucius Valerius Messalla (consul 280)|Lucius Valerius Messalla]] et [[Gaius Vettius Gratus]]}} 
{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores= [[Lucius Valerius Messalla (consul 280)|Lucius Valerius Messalla]] et [[Gaius Vettius Gratus]]|
annus= 281&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Gaius Iunius Tiberianus|Gaio Iunio Tiberiano]]|
successores= ipse V et [[Pomponius Victorianus]]}} 
{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores= ipse IV et [[Gaius Iunius Tiberianus]]|
annus= 282&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Pomponius Victorianus|Pomponio Victoriano]]|
successores= [[Carus|Imp. Caesar Marcus Aurelius Carus Augustus]] II et [[Carinus|Imp. Caesar Marcus Aurelius Carinus Augustus]]}} 

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Imperatores Romani}}
[[Categoria:Nati 232]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 282]]
[[Categoria:Discrimen Tertii Saeculi]]
[[Categoria:Imperatores Romani]]
[[Categoria:Necati]]</text>
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'''Marcus Aurelius Numerius Numerianus''' (natus circa annum [[253]]; [[Nicomedia]]e necatus anno [[284]]), filius [[imperator]]is [[Marcus Aurelius Carus|Marci Aurelii Cari]], post [[mors|mortem]] [[pater|patris]], anno [[284]], fuit socius imperii cum [[Carinus|Carino]] [[frater|fratre]]. Anno [[283]] [[Marcus Aurelius Olympius Nemesianus|Nemesianus]] poeta cum eo certamen carminum habuit.

== Fontes de vita et principatu Numeriani ==

* [[Eutropius (rerum gestarum scriptor)|Eutropius]], ''[[Breviarium (Eutropius)|Breviarium]]'' 9.19–20.
* ''[[Historia Augusta]]'', &quot;Carus et Carinus et Numerianus&quot; (vita [[Flavius Vopiscus|Flavio Vopisco]] adscripta: [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Carus_et_al*.html Textus Latine et Anglice])
* [[Ioannes Zonaras|Zonaras]], ''[[Epitome historiarum (Zonaras)|Epitome historiarum]],'' vol. 3, pp. 155–157. Dindorf.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Numerianus}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090528085647/http://www.roman-emperors.org/carinus.htm De Numeriano] in ''De Imperatoribus Romanis,'' pagina a Gulielmo Leadbetter [[Anglice]] scripta.

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores= [[Carus|Imp. Caesar Marcus Aurelius Carus Augustus]] II et [[Carinus|Imp. Caesar Marcus Aurelius Carinus Augustus]]|
annus= 284&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Carinus|Imp. Caesare Marco Aurelio Carino Augusto]] II|
successores= [[Carinus|Imp. Caesar Marcus Aurelius Carinus Augustus]] III et [[Titus Claudius Marcus Aurelius Aristobulus]]}}

{{Imperatores Romani}}

[[Categoria:Nati 253]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 284]]
[[Categoria:Discrimen Tertii Saeculi]]
[[Categoria:Imperatores Romani]]</text>
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{{Videdis|Procopius (nomen)}}
'''Procopius''' (natus in [[Cilicia]] circa mensem Iulium [[326]]; supplicio adfectus die [[27 Maii]] [[366]]), imperatori [[Flavius Claudius Iulianus|Iuliano]] propinquus, fuit a die [[28 Septembris]] [[363]] usque ad [[mors|mortem]] [[usurpator]] contra [[Flavius Valens|Flavium Valentem]] [[imperator]]em [[Imperium Romanum|Romanum]].

== Familia ==
Procopius uxorem duxit, cuius nomen nescimus, nonnullosque liberos habuit&lt;ref&gt;[[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]], Historia Nova IV 4,3-5,1&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Vita ante Imperium ==
Procopius [[Corycus|Coryci]] in Cilicia e nobili gente natus atque ibi educatus est. Forsitan mater eius imperatoris Iuliani propinqua erat. [[Constantius II|Constantio II]] imperatore [[notarius]] et deinde tribunus erat. Iulianus eum [[Comes|comitem]] fecit&lt;ref&gt;Ammianus Marcellinus, Res gestae XXVI 6,1&lt;/ref&gt;. Iuliano mortuo se abdidit apud [[Chalcedon (urbs antiqua)|Chalcedonem]] Strategio senatore adiuvante.

== Usurpator ==
Cum anno [[365]] Valens imperator bellum [[Gothi]]s inferret, Procopius die [[28 Septembris]] [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopolitanis]] copiis persuasit, ut eum imperatorem proclamarent. Deinde [[Thracia (dioecesis Imperii Romani)|Thracia]] ad eum transiit, sed in ceterum [[Praefectura per Illyricum|Illyricum]] procedentes legati eius capti et necati sunt. Valenti, qui iam de  abdicando imperio cogitabat, persuasum est, ut milites [[Nicaea]]m, ubi Procopius tunc erat, mitteret. Sed hi apud oppidum [[Mygdum]] ad flumen [[Sangarius|Sangarium]] ad Procopium transierunt&lt;ref&gt;Op.cit., XXVI 7&lt;/ref&gt;. Valens ad Nicaeam obsidendam [[Vadomarius|Vadomarium]] ducem et olim regem [[Alamanni|Alamannorum]] misit, ipsa ad Chalcedonem iter fecit. Sed copiae Procopii milites Valentis non sine periculo imperatoris ipsius pepulerunt. Etiam [[Cyzicus|Cyzicum]] Procopius accerimis proeliis expugnavit. Sed Procopius, quod his victoriis non utebatur, ut alias urbes expugnaret, proximo anno variis pugnis a Valente victus est, postremo die [[28 Maii]] apud [[Nacolia]]m. Fugit et a sociis suis Barchalba et Florentio vinctus  die proximo ante Valentem prolatus est, qui eum decollari iussit - una cum traditoribus, qui eum attulerant&lt;ref&gt;Op.cit., XXVI 9&lt;/ref&gt;. Et multi alii eiusdem factionis supplicio affecti sunt&lt;ref&gt;Op.cit., XXVI 10&lt;/ref&gt;.
== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes rerum gestarum Procopii ==
* [[Ammianus Marcellinus]], ''[[Res gestae (Ammianus)|Res gestae]]'' liber XXVI
* [[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]], ''[[Historia nova]]''

== Bibliographia ==
* &quot;Procopius 6&quot; in {{PLRE}} vol. 1 pp. 742-743 
* Noel Lenski, The Failure of Empire, Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth Century A.D., Angelopolis 2002, pp. 68 - 115, ISBN 0-520-23332-8

== Nexus externi ==
{{Communia|Procopius}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110505003321/http://www.roman-emperors.org/procopis.htm De Procopio] in ''De Imperatoribus Romanis'' (pagina [[Anglice]] scripta a Noel Lenski)


{{Imperatores Romani}}

[[Categoria:Mortui 366]]
[[Categoria:Nati 326]]
[[Categoria:Imperatores Romani]]</text>
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    <title>Priscus Attalus</title>
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'''Priscus Attalus''' (natus die ignoto - [[Lipara]]e&lt;ref&gt;{{Campanini2003}} ''Isola di Lipari'', Lipara, -ae&lt;/ref&gt; exsul post annum [[416]] obiit) fuit [[Senatus|Senator]] Romanus paganus. &lt;br /&gt;
Anno [[409]] primo ''comes sacrarum largitionum'' et deinde [[praefectus urbi Romae]] factus est. Bis a [[Visigothi]]s [[imperator]] [[Imperium Romanum|Romanus]] creatus est, accurate: Primo [[Roma]]e anno [[409]] exeunte, cum post breve tempus, postquam [[Alaricus I (rex Visigothorum)|Alaricus]] cum [[Honorius I|Honorio]] imperatore de pace convenit, depositus est. Tum apud Gothos vixit. Secundo tempore [[Burdigala]]e anno [[414]] proclamatus est. Anno [[415]] a Honorio captus, [[416]] mutilatus relegatusque est.

Priscus Attalus ante annum 409 senator paganus fuerat. Tum more [[Arianismus|Arianorum]] - ut plerique Germani - baptizatus est. De novo, sed frustra spes senatorum paganorum religionis Romanae atque praesertim [[Controversia de ara Victoriae|arae Victoriae renovandae]] aucta est. 

== Nexus externi ==

{{Communia|Priscus Attalus|Priscum Attalum}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120716203833/http://www.roman-emperors.org/westemp5.htm#Note%205 De Prisco Attalo] in &quot;''De Imperatoribus Romanis''&quot; (nota a Hugone Elton scripta) {{Ling|Anglice}}

== Nota ==

&lt;references/&gt;

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Imperatores Romani}}

[[Categoria:Imperatores Romani]]
[[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 4]]
[[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 5]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Solidus Petronius Maximus-RIC 2201.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Solidus]] Petronii Maximi]]
'''Petronius Maximus''' (natus circa annum [[396]]; lapidibus obrutus die [[31 Maii]] [[455]]) fuit breviter [[imperator]] [[Imperium Romanum Occidentale|imperii Romani partis ad occidentem solem vergentis]], a die [[17 Martii]] [[455]] usque ad [[mors|mortem]].

== Familia ==
Petronius Maximus e gente nobili senatoria Aniciorum se natum esse putabat. Forsitan [[Flavius Anicius Probinus]], consul anni [[395]] eius pater fuit.

== Cursus honorum ==
Circa annum [[411]] [[praetor]], circa [[415]] [[tribunus]] et [[notarius]] fuit, deinde ab anno [[416]] usque ad annum [[419]] [[Comes sacrarum largitionum]] et annis [[419]] ac [[433]] [[praefectus urbi Romae]] erat. Anno 419 [[Praefectus praetorio]] [[Praefectura Italiae|Italiae]] fuit et bis (annis [[433]] ac [[443]]) [[consul]]. Anno [[445]] etiam ''[[patricius]]'' nominatus est.

== Imperator ==
Fuit inimicus [[Flavius Aetius|Flavii Aetii]] magistri militum atque [[Valentinianus III|Valentinianum III]] imperatorem ad eius caedem anno [[454]] instigavit. Anno [[455]] etiam imperatorem insidiis necari iussit, imperator die [[17 Martii]] proclamatus et eius viduam [[Licinia Eudoxia|Liciniam Eudoxiam]] in matrimonium duxit. Filium e matrimonio primo [[Palladius (Caesar)|Palladium]] ''Caesarem'' nominavit. Cum [[Vandali]] urbem expugnaturi essent, Maximus fugiens cum filio a multitudine Romanorum necatus est.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Communia|Petronius Maximus|Petronium Maximum}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924114322/http://www.roman-emperors.org/petmax.htm De Petronio Maximo] in &quot;''De Imperatoribus Romanis''&quot; (pagina a Radulpho W. Mathisen scripta) {{Ling|Anglice}}
* [http://www.imperiumromanum.com/personen/kaiser/petroniusmaximus_03.htm De Petronio Maximo] {{Ling|Germanice}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Imperatores Romani}}

{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Flavius Aetius]] et [[Flavius Valerius]]|
annus= 433&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Theodosius II|Imp. Caesare Flavio Theodosio Augusto]] XIV|
successores=[[Flavius Ardaburius Asparus]] et [[Flavius Areobindus]]}}
{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Flavius Dioscorus]] et [[Flavius Eudoxius]]|
annus= 443&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Flavius Paterius|Flavio Paterio]]|
successores=[[Theodosius II|Imp. Caesar Flavius Theodosius Augustus]] XVIII et [[Flavius Caecina Decius Aginatius Albinus]]}}

{{Lifetime|396|455|Petronius Maximus}}

[[Categoria:Imperatores Romani]]
[[Categoria:Gens Petronia]]
[[Categoria:Praefecti Praetorio]]
[[Categoria:Praetores]]
[[Categoria:Senatores]]
[[Categoria:Praefecti urbi Romae antiqui]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Olybrius</title>
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      <text bytes="3039" sha1="2ww2ygkevm15jidev57m72drca1sl2q" xml:space="preserve">{{Imperator
| nomen           = Olybrius
| titulus         = Imperator
| image           = Anicius Olybrius.png
| caption         = D N ANICIVS OLYBRIVS AVG
| image_size      = 
| principatus     = [[23 Martii]] vel [[11 Iulii]] – [[23 Octobris]] vel [[2 Novembris]] [[472]]
| nomen_plenum    = Anicius Olybrius
| partus          = ignoto anno
| locus_natalis   = 
| obitus          = [[23 Octobris]] vel[[2 Novembris]] [[472]]
| locus_mortis    = Roma
| predecessor     = [[Anthemius (imperator)|Anthemius]]
| successor       = [[Glycerius]]
| uxor 1          = [[Placidia]]
| uxor 2          = 
| domus           = Anicia
| pater           = 
| mater           = 
| prognati        = [[Anicia Iuliana]]
| religio         = Christianus
}}
'''Anicius Olybrius''' ([[Roma]]e natus die ignoto - obiit anno [[472]]) fuit [[consul]] anno [[464]] et [[imperator]] [[Imperium Romanum Occidentale|imperii Romani parte ad occidentem solem vergenti]] a mense Martio aut Aprilis usque ad mensem Octobrem aut Novembrem [[472]]. 

== Vita privata ==
Olybrius origine praeclarus fuit, nam Anicii erant familia senatorum nobilissima. Anno [[455]], postquam [[Geisericus]] [[Vandali|Vandalorum]] rex Romam expugnavit, Constantinopolim fugit, ubi [[464]] consulatus honorem suscepit. [[Placidia|Placidiam]] filiam [[Valentinianus III|Valentiniani III]] in matrimonium duxit, e quo unam filiam habuit, [[Anicia Iuliana|Iulianam Aniciam]], cum [[Geisericus (rex Vandalorum)|Geisericus]] rex Vandalorum sororem Placidiae uxorem accepit. Itaque rex Vandalorum [[Libius Severus|Libio Severo]] anno [[465]] mortuo Olybrium imperatorem per occidentem postulavit. Sed [[Leo I]] imperator orientalis [[Anthemius (imperator)|Anthemium]] praetulit et [[467]] imperatorem fecit. Anno [[472]], cum Anthemius et [[Ricimerius]] magister militum de imperio bellum moverent, Leo imperator Olybrium Romam misit, ut discordiam finiret.

== Imperator ==

Sed, ubi mense Aprili anni [[472]] Romam advenit, statim [[12 Aprilis]] a Ricimerio magistro militum imperatorem proclamatus est contra Anthemium, qui [[11 Iulii]] caesus est, postquam copiae Ricimerii Romam expugnaverunt. [[19 Augusti]] eiusdem anni Ricimerius mortem obiit, cui filius [[Gundobadus]] magister militum successit. Is re vera Romae regnavit, [[Leo I (imperator)|Leo I]] autem, imperator orientis numquam Olybrium imperatorem occidentis probavit. Olybrius autem mense Novembri mortem obiit.

== Nexus externus ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200126175703/http://www.roman-emperors.org/olybrius.htm De Olybrio] in &quot;''De Imperatoribus Romanis''&quot; (pagina [[Anglice]] scripta a Radulpho W. Mathisen)

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Imperatores Romani}}
{{Index consulum sub principatu electorum|
praedecessores=[[Flavius Caecina Decius Basilius]] et [[Flavius Vivianus]]|
annus= 464&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt; [[Flavius Rusticius|Flavio Rusticio]]|
successores=[[Flavius Hermenericus]] et [[Flavius Basiliscus]] }}

[[Categoria:Imperatores Romani]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 5]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 472]]
[[Categoria:Gens Anicia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Michael Angelus Antonioni</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Michelangelo Antonioni.jpg|thumb|Michael Angelus Antonioni]]
'''Michael Angelus Antonioni''' ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''Michelangelo Antonioni'', [[Ferraria (urbs)|Ferrariae]] die [[29 Septembris]] [[1912]] natus; [[Roma]]e die [[30 Iulii]] [[2007]] mortuus) fuit illustrissimus [[moderator cinematographicus]] [[Italia|Italicus]] [[saeculum 20|saeculi XX]].

== Pelliculae selectae ==

* [[Cronaca di un amore]] (1950)
* [[La signora senza camelie]] (1953)
* [[I vinti]] (1953)
* [[Il grido]] (1957)
* [[L'avventura]] (1960)
* [[La notte]] (1961)
* [[L'eclisse]] (1962)
* [[Il deserto rosso]] (1964)
* [[I tre volti]] - episodio Il provino (1965)
* [[Blow-Up]] ( (1966)
* [[Zabriskie Point]] (1970)
* [[Professione: reporter]] (1975)
* [[Il mistero di Oberwald]] (1980)
* [[Identificazione di una donna]] (1982)

== Nexus externi ==

* [http://www.italica.rai.it/cinema/biografie/antonioni.htm Biographia ] {{Ling |Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210426015741/http://www.sensesofcinema.com/2002/great-directors/antonioni/ De Michelangelo Antonioni in pagina ''Senses of Cinema'' ] {{Ling |Anglice}}
* {{IMDb name|0000774|Michaele Angelo Antonioni}}
{{bio-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Antonioni, Michael Angelus}}
{{Myrias|Homines}}
[[Categoria:Incolae Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Moderatores cinematographici Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1912]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 2007]]
[[Categoria:Contracultura annorum 1960]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Harrius Mitchell</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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{{res|Harrius Everardus Mitchell}} ([[Phoenix|Phoenice]] [[Arizona]]e natus die [[18 Iulii]] [[1940]]; mortuus die [[29 Iulii]] [[2026]]), magister, fuit politicorum peritus Democraticus qui in [[Camera Repraesentantum Civitatum Foederatarum|Camera Repraesentantium Civitatum Foederatarum]] pro Populo quinti Districti Arizonae stat.

== Nexus externus ==
* {{CongBio|M001167}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Anni vitae|1940|2026|Mitchell, Harrius}}
[[Categoria:Camerae Repraesentantium Civitatum Foederatarum legati Arizonae|Camerae Repraesentantium Civitatum Foederatarum legati Arizonae]]
[[Categoria:Magistri]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kay Granger</title>
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{{res|Kay Granger}} (nata in [[Greenville]], [[Texia]] die [[18 Ianuarii]] [[1943]]; mortua [[Arx Vorthensis|Arcis Vorthensis]] die [[2 Augusti]] [[2026]]), magistra, fuit mulier civilis Republicana quae in [[Camera Repraesentantum Civitatum Foederatarum|Camera Repraesentantium Civitatum Foederatarum]] Texiae legata est.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat}}
{{Fontes biographici}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Anni vitae|1945|2026|Granger, Kay}}
[[Categoria:Camerae Repraesentantium Civitatum Foederatarum legati Texiae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Myrna Loy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="718" sha1="shh9vdgioorij6jm660cjpbjvxwagty" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}

'''Myrna Loy''' (nata ''Catharina Myrna Adele Williams'' [[Radersburgum (Montana)|Radersburgi]] [[Montana]]e die [[2 Augusti]] [[1905]]; mortua [[Urbs Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]] die [[14 Decembris]] [[1993]] ) fuit [[pellicula]]rum [[actor|actrix]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americana]]. 

== Nexus externi ==
* {{Imdb name|0001485|Myrna Loy}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061029062756/http://film.virtual-history.com/person.php?personid=582 Imagines Myrnae Loy]

{{bio-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Loy, Myrna}}
[[Categoria:Nati 1905]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1993]]
[[Categoria:Actores Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Cinematographia]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Montanae]]
[[Categoria:Mulieres]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Michael Gondry</title>
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      <text bytes="986" sha1="nntmy6em4mlgb1ey0gtm685ukpqcq1e" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Michel Gondry.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Michel Gondry anno [[2005]]]]

'''Michael Gondry''' (natus [[Versaliae|Versaliis]] in [[Francia]] die [[8 Maii]] [[1963]]) est [[pellicula]]rum scriptor et [[moderator cinematographicus]] [[Francia|Francicus]].

== Pelliculae selectae ==

* [[2011]] : [[The Green Hornet]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20110525082549/http://www.michelgondry.com/ Pagina Michali Gondry dicata] {{Ling|Francice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071008232015/http://bittekunst.de/?cat=6 Imagines operum Michelis Gondry apud bittekunst.de] {{Ling|Germanice}}
* {{Imdb name|0327273|Michaele Gondry}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080227195732/http://www.popzoot.tv/spezial_gondry.php3 Filmographia Michelis Gondry] apud popzoot.tv {{Ling|Germanice}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gondry, Michael}}

[[Categoria:Incolae Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Moderatores cinematographici Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1963]]
[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pugna apud Lugdunum</title>
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      <text bytes="3169" sha1="ccdpanwtbhi80axbw6aipb5l75koiho" xml:space="preserve">{{L}}
'''Pugna apud Lugdunum''' fuit proelium quo exercitus [[Septimius Severus|Septimii Severi]] Imperatoris Romani manus ductum ab [[usurpator]]e Romano [[Clodius Albinus|Clodio Albino]] vicit. Post hanc victoriam, Severus habitus est solus Imperii Romani Imperator. Hoc proelium maximum, et pugnatum maxime acriter, et cruentissimum proelium inter Romanos fuisse dicitur. Historicus [[Cassius Dio]] 300&amp;thinsp;000 comisisse proelium aestimavit; hodie, autem, numerus fuisse paulo inferior intellegitur ubique.

==Praelusio==
Post homicidium [[Pertinax|Imperatoris Pertinacis]] anno [[193]], contentio de successione solii Imperatoris fuit. Multi viri publici adrogare regnum tempaverunt, notissime senator [[Didius Iulianus]] et dux legionum Pannonarum Septimius Severus. Ante Romam oppuganvit, Severus cum potente duce legionum Britanniae, Clodio Albino, societatem fecit creando eo Caesare.Post Didium et [[Pescennius Niger|Piscennium Nigrem]], gubernatorem [[Syria]]e, vicit, Severus in Orientalem Romanam Imperium stipendium felicem coepit anno [[195]]. Deinde, ut potestam eius cogeret, filium suum creavit Caesarem et favet [[Marcus Aurelius|Marco Aurelio]]. Hae res abruperunt societam Severi cum Albino, quis a Senato esse hostis Romae declaratus est. Anno [[196]], a militibus suis Imperatorem consulatatus, Clodius Albinus misit 40&amp;thinsp;000 virorum eius e Britannia ad Galliam et castrum Lugduni statuit. Iutus huc a [[Lucius Novius Rufus|Lucio Novio Rufo]], gubernatore Hispaniae Tarraconensis, et legione VII ''Gemina.'' Sed potentes Severum legiones Germanicum et Danubicum secutus sunt. Ut &quot;neutralizare&quot;{{dubsig}} hoc bonum Severi, Albinus impetum fecit contra legionem Germanicum sub Virio Lupo. Eos vicit, sed non valenter ut Germani societam ad Severum abrogarent. Tum Albinus invasionem ad Italiam meditatus est. Severus autem paraverat pro hoc invasionem corroborandis praesidiis ad saltus Alpinorum. Non volens accipere addititas mortes aut moras quae fiant a transeundis saltibus, Albinus deterritus fuit. Heime [[196]]–[[197]], Severus statuit exercitum eius per Danubium flumen et incesserunt in Galliam, ubi conperit visem esse par suo. Duo exercitus primum pugnavit ad Tinurtium, ubi Severus Albinum retro ad Lugdunum pepulit.

==Proelium==
Die [[19 Februarii]] [[197]], tandem ultimum proelium coepit. [[Historia|Historici]] paucas res de eo sciunt. Intellegitur duo adversarios fuisse pares de potestate. Cui fautus est saepe mutabat. Tandem, milites Albini, superati a fatigatione et vulneribus, deleti sunt. 

==Proventus==
Romana fama dicit Albinum fugisse in Lugundum atque necavisse a sicario Romano. Corpus Albini denudatus decapitatusque est a Severo. Tum Severus equitavit super corpus ante milites ipsius. Severus misit capita Albini et suis ad Romam ut moneret hostes eius. Hoc proelium status Romanus in Britannia hebetavit. Multis Romanis militibus Britanniae necatis, tumultus in Britannia crebrior ferit. 

==Nexus externi==
[https://web.archive.org/web/20110226205127/http://www.roman-emperors.org/sepsev.htm Roman Emperors DIR] {{ling|Anglice}}

[[Categoria:Lugdunum]]
[[Categoria:Proelia Romanorum]]
[[Categoria:197]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Radiatio infrarubra</title>
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      <text bytes="3316" sha1="4vljqxa8d84cnk3z8n86idco494fxcq" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Infrared_dog.jpg|thumb|Pictura [[canis]] [[lux infrarubra|luce infrarubra]] effecta]]
[[Fasciculus:Ir girl.png|thumb|[[Duo]] [[homo|homines]] [[lux|luce]] media-infrarubra (&quot;thermali&quot;) ([[color falsus}coloribus falsis]]) photographati]]
[[Fasciculus:Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer first-light image.jpg|thumb|Hac in imagine, ex [[telescopium|telescopio]] infrarubro facta, [[caeruleus]], [[viridis]], et [[ruber]] cum [[longitudo|longitudinibus]] [[unda]]rum 3.4, 4.6, et 12 micron congruunt&lt;!--respectively--&gt;.]]

'''Radiatio infrarubra''' est genus [[radiatio electromagnetica|radiationis electromagneticae]] cuius [[unda]] est longior quam ea [[spectrum visuale|luminis aspectabilis]] a margine nominali aspectabilis luminis [[ruber|rubri]] margine apud 0.74 [[micrometrum|micrometra]] (µm) mensa, et more eruditorum usque ad 300&amp;nbsp;µm patens, inventus est a [[Gulielmus Herschel|Gulielmo Herschel]]. Hae [[longitudo|longitudines]] undarum cum frequentiis circa 1 ad 400&amp;nbsp;[[Hertz|THz]] congruunt,&lt;ref&gt;S. C. Liew, [http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/~research/tutorial/em.htm &quot;Electromagnetic Waves&quot;] (Centre for Remote Imaging, Sensing and Processing).&lt;/ref&gt; et plurimum [[radiatio thermalis|radiationis thermalis]] a rebus prope [[temperatura]]m conclavium ([[Anglice]] ''room temperature'') emissam comprehendit. Per [[microscopium]], [[lux]] infrarubra plerumque emittitur vel absorbetur a [[molecula|moleculis]] cum eae suarum motus [[spectroscopia ifrarubra|rotationis et vibrationis]]{{dubsig}} mutant. Etiam radiatio infrarubra fonte variarum [[technologia]]rum amplicatur.

{{NexInt}}
*[[Astronomia Infrarubra]]
*[[Camera infrarubra]]
*[[Camera thermographica]]
*[[Colum infrarubrum]]
*[[Fenestra atmosphaerica]]
*[[Photographia infrarubra]]
*[[Photodiodum]]
*[[Pyrgeometrum]]
*[[Radiatio corporis atri]]
*[[Radiatio terahertzensis]]
*[[Signatura infrarubra]]
*[[Spectroscopia absorptionis]]
*[[Spectroscopia infrarubra]]
*[[Telecommunicatio]]
*[[Thermographia]]
*[[Thermometrum infrarubrum]]
*[[Visus nocturnus]]&lt;!-- +
*[[Infrared homing]]
*[[Hyperspectral imaging]]
*[[Solar cell#Infrared solar cells|Infrared solar cells]]
*[[People counter]]
*[[Queue Management System]]
*[[RIAS (Remote Infrared Audible Signage)]]--&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060114051647/http://imagers.gsfc.nasa.gov/ems/infrared.html De undis infrarubris] apud situm imagers.gsfc.nasa.gov (NASA)
* [http://www.ocinside.de/html/modding/usb_ir_receiver/usb_ir_receiver.html &quot;How to build an USB infrared receiver to control PCs remotely,&quot;] apud situm ocinside.de
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070807034953/http://www.omega.com/literature/transactions/volume1/historical1.html &quot;Infrared: A Historical Perspective,&quot;] apud omega.com (Omega Engineering)
* [http://yengal-marumugam.blogspot.com/2011/06/sirc-part-i-basics.html &quot;SIRC Protocol,&quot;] apud yengal.marumugam.blogspot.com
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080522132313/http://www.irda.org/ Situs publicus] apud irda.org (Infrared Data Association)

{{physica-stipula}}
{{scien-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Infrarubra}}
[[Categoria:Physica]]&lt;!--PRO TEM--&gt;
[[Categoria:Spectrum electromagneticum]]
[[Categoria:Radiatio electromagnetica]]
{{1000 paginae}}

{{Myrias|Physica}}</text>
      <sha1>4vljqxa8d84cnk3z8n86idco494fxcq</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Radiactivitas</title>
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      <text bytes="17740" sha1="3no8ig9ufvk4nisy92d1yz5j3kt01ze" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Radioactive.svg|thumb|150px|[[Symbolum periculi]] materiem radiactivam significat.&lt;!-- The [[Unicode]] encoding of this symbol is U+2622 ({{unicode|?}}) --&gt;]]

{{res|Radiactivitas}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Nobel
	| nomen auctoris = Albertus
	| titulus = Dictionary of Medical Objects / Medizinisches Sachwörterbuch / Dictionnaire d’Objets Médicaux / Medicinae Rerum Verborum Index
	| annus = 1983
	| pagina = 1302
	| url paginae = https://page-one.springer.com/pdf/preview/10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94
	| retrospectio paginae = 20260413183959
	| domus editoria = [[Springer]]
	| locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga]]e
	| doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-68912-3_94
}}: “14183 &lt;sup&gt;40&lt;/sup&gt;K-{{lectio|Radiactivitas}}”.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Colmenárez Molina
	| nomen auctoris = Albertus Antonius
	| titulus = Metodología en la enseñanza de la lengua latina: método clásico
	| contextus = Revista Electrónica REDINE
	| volumen = 4
	| fasciculus = 2
	| tempus = 2012-10-31
	| pagina = 138
	| url = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/view/1352
	| url forma pdf = https://revistas.uclave.org/index.php/redine/article/download/1352/642/1197
	| domus editoria = Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado
	| locus = [[Barquisimeto]]
	| issn = 22447997
}}: “Lat. Iodum, radiactivum, {{lectio|radiactivitas}}, {{omissis}}”&lt;/ref&gt; aut {{res|nucleus dissiliens vel tabescens}} sunt [[radiatio|radiationes]] (materiae particularum et energiae) ex instabilibus [[Nucleus atomi|atomorum nucleis]] sponte emissae quae ultra certum modum animantibus periculosae fiunt. Tales nuclei instabiles et compositionem suam mutantes ''mobiles'' vel ''radiactivi'' appellantur. Pariter [[atomus|atomi]], quibus nuclei radiactivi insunt, radiactivi nominantur. 

Plures atomi terrestres non sunt radiactivi, sed atomi qui numerum [[neutron|neutrorum]] habent supra aut infra numerum necessarium pro stabilitate exhibent radiactivitatem. Exempli gratia, [[Carbonium|carbonii]] atomus 6 [[proton]]es habet, saepius 6 quoque [[neutron]]es; numerus atomicus est ergo 12 et hunc isotopum &quot;[[carbonium]]-12&quot; nominamus. Sunt autem atomi carbonii qui 8 neutrones habent.  Haec carboni varietas est &quot;carbonium-14&quot; et radiactiva est.  Varietates  eiusdem [[Elementum chemicum|elementi chemici]] quae non eundem neutronum numerum habent sunt ''[[isotopus|isotopi]].'' Exempli gratia, carbonium-12 et carbonium-14 sunt isotopi elementi carbonii.

Homines radiactivitatem ad suam utilitatem accomodarunt tam militarem cum [[bomba atomica]], quod [[Societas Internationalis pro Energia Atomica]] prohibet, quam civilem in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] quae [[Electricitas|electricitatem]] producunt aut in [[medicina nuclearis|medicina nucleari]].

Radiactivitatem primus descripsit [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel]] die [[24 Februarii]] [[1896]], deinde [[Maria Curie]], [[chemicus|chemica]] [[Polonia|Polona]] quae [[Lutetia]]e physicae studuit.

== De radiactivitate inventa ==
Anno [[1896]], [[Antonius Henricus Becquerel|Henricus Becquerel]] physicus Francicus [[oxidum uranii]] supra [[Photographia|laminam photographicam]] tegumento opaco involutam forte reliquit. Nihilominus animadvertit maculas nigras in lamina apparuisse unde rem multum miratus collegit radiationis genus fuisse&lt;ref&gt;Jean-Louis Basdevant, «[https://journals.openedition.org/bibnum/848?lang=fr#quotation Henri Becquerel : découverte de la radioactivité] », ''Bibnum'', 2017. Pierre Radvanyi, Jacques Villain. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1631070517300786 La découverte de la radioactivité]&quot;, ''Comptes Rendus Physique'', 2017: 544-550&lt;/ref&gt;. Paulo post [[Maria Curie|Maria Sklodowska]] quae tum [[Doctoratus|doctoris gradum]] parabat ostendit  ex uranii atomis quibuscumque moleculis insertis hanc radiationem oriri. Similem proprietatem et in [[radium|radio]], et in [[thorium|thorio]] et in [[Polonium|polonio]] invenit. Causa tamen adhuc ignota erat.

At anno [[1898]], [[Ernestus Rutherford]] ex declinatione in [[Campus electricus|campo electrico]] perspecta tria radiationis genera distinxit quas α, β, γ appellavit. Radius qui ad polum negativum declinabat fuit [[particula alpha|alpha]], is qui ad polum positivum [[Particula beta|beta]], et tertius qui e recto itinere non declinabat [[Radiatio gamma|gamma]]. Post [[Nucleus atomi|atomi nucleum]] anno 1908 inventum ostendit particulas alpha e duobus neutronibus et duobus protonibus constare atque instar esse [[Helium|helii]] nuclei [[onus electricum|positive onerati]]; in particulis beta electrones maxima vi et celeritate e nucleo expulsos cognovit.

== De praecipuis radiationum generibus ==
[[Fasciculus:Alpha Decay.svg|thumb|Nucleus gravis particulam alpha emittit.]]
Cum structura nucleorum instabilium mutatur radiationes e nucleis emitti solent e quibus praecipuae sunt:
* '''Particula alpha''' quae instar nuclei helii e duobus protonibus et duobus neutronibus constat, unde [[Massa atomica|massa atomica 4]] et [[onus electricum]] +2 quod notari potest {{chem|4|2|He|2+}}   aut {{chem|4|2|α}}α  aut plerumque simplicius α. Haec particula plerumque a gravioribus elementis emittitur ita ut isotopi uranii, exempli gratia, gradatim longo tempore isotopi [[Plumbum|plumbi]] fiant. Exemplum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionis nuclearis]] ad radium in [[radon]] mutatum pertinens: {{chem|226|88|Ra|}} → {{chem|222|86|Rn|}} + α.  Massa atomica quattuor unitatibus et numerus protonum duabus minuitur.

* '''Particulae beta''' sunt electrones magna vi e nucleo expulsi dum neutrones in protones mutantur. Quia massam quasi nullam habent et onus electricum -1 notantur {{chem|0|-1|e}}e aut e&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; aut β&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; aut simplicius β. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[tritium (chemia)|tritium]] in helium-3 mutatur sic scribitur: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} +  {{chem|0|-1|e}}e. Sed post Rutherford etiam particulae β&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; inventae sunt quae massam quasi nullam habent sed onus positivum +1 et antiparticulae nonnumquam dicuntur et notantur β&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;. Emittuntur cum protones in neutrones mutantur et '''[[positron|positrones]]''' (&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;+1&lt;/sub&gt;e) vulgo dicuntur. Ita reactio nuclearis qua [[natrium]] in [[neon]]-22 mutatur  sic scribitur:  
:{{chem|22|11|Na}} → {{chem|22|10|Ne|}} +  &lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;+1&lt;/sub&gt;e.
[[Fasciculus:GammaDecay.jpg|thumb|Radiatio gamma energiam nuclei minuit.]]
* '''[[Radiatio gamma]]''' est [[radiatio electromagnetica]] [[lux|luci]] similis sed maxima [[frequentia]] (inter 10&lt;sup&gt;17&lt;/sup&gt; et 10&lt;sup&gt;20&lt;/sup&gt; [[hertz]]) et brevissima [[Longitudo undae|undae longitudine]] (circa 1 [[picometrum|pm]]). Nam nucleus atomi photonem unum emittit cum e statu energiae superiore in inferiorem velut quiescit et considit. Itaque radiatio gamma saepe simul cum radiatione alpha aut radiatione beta emittitur.

* Minus frequenter etiam protones et neutrones e nucleo magna vi expelli possunt necnon antiparticulae, positrones et [[Antiproton|antiprotones]] (qui massam protonis habent sed onus negativum). Cum particula antiparticulae suae occurrit adnihilantur nec quidquam nisi energia remanet.

== In biologia ==
Radisotopi (e.g. [[cobaltum]]-60) ad necandas [[cellula|cellulas]] cancrosas in [[radiotherapia]] adhibentur quia nimiae [[Radiatio ionizans|radiationis ionizantis]] quantitates animantibus graviter nocent: ambustiones, [[cancer|cancros]]&lt;ref&gt;Amy L. Sherborne, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124715008864 Mutational Analysis of Ionizing Radiation Induced Neoplasms]&quot;, ''Cell Reports'', 2015: 1915-1926&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Mutatio genetica|mutationes geneticas]]&lt;ref&gt;Jeonghwan Youk et alii, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666979X24000260 Quantitative and qualitative mutational impact of ionizing radiation on normal cells]&quot;, ''Cell Genomics'', 2024: 100499.&lt;/ref&gt;, radiorum morbum, mortem gignere solent&lt;ref&gt;INRS: [https://www.inrs.fr/risques/rayonnements-ionisants/effets-sur-la-sante.html De radiationibus et salute  humana].&lt;/ref&gt;. Non tamen aequaliter nocent: nam particulae alpha et neutrones magnae energiae vicies nocentiores aestimantur esse quam particulae beta et radiationes gamma.

Quia graviores sunt et onus electricum duplex habent particulae alpha maxima damna efficiunt cum moleculas vehementer percutiunt et electrones abripiunt ut atomi helii fiant. Attamen nisi spiritu aut haustu ingestae intra corpus non facile intrant et iam vestibus aut [[cornu|cornea]] [[cutis]] parte sistuntur. Ingestae vero periculosissimae fiunt: exempli gratia [[plutonium]], elementum maxime toxicum et particulas alpha emittens, facile in Pu&lt;sup&gt;4+&lt;/sup&gt; oxidatur et locum [[Ferrum|Fe]]&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt; in [[Os (anatomia ossis)|ossibus]] capit ubi [[Haematopoiesis|haematopoiesin]] impedit&lt;ref&gt;''[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5c584a2740f0b676d9455c62/Human_biokinetics_of_plutonium_a_compilation_of_experimental_data.pdf Human biokinetics of plutonium: a compilation of experimental data]'', Public England Health, 2018. Baikuntha P Aryal, &quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3679905/ Plutonium Uptake and Distribution in Mammalian Cells: Molecular vs Polymeric Plutonium]&quot;,  ''Int J Radiat Biol.'', 2011: 1023–1032.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Particulae beta facilius in corpus intrant circiter 1 [[Centimetrum|cm]] antequam sistantur sed massa paene nulla damna minora facit. Radii gamma facile corpus transeunt et [[Plumbum|plumbeo]] praesidio tantum arceri possunt. Fasciculus radiorum gamma in unum punctum proiectus cellulas necat&lt;ref&gt;Harvard Natural Sciences Lecture Demonstrations, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020328/https://sciencedemonstrations.fas.harvard.edu/presentations/%CE%B1-%CE%B2-%CE%B3-penetration-and-shielding α, β, γ Penetration and Shielding]''.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Revera damnum e vi et [[Diuturni temporis|diuturnitate]] radiationis pendet. Nam omnes et semper sine maximo damno radiactivitati solitae et naturali obnoxii sumus, quae ex atomis nostri corporis oritur, imprimis e [[kalium|kalio]]-40 sed et e multis aliis isotopis ut carbonio-14&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.polymedia.ch/fr/la-radioactivite-dans-le-corps-humain/ La radioactivité dans le corps humain]&quot;, ''Revue Polytechnique'', 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;; item e radiis [[Cosmos|cosmicis]] qui [[Tellus (planeta)|Tellurem]] attingunt; item e saxis [[radon]]&lt;ref&gt;RadioProtect (2025): ''[https://www.radio-protect.com/post/les-concentrations-de-radon-dans-les-habitations-en-france Les concentrations de radon dans les habitations en France]''&lt;/ref&gt; aliave elementa radiactiva includentibus (illae radiationes e solo emanant), postremo etiam pro circiter decima parte ex industria humana&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.openradiation.org/fr/la-radioactivite-ambiante La radioactivité ambiante]. Julien Bourdet, &quot;[https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/articles/la-radioactivite-naturelle-moteur-dune-vie-souterraine-insoupconnee La radioactivité naturelle, moteur d'une vie souterraine insoupçonnée]&quot;, ''CNRS Le Journal'': 27.10.2021.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Itaque ad periculum aestimandum necesse est vim radiationis metiri.

== De radiactivitatis mensura ==
Primum energiam in corpus radiatum inlatam metiti sunt quae 'dosis radiationis exhausta' dicitur et in [[iulium|iuliis]] per [[Chiliogramma|chiliogrammata]] (J/Kg) exprimitur. [[Unitas mensuralis|Unitas]] [[Systema internationale unitatum|SI]] dosis exhaustae est '''[[Gray (unitas)|gray]]''' (nota: Gy) quae 1 J/Kg valet.
Olim alia unitas in usu erat quae 'rad' dicebatur atque centesimam partem unius gray valebat (10&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt;). Sed ut damna biologica subtilius aestimentur mensura dosis peraequatae (nota H) adhibetur (unitas SI: '''[[Sievert (unitas)|sievert]]''': Sv) quae particulas et [[Textus (biologia)|textus]] distinguit: exempli gratia 1 gray particulae beta aut [[Photon|photonis]] gamma 1 [[Sievert (unitas)|sievert]] valet, sed 1 gray particulae alpha 20 sievert&lt;ref&gt;H = Q X dosis exhausta (Gy).&lt;/ref&gt; valet quia damna multo maiora sunt. Radexpositio naturalis  media cui obnoxii sumus 2 mSv&lt;ref&gt;Millisievert.&lt;/ref&gt; per annum aestimatur. Ita gray quantitatem energiae, sievert autem periculum biologicum metitur.

Celeritatem dissilientium (vel tabescentium) nucleorum aut [[Computatorium Geiger|computatorio Geiger]] cum [[gas]] [[argon]] (vel [[neon]]) [[ion|ionizatur]] strepente aut computatorio scintillatorio fulgura in substantia luminifera numerante metiri licet. Unitas systemate internationali praecepta est '''[[Becquerel (unitas)|becquerel]]''' (nota Bq). Becquerel unum = unus nucleus in quadam materia unoquoque [[Secundum|secundo]] semel dissiliens, hoc est radiationem emittens. Olim fuit alia unitas ''curie'' nomine (nota Ci) quae 3,7 X 10&lt;sup&gt;10&lt;/sup&gt; becquerel valebat, hoc est activitatem unius grammatis [[Radium|radii]]-226&lt;ref&gt;CRIIRAD, [https://www.criirad.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/CRIIRAD-Fiche-G2-Unites.pdf Trois unités pour la radioactivité et ses effets]. Tableau de conversion.fr.[https://www.tableau-de-conversion.fr/blog/becquerel-unite-radioactivite/ Unités de mesure. Découverte du becquerel : unité de mesure de la radioactivité], 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Activitas radisotoporum evolvente tempore decrescit postquam pars instabilium nucleorum in atomos stabiles mutata est. Quam evolutionem [[Semivita biologica|semivitis]] metiri solemus, hoc est tempore necessario ut dimidia tantum pars atomorum radiactivorum in aliqua substantia initio praesentium  reliqua sit. Semivita uniuscuiusque isotopi propria est. Exempli gratia semivita carbonii-14 5730 annos valet, semivita [[Iodum|iodi]]-131 8.05 dies. Quo brevior est semivita tanto maior est radiactivitas. Haec semivitarum constantia ad [[Archaeologia|archaeologicorum]] inventorum [[datatio|datationem]] adhibetur, imprimis per [[Computatio radiocarbonica|carbonium-14]].

== De usu humano ==
Radisotopi ad moleculas sequendas et reactiones chemicas investigandas adhibentur: exempli gratia si aqua oxygenio-18 signata uteris certior fies in [[Photosynthesis|photosynthesi]] oxygenium aquae non [[Carbohydratum|carbohydratis]] incorporari sed in atmosphaeram reici. Oxygenii atomi e [[Carbonii dioxidum|dioxido carbonii]] igitur in carbohydrata intrant. Item ad [[bacteria]] e cibis exterminanda&lt;ref&gt;AIEA, ''[https://www.iaea.org/fr/newscenter/news/en-quoi-consiste-lirradiation-des-aliments-et-pourquoi-est-ce-une-technique-importante En quoi consiste l’irradiation des aliments et pourquoi est-ce une technique importante]''&lt;/ref&gt; aut ad energiam [[Astronavis|astronavibus]] ministrandam radiationes aptae sunt.

Radisotopi longissimae semivitae ut uranium-238 aut kalium-40 ad saxorum datationem adhibentur, inter alia illorum quae e luna proveniunt.

In [[Ergasterium atomicum|ergasteriis atomicis]] energia et electricitas producitur neutronibus in atomos graves et fissiles (uranium 233 et 235, [[plutonium]] 239) immittendis qui nucleos in minores partes secant. Et substantiae intrantes et intertrimenta vehementer radiactiva sunt, quae sepeliri post usum quam diligentissime cautissimeque oportet. Nihilominus per [[Millennium|millenia]] aetatibus futuris periculo erunt&lt;ref&gt;Julie Blanck, ''[https://theses.hal.science/tel-03436542/document Gouverner par le temps: la gestion des déchets radioactifs en France, entre changements organisationnels et construction de solutions techniques irréversibles (1950-2014)]'', Sciences Po, 2017. Sophie Poirot-Delpech et Laurence Raineau, «[https://journals.openedition.org/gradhiva/3777#article-3777 Le stockage géologique des déchets nucléaires : une anti-capsule temporelle] », ''Gradhiva'', 2018: 142-169.  Leny Patinaux, ''[https://shs.cairn.info/revue-raison-presente-2021-4-page-61?lang=fr Enfouir les déchets nucléaires. Science et décisions face au temps]'', ''Raison présente'', 2021: 61-70&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Fons praecipuus ==
*Atkins, Jones, Laverman. ''Principes de chimie'', quarta editio, de Boeck, 2017 pp.747-776 (cap. 10A-10C).

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Pierre-Emmanuel Lévy, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1279847925001144 Radioactivité, fission, fusion]&quot;, ''Médecine de Catastrophe - Urgences Collectives'', 2026: 5-10
*Julie Blanck, Leny Patinaux. &quot;[https://lilloa.hal.science/hal-03330120v1/file/Blanck_Patinaux%20vf%20publi%C3%A9e.pdf Histoires et mémoires de deux centres de stockage de déchets nucléaires]&quot;, ''Socio-anthropologie'', 2020: 39-52.

== Bibliographia ==
* Bertulani, Carlos A. [[2007]]. ''Nuclear Physics in a Nutshell.'' Princeton:  Princeton University Press.  ISBN 9780691125053
* [[Maria Curie|Curie, Marie]]. [[1904]]. ''[https://archive.org/details/recherchessurles00curi/page/n9/mode/2up Recherches sur les substances radioactives],'' editio altera.  Lutetiae:  Gauthier-Villars, Imprimeur-Libraire du bureau des longitudes, de l’école Polytechnique.
* Ferguson, Charles D., Tahseen Kazi, et Judith Perera. [[2003]]. ''Commercial Radiation Sources:  Surveying the Security Risks.'' Monterey:  Monterey Institute of International Studies.  ISBN 1885350066
* Oughton, Deborah H., et Valery Kashparov. [[2009]]. ''Radioactive Particles in the Environment.'' Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 9789048129478
* Quimby, Edith H. [[1968]]. ''Radioactive Nuclides in Medicine and Biology,'' editio tertia. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Radioactivity|radiactivitatem}}

{{NexInt}}
* [[Actinium]]
* ''[[Emergência Radioativa]]''
* ''[[Hibakusha]]''
* [[Leuchaemia]]
* [[Physica nuclearis]]
* [[Radiatio Cherenkov]]
* [[Radiatio electromagnetica]]
* [[Radiatio Roentgensis]]
* [[Radiologia]]
* [[Semiotica atomica]]

[[Categoria:Physica nuclearis]]
[[Categoria:Radiactivitas| ]]
{{1000 paginae}}
{{Myrias|Physica}}</text>
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    <title>Masiana</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Maissana-chiesa san bartolomeo1.JPG|thumb|Ecclesia Sancti Batholomaei]]
'''Masiana'''&lt;ref&gt;''DIZIONARIO GEOGRAFICO'' - Di GOFFREDO CASALIS, Voll. V.V., Torino 1833-1854&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Maissana|ae|f}} (deinde ''Maissana'') ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Maissana|Maissana]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 660 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Liguria]], in [[Provincia Spediensis|Provincia Spediensi]] et in [[Vallis Variae|Valle Variae]] situm. Incolae ''Masianenses'' appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Geographia ==
* [[Vallis Variae]] (''terra''),

== Clari cives ==
== Ecclesia Catholica Romana ==
* [[Dioecesis Spediensis-Sarzanensis-Brugnatensis]]

== Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio ==
=== Fractiones ===

''Campore, Cembrano, Chiama, Colli, Disconesi, Ossegna, Salterana, Santa Maria, Tavarone, Torza''.

== Municipia finitima ==
* [[Carrum]],
* [[Casarcia]] ([[Urbs metropolitana Genuensis|GE]]),
* [[Castellio Ligurum]] ([[Urbs metropolitana Genuensis|GE]]),
* [[Nea]] ([[Urbs metropolitana Genuensis|GE]]),
* [[Varisium (Liguria)|Varisium]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Liguria]] (''regio''),
* [[Provincia Spediensis]],
* [[Vallis Variae]] (''terra''),
* [[Spedia]] (''urbs''),
* [[Municipium Italiae]].

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140204014330/http://www.comune.maissana.sp.it/ Situs Publicus] {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}}
{{CommuniaCat|Maissana|Masianam}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Map of comune of Maissana (province of La Spezia, region Liguria, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium Municipii Maissanae in Provincia Spediensi.
Fasciculus:Comunità Montana Val di Vara-mappa 2009.svg|[[Comminutas montanea Vallis Variae]].
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}
{{Municipia in provincia Spediae}}

[[Categoria:Municipia Vallis Variae]]</text>
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    <title>Molisia</title>
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      <text bytes="2457" sha1="4d9hyvixp41ofkevpmwn8f5b7nn582j" xml:space="preserve">{{pro pagina discretiva vide|Molisium (discretiva)}}
{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
'''Molisia'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Lexicon Universale}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;F. Ferrari, [https://books.google.it/books?id=JTLXWupIlxgC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=it&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q=barium&amp;f=false ''Lexicon geographicum'',] 1667&lt;/ref&gt; seu '''Molisium'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.it/books?id=4EVkhIl-TN4C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=it#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Dizionario geografico-istorico-fisico del regno di Napoli, composto dall'Abate Francesco sacco - Di Francesco Sacco]&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Molisium|ii|n}} (alia nomina: ''Molisiatum''&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.it/books?id=4EVkhIl-TN4C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=it#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Dizionario geografico-istorico-fisico del regno di Napoli, composto dall'Abate Francesco sacco - Di Francesco Sacco]&lt;/ref&gt;, ''Molisa''&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.it/books?id=UvsEaRJt0ZAC&amp;dq=Il+mondo+antico,+moderno,+e+novissimo,+tomo+1&amp;hl=it&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s ''Il mondo antico, moderno, e novissimo'', Tomo primo, p. 364]&lt;/ref&gt;) ([[Lingua Italica|Italice]] ''[[:it:Molise (comune)|Molise]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 164 incolarum, in [[Molisium|Molisina]] [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] ac in [[provincia Campobassensis|provincia Campobassensi]] situm. Incolae ''Molisiani'' appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Municipia finitima ==
* [[Duronia Nova]] (olim [[Civitavetula]]) ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Duronia|Duronia]]''),
* [[Frosolonum]] (deinde [[Frosolo]], gen. ''-onis'') ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Frosolone|Frosolone]]'') ([[Aesernia (provincia)|IS]]),
* [[Turrella]] (olim [[Torcellum (Molisium)]], deinde [[Torrella Samnitica]]) ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Torella del Sannio|Torella del Sannio]]'').

{{NexInt}}
* [[Molisium]],
* [[Provincia Campobassensis]],
* [[Samnium]],
* [[Campus Bassus]].

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130902043026/http://www.comune.molise.cb.it/ Situs Publicus] {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}}
{{CommuniaCat|Molise (comune, Italy)|Molisiam}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Map of comune of Molise (province of Campobasso, region Molise, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium Municipii Molisiani in Provincia Campobassensi.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Campi Bassi]]</text>
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    <title>Georgius Calixtus</title>
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'''Georgius Calixtus''' (natus [[Medeloboea|Medeloboeae]] die [[14 Decembris]] [[1586]], [[Helmstadium|Helmstadii]] die [[19 Martii]] [[1656]] mortuus) fuit [[theologus]] [[Germania|Germanicus]]. Vixit post [[Reformatio|Reformationem]] et per [[Bellum triginta annorum]]. Ex qua re putavit, differentiam in religione causam maximam belli esse. Tota itaque vita conatus est, Catholicos cum Protestantibus reconciliare.&lt;ref&gt;Andreas Merkt, ''Das patristische Prinzip: Eine Studie zur theologischen Bedeutung der Kirchenväter'' ([[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]: Brill, 2001).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Christian Thorsten Callisen, &quot;Georg Calixtus, Isaac Casaubon, and the Consensus of Antiquity,&quot; ''Journal of the History of Ideas'' 73, no. 1 (2012): 1-23.&lt;/ref&gt;

Litterae de Calixto multae sunt, sed adhuc paene solum de theologia eius scripta est. Nova opuscula alios conspectos explorare inceperunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Christian Thorsten Callisen, &quot;'To the great aid of our memory': Georg Calixtus on the Study of History,&quot; in ''Reading and Writing History from Bruni to Windschuttle: Essays in Honour of Gary Ianziti'' (in Farnham et [[Burlingtonia|Burlingtoniae]]: Ashgate, 2014), pp. 105-24.&lt;/ref&gt;

Commercium litterarum Calixti inprimis in [[Bibliotheca Augusta]] et in Bibliotheca Publica et Academica Saxoniae Inferioris Goettingensis ([[Lingua Theodisca|Theodisce]] ''Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen'') conservatum est. Nonnullae sunt quoque in aliis bibliothecis archivaque in [[Europa]].&lt;ref&gt;Christian Thorsten Callisen, &quot;1,807 Letters, 459 People, 53 Years: An Introduction to Georg Calixtus' Correspondence and an Inventory of His Epistolary Contacts,&quot; ''Lias'' (futurum est).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Editiones modernae operum Georgii Calixti ==

* Calixtus, Georgius, ''Ad Augustum ducem Brunsvicensem epistolae XII'', Ernst Ludwig Theodor Henke editor ([[Iena]]: Typis Schlotteri, 1835).
* Calixtus, Georgius, ''Werke in Auswahl'', 4 tom., Inge Mager editrix ([[Gottinga|Goettingae]]: Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht, 1970-82).
* Henke, Ernst Ludwig Theodor editor, &quot;Commercii literarii Calixtini fasciculus tertius,&quot; in ''Viro summe venerabili perillustri amplissimo Carolo Guilielmo Justii'' ([[Marburgum|Marburgi]]: Typis Elwerti Academicis, 1840).
* Henke, Ernst Ludwig Theodor editor, ''Georg Calixtus' Briefwechsel'' ([[Salinae Saxonicae|Halae ad Salam]]: Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses, 1833).

== Selectio litterarum de Georgio Calixto ==

* Böttigheimer, Christoph, “Auf der Suche nach der ewig gültigen Lehre: Theologische Grundlagenreflexion im Dienste der Irenik bei Georg Calixt,” ''Kerygma und Dogma'' 44, no. 3 (1998): 219-35.
* Böttigheimer, Christoph. ''Zwischen Polemik und Irenik: Die Theologie der einen Kirche bei Georg Calixt'' ([[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Lit, 1996).
* Callisen, Christian Thorsten, &quot;1,807 Letters, 459 People, 53 Years: An Introduction to Georg Calixtus' Correspondence and an Inventory of His Epistolary Contacts,&quot; ''Lias'' (futurum est).
* Callisen, Christian Thorsten, &quot;Georg Calixtus, Isaac Casaubon, and the Consensus of Antiquity,&quot; ''Journal of the History of Ideas'' 73, no. 1 (2012): 1-23.
* Callisen, Christan Thorsten, &quot;'To the great aid of our memory': Georg Calixtus on the Study of History,&quot; in ''Reading and Writing History from Bruni to Windschuttle: Essays in Honour of Gary Ianziti'' (in Farnham et [[Burlingtonia|Burlingtoniae]]: Ashgate, 2014), pp. 105-24.
* Dowding, William Charles, ''The Life and Correspondence of George Calixtus,'' ''Lutheran Abbot of Königslutter, and Professor Primarius at the University of Helmstadt'' ([[Oxonia|Oxoniae]]: J. H. et J. Parker, 1863).
* Engel, Peter, ''Die eine Wahrheit in der gespaltenen Christenheit: Untersuchungen zur Theologie Georg Calixts'' ([[Gottinga|Goettingae]]: Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht, 1976).
* Fry, C. George, “Three Lutheran Fathers of the 17th Century: The Search for Identity,” ''Concordia Journal'' 5, no. 4 (1979): 133–40.
* Gaß, Wilhelm, ''Georg Calixt und der Synkretismus: Eine dogmenhistorische Abhandlung'' ([[Vratislavia|Vratislaviae]]: A. Gosohorsky, 1846).
* Göransson, Sven, “Sverige och de synkretistiska striderna i Tyskland 1649–54,” ''Kyrkohistorisk Årsskrift'' 48 (1948): 43-110.
* Henke, Ernst Ludwig Theodor, ''Georg Calixtus und seine Zeit'' ([[Salinae Saxonicae|Halae ad Salam]]: Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses, 1853-60).
* Husung, Max Joseph, “Georg Calixtus zu Helmstedt, ein gelehrter Drucker des 17. Jahrhunderts,” ''Gutenberg-Jahrbuch'' 14 (1939): 283-90.
* Kantzenbach, Friedrich Wilhelm, ''Das Ringen um die Einheit der Kirche im Jahrhundert der Reformation: Vertreter, Quellen und Motive des “ökumenischen” Gedankens von Erasmus von Rotterdam bis Georg Calixt'' ([[Stutgardia|Stutgardiae]]: Evangelisches Verlagswerk, 1957).
* Mager, Inge, &quot;Die Bemühungen des niedersächsischen Theologen Georg Calixt um konfessionelle Eintracht für das von den Schweden gebildete Herzogtum Franken im Jahre 1633,&quot; ''Jahrbuch für Schlesische Kirchengeschichte'' 87 (2008 [2009]): 19-32.
* Mager, Inge, “Brüderlichkeit und Einheit: Georg Calixt und das Thorner Religionsgespräch 1645,” in ''Thorn: Königin der Weichsel, 1231–1981'', Bernart Jähnig et Peter Letkemann editores ([[Gottinga|Goettingae]]: Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht, 1981), pp. 209-38.
* Mager, Inge, “Die Beziehung Herzog Augusts von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel zu den Theologen Georg Calixt und Johann Valentin Andrea,” ''Pietismus und Neuzeit'' 6 (1981): 76-98.
* Mager, Inge, “Georg Calixt,” in ''Orthodoxie und Pietismus'', Martin Greschat editor ([[Stutgardia|Stutgardiae]]: W. Kohlhammer, 1982), pp. 137-48.
* Mager, Inge, “Georg Calixt—der niedersächsische Unionstheologe,” in ''Vier Jahrhunderte Lutherische Landeskirche in Braunschweig: Festschrift zum 400 jährigen Jubiläum der Braunschweigischen ev.-luth. Landeskirche im Jahr 1968'', Friedrich Wilhelm Wandersleb et Martin Wandersleb editores ([[Brunsvicum|Brunsvigiae]]: Landeskirchenamt, 1968, pp. 79-93, 147-48).
* Mager, Inge, “Georg Calixts interkonfessionelle Kommunikation im Dienste des Kirchenfriedens,” in ''Das Athen der Welfen: Die Reformuniversität Helmstedt 1576–1810'', Jens Bruning et Ulrike Gleixner editores ([[Aquae Mattiacae]]: Harrassowitz, 2010), pp. 52-57.
* Mager, Inge, ''Georg Calixts theologische Ethik und ihre Nachwirkungen'' ([[Gottinga|Goettingae]]: Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht, 1969).
* Mager, Inge, &quot;Studium im Krieg—Studium im Frieden: Die Beziehungen zwischen den Universitäten Helmstedt und Leiden im frühen 17. Jahrhundert,&quot; in: H. Schmidt-Glintzer, ed., ''Die Reformuniversität Helmstedt 1576-1810: Vorträge zur Ausstellung ‘Das Athen der Welfen'', Helwig Schmidt-Glintzer editor ([[Aquae Mattiacae]]: [[Bibliotheca Augusta]], 2011), pp. 111-39.
* Mager, Inge, Wolfgang Sommer, Christoph Böttigheimer, Martin Friedrich., “Theologie im Dialog: Georg Calixt (1586-1656) als Wegbereiter der Ökumene,” fasciculus separatus, ''Quellen und Beiträge zur Geschichte der Evangelisch-lutherischen Landeskirche in Braunschweig'' 17 (2007).
* Mayes, Benjamin T. G, “Syncretism in the Theology of Georg Calixt, Abraham Calov and Johannes Musäus,” ''Concordia Theological Quarterly'' 68, nos 3-4 (2004): 291-317.
* Merkt, Andreas, ''Das patristische Prinzip: Eine Studie zur theologischen Bedeutung der Kirchenväter'' ([[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]: Brill, 2001).
* Moller, Johannes, “Georgius Calixtus,” in ''Cimbria literata sive scriptorum ducatus utriusqve Slesvicensis et Holsatici qvibus et alii vicini qvidam accensentur historia literaria tripartia'', tomus 3, ''Qvadraginta sex insignium scriptorum, partim indigenarum, partim adoptivorum historias longiores exhibens'' ([[Hafnia|Hafniae]]: Typis Orphanotrophii Regii, 1744), pp. 121-210.
* Müller, Hans-Joachim, ''Irenik als Kommunikationsreform: Das Colloquium Charitativum von Thorn 1645'', Goettingae: Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht, 2004), pp. 253-264, 410-418, 444-469.
* Reller, Horst, “Die Auswirkungen der Universität Helmtedt auf Pfarrer und Gemeinden in Niedersachsen,” ''Jahrbuch der Gesellschaft für Niedersächsische Kirchengeschichte'' 74 (1976): 35-52.
* Salatowsky, Sascha, &quot;Looking Back Into the Past: New Understanding of Church History in the Early Modern Period,&quot; in ''Reforming Church History: The Impact of the Reformation on Early Modern European Historiography'', Daniel Gehrt, Markus Matthias, Salatowsky editores ([[Stutgardia|Stutgardiae]]: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2023, pp. 193-227.
* Schmid, Heinrich, ''Geschichte der synkretistischen Streitigkeiten in der Zeit des Georg Calixt'' ([[Erlanga|Erlangae]]: Carl Heyder, 1846).
* Schmeling, Timothy R., &quot;Lutheran Orthodoxy Under Fire: An Exploratory Study of the Syncretistic Controversy and the ''Consensus repetitus fidei vere Lutheranae'',&quot; ''Lutheran Synod Quarterly'' 47, no. 1 (2007) 315-55.
* Schmeling, Timothy R. &quot;Slaying the Syncretistic Chimera: A Study of the ''Consensus repetitus'' in Light of Confessionalization Theory,&quot; PhD thesis, Concordia Seminary [[Urbs Sancti Ludovici|Saint Louis]], 2014, cap. 2.
* Schmeling, Timothy R. &quot;''Strenuus Christi athleta'' Abraham Calov (1612-1686): Sainted Doctor and Defender of the Church,&quot; ''Lutheran Synod Quarterly'' 44, no. 4 (2004): 357-99.
* Schoor, Rob J. M. van de, &quot;Reprints of Cassander’s and Witzel’s Irenica from Helmstedt: The Meaning of the Irenical Tradition for Georg Calixtus, Hermann Conring and Johannes Latermann,&quot; H.S. Lake interpres, ''Lias'' 20, no. 2 (1993): 167-92.
* Schubert, Anselm, “Die Diskussion um die Calixtinische Anthropologie,” in ''Das Ende der Sünde: Anthropologie und Erbsünde zwischen Reformation und Aufklärung'' ([[Gottinga|Goettingae]]: Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht, 2002), pp. 59-106.
* Schüssler, Hermann, ''Georg Calixt, Theologie und Kirchenpolitik: Eine Studie zur Ökumenizität des Luthertums'' ([[Aquae Mattiacae]]: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1961).
* Staemmler, Heinz, ''Die Auseinandersetzung der kursächsischen Theologen mit dem Helmstedter Synkretimus: Eine Studie zum “Consensus Repetitus Fidei Vere Lutheranae” (1655) und den Diskussionen um ihn'', Johann Anselm Steiger editor (In Waltrop: Hartmut Spenner, 2005).
* Stewart, Quentin D., ''Lutheran Patristic Catholicity: The Vincentian Canon and the Consensus Patrum in Lutheran Orthodoxy'' ([[Turicum|Turici]]: LIT Verlag, 2015), pp. 143-59, 180-85.
* Uhlhorn, Friedrich, “Die Bedeutung Georg Calixts für die lutherische Kirche der welfischen Lande,” ''Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Niedersächsische Kirchengeschichte'' 33 (1928): 201-17.
* Wallmann, Johannes, &quot;Calixt, Georg (1586-1656),&quot; Gerhard Müller et al., eds, ''Theologische Realenzyklopädie'', tomus 7, ''Böhmische Brüder-Chinesische Religionen'', Gerhard Müller et alii editores ([[Berolinum|Berolini]] et [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]: De Gruyter, 1981, pp. 552-59.
* Wallmann, Johannes, ''Der Theologiebegriff bei Johann Gerhard und Georg Calixt'' ([[Tubinga|Tubingae]]: J. C. B. Mohr [Paul Siebeck], 1961).
* Wallmann, Johannes, “Union, Reunion, Toleranz: Georg Calixts Einigungsbestrebungen und ihre Rezeption in der katholischen und protestantischen Theologie des 17. Jahrhunderts,” in ''Union, Konversion, Toleranz: Dimensionen der Annäherung zwischen christlichen Konfessionen im 17. Und 18. Jahrhundert'', Heinz Durchhardt et Gerhard May editores ([[Moguntiacum|Moguntiaci]]: Von Zabern, 2000), pp. 21-37.
* Witt, Christian Volkmar, &quot;Ein streitbarer Versuch des Ausgleichs streitender Geltungsansprüche: Georg Calixt und seine Unionstheologie,&quot; in ''Zentrale Gestalten evangelischer Kirchengeschichte in Niedersachsen'', Marco Hofheinz et Ulf Lückel editores ([[Bilivelda|Bilefeldiae]]: Luther-Verlag, 2021), pp. 149-61.

== Nexus externi ==
* {{BBKL|c/calixt_g|auctor=Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz|commentatio=CALIXT, Georg|tomus=1|columnae=861-863}}{{PND|118518437}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Lifetime|1586|1656|Calixtus, Georgius}}

[[Categoria:Theologi]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Germaniae]]</text>
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      <text bytes="12155" sha1="63002n4enquflsnchsjo6i8by20rm36" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus: Georg Calixt.jpg|thumb|Georgius Calixtus]]
'''Georgius Calixtus''' (natus [[Medeloboea|Medeloboeae]] die [[14 Decembris]] [[1586]], [[Helmstadium|Helmstadii]] die [[19 Martii]] [[1656]] mortuus) fuit [[theologus]] [[Germania|Germanicus]]. Vixit post [[Reformatio|Reformationem]] et per [[Bellum triginta annorum]]. Ex qua re putavit, differentiam in religione causam maximam belli esse. Tota itaque vita conatus est, Catholicos cum Protestantibus reconciliare.&lt;ref&gt;Andreas Merkt, ''Das patristische Prinzip: Eine Studie zur theologischen Bedeutung der Kirchenväter'' ([[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]: Brill, 2001).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Christian Thorsten Callisen, &quot;Georg Calixtus, Isaac Casaubon, and the Consensus of Antiquity,&quot; ''Journal of the History of Ideas'' 73, no. 1 (2012): 1-23.&lt;/ref&gt;

Litterae de Calixto multae sunt, sed illae adhuc paene solum de theologia eius scriptae sunt. Nova opuscula alios conspectos explorare inceperunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Christian Thorsten Callisen, &quot;'To the great aid of our memory': Georg Calixtus on the Study of History,&quot; in ''Reading and Writing History from Bruni to Windschuttle: Essays in Honour of Gary Ianziti'' (in Farnham et [[Burlingtonia|Burlingtoniae]]: Ashgate, 2014), pp. 105-24.&lt;/ref&gt;

Commercium litterarum Calixti inprimis in [[Bibliotheca Augusta]] et in Bibliotheca Publica et Academica Saxoniae Inferioris Goettingensis ([[Lingua Theodisca|Theodisce]] ''Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen'') conservatum est. Nonnullae sunt quoque in aliis bibliothecis archivaque in [[Europa]].&lt;ref&gt;Christian Thorsten Callisen, &quot;1,807 Letters, 459 People, 53 Years: An Introduction to Georg Calixtus' Correspondence and an Inventory of His Epistolary Contacts,&quot; ''Lias'' (futurum est).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Editiones modernae operum Georgii Calixti ==

* Calixtus, Georgius, ''Ad Augustum ducem Brunsvicensem epistolae XII'', Ernst Ludwig Theodor Henke editor ([[Iena]]: Typis Schlotteri, 1835).
* Calixtus, Georgius, ''Werke in Auswahl'', 4 tom., Inge Mager editrix ([[Gottinga|Goettingae]]: Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht, 1970-82).
* Henke, Ernst Ludwig Theodor editor, &quot;Commercii literarii Calixtini fasciculus tertius,&quot; in ''Viro summe venerabili perillustri amplissimo Carolo Guilielmo Justii'' ([[Marburgum|Marburgi]]: Typis Elwerti Academicis, 1840).
* Henke, Ernst Ludwig Theodor editor, ''Georg Calixtus' Briefwechsel'' ([[Salinae Saxonicae|Halae ad Salam]]: Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses, 1833).

== Selectio litterarum de Georgio Calixto ==

* Böttigheimer, Christoph, “Auf der Suche nach der ewig gültigen Lehre: Theologische Grundlagenreflexion im Dienste der Irenik bei Georg Calixt,” ''Kerygma und Dogma'' 44, no. 3 (1998): 219-35.
* Böttigheimer, Christoph. ''Zwischen Polemik und Irenik: Die Theologie der einen Kirche bei Georg Calixt'' ([[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Lit, 1996).
* Callisen, Christian Thorsten, &quot;1,807 Letters, 459 People, 53 Years: An Introduction to Georg Calixtus' Correspondence and an Inventory of His Epistolary Contacts,&quot; ''Lias'' (futurum est).
* Callisen, Christian Thorsten, &quot;Georg Calixtus, Isaac Casaubon, and the Consensus of Antiquity,&quot; ''Journal of the History of Ideas'' 73, no. 1 (2012): 1-23.
* Callisen, Christan Thorsten, &quot;'To the great aid of our memory': Georg Calixtus on the Study of History,&quot; in ''Reading and Writing History from Bruni to Windschuttle: Essays in Honour of Gary Ianziti'' (in Farnham et [[Burlingtonia|Burlingtoniae]]: Ashgate, 2014), pp. 105-24.
* Dowding, William Charles, ''The Life and Correspondence of George Calixtus,'' ''Lutheran Abbot of Königslutter, and Professor Primarius at the University of Helmstadt'' ([[Oxonia|Oxoniae]]: J. H. et J. Parker, 1863).
* Engel, Peter, ''Die eine Wahrheit in der gespaltenen Christenheit: Untersuchungen zur Theologie Georg Calixts'' ([[Gottinga|Goettingae]]: Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht, 1976).
* Fry, C. George, “Three Lutheran Fathers of the 17th Century: The Search for Identity,” ''Concordia Journal'' 5, no. 4 (1979): 133–40.
* Gaß, Wilhelm, ''Georg Calixt und der Synkretismus: Eine dogmenhistorische Abhandlung'' ([[Vratislavia|Vratislaviae]]: A. Gosohorsky, 1846).
* Göransson, Sven, “Sverige och de synkretistiska striderna i Tyskland 1649–54,” ''Kyrkohistorisk Årsskrift'' 48 (1948): 43-110.
* Henke, Ernst Ludwig Theodor, ''Georg Calixtus und seine Zeit'' ([[Salinae Saxonicae|Halae ad Salam]]: Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses, 1853-60).
* Husung, Max Joseph, “Georg Calixtus zu Helmstedt, ein gelehrter Drucker des 17. Jahrhunderts,” ''Gutenberg-Jahrbuch'' 14 (1939): 283-90.
* Kantzenbach, Friedrich Wilhelm, ''Das Ringen um die Einheit der Kirche im Jahrhundert der Reformation: Vertreter, Quellen und Motive des “ökumenischen” Gedankens von Erasmus von Rotterdam bis Georg Calixt'' ([[Stutgardia|Stutgardiae]]: Evangelisches Verlagswerk, 1957).
* Mager, Inge, &quot;Die Bemühungen des niedersächsischen Theologen Georg Calixt um konfessionelle Eintracht für das von den Schweden gebildete Herzogtum Franken im Jahre 1633,&quot; ''Jahrbuch für Schlesische Kirchengeschichte'' 87 (2008 [2009]): 19-32.
* Mager, Inge, “Brüderlichkeit und Einheit: Georg Calixt und das Thorner Religionsgespräch 1645,” in ''Thorn: Königin der Weichsel, 1231–1981'', Bernart Jähnig et Peter Letkemann editores ([[Gottinga|Goettingae]]: Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht, 1981), pp. 209-38.
* Mager, Inge, “Die Beziehung Herzog Augusts von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel zu den Theologen Georg Calixt und Johann Valentin Andrea,” ''Pietismus und Neuzeit'' 6 (1981): 76-98.
* Mager, Inge, “Georg Calixt,” in ''Orthodoxie und Pietismus'', Martin Greschat editor ([[Stutgardia|Stutgardiae]]: W. Kohlhammer, 1982), pp. 137-48.
* Mager, Inge, “Georg Calixt—der niedersächsische Unionstheologe,” in ''Vier Jahrhunderte Lutherische Landeskirche in Braunschweig: Festschrift zum 400 jährigen Jubiläum der Braunschweigischen ev.-luth. Landeskirche im Jahr 1968'', Friedrich Wilhelm Wandersleb et Martin Wandersleb editores ([[Brunsvicum|Brunsvigiae]]: Landeskirchenamt, 1968, pp. 79-93, 147-48).
* Mager, Inge, “Georg Calixts interkonfessionelle Kommunikation im Dienste des Kirchenfriedens,” in ''Das Athen der Welfen: Die Reformuniversität Helmstedt 1576–1810'', Jens Bruning et Ulrike Gleixner editores ([[Aquae Mattiacae]]: Harrassowitz, 2010), pp. 52-57.
* Mager, Inge, ''Georg Calixts theologische Ethik und ihre Nachwirkungen'' ([[Gottinga|Goettingae]]: Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht, 1969).
* Mager, Inge, &quot;Studium im Krieg—Studium im Frieden: Die Beziehungen zwischen den Universitäten Helmstedt und Leiden im frühen 17. Jahrhundert,&quot; in: H. Schmidt-Glintzer, ed., ''Die Reformuniversität Helmstedt 1576-1810: Vorträge zur Ausstellung ‘Das Athen der Welfen'', Helwig Schmidt-Glintzer editor ([[Aquae Mattiacae]]: [[Bibliotheca Augusta]], 2011), pp. 111-39.
* Mager, Inge, Wolfgang Sommer, Christoph Böttigheimer, Martin Friedrich., “Theologie im Dialog: Georg Calixt (1586-1656) als Wegbereiter der Ökumene,” fasciculus separatus, ''Quellen und Beiträge zur Geschichte der Evangelisch-lutherischen Landeskirche in Braunschweig'' 17 (2007).
* Mayes, Benjamin T. G, “Syncretism in the Theology of Georg Calixt, Abraham Calov and Johannes Musäus,” ''Concordia Theological Quarterly'' 68, nos 3-4 (2004): 291-317.
* Merkt, Andreas, ''Das patristische Prinzip: Eine Studie zur theologischen Bedeutung der Kirchenväter'' ([[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]: Brill, 2001).
* Moller, Johannes, “Georgius Calixtus,” in ''Cimbria literata sive scriptorum ducatus utriusqve Slesvicensis et Holsatici qvibus et alii vicini qvidam accensentur historia literaria tripartia'', tomus 3, ''Qvadraginta sex insignium scriptorum, partim indigenarum, partim adoptivorum historias longiores exhibens'' ([[Hafnia|Hafniae]]: Typis Orphanotrophii Regii, 1744), pp. 121-210.
* Müller, Hans-Joachim, ''Irenik als Kommunikationsreform: Das Colloquium Charitativum von Thorn 1645'', Goettingae: Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht, 2004), pp. 253-264, 410-418, 444-469.
* Reller, Horst, “Die Auswirkungen der Universität Helmtedt auf Pfarrer und Gemeinden in Niedersachsen,” ''Jahrbuch der Gesellschaft für Niedersächsische Kirchengeschichte'' 74 (1976): 35-52.
* Salatowsky, Sascha, &quot;Looking Back Into the Past: New Understanding of Church History in the Early Modern Period,&quot; in ''Reforming Church History: The Impact of the Reformation on Early Modern European Historiography'', Daniel Gehrt, Markus Matthias, Salatowsky editores ([[Stutgardia|Stutgardiae]]: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2023, pp. 193-227.
* Schmid, Heinrich, ''Geschichte der synkretistischen Streitigkeiten in der Zeit des Georg Calixt'' ([[Erlanga|Erlangae]]: Carl Heyder, 1846).
* Schmeling, Timothy R., &quot;Lutheran Orthodoxy Under Fire: An Exploratory Study of the Syncretistic Controversy and the ''Consensus repetitus fidei vere Lutheranae'',&quot; ''Lutheran Synod Quarterly'' 47, no. 1 (2007) 315-55.
* Schmeling, Timothy R. &quot;Slaying the Syncretistic Chimera: A Study of the ''Consensus repetitus'' in Light of Confessionalization Theory,&quot; PhD thesis, Concordia Seminary [[Urbs Sancti Ludovici|Saint Louis]], 2014, cap. 2.
* Schmeling, Timothy R. &quot;''Strenuus Christi athleta'' Abraham Calov (1612-1686): Sainted Doctor and Defender of the Church,&quot; ''Lutheran Synod Quarterly'' 44, no. 4 (2004): 357-99.
* Schoor, Rob J. M. van de, &quot;Reprints of Cassander’s and Witzel’s Irenica from Helmstedt: The Meaning of the Irenical Tradition for Georg Calixtus, Hermann Conring and Johannes Latermann,&quot; H.S. Lake interpres, ''Lias'' 20, no. 2 (1993): 167-92.
* Schubert, Anselm, “Die Diskussion um die Calixtinische Anthropologie,” in ''Das Ende der Sünde: Anthropologie und Erbsünde zwischen Reformation und Aufklärung'' ([[Gottinga|Goettingae]]: Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht, 2002), pp. 59-106.
* Schüssler, Hermann, ''Georg Calixt, Theologie und Kirchenpolitik: Eine Studie zur Ökumenizität des Luthertums'' ([[Aquae Mattiacae]]: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1961).
* Staemmler, Heinz, ''Die Auseinandersetzung der kursächsischen Theologen mit dem Helmstedter Synkretimus: Eine Studie zum “Consensus Repetitus Fidei Vere Lutheranae” (1655) und den Diskussionen um ihn'', Johann Anselm Steiger editor (In Waltrop: Hartmut Spenner, 2005).
* Stewart, Quentin D., ''Lutheran Patristic Catholicity: The Vincentian Canon and the Consensus Patrum in Lutheran Orthodoxy'' ([[Turicum|Turici]]: LIT Verlag, 2015), pp. 143-59, 180-85.
* Uhlhorn, Friedrich, “Die Bedeutung Georg Calixts für die lutherische Kirche der welfischen Lande,” ''Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Niedersächsische Kirchengeschichte'' 33 (1928): 201-17.
* Wallmann, Johannes, &quot;Calixt, Georg (1586-1656),&quot; Gerhard Müller et al., eds, ''Theologische Realenzyklopädie'', tomus 7, ''Böhmische Brüder-Chinesische Religionen'', Gerhard Müller et alii editores ([[Berolinum|Berolini]] et [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]: De Gruyter, 1981, pp. 552-59.
* Wallmann, Johannes, ''Der Theologiebegriff bei Johann Gerhard und Georg Calixt'' ([[Tubinga|Tubingae]]: J. C. B. Mohr [Paul Siebeck], 1961).
* Wallmann, Johannes, “Union, Reunion, Toleranz: Georg Calixts Einigungsbestrebungen und ihre Rezeption in der katholischen und protestantischen Theologie des 17. Jahrhunderts,” in ''Union, Konversion, Toleranz: Dimensionen der Annäherung zwischen christlichen Konfessionen im 17. Und 18. Jahrhundert'', Heinz Durchhardt et Gerhard May editores ([[Moguntiacum|Moguntiaci]]: Von Zabern, 2000), pp. 21-37.
* Witt, Christian Volkmar, &quot;Ein streitbarer Versuch des Ausgleichs streitender Geltungsansprüche: Georg Calixt und seine Unionstheologie,&quot; in ''Zentrale Gestalten evangelischer Kirchengeschichte in Niedersachsen'', Marco Hofheinz et Ulf Lückel editores ([[Bilivelda|Bilefeldiae]]: Luther-Verlag, 2021), pp. 149-61.

== Nexus externi ==
* {{BBKL|c/calixt_g|auctor=Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz|commentatio=CALIXT, Georg|tomus=1|columnae=861-863}}{{PND|118518437}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Lifetime|1586|1656|Calixtus, Georgius}}

[[Categoria:Theologi]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Germaniae]]</text>
      <sha1>63002n4enquflsnchsjo6i8by20rm36</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Quinquatria</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="2294" sha1="gk4qnboc5rwn717yadeebocj7isj8ma" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Museo del Teatro Romano de Caesaraugusta.43.jpg|thumb|350px|[[Fasti Antiates maiores|Fasti Antiates Maiores]]: Quinquatria mense Martio notantur (QVIN MINERVAE)]]
'''Quinquatria''' (''-ium'' n.pl.) sive '''Quinquatrus maiores''' (''-uum -um'' f.pl.) [[Roma]]e in honorem deae [[Minerva]]e die [[19 Martii]] (a.d. XIV Kal. Apr.) quotannis celebrabantur. Hoc nomen acceperunt, secundum [[Marcus Terentius Varro Reatinus|Varronem]],&lt;ref&gt;Varro, ''[[De lingua Latina (Varro)|De lingua Latina]]'' 6.14&lt;/ref&gt; quia die quinto post [[Idus]] Martias incidebant; [[Ovidius]] autem sacra per dies quinque celebrata adseverat.&lt;ref&gt;Ovidius, ''[[Fasti (Ovidius)|Fasti]]'' 3.809 ff.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Quinquatrus minusculae]] vel  Minores [[Idus|Idibus]] Iuniis, hoc est die [[13 Iunii]], celebrabantur&lt;ref&gt;[[Ovidius]], ''[[Fasti (Ovidius)|Fasti]]'' VI.651-691.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Feriae erant artificum qui hoc die cessabant inter quos etiam ludorum magistri numerabantur. Ac postremo pueri schola liberati maxime laetabantur&lt;ref&gt;[[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]], ''Epistulae'' V.85.3.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Tiziano Cinaglia, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/26831900 Le Quinquatrus ed il numero 5, ovvero la correlazione tra Anna Perenna e Minerva nei rituali d'iniziazione femminile]&quot;, ''Museum Helveticum'', 2018: 56-84 
** &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/20636176/T_Cinaglia_Le_Quinquatrus_una_festa_di_Minerva_in_Geri%C3%B3n_34_2016_pp_145_167 Le Quinquatrus, una festa di Minerva]&quot;,  &quot;Gerión&quot;, 2016: 145-167
*Santiago Montero, &quot;La celebración de las Quinquatrus en la Hispania Romana&quot; in ''Las comunidades en fiesta: rituales festivos en la península ibérica durante la Antigüedad'', 2022: 119-154   ISBN 978-84-18981-60-9
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20101025195951/http://ancientlibrary.com/smith-dgra/0989.html Quinquatrus or Quinquatria]&quot; in {{Smith-dgra}}

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://dagr.univ-tlse2.fr/consulter/2490/QUINQUATRUS Le Dictionnaire des Antiquités Grecques et Romaines de Daremberg et Saglio]
*[https://nunc.ch/events/quinquatria/ Nunc est bibendum] (Francogallice)
{{NexInt}}
* [[Feriae Romanae]]
* [[Quinquatria a Nerone celebrata (59)]]

{{Feriae Romanae}}

[[Categoria:Feriae Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Ritus Martii]]
[[Categoria:Minerva]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pringlea antiscorbutica</title>
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      <text bytes="2364" sha1="k8b50hcniey4ejt1b0umy7sblwfme0n" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}} 
{{Taxobox
|name = ''Pringlea antiscorbutica''
||image = Pringlea antiscorbutica.JPG
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|divisio = [[Angiospermae]]
|classis = [[Eudicotyledones]]
|ordo = [[Brassicales]]
|familia = [[Brassicaceae]]
|genus = ''[[Pringlea]]''
|species = '''''P. antiscorbutica'''''
|binomial = ''Pringlea antiscorbutica''
|binomial_authority = [[Hook.f.]]
}}
[[Fasciculus:PringleaAntisorbuticaDistribution.jpg|thumb|Habitatio ''Pringleae antiscorbuticae'' ([[ruber]])]]
'''''Pringlea antiscorbutica'''''&lt;ref&gt;Vulgo saepe ''brassica Kerguelensis'' ([[Francogallice]] ''chou de Kerguelen'', [[Theodisce]] ''Kerguelenkohl'' etc.).&lt;/ref&gt; est [[species (taxinomia)|species]] [[Angiospermae|plantarum florentium]] in paucis [[insula|insulis]] [[Oceanus Indicus|Oceani Indici]] subantarctici [[endemismus|endemica]]. Una harum insularum est [[Kerguelen]], ex quo vulgare plantae nomen oritur. Haec est sola [[genus (taxinomia)|generis]] ''Pringleae'' species, [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Brassicaceae|Brassicacearum]].

Plantae recentes habent similitudinem{{dubsig}} cum ''[[Brassica|Brassicis oleraceis]],'' sed ad illas vix pertinent. [[Folium|Folia]] multum [[vitaminum C|vitamini C]] continent, quamobrem [[nauta]]e [[saeculum 19|saeculo 19]] in Oceano Indico ''Pringleam antiscorbuticam'' saepe edebant ne [[scorbutus|morbus scorbuticus]] erumperet.&lt;ref&gt;S. B. Young, et E. K. Schofield (1973), &quot;Palynological evidence for the late glacial occurrence of Pringlea and Lyallia on Kerguelen Island,&quot; ''Rhodora'' 75:241, [https://web.archive.org/web/20081215124853/http://www.botanicus.org/page/659248 Situs interretialis.]&lt;/ref&gt; In habitatione sua, planta erat antehac frequens, sed nova genera [[animal]]ium hominum culpa invecta numerum illarum plantarum magnopere minuerunt.

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
* Chapuis, J.-L., F. Hennion, V. Le Roux, et J. Le Cuziat. [[2000]]. &quot;Growth and reproduction of the endemic cruciferous species Pringlea antiscorbutica in Kerguelen Islands.&quot; ''Polar Biology'' 23: 196–204.

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat}}
{{Vicispecies}}
{{Fontes de plantis}}

[[Categoria:Antioxidantia cibaria]]
[[Categoria:Brassicaceae]]
[[Categoria:Holera]]
[[Categoria:Monotypica plantarum genera]]
[[Categoria:Plantae ex hominibus appellatae]]
[[Categoria:Species plantarum]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Hooker filius]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Montorium (Latium)</title>
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      <text bytes="2708" sha1="be5ute8bg20gei8jnmcalue915put6h" xml:space="preserve">{{pro pagina discretiva vide|Mons Aureus (discretiva)}}
{{pro pagina discretiva vide|Montorium (discretiva)}}
{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
'''Montorium'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.it/books?id=6v2ysnZ2NRAC&amp;pg=PA148&amp;lpg=PA148&amp;dq=%22Montorium%22+Roma&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=VVgfK0gxeT&amp;sig=8EtE3pQUzsudDCaZp6iCSE8G8AM&amp;hl=it&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CC4Q6AEwAmoVChMInp7fuu6XyQIViJhyCh17Ogug#v=onepage&amp;q=%22Montorium%22%20Roma&amp;f=false Dell' Istoria intorno alle militari imprese e alla vita di Gian Jacopo Trivulzio, detto il Magno, tratta in gran parte da' monumenti inediti che conferiscono eziandio ad illustrar le vicende di Milano e d'Italia di que' tempi, libri XV, del Cav. Carlo de' Rosmini,... Carlo de' Rosmini, typ. di G. C. Destefanis, 1815]&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Albanum|i|n}} (alia nomina: ''Montorium castrum'', olim '''Mons Aureus'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.romaepiu.it/mons-aureus-della-sabina/ www.romaepiu.it]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;) ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Montorio Romano|Montorio Romano]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 2&amp;thinsp;035 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Latium|Latio]] et in [[Urbs metropolitana Romae Capitis|Urbe metropolitana Romae Capitis]] situm. Incolae ''Montoriani'' appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Geographia ==
* [[Sabina (terra)|Sabina]] (''terra''),

== Clari cives ==
== Ecclesia Catholica Romana ==
* [[Sedes Suburbicaria Sabinensis-Mandelensis]]

== Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio ==
== Municipia finitima ==
* [[Castrum Nerulae]],
* [[Mons Bricti]],
* [[Mons Flavius]],
* [[Moricone]],
* [[Scandilianum]] ([[Provincia Reatina|RI]]).

{{NexInt}}
* [[Latium]] (''regio''),
* [[Urbs metropolitana Romae Capitis|Urbem metropolitanam Romae Capitis]],
* [[Provincia Romana|Provinciam Romanam]] (''provincia abrogata''),
* [[Sabina (terra)|Sabinam]] (''terra''),
* [[Roma]]m (''urbs''),
* [[Municipium Italiae]].

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140808061110/http://www.comunemontorioromano.it/ Situs publicus]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110418011720/http://www.provincia.roma.it/istituzionale/schede/comuni/san-gregorio-da-sassola/approfondimento/profilo-storico-culturale Situs publicus (Italice)]
{{CommuniaCat|Montorio Romano|Montorium}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Map of comune of Montorio Romano (province of Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Urbe metropolitana Romae Capitis.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in Urbe metropolitana Romae Capitis]]
[[Categoria:Municipia Sabina]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Piscianum</title>
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{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Picciano-4.jpg|thumb|Piscianum]]
'''Piscianum'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.it/books?id=4EVkhIl-TN4C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=it#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Dizionario geografico-istorico-fisico del regno di Napoli, composto dall'Abate Francesco sacco - Di Francesco Sacco]&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Piscianum|i|n}} (alia nomina: ''Piccianum'') ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Picciano|Picciano]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Aprutium|Aprutio]] et in [[Provincia Aternensis|Provincia Aternensi]] situm.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Municipia finitima ==

{{NexInt}}
* [[Aprutium]],
* [[Provincia Aternensis|Provincia Aternensis / Piscariensis]],
* [[Aternum]] (''urbs''),
* [[Municipium Italiae]].

== Nexus externi ==
{{communiaCat|Picciano|Piscianum}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130521212328/http://comune.picciano.pe.it/ Situs publicus] {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Map of comune of Picciano (province of Pescara, region Abruzzo, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium Municipii in Provincia Aternensi.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Aterni]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Index communium praefecturae Vosegi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="22000" sha1="cj82yfkn2mvc2j39yrdqln0vmtu2b0q" xml:space="preserve">Hic est index [[commune|communium]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] praefecturae [[Francia|Francicae]], cui subsunt communia 515 numero.

[[Fasciculus:Vosges-Position.png|thumb|Situs praefecturae]]
[[Fasciculus: Senones vu du Petit Paris.jpg|thumb|Despectus in ''[[ Senones ]]'']]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! [[INSEE|Numerus INSEE]]
! [[Numerus cursualis]]
! [[Commune]]
|-
| 88001
| 88270
| [[Les Ableuvenettes]]
|- 
| 88002
| 88500
| [[Ahéville]]
|- 
| 88003
| 88140
| [[Aingeville]]
|- 
| 88004
| 88320
| [[Ainvelle (Vosegus)|Ainvelle]]
|- 
| 88005
| 88110
| [[Allarmont]]
|- 
| 88006
| 88500
| [[Ambacuria]]
|- 
| 88007
| 88410
| [[Ameuvelle]]
|- 
| 88008
| 88700
| [[Anglemont]]
|- 
| 88009
| 88650
| [[Anould]]
|- 
| 88010
| 88170
| [[Aouze]]
|- 
| 88011
| 88380
| [[Arches (Vosegus)|Arches]]
|- 
| 88012
| 88380
| [[Archettes]]
|- 
| 88013
| 88170
| [[Aroffe]]
|- 
| 88014
| 88430
| [[Arrentès-de-Corcieux]]
|- 
| 88015
| 88300
| [[Attignéville]]
|- 
| 88016
| 88260
| [[Attigny (Vosegus)|Attigny]]
|- 
| 88017
| 88300
| [[Aulnois]]
|- 
| 88018
| 88640
| [[Aumontzey]]
|- 
| 88019
| 88300
| [[Autigny-la-Tour]]
|- 
| 88020
| 88300
| [[Autreville (Vosegus)|Autreville]]
|- 
| 88021
| 88700
| [[Autrey (Vosegus)|Autrey]]
|- 
| 88022
| 88140
| [[Auzainvilliers]]
|- 
| 88023
| 88500
| [[Avillers (Vosegus)|Avillers]]
|- 
| 88024
| 88130
| [[Avrainville (Vosegus)|Avrainville]]
|- 
| 88025
| 88630
| [[Avranville]]
|- 
| 88026
| 88600
| [[Aydoilles]]
|- 
| 88027
| 88330
| [[Badménil-aux-Bois]]
|- 
| 88028
| 88460
| [[La Baffe]]
|- 
| 88029
| 88240
| [[Bains-les-Bains]]
|- 
| 88030
| 88270
| [[Bainville-aux-Saules]]
|- 
| 88031
| 88170
| [[Balléville]]
|- 
| 88032
| 88520
| [[Ban-de-Laveline]]
|- 
| 88033
| 88210
| [[Ban-de-Sapt]]
|- 
| 88106
| 88230
| [[Ban-sur-Meurthe-Clefcy]]
|- 
| 88035
| 88640
| [[Barbey-Seroux]]
|- 
| 88036
| 88300
| [[Barville (Vosegus)|Barville]]
|- 
| 88037
| 88120
| [[Basse-sur-le-Rupt]]
|- 
| 88038
| 88130
| [[Battexey]]
|- 
| 88039
| 88500
| [[Baudricourt]]
|- 
| 88040
| 88150
| [[Bayecourt]]
|- 
| 88041
| 88270
| [[Bazegney]]
|- 
| 88042
| 88700
| [[Bazien]]
|- 
| 88043
| 88500
| [[Bazoilles-et-Ménil]]
|- 
| 88044
| 88300
| [[Bazoilles-sur-Meuse]]
|- 
| 88045
| 88300
| [[Beaufremont]]
|- 
| 88046
| 88600
| [[Beauménil]]
|- 
| 88047
| 88270
| [[Begnécourt]]
|- 
| 88048
| 88370
| [[Bellefontaine (Vosegus)|Bellefontaine]]
|- 
| 88049
| 88260
| [[Belmont-lès-Darney]]
|- 
| 88050
| 88600
| [[Belmont-sur-Buttant]]
|- 
| 88051
| 88800
| [[Belmont-sur-Vair]]
|- 
| 88052
| 88260
| [[Belrupt]]
|- 
| 88053
| 88210
| [[Belval (Vosegus)|Belval]]
|- 
| 88054
| 88520
| [[Bertrimoutier]]
|- 
| 88055
| 88450
| [[Bettegney-Saint-Brice]]
|- 
| 88056
| 88500
| [[Bettoncourt]]
|- 
| 88057
| 88490
| [[Le Beulay]]
|- 
| 88058
| 88170
| [[Biécourt]]
|- 
| 88059
| 88430
| [[Biffontaine]]
|- 
| 88060
| 88500
| [[Blémerey (Vosegus)|Blémerey]]
|- 
| 88061
| 88410
| [[Bleurville]]
|- 
| 88062
| 88320
| [[Blevaincourt]]
|- 
| 88063
| 88270
| [[Bocquegney]]
|- 
| 88064
| 88600
| [[Bois-de-Champ]]
|- 
| 88065
| 88260
| [[Bonvillet]]
|- 
| 88066
| 88500
| [[Boulaincourt]]
|- 
| 88068
| 88470
| [[La Bourgonce]]
|- 
| 88069
| 88270
| [[Bouxières-aux-Bois]]
|- 
| 88070
| 88130
| [[Bouxurulles]]
|- 
| 88071
| 88270
| [[Bouzemont]]
|- 
| 88073
| 88130
| [[Brantigny]]
|- 
| 88074
| 88350
| [[Brechainville]]
|- 
| 88075
| 88250
| [[La Bresse]]
|- 
| 88076
| 88600
| [[Brouvelieures]]
|- 
| 88077
| 88700
| [[Brû]]
|- 
| 88078
| 88600
| [[Bruyères]]
|- 
| 88079
| 88140
| [[Boloniacivilla]]
|- 
| 88080
| 88700
| [[Bult]]
|- 
| 88081
| 88540
| [[Bussang]]
|- 
| 88082
| 88110
| [[Celles-sur-Plaine]]
|- 
| 88083
| 88300
| [[Certilleux]]
|- 
| 88084
| 88130
| [[Chamagne]]
|- 
| 88085
| 88640
| [[Champdray]]
|- 
| 88086
| 88600
| [[Ducis Campus|Champ-le-Duc]]
|- 
| 88087
| 88000
| [[Chantraine (commune)|Chantraine]]
|- 
| 88088
| 88240
| [[La Chapelle-aux-Bois]]
|- 
| 88089
| 88600
| [[La Chapelle-devant-Bruyères]]
|- 
| 88090
| 88130
| [[Carpinia]]
|- 
| 88091
| 88460
| [[Charmois-devant-Bruyères]]
|- 
| 88092
| 88270
| [[Charmois-l'Orgueilleux]]
|- 
| 88093
| 88210
| [[Châtas]]
|- 
| 88094
| 88330
| [[Châtel-sur-Moselle]]
|- 
| 88095
| 88170
| [[Châtenois (Vosegus)|Châtenois]]
|- 
| 88096
| 88410
| [[Châtillon-sur-Saône]]
|- 
| 88097
| 88500
| [[Chauffecourt]]
|- 
| 88098
| 88390
| [[Chaumousey]]
|- 
| 88099
| 88150
| [[Chavelot]]
|- 
| 88100
| 88500
| [[Chef-Haut]]
|- 
| 88101
| 88460
| [[Cheniménil]]
|- 
| 88102
| 88630
| [[Chermisey]]
|- 
| 88103
| 88270
| [[Circourt]]
|- 
| 88104
| 88300
| [[Circourt-sur-Mouzon]]
|- 
| 88105
| 88410
| [[Claudon]]
|- 
| 88107
| 88630
| [[Clérey-la-Côte]]
|- 
| 88108
| 88240
| [[Le Clerjus]]
|- 
| 88109
| 88120
| [[Cleurie]]
|- 
| 88110
| 88700
| [[Clézentaine]]
|- 
| 88111
| 88100
| [[Coinches]]
|- 
| 88112
| 88490
| [[Colretum]]
|- 
| 88113
| 88490
| [[Combrimont]]
|- 
| 88114
| 88140
| [[Gundrecivilla]]
|- 
| 88115
| 88430
| [[Corcieux]]
|- 
| 88116
| 88310
| [[Cornimont]]
|- 
| 88117
| 88170
| [[Courcelles-sous-Châtenois]]
|- 
| 88118
| 88630
| [[Coussey]]
|- 
| 88119
| 88140
| [[Crainvilliers]]
|- 
| 88120
| 88520
| [[La Croix-aux-Mines]]
|- 
| 88121
| 88330
| [[Damas-aux-Bois]]
|- 
| 88122
| 88270
| [[Damas-et-Bettegney]]
|- 
| 88123
| 88320
| [[Damblain]]
|- 
| 88124
| 88260
| [[Darney]]
|- 
| 88125
| 88170
| [[Darney-aux-Chênes]]
|- 
| 88126
| 88390
| [[Darnieulles]]
|- 
| 88127
| 88700
| [[Deinvillers]]
|- 
| 88128
| 88210
| [[Denipaire]]
|- 
| 88129
| 88270
| [[Derbamont]]
|- 
| 88130
| 88600
| [[Destord]]
|- 
| 88131
| 88600
| [[Deycimont]]
|- 
| 88132
| 88000
| [[Deyvillers]]
|- 
| 88133
| 88000
| [[Dignonville]]
|- 
| 88134
| 88000
| [[Dinozé]]
|- 
| 88135
| 88460
| [[Docelles]]
|- 
| 88136
| 88000
| [[Dogneville]]
|- 
| 88137
| 88170
| [[Dolaincourt]]
|- 
| 88138
| 88260
| [[Dombasle-devant-Darney]]
|- 
| 88139
| 88500
| [[Dombasle-en-Xaintois]]
|- 
| 88140
| 88140
| [[Dombrot-le-Sec]]
|- 
| 88141
| 88170
| [[Dombrot-sur-Vair]]
|- 
| 88144
| 88500
| [[Domèvre-sous-Montfort]]
|- 
| 88142
| 88390
| [[Domèvre-sur-Avière]]
|- 
| 88143
| 88330
| [[Domèvre-sur-Durbion]]
|- 
| 88145
| 88600
| [[Domfaing]]
|- 
| 88146
| 88800
| [[Domjulien]]
|- 
| 88147
| 88390
| [[Dommartin-aux-Bois]]
|- 
| 88148
| 88200
| [[Domnus Martinus (Romaricus Mons)]]
|- 
| 88149
| 88260
| [[Dommartin-lès-Vallois]]
|- 
| 88150
| 88170
| [[Dommartin-sur-Vraine]]
|- 
| 88151
| 88270
| [[Donoparium]]
|- 
| 88152
| 88600
| [[Dompierre (Vosegus)|Dompierre]]
|- 
| 88153
| 88700
| [[Domptail]]
|- 
| 88154
| 88630
| [[Domnum Remigium]]
|- 
| 88155
| 88500
| [[Domvallier]]
|- 
| 88156
| 88700
| [[Doncières]]
|- 
| 88157
| 88220
| [[Dounoux]]
|- 
| 88158
| 88510
| [[Éloyes]]
|- 
| 88159
| 88650
| [[Entre-deux-Eaux]]
|- 
| 88160
| 88000
| [[Spinalium]]
|- 
| 88161
| 88260
| [[Escles]]
|- 
| 88162
| 88260
| [[Esley]]
|- 
| 88163
| 88130
| [[Essegney]]
|- 
| 88164
| 88500
| [[Estrennes]]
|- 
| 88165
| 88480
| [[Étival-Clairefontaine]]
|- 
| 88166
| 88450
| [[Évaux-et-Ménil]]
|- 
| 88167
| 88460
| [[Faucompierre]]
|- 
| 88168
| 88700
| [[Fauconcourt]]
|- 
| 88169
| 88600
| [[Fays (Vosegus)|Fays]]
|- 
| 88170
| 88360
| [[Ferdrupt]]
|- 
| 88171
| 88410
| [[Fignévelle]]
|- 
| 88172
| 88600
| [[Fiménil]]
|- 
| 88173
| 88130
| [[Florémont]]
|- 
| 88174
| 88390
| [[Fomerey]]
|- 
| 88175
| 88600
| [[Fontenay (Vosegus)|Fontenay]]
|- 
| 88176
| 88240
| [[Fontenoy-le-Château]]
|- 
| 88177
| 88530
| [[La Forge (Vosegus)|La Forge]]
|- 
| 88178
| 88390
| [[Les Forges (Vosegus)|Les Forges]]
|- 
| 88179
| 88320
| [[Fouchécourt (Vosegus)|Fouchécourt]]
|- 
| 88180
| 88320
| [[Frain]]
|- 
| 88181
| 88230
| [[Fraize]]
|- 
| 88182
| 88490
| [[Frapelle]]
|- 
| 88183
| 88630
| [[Frebécourt]]
|- 
| 88184
| 88600
| [[Fremifontaine]]
|- 
| 88185
| 88500
| [[Frenelle-la-Grande]]
|- 
| 88186
| 88500
| [[Frenelle-la-Petite]]
|- 
| 88187
| 88270
| [[Frénois (Vosegus)|Frénois]]
|- 
| 88188
| 88160
| [[Fresse-sur-Moselle]]
|- 
| 88189
| 88350
| [[Fréville (Vosegus)|Fréville]]
|- 
| 88190
| 88440
| [[Frizon]]
|- 
| 88192
| 88270
| [[Gelvécourt-et-Adompt]]
|- 
| 88193
| 88520
| [[Gemaingoutte]]
|- 
| 88194
| 88170
| [[Gemmelaincourt]]
|- 
| 88195
| 88140
| [[Gendreville]]
|- 
| 88196
| 88400
| [[Gérardmer]]
|- 
| 88197
| 88120
| [[Gerbamont]]
|- 
| 88198
| 88430
| [[Gerbépal]]
|- 
| 88199
| 88320
| [[Gignéville]]
|- 
| 88200
| 88390
| [[Gigney]]
|- 
| 88201
| 88390
| [[Girancourt]]
|- 
| 88202
| 88500
| [[Gircourt-lès-Viéville]]
|- 
| 88203
| 88600
| [[Girecourt-sur-Durbion]]
|- 
| 88205
| 88340
| [[Girmont-Val-d'Ajol]]
|- 
| 88206
| 88170
| [[Gironcourt-sur-Vraine]]
|- 
| 88208
| 88410
| [[Godoncourt]]
|- 
| 88209
| 88190
| [[Golbey]]
|- 
| 88210
| 88270
| [[Gorhey]]
|- 
| 88212
| 88350
| [[Grand (Vosegus)|Grand]]
|- 
| 88213
| 88490
| [[Magna Fossa]]
|- 
| 88215
| 88210
| [[Grandrupt]]
|- 
| 88214
| 88240
| [[Grandrupt-de-Bains]]
|- 
| 88216
| 88600
| [[Grandvillers]]
|- 
| 88218
| 88640
| [[Granges-sur-Vologne]]
|- 
| 88219
| 88630
| [[Greux]]
|- 
| 88220
| 88410
| [[Grignoncourt]]
|- 
| 88221
| 88240
| [[Gruey-lès-Surance]]
|- 
| 88222
| 88600
| [[Gugnécourt]]
|- 
| 88223
| 88450
| [[Gugney-aux-Aulx]]
|- 
| 88224
| 88330
| [[Hadigny-les-Verrières]]
|- 
| 88225
| 88220
| [[Hadol]]
|- 
| 88226
| 88270
| [[Hagécourt]]
|- 
| 88227
| 88300
| [[Hagnéville-et-Roncourt]]
|- 
| 88228
| 88330
| [[Haillainville]]
|- 
| 88229
| 88300
| [[Harchéchamp]]
|- 
| 88230
| 88700
| [[Hardancourt]]
|- 
| 88231
| 88800
| [[Haréville]]
|- 
| 88232
| 88300
| [[Harmonville]]
|- 
| 88233
| 88270
| [[Harol]]
|- 
| 88234
| 88240
| [[Harsault]]
|- 
| 88235
| 88240
| [[Hautmougey]]
|- 
| 88236
| 88240
| [[La Haye (Vosegus)|La Haye]]
|- 
| 88237
| 88270
| [[Hennecourt]]
|- 
| 88238
| 88260
| [[Hennezel]]
|- 
| 88239
| 88130
| [[Hergugney]]
|- 
| 88240
| 88600
| [[Herpelmont]]
|- 
| 88241
| 88170
| [[Houécourt]]
|- 
| 88242
| 88300
| [[Houéville]]
|- 
| 88243
| 88700
| [[Housseras]]
|- 
| 88244
| 88430
| [[La Houssière]]
|- 
| 88245
| 88210
| [[Hurbache]]
|- 
| 88246
| 88500
| [[Hymont]]
|- 
| 88247
| 88150
| [[Igney (Vosegus)|Igney]]
|- 
| 88248
| 88320
| [[Isches]]
|- 
| 88249
| 88300
| [[Jainvillotte]]
|- 
| 88250
| 88550
| [[Jarménil]]
|- 
| 88251
| 88700
| [[Jeanménil]]
|- 
| 88252
| 88260
| [[Jésonville]]
|- 
| 88253
| 88000
| [[Jeuxey]]
|- 
| 88254
| 88500
| [[Jorxey]]
|- 
| 88255
| 88630
| [[Jubainville]]
|- 
| 88256
| 88640
| [[Jussarupt]]
|- 
| 88257
| 88500
| [[Juvaincourt]]
|- 
| 88258
| 88320
| [[Lamarche]]
|- 
| 88259
| 88300
| [[Landaville]]
|- 
| 88260
| 88130
| [[Langley (Vosegus)|Langley]]
|- 
| 88261
| 88600
| [[Laval-sur-Vologne]]
|- 
| 88262
| 88600
| [[Laveline-devant-Bruyères]]
|- 
| 88263
| 88640
| [[Laveline-du-Houx]]
|- 
| 88264
| 88270
| [[Légéville-et-Bonfays]]
|- 
| 88265
| 88300
| [[Lemmecourt]]
|- 
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! [[INSEE|Numerus INSEE]]
! [[Numerus cursualis]]
! [[Commune]]
|-
| 88266
| 88600
| [[Lépanges-sur-Vologne]]
|- 
| 88267
| 88260
| [[Lerrain]]
|- 
| 88268
| 88490
| [[Lesseux]]
|- 
| 88269
| 88400
| [[Liézey]]
|- 
| 88270
| 88350
| [[Liffol-le-Grand]]
|- 
| 88271
| 88800
| [[Lignéville]]
|- 
| 88272
| 88410
| [[Lironcourt]]
|- 
| 88273
| 88000
| [[Longchamp (Vosegus)|Longchamp]]
|- 
| 88274
| 88170
| [[Longchamp-sous-Châtenois]]
|- 
| 88275
| 88490
| [[Lubine]]
|- 
| 88276
| 88490
| [[Lusse]]
|- 
| 88277
| 88110
| [[Luvigny]]
|- 
| 88278
| 88170
| [[Maconcourt]]
|- 
| 88279
| 88270
| [[Madecourt]]
|- 
| 88280
| 88450
| [[Madegney]]
|- 
| 88281
| 88270
| [[Madonne-et-Lamerey]]
|- 
| 88282
| 88240
| [[Le Magny (Vosegus)|Le Magny]]
|- 
| 88283
| 88140
| [[Malaincourt]]
|- 
| 88284
| 88650
| [[Mandray]]
|- 
| 88285
| 88800
| [[Mandres-sur-Vair]]
|- 
| 88286
| 88130
| [[Marainville-sur-Madon]]
|- 
| 88287
| 88320
| [[Marey (Vosegus)|Marey]]
|- 
| 88288
| 88270
| [[Maroncourt]]
|- 
| 88289
| 88320
| [[Martigny-les-Bains]]
|- 
| 88290
| 88300
| [[Martigny-les-Gerbonvaux]]
|- 
| 88291
| 88410
| [[Martinvelle]]
|- 
| 88292
| 88500
| [[Mattaincourt]]
|- 
| 88293
| 88630
| [[Maxey-sur-Meuse]]
|- 
| 88294
| 88150
| [[Mazeley]]
|- 
| 88295
| 88500
| [[Mazirot]]
|- 
| 88296
| 88140
| [[Médonville]]
|- 
| 88297
| 88600
| [[Méménil]]
|- 
| 88298
| 88700
| [[Ménarmont]]
|- 
| 88302
| 88160
| [[Le Ménil]]
|- 
| 88300
| 88210
| [[Ménil-de-Senones]]
|- 
| 88299
| 88500
| [[Mansile in Sanctesio]]
|- 
| 88301
| 88700
| [[Ménil-sur-Belvitte]]
|- 
| 88303
| 88630
| [[Midrevaux]]
|- 
| 88304
| 88500
| [[Mirecurtium]]
|- 
| 88305
| 88630
| [[Moncel-sur-Vair]]
|- 
| 88306
| 88210
| [[Le Mont]]
|- 
| 88309
| 88800
| [[Monthureux-le-Sec]]
|- 
| 88310
| 88410
| [[Monthureux-sur-Saône]]
|- 
| 88307
| 88320
| [[Mont-lès-Lamarche]]
|- 
| 88308
| 88300
| [[Mont-lès-Neufchâteau]]
|- 
| 88311
| 88240
| [[Montmotier]]
|- 
| 88312
| 88170
| [[Morelmaison]]
|- 
| 88313
| 88330
| [[Moriville]]
|- 
| 88314
| 88320
| [[Morizécourt]]
|- 
| 88315
| 88600
| [[Mors Agni]]
|- 
| 88316
| 88140
| [[Maurivilla]]
|- 
| 88317
| 88210
| [[Moussey (Vosegus)|Moussey]]
|- 
| 88318
| 88700
| [[Medius Mons (Vosegus)|Medius Mons]]
|- 
| 88319
| 88420
| [[Medianum Monasterium]]
|- 
| 88320
| 88100
| [[Nayemont-les-Fosses]]
|- 
| 88321
| 88300
| [[Neocastrum (Francia)|Neocastrum]]
|- 
| 88322
| 88600
| [[La Neuveville-devant-Lépanges]]
|- 
| 88324
| 88170
| [[La Neuveville-sous-Châtenois]]
|- 
| 88325
| 88800
| [[La Neuveville-sous-Montfort]]
|- 
| 88326
| 88100
| [[Neuvillers-sur-Fave]]
|- 
| 88327
| 88440
| [[Nomexy]]
|- 
| 88328
| 88470
| [[Nompardivilla]]
|- 
| 88330
| 88260
| [[Novilla (Vosegus)|Novilla]]
|- 
| 88331
| 88600
| [[Nontiavilla]]
|- 
| 88332
| 88800
| [[Noretum]]
|- 
| 88333
| 88700
| [[Nossoncourt]]
|- 
| 88334
| 88500
| [[Ollevilla]]
|- 
| 88335
| 88500
| [[Offroicourt]]
|- 
| 88336
| 88170
| [[Audoleni villa]]
|- 
| 88338
| 88700
| [[Ortonis curia]]
|- 
| 88340
| 88700
| [[Padua (Vosegus)|Padua]]
|- 
| 88341
| 88100
| [[Pair-et-Grandrupt]]
|- 
| 88342
| 88330
| [[Pallegney]]
|- 
| 88343
| 88800
| [[Paretum (Vosegus)|Paretum]]
|- 
| 88344
| 88350
| [[Pargniacum subtus Mirevallem]]
|- 
| 88345
| 88490
| [[La Petite-Fosse]]
|- 
| 88346
| 88210
| [[La Petite-Raon]]
|- 
| 88347
| 88270
| [[Petraficta (Vosegus)|Petraficta]]
|- 
| 88348
| 88600
| [[Petreus Pons]]
|- 
| 88349
| 88230
| [[Plenifesium]]
|- 
| 88350
| 88170
| [[Pluvesia]]
|- 
| 88351
| 88370
| [[Plumberae]]
|- 
| 88352
| 88300
| [[Pomperra (Vosegus)|Pomperra]]
|- 
| 88353
| 88260
| [[Pons iuxta Undinovilla]]
|- 
| 88354
| 88500
| [[Pont-sur-Madon]]
|- 
| 88355
| 88330
| [[Portus Caelorum]]
|- 
| 88356
| 88600
| [[Les Poulières]]
|- 
| 88357
| 88500
| [[Portus Suavis]]
|- 
| 88358
| 88550
| [[Pouxeux]]
|- 
| 88359
| 88600
| [[Prey (Vosegus)|Prey]]
|- 
| 88360
| 88260
| [[Provenchères-lès-Darney]]
|- 
| 88361
| 88490
| [[Provenchères-et-Colroy]]
|- 
| 88362
| 88210
| [[Le Puid]]
|- 
| 88363
| 88630
| [[Purneretum]]
|- 
| 88364
| 88500
| [[Puzieux (Vosegus)|Puzieux]]
|- 
| 88365
| 88270
| [[Racécourt]]
|- 
| 88366
| 88170
| [[Radalli villa]]
|- 
| 88367
| 88700
| [[Rambervilleriae]]
|- 
| 88368
| 88500
| [[Rancuria]]
|- 
| 88369
| 88160
| [[Romarici campus]]
|- 
| 88370
| 88270
| [[Radonis curtis]]
|- 
| 88371
| 88220
| [[Rapo ad Silvas]]
|- 
| 88372
| 88110
| [[Rapo ad Stationem]]
|- 
| 88373
| 88110
| [[Raon-sur-Plaine]]
|- 
| 88374
| 88130
| [[Rapey]]
|- 
| 88375
| 88520
| [[Raves (Vosegus)|Raves]]
|- 
| 88376
| 88300
| [[Ribovilla]]
|- 
| 88377
| 88410
| [[Rainharii villa]]
|- 
| 88378
| 88450
| [[Regney]]
|- 
| 88379
| 88330
| [[Ranconis curtis]]
|- 
| 88380
| 88640
| [[Rehaupal]]
|- 
| 88381
| 88260
| [[Relangia]]
|- 
| 88382
| 88500
| [[Rimacuria]]
|- 
| 88383
| 88200
| [[Romarici Mons]]
|- 
| 88386
| 88100
| [[Remomeix]]
|- 
| 88385
| 88800
| [[Romulficuria]]
|- 
| 88387
| 88170
| [[Ramaldi villa]]
|- 
| 88388
| 88390
| [[Renauvoid]]
|- 
| 88389
| 88500
| [[Reparium]]
|- 
| 88390
| 88320
| [[Roberticuria]]
|- 
| 88391
| 88120
| [[Rochesson]]
|- 
| 88394
| 88320
| [[Romania ad Silvas]]
|- 
| 88395
| 88700
| [[Rotmundum]]
|- 
| 88398
| 88600
| [[Les Rouges-Eaux]]
|- 
| 88399
| 88460
| [[Le Roulier]]
|- 
| 88400
| 88500
| [[Ruvera in Sanctesio]]
|- 
| 88401
| 88170
| [[Roverium (Vosegus)|Roverium]]
|- 
| 88402
| 88700
| [[Rovilla ad Quercus]]
|- 
| 88403
| 88500
| [[Roserota]]
|- 
| 88404
| 88320
| [[Roseriae supra Mosunam]]
|- 
| 88406
| 88130
| [[Rugney]]
|- 
| 88407
| 88630
| [[Ruppes]]
|- 
| 88408
| 88360
| [[Rupt-sur-Moselle]]
|- 
| 88409
| 88120
| [[Saint-Amé]]
|- 
| 88411
| 88260
| [[Sanctus Basolimons]]
|- 
| 88412
| 88700
| [[Sanctus Benedictus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Benedictus]]
|- 
| 88413
| 88100
| [[Sanctus Deodatus (urbs)|Sanctus Deodatus]]
|- 
| 88410
| 88700
| [[Sancta Barbara (Vosegus)|Sancta Barbara]]
|- 
| 88418
| 88700
| [[Sancta Helena (Vosegus)|Sancta Helena]]
|- 
| 88424
| 88100
| [[Sancta Margareta (Vosegus)|Sancta Margareta]]
|- 
| 88415
| 88200
| [[Sanctus Stephanus ultra Mosellam]]
|- 
| 88416
| 88700
| [[Sanctus Genesius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Genesius]]
|- 
| 88417
| 88700
| [[Sanctus Gorgonius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Gorgonius]]
|- 
| 88419
| 88210
| [[Saint-Jean-d'Ormont]]
|- 
| 88421
| 88410
| [[Sanctus Iulianus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Iulianus]]
|- 
| 88423
| 88650
| [[Sanctus Leonardus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Leonardus]]
|- 
| 88425
| 88700
| [[Sanctus Mauricius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Mauricius]]
|- 
| 88426
| 88560
| [[Saint-Maurice-sur-Moselle]]
|- 
| 88427
| 88170
| [[Sanctus Memmius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Memmius]]
|- 
| 88428
| 88470
| [[Saint-Michel-sur-Meurthe]]
|- 
| 88429
| 88200
| [[Sanctus Nabor (Vosegus)|Sanctus Nabor]]
|- 
| 88430
| 88140
| [[Sanctus Audoenus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Audoenus]]
|- 
| 88431
| 88170
| [[Sanctus Paulus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Paulus]]
|- 
| 88432
| 88700
| [[Sanctus Petrimons]]
|- 
| 88433
| 88500
| [[Sanctus Pancratius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Pancratius]]
|- 
| 88434
| 88800
| [[Sancti Remigii Mons (Vosegus)|Sancti Remigii Mons]]
|- 
| 88435
| 88480
| [[Sanctus Remigius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Remigius]]
|- 
| 88436
| 88210
| [[Sanctus Stephanus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Stephanus]]
|- 
| 88437
| 88270
| [[Sanctus Valerius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Valerius]]
|- 
| 88438
| 88470
| [[La Salle (Vosegus)|La Salle]]
|- 
| 88439
| 88390
| [[Sanchey]]
|- 
| 88440
| 88170
| [[Sandaucuria]]
|- 
| 88441
| 88260
| [[Sans-Vallois]]
|- 
| 88442
| 88120
| [[Sapois (Vosegus)|Sapois]]
|- 
| 88443
| 88300
| [[Sartes]]
|- 
| 88444
| 88210
| [[Le Saulcy]]
|- 
| 88445
| 88580
| [[Salicetum (Vosegus)|Salicetum]]
|- 
| 88446
| 88140
| [[Salsurae (Vosegus)|Salsurae]]
|- 
| 88447
| 88290
| [[Salsuriae]]
|- 
| 88448
| 88140
| [[Seivilla]]
|- 
| 88449
| 88130
| [[Saviniacum (Vosegus)|Saviniacum]]
|- 
| 88450
| 88320
| [[Senagda]]
|- 
| 88451
| 88210
| [[Senonia (Vosegus)|Senonia]]
|- 
| 88452
| 88260
| [[Senonges]]
|- 
| 88453
| 88630
| [[Seromons]]
|- 
| 88454
| 88600
| [[Sarcus (Vosegus)|Sarcus]]
|- 
| 88455
| 88320
| [[Sirecuria]]
|- 
| 88456
| 88320
| [[Serocourt]]
|- 
| 88457
| 88630
| [[Seona (Vosegus)|Seona]]
|- 
| 88458
| 88130
| [[Solicuria]]
|- 
| 88459
| 88170
| [[Soncuria]]
|- 
| 88460
| 88630
| [[Solicia]]
|- 
| 88461
| 88140
| [[Serewavilla]]
|- 
| 88462
| 88120
| [[Le Syndicat]]
|- 
| 88463
| 88100
| [[Tinctorivus]]
|- 
| 88464
| 88460
| [[Tendon (Vosegus)|Tendon]]
|- 
| 88465
| 88150
| [[Tado]]
|- 
| 88466
| 88800
| [[Tillia]]
|- 
| 88467
| 88290
| [[Thiéfosse]]
|- 
| 88468
| 88160
| [[Le Thillot]]
|- 
| 88469
| 88500
| [[Tirocuria]]
|- 
| 88470
| 88530
| [[Le Tholy]]
|- 
| 88471
| 88410
| [[Les Thons]]
|- 
| 88472
| 88260
| [[Thuillières]]
|- 
| 88473
| 88320
| [[Tignécourt]]
|- 
| 88474
| 88300
| [[Tellum (Vosegus)|Tellum]]
|- 
| 88475
| 88320
| [[Toteleni curtis]]
|- 
| 88476
| 88500
| [[Totoni villa]]
|- 
| 88477
| 88350
| [[Trampodium]]
|- 
| 88478
| 88300
| [[Tranculfi villa]]
|- 
| 88479
| 88240
| [[Trémonzey]]
|- 
| 88480
| 88130
| [[Ubexy]]
|- 
| 88481
| 88220
| [[Uriménil]]
|- 
| 88482
| 88140
| [[Eurivilla]]
|- 
| 88483
| 88390
| [[Ursiniacum]]
|- 
| 88484
| 88220
| [[Usminga]]
|- 
| 88485
| 88140
| [[La Vacheresse-et-la-Rouillie]]
|- 
| 88486
| 88120
| [[Vainiacum]]
|- 
| 88487
| 88340
| [[Le Val-d'Ajol]]
|- 
| 88488
| 88270
| [[Valefridicurtis]]
|- 
| 88489
| 88270
| [[Vallis Regia (Vosegus)|Vallis Regia]]
|- 
| 88490
| 88800
| [[Vallis Regia Sicca]]
|- 
| 88491
| 88260
| [[Tres Valesii]]
|- 
| 88492
| 88230
| [[Le Valtin]]
|- 
| 88493
| 88450
| [[Varmonzey]]
|- 
| 88494
| 88500
| [[Vaubexy]]
|- 
| 88495
| 88000
| [[Waldinivilla]]
|- 
| 88496
| 88140
| [[Valdonis curtis (Vosegus)|Valdonis curtis]]
|- 
| 88497
| 88330
| [[Wauxoncuria]]
|- 
| 88498
| 88200
| [[Vecoux]]
|- 
| 88499
| 88270
| [[Velotte-et-Tatignécourt]]
|- 
| 88500
| 88310
| [[Ventron]]
|- 
| 88501
| 88210
| [[Le Vermont]]
|- 
| 88502
| 88600
| [[Vervezelle]]
|- 
| 88503
| 88110
| [[Vexaincourt]]
|- 
| 88504
| 88170
| [[Vicherey]]
|- 
| 88505
| 88430
| [[Vienville]]
|- 
| 88506
| 88210
| [[Vieux-Moulin (Vosegus)|Vieux-Moulin]]
|- 
| 88507
| 88500
| [[Villers (Vosegus)|Villers]]
|- 
| 88508
| 88270
| [[Ville-sur-Illon]]
|- 
| 88509
| 88150
| [[Villoncourt]]
|- 
| 88510
| 88320
| [[Villotte]]
|- 
| 88511
| 88350
| [[Villouxel]]
|- 
| 88512
| 88600
| [[Viménil]]
|- 
| 88513
| 88450
| [[Vincey]]
|- 
| 88514
| 88170
| [[Viocourt]]
|- 
| 88515
| 88260
| [[Vioménil]]
|- 
| 88516
| 88800
| [[Vittel]]
|- 
| 88517
| 88260
| [[Vivarium (Vosegus)|Vivarium]]
|- 
| 88518
| 88500
| [[Viverium]]
|- 
| 88519
| 88470
| [[La Voivre (Vosegus)|La Voivre]]
|- 
| 88520
| 88240
| [[Les Voivres]]
|- 
| 88521
| 88700
| [[Vomécourt]]
|- 
| 88522
| 88500
| [[Vomécourt-sur-Madon]]
|- 
| 88523
| 88170
| [[Vouxey]]
|- 
| 88524
| 88140
| [[Vrécourt]]
|- 
| 88525
| 88500
| [[Vroville]]
|- 
| 88526
| 88520
| [[Wisembach]]
|- 
| 88527
| 88700
| [[Xaffévillers]]
|- 
| 88528
| 88460
| [[Xamontarupt]]
|- 
| 88529
| 88130
| [[Xaronval]]
|- 
| 88530
| 88220
| [[Scatiniacum]]
|- 
| 88531
| 88400
| [[Xonrupt-Longemer]]
|- 
| 88532
| 88330
| [[Zincourt]]
|}
{{Indices communium praefecturarum Franciae}}
[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi|!]]</text>
      <sha1>cj82yfkn2mvc2j39yrdqln0vmtu2b0q</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3976744</id>
      <parentid>3976578</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T10:14:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nomen latinum</comment>
      <origin>3976744</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22005" sha1="jgtyax6y7acz56l3yz5nedbzqtye4ct" xml:space="preserve">Hic est index [[commune|communium]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] praefecturae [[Francia|Francicae]], cui subsunt communia 515 numero.

[[Fasciculus:Vosges-Position.png|thumb|Situs praefecturae]]
[[Fasciculus: Senones vu du Petit Paris.jpg|thumb|Despectus in ''[[ Senones ]]'']]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! [[INSEE|Numerus INSEE]]
! [[Numerus cursualis]]
! [[Commune]]
|-
| 88001
| 88270
| [[Les Ableuvenettes]]
|- 
| 88002
| 88500
| [[Ahéville]]
|- 
| 88003
| 88140
| [[Aingeville]]
|- 
| 88004
| 88320
| [[Ainvelle (Vosegus)|Ainvelle]]
|- 
| 88005
| 88110
| [[Allarmont]]
|- 
| 88006
| 88500
| [[Ambacuria]]
|- 
| 88007
| 88410
| [[Ameuvelle]]
|- 
| 88008
| 88700
| [[Anglemont]]
|- 
| 88009
| 88650
| [[Anould]]
|- 
| 88010
| 88170
| [[Aouze]]
|- 
| 88011
| 88380
| [[Arches (Vosegus)|Arches]]
|- 
| 88012
| 88380
| [[Archettes]]
|- 
| 88013
| 88170
| [[Aroffe]]
|- 
| 88014
| 88430
| [[Arrentès-de-Corcieux]]
|- 
| 88015
| 88300
| [[Attignéville]]
|- 
| 88016
| 88260
| [[Attigny (Vosegus)|Attigny]]
|- 
| 88017
| 88300
| [[Aulnois]]
|- 
| 88018
| 88640
| [[Aumontzey]]
|- 
| 88019
| 88300
| [[Autigny-la-Tour]]
|- 
| 88020
| 88300
| [[Autreville (Vosegus)|Autreville]]
|- 
| 88021
| 88700
| [[Autrey (Vosegus)|Autrey]]
|- 
| 88022
| 88140
| [[Auzainvilliers]]
|- 
| 88023
| 88500
| [[Avillers (Vosegus)|Avillers]]
|- 
| 88024
| 88130
| [[Avrainville (Vosegus)|Avrainville]]
|- 
| 88025
| 88630
| [[Avranville]]
|- 
| 88026
| 88600
| [[Aydoilles]]
|- 
| 88027
| 88330
| [[Badménil-aux-Bois]]
|- 
| 88028
| 88460
| [[La Baffe]]
|- 
| 88029
| 88240
| [[Bains-les-Bains]]
|- 
| 88030
| 88270
| [[Bainville-aux-Saules]]
|- 
| 88031
| 88170
| [[Balléville]]
|- 
| 88032
| 88520
| [[Ban-de-Laveline]]
|- 
| 88033
| 88210
| [[Ban-de-Sapt]]
|- 
| 88106
| 88230
| [[Ban-sur-Meurthe-Clefcy]]
|- 
| 88035
| 88640
| [[Barbey-Seroux]]
|- 
| 88036
| 88300
| [[Barville (Vosegus)|Barville]]
|- 
| 88037
| 88120
| [[Basse-sur-le-Rupt]]
|- 
| 88038
| 88130
| [[Battexey]]
|- 
| 88039
| 88500
| [[Baudricourt]]
|- 
| 88040
| 88150
| [[Bayecourt]]
|- 
| 88041
| 88270
| [[Bazegney]]
|- 
| 88042
| 88700
| [[Bazien]]
|- 
| 88043
| 88500
| [[Bazoilles-et-Ménil]]
|- 
| 88044
| 88300
| [[Bazoilles-sur-Meuse]]
|- 
| 88045
| 88300
| [[Beaufremont]]
|- 
| 88046
| 88600
| [[Beauménil]]
|- 
| 88047
| 88270
| [[Begnécourt]]
|- 
| 88048
| 88370
| [[Bellefontaine (Vosegus)|Bellefontaine]]
|- 
| 88049
| 88260
| [[Belmont-lès-Darney]]
|- 
| 88050
| 88600
| [[Belmont-sur-Buttant]]
|- 
| 88051
| 88800
| [[Belmont-sur-Vair]]
|- 
| 88052
| 88260
| [[Belrupt]]
|- 
| 88053
| 88210
| [[Belval (Vosegus)|Belval]]
|- 
| 88054
| 88520
| [[Bertrimoutier]]
|- 
| 88055
| 88450
| [[Bettegney-Saint-Brice]]
|- 
| 88056
| 88500
| [[Bettoncourt]]
|- 
| 88057
| 88490
| [[Le Beulay]]
|- 
| 88058
| 88170
| [[Biécourt]]
|- 
| 88059
| 88430
| [[Biffontaine]]
|- 
| 88060
| 88500
| [[Blémerey (Vosegus)|Blémerey]]
|- 
| 88061
| 88410
| [[Bleurville]]
|- 
| 88062
| 88320
| [[Blevaincourt]]
|- 
| 88063
| 88270
| [[Bocquegney]]
|- 
| 88064
| 88600
| [[Bois-de-Champ]]
|- 
| 88065
| 88260
| [[Bonvillet]]
|- 
| 88066
| 88500
| [[Boulaincourt]]
|- 
| 88068
| 88470
| [[La Bourgonce]]
|- 
| 88069
| 88270
| [[Bouxières-aux-Bois]]
|- 
| 88070
| 88130
| [[Bouxurulles]]
|- 
| 88071
| 88270
| [[Bouzemont]]
|- 
| 88073
| 88130
| [[Brantigny]]
|- 
| 88074
| 88350
| [[Brechainville]]
|- 
| 88075
| 88250
| [[La Bresse]]
|- 
| 88076
| 88600
| [[Brouvelieures]]
|- 
| 88077
| 88700
| [[Brû]]
|- 
| 88078
| 88600
| [[Bruyères]]
|- 
| 88079
| 88140
| [[Boloniacivilla]]
|- 
| 88080
| 88700
| [[Bult]]
|- 
| 88081
| 88540
| [[Bussang]]
|- 
| 88082
| 88110
| [[Celles-sur-Plaine]]
|- 
| 88083
| 88300
| [[Certilleux]]
|- 
| 88084
| 88130
| [[Chamagne]]
|- 
| 88085
| 88640
| [[Champdray]]
|- 
| 88086
| 88600
| [[Ducis Campus|Champ-le-Duc]]
|- 
| 88087
| 88000
| [[Chantraine (commune)|Chantraine]]
|- 
| 88088
| 88240
| [[La Chapelle-aux-Bois]]
|- 
| 88089
| 88600
| [[La Chapelle-devant-Bruyères]]
|- 
| 88090
| 88130
| [[Carpinia]]
|- 
| 88091
| 88460
| [[Charmois-devant-Bruyères]]
|- 
| 88092
| 88270
| [[Charmois-l'Orgueilleux]]
|- 
| 88093
| 88210
| [[Châtas]]
|- 
| 88094
| 88330
| [[Châtel-sur-Moselle]]
|- 
| 88095
| 88170
| [[Châtenois (Vosegus)|Châtenois]]
|- 
| 88096
| 88410
| [[Châtillon-sur-Saône]]
|- 
| 88097
| 88500
| [[Chauffecourt]]
|- 
| 88098
| 88390
| [[Chaumousey]]
|- 
| 88099
| 88150
| [[Chavelot]]
|- 
| 88100
| 88500
| [[Chef-Haut]]
|- 
| 88101
| 88460
| [[Cheniménil]]
|- 
| 88102
| 88630
| [[Chermisey]]
|- 
| 88103
| 88270
| [[Circourt]]
|- 
| 88104
| 88300
| [[Circourt-sur-Mouzon]]
|- 
| 88105
| 88410
| [[Claudon]]
|- 
| 88107
| 88630
| [[Clérey-la-Côte]]
|- 
| 88108
| 88240
| [[Le Clerjus]]
|- 
| 88109
| 88120
| [[Cleurie]]
|- 
| 88110
| 88700
| [[Clézentaine]]
|- 
| 88111
| 88100
| [[Coinches]]
|- 
| 88112
| 88490
| [[Colretum]]
|- 
| 88113
| 88490
| [[Combrimont]]
|- 
| 88114
| 88140
| [[Gundrecivilla]]
|- 
| 88115
| 88430
| [[Corcieux]]
|- 
| 88116
| 88310
| [[Cornimont]]
|- 
| 88117
| 88170
| [[Courcelles-sous-Châtenois]]
|- 
| 88118
| 88630
| [[Coussey]]
|- 
| 88119
| 88140
| [[Crainvilliers]]
|- 
| 88120
| 88520
| [[La Croix-aux-Mines]]
|- 
| 88121
| 88330
| [[Damas-aux-Bois]]
|- 
| 88122
| 88270
| [[Damas-et-Bettegney]]
|- 
| 88123
| 88320
| [[Damblain]]
|- 
| 88124
| 88260
| [[Darney]]
|- 
| 88125
| 88170
| [[Darney-aux-Chênes]]
|- 
| 88126
| 88390
| [[Darnieulles]]
|- 
| 88127
| 88700
| [[Deinvillers]]
|- 
| 88128
| 88210
| [[Denipaire]]
|- 
| 88129
| 88270
| [[Derbamont]]
|- 
| 88130
| 88600
| [[Destord]]
|- 
| 88131
| 88600
| [[Deycimont]]
|- 
| 88132
| 88000
| [[Deyvillers]]
|- 
| 88133
| 88000
| [[Dignonville]]
|- 
| 88134
| 88000
| [[Dinozé]]
|- 
| 88135
| 88460
| [[Docelles]]
|- 
| 88136
| 88000
| [[Dogneville]]
|- 
| 88137
| 88170
| [[Dolaincourt]]
|- 
| 88138
| 88260
| [[Dombasle-devant-Darney]]
|- 
| 88139
| 88500
| [[Dombasle-en-Xaintois]]
|- 
| 88140
| 88140
| [[Dombrot-le-Sec]]
|- 
| 88141
| 88170
| [[Dombrot-sur-Vair]]
|- 
| 88144
| 88500
| [[Domèvre-sous-Montfort]]
|- 
| 88142
| 88390
| [[Domèvre-sur-Avière]]
|- 
| 88143
| 88330
| [[Domèvre-sur-Durbion]]
|- 
| 88145
| 88600
| [[Domfaing]]
|- 
| 88146
| 88800
| [[Domjulien]]
|- 
| 88147
| 88390
| [[Dommartin-aux-Bois]]
|- 
| 88148
| 88200
| [[Domnus Martinus (Romaricus Mons)]]
|- 
| 88149
| 88260
| [[Dommartin-lès-Vallois]]
|- 
| 88150
| 88170
| [[Dommartin-sur-Vraine]]
|- 
| 88151
| 88270
| [[Donoparium]]
|- 
| 88152
| 88600
| [[Dompierre (Vosegus)|Dompierre]]
|- 
| 88153
| 88700
| [[Domptail]]
|- 
| 88154
| 88630
| [[Domnum Remigium]]
|- 
| 88155
| 88500
| [[Domvallier]]
|- 
| 88156
| 88700
| [[Doncières]]
|- 
| 88157
| 88220
| [[Dounoux]]
|- 
| 88158
| 88510
| [[Éloyes]]
|- 
| 88159
| 88650
| [[Entre-deux-Eaux]]
|- 
| 88160
| 88000
| [[Spinalium]]
|- 
| 88161
| 88260
| [[Escles]]
|- 
| 88162
| 88260
| [[Esley]]
|- 
| 88163
| 88130
| [[Essegney]]
|- 
| 88164
| 88500
| [[Estrennes]]
|- 
| 88165
| 88480
| [[Étival-Clairefontaine]]
|- 
| 88166
| 88450
| [[Évaux-et-Ménil]]
|- 
| 88167
| 88460
| [[Faucompierre]]
|- 
| 88168
| 88700
| [[Fauconcourt]]
|- 
| 88169
| 88600
| [[Fays (Vosegus)|Fays]]
|- 
| 88170
| 88360
| [[Ferdrupt]]
|- 
| 88171
| 88410
| [[Fignévelle]]
|- 
| 88172
| 88600
| [[Fiménil]]
|- 
| 88173
| 88130
| [[Florémont]]
|- 
| 88174
| 88390
| [[Fomerey]]
|- 
| 88175
| 88600
| [[Fontenay (Vosegus)|Fontenay]]
|- 
| 88176
| 88240
| [[Fontenoy-le-Château]]
|- 
| 88177
| 88530
| [[La Forge (Vosegus)|La Forge]]
|- 
| 88178
| 88390
| [[Les Forges (Vosegus)|Les Forges]]
|- 
| 88179
| 88320
| [[Fouchécourt (Vosegus)|Fouchécourt]]
|- 
| 88180
| 88320
| [[Frain]]
|- 
| 88181
| 88230
| [[Fraize]]
|- 
| 88182
| 88490
| [[Frapelle]]
|- 
| 88183
| 88630
| [[Frebécourt]]
|- 
| 88184
| 88600
| [[Fremifontaine]]
|- 
| 88185
| 88500
| [[Frenelle-la-Grande]]
|- 
| 88186
| 88500
| [[Frenelle-la-Petite]]
|- 
| 88187
| 88270
| [[Frénois (Vosegus)|Frénois]]
|- 
| 88188
| 88160
| [[Fresse-sur-Moselle]]
|- 
| 88189
| 88350
| [[Fréville (Vosegus)|Fréville]]
|- 
| 88190
| 88440
| [[Frizon]]
|- 
| 88192
| 88270
| [[Gelvécourt-et-Adompt]]
|- 
| 88193
| 88520
| [[Gemaingoutte]]
|- 
| 88194
| 88170
| [[Gemmelaincourt]]
|- 
| 88195
| 88140
| [[Gendreville]]
|- 
| 88196
| 88400
| [[Gérardmer]]
|- 
| 88197
| 88120
| [[Gerbamont]]
|- 
| 88198
| 88430
| [[Gerbépal]]
|- 
| 88199
| 88320
| [[Gignéville]]
|- 
| 88200
| 88390
| [[Gigney]]
|- 
| 88201
| 88390
| [[Girancourt]]
|- 
| 88202
| 88500
| [[Gircourt-lès-Viéville]]
|- 
| 88203
| 88600
| [[Girecourt-sur-Durbion]]
|- 
| 88205
| 88340
| [[Girmont-Val-d'Ajol]]
|- 
| 88206
| 88170
| [[Gironcourt-sur-Vraine]]
|- 
| 88208
| 88410
| [[Godoncourt]]
|- 
| 88209
| 88190
| [[Golbey]]
|- 
| 88210
| 88270
| [[Gorhey]]
|- 
| 88212
| 88350
| [[Grand (Vosegus)|Grand]]
|- 
| 88213
| 88490
| [[Magna Fossa]]
|- 
| 88215
| 88210
| [[Grandrupt]]
|- 
| 88214
| 88240
| [[Grandrupt-de-Bains]]
|- 
| 88216
| 88600
| [[Grandvillers]]
|- 
| 88218
| 88640
| [[Granges-sur-Vologne]]
|- 
| 88219
| 88630
| [[Greux]]
|- 
| 88220
| 88410
| [[Grignoncourt]]
|- 
| 88221
| 88240
| [[Gruey-lès-Surance]]
|- 
| 88222
| 88600
| [[Gugnécourt]]
|- 
| 88223
| 88450
| [[Gugney-aux-Aulx]]
|- 
| 88224
| 88330
| [[Hadigny-les-Verrières]]
|- 
| 88225
| 88220
| [[Hadol]]
|- 
| 88226
| 88270
| [[Hagécourt]]
|- 
| 88227
| 88300
| [[Hagnéville-et-Roncourt]]
|- 
| 88228
| 88330
| [[Haillainville]]
|- 
| 88229
| 88300
| [[Harchéchamp]]
|- 
| 88230
| 88700
| [[Hardancourt]]
|- 
| 88231
| 88800
| [[Haréville]]
|- 
| 88232
| 88300
| [[Harmonville]]
|- 
| 88233
| 88270
| [[Harol]]
|- 
| 88234
| 88240
| [[Harsault]]
|- 
| 88235
| 88240
| [[Hautmougey]]
|- 
| 88236
| 88240
| [[La Haye (Vosegus)|La Haye]]
|- 
| 88237
| 88270
| [[Hennecourt]]
|- 
| 88238
| 88260
| [[Hennezel]]
|- 
| 88239
| 88130
| [[Hergugney]]
|- 
| 88240
| 88600
| [[Herpelmont]]
|- 
| 88241
| 88170
| [[Houécourt]]
|- 
| 88242
| 88300
| [[Houéville]]
|- 
| 88243
| 88700
| [[Housseras]]
|- 
| 88244
| 88430
| [[La Houssière]]
|- 
| 88245
| 88210
| [[Hurbache]]
|- 
| 88246
| 88500
| [[Hymont]]
|- 
| 88247
| 88150
| [[Igney (Vosegus)|Igney]]
|- 
| 88248
| 88320
| [[Isches]]
|- 
| 88249
| 88300
| [[Jainvillotte]]
|- 
| 88250
| 88550
| [[Jarménil]]
|- 
| 88251
| 88700
| [[Jeanménil]]
|- 
| 88252
| 88260
| [[Jésonville]]
|- 
| 88253
| 88000
| [[Jeuxey]]
|- 
| 88254
| 88500
| [[Jorxey]]
|- 
| 88255
| 88630
| [[Jubainville]]
|- 
| 88256
| 88640
| [[Jussarupt]]
|- 
| 88257
| 88500
| [[Juvaincourt]]
|- 
| 88258
| 88320
| [[Lamarche]]
|- 
| 88259
| 88300
| [[Landaville]]
|- 
| 88260
| 88130
| [[Langley (Vosegus)|Langley]]
|- 
| 88261
| 88600
| [[Laval-sur-Vologne]]
|- 
| 88262
| 88600
| [[Laveline-devant-Bruyères]]
|- 
| 88263
| 88640
| [[Laveline-du-Houx]]
|- 
| 88264
| 88270
| [[Légéville-et-Bonfays]]
|- 
| 88265
| 88300
| [[Lemmecourt]]
|- 
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! [[INSEE|Numerus INSEE]]
! [[Numerus cursualis]]
! [[Commune]]
|-
| 88266
| 88600
| [[Lépanges-sur-Vologne]]
|- 
| 88267
| 88260
| [[Lerrain]]
|- 
| 88268
| 88490
| [[Lesseux]]
|- 
| 88269
| 88400
| [[Liézey]]
|- 
| 88270
| 88350
| [[Liffol-le-Grand]]
|- 
| 88271
| 88800
| [[Lignéville]]
|- 
| 88272
| 88410
| [[Lironcourt]]
|- 
| 88273
| 88000
| [[Longchamp (Vosegus)|Longchamp]]
|- 
| 88274
| 88170
| [[Longchamp-sous-Châtenois]]
|- 
| 88275
| 88490
| [[Lubine]]
|- 
| 88276
| 88490
| [[Lusse]]
|- 
| 88277
| 88110
| [[Luvigny]]
|- 
| 88278
| 88170
| [[Maconcourt]]
|- 
| 88279
| 88270
| [[Madecourt]]
|- 
| 88280
| 88450
| [[Madegney]]
|- 
| 88281
| 88270
| [[Madonne-et-Lamerey]]
|- 
| 88282
| 88240
| [[Le Magny (Vosegus)|Le Magny]]
|- 
| 88283
| 88140
| [[Malaincourt]]
|- 
| 88284
| 88650
| [[Mandray]]
|- 
| 88285
| 88800
| [[Mandres-sur-Vair]]
|- 
| 88286
| 88130
| [[Marainville-sur-Madon]]
|- 
| 88287
| 88320
| [[Marey (Vosegus)|Marey]]
|- 
| 88288
| 88270
| [[Maroncourt]]
|- 
| 88289
| 88320
| [[Martigny-les-Bains]]
|- 
| 88290
| 88300
| [[Martigny-les-Gerbonvaux]]
|- 
| 88291
| 88410
| [[Martinvelle]]
|- 
| 88292
| 88500
| [[Mattaincourt]]
|- 
| 88293
| 88630
| [[Maxey-sur-Meuse]]
|- 
| 88294
| 88150
| [[Mazeley]]
|- 
| 88295
| 88500
| [[Mazirot]]
|- 
| 88296
| 88140
| [[Médonville]]
|- 
| 88297
| 88600
| [[Méménil]]
|- 
| 88298
| 88700
| [[Ménarmont]]
|- 
| 88302
| 88160
| [[Le Ménil]]
|- 
| 88300
| 88210
| [[Ménil-de-Senones]]
|- 
| 88299
| 88500
| [[Mansile in Sanctesio]]
|- 
| 88301
| 88700
| [[Ménil-sur-Belvitte]]
|- 
| 88303
| 88630
| [[Midrevaux]]
|- 
| 88304
| 88500
| [[Mirecurtium]]
|- 
| 88305
| 88630
| [[Moncel-sur-Vair]]
|- 
| 88306
| 88210
| [[Le Mont]]
|- 
| 88309
| 88800
| [[Monthureux-le-Sec]]
|- 
| 88310
| 88410
| [[Monthureux-sur-Saône]]
|- 
| 88307
| 88320
| [[Mont-lès-Lamarche]]
|- 
| 88308
| 88300
| [[Mont-lès-Neufchâteau]]
|- 
| 88311
| 88240
| [[Montmotier]]
|- 
| 88312
| 88170
| [[Morelli Domus]]
|- 
| 88313
| 88330
| [[Murini villa]]
|- 
| 88314
| 88320
| [[Morizécourt]]
|- 
| 88315
| 88600
| [[Mors Agni]]
|- 
| 88316
| 88140
| [[Maurivilla]]
|- 
| 88317
| 88210
| [[Moussey (Vosegus)|Moussey]]
|- 
| 88318
| 88700
| [[Medius Mons (Vosegus)|Medius Mons]]
|- 
| 88319
| 88420
| [[Medianum Monasterium]]
|- 
| 88320
| 88100
| [[Nayemont-les-Fosses]]
|- 
| 88321
| 88300
| [[Neocastrum (Francia)|Neocastrum]]
|- 
| 88322
| 88600
| [[La Neuveville-devant-Lépanges]]
|- 
| 88324
| 88170
| [[La Neuveville-sous-Châtenois]]
|- 
| 88325
| 88800
| [[La Neuveville-sous-Montfort]]
|- 
| 88326
| 88100
| [[Neuvillers-sur-Fave]]
|- 
| 88327
| 88440
| [[Nomexy]]
|- 
| 88328
| 88470
| [[Nompardivilla]]
|- 
| 88330
| 88260
| [[Novilla (Vosegus)|Novilla]]
|- 
| 88331
| 88600
| [[Nontiavilla]]
|- 
| 88332
| 88800
| [[Noretum]]
|- 
| 88333
| 88700
| [[Nossoncourt]]
|- 
| 88334
| 88500
| [[Ollevilla]]
|- 
| 88335
| 88500
| [[Offroicourt]]
|- 
| 88336
| 88170
| [[Audoleni villa]]
|- 
| 88338
| 88700
| [[Ortonis curia]]
|- 
| 88340
| 88700
| [[Padua (Vosegus)|Padua]]
|- 
| 88341
| 88100
| [[Pair-et-Grandrupt]]
|- 
| 88342
| 88330
| [[Pallegney]]
|- 
| 88343
| 88800
| [[Paretum (Vosegus)|Paretum]]
|- 
| 88344
| 88350
| [[Pargniacum subtus Mirevallem]]
|- 
| 88345
| 88490
| [[La Petite-Fosse]]
|- 
| 88346
| 88210
| [[La Petite-Raon]]
|- 
| 88347
| 88270
| [[Petraficta (Vosegus)|Petraficta]]
|- 
| 88348
| 88600
| [[Petreus Pons]]
|- 
| 88349
| 88230
| [[Plenifesium]]
|- 
| 88350
| 88170
| [[Pluvesia]]
|- 
| 88351
| 88370
| [[Plumberae]]
|- 
| 88352
| 88300
| [[Pomperra (Vosegus)|Pomperra]]
|- 
| 88353
| 88260
| [[Pons iuxta Undinovilla]]
|- 
| 88354
| 88500
| [[Pont-sur-Madon]]
|- 
| 88355
| 88330
| [[Portus Caelorum]]
|- 
| 88356
| 88600
| [[Les Poulières]]
|- 
| 88357
| 88500
| [[Portus Suavis]]
|- 
| 88358
| 88550
| [[Pouxeux]]
|- 
| 88359
| 88600
| [[Prey (Vosegus)|Prey]]
|- 
| 88360
| 88260
| [[Provenchères-lès-Darney]]
|- 
| 88361
| 88490
| [[Provenchères-et-Colroy]]
|- 
| 88362
| 88210
| [[Le Puid]]
|- 
| 88363
| 88630
| [[Purneretum]]
|- 
| 88364
| 88500
| [[Puzieux (Vosegus)|Puzieux]]
|- 
| 88365
| 88270
| [[Racécourt]]
|- 
| 88366
| 88170
| [[Radalli villa]]
|- 
| 88367
| 88700
| [[Rambervilleriae]]
|- 
| 88368
| 88500
| [[Rancuria]]
|- 
| 88369
| 88160
| [[Romarici campus]]
|- 
| 88370
| 88270
| [[Radonis curtis]]
|- 
| 88371
| 88220
| [[Rapo ad Silvas]]
|- 
| 88372
| 88110
| [[Rapo ad Stationem]]
|- 
| 88373
| 88110
| [[Raon-sur-Plaine]]
|- 
| 88374
| 88130
| [[Rapey]]
|- 
| 88375
| 88520
| [[Raves (Vosegus)|Raves]]
|- 
| 88376
| 88300
| [[Ribovilla]]
|- 
| 88377
| 88410
| [[Rainharii villa]]
|- 
| 88378
| 88450
| [[Regney]]
|- 
| 88379
| 88330
| [[Ranconis curtis]]
|- 
| 88380
| 88640
| [[Rehaupal]]
|- 
| 88381
| 88260
| [[Relangia]]
|- 
| 88382
| 88500
| [[Rimacuria]]
|- 
| 88383
| 88200
| [[Romarici Mons]]
|- 
| 88386
| 88100
| [[Remomeix]]
|- 
| 88385
| 88800
| [[Romulficuria]]
|- 
| 88387
| 88170
| [[Ramaldi villa]]
|- 
| 88388
| 88390
| [[Renauvoid]]
|- 
| 88389
| 88500
| [[Reparium]]
|- 
| 88390
| 88320
| [[Roberticuria]]
|- 
| 88391
| 88120
| [[Rochesson]]
|- 
| 88394
| 88320
| [[Romania ad Silvas]]
|- 
| 88395
| 88700
| [[Rotmundum]]
|- 
| 88398
| 88600
| [[Les Rouges-Eaux]]
|- 
| 88399
| 88460
| [[Le Roulier]]
|- 
| 88400
| 88500
| [[Ruvera in Sanctesio]]
|- 
| 88401
| 88170
| [[Roverium (Vosegus)|Roverium]]
|- 
| 88402
| 88700
| [[Rovilla ad Quercus]]
|- 
| 88403
| 88500
| [[Roserota]]
|- 
| 88404
| 88320
| [[Roseriae supra Mosunam]]
|- 
| 88406
| 88130
| [[Rugney]]
|- 
| 88407
| 88630
| [[Ruppes]]
|- 
| 88408
| 88360
| [[Rupt-sur-Moselle]]
|- 
| 88409
| 88120
| [[Saint-Amé]]
|- 
| 88411
| 88260
| [[Sanctus Basolimons]]
|- 
| 88412
| 88700
| [[Sanctus Benedictus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Benedictus]]
|- 
| 88413
| 88100
| [[Sanctus Deodatus (urbs)|Sanctus Deodatus]]
|- 
| 88410
| 88700
| [[Sancta Barbara (Vosegus)|Sancta Barbara]]
|- 
| 88418
| 88700
| [[Sancta Helena (Vosegus)|Sancta Helena]]
|- 
| 88424
| 88100
| [[Sancta Margareta (Vosegus)|Sancta Margareta]]
|- 
| 88415
| 88200
| [[Sanctus Stephanus ultra Mosellam]]
|- 
| 88416
| 88700
| [[Sanctus Genesius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Genesius]]
|- 
| 88417
| 88700
| [[Sanctus Gorgonius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Gorgonius]]
|- 
| 88419
| 88210
| [[Saint-Jean-d'Ormont]]
|- 
| 88421
| 88410
| [[Sanctus Iulianus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Iulianus]]
|- 
| 88423
| 88650
| [[Sanctus Leonardus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Leonardus]]
|- 
| 88425
| 88700
| [[Sanctus Mauricius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Mauricius]]
|- 
| 88426
| 88560
| [[Saint-Maurice-sur-Moselle]]
|- 
| 88427
| 88170
| [[Sanctus Memmius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Memmius]]
|- 
| 88428
| 88470
| [[Saint-Michel-sur-Meurthe]]
|- 
| 88429
| 88200
| [[Sanctus Nabor (Vosegus)|Sanctus Nabor]]
|- 
| 88430
| 88140
| [[Sanctus Audoenus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Audoenus]]
|- 
| 88431
| 88170
| [[Sanctus Paulus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Paulus]]
|- 
| 88432
| 88700
| [[Sanctus Petrimons]]
|- 
| 88433
| 88500
| [[Sanctus Pancratius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Pancratius]]
|- 
| 88434
| 88800
| [[Sancti Remigii Mons (Vosegus)|Sancti Remigii Mons]]
|- 
| 88435
| 88480
| [[Sanctus Remigius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Remigius]]
|- 
| 88436
| 88210
| [[Sanctus Stephanus (Vosegus)|Sanctus Stephanus]]
|- 
| 88437
| 88270
| [[Sanctus Valerius (Vosegus)|Sanctus Valerius]]
|- 
| 88438
| 88470
| [[La Salle (Vosegus)|La Salle]]
|- 
| 88439
| 88390
| [[Sanchey]]
|- 
| 88440
| 88170
| [[Sandaucuria]]
|- 
| 88441
| 88260
| [[Sans-Vallois]]
|- 
| 88442
| 88120
| [[Sapois (Vosegus)|Sapois]]
|- 
| 88443
| 88300
| [[Sartes]]
|- 
| 88444
| 88210
| [[Le Saulcy]]
|- 
| 88445
| 88580
| [[Salicetum (Vosegus)|Salicetum]]
|- 
| 88446
| 88140
| [[Salsurae (Vosegus)|Salsurae]]
|- 
| 88447
| 88290
| [[Salsuriae]]
|- 
| 88448
| 88140
| [[Seivilla]]
|- 
| 88449
| 88130
| [[Saviniacum (Vosegus)|Saviniacum]]
|- 
| 88450
| 88320
| [[Senagda]]
|- 
| 88451
| 88210
| [[Senonia (Vosegus)|Senonia]]
|- 
| 88452
| 88260
| [[Senonges]]
|- 
| 88453
| 88630
| [[Seromons]]
|- 
| 88454
| 88600
| [[Sarcus (Vosegus)|Sarcus]]
|- 
| 88455
| 88320
| [[Sirecuria]]
|- 
| 88456
| 88320
| [[Serocourt]]
|- 
| 88457
| 88630
| [[Seona (Vosegus)|Seona]]
|- 
| 88458
| 88130
| [[Solicuria]]
|- 
| 88459
| 88170
| [[Soncuria]]
|- 
| 88460
| 88630
| [[Solicia]]
|- 
| 88461
| 88140
| [[Serewavilla]]
|- 
| 88462
| 88120
| [[Le Syndicat]]
|- 
| 88463
| 88100
| [[Tinctorivus]]
|- 
| 88464
| 88460
| [[Tendon (Vosegus)|Tendon]]
|- 
| 88465
| 88150
| [[Tado]]
|- 
| 88466
| 88800
| [[Tillia]]
|- 
| 88467
| 88290
| [[Thiéfosse]]
|- 
| 88468
| 88160
| [[Le Thillot]]
|- 
| 88469
| 88500
| [[Tirocuria]]
|- 
| 88470
| 88530
| [[Le Tholy]]
|- 
| 88471
| 88410
| [[Les Thons]]
|- 
| 88472
| 88260
| [[Thuillières]]
|- 
| 88473
| 88320
| [[Tignécourt]]
|- 
| 88474
| 88300
| [[Tellum (Vosegus)|Tellum]]
|- 
| 88475
| 88320
| [[Toteleni curtis]]
|- 
| 88476
| 88500
| [[Totoni villa]]
|- 
| 88477
| 88350
| [[Trampodium]]
|- 
| 88478
| 88300
| [[Tranculfi villa]]
|- 
| 88479
| 88240
| [[Trémonzey]]
|- 
| 88480
| 88130
| [[Ubexy]]
|- 
| 88481
| 88220
| [[Uriménil]]
|- 
| 88482
| 88140
| [[Eurivilla]]
|- 
| 88483
| 88390
| [[Ursiniacum]]
|- 
| 88484
| 88220
| [[Usminga]]
|- 
| 88485
| 88140
| [[La Vacheresse-et-la-Rouillie]]
|- 
| 88486
| 88120
| [[Vainiacum]]
|- 
| 88487
| 88340
| [[Le Val-d'Ajol]]
|- 
| 88488
| 88270
| [[Valefridicurtis]]
|- 
| 88489
| 88270
| [[Vallis Regia (Vosegus)|Vallis Regia]]
|- 
| 88490
| 88800
| [[Vallis Regia Sicca]]
|- 
| 88491
| 88260
| [[Tres Valesii]]
|- 
| 88492
| 88230
| [[Le Valtin]]
|- 
| 88493
| 88450
| [[Varmonzey]]
|- 
| 88494
| 88500
| [[Vaubexy]]
|- 
| 88495
| 88000
| [[Waldinivilla]]
|- 
| 88496
| 88140
| [[Valdonis curtis (Vosegus)|Valdonis curtis]]
|- 
| 88497
| 88330
| [[Wauxoncuria]]
|- 
| 88498
| 88200
| [[Vecoux]]
|- 
| 88499
| 88270
| [[Velotte-et-Tatignécourt]]
|- 
| 88500
| 88310
| [[Ventron]]
|- 
| 88501
| 88210
| [[Le Vermont]]
|- 
| 88502
| 88600
| [[Vervezelle]]
|- 
| 88503
| 88110
| [[Vexaincourt]]
|- 
| 88504
| 88170
| [[Vicherey]]
|- 
| 88505
| 88430
| [[Vienville]]
|- 
| 88506
| 88210
| [[Vieux-Moulin (Vosegus)|Vieux-Moulin]]
|- 
| 88507
| 88500
| [[Villers (Vosegus)|Villers]]
|- 
| 88508
| 88270
| [[Ville-sur-Illon]]
|- 
| 88509
| 88150
| [[Villoncourt]]
|- 
| 88510
| 88320
| [[Villotte]]
|- 
| 88511
| 88350
| [[Villouxel]]
|- 
| 88512
| 88600
| [[Viménil]]
|- 
| 88513
| 88450
| [[Vincey]]
|- 
| 88514
| 88170
| [[Viocourt]]
|- 
| 88515
| 88260
| [[Vioménil]]
|- 
| 88516
| 88800
| [[Vittel]]
|- 
| 88517
| 88260
| [[Vivarium (Vosegus)|Vivarium]]
|- 
| 88518
| 88500
| [[Viverium]]
|- 
| 88519
| 88470
| [[La Voivre (Vosegus)|La Voivre]]
|- 
| 88520
| 88240
| [[Les Voivres]]
|- 
| 88521
| 88700
| [[Vomécourt]]
|- 
| 88522
| 88500
| [[Vomécourt-sur-Madon]]
|- 
| 88523
| 88170
| [[Vouxey]]
|- 
| 88524
| 88140
| [[Vrécourt]]
|- 
| 88525
| 88500
| [[Vroville]]
|- 
| 88526
| 88520
| [[Wisembach]]
|- 
| 88527
| 88700
| [[Xaffévillers]]
|- 
| 88528
| 88460
| [[Xamontarupt]]
|- 
| 88529
| 88130
| [[Xaronval]]
|- 
| 88530
| 88220
| [[Scatiniacum]]
|- 
| 88531
| 88400
| [[Xonrupt-Longemer]]
|- 
| 88532
| 88330
| [[Zincourt]]
|}
{{Indices communium praefecturarum Franciae}}
[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi|!]]</text>
      <sha1>jgtyax6y7acz56l3yz5nedbzqtye4ct</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sanctus Brevenus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>129252</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3976732</id>
      <parentid>3449572</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T09:02:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>139091</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="1320" sha1="joc3btofg4hlek0njor29lcn1s9aa23" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Blason ville 44 Saint-Brévin-les-Pins.svg|thumb|200 px|Sancti Breveni signum [[Scientia heraldica|heraldicum]]]]
'''Sanctus Brevenus'''&lt;ref&gt;G. de Lesquen, G. Mollat, ''Mesures fiscales exercées en Bretagne par les papes d'Avignon à l'époque du Grand Schisme d'Occident (suite et fin)''. In: Annales de Bretagne. T. 19, nº 4, 1903. p.516. [http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/abpo_0003-391x_1903_num_19_4_1186] {{Ling|Latine|Francogallice}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[francogallice]] ''Saint-Brevin-les-Pins'', [[Lingua Gallonica|Gallonice]] ''Saent-Bréven'', [[Lingua Britonica|Britonice]] ''Sant-Brewenn'') est commune 12'248 incolarum (anno [[2010]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Liger Atlanticus|Ligeris Atlantici]] in [[Francia]]e occidentalis regione [[Pagi Ligeris (regio Franciae)|Pagis Ligeris]].
{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Ligeris Atlantici]]
== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Saint-Brevin-les-Pins |Sanctum Brevenum}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110208004914/http://www.saint-brevin.fr/ Sancti Breveni pagina interretialis] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
* {{INSEE commune|44154|de=Sancto Breveno}}
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Ligeris Atlantici]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Ligeris Atlantici]]</text>
      <sha1>joc3btofg4hlek0njor29lcn1s9aa23</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Euploea lacon</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>134845</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3976775</id>
      <parentid>3102404</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T11:00:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Titulus italicus</comment>
      <origin>3976775</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1060" sha1="c1eglengvsytmudqcq9dijof6w00nir" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Euploea lacon''
| image = 
| status = VU | status_system = IUCN2.3
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis = [[Insecta]]
| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]
| familia = [[Nymphalidae]]
| genus = ''[[Euploea]]''
| species = '''''E. lacon'''''
| binomial = ''Euploea lacon''
| binomial_authority = (Grose-Smith, [[1894]])
| synonyms = }}
'''''Euploea lacon''''' ([[Anglice]] ''Spartan crow'') est [[lepidoptera|papilio]] [[subfamilia]]e [[Danainae|Danainarum]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Nymphalidae|Nymphalidarum]], in [[Papua Nova Guinea]] [[endemismus|endemicus]].

==Nexus externi==
*[http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/8335/all De specie] apud situm iucnredlist.org.
*[http://www.iucnredlist.org Ruber specierum periclitatarum index 2006] apud situm iucnredlist.org

{{insecta-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Euploea]]
[[Categoria:Lepidoptera Papuae Novae Guineae]]
[[Categoria:Species insectorum ex hominibus mythologicis appellatae|Lacon]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Grose-Smith]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1894]]</text>
      <sha1>c1eglengvsytmudqcq9dijof6w00nir</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Euploea eboraci</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>134846</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3976774</id>
      <parentid>3102403</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T10:59:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Titulus italicus</comment>
      <origin>3976774</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1025" sha1="tdbr5ztrulw7dgzxss47gd2dxfblqiy" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Euploea eboraci''
| image = 
| status = LR/lc | status_system = IUCN2.3
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis = [[Insecta]]
| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]
| familia = [[Nymphalidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Danainae]]
| genus = ''[[Euploea]]''
| species = '''''E. eboraci'''''
| binomial = ''Euploea eboraci''
| binomial_authority = (Grose-Smith, [[1894]])
| synonyms = }}
'''''Euploea eboraci''''' ([[Anglice]] ''Bismark crow'') est [[lepidoptera|papilio]] [[subfamilia]]e [[Danainae|Danainarum]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Nymphalidae|Nymphalidarum]], in [[Papua Nova Guinea]] [[endemismus|endemicus]].  

==Nexus externi==
*[http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/8335/all De specie] apud situm iucnredlist.org.
*[http://www.iucnredlist.org Ruber specierum periclitatarum index 2006] apud situm iucnredlist.org

{{insecta-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Euploea]]
[[Categoria:Lepidoptera Papuae Novae Guineae]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Grose-Smith]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1894]]</text>
      <sha1>tdbr5ztrulw7dgzxss47gd2dxfblqiy</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Euploea doretta</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>134847</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3976773</id>
      <parentid>3102402</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T10:59:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Titulus italicus</comment>
      <origin>3976773</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1121" sha1="a5c3c819ocg2b8svro5hgd9o83pxghm" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Euploea doretta''
| image = 
| status = LR/lc | status_system = IUCN2.3
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis = [[Insecta]]
| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]
| familia = [[Nymphalidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Danainae]]
| genus = ''[[Euploea]]''
| species = '''''E. doretta'''''
| binomial = ''Euploea doretta''
| binomial_authority = Pagenstecher, [[1894]]
| synonyms = }}
'''''Euploea doretta''''' ([[Anglice]] ''Pagenstecher's crow'') est [[lepidoptera|papilio]] [[subfamilia]]e [[Danainae|Danainarum]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Nymphalidae|Nymphalidarum]], in [[Papua Nova Guinea]] [[endemismus|endemicus]].  

==Nexus externi==
*[http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/8335/all De specie] apud situm iucnredlist.org.
*[http://www.iucnredlist.org Ruber specierum periclitatarum index 2006] apud situm iucnredlist.org

{{insecta-stipula}}

&lt;!--
[[Categoria:Species insectorum ex hominibus mythologicis appellatae|Doretta]] ?--&gt;

[[Categoria:Euploea]]
[[Categoria:Lepidoptera Papuae Novae Guineae]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Pagenstecher]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1894]]</text>
      <sha1>a5c3c819ocg2b8svro5hgd9o83pxghm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tiradelphe schneideri</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>134859</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3976778</id>
      <parentid>3473164</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T11:01:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Titulus italicus</comment>
      <origin>3976778</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1358" sha1="ffc88enjhxk9q41sl4fn8710yvxg0rf" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Tiradelphe schneideri''
| image = 
| status = EN
| status_system = IUCN2.3
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis = [[Insecta]]
| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]
| familia = [[Nymphalidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Danainae]]
| tribus = [[Danaini]]
| genus = '''''Tiradelphe'''''
| species = '''''T. schneideri'''''
| binomial = ''Tiradelphe schneideri''
| binomial_authority = [[Phillipus Ronaldus Ackery|Ackery]] &amp; [[Ricardus Irwin Vane-Wright|Vane Wright]], [[1984]]
}}
'''''Tiradelphe schneideri''''' est [[lepidoptera|papilio]] [[subfamilia]]e [[Danainae|Danainarum]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Nymphalidae|Nymphalidarum]], in [[Insulae Salomonis|Insulis Salomonis]] [[endemismus|endemicus]], sola [[species (taxinomia)|species]] [[genus (taxinomia)|generis]] [[monotypismus|monotypici]] '''''Tiradelphis.'''''

==Nexus externi==
*[http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/8335/all De specie] apud situm iucnredlist.org.
*[http://www.iucnredlist.org Ruber specierum periclitatarum index 2006] apud situm iucnredlist.org

{{insecta-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Danaini]]
[[Categoria:Fauna Insularum Salomonis]]
[[Categoria:Monotypica insectorum genera]]
[[Categoria:Species insectorum ex hominibus appellatae|Schneider]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Ackery]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Vane-Wright]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1984]]</text>
      <sha1>ffc88enjhxk9q41sl4fn8710yvxg0rf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Anetia thirza</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>134863</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3976769</id>
      <parentid>2462696</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T10:57:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Titulus italicus</comment>
      <origin>3976769</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1367" sha1="9vy5bsxyqioeh861ugqzd2stmjinuds" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Anetia thirza''
| image = Anetia_thirza_(2).jpg
| image_size =
| image2 = Anetia_thirza.jpg
| image2_size =
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis = [[Insecta]]
| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]
| familia = [[Nymphalidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Danainae]]
| genus = ''[[Anetia]]''
| species = '''''A. thirza'''''
| binomial = ''Anetia thirza''
| binomial_authority = (Geyer, [1833])
| synonyms=
*''Anelia thirza'' &lt;small&gt;Geyer, [1833] &lt;/small&gt;
*''Clothilda thirza''
*''Argynnis euryale'' &lt;small&gt;Klug, 1836&lt;/small&gt;
*''Synalpe euryale''
*''Clothilda insignis'' &lt;small&gt;Salvin, 1869&lt;/small&gt;
*''Anetia insignis''
}}
'''''Anetia thirza''''' ([[Anglice]] ''cloud-forest monarch'') est [[lepidoptera|papilio]] [[subfamilia]]e [[Danainae|Danainarum]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Nymphalidae|Nymphalidarum]], in [[Mexicum|Mexico]] et [[America Centralis|America Media]] (inter quam [[Salvator]], [[Ora Opulenta]], et [[Panama]]) [[endemismus|endemicus]].

[[Larva]]e [[species (taxinomia)|speciebus]] ''[[Metastelma]]e'' fortasse [[victus|vescuntur]].

==Subspecies==
*''Anetia thirza thirza'' ([[Mexicum]])
*''Anetia thirza insignis'' &lt;small&gt;(Salvin, 1869)&lt;/small&gt; ([[Ora Opulenta]], [[Panama]])

{{insecta-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Anetia]]
[[Categoria:Lepidoptera Mexici]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Geyer]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1833]]</text>
      <sha1>9vy5bsxyqioeh861ugqzd2stmjinuds</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Anetia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>134867</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3976764</id>
      <parentid>3539170</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T10:56:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Titulus italicus</comment>
      <origin>3976764</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1311" sha1="qdqbhpjsnjkj4f0bfkynpcjbpybp983" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Anetia''
| image = Anetia thirza.jpg
| image_caption=''[[Anelia thirza]]''
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis = [[Insecta]]
| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]
| familia = [[Nymphalidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Danainae]]
| genus = '''''Anetia'''''
| genus_authority = Hübner, [1823]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/nymphalidae/danainae/anetia/index.html De genere] apud situm funet.fi.&lt;/ref&gt;
| synonyms = 
*''Anelia'' &lt;small&gt;Hübner, [1823]&lt;/small&gt;
*''Clothilda'' &lt;small&gt;Blanchard, 1840&lt;/small&gt;
*''Synalpe'' &lt;small&gt;Boisduval, 1870&lt;/small&gt;
*''Anicia'' (missp.)
}}
'''''Anetia''''' est [[genus (taxinomia)|genus]] [[lepidoptera|papilionum]] [[subfamilia]]e [[Danainae|Danainarum]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Nymphalidae|Nymphalidarum]].
 
==Species==
Generi sunt [[quinque]] [[species (taxinomia)|species]], ordine [[abecedarium|alphabetico]] hic perscriptae:
* ''[[Anetia briarea]]''
* ''[[Anetia cubana]]''
* ''[[Anetia jaegeri]]''
* ''[[Anetia pantheratus]]''
* ''[[Anetia thirza]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Geyer, [1833])&lt;/small&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

{{insecta-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Anetia| ]]
[[Categoria:Danaini]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Hübner]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1823]]</text>
      <sha1>qdqbhpjsnjkj4f0bfkynpcjbpybp983</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Anetia briarea</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>134880</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3976765</id>
      <parentid>2462701</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T10:56:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Titulus italicus</comment>
      <origin>3976765</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1108" sha1="ivp1no6pqv8j3h38qk4mgojo716bg8x" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Anetia briarea''
| image = 
| status = LR/nt | status_system = IUCN2.3
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis = [[Insecta]]
| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]
| familia = [[Nymphalidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Danainae]]
| genus = ''[[Anetia]]''
| species = '''''A. briarea'''''
| binomial = ''Anetia briarea''
| binomial_authority = ([[Ioannes Baptista Godart|Godart]], [[1819]])
| synonyms = }}
'''''Anetia briarea''''' ([[Anglice]] ''lesser false fritillary'') est [[lepidoptera|papilio]] [[subfamilia]]e [[Danainae|Danainarum]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Nymphalidae|Nymphalidarum]], in [[Cuba]], [[Respublica Dominicana|Republica Dominicana]], et [[Haitia]] [[endemismus|endemicus]]. 

==Nexus externi==
*[http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/1286/all De specie] apud situm iucnredlist.org
*[http://www.iucnredlist.org Ruber Specierum Periclitatarum Index 2006] apud situm iucnredlist.org

[[Categoria:Anetia]]
[[Categoria:Species insectorum ex hominibus mythologicis appellatae|Briareus]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Godart]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1819]]</text>
      <sha1>ivp1no6pqv8j3h38qk4mgojo716bg8x</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Anetia cubana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>134881</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3976766</id>
      <parentid>2462702</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T10:56:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Titulus italicus</comment>
      <origin>3976766</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="973" sha1="qu3rbbr8gt19zml4sux0lj0o76iqb9x" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Anetia cubana''
| image = 
| status = LR/nt | status_system = IUCN2.3
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis = [[Insecta]]
| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]
| familia = [[Nymphalidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Danainae]]
| genus = ''[[Anetia]]''
| species = '''''A. cubana'''''
| binomial = ''Anetia cubana''
| binomial_authority = ([[Osbertus Salvin|Salvin]], [[1869]])
| synonyms = }}
'''''Anetia cubana''''' ([[Anglice]] ''Salvin's anetia'')  est [[lepidoptera|papilio]] [[subfamilia]]e [[Danainae|Danainarum]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Nymphalidae|Nymphalidarum]], in [[Cuba]] [[endemismus|endemicus]]. 

==Nexus externi==
*[http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/1286/all De specie] apud situm iucnredlist.org
*[http://www.iucnredlist.org Ruber Specierum Periclitatarum Index 2006] apud situm iucnredlist.org

[[Categoria:Anetia]]
[[Categoria:Fauna Cubae]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Salvin]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1869]]</text>
      <sha1>qu3rbbr8gt19zml4sux0lj0o76iqb9x</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Anetia pantheratus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>134883</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3976768</id>
      <parentid>3710964</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T10:57:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Titulus italicus</comment>
      <origin>3976768</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1185" sha1="kfo4vq0orjionqk3mncdkh75ebnwq55" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Anetia pantheratus''
| status = LR/nt 
| status_system = IUCN2.3
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis = [[Insecta]]
| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]
| familia = [[Nymphalidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Danainae]]
| genus = ''[[Anetia]]''
| species = '''''A. pantheratus'''''
| binomial = ''Anetia pantheratus''
| binomial_authority = (Martyn, [[1797]])
| image = Anetia pantheratus pantheratus 49416184.jpg
| synonyms = 
}}

'''''Anetia pantheratus''''' est [[lepidoptera|papilio]] [[subfamilia]]e [[Danainae|Danainarum]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Nymphalidae|Nymphalidarum]], in [[Cuba]], [[Respublica Dominicana|Republica Dominicana]], et [[Haitia]] [[endemismus|endemicus]]. 

==Nexus externi==
*[http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/1286/all De specie] apud situm iucnredlist.org
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070321043703/http://www.eurobutterflies.com/images/D-F/diamina1.jpg Imago] apud situm eurobutterflies.com
*[http://www.iucnredlist.org Ruber Specierum Periclitatarum Index 2006] apud situm iucnredlist.org

[[Categoria:Anetia]]
[[Categoria:Fauna Cubae]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Martyn]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1797]]</text>
      <sha1>kfo4vq0orjionqk3mncdkh75ebnwq55</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Amauris</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>134942</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3976761</id>
      <parentid>3635267</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T10:55:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Titulus italicus</comment>
      <origin>3976761</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2438" sha1="av42bl7dg9nxsrtt7x7twbin827g6m1" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Amauris''
| image = Amauris niavius (ventre).jpg
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis = [[Insecta]]
| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]
| familia = [[Nymphalidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Danainae]]
| tribus = [[Danaini]]
| genus = '''''Amauris'''''
| genus_authority = ([[Iacobus Hübner|Hübner]], [[1816]]
| synonyms =
*''Amaura'' &lt;small&gt;Geyer, 1837&lt;/small&gt;
*''Conoploea'' &lt;small&gt;Guenée, 1865&lt;/small&gt;
*''Cadytis'' &lt;small&gt;Moore, 1883&lt;/small&gt;
*''Berethis'' &lt;small&gt;Moore, 1883&lt;/small&gt;
*''Nebroda'' &lt;small&gt;Moore, 1883&lt;/small&gt;
*''Amaurina'' &lt;small&gt;Aurivillius, 1910&lt;/small&gt;
*''Panamauris'' &lt;small&gt;Bryk, 1937&lt;/small&gt;
*''Egialea'' &lt;small&gt;Hemming, 1964&lt;/small&gt;
}}
'''''Amauris''''' est [[genus (taxinomia)|genus]] [[lepidoptera|papilionum]] [[subfamilia]]e [[Danainae|Danainarum]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Nymphalidae|Nymphalidarum]]. [[Femina (sexus)|Feminae]] [[species|speciei]] ''[[Papilio dardanus|Papilionis dardani]]'' ''Amaurem niavium niavium'', ''Amaurem echeriam jacksonam,'' et ''Amaurem dominicanam'' [[imitatio|imitantur]]. Alii ''Amauris'' imitatores inter alias ''[[Papilio]]nis'' species, ''[[Pseudacraea]]m'' (genus [[nymphalinae|nymphalinarum]]), et ''[[Hypolimnas anthedon|Hypolimnam anthedonem]]'' inveniuntur

==Species==
Generi sunt circa [[sedecim]] [[species (taxinomia)|species]], ordine [[abecedarium|alphabeticao]] hic perscriptae:
{{div col|3}}
* ''[[Amauris albimaculata]]''
* ''[[Amauris comorana]]''
* ''[[Amauris crawshayi]]''
* ''[[Amauris damocles]]''
* ''[[Amauris dannfelti]]''
* ''[[Amauris echeria]]''
* ''[[Amauris ellioti]]''
* ''[[Amauris hecate]]''
* ''[[Amauris hyalites]]''
* ''[[Amauris inferna]]''
* ''[[Amauris niavius]]''
* ''[[Amauris nossima]]''
* ''[[Amauris ochlea]]''
* ''[[Amauris phoedon]]''
* ''[[Amauris tartarea]]''
* ''[[Amauris vashti]]''
{{div col end}}

==Nexus externi==
{{Wikisource|Mimicry in Butterflies}}
*[https://archive.org/stream/diegrossschmett13seit#page/n55/mode/2up/search/Amauris Seitz, A. ''Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde'' 13: Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter. Plate 23 et seq.]
*[http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/nymphalidae/danainae/amauris/ &quot;''Amauris'' Hübner, 1816&quot;] apudt Markku Savela's ''Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms''
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2705613}}

[[Categoria:Amauris|!]]
[[Categoria:Danaini]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Hübner]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1816]]</text>
      <sha1>av42bl7dg9nxsrtt7x7twbin827g6m1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Amauris hecate</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>134947</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3976762</id>
      <parentid>2462787</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T10:55:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Titulus italicus</comment>
      <origin>3976762</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1549" sha1="1muv53l5ohzxbgi76ey49bthn642muy" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Amauris hecate''
| image = Dusky_danaid.jpg
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis = [[Insecta]]
| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]
| familia = [[Nymphalidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Danainae]]
| genus = ''[[Amauris]]''
| species = '''''A. hecate'''''
| binomial = ''Amauris hecate''
| binomial_authority = Butler, [[1866]]
}}
'''''Amauris hecate''''' ([[Anglice]] ''dusky danaid, black friar'') est [[lepidoptera|papilio]] [[subfamilia]]e [[Danainae|Danainarum]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Nymphalidae|Nymphalidarum]],&lt;ref&gt;[http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/nymphalidae/danainae/amauris/index.html|title=Amauris De genere] apud situm funet.fi (die 1 Septembris 2008 confirmatum).&lt;/ref&gt; in [[Africa]] a [[Guinea]] et [[Liberia]] usque ad [[Gana]]m, [[Cameronia]]m, [[Angola]]m, [[Zairea]]m,{{dubsig}} [[Uganda]]m, [[Sudania]]m meridianam, [[Kenia]]m occidentalem, et [[Aethiopia]]m meridianam [[endemismus|endemicus]].

==Subspecies==
*''Amauris hecate hecate'' ([[Guinea]] et [[Liberia]], usque ad [[Gana]]m, [[Cameronia]]m, [[Angola]]m, [[Zairea]]m,{{dubsig}} [[Uganda]]m, [[Sudania]]m meridianam, et [[Kenia]]m occidentalem)
*''Amauris hecate stictica'' ([[Aethiopia]] meridiana)

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

{{insecta-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Amauris]]
[[Categoria:Lepidoptera Africae]]
[[Categoria:Species insectorum ex hominibus mythologicis appellatae|Hecate]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Butler]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1866]]</text>
      <sha1>1muv53l5ohzxbgi76ey49bthn642muy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ideopsis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>134954</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3976776</id>
      <parentid>2462795</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T11:00:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Titulus italicus</comment>
      <origin>3976776</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1820" sha1="1p06uakejw6l6044mx8n4z9zgatr0ug" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Ideopsis''
| image =IdeopsisVitreaMUpUnAC1.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Ideopsis vitrea]] vitrea''
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis = [[Insecta]]
| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]
| familia = [[Nymphalidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Danainae]]
| tribus = [[Danaini]]
| genus = '''''Ideopsis'''''
| genus_authority = Horsfield, [[1857]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species (taxinomia)|Species]]
| subdivision = ''Vide commentarium.''
| synonyms =
*''Radena'' Moore, [1880]
*''Gamana'' Moore, 1883
*''Aianthis'' Fruhstorfer, 1910
}}

'''''Ideopsis''''' est [[genus (taxinomia)|genus]] [[lepidoptera|papilionum]] [[subfamilia]]e [[Danainae|Danainarum]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Nymphalidae|Nymphalidarum]], in [[Asia Meridio-Orientalis|Asia Meridio-Orientali]] [[endemismus|endemicum]].

==Species==
Generi sunt circa [[octo]] [[species (taxinomia)|species]], ordine [[abecedarium|alphabetico]] hic perscriptae.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/nymphalidae/danainae/ideopsis/index.html De genere] apud situm funet.fi.&lt;/ref&gt;
*''[[Ideopsis gaura]]'' (Horsfield, [1829])
*''[[Ideopsis hewitsonii]]'' Kirsch, 1877
*''[[Ideopsis klassika]]'' Martin, 1909
*''[[Ideopsis juventa]]'' (Cramer, [1777])
*''[[Ideopsis oberthurii]]'' (Doherty, 1891)
*''[[Ideopsis similis]]'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
*''[[Ideopsis vitrea]]'' (Blanchard, 1853)&lt;ref&gt;[http://wildlifewisdom.wordpress.com/2008/05/08/butterflies-and-the-lantana-bushes/ &quot;Butterflies of the Lantana bushes,&quot;] apud situm wildlifewisdom.wordpress.com (Wisdom of Wildlife)&lt;/ref&gt;
*''[[Ideopsis vulgaris]]'' (Butler, 1874)

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

{{insecta-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Danaini]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Horsfield]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1857]]</text>
      <sha1>1p06uakejw6l6044mx8n4z9zgatr0ug</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Parantica</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>134959</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3976777</id>
      <parentid>3724050</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T11:01:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Titulus italicus</comment>
      <origin>3976777</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3871" sha1="b79jxqeobbazy82g4vf1l0y0pwgx7jc" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Parantica''
| image = Parantica aglea.png
| image_width =
| image_caption = ''[[Parantica aglea]]''
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis = [[Insecta]]
| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]
| familia = [[Nymphalidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Danainae]]
| tribus = [[Danaini]]
| genus = '''''Parantica'''''
| genus_authority = (Moore, [[1980]])
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species (taxinomia)|Species]]
| subdivision = ''Vide commentarium.''
}}
'''''Parantica''''' ([[Anglice]] ''tiger''&lt;ref&gt;Pro aliis papilionibus Anglice ''tigers'' appellatis, vide genus ''[[Danaus (genus)|Danaus]].''&lt;/ref&gt;) est [[genus (taxinomia)|genus]] [[lepidoptera|papilionum]] [[subfamilia]]e [[Danainae|Danainarum]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Nymphalidae|Nymphalidarum]], in [[Mundus Vetus|Mundo Vetere]] [[endemismus|endemicum]], praecipue in [[Asia Meridio-Orientalis|Asia Meridio-Orientali]], [[Indonesia]], [[Papua Nova Guinea]], et [[Philippinae|Philippinis]] inventum. Multae harum [[species (taxinomia)|specierum]] in [[insula|insulis]] endemicae, et ergo secundum Rubrum Specierum Periclitatarum Indicem sunt periclitatae, vulnerabiles, vel ''threatened'' habitae.&lt;ref name=IUCN/&gt;

==Species==
Generi sunt circa quadraginta [[species (taxinomia)|species]], ordine [[abecedarium|alphabetico]] hic perscriptae:&lt;ref name=IUCN&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303193842/http://www.aworldforbutterflies.com/IUCNRedList_Nym.htm&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/nymphalidae/danainae/parantica/index.html De genere] apud situm aworldforbutterflies.com.&lt;/ref&gt;

*''[[Parantica aglea]]'' (Stoll, 1782)
*''[[Parantica agleoides]]'' (C. &amp; R. Felder, 1860)
*''[[Parantica albata]]'' (Zinken, 1831)
*''[[Parantica aspasia]]'' (Fabricius, 1787)
*''[[Parantica cleona]]'' (Stoll, 1782)
*''[[Parantica clinias]]'' (Grose-Smith, 1890)
*''[[Parantica crowleyi]]'' (Jenner Weir, 1894)
*''[[Parantica dabrerai]]'' (Miller &amp; Miller, 1978)
*''[[Parantica dannatti]]'' (Talbot, 1936)
*''[[Parantica davidi]]'' (Schröder, 1976)
*''[[Parantica fuscela]]'' (Parsons, 1989)
*''[[Parantica garamantis]]'' (Godman &amp; Salvin, 1888)
*''[[Parantica hypowattan]]'' (Morishita, 1981)
*''[[Parantica kirbyi]]'' (Grose-Smith, 1894)
*''[[Parantica kuekenthali]]'' (Pagenstecher, 1896)
*''[[Parantica luzonensis]]'' (C. &amp; R. Felder, 1863)
*''[[Parantica marcia]]'' (Joicey &amp; Talbot, 1916)
*''[[Parantica menadensis]]'' (Moore, 1883)
*''[[Parantica melaneus]]'' (Cramer, 1775)
*''[[Parantica melusine]]'' (Grose-Smith, 1894)
*''[[Parantica milagros]]'' (Schröder &amp; Treadaway, 1880)
*''[[Parantica nilgiriensis]]'' (Moore, 1877)
*''[[Parantica pedonga]]'' (Fujioka, 1970)
*''[[Parantica philo]]'' (Grose-Smith, 1895)
*''[[Parantica phyle]]'' (C. &amp; R. Felder, 1863)
*''[[Parantica pseudomelaneus]]'' (Moore, 1883)
*''[[Parantica pumila]]'' (Boisduval, 1859)
*''[[Parantica rotundata]]'' (Grose-Smith, 1890)
*''[[Parantica schenkii]]'' (Koch, 1865)
*''[[Parantica schoenigi]]'' (Jumalon, 1971)
*''[[Parantica sita]]'' (Kollar, 1844)
*''[[Parantica sulewattan]]'' (Fruhstorfer, 1896)
*''[[Parantica swinhoei]]'' (Moore, 1883)
*''[[Parantica taprobana]]'' (C. &amp; R. Felder, 1865)
*''[[Parantica tityoides]]'' (Hagen, 1890)
*''[[Parantica timorica]]'' (Grose-Smith, 1887)
*''[[Parantica toxopei]]'' (Nieuwenhuis, 1969)
*''[[Parantica vitrina]]'' (C. &amp; R. Felder, 1861)
*''[[Parantica wegneri]]'' (Nieuwenhuis, 1960)
*''[[Parantica weiskei]]'' (Rothschild, 1901)

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

==Nexus externus== 
{{CommuniaCat|Parantica|''Paranticam''}}

{{insecta-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Danaini]]
[[Categoria:Lepidoptera Indonesiae]]
[[Categoria:Lepidoptera Papuae Novae Guineae]]
[[Categoria:Lepidoptera Philippinarum]]
[[Categoria:Parantica| ]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Moore]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1980]]</text>
      <sha1>b79jxqeobbazy82g4vf1l0y0pwgx7jc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tirumala (genus)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>134960</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3976779</id>
      <parentid>2929859</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T11:02:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Titulus italicus</comment>
      <origin>3976779</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1642" sha1="3gnm9k2h0z4ri7qn2xbp1tr8ztpmfqe" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Tirumala''
| image = Dark blue tiger sec.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = ''[[Tirumala septentrionis]]''
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis = [[Insecta]]
| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]
| familia = [[Nymphalidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Danainae]]
| tribus = [[Danaini]]
| genus = '''''Tirumala'''''
| genus_authority = Moore, [1880]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species (taxinomia)|Species]]
| subdivision = ''Vide commentarium.''
}}
'''''Tirumala''''' est [[genus (taxinomia)|genus]] [[lepidoptera|papilionum]] [[subfamilia]]e [[Danainae|Danainarum]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Nymphalidae|Nymphalidarum]].

==Species==
*''[[Tirumala formosa]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Godman, 1880)&lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Tirumala petiverana]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Doubleday, [1847])&lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Tirumala gautama]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Moore, 1877)&lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Tirumala euploeomorpha]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Howarth, Kawazoé &amp; Sibatani, 1976)&lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Tirumala choaspes]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Butler, 1866)&lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Tirumala limniace]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cramer, [1775])&lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Tirumala septentrionis]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Butler, 1874)&lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Tirumala hamata]]'' &lt;small&gt;(MacLeay, 1826)&lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Tirumala ishmoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;Moore, 1883&lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Tirumala alba]]'' &lt;small&gt;Chou &amp; Gu, 1994&lt;/small&gt;

==Nexus externi==
*[http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/nymphalidae/danainae/tirumala/index.html De genere] apud situm funet.fi

{{CommuniaCat|Tirumala|''Tirumalam''}}

{{insecta-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Danaini]]
[[Categoria:Tirumala| ]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Moore]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1880]]

[[en:Tirumala]]</text>
      <sha1>3gnm9k2h0z4ri7qn2xbp1tr8ztpmfqe</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Danaus (genus)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>134980</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3976770</id>
      <parentid>3714876</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T10:58:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Titulus italicus</comment>
      <origin>3976770</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16241" sha1="q0n7adrwlqjtyjk778464ys5lpyst5q" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Videhom|Danaus}}
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Danaus''
| image = Plain tiger m up.JPG
| image_width = 
| image_caption = Male ''[[Danaus chrysippus]]''
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis = [[Insecta]]
| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]
| familia = [[Nymphalidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Danainae]]
| tribus = [[Danaini]]
| genus = '''''Danaus'''''
| genus_authority = ([[Ioannes Christophorus Kluk|Kluk]], [[1780]]) &lt;!---1802---&gt;
| type_species = ''[[Papilio plexippus]]''
| type_species_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[1758]])
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species (taxinomia)|Species]]
| subdivision =
* 12-13 species. ''Vide commentarium.''
}}
[[Fasciculus:Plain Tiger (Danaus chrysippus) caterpillar on a Calotropis (Milkweed) species in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 7968.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Larva]] ''[[Danaus chrysippus]]'' super [[species (taxinomia)|speciem]] ''[[Calotropis]]'' in [[Hyderabad]] [[India]]e repit.]]
'''''Danaus''''' ([[Anglice]] ''tiger,&lt;ref&gt;Pro aliis papilionibus Anglice ''tigers'' appellatis, vide genus ''[[Parantica]]m.''&lt;/ref&gt; milkweed, monarch, queen'') est [[genus (taxinomia)|genus]] [[lepidoptera|papilionum]] [[subfamilia]]e [[Danainae|Danainarum]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Nymphalidae|Nymphalidarum]], omnem per orbem terrarum, praecipue in [[America Septentrionalis|America Septentrionali]], [[America Australis|America Australi]], [[Africa]], [[Asia]], [[Indonesia]], et [[Australia]] [[endemismus|endemicus]].

==Taxinomia==
Post recognitionem commentarii Smith et al. (2005), [[duodecim]] [[species (taxinomia)|species]] late accipiuntur secundum [[morphologia (biologia)|morphologicam]] [[mtDNA]] 12S [[rRNA]], et [[Cytochrome c oxidase|cytochrome ''c'' oxidase]]{{dubsig}} [[Protein subunit|subunit]]{{dubsig}} I, et [[DNA nuclearis]] 18S rRNA et ''[[Elongation factor|EF1]]''{{dubsig}} subunitas α [[DNA sequentia|sequentia]]:
* ''[[Danaus affinis]]'' (Fabricius, 1775)
* ''[[Danaus chrysippus]]'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''[[Danaus cleophile]]'' (Godart, 1819)
* ''[[Danaus dorippus]]'' (Klug, 1845) (olim in ''D. chrysippus'')
* ''[[Danaus eresimus]]'' (Cramer, 1777) (comprehendit ''D. plexaure'')
* ''[[Danaus erippus]]'' (Cramer, 1775)
* ''[[Danaus genutia]]'' (Cramer, 1779)
* ''[[Danaus gilippus]]'' (Cramer, 1775)
* ''[[Danaus ismare]]'' (Cramer, 1780)
* ''[[Danaus melanippus]]'' (Cramer, 1777)
* ''[[Danaus petilia]]'' (Stoll, 1790)
* ''[[Danaus plexippus]]'' (Linnaeus, 1758)

Hoc genus olim in [[subgenus|subgenera]] ''Danaum, Salaturam,'' et ''Anosiam'' diffissum est, sed haec dispositio abolita est.&lt;!-- While the first (the 2-3 monarch butterflies) and ''Salatura'' (species ''ismare, genutia, affinis'' and ''melanippus'') do indeed seem to be [[clade]]s, the relationship of these to the other species, especially the puzzling ''D. dorippus'', is not clear.--&gt;

[[Hybrida (biologia)|Hybridizatio]] quae progenies fertiles gignit inter nonnullas species fieri agnoscitur, res mtDNA confundens; hoc videtur praecipue verum in ''[[Danaus dorippus|D. dorippo]]'' (Smith et al. 2005). Praeterea, ''[[Spiroplasma]],'' [[contagio]] quae [[mas|mares]] inferficit, in ''[[Danaus chrysippus|D. chrysippo]]'' monstrata est, et probabiliter in aliis speciebus fit (Jiggins et al. 2000); consequentiae pro [[speciatio]]ne et [[evolutio]]ne probabiliter sunt similes illorum in contagione ex bene investigatis generis ''[[Wolbachia]]e'' varietatibus, quae etiam mares interficiunt.

==Phylogenia==
{{clade| style=font-size:75%;line-height:75%
|1=''[[Tirumala septentrionis]]''
|2=''[[Tirumala limniace]]''
|3={{clade
   |1={{clade
      |1=''[[Danaus plexippus]]''
      |2=''[[Danaus erippus]]''
      }}
   |2={{clade
      |1={{clade
         |1=''[[Danaus genutia]]''
         |2={{clade
            |1=''[[Danaus melanippus]]''
            |2=''[[Danaus affinis]]''
            }}
         }}
      |2=''[[Danaus ismare]]''
      }}
   |3={{clade
      |1=''[[Danaus eresimus]]''
      |2=''[[Danaus gilippus]]''
      }}
   |4={{clade
      |1=''[[Danaus petilia]]''
      |2={{clade
         |1={{clade
            |1=''[[Danaus dorippus]] dorippus-2''
            |2=''[[Danaus dorippus|Danaus d.]] bataviana''
            }}
         |2={{clade
            |1=''[[Danaus chrysippus]] chrysippus''
            |2=''[[Danaus chrysippus|Danaus c.]] orientis''
            |3=''[[Danaus chrysippus|Danaus c.]] alcippus''
            }}
         }}
      }}
   |5=''[[Danaus dorippus|Danaus d.]] dorippus-1''
   }}
}}
&lt;small&gt;Phylogenis generis (sine ''[[Danaus cleophile]]'').&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Smith |first=David A. |coauthors=Gugs Lushai and John A. Allen |year=2005 |month=June |title=A classification of ''Danaus'' butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based upon data from morphology and DNA  |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=144 |issue=2 |pages=191–212 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00169.x |url=http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00169.x |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-05-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;

==Synonyma specierum et subspecierum==
* Fons: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140729224511/http://www.nymphalidae.net/Classification/Higher_class.htm &quot;The higher classification of Nymphalidae,&quot;] apud situm nymphalidae.net.
* Nota bene: Nomina post signum aequationis ( = ) sunt [[synonymum(biologia)|synonyma]], [[homonymum (biologia)|homonyma]], nomina reiecta, vel nomina invalida. Synonymia, infra abbreviata data, est ex Ackery &amp; Vane-Wright (1984).

Tribus [[Danaini]] Boisduval, 1833
* '''''Danaus''''' Kluk, 1802 ( = ''Danaida'' Latreille, 1804; = ''Limnas'' Hübner, 1806; = ''Danais'' Latreille, 1807; = ''Danaus'' Latreille, 1809; = ''Anosia'' Hübner, 1816; = ''Festivus'' Crotch, 1872; = ''Salatura'' Moore, 1880; = ''Nasuma'' Moore, 1883; = ''Tasitia'' Moore, 1883; = ''Danaomorpha'' Kremky, 1925; = ''Panlymnas'' Bryk, 1937; = ''Diogas'' d'Almeida, 1938)
** ''[[Danaus cleophile]]'' (Godart, 1819) (primum nomen = ''Danais cleophile'' Godart, 1819)
** ''[[Danaus plexippus]]'' (Linnaeus, 1758) (primum nomen = ''Papilio plexippus'' Linnaeus, 1758; = ''misippiformis'' Meuschen, 1781; = ''archippus'' Fabricius, 1793; = ''menippe'' Hübner, 1816; = ''megalippe'' Hübner, 1826; = ''leucogyne'' Butler, 1884; = ''fumosus'' Hulstaert, 1886; = ''pulchra'' Strecker, 1900; = ''nigrippus'' Haensch, 1909; = ''americanus'' Gunder, 1927; = ''nivosus'' Gunder, 1927; = ''curassavicae'' Fabricius, 1938; = ''portoriciensis'' Clark, 1941; = ''tobagi'' Clark, 1941; = ''disjuncta'' Dufrane, 1948; = ''bipunctata'' Dufrane, 1948; = ''obliterata'' Dufrane, 1948)
** ''[[Danaus erippus]]'' (Cramer, 1775) (primum nomen = ''Papilio erippus'' Cramer, 1775 ( = ''larensis'' Köhler, 1929; = ''asclepiadis'' Fabricius, 1938)
** ''[[Danaus ismare]]'' (Cramer, 1780) (primum nomen = ''Papilio ismare'' Cramer, 1780; = ''ismareola'' Butler, 1866; = ''fulvus'' Ribbe, 1890; = ''celebensis'' Rothschild, 1892; = ''felicia'' [[Hans Fruhstorfer|Fruhstorfer]], 1907; = ''goramica'' Fruhstorfer, 1907; = ''alba'' Morishita, 1981)
** ''[[Danaus genutia]]'' (Cramer, 1779) (primum nomen = ''Papilio genutia'' Cramer, 1779; = ''adnana'' Swinhoe, 1917; = ''albipars'' Talbot, 1943; = ''alexis'' Waterhouse &amp; Lyell, 1914; = ''bandjira'' Martin, 1911; = ''bimana'' Martin, 1911; = ''connectens'' Moulton, 1921; = ''conspicua'' Butler, 1866; = ''grynion'' Fruhstorfer, 1907; = ''intensa'' Moore, 1883; = ''intermedia'' Moore, 1883; = ''kyllene'' Fruhstorfer, 1910; = ''laratensis'' Butler, 1883; = ''leucoglene'' Felder &amp; Felder, 1865; = ''niasicus'' Fruhstorfer, 1899; = ''nipalensis'' Moore, 1877; = ''partita'' Fruhstorfer, 1897; = ''plexippus'' auctt. nec Linnaeus, 1758; = ''sumatrana'' Moore, 1883; = ''sumbana'' Talbot, 1943; = ''telmissus'' Fruhstorfer, 1910; = ''tuak'' Pryer &amp; Cator, 1894; = ''tychius'' Fruhstorfer, 1910; = ''uniens'' Martin, 1911; = ''wetterensis'' Fruhstorfer, 1899; = ''yuchingkini'' Murayama &amp; Shimonoya, 1960 (hybrid ''chrysippus'' x ''genutia'', Kurosawa, 1973)
** ''[[Danaus affinis]]'' (Fabricius, 1775) (primum nomen = ''Papilio affinis'' Fabricius, 1775; = ''abigar'' Eschscholtz, 1821; = ''adustus'' Godman &amp; Salvin, 1882; = ''affinoides'' Fruhstorfer, 1899; = ''albistriga'' Talbot, 1943; = ''albonotata'' Howarth, 1962; = ''artenice'' Cramer, 1781; = ''aruana'' Moore, 1883; = ''astakos'' Fruhstorfer, 1906; = ''batjana'' Fruhstorfer, 1899; = ''bipuncta'' Talbot, 1943; = ''biseriata'' Butler, 1882; = ''bonguensis'' Fruhstorfer, 1899; = ''cecilia'' Bouganville, 1837; = ''chionippe'' Hübner, 1823; = ''cometho'' Godman &amp; Salvin, 1888; = ''coriacea'' Fruhstorfer, 1906; = ''decentralis'' Fruhstorfer, 1899; = ''decipiens'' Butler, 1882; = ''decipientis'' Strand, 1914; = ''djampeana'' Van Eecke, 1915; = ''fergussonia'' Fruhstorfer, 1907; = ''ferruginea'' Butler, 1876; = ''fuliginosa'' Hagen, 1894; = ''fulgurata'' Butler, 1866; = ''fuscata'' Talbot, 1943; = ''galacterion'' Fruhstorfer, 1906; = ''gelanor'' Waterhouse &amp; Lyell, 1914; = ''hegesippinus'' Röber, 1891; = ''insolata'' Butler, 1870; = ''jimiensis'' Miller &amp; Miller, 1978; = ''jobiensis'' Grose-Smith, 1894; = ''kapaura'' Talbot, 1943; = ''kawiensis'' Fruhstorfer, 1899; = ''kiriwina'' Fruhstorfer, 1907; = ''leucippis'' Röber, 1891; = ''litoralis'' Doherty, 1891; = ''luxurians'' Fruhstorfer, 1907; = ''malayana'' Fruhstorfer, 1899; = ''molyssa'' Fruhstorfer, 1907; = ''mysolica'' Moore, 1883; = ''mytilene'' Felder &amp; Felder, 1860; = ''nigrita'' Moore, 1883; = ''nore'' Swinhoe, 1917; = ''nubila'' Butler, 1866; = ''obscura'' Capronnier, 1886; = ''oesypera'' Talbot, 1943; = ''olga'' Swinhoe, 1917; = ''oros'' Fruhstorfer, 1907; = ''paradoxa'' Röber, 1939; = ''philene'' Stoll 1782; = ''piepersi'' Kalis, 1933; = ''pittakus'' Fruhstorfer, 1907; = ''pleistarchus'' Fruhstorfer, 1912; = ''pseudophilene'' Fruhstorfer, 1907; = ''pullata'' Butler, 1866; = ''rubrica'' Fruhstorfer, 1906; = ''sabrona'' Talbot, 1943; = ''sangira'' Fruhstorfer, 1899; = ''signata'' Talbot, 1943; = ''snelleni'' Kalis, 1933; = ''strephon'' Fruhstorfer, 1907; = ''subnigra'' Joicey &amp; Talbot, 1922; = ''subnubila'' Fruhstorfer, 1907; = ''tambora'' Fruhstorfer, 1899; = ''taroena'' Van Eecke, 1915; = ''taruna'' Fruhstorfer, 1899; = ''transfuga'' Fruhstorfer, 1907; = ''tualana'' Talbot, 1943; = ''vandeldeni'' Kalis, 1933; = ''vorkeinus'' Röber, 1866; = ''wentholti'' Martin, 1914; = ''woodlarkiana'' Fruhstorfer, 1907)
** ''[[Danaus melanippus]]'' (Cramer, 1777) (primum nomen = ''Papilio melanippus'' Cramer, 1777; = ''hegesippus'' Cramer, 1777; = ''lotis'' Cramer, 1779; = ''thoe'' Hübner, 1816; = ''edmondii'' Bougainville, 1837; = ''nesippus'' C. Felder, 1862; = ''eurydice'' Butler, 1884; = ''celebensis'' Staudinger, 1889; = ''erebus'', Röber, 1891 ; = ''haruhasa'' Doherty, 1891; = ''pietersii'' Doherty, 1891; = ''taimanu'' Doherty, 1891; = ''fruhstorferi'' Röber, 1897; = ''keteus'' Hagen, 1898; = ''indicus'' Fruhstorfer, 1899; = ''malossona'' Fruhstorfer, 1899; = ''lotina'' Fruhstorfer, 1904; = ''umbrosus'' Fruhstorfer, 1906; = ''philozigetes'' Fruhstorfer, 1907; = ''mezentius'' Fruhstorfer, 1910; = ''meridionigra'' Martin, 1913; = ''edwardi'' Van Eecke, 1914; = ''insularis'' Moulton, 1921; = ''albescens'' Röber, 1927; = ''kotoshonis'' Matsumara, 1929; = ''camorta'' Evans, 1932)
** ''[[Danaus eresimus]]'' (Cramer, 1777) (primum nomen = ''Papilio eresimus'' Cramer, 1777; = ''ares'' d'Almeida, 1944; = ''asclepidea'' Fabricius, 1938; = ''dilucida'' Forbes, 1939; = ''erginus'' Godman &amp; Salvin, 1897; = ''estevana'' Talbot, 1943; = ''icensis'' Fuchs, 1954; = ''montezuma'' Talbot, 1943; = ''tethys'' Forbes, 1943)
** ''[[Danaus plexaure]]'' (Godart, 1819) (primum nomen = ''Danais plexaure'' Godart, 1819; = ''brasiliensis'' Capronnier, 1874)
** ''[[Danaus gilippus]]'' (Cramer, 1775) (primum nomen = ''Papilio gilippus'' Cramer, 1775; = ''berenice'' Cramer, 1779; = ''vincedoxici'' Hübner, 1816; = ''vincetoxici'' Hübner, 1816; = ''cleothera'' Godart, 1819; = ''manuja'' Eschscholtz, 1821; = ''xanthippus'' Felder &amp; Felder, 1860; = ''thersippus'' Bates, 1863; = ''jamaicensis'' Bates, 1864; = ''strigosa'' Bates, 1864; = ''hermippus'' Felder &amp; Felder, 1865; = ''nivosus'' Godman &amp; Salvin, 1897; = ''esperanza'' Hoffman, 1924; = ''centralis'' Joicey &amp; Talbot, 1925; = ''kempfferi'' Hall, 1925; = ''kerri'' Comstock, 1925; = ''vincetoxici'' Fabricius, 1938; = ''candidus'' Clark, 1941; = ''gilippina'' Hoffman, 1940; = ''wheeleri'' Talbot, 1943; = ''roedingeri'' Fuchs, 1954)
** ''[[Danaus chrysippus]]'' (Linnaeus, 1758) (primum nomen = ''Papilio chrysippus'' Linnaeus, 1758; = ''albinus'' Lanz, 1896; = ''amplifascia'' Talbot, 1943; = ''anomala'' Dufrane, 1948; = ''asclepiadis'' Gagliardi, 1811; = ''auriflava'' Van Eecke, 1914; = ''axantha'' Hayward, 1922; = ''bataviana'' Moore, 1883; = ''bipunctata'' Dufrane, 1948; = ''bowringi'' Moore, 1883; = ''candidata'' Hayward, 1922; = ''chrysipellus'' Strand, 1910; = ''clarippus'' Weymer, 1884; = ''completa'' Dufrane, 1948; = ''cratippus'' Felder, 1860; = ''deficiens'' Dufrane, 1948; = ''duplicata'' Dufrane, 1948; = ''duponti'' Dufrane, 1948; = ''evanescens'' Storace, 1949; = ''fuscippus'' Van Eecke, 1915; = ''gelderi'' Snellen, 1891; = ''hanoiensis'' Dufrane, 1948; = ''hypermnestra'' Stoneham, 1958; = ''impunctata'' Dufrane, 1948; = ''infumata'' Aurivillius, 1898; = ''joannisi'' Dufrane, 1948; = ''kanariensis'' Fruhstorfer, 1898; = ''lemeemagdalenae'' Lemeé, 1950; = ''limbata'' Matsumura, 1929; = ''luxurians'' Dufrane, 1948; = ''margarita'' Röber, 1926; = ''orientis'' Aurivillius, 1909; = ''ornata'' Dufrane, 1948; = ''petilia'' Stoll, 1790; = ''praealbata'' Froreich, 1928; = ''pseudopetilea'' Kalis, 1933; = ''radiata'' Dufrane, 1948; = ''reducta'' Dufrane, 1948; = ''rubra'' Van Eecke, 1915; = ''semialbinus'' Strand, 1910; = ''subpurpurea'' Matsumura, 1929; = ''subreducta'' Dufrane, 1948; = ''vigelii'' Heylaerts, 1884; = ''witteellus'' Overlaet, 1955; = ''yuchingkini'' Murayama &amp; Shimonoya, 1960 (hybrid ''D. chrysippus'' x ''D. genutia'')
*** ''Danaus chrysippus chrysippus'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
*** ''Danaus chrysippus aegyptius'' (Schreber, 1759) (primum nomen = ''Papilio aegyptius'' Schreber, 1759; = ''Danaus chrysippus klugii'' Butler, 1886; = ''Papilio alcippus'' Cramer, 1777; = ''Danaus chrysippus liboria'' Hulstaert, 1931; = ''Danaus chrysippus alcippoides'' Moore, 1883; = ''Danaus chrysippus dorippus'' Klug, 1845; = ''Danaus chrysippus transiens'' Suffert, 1900)

==Bibliographia==
* Ackery, P., et R. Vane-Wright. [[1984]]. ''Milkweed Butterflies: Their Cladistics and Biology.'' Londinii: British Museum (Natural History).
* Jiggins, F. M., G. D. D. Hurst, C. D. Jiggins, J. H. G. v. D. Schulenburg, et M. E. N. Majerus. [[2000]]. The butterfly ''Danaus chrysippus'' is infected by a male-killing ''Spiroplasma'' bacterium. ''Parasitology'' 120(5): 439–446. &lt;small&gt;{{DOI|10.1017/S0031182099005867}}&lt;/small&gt; (HTML abstractum)
* Lushai, G., D. Goulson, J. A. Allen, N. Maclean, D. A. S. Smith, et I. J. Gordon. [[2003]]. Incomplete sexual isolation in sympatry between subspecies of the butterfly Danaus chrysippus (L.) and the creation of a hybrid zone. ''Heredity'' 90(3), 236-246.
* Smith, D. A. S., I. J. Gordon, G. Lushai, D. Goulson, J. A. Allen, et N. Maclean. [[2002]]. Hybrid queen butterflies from the cross Danaus chrysippus (L.) x D. gilippus (Cramer): Confirmation of species status for the parents and further support for Haldane's Rule. ''Biological Journal of the Linnean Society'' 76(4), 535-544.
* Smith, D. A. S., G. Lushai, et J. A. A. Allen. [[2005]]. A classification of Danaus butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based upon data from morphology and DNA. ''Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 144''(2), 191-212.

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

==Nexus externus==
{{Wikispecies|Danaus}}

{{insecta-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Danaini]]
[[Categoria:Genera insectorum ex hominibus mythologicis appellata|Danaus]]
[[Categoria:Lepidoptera Africae]]
[[Categoria:Lepidoptera Americae Australis]]
[[Categoria:Lepidoptera Americae Septentrionalis]]
[[Categoria:Lepidoptera Asiae]]
[[Categoria:Lepidoptera Australiae]]
[[Categoria:Lepidoptera Indonesiae]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Kluk]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1780]]</text>
      <sha1>q0n7adrwlqjtyjk778464ys5lpyst5q</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Danaus melanippus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <minor />
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      <text bytes="2364" sha1="fqfhpbsfs8oafkd2mdoc8ng210vryee" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Danaus melanippus''
| image =Dmel.jpg
| image_width =230px
| image_caption =''Danaus melanippus lotis''
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis = [[Insecta]]
| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]
| familia = [[Nymphalidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Danainae]]
| tribus = [[Danaini]]
| genus = ''[[Danaus (genus)|Danaus]]''
| species = '''''D. melanippus'''''
| binomial = ''Danaus melanippus''
| binomial_authority = [[Petrus Cramer|Cramer]], [[1777]]
}}
'''''Danaus melanippus''''' ([[Anglice]] ''white tiger'') est [[lepidoptera|papilio]] [[subfamilia]]e [[Danainae|Danainarum]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Nymphalidae|Nymphalidarum]], in [[Asia]] [[zona tropica|tropica]] ab [[Assamia]] in [[India]] orientali per [[Asia Meridio-Orientalis|Asiam Meridio-Orientalem]] ad [[meridies|meridiem]] usque ad [[Indonesia]]m, et ad [[oriens|orientem]] usque ad [[Philippinae|Philippinas]] et per [[Sinae (regio)|Sinas]] meridianas usque ad [[Taivania]]m [[endemismus|endemicus]] (Evans 1932; Smith et al. 2005). Sunt circa [[quindecim]] (13–18, secundum auctorem) [[subspecies]], et [[species (taxinomia)|species]] artissime cognata est ''[[Danaus affinis]]'' (Smith et al. 2005).
&lt;!--==Vide etiam==
*[[List of butterflies of India]]
*[[List of butterflies of India (Nymphalidae)]]--&gt;

==Bibliographia==
* Evans, W. H. [[1932]]. ''The Identification of Indian Butterflies.'' Ed. 2a. Mumbai: Bombay Natural History Society.
* Gaonkar, Harish. [[1996]]. Butterflies of the Western Ghats, India (including Sri Lanka): A Biodiversity Assessment of a threatened mountain system. ''Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society.'' 
* Gay, Thomas, Isaac Kehimkar, et J. C. Punetha. [[1992]]. ''Common Butterflies of India.'' Mumbai: WWF-India et Oxford University Press.
* Haribal, Meena. [[1994]]. ''Butterflies of Sikkim Himalaya and their Natural History.''
* Kunte, Krushnamegh. [[2005]]. ''Butterflies of Peninsular India.'' Universities Press.
* Wynter-Blyth, M. A. [[1957]]. ''Butterflies of the Indian Region.'' Mumbai: Bombay Natural History Society.

{{insecta-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Danaini]]
[[Categoria:Lepidoptera Indiae]]
[[Categoria:Lepidoptera Indonesiae]]
[[Categoria:Lepidoptera Philippinarum]]
[[Categoria:Lepidoptera Sinarum]]
[[Categoria:Fauna Taivaniae]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Cramer]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1777]]</text>
      <sha1>fqfhpbsfs8oafkd2mdoc8ng210vryee</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Danaus affinis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>134984</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-03T10:54:28Z</timestamp>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Titulus italicus</comment>
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      <text bytes="2172" sha1="9hck0a1mf78831sa1ron4ja7b9av7pr" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Danaus affinis''
| image =Danaus affinis.JPG
| image_caption =
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis = [[Insecta]]
| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]
| familia = [[Nymphalidae]]
| tribus = [[Danaini]]
| genus = ''[[Danaus (genus)|Danaus]]''
| species = '''''D. affinis'''''
| binomial = ''Danaus affinis''
| binomial_authority = [[Ioannes Christianus Fabricius|Fabricius]], [[1775]]
}}
[[Fasciculus:Swamptiger.jpg|thumb|175px|left|''Danaus affinis'' Bribie in [[insula]], [[Terra Reginae]] meridio-orientalis, [[Australia]]e]]
'''''Danaus affinis''''' ([[Anglice]] ''Malay tiger'') est [[lepidoptera|papilio]] [[subfamilia]]e [[Danainae|Danainarum]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Nymphalidae|Nymphalidarum]], in [[Asia]] [[zona tropica|tropica]] [[endemismus|endemicus]]

[[Morphologia]] huius [[species (taxinomia)|species]] est variabilissima. In sua [[area geographica]], quae a [[Thailandia]] usque ad [[Philippinae|Philippinas]] et ad [[meridies|meridiem]] per [[Indonesia]]m, usque ad [[Melanesia]]m et [[Australia]]m meridio-orientalem, eae sunt saltem [[triginta]], et fortasse multae plurimae, [[subspecies]] (Evans 1932; Smith et al. 2005). Species artissime cognata est ''[[Danaus melanippus]]'' (Smith et al. 2005).

{{NexInt}}&lt;!--
*[[List of butterflies of India]]--&gt;
*[[Index lepidopterorum Indiae (Nymphalidae)]]

==Bibliographia==
* Evans, W. H. [[1932]]. ''The Identification of Indian Butterflies.'' Ed. 2a. Mumbai: Bombay Natural History Society.
* Smith, David A. S., Gugs Lushai, et John A. [[2005]]. A classification of ''Danaus'' butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based upon data from morphology and DNA. ''[[Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|Zool. J. Linn. Soc.]]'' 144(2): 191–212. &lt;small&gt;{{DOI|10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00169.x}}&lt;/small&gt; (HTML abstractum)

[[Categoria:Danaini]]
[[Categoria:Fauna Thailandiae]]
[[Categoria:Insecta Oceaniae]]
[[Categoria:Lepidoptera Asiae]]
[[Categoria:Lepidoptera Australiae]]
[[Categoria:Lepidoptera Indiae]]
[[Categoria:Lepidoptera Indonesiae]]
[[Categoria:Lepidoptera Philippinarum]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Fabricius]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1775]]</text>
      <sha1>9hck0a1mf78831sa1ron4ja7b9av7pr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Euploea</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>135083</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3976772</id>
      <parentid>3716185</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T10:59:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Titulus italicus</comment>
      <origin>3976772</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6375" sha1="0xz7fagkp1c1utbwafandpthyalsa5v" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Euploea''
| image = Euploea tulliolus.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Euploea tulliolus]]''
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis = [[Insecta]]
| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]
| familia = [[Nymphalidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Danainae]]
| tribus = [[Danaini]]
| genus = '''''Euploea'''''
| genus_authority = [[Ioannes Christianus Fabricius|Fabricius]], [[1807]]
}}
[[Fasciculus:Euploea phaenareta hollandi MHNT.ZOO.2004.0.768.jpg|thumb|''[[Euploea phaenareta]] hollandi'']]
'''''Euploea''''' est [[genus (taxinomia)|genus]] [[lepidoptera|papilionum]] [[subfamilia]]e [[Danainae|Danainarum]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familae]] [[Nymphalidae|Nymphalidarum]]. [[Species (taxinomia)|Species]] [[color]]ibus plerumque sunt obscurae, saepe denigratissimae, quam ob rem eae [[corvus|corvi]] vulgo appellantur. Ut fieri solet in earum subfamilia, eae sunt [[venenum|venenosae]], quia [[larva]]e [[planta|plantis]] generis ''[[Asclepias|Asclepiadis]]'' et aliis plantis toxiferis [[victus|vescuntur]]. Colores larvarum sunt [[aposematismus|aposematici]], qui [[praedator]]es victu arcent, et ergo species non cognatae et non vel minus venenosae papiliones adultos saepe [[imitatio|imitantur]].

== Species notabiles ==
* ''[[Euploea albicosta]]''
* ''[[Euploea alcathoe]]''
** ''[[Euploea alcathoe]] enastri''
* ''[[Euploea algea]]''
* ''[[Euploea caespes]]''
* ''[[Euploea camaralzeman]]''
* ''[[Euploea core]]''
* ''[[Euploea crameri]]''
* ''[[Euploea darchia]]''
* ''[[Euploea doretta]]''
* ''[[Euploea doubledayi]]''
* ''[[Euploea eboraci]]''
* ''[[Euploea eunice]]''
* ''[[Euploea klugii]]''
* [[Euploea lacon]]''
* ''[[Euploea latifasciata]]''
* ''[[Euploea midamus]]''
* ''[[Euploea mitra]]''
* ''[[Euploea mulciber]]''
* ''[[Euploea phaenareta]]''
** ''[[Euploea phaenareta]] juvia'' ([[exstinctio|exstincta]], [[decennium 197|decennio 197]])
* ''[[Euploea radamanthus]]''
* ''[[Euploea swainson]]''
* ''[[Euploea sylvester]]''
* ''[[Euploea tripunctata]]''
* ''[[Euploea tulliolus]]''

== Nomenclatura ==
Huic generi sunt multa [[synonymum iunius|synonyma iuniora]], praecipue quia Moore&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Frederic Moore |year=1883 |title=A Monograph of Limnaina and Euploeina, two Groups of diurnal Lepidoptera belonging to the Subfamily Euploeinae; with Descriptions of new Genera and Species |journal=[[Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London]] |volume=1883 |issue=3 |pages=253–324 |url=http://biostor.org/reference/60679}}.&lt;/ref&gt; fortasse unum ex extremissimis casibus [[lumpers and splitters|scissurae]]{{dubsig}} in [[historia]] [[zoologia]]e fecit:
{{div col|colwidth=16em}}
''Crastia'' &lt;small&gt;[[Jacob Hübner|Hübner]], 1816&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Trepsichrois'' &lt;small&gt;Hübner, 1816&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Salpinx'' &lt;small&gt;Hübner, 1819&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Eudaemon'' &lt;small&gt;[[Gustaf Johan Billberg|Billberg]], 1820&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Terpsichrois'' &lt;small&gt;Hübner, 1821 (''lapsus'')&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Euplaea'' &lt;small&gt;[[Jean Baptiste Boisduval|Boisduval]], 1832 (''lapsus'')&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Calliploea'' &lt;small&gt;[[Arthur Gardiner Butler|Butler]], 1875&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Macroploea'' &lt;small&gt;Butler, 1878&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Stictoploea'' &lt;small&gt;Butler, 1878&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Euplea'' &lt;small&gt;[[William Forsell Kirby|W.F. Kirby]], 1879 (''lapsus'')&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Adigama'' &lt;small&gt;[[Frederic Moore|Moore]], 1880&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Andasena'' &lt;small&gt;Moore, 1883&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Betanga'' &lt;small&gt;Moore, 1883&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Bibisana'' &lt;small&gt;Moore, 1883&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Chanapa'' &lt;small&gt;Moore, 1883&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Chirosa'' &lt;small&gt;Moore, 1883&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Danisepa'' &lt;small&gt;Moore, 1883&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Deragena'' &lt;small&gt;Moore, 1883&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Gamatoba'' &lt;small&gt;Moore, 1883&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Glinama'' &lt;small&gt;Moore, 1883&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Hirdapa'' &lt;small&gt;Moore, 1883&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Isamia'' &lt;small&gt;Moore, 1883&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Karadira'' &lt;small&gt;Moore, 1883&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Lontara'' &lt;small&gt;Moore, 1883&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Mahintha'' &lt;small&gt;Moore, 1883&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Menama'' &lt;small&gt;Moore, 1883&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Mestapra'' &lt;small&gt;Moore, 1883&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Nacamsa'' &lt;small&gt;Moore, 1883&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Narmada'' &lt;small&gt;Moore, 1880&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Nipara'' &lt;small&gt;Moore, 1883&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Oranasma'' &lt;small&gt;Moore, 1883&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Pademma'' &lt;small&gt;Moore, 1883&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Patosa'' &lt;small&gt;Moore, 1883&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Penoa'' &lt;small&gt;Moore, 1883&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Pramasa'' &lt;small&gt;Moore, 1883&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Pramesta'' &lt;small&gt;Moore, 1883&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Rasuma'' &lt;small&gt;Moore, 1883&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Sabanosa'' &lt;small&gt;Moore, 1883&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Saphara'' &lt;small&gt;Moore, 1883&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Sarobia'' &lt;small&gt;Moore, 1883&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Satanga'' &lt;small&gt;Moore, 1883&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Selinda'' &lt;small&gt;Moore, 1883&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Tabada'' &lt;small&gt;Moore, 1883&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Tagata'' &lt;small&gt;Moore, 1883&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Tiruna'' &lt;small&gt;Moore, 1883&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Tronga'' &lt;small&gt;Moore, 1883&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Vadebra'' &lt;small&gt;Moore, 1883&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Vonona'' &lt;small&gt;Moore, 1883&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Anadara'' &lt;small&gt;Moore, 1883 (''non'' [[Ioannes Eduardus Gray|Gray]], 1847: [[Anadara|praeoccupata]])&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Doricha'' &lt;small&gt;Moore, 1883 (''non'' [[Ludovicus Reichenbach|Reichenbach]], 1853: [[Doricha|praeoccupata]])&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Karadina'' &lt;small&gt;Moore, 1891 (''lapsus'')&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Chirosia'' &lt;small&gt;Sharp, 1904 (''lapsus'')&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Daniseppa'' &lt;small&gt;[[Hans Fruhstorfer|Fruhstorfer]], 1910 (''lapsus'')&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Pamasa'' &lt;small&gt;Fruhstorfer, 1910 (''lapsus'')&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Rausuma'' &lt;small&gt;Fruhstorfer, 1910 (''lapsus'')&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Ironga'' &lt;small&gt;Martin, 1914 (''lapsus'')&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Makroploea'' &lt;small&gt;Martin, 1915 (''lapsus'')&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Eupolea'' &lt;small&gt;Hulstaert, 1931 (''lapsus'')&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''Ramasa'' &lt;small&gt;Hulstaert, 1931 (''lapsus'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111004073634/http://www.nymphalidae.net/Classification/Danaini.htm De classificatione Danainarum] apud situm nymphalidae.net
* [http://www.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/nymphalidae/danainae/euploea/index.html De genere] apud situm funet.fi
{{CommuniaCat|Euploea|''Euploeam''}}

{{insecta-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Danaini]]
[[Categoria:Euploea| ]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Fabricius]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1807]]</text>
      <sha1>0xz7fagkp1c1utbwafandpthyalsa5v</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Neomicropteryx</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>136482</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3976603</id>
      <parentid>3917464</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T17:22:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>139091</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="1546" sha1="89fikk39y4mv52adb9j4x4upoiufetb" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Neomicropteryx''
| image = 
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = 
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis = [[Insecta]]
| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]
| familia = [[Micropterigidae]]
| genus = '''''Neomicropteryx'''''
| genus_authority = Issiki, [[1931]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species (taxinomia)|Species]]
| subdivision = ''Vide commentarium.''
| synonyms = 
}}
'''''Neomicropteryx''''' est [[genus (taxinomia)|genus]] parvorum primitivorumque [[lepidoptera|papilionum]] [[metallum|metallicorum]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Micropterigidae|Micropterigidarum]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110204164823/http://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id17286/ De genere] apud situm biolib.cz.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Species==
*''[[Neomicropteryx bifurca]]'' &lt;small&gt;Issiki, 1953 &lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Neomicropteryx cornuta]]'' &lt;small&gt;Issiki, 1953 &lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Neomicropteryx elongata]]'' &lt;small&gt;Issiki, 1953 &lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Neomicropteryx kazusana]]'' &lt;small&gt;Hashimoto, 1992&lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Neomicropteryx kiwana]]'' &lt;small&gt;Hashimoto, 2006&lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Neomicropteryx matsumurana]]'' &lt;small&gt;Issiki, 1931 &lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Neomicropteryx nipponensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Issiki, 1931&lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Neomicropteryx redacta]]'' &lt;small&gt;Hashimoto, 2006&lt;/small&gt;

==Priores Species==
*''[[Neomicropteryx nudata]]'' &lt;small&gt;Issiki, 1953 &lt;/small&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

{{insecta-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Genera animalium]]
[[Categoria:Micropterigidae]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Issiki]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1931]]</text>
      <sha1>89fikk39y4mv52adb9j4x4upoiufetb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Palaeomicroides</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>136484</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3976656</id>
      <parentid>3917466</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>139091</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>3976656</origin>
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      <text bytes="1471" sha1="grqsm1ulpc2u9imvmo758mgbab5q8d5" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Palaeomicroides''
| image = 
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = 
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis = [[Insecta]]
| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]
| familia = [[Micropterigidae]]
| genus = '''''Palaeomicroides'''''
| genus_authority = Issiki, [[1931]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species (taxinomia)|Species]]
| subdivision = ''Vide commentarium.''
| synonyms = 
}}
'''''Palaeomicroides''''' est [[genus (taxinomia)|genus]] parvorum primitivorumque [[lepidoptera|papilionum]] [[metallum|metallicorum]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Micropterigidae|Micropterigidarum]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110204164823/http://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id17286/ De genere] apud situm biolib.cz.&lt;/ref&gt;


==Species==
*''[[Palaeomicroides anmashanensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Hashimoto, 2000&lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Palaeomicroides aritai]]'' &lt;small&gt;Hashimoto, 1996&lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Palaeomicroides caeruleimaculella]]'' &lt;small&gt;Issiki, 1931 &lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Palaeomicroides costipunctella]]'' &lt;small&gt;Issiki, 1931 &lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Palaeomicroides discopurpurella]]'' &lt;small&gt;Issiki, 1931 &lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Palaeomicroides fasciatella]]'' &lt;small&gt;Issiki, 1931 &lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Palaeomicroides marginella]]'' &lt;small&gt;Issiki, 1931 &lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Palaeomicroides obscurella]]'' &lt;small&gt;Issiki, 1931 &lt;/small&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{insecta-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Genera animalium]]
[[Categoria:Micropterigidae]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Issiki]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1931]]</text>
      <sha1>grqsm1ulpc2u9imvmo758mgbab5q8d5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Paramartyria</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>136485</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3976665</id>
      <parentid>3917467</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T21:18:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>139091</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>3976665</origin>
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      <text bytes="1648" sha1="hiq3i42ii1x5ids6gh99w1qaw80aqe6" xml:space="preserve">{{titulus italicus}}
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Paramartyria''
| image = 
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = 
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis = [[Insecta]]
| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]
| familia = [[Micropterigidae]]
| genus = '''''Paramartyria'''''
| genus_authority = Issiki, [[1931]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species (taxinomia)|Species]]
| subdivision = ''Vide commentarium.''
| synonyms = 
}}
'''''Paramartyria''''' est [[genus (taxinomia)|genus]] parvorum primitivorumque [[lepidoptera|papilionum]] [[metallum|metallicorum]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Micropterigidae|Micropterigidarum]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110204164823/http://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id17286/ De genere] apud situm biolib.cz.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Species==
*''[[Paramartyria anmashana]]'' &lt;small&gt;Hashimoto, 2000&lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Paramartyria baishanzuna]]'' &lt;small&gt;Yang, 1995&lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Paramartyria bimaculella]]'' &lt;small&gt;Issiki, 1931 &lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Paramartyria chekiangella]]'' &lt;small&gt;Kaltenbach &amp; Speidel, 1982 &lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Paramartyria cipingana]]'' &lt;small&gt;Yang, 1980&lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Paramartyria immaculatella]]'' &lt;small&gt;Issiki, 1931 &lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Paramartyria jinggangana]]'' &lt;small&gt;Yang, 1980&lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Paramartyria maculatella]]'' &lt;small&gt;Issiki, 1931 &lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Paramartyria ovalella]]'' &lt;small&gt;Issiki, 1931 &lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Paramartyria semifasciella]]'' &lt;small&gt;Issiki, 1931 &lt;/small&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biologici}}
{{Vicispecies|Paramartyria|''Paramartyriam''}}

{{insecta-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Genera animalium]]
[[Categoria:Micropterigidae]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Issiki]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1931]]</text>
      <sha1>hiq3i42ii1x5ids6gh99w1qaw80aqe6</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Notatio partium-per</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>139779</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3976610</id>
      <parentid>3837188</parentid>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="2566" sha1="ihsztllp3rd95ububs60catpz97fthx" xml:space="preserve">'''Notatio partium-per''' in [[scientia (ratio)|scientia]] et [[ars ingeniaria|arte ingeniaria]], est copia [[unitas|unitatum]] falsarum ad describendas parvas aestimationes variarum [[quantitas sine dimensione|quantitatum sine dimensione]] (e.g. [[pars molis]] et [[pars massae]]) adhibita. Quia hae [[pars (mathematica)|partes]] sunt [[mensura]]e [[quantitas|quantitatis]] per quantitatem, eae sunt [[numerus|numeri]] purae, coniunctionibus [[unitas mensurae|unitatum mensurae]] carentes. Notationes usitate adhibitae sunt '''ppm''' (partes per millionem, {{nowrap|10&lt;sup&gt;–6&lt;/sup&gt;}}), '''ppb''' (partes per billionem, {{nowrap|10&lt;sup&gt;–9&lt;/sup&gt;}}), '''ppt''' (partes per trillionem, {{nowrap|10&lt;sup&gt;–12&lt;/sup&gt;}}), et '''ppq''' (partes per quadrillionem, {{nowrap|10&lt;sup&gt;-15&lt;/sup&gt;}}).

== Admonitio ==
Discrepat usus notationis partium-per a norma technica ISO 80000-1:2009, clausa 6.5.5, atque ergo falsus est. Germanae rationum expressiones in quodam [[volumen|volumine]] vel [[massa]]&lt;!-- (h.e. the expression in compliance with technical standards suitable for use in technical documentation)--&gt; rite dantur per potestates [[decem]]&lt;!--powers of ten--&gt; per [[metrum cubicum]] vel per [[chiliogramma]] ubi propriae sunt.

{{NexInt}}
&lt;!--[[International Bureau of Weights and Measures]]{{dubsig}}
* [[International Committee for Weights and Measures]]{{dubsig}}
* [[International Electrotechnical Commission]]{{dubsig}}
* [[International Organization for Standardization]]{{dubsig}}
* [[International System of Units]]{{dubsig}}--&gt;
* [[Centesima]] (pars) (%)
* [[Gradus longi et breves]]
* [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]]
* [[Nomina magnorum numerorum]]
* [[Pars massae]]&lt;!--Mass fraction--&gt;
* [[Pars molis]]&lt;!--Mole fraction--&gt;
* {{Creanda|en|Permille|Millesima}} (pars) (‰)&lt;!--
* [[Basis point|Permyriad]] (?) --&gt;
* [[Praefixa SI]]&lt;!--

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt; --&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{wiktionary|ppm|ppb|ppt|ppq}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120219085015/http://www.etoolsage.com/converter/consistency.asp?toolsort=6000 &quot;Concentration Calculator and Concentration Converter,&quot;] apud situm etoolsage.com.
* [http://www.bipm.org/en/home/ Situs domesticus &quot;International Bureau of Weights and Measures&quot;,] apud situm bipm.org.
* [http://www.nist.gov/ Situs domesticus &quot;National Institute of Standards and Technology,&quot;] apud situm nist.gov.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parts-Per Notation}}
[[Categoria:Chemia]]
[[Categoria:Mensura]]
[[Categoria:Nomenclatura]]
[[Categoria:Numeri]]
[[Categoria:Termini mathematici]]
[[Categoria:Unitates mensurae]]</text>
      <sha1>ihsztllp3rd95ububs60catpz97fthx</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Persei</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>150689</id>
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      <text bytes="1931" sha1="jum1c8ozt3qgagl0dh7iwugqvpwk64y" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:PanoramaProssedi.jpg|thumb|Persei]]
'''Persei'''&lt;ref&gt;http://www.comune.prossedi.lt.it/oc/oc_p_elenco_nofoto.php?x=beddbda2d996ed755c5d0b203bd19f15{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; seu '''Brexei'''&lt;ref&gt;http://www.comune.prossedi.lt.it/oc/oc_p_elenco_nofoto.php?x=beddbda2d996ed755c5d0b203bd19f15{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; (deinde ''Proxedi'', olim fortasse ''Praxedae'' vel ''Praxedes'') ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Prossedi|Prossedi]]'') sunt [[oppidum|oppida]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipia]], circiter 1&amp;thinsp;250 incolarum, in [[Latium|Latio]] [[Regio Italiae|regione]], in [[Latina (provincia)|Provincia Latinensi]] et in media [[Italia]] sitae. Incolae ''Proxedani'' appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Sententia ===
Sententia urbis est: ''Frangar non Flectar''

== Fractio ==
* Pisterzo.

== Municipia finitima ==
* [[Castrum Iuliani]] ([[Frusino (provincia)|FR]]),
* [[Castrum Sancti Laurentii (Latium)|Castrum Sancti Laurentii]] (deinde [[Amasenum]]) ([[Provincia Frusinas|FR]]),
* [[Castrum Sancti Stephani de Valle]] ([[Frusino (provincia)|FR]]),
* [[Magentia]],
* [[Privernum]],
* [[Roccha Sicca Volscorum]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Latium]],
* [[Provincia Latinensis]],
* [[Latina (Italia)|Latina]].

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.comune.prossedi.lt.it/Situs publicus]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}}
{{CommuniaCat|Prossedi|Perseos}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Map of comune of Prossedi (province of Latina, region Lazio, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium Municipii Perseorum in Provincia Latinensi.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Latinae]]</text>
      <sha1>jum1c8ozt3qgagl0dh7iwugqvpwk64y</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Piczotum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="2065" sha1="3g1qawzs6t2t4kvvu3owy3yz7y3ch9p" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
'''Piczotum''' {{victio|Piczotum|i|n}} seu '''Pizzo'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.it/books?id=4EVkhIl-TN4C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=it#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Dizionario geografico-istorico-fisico del regno di Napoli, composto dall'Abate Francesco sacco - Di Francesco Sacco]&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Pizzo|onis|m}} (alia nomina: ''Castrum Piczoni'') ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Pizzone|Pizzone]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 350 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Molisinus|Molisina]] ac in [[Provincia Aesernina]] situm. Incolae ''Piczonenses'' appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Fractiones ==
* Ara Antica,
* Aramerdiara,
* Ommaro,
* Pagliarone.

== Municipia finitima ==
* [[Aufidena Nova]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Alfedena|Alfedena]]'') ([[Provincia Aquilana|AQ]]),
* [[Castrum Sancti Vincentii]] seu [[Castrum Samnie]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Castel San Vincenzo|Castel San Vincenzo]]''),
* [[Fanum Sancti Blasii Sarracinescum]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:San Biagio Saracinisco|San Biagio Saracinisco]]'') ([[Provincia Frusinas|FR]]),
* [[Mons Niger Vallis Coclearia]] (seu [[Mons Niger (Italia)]]) ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Montenero Val Cocchiara|Montenero Val Cocchiara]]''),
* [[Piceniscum]] vel [[Pilzeniscum]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Picinisco|Picinisco]]'') ([[Provincia Frusinas|FR]]).

{{NexInt}}
* [[Molisinus]],
* [[Provincia Aesernina]],
* [[Samnium]],
* [[Aesernia]].

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140810203546/http://www.comune.pizzone.is.it/ Situs publicus] {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}}
{{CommuniaCat|Pizzone|Piczotum}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Map of comune of Pizzone (province of Isernia, region Molise, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium Municipii Piczoti in Provincia Aesernina.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Aeserniae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mons Aquilae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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'''Mons Aquilae'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.it/books?id=4EVkhIl-TN4C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=it#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Dizionario geografico-istorico-fisico del regno di Napoli, composto dall'Abate Francesco sacco - Di Francesco Sacco]&lt;/ref&gt; (alia nomina: ''Mons Aquilus'', ''Castrum Montis Aquili'') ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Montaquila|Montaquila]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 2&amp;thinsp;500 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Molisinus|Molisina]] ac in [[Provincia Aesernina]] situm. Incolae ''Monteaquilani'' appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Fractiones ==
Roccaravindola, Masserie la Corte

== Municipia finitima ==
* [[Colles (Italia)]] (deinde [[Colles ad Vulturnum]] ac [[Colles Vulturnenses]]) ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Colli a Volturno|Colli a Volturno]]''),
* [[Fundilianum]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Filignano|Filignano]]''),
* [[Mons Roduni]] (seu [[Castrum Montis Roduni]], antique [[Rotae]]) ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Monteroduni|Monteroduni]]''),
* [[Puthei]] seu [[Putheoli]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Pozzilli|Pozzilli]]'').

{{NexInt}}
* [[Molisinus]],
* [[Provincia Aesernina]],
* [[Samnium]],
* [[Aesernia]].

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160307152719/http://comune.montaquila.is.it/ Situs publicus] {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}}
{{CommuniaCat|Montaquila|Montem Aquilae}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Map of comune of Montaquila (province of Isernia, region Molise, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium Municipii Montis Aquili in Provincia Aesernina.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Aeserniae]]</text>
      <sha1>oxu2x3vu8bz67co7m1cr5jco739fk8c</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Roccha Siconia</title>
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      <text bytes="1921" sha1="edf02k0uyk737xmwhi1yo7xxkg34yqe" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
'''Roccha Siconia''' ac '''Roccha Siconis''' (alia nomina: ''Roccha Ciconia'', ''Roccha Cicuta'' seu ''Castrum Rocchae Cicutae'', ''Rocca Secura''&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.it/books?id=4EVkhIl-TN4C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=it#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Dizionario geografico-istorico-fisico del regno di Napoli, composto dall'Abate Francesco sacco - Di Francesco Sacco]&lt;/ref&gt;) ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Roccasicura|Roccasicura]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 600 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Molisinus|Molisina]] ac in [[Provincia Aesernina]] situm. Incolae ''Rocchani'' appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Municipia finitima ==
* [[Aesernia]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Isernia|Isernia]]''),
* [[Calvellum]] (seu [[Carauilli]] ac [[Castrum Villicum]]) ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Carovilli|Carovilli]]''),
* [[Castrum Girardi]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Vastogirardi|Vastogirardi]]''),
* [[Forolum]] (deinde [[Foruli]] ac [[Foroli]]) ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Forlì del Sannio|Forlì del Sannio]]''),
* [[Miranda (Italia)]] (seu [[Castrum Mirandae]] ac [[Mirandae]]) ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Miranda (Italia)|Miranda]]'').

{{NexInt}}
* [[Molisinus]],
* [[Provincia Aesernina]],
* [[Samnium]],
* [[Aesernia]].

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160306005545/http://comune.roccasicura.is.it/ Situs publicus] {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}}
{{CommuniaCat|Roccasicura|Roccham Siconiam}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Map of comune of Roccasicura (province of Isernia, region Molise, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium Municipii Rocchae Siconiae in Provincia Aesernina.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Aeserniae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Vestibulum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>152400</id>
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        <id>2059</id>
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      <text bytes="608" sha1="ebi8euoekafflnall51tatuq1r07rg5" xml:space="preserve">{{discretiva}}
'''Vestibulum''' significat:

* In domibus Romanis parvum propatulum sive ostii spatium; postea etiam spatia adeundi [[ecclesia]]rum ac aedium magnarum.
* In [[biologia]]: 
**Sacculus genitalis, qui [[ovipositor]]em [[Insecta|insectorum]] circumdat.
**Infundibulum oris multorum [[Ciliophora|Ciliophorum]].
* In [[anatomia]]:
** [[Vestibulum auris]] quod sensum [[Aequilibrium|aequilibrii]] praebet
** Verbum breviatum pro ''Vestibulo oris'', vide [[cavum oris]].
** Verbum breviatum pro ''Vestibulo nasi'', vide [[nasus]].
** Verbum breviatum pro ''[[Vestibulum vaginae|vestibulo vaginae]]''.</text>
      <sha1>ebi8euoekafflnall51tatuq1r07rg5</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Olympia antiqua</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>152755</id>
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      <text bytes="2689" sha1="p0q2cc16rqbs5lcv93p0mvuyuhou417" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-2}}
{{disambig2|Olympiis antiquis|Olympia hodierna|Olympia (certamina)}}
{{De Religione Graeca}}
'''Olympia antiqua''' ([[Graece]] Ὀλυμπιακοὶ ἀγῶνες '[[ludus|ludi]] Olympici'), vel nostra [[lingua]] '''Olympia''' tantum, fuerunt certamina [[Graecia antiqua|Graeciae antiquae]] maximi momenti, quae inter [[Quattuor Certamina Sacra]] numerabantur. Ab anno [[776 a.C.n.]] usque ad annum [[393]] p.C.n. quoque quinto anno [[Olympias|Olympiade]] exacta [[aestas|aestate]] in sacro lucu [[Olympia (Graecia)|Olympiae]] in [[regio]]ne [[Elis|Elide]] [[Peloponnesus|Peloponnesi]] peragebantur. [[Memoria]] horum [[mos|morum]] ante [[saeculum 6|saeculum sextum]] exstincta est.

== Fontes ==
*[[Pausanias]], libro quinto et sexto ''[[Descriptio Graeciae|Descriptionis Graeciae]]''
*[[Pindarus]], ''Olympica''
* {{Strabo}} VIII.3.30.

== Bibliographia ==
* ''Eine Propaganda-Aktion des Königs Herodes in Olympia.'' [[1972]]. In ''Perspektiven der Sportwissenschaft,'' Jahrbuch der Deutschen Sporthochschule Köln (= ''Kölner Beiträge zur Sportwissenschaft.'' No. 1), p. 160–73.
* David Gribble. [[2012]]. &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/41819995 Alcibiades at the Olympicsː performance, politics and civic ideology]&quot;, ''The Classical Quarterly''ː 45-71
* Zinon Papakonstantinou. [[2003]] &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/43610325 Alcibiades in Olympia: Olympic Ideology, Sport and Social Conflict in Classical Athens]&quot;, ''Journal of Sport History''ː 173-182
* Plekeet, Henri Willy, et Moses I. Finley. [[1964]]. ''The Olympic Games: The first thousand years.'' Londinii.
* Poliakoff, Michael B. [[1989]]. &quot;Kampfsport in der Antike: Das Spiel um Leben und Tod.&quot; Turici / Monaci. ISBN 3-7608-1015-2.
* Sinn, Ulrich. [[2004]]. ''Das antike Olympia: Götter, Spiel und Kunst.'' Monaci. ISBN 3-406-51558-4.
* Swaddling, Judith. [[2004]]. ''Die Olympischen Spiele der Antike.'' Stuttgardiae. ISBN 3-15-018293-X.
* Weiler, Ingomar. [[1981]]. ''Der Sport bei den Völkern der Alten Welt.'' Darmstadiae. ISBN 3-534-07056-9.
* Wünsche, Raimund, ed. [[2004]]. ''Lockender Lorbeer: Sport und Spiel in der Antike.'' Monaci: Ausstellungskatalog. ISBN 3-933200-09-1.

{{NexInt}}
*[[Olympia (Graecia)]]
*[[Pythia (certamina)|Ludi Pythii]]
*[[Taraxippus]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Ancient Olympic Games|Olympia}}
* [http://www.oeoc.at/museum/main.asp?kat1=11&amp;kat2=132&amp;kat3=242&amp;vid=1 Ludi antiqui]
* [http://perseus.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/Olympics/ Expositio a &quot;Perseus Project&quot; facta]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120530040919/http://www.hessonline.de/ Scitu digna imaginibus additis]

[[Categoria:Graecia antiqua]]
[[Categoria:Ludi]]
[[Categoria:Olympia antiqua| ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Monacileo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>154415</id>
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'''Monacileo'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.it/books?id=4EVkhIl-TN4C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=it#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Dizionario geografico-istorico-fisico del regno di Napoli, composto dall'Abate Francesco sacco - Di Francesco Sacco]&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Monacileo|onis|m}} (alia nomina: ''Castrum Monachi Leonis''&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20120228182529/http://www.italiapedia.it/&lt;/ref&gt;, ''Castrum Monacilionis''&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20120228182529/http://www.italiapedia.it/&lt;/ref&gt; ac ''Monacellium''&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20120228182529/http://www.italiapedia.it/&lt;/ref&gt;) ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Monacilioni|Monacilioni]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 600 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Molisium|Molisina]] ac in [[Provincia Campobassensis|Provincia Campobassensi]] situm. Incolae ''Monacilionenses'' appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Municipia finitima ==
* [[Campus Laeti]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Campolieto|Campolieto]]''),
* [[Fanum Sancti Heliae ad Planisium]]) ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Sant'Elia a Pianisi|Sant'Elia a Pianisi]]''),
* [[Fanum Sancti Ioanni de Gualdo]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:San Giovanni in Galdo|San Giovanni in Galdo]]''),
* [[Maccla Vallis Fertoris]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Macchia Valfortore|Macchia Valfortore]]''),
* [[Petra de Castellis]] (deinde [[Petra de Catellis]]) ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Pietracatella|Pietracatella]]''),
* [[Ripa Budonis]] (seu [[Ripa de Brittonis]] ac [[Ripa Budonia]]) ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Ripabottoni|Ripabottoni]]''),
* [[Thorum]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Toro (Italia)|Toro]]'').

{{NexInt}}
* [[Molisium]],
* [[Provincia Campobassensis]],
* [[Samnium]],
* [[Campus Bassus]].

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.comune.monacilioni.cb.it/ Situs Publicus]{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}}
{{CommuniaCat|Monacilioni|Monacileonem}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Map of comune of Monacilioni (province of Campobasso, region Molise, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium Municipii Castri Monachi Leonis in Provincia Campobassensi.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Campi Bassi]]</text>
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    <title>Montorium (Molisium)</title>
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      <text bytes="2164" sha1="hmb2svnt8we428wv6k8m3wy4j00nwij" xml:space="preserve">{{pro pagina discretiva vide|Montorium}}
{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
'''Montorium'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20120228182529/http://www.italiapedia.it/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Giustiniani}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Sacco}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Montorium|ii|n}} (alia nomina: ''Castrum Montorii'',&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ''Montorium Frentanorum''&lt;ref&gt;{{Fontes desiderati}}&lt;/ref&gt;) ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Montorio nei Frentani|Montorio nei Frentani]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 500 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Molisium|Molisina]] ac in [[Provincia Campobassensis|Provincia Campobassensi]] situm. Incolae ''Montorienses'' appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Municipia finitima ==
* [[Arx Calela]] (seu [[Arx Calena]], [[Arx Kalenae]], deinde [[Casa Arcalenda]], [[Casalis de Calenda]] ac [[Casacalenda]]) ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Casacalenda|Casacalenda]]''),
* [[Biniferum]] (seu [[Venefrum]], [[Benefrum]], [[Bonefrum]]) ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Bonefro|Bonefro]]''),
* [[Larinum]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Larino|Larino]]''),
* [[Lorotellum]] (deinde [[Rotellum]]) ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Rotello|Rotello]]''),
* [[Mons Longus]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Montelongo|Montelongo]]''),
* [[Ororium]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Ururi|Ururi]]'').

{{NexInt}}
* [[Molisium]],
* [[Provincia Campobassensis]],
* [[Campus Bassus]].

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140812204713/http://www.comune.montorioneifrentani.cb.it/ Situs Publicus] {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}}
* [http://www.montorioneifrentani.com/ Situs www.montorioneifrentani.com] {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}}
{{CommuniaCat|Montorio nei Frentani|Montorium}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Map of comune of Montorio nei Frentani (province of Campobasso, region Molise, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium Municipii Castri Montorii in Provincia Campobassensi.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Campi Bassi]]</text>
      <sha1>hmb2svnt8we428wv6k8m3wy4j00nwij</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Olivetum (Campania)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157792</id>
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      <text bytes="1645" sha1="8h4jdwrddggsetc6fglovxal2qj7otw" xml:space="preserve">{{pro pagina discretiva vide|Olivetum (discretiva)}}
{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Oliveto Citra.JPG|thumb|Olivetum (Campania)]]
'''Olivetum'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.it/books?id=4EVkhIl-TN4C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=it#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Dizionario geografico-istorico-fisico del regno di Napoli, composto dall'Abate Francesco sacco - Di Francesco Sacco]&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Olivetum|i|n}} (aliud nomen: ''Olivetum de Principatu Citra'') ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Oliveto Citra|Oliveto Citra]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 4&amp;thinsp;000 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Campania]] et in [[Provincia Salernitana]] situm. Incolae ''Olivetani'' appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio ==
=== Fractiones ===
* Casale,
* Dogana,
* Ponte Oliveto,
* Serroni.

== Municipia finitima ==
* [[Sinerchia]] ([[Provincia Abellinas|AV]]),
* [[Campania (Provincia Salernitana)|Campania]],
* [[Collianum]],
* [[Conturtium]],
* [[Valva (Campania)|Valva]]

{{NexInt}}
* [[Campania]] (''regio''),
* [[Provincia Salernitana]],
* [[Salernum]] (''urbs''),
* [[Municipium Italiae]].

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120123044022/http://www.comune.oliveto-citra.sa.it/ Situs publicus] {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}}
{{communiaCat|Oliveto Citra|Olivetum}}&lt;!--

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Oliveto Citra pos SA.gif|Collocatio finium Municipii in Provincia Salernitana.
&lt;/gallery&gt;--&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Salerni]]</text>
      <sha1>8h4jdwrddggsetc6fglovxal2qj7otw</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Rondanina</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>159987</id>
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      <text bytes="1650" sha1="64h9wxkdiwb54rfy988m5pz60l06rkl" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Rondanina - vista panoramica.jpg|thumb|Rondanina]]
'''Rondanina'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Godefridus Casalis}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Rondanina|ae|f}} (seu ''Hirundinina''&lt;ref&gt;[[Neologismus]]&lt;/ref&gt;) ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Rondanina|Rondanina]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 70 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Liguria]] et in [[Urbs metropolitana Genuensis|Urbe metropolitana Genuensi]] situm. Incolae ''Rondaninenses'' appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Clari cives ==
== Ecclesia Catholica Romana ==
* [[Dioecesis Derthonensis]],

== Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio ==
=== Fractiones ===
''Conio Avena, Costalunga, Fontanasse, Giardino, Gorreto dei Ballini, Maiada, Retezzo''.

== Municipia finitima ==
''Fascia, Montebruno, Propata, Torriglia''.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Liguria]]m (''regio''),
* [[Urbs metropolitana Genuensis|Urbem metropolitanam Genuensem]],
* [[Provincia Genuensis|Provinciam Genuensem]] (''provincia abrogata''),
* [[Genua]]m (''urbs''),
* [[Municipium Italiae]].

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121207213010/http://www.comune.rondanina.ge.it/ Situs Publicus] {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}}
{{CommuniaCat|Rondanina|Rondaninam}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Map of comune of Rondanina (province of Genoa, region Liguria, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium Municipii in Urbe metropolitana Genuensi.
Imago:Rondanina-IMG 0556.JPG|
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in Urbe metropolitana Genuensi]]</text>
      <sha1>64h9wxkdiwb54rfy988m5pz60l06rkl</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nigro</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>160026</id>
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      <text bytes="1596" sha1="pz3ghfpsaalikfek8t5uqnhpk31nlja" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Neirone-panorama.jpg|thumb|Nigro]]
'''Nigro'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Godefridus Casalis}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Nigro|onis|m}} ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Neirone|Neirone]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 980 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Liguria]] et in [[Urbs metropolitana Genuensis|Urbe metropolitana Genuensi]] situm. Incolae ''Nigronenses'' appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Clari cives ==
== Ecclesia Catholica Romana ==
* [[Dioecesis Clavarensis]],

== Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio ==
=== Fractiones ===
''Donega, Ognio, Roccatagliata, San Marco d'Urri''.

== Municipia finitima ==
''Favale di Malvaro, Lorsica, Lumarzo, Moconesi, Torriglia, Tribogna, Uscio''.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Liguria]]m (''regio''),
* [[Urbs metropolitana Genuensis|Urbem metropolitanam Genuensem]],
* [[Provincia Genuensis|Provinciam Genuensem]] (''provincia abrogata''),
* [[Genua]]m (''urbs''),
* [[Municipium Italiae]].

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141129060221/http://www.comune.neirone.ge.it/ Situs Publicus] {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}}
{{CommuniaCat|Neirone|Nigronem}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Map of comune of Neirone (province of Genoa, region Liguria, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium Municipii in Urbe metropolitana Genuensi.
Imago:Neirone-monumento caduti.jpg|Sacellum militibus caesis.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in Urbe metropolitana Genuensi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Provincia Tarraconensis</title>
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    <id>160147</id>
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      <text bytes="13110" sha1="3bxiuo0bve7f1v34ljt9qt2utg5sdqn" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}
'''Provincia Tarraconensis''' ([[Catalanice]] ''Província de Tarragona'') est una ex quattuor [[Catalaunia]]e provinciis, cui anno [[2023]] 848&amp;thinsp;592 [[incola]]e sunt, quorum circiter sexta eius pars domicilium [[Tarracona]]e habent.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.idescat.cat/poblacioestrangera/?b=0&amp;geo=prov:43 Idescat. &quot;Població a 1 de gener. Total i estrangera. Província: Tarragona.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Marchiae==
Provinciae Tarraconensi hae decem marchiae (Catalanice ''comarques'') sunt:
* [[Alt Camp]]
* [[Baix Camp]]
* [[Baix Ebre]]
* [[Baix Penedès]]
* [[Conca de Barberà]]
* [[Ribera d'Ebre]]
* [[Montsià]]
* [[Priorat]]
* [[Tarragonès]]
* [[Terra Alta (Catalaunia|Terra Alta ]]

== Provinciae communia==
{{In progressu}}
[[Fasciculus:Tarragona - Mapa municipal.svg|thumb|Provinciae communium tabula.]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;
! Nomen [[Latine|Latinum]]
! Nomen [[Catalanice|Catalanum]]
! Incolae (2007)
|-
| [[Aiguamúrcia]]
| [[Aiguamúrcia]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 864
|-
| [[Albinyana]]
| [[Albinyana]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2200
|-
| [[L'Albiol]]
| [[L'Albiol]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 377
|-
| [[Alcanar]]
| [[Alcanar]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 9969
|-
| [[Alcover]]
| [[Alcover]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4731
|-
| [[L'Aldea]]
| [[L'Aldea]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3927
|-
| [[Aldover]]
| [[Aldover]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 946
|-
| [[L'Aleixar]]
| [[L'Aleixar]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 862
|-
| [[Alfara de Carles]]
| [[Alfara de Carles]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 389
|-
| [[Alforja]]
| [[Alforja]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1730
|-
| [[Alió]]
| [[Alió]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 368
|-
| [[Almoster]]
| [[Almoster]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1.286
|-
| [[Altafulla]]
| [[Altafulla]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4.415
|-
| [[L'Ametlla de Mar]]
| [[L'Ametlla de Mar]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7071
|-
| [[L'Ampolla]]
| [[L'Ampolla]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2662
|-
| [[Amposta]]
| [[Amposta]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 19&amp;thinsp;805
|-
| [[L'Arboç]]
| [[L'Arboç]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5377
|-
| [[L'Arbolí]]
| [[L'Arbolí]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 113
|-
| [[L'Argentera]]
| [[L'Argentera]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 143
|-
| Arnes
| Arnes
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 497
|-
| [[Ascó]]
| [[Ascó]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1616
|-
| [[Banyeres del Penedès]]
| [[Banyeres del Penedès]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2696
|-
| [[Barberà de la Conca]]
| [[Barberà de la Conca]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 513
|-
| [[Batea]]
| [[Batea]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2112
|-
| [[Bellmunt del Priorat]]
| [[Bellmunt del Priorat]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 336
|-
| [[Bellvei]]
| [[Bellvei]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1840
|-
| [[Benifallet]]
| [[Benifallet]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 808
|-
| [[Benissanet]]
| [[Benissanet]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1249
|-
| [[La Bisbal de Falset]]
| [[La Bisbal de Falset]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 245
|-
| [[La Bisbal del Penedès]]
| [[La Bisbal del Penedès]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2680
|-
| [[Blancafort]]
| [[Blancafort]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 415
|-
| [[Bonastre]]
| [[Bonastre]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 584
|-
| [[Les Borges del Camp]]
| [[Les Borges del Camp]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1965
|-
| [[Bot]]
| [[Bot]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 727
|-
| [[Botarell]]
| [[Botarell]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 998
|-
| [[Bràfim]]
| [[Bràfim]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 674
|-
| [[Cabacés]]
| [[Cabacés]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 343
|-
| [[Cabra del Camp]]
| [[Cabra del Camp]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1011
|-
| [[Calafell]]
| [[Calafell]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 21&amp;thinsp;871
|-
| [[Camarles]]
| [[Camarles]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3479
|-
| [[Cambrils]]
| [[Cambrils]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 32&amp;thinsp;422
|-
| [[La Canonja]]
| [[La Canonja]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4&amp;thinsp;991
|-
| [[Capafonts]]
| [[Capafonts]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 122
|-
| [[Capçanes]]
| [[Capçanes]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 401
|-
| [[Caseres]]
| [[Caseres]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 307
|-
| [[Castellvell del Camp]]
| [[Castellvell del Camp]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2474
|-
| [[El Catllar]]
| [[El Catllar]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3751
|-
| [[La Sénia]]
| [[La Sénia]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6108
|-
| [[Xerta]]
| [[Xerta]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1296
|-
| [[Colldejou]]
| [[Colldejou]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 187
|-
| [[Conesa]]
| [[Conesa]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 137
|-
| Villa Constantina/Constantinus&lt;ref&gt;[https://oncat.iec.cat/veuredoc.asp?id=15248 Onomasticon Cataloniae - Joan Coromines - Versió digital - Institut d'Estudis Catalans (iec.cat)]&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Constantí]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6183
|-
| [[Corbera d'Ebre]]
| [[Corbera d'Ebre]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1161
|-
| [[Cornudella de Montsant]]
| [[Cornudella de Montsant]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1006
|-
| [[Creixell]]
| [[Creixell]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2952
|-
| [[Cunit]]
| [[Cunit]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 11&amp;thinsp;102
|-
| [[Deltebre]]
| [[Deltebre]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 11&amp;thinsp;063
|-
| [[Duesaigües]]
| [[Duesaigües]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 234
|-
| [[L'Espluga de Francolí]]
| [[L'Espluga de Francolí]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3891
|-
| [[Falset]]
| [[Falset]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2742
|-
| [[La Fatarella]]
| [[La Fatarella]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1170
|-
| [[La Febró]]
| [[La Febró]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 56
|-
| [[La Figuera]]
| [[La Figuera]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 164
|-
| [[Figuerola del Camp]]
| [[Figuerola del Camp]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 330
|-
| [[Flix]]
| [[Flix]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4006
|-
| [[Forès]]
| [[Forès]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 55
|-
| [[Freginals]]
| [[Freginals]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 451
|-
| [[La Galera]]
| [[La Galera]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 852
|-
| [[Gandesa]]
| [[Gandesa]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3040
|-
| [[Garcia]]
| [[Garcia]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 553
|-
| [[Els Garidells]]
| [[Els Garidells]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 198
|-
| [[Ginestar]]
| [[Ginestar]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1052
|-
| [[Godall]]
| [[Godall]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 817
|-
| [[Gratallops]]
| [[Gratallops]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 253
|-
| [[Els Guiamets]]
| [[Els Guiamets]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 332
|-
| [[Horta de Sant Joan]]
| [[Horta de Sant Joan]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1253
|-
| [[El Lloar]]
| [[El Lloar]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 113
|-
| [[Llorac]]
| [[Llorac]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 113
|-
| [[Llorenç del Penedès]]
| [[Llorenç del Penedès]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2085
|-
| [[Margalef]]
| [[Margalef]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 122
|-
| [[Marçà]]
| [[Marçà]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 662
|-
| [[Mas de Barberans]]
| [[Mas de Barberans]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 667
|-
| [[Masdenverge]]
| [[Masdenverge]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1098
|-
| [[Masllorenç]]
| [[Masllorenç]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 503
|-
| [[La Masó]]
| [[La Masó]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 287
|-
| [[Maspujols]]
| [[Maspujols]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 542
|-
| [[El Masroig]]
| [[El Masroig]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 525
|-
| [[El Milà]]
| [[El Milà]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 177
|-
| [[Miravet]]
| [[Miravet]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 795
|-
| [[El Molar]]
| [[El Molar]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 290
|-
| [[Montblanc]]
| [[Montblanc]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6818
|-
| [[Montbrió del Camp]]
| [[Montbrió del Camp]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1917
|-
| [[Montferri]]
| [[Montferri]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 323
|-
| [[El Montmell]]
| [[El Montmell]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1341
|-
| [[Mont-ral]]
| [[Mont-ral]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 182
|-
| [[Mont-roig del Camp]]
| [[Mont-roig del Camp]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 10&amp;thinsp;292
|-
| [[Móra d'Ebre]]
| [[Móra d'Ebre]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5232
|-
| [[Móra la Nova]]
| [[Móra la Nova]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3189
|-
| [[El Morell]]
| [[El Morell]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2855
|-
| [[La Morera de Montsant]]
| [[La Morera de Montsant]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 157
|-
| [[La Nou de Gaià]]
| [[La Nou de Gaià]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 461
|-
| [[Nulles]]
| [[Nulles]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 414
|-
| [[La Palma d'Ebre]]
| [[La Palma d'Ebre]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 421
|-
| [[Els Pallaresos]]
| [[Els Pallaresos]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3538
|-
| [[Passanant i Belltall]]
| [[Passanant i Belltall]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 194
|-
| [[Paüls]]
| [[Paüls]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 607
|-
| [[Perafort]]
| [[Perafort]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 996
|-
| [[El Perelló]]
| [[El Perelló]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2895
|-
| [[Les Piles]]
| [[Les Piles]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 201
|-
| [[El Pinell de Brai]]
| [[El Pinell de Brai]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1126
|-
| [[Pira]]
| [[Pira]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 488
|-
| [[El Pla de Santa Maria]]
| [[El Pla de Santa Maria]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2045
|-
| [[La Pobla de Mafumet]]
| [[La Pobla de Mafumet]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1734
|-
| [[La Pobla de Massaluca]]
| [[La Pobla de Massaluca]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 396
|-
| [[La Pobla de Montornès]]
| [[La Pobla de Montornès]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2568
|-
| [[Poboleda]]
| [[Poboleda]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 354
|-
| [[El Pont d'Armentera]]
| [[El Pont d'Armentera]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 604
|-
| [[Pontils]]
| [[Pontils]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 146
|-
| [[Porrera]]
| [[Porrera]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 477
|-
| [[Pradell de la Teixeta]]
| [[Pradell de la Teixeta]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 169
|-
| [[Prades]]
| [[Prades]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 649
|-
| [[Prat de Comte]]
| [[Prat de Comte]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 193
|-
| [[Pratdip]]
| [[Pratdip]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 760
|-
| [[Puigpelat]]
| [[Puigpelat]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 891
|-
| [[Querol]]
| [[Querol]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 533
|-
| [[Rasquera]]
| [[Rasquera]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 934
|-
| [[Renau]]
| [[Renau]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 88
|-
| [[Reddis]]
| [[Reus (urbs)|Reus]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 104&amp;thinsp;835
|-
| [[La Riba]]
| [[La Riba]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 710
|-
| [[Riba-roja d'Ebre]]
| [[Riba-roja d'Ebre]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1332
|-
| [[La Riera de Gaià]]
| [[La Riera de Gaià]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1453
|-
| [[Riudecanyes]]
| [[Riudecanyes]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 973
|-
| [[Riudecols]]
| [[Riudecols]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1194
|-
| [[Riudoms]]
| [[Riudoms]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6149
|-
| [[Rocafort de Queralt]]
| [[Rocafort de Queralt]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 271
|-
| [[Roda de Barà]]
| [[Roda de Barà]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5586
|-
| [[Rodonyà]]
| [[Rodonyà]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 504
|-
| [[Roquetes]]
| [[Roquetes]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7689
|-
| [[El Rourell]]
| [[El Rourell]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 362
|-
| [[Salomó]]
| [[Salomó]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 445
|-
| [[Salou]]
| [[Salou]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 23&amp;thinsp;398
|-
| [[Sant Carles de la Ràpita]]
| [[Sant Carles de la Ràpita]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 14&amp;thinsp;262
|-
| [[Sant Jaume d'Enveja]]
| [[Sant Jaume d'Enveja]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3434
|-
| [[Sant Jaume dels Domenys]]
| [[Sant Jaume dels Domenys]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2136
|-
| [[Santa Bàrbara]]
| [[Santa Bàrbara]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3805
|-
| [[Santa Coloma de Queralt]]
| [[Santa Coloma de Queralt]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3058
|-
| [[Santa Oliva]]
| [[Santa Oliva]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2988
|-
| [[Sarral]]
| [[Sarral]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1660
|-
| [[Savallà del Comtat]]
| [[Savallà del Comtat]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 71
|-
| [[La Secuita]]
| [[La Secuita]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1363
|-
| [[La Selva del Camp]]
| [[La Selva del Camp]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5097
|-
| [[Senan]]
| [[Senan]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 54
|-
| [[Solivella]]
| [[Solivella]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 686
|-
| [[Tarraco]]
| [[Tarraco]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 154&amp;thinsp;163
|-
| [[Tivenys]]
| [[Tivenys]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 926
|-
| [[Tivissa]]
| [[Tivissa]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1781
|-
| [[La Torre de Fontaubella]]
| [[La Torre de Fontaubella]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 137
|-
| [[La Torre de l'Espanyol]]
| [[La Torre de l'Espanyol]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 681
|-
| [[Torredembarra]]
| [[Torredembarra]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 14&amp;thinsp;524
|-
| [[Torroja del Priorat]]
| [[Torroja del Priorat]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 147
|-
| [[Tortosa]]
| [[Tortosa]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 34&amp;thinsp;832
|-
| [[Ulldecona]]
| [[Ulldecona]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6566
|-
| [[Ulldemolins]]
| [[Ulldemolins]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 493
|-
| [[Vallclara|Biclara]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20250612032030/https://oncat.iec.cat/veuredoc.asp?id=45718 Onomasticon Cataloniae - Joan Coromines - Versió digital - Institut d'Estudis Catalans (iec.cat)]&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Vallclara]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 118
|-
| [[Vallfogona de Riucorb]]
| [[Vallfogona de Riucorb]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 158
|-
| [[Vallmoll]]
| [[Vallmoll]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1529
|-
| [[Valls]]
| [[Valls]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 23&amp;thinsp;948
|-
| [[Vandellòs i l'Hospitalet de l'Infant]]
| [[Vandellòs i l'Hospitalet de l'Infant]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5420
|-
| [[El Vendrell]]
| [[El Vendrell]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 33&amp;thinsp;340
|-
| [[Vespella de Gaià]]
| [[Vespella de Gaià]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 379
|-
| [[Vilabella]]
| [[Vilabella]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 789
|-
| [[Vilallonga del Camp]]
| [[Vilallonga del Camp]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1631
|-
| [[Vilanova de Prades]]
| [[Vilanova de Prades]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 144
|-
| [[Vilanova d'Escornalbou]]
| [[Vilanova de Escornalbou]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 502
|-
| [[Vilaplana]]
| [[Vilaplana]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 613
|-
| [[Vila-seca]]
| [[Vila-seca]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 18&amp;thinsp;678
|-
| [[Vilaverd]]
| [[Vilaverd]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 473
|-
| [[La Vilella Alta]]
| [[La Vilella Alta]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 115
|-
| [[La Vilella Baixa]]
| [[La Vilella Baixa]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 202
|-
| [[Vilalba dels Arcs]]
| [[Vilalba dels Arcs]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 737
|-
| [[Vila-rodona]]
| [[Vila-rodona]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1112
|-
| [[Vimbodí i Poblet]]
| [[Vimbodí i Poblet]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1050
|-
| [[Vinebre]]
| [[Vinebre]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 478
|-
| [[Vinyols i els Arcs]]
| [[Vinyols i els Arcs]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1594
|}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Provinciae Hispanae}}
[[Categoria:Catalonia|Tarraconensis]]
[[Categoria:Provinciae Hispaniae|Tarraconensis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Saint-Vaast-en-Auge</title>
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      <text bytes="771" sha1="fxn0cfb178j15ajcf1oro7gdg3jifyk" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Saint-Vaast (Église).jpg |thumb|300px|Saint-Sylvain: [[ecclesia]]]]

''' Saint-Sylvain''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 101 incolarum (anno [[2009]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Calva Dorsa|Calvorum Dorsorum]] in regione [[Normannia Inferior]]i.
{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Calvorum Dorsorum]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Saint-Vaast-en-Auge|Saint-Sylvain}}
* {{INSEE commune|14660|de=Saint-Sylvain}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090626021428/http://www.copadoz.fr/Saint-Vaast-en-Auge,1,13,89.html Pagina Saint-Sylvain dicata apud Societatis Communium paginas interretiales]
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Rupis Calvadosiae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Rupis Calvadosiae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sant Feliu de Guíxols</title>
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      <text bytes="1707" sha1="enmulr94nn1aby09thxgj1p9glfja8m" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
'''Sant Feliu de Guíxols''' (sic [[Lingua Catalana|Catalane]]; [[Latine]] attestatum: '''Gissalis''' vel '''Iecsalis''')&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240419174248/https://oncat.iec.cat/veuredoc.asp?id=21380 Onomasticon Cataloniae - Joan Coromines - Versió digital - Institut d'Estudis Catalans (iec.cat)]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240329175527/https://www.ine.es/nomen2/index.do?accion=busquedaAvanzada&amp;entidad_amb=no&amp;codProv=17&amp;codMuni=160&amp;codEC=0&amp;codES=0&amp;codNUC=0&amp;denominacion_op=like&amp;denominacion_txt=&amp;L=0 INE: &quot;Sant Feliu de Guíxols&quot; (Hispanice)]&lt;/ref&gt; est [[commune]] [[Hispania|Hispanicum]] in [[Catalaunia]]e [[Provincia Gerundensis|Provincia Gerundensi]] situm, cui anno 2023 22 643 incolarum sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://www.idescat.cat/cercador/?q=sant+feliu+de+guixols&amp;utm_campaign=home&amp;utm_medium=cercador&amp;utm_source=general#gsc.tab=0&amp;gsc.q=sant%20feliu%20de%20guixols&amp;gsc.page=1 Idescat. Cercador: «sant feliu de guixols»]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Superficiei urbis sunt [[Chiliometrum quadratum|chilometra quadrata]] sedecim viginta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Vici urbani ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Vici
!Incolae
|-
|la Casa Nova
|123
|-
|Urbanització de Mas Trempat
|34
|-
|Pedralta
|34
|-
|Puntabrava
|27
|-
|Sant Amanç
|142
|-
|'''Sant Feliu de Guíxols'''
|21 293
|-
|el Vilar d'Aro
|85
|-
|les Bateries
|76
|}
[[Fasciculus:Casino Sant Feliu de Guíxols.jpg| left|300 px |thumb|[[Aleatorium]] urbis.]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Communia|Sant Feliu de Guíxols|Sant Feliu de Guíxols}}
* [http://www.guixols.net/ Communis pagina interretialis]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Catalonia]]
[[Categoria:Urbes Hispaniae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rhoda (Hispania)</title>
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      <text bytes="1617" sha1="cxozqg2bw254xxviglv5p24dyc296a6" xml:space="preserve">{{videdis|Rhoda}}
{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus: Roses.png|thumb|Conlocatio communis in [[Provincia Gerundensis| Provincia Gerundensi]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Roses mit Sporthafen.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Despectus in oppidum Rhodam et eius [[portus|portum]].]]
'''Rhoda'''&lt;ref&gt;Lexicon Lewis &amp; Short, s.v. &quot;[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3DRhoda Rhoda]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;, vel '''Rhodas'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240419113156/https://oncat.iec.cat/veuredoc.asp?id=35548 Onomasticon Cataloniae - Joan Coromines - Versió digital - Institut d'Estudis Catalans (iec.cat)].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Catalaunice]] ''Roses''), est [[commune]] [[Hispania|Hispanicum]] in [[Catalaunia]]e [[Provincia Gerundensis|Provincia Gerundensi]] situm, cui 19&amp;thinsp;984 incolarum anno [[2023]] erant.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.idescat.cat/emex/?id=171523&amp;utm_campaign=cercador&amp;utm_medium=sugg&amp;utm_source=Idescat&amp;utm_term=roses&amp;utm_content=emex Idescat. El municipi en xifres. Roses (Alt Empordà)]&lt;/ref&gt;

Primum fuit colonia [[Graecia|Graeca]], ''Rhoda'' (Ῥόδη) vel ''Rhodus'' (Ῥόδος) appellata.&lt;ref&gt;Henrici Thurston Peck ''Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities'' (Novi Eboraci apud Harper and Brothers, 1898), s.v. &quot;[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=rhoda-harpers&amp;highlight=rhoda Rhoda]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Roses, Girona|Rhodam}}
* [http://www.roses.cat/ Communis pagina interretialis]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Catalonia]]
[[Categoria:Urbes Hispaniae]]
[[Categoria:Urbes Graecae antiquae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Saint-Jouin</title>
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      <text bytes="667" sha1="e3mmecs5wmfm8c44hvzufu76pgurhjs" xml:space="preserve">''' Saint-Jouin''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 200 incolarum (anno [[2009]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Calva Dorsa|Calvorum Dorsorum]] in regione [[Normannia Inferior]]i.
{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Calvorum Dorsorum]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Saint-Jouin|Saint-Jouin}}
* {{INSEE commune|14598|de=Saint-Jouin}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081113211608/http://www.copadoz.fr/fiche_carte.php?id_fiche=22 Pagina Saint-Jouin dicata apud Societatis Communium paginas interretiales]
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Rupis Calvadosiae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Rupis Calvadosiae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Saint-Gatien-des-Bois</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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''' Saint-Gatien-des-Bois''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 1359 incolarum (anno [[2009]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Calva Dorsa|Calvorum Dorsorum]] in regione [[Normannia Inferior]]i.
{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Calvorum Dorsorum]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Saint-Gatien-des-Bois|Saint-Gatien-des-Bois}}
* {{INSEE commune|14578|de=Saint-Gatien-des-Bois}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200426134739/http://www.saintgatiendesbois.fr/ Saint-Gatien-des-Bois pagina interretialis]
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Rupis Calvadosiae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Rupis Calvadosiae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Putot-en-Auge</title>
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''' Putot-en-Auge''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 289 incolarum (anno [[2009]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Calva Dorsa|Calvorum Dorsorum]] in regione [[Normannia Inferior]]i.
{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Calvorum Dorsorum]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Putot-en-Auge|Putot-en-Auge}}
* {{INSEE commune|14524|de=Putot-en-Auge}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090626021418/http://www.copadoz.fr/Putot-en-Auge,1,13,86.html Putot-en-Auge pagina interretialis]
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Rupis Calvadosiae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Rupis Calvadosiae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Circulus Holtisminnensis</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-02T18:55:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3976623</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4331" sha1="d02nso1p3d6ioe4xwvbsx5lyidfa5x3" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

'''Circulus Holtisminnensis'''&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Holtisminnensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Holzminden'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Holtisminni]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Holtisminnensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Holzminden''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Holzminden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Holtsminne''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], die [[12 Octobris]] [[1832]] a [[Gulielmus (Dux Brunsvici)|Gulielmo]] duce [[Ducatus Brunsvici|Brunsvici]] conditus est. Caput circuli urbs [[Holtisminni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;  est.

== Historia ==
Circulus primo ad Ducatum, deinde ad [[Res Publica Brunsvicum|Rem Publicam Brunsvicum]] pertinebat. A die [[1 Novembris]] [[1941]] circulus Holtisminnensis pars provinciae Hannoverae [[Borussia]]e erat. Anno [[1945]] ad terram Hannoveram, ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. Hodie disputatur, an circulus cum finitimo [[Circulus terrae Northemiensis|Circulo Northemiensi]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Northemiensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Northeim'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Northemiensis-e&quot; ad urbem [[Northemium]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/wassenberg1/Wassenberg_florus.html ''FLORUS GERMANICUS''] , ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Et VVolferbytum, Northemium, Steinbruggam, Nienburgum (...) Primo vere Tillius tribunos suos Northemium misit (...) Caesaeriani Northemium expugnant (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; coniungendus sit.

== Communia circuli ==
[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in HOL.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Holtisminnensi.]]
Circulus Holtisminnensis 32 communia habet, quae maxima parte ad &quot;communia generalia&quot; (Theodisce &quot;Samtgemeinden&quot;) coniuncta sunt. Haec sunt:

* [[Delligsen]] (8142 incolae)
* [[Holtisminni]] urbs, caput circuli (19.939)

* [[Bevernense Castrum (commune generale)|Bevernense Castrum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bevern''), commune generale (6056)
** [[Bevernense Castrum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bevern'') (3946)
** [[Golmbach]] (979)
** [[Holenberg]] (440)
** [[Negenborn]] (691)

* [[Bodenwerder-Polle]], commune generale (15.375)
** [[Bodenwerder]] urbs (5546)
** [[Brevörde]] (718)
** [[Halle (Holtisminni)|Halle]] (1590)
** [[Hehlen]] (1912)
** [[Heinsen]] (861)
** [[Heyen]] (482)
** [[Kirchbrak]] (1089)
** [[Ottenstein]] (1189)
** [[Pegestorf]] (428)
** [[Polle]] (1102)
** [[Vahlbruch]] (458)

* [[Boffzen (commune generale)|Boffzen]], commune generale (7042)
** [[Boffzen]] (2701)
** [[Derental]] (671)
** [[Fürstenberg]] (1167)
** [[Lauenförde]] (2503)

* [[Eschershausen-Stadtoldendorf]], commune generale (15.375)
** [[Aroldishusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;&gt;Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Parochiarum ditionis Corbeiensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.&lt;/ref&gt; (391)
** [[Deensen]] (1511)
** [[Dielmissen]] (812)
** [[Eimen]] (996)
** [[Eschershausen]], urbs (3415)
** [[Heinade]] (920)
** [[Holzen]] (629)
** [[Lenne]] (673)
** [[Lüerdissen]] (448)
** [[Stadtoldendorf]] (5457)
** [[Wangelnstedt]] (617)

Praeterea sunt loca quaedam, quae ad nullum commune pertinent. Quae omnia hominibus deserta sunt:

* Boffzen (23,40 km²)
* Eimen (12,91 km²)
* Eschershausen (4,92 km²)
* Grünenplan (22,71 km²)
* [[Holtisminni]] (15,01 km²)
* Merxhausen (22,50 km²)
* Wenzen (15,84 km²)

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

{{geo-stipula}}

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris|Holtisminni]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1832]]</text>
      <sha1>d02nso1p3d6ioe4xwvbsx5lyidfa5x3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Castrum Bevernense (commune generale)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>166279</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3976611</id>
      <parentid>3712249</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T18:36:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Bevern (commune generale)]] ad [[Castrum Bevernense (commune generale)]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
      <origin>3712249</origin>
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      <text bytes="830" sha1="emwwlirulmg5m85jy2z819r1jz77mff" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
'''Bevern''' commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|circulo Holtisminnensi]] est.

== Historia ==
Die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[1973]] commune generale Bevern constitutum est, cum [[Bevern]] atque vici [[Golmbach]], [[Holenberg]] [[Negenborn]]que coniuncti sunt&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120811010729/http://www.samtgemeinde-bevern.de/de/samtgemeinde-bevern/gemeinde/gemeindeinformationen/06-zahlen-daten-fakten.php Pagina interretialis Bevern de communi condendo]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Communia ad Bevern pertinentes ==
* [[Bevern]] (3946 incolae, sedes administrationis)
* [[Golmbach]] (979)
* [[Holenberg]] (440)
* [[Negenborn]] (691)

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1973]]</text>
      <sha1>emwwlirulmg5m85jy2z819r1jz77mff</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3976614</id>
      <parentid>3976611</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T18:38:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3976614</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1126" sha1="3mp4udofzxqqhecnl6gaxhhjpy0aj3y" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
'''Bevernense Castrum'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bevern'') commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|circulo Holtisminnensi]] est.

== Historia ==
Die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[1973]] commune generale Bevern constitutum est, cum [[Bevernense Castrum|Bevernensi Castro]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; atque communia [[Golmbach]], [[Holenberg]] [[Negenborn]]que coniuncta sunt&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120811010729/http://www.samtgemeinde-bevern.de/de/samtgemeinde-bevern/gemeinde/gemeindeinformationen/06-zahlen-daten-fakten.php Pagina interretialis Bevern de communi condendo]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Communia ad Bevern pertinentes ==
* [[Bevernense Castrum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bevern'') (3946 incolae, sedes administrationis)
* [[Golmbach]] (979)
* [[Holenberg]] (440)
* [[Negenborn]] (691)

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1973]]</text>
      <sha1>3mp4udofzxqqhecnl6gaxhhjpy0aj3y</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bevernense Castrum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>166327</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3976604</id>
      <parentid>3976503</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T17:56:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3976604</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1822" sha1="h00qnvl5t21etzhh6b2106342np7yqb" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Schloss Bevern 2012.JPG|thumb|left|Bevernense Castrum.]]
'''Bevernense Castrum'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bevern'') est oppidum in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e meridionali in [[circulus terrae|circulo terrae]] [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|Holtisminnensi]] situm. Ad Bevernense Castrum etiam vici [[Telmerium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;A&quot;&gt;Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden'' (K. Casemir &amp; U. Ohainski, Ed.). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Dölme''), [[Lohbachum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;B&quot;&gt;Berger, F. (1992). ''Untersuchungen zu den Fundmünzen der römischen Kaiserzeit in Westfalen und Niedersachsen''. Reiss-Museum..&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Lobach''), [[Lutkenada]]&lt;ref name=&quot;H&quot;&gt;Historische Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen (1985). ''Braunschweigische Heimat: Bände 71–72''. Appelhans Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Lütgenade'') atque [[Radilofeshusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;AW&quot;&gt;Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden'' (K. Casemir &amp; U. Ohainski, Ed.). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte. &lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Reileifzen'') pertinent.

== Historia ==
Bevernense Castrum anno [[822]]/[[850]] primo in actis descriptum est. Anno [[1973]] Bevernense Castrum ad [[Bevernense Castrum (commune generale)|Bevernense Castrum]] commune generale accessit, cuius etiam maximum oppidum atque sedes administrationis est.

== Cives noti ==
=== Nati ===
* 1955 - [[Henrica Baehrens]], rerum politicarum perita factionis [[SPD]].

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Bevern (Landkreis Holzminden)|Bevernense Castrum}}
* [http://www.bevern.de Pagina officialis]

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 9]]</text>
      <sha1>h00qnvl5t21etzhh6b2106342np7yqb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3976605</id>
      <parentid>3976604</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T17:58:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3976605</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1848" sha1="c274a2klckhwl434chnbnre3gw9poan" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Schloss Bevern 2012.JPG|thumb|left|Bevernense Castrum.]]
'''Bevernense Castrum'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bevern'') est oppidum in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e meridionali in [[circulus terrae|circulo terrae]] [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|Holtisminnensi]] situm. Ad Bevernense Castrum etiam vici [[Telmerium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;A&quot;&gt;Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden'' (K. Casemir &amp; U. Ohainski, Ed.). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Dölme''), [[Lohbachum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;B&quot;&gt;Berger, F. (1992). ''Untersuchungen zu den Fundmünzen der römischen Kaiserzeit in Westfalen und Niedersachsen''. Reiss-Museum..&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Lobach''), [[Lutkenada]]&lt;ref name=&quot;H&quot;&gt;Historische Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen (1985). ''Braunschweigische Heimat: Bände 71–72''. Appelhans Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Lütgenade'') atque [[Radilofeshusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;AW&quot;&gt;Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden'' (K. Casemir &amp; U. Ohainski, Ed.). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte. &lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Reileifzen'') pertinent.

== Historia ==
Bevernense Castrum anno [[822]]/[[850]] primo in actis descriptum est. Anno [[1973]] Bevernense Castrum ad [[Bevernense Castrum (commune generale)|Bevernense Castrum]] commune generale accessit, cuius etiam maximum oppidum atque sedes administrationis est.

== Cives noti ==
=== Nati ===
* 1955 - [[Henrica Baehrens]], rerum politicarum perita factionis [[SPD]].

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Bevern (Landkreis Holzminden)|Bevernense Castrum}}
* [http://www.bevern.de Pagina officialis]

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 9]]</text>
      <sha1>c274a2klckhwl434chnbnre3gw9poan</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3976606</id>
      <parentid>3976605</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T17:59:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3976606</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1682" sha1="fcserzk0t6vt5zcm580nb4kfsshptic" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Schloss Bevern 2012.JPG|thumb|left|Bevernense Castrum.]]
'''Bevernense Castrum'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bevern'') est oppidum in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e meridionali in [[circulus terrae|circulo terrae]] [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|Holtisminnensi]] situm. Ad Bevernense Castrum etiam vici [[Telmerium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;A&quot;&gt;Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden'' (K. Casemir &amp; U. Ohainski, Ed.). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Dölme''), [[Lohbachum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;B&quot;&gt;Berger, F. (1992). ''Untersuchungen zu den Fundmünzen der römischen Kaiserzeit in Westfalen und Niedersachsen''. Reiss-Museum..&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Lobach''), [[Lutkenada]]&lt;ref name=&quot;H&quot;&gt;Historische Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen (1985). ''Braunschweigische Heimat: Bände 71–72''. Appelhans Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Lütgenade'') atque [[Radilofeshusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;A&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Reileifzen'') pertinent.

== Historia ==
Bevernense Castrum anno [[822]]/[[850]] primo in actis descriptum est. Anno [[1973]] Bevernense Castrum ad [[Bevernense Castrum (commune generale)|Bevernense Castrum]] commune generale accessit, cuius etiam maximum oppidum atque sedes administrationis est.

== Cives noti ==
=== Nati ===
* 1955 - [[Henrica Baehrens]], rerum politicarum perita factionis [[SPD]].

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Bevern (Landkreis Holzminden)|Bevernense Castrum}}
* [http://www.bevern.de Pagina officialis]

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 9]]</text>
      <sha1>fcserzk0t6vt5zcm580nb4kfsshptic</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Golmbach</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>166380</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3976616</id>
      <parentid>3505381</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T18:42:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3976616</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="503" sha1="g1o0grvw4va25cp289rchh5d4iis6qs" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

'''Golmbach''' est commune in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e meridionali in [[circulus terrae|circulo terrae]] [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|Holtisminnensi]] situm. Ad Golmbach etiam vicus Warbsen pertinet.

== Historia ==
Golmbach saeculo 10 nomine ''Goldbiki'' primo in actis descripta est. Anno [[1973]] Golmbach vicus ad [[Bevernense Castrum (commune generale)|Bevernense Castrum]] commune generale accessit.

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 10]]</text>
      <sha1>g1o0grvw4va25cp289rchh5d4iis6qs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Holenberg</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>166423</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3976615</id>
      <parentid>3505382</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T18:41:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3976615</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="653" sha1="hjwj0u0fhdt489t3d5mg7ttlsp5qsvd" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

'''Holenberg''' est commune in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e meridionali in [[circulus terrae|circulo terrae]] [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|Holtisminnensi]] situm. Ad Golmbach etiam vicus Warbsen pertinet.

== Historia ==
Holenberg anno [[1007]] nomine ''Holanberg'' primo in actis descripta est. Anno [[1973]] Holenbach vicus ad [[Bevernense Castrum (commune generale)|Bevernense Castrum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bevern'') commune generale accessit.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 10]]</text>
      <sha1>hjwj0u0fhdt489t3d5mg7ttlsp5qsvd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Negenborn</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>166530</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3976618</id>
      <parentid>3884105</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T18:44:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3976618</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="682" sha1="6s3xrvcdr42f0ui2vsff9w7s7uqiz3o" xml:space="preserve">{{Augenda|2025|4}}
{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Negenborn.jpg|thumb|Conspectus communis Negenborn.]]
'''Negenborn''' est [[commune]] in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e meridionali in [[circulus terrae|circulo terrae]] [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|Holtisminnensi]] situm. Ad Golmbach etiam vicus Warbsen pertinet.

== Historia ==
Negenborn anno [[891]] nomine ''Nighunburni'', quod 'novem puteos' significat, primo in actis descripta est. Qui putei etiam in sigillo communis depicti sunt. Anno [[1973]], Negenborn vicus ad [[Bevernense Castrum (commune generale)|Bevernense Castrum]] commune generale accessit.

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 9]]</text>
      <sha1>6s3xrvcdr42f0ui2vsff9w7s7uqiz3o</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Circulus Gottingae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>171434</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3976661</id>
      <parentid>3974358</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T21:12:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3976661</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4934" sha1="6c0zws6tcflmk85c8xea82qhvo6b6j3" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

'''Circulus Gottingae''',&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=kkM-AAAAcAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=gottingensis&amp;lr=&amp;cd=14#v=onepage&amp;q=&amp;f=false Libri Googles].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Göttingen''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Göttingen''; [[Saxonice]] '' Landkreis Chöttingen'') nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est. [[Caput (urbs)|Caput]] est [[Gottinga]].

== Historia ==
Circulus Gottingae anno [[1885]] constitutus est. Anno [[1945]] ad terram Hannoveram transiit, ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. Anno 2012 disputabatur, an circulus cum finitimis [[Circulus Northeim|Northeim]] et [[Circulus Osteroda ad Harthicos montes|Osteroda]] coniungendus esset. Postquam Northeim e actionibus se recessit, consilium circuli Gottingae die [[6 Martii]] [[2013]] constituit, ut cum solo circulo Osteroda circulus Gottingae coniungendus sit&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.landkreis-goettingen.de/pics/medien/1_1362642492/2013_03_06_EILMELDUNG_Kreistag_beschliesst_Fusion.pdf Nuntius circuli Gottingae die 6 Martii 2013 promulgata]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Die [[1 Novembris]] [[2016]] Osteroda ad Gottingam circulum adiuncta est&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20161101125654/http://www.ndr.de/nachrichten/niedersachsen/braunschweig_harz_goettingen/Landkreise-Osterode-und-Goettingen-fusionieren,kreisfusion160.html ndr.de die 1 Novembris 2016]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Communia circuli ==
[[Fasciculus:Municipalities_in_GÖ-2016.svg|300px|right|Communia in Circulo Gottingae]]
Circulus Gottingensis 39 communia habet, quae maxima parte ad &quot;communia generalia&quot; (Theodisce &quot;Samtgemeinden&quot;) coniuncta sunt. Haec sunt:

* [[Adelebsenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Funck 1736&quot;&gt;Funck, J. N. (1736). ''Disputatio Academica de Voluntaria Morte Judaeorum et Gentilium sub Praesidio S. R. I. Libero Baroni de Adelebsen Dedicata''. Rintelii: Typis Johannis Friderici Enax.&lt;/ref&gt; (6449 incolae)
* [[Bovenden]] (13.381)
* [[Duderstadium]] (Theod. ''Duderstadt'', 21.609)
* [[Friedlandia (Saxonia Inferior)|Friedlandia]] (''Friedland'', 11.395)
* [[Gilicha]] (''Gleichen'', 9163)
* [[Gottinga]] (''Göttingen'', 121.364)
* [[Grundensis Civitas Metallica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Grund'') (8824)
* [[Hertzberga ad Harthicos montes]], urbs (13.573)
* [[Aquae Lauterbergenses in Montibus Harthicis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mirus 1826&quot;&gt;Mirus, A. (1826). ''De salubritate aquarum lauterbergensium in montibus harthicis sitarum''. Typis Regiis.&lt;/ref&gt;  (Theodisce: ''Bad Lauterberg im Harz''), urbs (11.080 incolae)
* [[Mundia Hannoverana]] (''Hannoversch Münden'', 24.390)
* [[Osteroda ad Harthicos montes]] (''Osterode am Harz''), urbs (22.987)
* [[Rosdorf]] (12.005)
* [[Sathsa]] vel '''Aquae Sathsieneses''' (''Bad Sachsa''), urbs (7634)
* [[Staufenberg]] (8080)
* [[Walkenried]] (4666)

* [[Dransfeld (commune generale)|Dransfeld]], commune generale (9158)
** [[Bühren]] (527)
** [[Dransfeld]] (4010)
** [[Jühnde]] (1062)
** [[Niemetal]] (1596)
** [[Scheden]] (1963)

* [[Gieboldehausen (commune generale)|Gieboldehausen]], commune generale (13.890)
** [[Bilshusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolf 1819&quot;&gt;Wolf, J. (1819). ''Politische Geschichte des Eichsfeldes mit Urkunden erläutert''. Johann Georg Rosenbusch.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bilshausen'') (2348)
** [[Bodensee (Saxonia Inferior)|Bodensee]] (767)
** [[Gieboldehausen]] (3944)
** [[Krebeck]] (1116)
** [[Obernfeld]] (972)
** [[Rhumspringe]] (1883)
** [[Rollshausen]] (901)
** [[Rüdershausen]] (868)
** [[Wollbrandshausen]] (612)
** [[Wollershausen]] (479)

* [[Radolfshausen (commune generale)|Radolfshausen]], commune generale (7282)
** [[Ebergötzen]] (1790)
** [[Landolfshausen]] (1132)
** [[Seeburg]] (1601)
** [[Seulingen]] (1369)
** [[Waake]] (1390)

* [[Hattorf ad Harthicos montes (commune generale)|Hattorf ad Harthicos montes]] (commune generale) (7606)
** [[Elbingerode]] (417)
** [[Hattorf ad Harthicos montes]] (4177)
** [[Hörden ad Harthicos montes]] (1078)
** [[Wulften ad Harthicos montes]] (1934)

== Coniunctiones pagorum ==
Circulus Gottingensis coniunctiones cum aliis pagis Europae habet:
* [[Stegelicium-Zelendorfium]], ab anno 1962)
* [[Stroud]] ([[Glocestria]]), ab anno [[1951]]
* [[Surisna]] (praefectura [[Alta Sequanae]]), ab anno [[1959]]
* [[Hackney (Londinium)|Hackney]] ([[Londinium]]), ab anno [[1973]]
* [[Albensis Comitatus]] ([[Hungaria]]), ab anno [[2000]]

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gottingae circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1885]]</text>
      <sha1>6c0zws6tcflmk85c8xea82qhvo6b6j3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3976662</id>
      <parentid>3976661</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T21:12:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3976662</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4934" sha1="d6ovhau7br80kh5bkaukf5x65hh9rps" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

'''Circulus Gottingae'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=kkM-AAAAcAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=gottingensis&amp;lr=&amp;cd=14#v=onepage&amp;q=&amp;f=false Libri Googles].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Göttingen''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Göttingen''; [[Saxonice]] '' Landkreis Chöttingen''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est. [[Caput (urbs)|Caput]] est [[Gottinga]].

== Historia ==
Circulus Gottingae anno [[1885]] constitutus est. Anno [[1945]] ad terram Hannoveram transiit, ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. Anno 2012 disputabatur, an circulus cum finitimis [[Circulus Northeim|Northeim]] et [[Circulus Osteroda ad Harthicos montes|Osteroda]] coniungendus esset. Postquam Northeim e actionibus se recessit, consilium circuli Gottingae die [[6 Martii]] [[2013]] constituit, ut cum solo circulo Osteroda circulus Gottingae coniungendus sit&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.landkreis-goettingen.de/pics/medien/1_1362642492/2013_03_06_EILMELDUNG_Kreistag_beschliesst_Fusion.pdf Nuntius circuli Gottingae die 6 Martii 2013 promulgata]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Die [[1 Novembris]] [[2016]] Osteroda ad Gottingam circulum adiuncta est&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20161101125654/http://www.ndr.de/nachrichten/niedersachsen/braunschweig_harz_goettingen/Landkreise-Osterode-und-Goettingen-fusionieren,kreisfusion160.html ndr.de die 1 Novembris 2016]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Communia circuli ==
[[Fasciculus:Municipalities_in_GÖ-2016.svg|300px|right|Communia in Circulo Gottingae]]
Circulus Gottingensis 39 communia habet, quae maxima parte ad &quot;communia generalia&quot; (Theodisce &quot;Samtgemeinden&quot;) coniuncta sunt. Haec sunt:

* [[Adelebsenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Funck 1736&quot;&gt;Funck, J. N. (1736). ''Disputatio Academica de Voluntaria Morte Judaeorum et Gentilium sub Praesidio S. R. I. Libero Baroni de Adelebsen Dedicata''. Rintelii: Typis Johannis Friderici Enax.&lt;/ref&gt; (6449 incolae)
* [[Bovenden]] (13.381)
* [[Duderstadium]] (Theod. ''Duderstadt'', 21.609)
* [[Friedlandia (Saxonia Inferior)|Friedlandia]] (''Friedland'', 11.395)
* [[Gilicha]] (''Gleichen'', 9163)
* [[Gottinga]] (''Göttingen'', 121.364)
* [[Grundensis Civitas Metallica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Grund'') (8824)
* [[Hertzberga ad Harthicos montes]], urbs (13.573)
* [[Aquae Lauterbergenses in Montibus Harthicis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mirus 1826&quot;&gt;Mirus, A. (1826). ''De salubritate aquarum lauterbergensium in montibus harthicis sitarum''. Typis Regiis.&lt;/ref&gt;  (Theodisce: ''Bad Lauterberg im Harz''), urbs (11.080 incolae)
* [[Mundia Hannoverana]] (''Hannoversch Münden'', 24.390)
* [[Osteroda ad Harthicos montes]] (''Osterode am Harz''), urbs (22.987)
* [[Rosdorf]] (12.005)
* [[Sathsa]] vel '''Aquae Sathsieneses''' (''Bad Sachsa''), urbs (7634)
* [[Staufenberg]] (8080)
* [[Walkenried]] (4666)

* [[Dransfeld (commune generale)|Dransfeld]], commune generale (9158)
** [[Bühren]] (527)
** [[Dransfeld]] (4010)
** [[Jühnde]] (1062)
** [[Niemetal]] (1596)
** [[Scheden]] (1963)

* [[Gieboldehausen (commune generale)|Gieboldehausen]], commune generale (13.890)
** [[Bilshusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolf 1819&quot;&gt;Wolf, J. (1819). ''Politische Geschichte des Eichsfeldes mit Urkunden erläutert''. Johann Georg Rosenbusch.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bilshausen'') (2348)
** [[Bodensee (Saxonia Inferior)|Bodensee]] (767)
** [[Gieboldehausen]] (3944)
** [[Krebeck]] (1116)
** [[Obernfeld]] (972)
** [[Rhumspringe]] (1883)
** [[Rollshausen]] (901)
** [[Rüdershausen]] (868)
** [[Wollbrandshausen]] (612)
** [[Wollershausen]] (479)

* [[Radolfshausen (commune generale)|Radolfshausen]], commune generale (7282)
** [[Ebergötzen]] (1790)
** [[Landolfshausen]] (1132)
** [[Seeburg]] (1601)
** [[Seulingen]] (1369)
** [[Waake]] (1390)

* [[Hattorf ad Harthicos montes (commune generale)|Hattorf ad Harthicos montes]] (commune generale) (7606)
** [[Elbingerode]] (417)
** [[Hattorf ad Harthicos montes]] (4177)
** [[Hörden ad Harthicos montes]] (1078)
** [[Wulften ad Harthicos montes]] (1934)

== Coniunctiones pagorum ==
Circulus Gottingensis coniunctiones cum aliis pagis Europae habet:
* [[Stegelicium-Zelendorfium]], ab anno 1962)
* [[Stroud]] ([[Glocestria]]), ab anno [[1951]]
* [[Surisna]] (praefectura [[Alta Sequanae]]), ab anno [[1959]]
* [[Hackney (Londinium)|Hackney]] ([[Londinium]]), ab anno [[1973]]
* [[Albensis Comitatus]] ([[Hungaria]]), ab anno [[2000]]

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gottingae circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1885]]</text>
      <sha1>d6ovhau7br80kh5bkaukf5x65hh9rps</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3976663</id>
      <parentid>3976662</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T21:13:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Historia */</comment>
      <origin>3976663</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4950" sha1="sq2nxfal0jnccaghf9mm89tv2m3p8et" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

'''Circulus Gottingae'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=kkM-AAAAcAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=gottingensis&amp;lr=&amp;cd=14#v=onepage&amp;q=&amp;f=false Libri Googles].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Göttingen''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Göttingen''; [[Saxonice]] '' Landkreis Chöttingen''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est. [[Caput (urbs)|Caput]] est [[Gottinga]].

== Historia ==
Circulus Gottingae anno [[1885]] constitutus est. Anno [[1945]] ad terram Hannoveram transiit, ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. Anno 2012 disputabatur, an circulus cum finitimis [[Circulus terrae Northemiensis|Northemiensi]] et [[Circulus Osteroda ad Harthicos montes|Osteroda]] coniungendus esset. Postquam Northeim e actionibus se recessit, consilium circuli Gottingae die [[6 Martii]] [[2013]] constituit, ut cum solo circulo Osteroda circulus Gottingae coniungendus sit&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.landkreis-goettingen.de/pics/medien/1_1362642492/2013_03_06_EILMELDUNG_Kreistag_beschliesst_Fusion.pdf Nuntius circuli Gottingae die 6 Martii 2013 promulgata]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Die [[1 Novembris]] [[2016]] Osteroda ad Gottingam circulum adiuncta est&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20161101125654/http://www.ndr.de/nachrichten/niedersachsen/braunschweig_harz_goettingen/Landkreise-Osterode-und-Goettingen-fusionieren,kreisfusion160.html ndr.de die 1 Novembris 2016]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Communia circuli ==
[[Fasciculus:Municipalities_in_GÖ-2016.svg|300px|right|Communia in Circulo Gottingae]]
Circulus Gottingensis 39 communia habet, quae maxima parte ad &quot;communia generalia&quot; (Theodisce &quot;Samtgemeinden&quot;) coniuncta sunt. Haec sunt:

* [[Adelebsenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Funck 1736&quot;&gt;Funck, J. N. (1736). ''Disputatio Academica de Voluntaria Morte Judaeorum et Gentilium sub Praesidio S. R. I. Libero Baroni de Adelebsen Dedicata''. Rintelii: Typis Johannis Friderici Enax.&lt;/ref&gt; (6449 incolae)
* [[Bovenden]] (13.381)
* [[Duderstadium]] (Theod. ''Duderstadt'', 21.609)
* [[Friedlandia (Saxonia Inferior)|Friedlandia]] (''Friedland'', 11.395)
* [[Gilicha]] (''Gleichen'', 9163)
* [[Gottinga]] (''Göttingen'', 121.364)
* [[Grundensis Civitas Metallica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Grund'') (8824)
* [[Hertzberga ad Harthicos montes]], urbs (13.573)
* [[Aquae Lauterbergenses in Montibus Harthicis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mirus 1826&quot;&gt;Mirus, A. (1826). ''De salubritate aquarum lauterbergensium in montibus harthicis sitarum''. Typis Regiis.&lt;/ref&gt;  (Theodisce: ''Bad Lauterberg im Harz''), urbs (11.080 incolae)
* [[Mundia Hannoverana]] (''Hannoversch Münden'', 24.390)
* [[Osteroda ad Harthicos montes]] (''Osterode am Harz''), urbs (22.987)
* [[Rosdorf]] (12.005)
* [[Sathsa]] vel '''Aquae Sathsieneses''' (''Bad Sachsa''), urbs (7634)
* [[Staufenberg]] (8080)
* [[Walkenried]] (4666)

* [[Dransfeld (commune generale)|Dransfeld]], commune generale (9158)
** [[Bühren]] (527)
** [[Dransfeld]] (4010)
** [[Jühnde]] (1062)
** [[Niemetal]] (1596)
** [[Scheden]] (1963)

* [[Gieboldehausen (commune generale)|Gieboldehausen]], commune generale (13.890)
** [[Bilshusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolf 1819&quot;&gt;Wolf, J. (1819). ''Politische Geschichte des Eichsfeldes mit Urkunden erläutert''. Johann Georg Rosenbusch.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bilshausen'') (2348)
** [[Bodensee (Saxonia Inferior)|Bodensee]] (767)
** [[Gieboldehausen]] (3944)
** [[Krebeck]] (1116)
** [[Obernfeld]] (972)
** [[Rhumspringe]] (1883)
** [[Rollshausen]] (901)
** [[Rüdershausen]] (868)
** [[Wollbrandshausen]] (612)
** [[Wollershausen]] (479)

* [[Radolfshausen (commune generale)|Radolfshausen]], commune generale (7282)
** [[Ebergötzen]] (1790)
** [[Landolfshausen]] (1132)
** [[Seeburg]] (1601)
** [[Seulingen]] (1369)
** [[Waake]] (1390)

* [[Hattorf ad Harthicos montes (commune generale)|Hattorf ad Harthicos montes]] (commune generale) (7606)
** [[Elbingerode]] (417)
** [[Hattorf ad Harthicos montes]] (4177)
** [[Hörden ad Harthicos montes]] (1078)
** [[Wulften ad Harthicos montes]] (1934)

== Coniunctiones pagorum ==
Circulus Gottingensis coniunctiones cum aliis pagis Europae habet:
* [[Stegelicium-Zelendorfium]], ab anno 1962)
* [[Stroud]] ([[Glocestria]]), ab anno [[1951]]
* [[Surisna]] (praefectura [[Alta Sequanae]]), ab anno [[1959]]
* [[Hackney (Londinium)|Hackney]] ([[Londinium]]), ab anno [[1973]]
* [[Albensis Comitatus]] ([[Hungaria]]), ab anno [[2000]]

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gottingae circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1885]]</text>
      <sha1>sq2nxfal0jnccaghf9mm89tv2m3p8et</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3976664</id>
      <parentid>3976663</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T21:15:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3976664</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4980" sha1="841aowidcb9z8w6cvkyendiek2mp0qf" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

'''Circulus Gottingae'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=kkM-AAAAcAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=gottingensis&amp;lr=&amp;cd=14#v=onepage&amp;q=&amp;f=false Libri Googles].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Göttingen''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Göttingen''; [[Saxonice]] '' Landkreis Chöttingen''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est. [[Caput (urbs)|Caput]] est [[Gottinga]].

== Historia ==
Circulus Gottingae anno [[1885]] constitutus est. Anno [[1945]] ad terram Hannoveram transiit, ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. Anno 2012 disputabatur, an circulus cum finitimis [[Circulus terrae Northemiensis|Northemiensi]] et [[Circulus Osteroda ad Harthicos montes|Osteroda]] coniungendus esset. Postquam Northeim e actionibus se recessit, consilium circuli Gottingae die [[6 Martii]] [[2013]] constituit, ut cum solo circulo Osteroda circulus Gottingae coniungendus sit&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.landkreis-goettingen.de/pics/medien/1_1362642492/2013_03_06_EILMELDUNG_Kreistag_beschliesst_Fusion.pdf Nuntius circuli Gottingae die 6 Martii 2013 promulgata]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Die [[1 Novembris]] [[2016]] Osteroda ad Gottingam circulum adiuncta est&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20161101125654/http://www.ndr.de/nachrichten/niedersachsen/braunschweig_harz_goettingen/Landkreise-Osterode-und-Goettingen-fusionieren,kreisfusion160.html ndr.de die 1 Novembris 2016]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Communia circuli ==
[[Fasciculus:Municipalities_in_GÖ-2016.svg|300px|right|Communia in Circulo Gottingae]]
Circulus Gottingensis 39 communia habet, quae maxima parte ad &quot;communia generalia&quot; (Theodisce &quot;Samtgemeinden&quot;) coniuncta sunt. Haec sunt:

* [[Adelebsenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Funck 1736&quot;&gt;Funck, J. N. (1736). ''Disputatio Academica de Voluntaria Morte Judaeorum et Gentilium sub Praesidio S. R. I. Libero Baroni de Adelebsen Dedicata''. Rintelii: Typis Johannis Friderici Enax.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Adelebsen'') (6449 incolae)
* [[Bovenden]] (13.381)
* [[Duderstadium]] (Theod. ''Duderstadt'', 21.609)
* [[Friedlandia (Saxonia Inferior)|Friedlandia]] (''Friedland'', 11.395)
* [[Gilicha]] (''Gleichen'', 9163)
* [[Gottinga]] (''Göttingen'', 121.364)
* [[Grundensis Civitas Metallica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Grund'') (8824)
* [[Hertzberga ad Harthicos montes]], urbs (13.573)
* [[Aquae Lauterbergenses in Montibus Harthicis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mirus 1826&quot;&gt;Mirus, A. (1826). ''De salubritate aquarum lauterbergensium in montibus harthicis sitarum''. Typis Regiis.&lt;/ref&gt;  (Theodisce: ''Bad Lauterberg im Harz''), urbs (11.080 incolae)
* [[Mundia Hannoverana]] (''Hannoversch Münden'', 24.390)
* [[Osteroda ad Harthicos montes]] (''Osterode am Harz''), urbs (22.987)
* [[Rosdorf]] (12.005)
* [[Sathsa]] vel '''Aquae Sathsieneses''' (''Bad Sachsa''), urbs (7634)
* [[Staufenberg]] (8080)
* [[Walkenried]] (4666)

* [[Dransfeld (commune generale)|Dransfeld]], commune generale (9158)
** [[Bühren]] (527)
** [[Dransfeld]] (4010)
** [[Jühnde]] (1062)
** [[Niemetal]] (1596)
** [[Scheden]] (1963)

* [[Gieboldehausen (commune generale)|Gieboldehausen]], commune generale (13.890)
** [[Bilshusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolf 1819&quot;&gt;Wolf, J. (1819). ''Politische Geschichte des Eichsfeldes mit Urkunden erläutert''. Johann Georg Rosenbusch.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bilshausen'') (2348)
** [[Bodensee (Saxonia Inferior)|Bodensee]] (767)
** [[Gieboldehausen]] (3944)
** [[Krebeck]] (1116)
** [[Obernfeld]] (972)
** [[Rhumspringe]] (1883)
** [[Rollshausen]] (901)
** [[Rüdershausen]] (868)
** [[Wollbrandshausen]] (612)
** [[Wollershausen]] (479)

* [[Radolfshausen (commune generale)|Radolfshausen]], commune generale (7282)
** [[Ebergötzen]] (1790)
** [[Landolfshausen]] (1132)
** [[Seeburg]] (1601)
** [[Seulingen]] (1369)
** [[Waake]] (1390)

* [[Hattorf ad Harthicos montes (commune generale)|Hattorf ad Harthicos montes]] (commune generale) (7606)
** [[Elbingerode]] (417)
** [[Hattorf ad Harthicos montes]] (4177)
** [[Hörden ad Harthicos montes]] (1078)
** [[Wulften ad Harthicos montes]] (1934)

== Coniunctiones pagorum ==
Circulus Gottingensis coniunctiones cum aliis pagis Europae habet:
* [[Stegelicium-Zelendorfium]], ab anno 1962)
* [[Stroud]] ([[Glocestria]]), ab anno [[1951]]
* [[Surisna]] (praefectura [[Alta Sequanae]]), ab anno [[1959]]
* [[Hackney (Londinium)|Hackney]] ([[Londinium]]), ab anno [[1973]]
* [[Albensis Comitatus]] ([[Hungaria]]), ab anno [[2000]]

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gottingae circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1885]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Podium Sancti Laurentii</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>172227</id>
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      <text bytes="1065" sha1="04y45adb8i6s56puquvou1zbn2tlagj" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
'''Podium Sancti Laurentii'''&lt;ref&gt;Monumenti dello Stato pontificio e relazione topografica di ogni paese - Di Giuseppe Marocco&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Poggio San Lorenzo|Poggio San Lorenzo]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Latium|Latio]] et in [[Provincia Reatina]] situm.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Municipia finitima ==

{{NexInt}}
* [[Latium]],
* [[Provincia Reatina]],
* [[Reate]] (urbs).

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140821232526/http://www.comune.poggiosanlorenzo.ri.it/ Situs publicus] {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}}
{{CommuniaCat|Poggio San Lorenzo|Podium Sancti Laurentii}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Map of comune of Poggio San Lorenzo (province of Rieti, region Lazio, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium Municipii in Provincia Reatina.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Reatis]]</text>
      <sha1>04y45adb8i6s56puquvou1zbn2tlagj</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Gieboldehausen (commune generale)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="1016" sha1="jkm8f5xbi3i3lrh5qz1q03936y0vc01" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

'''Gieboldehausen''' est commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Gottingae|Circulo Gottingae]].

== Historia ==
Die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[1973]] Gieboldehausen commune constitutum est. E communibus [[Bilshusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolf 1819&quot;&gt;Wolf, J. (1819). ''Politische Geschichte des Eichsfeldes mit Urkunden erläutert''. Johann Georg Rosenbusch.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bilshausen''), [[Bodensee (Saxonia Inferior)|Bodensee]], [[Krebeck]], [[Obernfeld]], [[Rhumspringe]], [[Rollshausen]], [[Rüdershausen]], [[Wollbrandshausen]], [[Wollershausen]] atque [[Gieboldehausen]] constat. In Gieboldehausen sedes administrationis est.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commonscat|Gieboldehausen|Gieboldehausen}}
* [http://www.samtgemeinde-gieboldehausen.de Pagina communis generalis Gieboldehausen (lingua Theodisca)]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1973]]
[[Categoria:Eichsfeldia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bilshusa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Bilshausen]] ad [[Bilshusa]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
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[[Fasciculus:StCosmas und Damian Bilshausen.jpg|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sanctorum Cosmatis et Damiani]]
'''Bilshausen''' est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Gottingae|Circulo Gottingae]].

== Historia ==
Bilshausen saeculo 13 primo in actis monasterii [[Pöhlde]] descripta est. Anno [[1242]] ad possessiones [[Ordo Sanctae Mariae Teutonicorum|Ordinis Teutonici]] transiit. Anno [[1322]] ad [[Dioecesis Hildesiensis|Dioecesem Hildesiensem]] pervenit, [[1492]] pars [[Dioecesis Moguntina|Dioeceseos Moguntinae]] facta est. Anno [[1802]] et [[1807]] brevi tempore ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit, tum pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Annis [[1815]] - [[1866]] ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]] pertinuit, tum cum toto regno ad Borussiam transiit et ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Ab anno [[1973]] ad [[Gieboldehausen (commune generale)|Gieboldehausen]] commune generale pertinet.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commonscat|Bilshausen|Bilshausen}}
* [http://www.bilshausen.de Pagina communis Bilshausen (lingua Theodisca)]


{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Eichsfeldia]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:StCosmas und Damian Bilshausen.jpg|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sanctorum Cosmatis et Damiani.]]
'''Bilshusa'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolf 1819&quot;&gt;Wolf, J. (1819). ''Politische Geschichte des Eichsfeldes mit Urkunden erläutert''. Johann Georg Rosenbusch.&lt;/ref&gt; seu '''Bilshausenum'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;&gt;Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bilshausen'') est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Gottingae|Circulo Gottingae]].

== Historia ==
Bilshusa saeculo 13 primo in actis monasterii [[Pöhlde]] descripta est. Anno [[1242]] ad possessiones [[Ordo Sanctae Mariae Teutonicorum|Ordinis Teutonici]] transiit. Anno [[1322]] ad [[Dioecesis Hildesiensis|Dioecesem Hildesiensem]] pervenit, [[1492]] pars [[Dioecesis Moguntina|Dioeceseos Moguntinae]] facta est. Anno [[1802]] et [[1807]] brevi tempore ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit, tum pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Annis [[1815]] - [[1866]] ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]] pertinuit, tum cum toto regno ad Borussiam transiit et ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Ab anno [[1973]] ad [[Gieboldehausen (commune generale)|Gieboldehausen]] commune generale pertinet.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commonscat|Bilshausen|Bilshusam}}
* [http://www.bilshausen.de Pagina communis Bilshusae (lingua Theodisca)]


{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Eichsfeldia]]</text>
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      <comment>/* Historia */</comment>
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[[Fasciculus:StCosmas und Damian Bilshausen.jpg|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sanctorum Cosmatis et Damiani.]]
'''Bilshusa'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolf 1819&quot;&gt;Wolf, J. (1819). ''Politische Geschichte des Eichsfeldes mit Urkunden erläutert''. Johann Georg Rosenbusch.&lt;/ref&gt; seu '''Bilshausenum'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;&gt;Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bilshausen'') est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Gottingae|Circulo Gottingae]].

== Historia ==
Bilshusa saeculo 13 primo in actis monasterii [[Palithi|Palidensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&amp;cq=M%C3%BCnchen&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Kloster Pöhlde'') descripta est. Anno [[1242]] ad possessiones [[Ordo Sanctae Mariae Teutonicorum|Ordinis Teutonici]] transiit. Anno [[1322]] ad [[Dioecesis Hildesiensis|Dioecesem Hildesiensem]] pervenit, [[1492]] pars [[Dioecesis Moguntina|Dioeceseos Moguntinae]] facta est. Anno [[1802]] et [[1807]] brevi tempore ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit, tum pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Annis [[1815]] - [[1866]] ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]] pertinuit, tum cum toto regno ad Borussiam transiit et ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Ab anno [[1973]] ad [[Gieboldehausen (commune generale)|Gieboldehausen]] commune generale pertinet.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commonscat|Bilshausen|Bilshusam}}
* [http://www.bilshausen.de Pagina communis Bilshusae (lingua Theodisca)]


{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Eichsfeldia]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:StCosmas und Damian Bilshausen.jpg|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sanctorum Cosmatis et Damiani.]]
'''Bilshusa'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolf 1819&quot;&gt;Wolf, J. (1819). ''Politische Geschichte des Eichsfeldes mit Urkunden erläutert''. Johann Georg Rosenbusch.&lt;/ref&gt; seu '''Bilshausenum'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;&gt;Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bilshausen'') est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Gottingae|Circulo Gottingae]].

== Historia ==
Bilshusa saeculo 13 primo in actis monasterii [[Palithi|Palidensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&amp;cq=M%C3%BCnchen&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Kloster Pöhlde'') descripta est. Anno [[1242]] ad possessiones [[Ordo Sanctae Mariae Teutonicorum|Ordinis Teutonici]] transiit. Anno [[1322]] ad [[Dioecesis Hildesiensis|Dioecesem Hildesiensem]] pervenit, [[1492]] pars [[Dioecesis Moguntina|Dioeceseos Moguntinae]] facta est. Anno [[1802]] et [[1807]] brevi tempore ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit, tum pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Annis [[1815]] - [[1866]] ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]] pertinuit, tum cum toto regno ad Borussiam transiit et ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Ab anno [[1973]] ad [[Gieboldehausen (commune generale)|Gieboldehausen]] commune generale pertinet.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commonscat|Bilshausen|Bilshusam}}
* [http://www.bilshausen.de Pagina communis Bilshusae (lingua Theodisca)]


{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Eichsfeldia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Plana (Campania)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>172863</id>
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      <text bytes="1338" sha1="311isj48qn77938tcv9fd3ddaqy0y6p" xml:space="preserve">{{pro pagina discretiva vide|Plana (discretiva)}}
{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
'''Plana'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.it/books?id=4EVkhIl-TN4C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=it#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Dizionario geografico-istorico-fisico del regno di Napoli, composto dall'Abate Francesco sacco - Di Francesco Sacco]&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Plana|ae|f}} (alia nomina: ''Plana Caiatii'', ''Plana Montis Vernae'') ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Piana di Monte Verna|Piana di Monte Verna]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Campania]], in [[Provincia Casertana]] et in [[Liburia]] historica ac geographica regione situm.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Municipia finitima ==

{{NexInt}}
* [[Campania]],
* [[Provincia Casertana]],
* [[Caserta]],
* [[Liburia]].

== Nexus externi ==
{{communiaCat|Piana di Monte Verna|Planam}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121225150523/http://www.monteverna.it/ Situs publicus] {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Map of comune of Piana di Monte Verna (province of Caserta, region Campania, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium Municipii in Provincia Casertana.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Casertae]]</text>
      <sha1>311isj48qn77938tcv9fd3ddaqy0y6p</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Martinus de Securia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>176557</id>
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[[Fasciculus:Martinsicuro (TE) - chiesa del Sacro Cuore.jpg|thumb|Ecclesia Sacri Cordis Martini de Securia.]]
'''Martinus de Securia'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.it/books?id=4EVkhIl-TN4C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=it#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Dizionario geografico-istorico-fisico del regno di Napoli, composto dall'Abate Francesco sacco - Di Francesco Sacco].&lt;/ref&gt;, in antiquo '''Castrum Truentinum''' (alia nomina: ''Martinopolis, Turris ad Trunctum'') ([[Italiane]] ''Martinsicuro'') est [[oppidum]] et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]] [[Italia]]e, in [[Provincia Interamnana]] [[Regio Italiae|Regionis]] [[Aprutium|Aprutii]] situm.

== Fractiones ==
Villa Rosa

{{NexInt}}
* [[Provincia Interamnana Praetutiorum]]
* [[Interamna Praetutia]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Martinsicuro|Martinum de Securia}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080828210838/http://www.comune.martinsicuro.te.it/ Situs interretialis communis proprius.] {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
Image:Map of comune of Martinsicuro (province of Teramo, region Abruzzo, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium Municipii in Provincia Interamnana.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Interamniae Praetutianorum]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Saint-Cyr-la-Rosière</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>177624</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3976727</id>
      <parentid>3918525</parentid>
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[[Fasciculus: Saint-Cyr-la-Rosi%C3%A8re_-_%C3%89glise_Sainte-Gauburge_-_1.JPG |thumb|left|upright=0.7|Saint-Cyr-la-Rosière: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] sanctae Gauburgae dicata]]
'''Saint-Cyr-la-Rosière''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 234 incolarum (anno [[2022]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Olina (praefectura Franciae)|Olinae]] in provincia [[Normannia (regio Franciae)|Normanniae]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Olinae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Saint-Cyr-la-Rosière|Saint-Cyr-la-Rosière}}
* {{INSEE commune|61379|de=Saint-Cyr-la-Rosière}}
* [http://cdcps.free.fr/dossiers/dossiers.php?val=67_mairie+saint+cyr+rosiere De Saint-Cyr-la-Rosière apud Societatis Communium paginas interretiales]{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://cassini.ehess.fr/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=31070 De hoc communi apud cassini.ehess.fr]

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Olinae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Olinae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Saint-Pierre-la-Bruyère</title>
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[[Fasciculus:FranceNormandieSaintPierreLaBruyereEglise.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Saint-Pierre-la-Bruyère: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Petrus|Sancto Petro]] dicata.]]
'''Saint-Pierre-la-Bruyère''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 428 incolarum (anno [[2022]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Olina (praefectura Franciae)|Olinae]] in provincia [[Normannia (regio Franciae)|Normanniae]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Olinae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Saint-Pierre-la-Bruyère|Saint-Pierre-la-Bruyère}}
* {{INSEE commune|61448|de=Saint-Pierre-la-Bruyère}}
* [http://cdcps.free.fr/dossiers/dossiers.php?val=74_mairie+st+pierre+bruyere De Saint-Pierre-la-Bruyère apud Societatis Communium paginas interretiales]{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://cassini.ehess.fr/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=34206 De hoc communi apud cassini.ehess.fr]

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Olinae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Olinae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Circulus Ulsenensis</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in UE.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Ulsenensi.]]
'''Circulus Ulsenensis'''&lt;ref&gt;Olim &quot;res-publica Ulsenensis&quot; {{Google Books|w_tWAAAAcAAJ|vide paginam dedicationis operis}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Uelzen''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Uelzen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Ülzen'')), anno [[1885]] constitutus, usque in annum [[1945]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit, ab anno [[1946]] ad [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniam Inferiorem]]. Caput circuli est urbs [[Ulsena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]]  et [[Saxonice]] ''Uelzen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Ülz’n'').

== Historia ==
Ager circuli fuit pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]]. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducatu a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatus est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]] pertinuit.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt:

* [[Bienenbuttelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;&gt;Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bienenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bienbüddel'') (6626 incolae)
* [[Ulsena]] (urbs, 34.055)

* [[Augia (commune generale)|Augia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Augia&quot;&gt;Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1846). ''Adami Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae Pontificum (Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum)''. Impensis Bibliopolii Hahniani. Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae en Archive.org.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Aue'')  (12.752)
** [[Bodendicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Brosius 1985&quot;&gt;Brosius, D. (1985). ''Aus der Geschichte der Burg Bodenteich''. Ecomed Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bodenteich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bonndiek'') (3900)
** [[Lüder]] (1269)
** [[Soltendieck]] (1022)
** [[Wrestedt]] (sedes administrationis 6561)

* [[Bebenhusa-Ebbestorpium (commune generale)|Bebenhusa-Ebbestorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahlfeldt 2010&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaitner 1985&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bevensen-Ebstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bemsen-Ebstörp'') (26.276)
** [[Antiqua Medingha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Homeyer X 2006&quot;&gt;Homeyer, J. (Ed.) (2006). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Medingen: Lüneburger Urkundenbuch (Monimenta historica saeculi XIV de parochia Medinghae) (Vol. X)''. Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Altenmedingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohmein'') (1541) 
** [[Bebenhusa (Saxonia Inferior)|Bebenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahlfeldt 2010&quot;&gt;Ahlfeldt, J. (Ed.) (2010). ''Regnum Francorum Online: Traditio Fuldenses''. Francia-Ahlfeldt Project.&lt;/ref&gt;, ([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bevensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bämsen'') urbs et sedes administrationis (8693)
** [[Barum (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Barum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;AdWzG 2010&quot;&gt;Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (2010). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'' (K. Casemir, F. Menzel, &amp; U. Ohainski, Eds.). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bourm'') (816)
** [[Ebbestorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaitner 1985&quot;&gt;Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; (5303) ([[Theodisce]] ''Ebstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ebstörp'')
** [[Emmendorf]] (737)
** [[Hanstedt (Circulus Uelzen)|Hanstedt]] (897)
** [[Himbergen]] (1706)
** [[Jelmstorf]] (809)
** [[Natendorf]] (806)
** [[Römstedt]] (784)
** [[Schwienau]] (730)
** [[Weste]] (988)
** [[Wriedel]] (2466)

* [[Rosche (commune generale)|Rosche]] (6921)
** [[Oetzen]] (1207)
** [[Rätzlingen]] (499)
** [[Rosche]] (2010, sedes administrationis)
** [[Stoetze]] (644)
** [[Suhlendorf]] (2561)

* [[Suderburg (commune generale)|Suderburg]] (6934)
** [[Eimke]] (898)
** [[Gerdau]] (1502)
** [[Suderburg]] (4534, sedes administrationis)

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{geo-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ulsenensis circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1885]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bienenbuttelum</title>
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'''Bienenbüttel''' commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circuli Ulsenensis]] est. Ad Bienenbüttel etiam vici Bargdorf, Beverbeck cum Grünewald, Bornsen cum Forsthof Wichmannsdorf, Edendorf cum villa Solchstorf atque Hönkenmühle, Eitzen I cum Bardenhagen, Grünhagen, Hohenbostel, Hohnstorf, Niendorf, Rieste cum Rieste Nova, Steddorf cum Steddorf Novo, Varendorf, Wichmannsburg atque Wulfstorf pertinent.


== Historia ==
Bienenbüttel saeculo 11 nomine ''Biangibudiburg'' primo in actis descriptum est. Fuit postea pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]]. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Bienenbüttel pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Annis 1966, 1967 et 1972 vici supra dicti cum Bienenbüttel coniuncti sunt.

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat}}
[http://www.bienenbuettel.de Pagina communis Bienenbüttel]

{{urbs-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bienenbuettel}}
[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 11]]</text>
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      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Bienenbüttel]] ad [[Bienenbuttelum]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
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'''Bienenbüttel''' commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circuli Ulsenensis]] est. Ad Bienenbüttel etiam vici Bargdorf, Beverbeck cum Grünewald, Bornsen cum Forsthof Wichmannsdorf, Edendorf cum villa Solchstorf atque Hönkenmühle, Eitzen I cum Bardenhagen, Grünhagen, Hohenbostel, Hohnstorf, Niendorf, Rieste cum Rieste Nova, Steddorf cum Steddorf Novo, Varendorf, Wichmannsburg atque Wulfstorf pertinent.


== Historia ==
Bienenbüttel saeculo 11 nomine ''Biangibudiburg'' primo in actis descriptum est. Fuit postea pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]]. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Bienenbüttel pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Annis 1966, 1967 et 1972 vici supra dicti cum Bienenbüttel coniuncti sunt.

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat}}
[http://www.bienenbuettel.de Pagina communis Bienenbüttel]

{{urbs-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bienenbuettel}}
[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 11]]</text>
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'''Bienenbuttelum'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;&gt;Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].&lt;/ref&gt; seu '''Binebutla'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Ho 59&quot;&gt;Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1859). ''Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, Fünfte Abtheilung: Archiv des Klosters St. Michaelis zu Lüneburg''. Capaun-Karlowa’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bienenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bienbüddel'') commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circuli Ulsenensis]] est. Ad Bienenbuttelum etiam vici [[Bardorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ho&quot;&gt;Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1861). ''Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, Siebente Abtheilung: Archiv des Klosters St. Michaelis zu Lüneburg''. Capaun-Karlowa’sche Buchhandlung&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Bargdorf''), [[Beverbeka]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kö&quot;&gt;Körner, S. (1959). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Lüne (1172–1392)''. Selbstverlag des Museumsvereins für das Fürstentum Lüneburg.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Beverbeck'') cum [[Grunewalda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-walda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-wald'' seu ''-walde'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-walda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Dippoldiswalda]], [[Geringswalda]], [[Lawalda]], [[Rueckerswalda Magna]] apud [[Index urbium et communium Saxoniae|hunc articulum]].&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Grünewald''), [[Brunsenna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;HI&quot;&gt;Historische Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen (1984). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Medingen'' (H. J. von der Ohe, Ed.). August Lax Verlagsbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Bornsen'') cum [[Wichmannsdorfium|Wichmannsdorfio]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Forsthof Wichmannsdorf''), [[Eddendorpa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kö&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Edendorf'') cum [[Solchstorfium|Solchstorfio]]&lt;ref name=&quot;AWG&quot;&gt;Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. (2005). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums'' (J. Udolph, Ed.). [[Bilivelda]]e: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte. &lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Solchstorf'') atque [[Hoenkenmuehlum|Hoenkenmuehlo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;2010&quot;&gt;Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (2010). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'' (K. Casemir, F. Menzel, &amp; U. Ohainski, Ed.). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Hönkenmühle''), [[Eitzenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;2010&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Eitzen I'') cum [[Bardenhagum|Bardenhago]]&lt;ref name=&quot;2010&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Bardenhagen''), [[Grunhagum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;2010&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Grünhagen''), [[Omborstela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Su&quot;&gt;Sudendorf, H. (1859). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande''. Carl Rümpler.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Hohenbostel''), [[Honstorpum]] (Theodisce ''Hohnstorf''), [[Nyendorpa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;HI&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Niendorf''), [[Rista]]&lt;ref name=&quot;2010&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Rieste'') cum [[Rista Nova]]&lt;ref name=&quot;2010&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;&gt;Theodiscum adiectivum ''Neu'' in linguam Latinam adiectivo [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/neu?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 &quot;novus-a-um&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Neu-Rieste''), [[Steddorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Steddorf'') cum [[Steddorfium Novum|Steddorfio Novo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Neu-Steddorf''), [[Varendorpa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Su&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Varendorf''), [[Wichmannesburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ho 59&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Wichmannsburg'') atque [[Wulfestorpa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Su&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Wulfstorf'') pertinent.

== Historia ==
Bienenbuttelum saeculo 11 nomine ''Biangibudiburg'' primo in actis descriptum est. Fuit postea pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]]. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Bienenbuttelum pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Annis 1966, 1967 et 1972 vici supra dicti cum Bienenbuttelo coniuncti sunt.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat}}
[http://www.bienenbuettel.de Pagina communis Bienenbutteli]

{{urbs-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bienenbuettel}}
[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 11]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4674" sha1="ollqamkukzs8785jvz05fqsbcypcx6i" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

'''Bienenbuttelum'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;&gt;Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].&lt;/ref&gt; seu '''Binebutla'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Ho 59&quot;&gt;Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1859). ''Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, Fünfte Abtheilung: Archiv des Klosters St. Michaelis zu Lüneburg''. Capaun-Karlowa’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bienenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bienbüddel'') commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circuli Ulsenensis]] est. Ad Bienenbuttelum etiam vici [[Bardorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ho&quot;&gt;Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1861). ''Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, Siebente Abtheilung: Archiv des Klosters St. Michaelis zu Lüneburg''. Capaun-Karlowa’sche Buchhandlung&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Bargdorf''), [[Beverbeka]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kö&quot;&gt;Körner, S. (1959). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Lüne (1172–1392)''. Selbstverlag des Museumsvereins für das Fürstentum Lüneburg.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Beverbeck'') cum [[Grunewalda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-walda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-wald'' seu ''-walde'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-walda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Dippoldiswalda]], [[Geringswalda]], [[Lawalda]], [[Rueckerswalda Magna]] apud [[Index urbium et communium Saxoniae|hunc articulum]].&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Grünewald''), [[Brunsenna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;HI&quot;&gt;Historische Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen (1984). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Medingen'' (H. J. von der Ohe, Ed.). August Lax Verlagsbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Bornsen'') cum [[Wichmannsdorfium|Wichmannsdorfio]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Forsthof Wichmannsdorf''), [[Eddendorpa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kö&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Edendorf'') cum [[Solchstorfium|Solchstorfio]]&lt;ref name=&quot;AWG&quot;&gt;Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. (2005). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums'' (J. Udolph, Ed.). [[Bilivelda]]e: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte. &lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Solchstorf'') atque [[Hoenkenmuehlum|Hoenkenmuehlo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;A2010&quot;&gt;Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (2010). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'' (K. Casemir, F. Menzel, &amp; U. Ohainski, Ed.). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Hönkenmühle''), [[Eitzenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;A2010&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Eitzen I'') cum [[Bardenhagum|Bardenhago]]&lt;ref name=&quot;A2010&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Bardenhagen''), [[Grunhagum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;A2010&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Grünhagen''), [[Omborstela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Su&quot;&gt;Sudendorf, H. (1859). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande''. Carl Rümpler.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Hohenbostel''), [[Honstorpum]] (Theodisce ''Hohnstorf''), [[Nyendorpa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;HI&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Niendorf''), [[Rista]]&lt;ref name=&quot;A2010&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Rieste'') cum [[Rista Nova]]&lt;ref name=&quot;A2010&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;&gt;Theodiscum adiectivum ''Neu'' in linguam Latinam adiectivo [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/neu?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 &quot;novus-a-um&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Neu-Rieste''), [[Steddorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Steddorf'') cum [[Steddorfium Novum|Steddorfio Novo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Neu-Steddorf''), [[Varendorpa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Su&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Varendorf''), [[Wichmannesburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ho 59&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Wichmannsburg'') atque [[Wulfestorpa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Su&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Wulfstorf'') pertinent.

== Historia ==
Bienenbuttelum saeculo 11 nomine ''Biangibudiburg'' primo in actis descriptum est. Fuit postea pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]]. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Bienenbuttelum pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Annis 1966, 1967 et 1972 vici supra dicti cum Bienenbuttelo coniuncti sunt.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat}}
[http://www.bienenbuettel.de Pagina communis Bienenbutteli]

{{urbs-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bienenbuettel}}
[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 11]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Balnot-sur-Laignes</title>
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      <comment>capsa et imago</comment>
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      <text bytes="748" sha1="ai5zae3vq4u0klj6wn2vui5pu2p2ohi" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:10029 BALNOT SUR LAIGNES1 (3).jpg|left|thumb|upright=0.7|Balnot-sur-Laignes: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Savinianus|Sancto Saviniano]] dicata.]]

{{res|Balnot-sur-Laignes}} est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 150 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Alba (praefectura Franciae)|Albae]] in provincia [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Albae|Indicem communium praefecturae Albae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Balnot-sur-Laignes|Balnot-sur-Laignes}}
{{INSEE commune|10029|de=Balnot-sur-Laignes}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Albulae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Albulae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sclavonia foroiuliensis</title>
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      <text bytes="1968" sha1="hp1h0sduuxriwf6r303o3qwz7i4okxt" xml:space="preserve">'''Sclavonia foroiuliensis''' (etiam dicta: ''Sclavonia venetica'' vel ''Sclavonia italica'') ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Slavia friulana|Slavia friulana]]''; [[Lingua Slovena|Slovenice]]: ''Beneška Slovenija''; [[Lingua Foroiuliensis|Foroiuliensice]]: ''[[:fur:Sclavanie|Sclavanie]]'') est historica terra ac insula linguistica [[Italia]]e, ubi [[Lingua Slovena]] utitut, cum sermone [[Lingua Italiana|Italiano]] ac [[Lingua Foroiuliensis|Foroiuliensi]].

Haec terra est regio [[Forum Iulii (terra)|Fori Iulii orientalis]], cum collibus et montibus ([[Iuliae Alpes]]), quae extenditur inter urbem  [[Forum Iulii (Italia)|Fori Iulii]] et super montes [[Caporectum|Caporecti]] (nunc in [[Slovenia]]).

{{NexInt}}
* [[Forum Iulii-Venetia Iulia]] (''regio''),
* [[Forum Iulii (terra)|Forum Iulii]] (''terra''),
* [[Provincia Utinensis]],
* [[Sclavonia]],
* [[Slovenia]],
* [[Lingua Slovena]].

== Nexus externi ==
* http://www.nediza.org/index.php?act=view&amp;f=main&amp;r=main 
* https://web.archive.org/web/20090309043405/http://www.legaslaviafriulana.org/storia.htm Storia della 
* https://web.archive.org/web/20131022124802/http://www.lintver.it/storia-vicendestoriche-musicaslaviafriulana.html 
* https://web.archive.org/web/20090820191900/http://www.nediskedoline.it/i_sentieri_della_slavia_friulana.html 
* https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235600/http://www.castelmonte.info/ Il 

== Bibliographia ==
* Liliana Spinozzi Monai, &quot;Il Glossario del dialetto del Torre di Jan Baudouin de Courtenay&quot;, Consorzio Universitario del Friuli, (2009), http://bos.zrc-sazu.si/c/Dial/JanBaudouindeCourtenay/Liliana%20Spinozzi%20Monai%202009%20--%20Il%20Glossario%20del%20dialetto%20del%20Torre%20di%20Jan%20Baudouin%20de%20Courtenay.pdf

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Slavia veneta.png|Collocatio finium Sclavoniae Foroiuliensis in Provincia Utinensi.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;


[[Categoria:Sclavonia Foroiuliensis|!]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mons Sancti Petri in Morico</title>
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'''Mons Sancti Petri in Morico'''&lt;ref&gt;Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.it/books?id=nDk0GkSnazEC&amp;dq=%22Grypta+Azzolina%22&amp;hl=it&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Jo. Baptistae De Luca Venusini... Tractatus de officiis venalibus ... - Di Giovanni Battista De Luca]&lt;/ref&gt; (alia nomina: ''Mons Sancti Petri''&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110519091143/http://users.bart.nl/~roestb/franciscan/province.htm Franciscan provinces with their custodies and convents (c. 1350)]&lt;/ref&gt;) ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Monsampietro Morico|Monsampietro Morico]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Marchia Anconitana]] et in [[Provincia Firmana]] situm. Incolae ''Montesanpetrini'' appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Municipia finitima ==

{{NexInt}}
* [[Marchia Anconitana]] (''regio''),
* [[Picenum]] (''terra''),
* [[Provincia Firmana]],
* [[Firmum]] seu [[Firmum Picenum]] (''urbs''),
* [[Municipium Italiae]].

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141013143743/http://www.halleyweb.com/c044030/hh/index.php?jvs=0&amp;acc=1 Pagina officialis]
{{CommuniaCat|Monsampietro Morico|Montem Sancti Petri in Morico}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Map of comune of Monsampietro Morico (province of Fermo, region Marche, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Provincia Firmana.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Firmi Piceni]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Massa (Marchia Anconitana)</title>
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{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Carlo Crivelli 023.jpg|thumb|Massa (Marchia Anconitana)]]
'''Massa'''&lt;ref&gt;Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.it/books?id=nDk0GkSnazEC&amp;dq=%22Grypta+Azzolina%22&amp;hl=it&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s Jo. Baptistae De Luca Venusini... Tractatus de officiis venalibus ... - Di Giovanni Battista De Luca]&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Massa|ae|f}} (alia nomina: ''Massa Firmanorum'', ''Massa Firmana'') ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Massa Fermana|Massa Fermana]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Marchia Anconitana]] et in [[Provincia Firmana]] situm. Incolae ''Massetani'' appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Municipia finitima ==

{{NexInt}}
* [[Marchia Anconitana]] (''regio''),
* [[Picenum]] (''terra''),
* [[Provincia Firmana]],
* [[Firmum]] seu [[Firmum Picenum]] (''urbs''),
* [[Municipium Italiae]].

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141008182431/http://comunemassafermana.it/ Pagina officialis]
{{CommuniaCat|Massa Fermana|Massam}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Map of comune of Massa Fermana (province of Fermo, region Marche, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Provincia Firmana.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Firmi Piceni]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ostra Vetus</title>
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    <id>190770</id>
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{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Ostra Vetere.jpg|thumb|Ostra Vetus]]
'''Ostra Vetus'''&lt;ref&gt;Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini&lt;/ref&gt; (alia nomina: ''Mons Novus'') ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Ostra Vetere|Ostra Vetere]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Marchia Anconitana]] et in [[Provincia Anconitana]] situm. Incolae ''Ostrenses''&lt;ref name=&quot;CathHier&quot;&gt;{{CathHierDiocese|2o41|Dioecesis Ostrensis}}}&lt;/ref&gt; vel ''Veterostrenses'' appellantur.

== Historia ==
* [[Ostra]], locus archelologicus

== Ecclesia Catholica Romana ==
* [[Dioecesis Senogalliensis]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20250224071536/http://halleyweb.com/c042036/hh/index.php?jvs=0&amp;acc=1 Pagina officialis]
{{CommuniaCat|Ostra Vetere|Ostram Vetus}}

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Ostra Vetus| ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mons Marcianus</title>
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'''Mons Marcianus'''&lt;ref&gt;Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Montemarciano|Montemarciano]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Marchia Anconitana]] et in [[Provincia Anconitana]] situm. Incolae ''Montemarcianenses '' appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Municipia finitima ==

{{NexInt}}
* [[Marchia Anconitana]] (''regio''),
* [[Provincia Anconitana]],
* [[Picenum]] (''terra''),
* [[Ancona]] (''urbs''),
* [[Municipium Italiae]].

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121207024346/http://www.halleyweb.com/c042027/hh/index.php?jvs=0&amp;acc=1 Pagina officialis]
{{CommuniaCat|Montemarciano|Montem Marcianum}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Map of comune of Montemarciano (province of Ancona, region Marche, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Provincia Anconitana.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Anconae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Circulus Luneburgensis</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in LG.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Luneburgensi]]
'''Circulus Luneburgensis'''&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Luneburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landreis Lüneburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Luneburgensis-e&quot; ad [[Luneburgum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Lüneburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Lümborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Lüneburg''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est et ad annum [[1945]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit et ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem. Caput circuli urbs [[Luneburgum]] est.

== Historia ==
Ager circuli fuit pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]]. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto ducatu a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis [[1810]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1885]] circulus conditus est, anno [[1929]] circulus pristinus Leopolitanus&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebel 1960&quot;/&gt; Leneburgo adiunctus est. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Luneburgensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt:

* [[Adenthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Höhbaum 1876&quot;&gt;Höhbaum, K. (Ed.) (1876). ''Hansisches Urkundenbuch: Monumenta Germaniae Historica e codicibus diplomaticis Bremensibus et Luneburgensibus'' (Vol. I). Halis Saxonum: Typis Orphanotrophei.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Adendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Adendörp'') (10.288 incolae)
* [[Leopolis (Saxonia Inferior)|Leopolis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebel 1960&quot;&gt;Ebel, W. (1960). ''Lübisches Recht: Erster Band''. Hansischer Geschichtsverein.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bleckede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bleikd'') (9.532)
* [[Luneburgum]] urbs (70.438)
* [[Praefectura Neohusana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Grupen II 1742&quot;&gt;Grupen, C. U. (1742). ''Disceptationes Forenses cum Observationibus Juris: De originibus et iurisdictione praefecturarum ditionis Brunsvicensis (Caput de Praefectura Neohusana)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae: Förster.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Amt Neuhaus'') (4.830)


* [[Amelinghusium (commune generale)|Amelinghusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Baring 1746&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Amelinghausen''; [[lingua Saxonica|Boreosaxonice]] ''Amekhusen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Amelkusen'') (8.259)
** [[Amelinghusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Baring 1746&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Amelinghausen''; [[lingua Saxonica|Boreosaxonice]] ''Amekhusen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Amelkusen'') (3.962)
** [[Betzendorfum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bünting &amp; Letzner 1702&quot;&gt;Bünting, H., &amp; Letzner, J. (1702). ''Braunschweig-Lüneburgische Chronica, Oder Historische Beschreibung der Durchlauchtigsten Herzogen zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg''. Gedruckt bey Caspar Johann Jakobi.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Betzendorfum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bätzendörp'') (1.156)
** [[Oldendorf (Luya)|Oldendorf]] (985)
** [[Rehlingen]] (712)
** [[Soderstorf]] (1.444)

* [[Bardenuvicum (commune generale)|Bardenuvicum]] (16.584)
** [[Bardenuvicum]] (sedes administrationis, 6.473)
** [[Barum (Luneburgum)|Barum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann I II 2004&quot;&gt;Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2004). ''Verdener Urkundenbuch, 1. Abteilung, Band 2: 1300–1380''. Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boorn'') (1.828)
** [[Handorf]] (1.953)
** [[Mechtersen]] (662)
** [[Radbruch]] (1.970)
** [[Vögelsen]] (2.255)
** [[Wittorf]] (1.443)

* [[Dahlenburg (commune generale)|Dahlenburg]] (6.150)
** [[Boitze]] (393)
** [[Dahlem (Saxonia Inferior)|Dahlem]] (599)
** [[Dahlenburg]] (sedes administrationis, 3351)
** [[Nahrendorf]] (1.236)
** [[Tosterglope]] (571)

* [[Gellersen (commune generale)|Gellersen]] (12.849)
** [[Kirchgellersen]] (2.279)
** [[Reppenstedt]] (sedes administrationis, 7.210)
** [[Südergellersen]] (1.602)
** [[Westergellersen]] (1758)

* [[Ilmenau (commune generale)|Ilmenau]] (10.486)
** [[Barnstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bünting &amp; Letzner 1702&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Barnstedt'') (747)
** [[Deutsch Evern]] (3.736)
** [[Embsen]] (2.630)
** [[Melbeck]] (sedes administrationis, 3.373)

* [[Ostheide (commune generale)|Ostheide]] (10.178)
** [[Barunvilla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;SdaedhdlM 1862&quot;&gt;Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle (1862). ''Mémoires de la Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle: Année 1860–1861''. Rousseau-Pallez.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Barendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borendörp'') (sedes administrationis, 2.418)
** [[Neetze]] (2.583)
** [[Reinstorf]] (1.290)
** [[Thomasburg]] (1.291)
** [[Vastorf]] (815)
** [[Wendisch Evern]] (1.781)

* [[Scharnebeck (commune generale)|Scharnebeck]] (15.091)
** [[Artlenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Baring 1746&quot;&gt;Baring, E. (1746). ''Succincta Hannoverae et ditionum vicinarum Notitia Historica''. Hanoverae: Typis Nicolae Försteri.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Artlenburg'') (1.610)
** [[Brietlingen]] (3.319)
** [[Echem]] (1.017)
** [[Hittbergen]] (912)
** [[Hohnstorf (Albis)|Hohnstorf]] (2.408)
** [[Lüdersburg]] (624)
** [[Rullstorf]] (1.880)
** [[Scharnebeck]] (sedes administrationis, 3.321)

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{geo-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Luneburgensis circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1885]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Praefectura Neohusana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>191087</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Historia */</comment>
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      <text bytes="3097" sha1="6xwx4igvkonk82k0p7t8xvnfe9i0f4y" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Kirche ev Neuhaus Elbe.jpg|thumb|left|Ecclesia Mariae Neohusana.]]
'''Praefectura Neohusana'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Grupen II 1742&quot;&gt;Grupen, C. U. (1742). ''Disceptationes Forenses cum Observationibus Juris: De originibus et iurisdictione praefecturarum ditionis Brunsvicensis (Caput de Praefectura Neohusana)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae: Förster.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Amt Neuhaus'') commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Luneburgensis|Circuli Luneburgensis]] est. E vicis Dellien, Haar, Kaarßen, Neuhaus, Stapel, Sumte et Tripkau constat.

== Historia ==
Vici, qui nunc ad Praefecturam Neohusanam pertinent, primo partes [[Ducatus Lauenburgicus|Ducatus Lauenburgici]] erant. Anno [[1692]] una cum toto ducatu ad Electoratum Brunsvicum-Luneburgum transierunt. Annis [[1810]]/[[1811|11]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat, deinde ad usque annum [[1814]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Cum ceterae partes Ducatus anno [[1815]] ad Daniam pervenisset, Neohusium&lt;ref&gt;Baring, E. (1746). ''Succincta Hannoverae et ditionum vicinarum Notitia Historica: De prefecturis, ditionibus, gigerictis et amptis ubi de Neohusio regio agitur''. Hannoverae: Typis Nicolae Försteri.&lt;/ref&gt; - nunc &quot;Praefectura Neohusana&quot; vocatum - pars [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regni Hannoverani]] et post annum [[1866]] provinciae Hannoverae [[Borussia]]e factum est. Ab anno [[1885]] ad [[1932]] pars Circuli [[Leopolis (Saxonia Inferior)|Leopolitani]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebel 1960&quot;&gt;Ebel, W. (1960). ''Lübisches Recht: Erster Band''. Hansischer Geschichtsverein.&lt;/ref&gt; erat, qui tum ad Circulum Luneburgensem adiunctus est. Anno [[1945]] Praefectura Neohusana, quae trans flumen [[Albis|Albem]] sita est et commeatus sine ponte diffcilior visus est, a Zona [[Regnum Unitum|Britannica]] ad [[Unio Sovietica|Sovieticam]] translata est. Fuit itaque pars [[Megalopolis-Pomerania Citerior|Megalopolis-Pomeraniae Citerioris]] (1945 - 1952) et [[Res publica Democratica Germanica|Rei publicae Democraticae Germanicae]] (ab anno [[1949]]).
[[Fasciculus:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1989-1126-001, Fährverbindung Hagenow - Neu Darchau.jpg|thumb|left|Anno 1989 finibus apertis ponto primum post secundum bellum mundanum homines trans Albim portavit.]]
Anno [[1990]], cum Germania iterum unita esset, ad Megalopolis-Pomerania Citerior pertinuit, sed incolae suffragio habito pro [[Saxonia Inferior]]e votum dederunt. Die [[30 Iunii]] [[1993]] communia supra dicta ad Saxoniam Inferiorem et Circulum Luneburgum reverterunt. Die [[1 Octobris]] eiusdem anni in unum communem se coniunxerunt. De ponte trans Albim faciendo iam multis annis disputatur. Anno 2013 maiorem partem incolarum Circuli Luneburgiensis suffragia pro ponte faciendo tulerunt&lt;ref&gt;[http://wendland-net.de/post/buergerbefragung-zur-elbbruecke-neu-darchau-37256 wendland-net.de]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commonscat}}
[http://www.amt-neuhaus.de/ Pagina communis Praefecturae Neohusanae]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 12]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Leopolis (Saxonia Inferior)</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Bleckede]] ad [[Leopolis (Saxonia Inferior)]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
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      <text bytes="1662" sha1="1fzjdasvqjvzcwkpeaxflolhoeqt8s3" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:ElbSchloss Bleckede (2814473890).jpg|thumb|left|Castellum Bleckede]]
'''Bleckede''' oppidum [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Luneburgensis|Circuli Luneburgensis]] est. E vicis Alt Garge, Barskamp, Bleckede-Wendischthun, Brackede, Breetze, Garze, Garlstorf, Göddingen, Karze, Radegast, Rosenthal, Walmsburg atque Wendewisch constat.

== Historia ==
Bleckede anno [[1209]] conditum est. Tum ad Electoratum Brunsvicum-Luneburgum pertinuit. Post annum [[1815]] pars [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regni Hannoverani]] et post annum [[1866]] provinciae Hannoverae [[Borussia]]e factum est. Annis [[1885]] - [[1932]] Bleckede caput Circuli eiusdem nominis erat, qui tum ad Circulum Luneburgensem adiunctus est. Anno [[1945]] vici Neu Bleckede et Neu Wendischthu, quia trans flumen [[Albis|Albim]] siti sunt et commeatus sine ponte diffcilior visus est, a Zona [[Regnum Unitum|Britannica]] ad [[Unio Sovietica|Sovieticam]] translati sunt. Fuerunt itaque pars [[Megalopolis-Pomerania Citerior|Megalopolis-Pomeraniae Citerioris]] (1945 - 1952) et [[Res publica Democratica Germanica|Rei publicae Democraticae Germanicae]] (ab anno [[1949]]).
Anno [[1990]], cum Germania iterum unita esset, partes trans Albim sitae ad Megalopolin-Pomeraniam Citeriorem pertinuerunt, sed incolae suffragio habito pro [[Saxonia Inferior]]e votum dederunt. Die [[30 Iunii]] [[1993]] vici supra dicti ad Saxoniam Inferiorem et Circulum Luneburgum reverterunt.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commonscat}}
* [http://www.bleckede.de/ Pagina oppidi Bleckede]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1209]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3976751</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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[[Fasciculus:ElbSchloss Bleckede (2814473890).jpg|thumb|left|[[Castrum Blekethe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Keutgen 1901&quot;&gt;Keutgen, F. (1901). Urkunden zur städtischen Verfassungsgeschichte. F. A. Brockhaus.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Schloss Bleckede'').]]
'''Leopolis''&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebel 1960&quot;&gt;Ebel, W. (1960). ''Lübisches Recht: Erster Band''. Hansischer Geschichtsverein.&lt;/ref&gt; seu '''Urbs Leonis'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebel 1960&quot;/&gt; seu '''Blekethe'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1869&quot;&gt;Sudendorf, H. (1869). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande'' (Vol. 1). Carl Rümpler.&lt;/ref&gt; seu '''Blekede'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1869&quot;/&gt; seu '''Blekedum'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1869&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bleckede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bleikd'') urbs [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Luneburgensis|Circuli Luneburgensis]] est. E vicis Alt Garge, Barskamp, Bleckede-Wendischthun, Brackede, Breetze, Garze, Garlstorf, Göddingen, Karze, Radegast, Rosenthal, Walmsburg atque Wendewisch constat.

== Historia ==
Leopolis anno [[1209]] condita est. Tum ad Electoratum Brunsvicum-Luneburgum pertinuit. Post annum [[1815]] pars [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regni Hannoverani]] et post annum [[1866]] provinciae Hannoverae [[Borussia]]e factum est. Annis [[1885]] - [[1932]] Leopolis caput Circuli eiusdem nominis erat, qui tum ad Circulum Luneburgensem adiunctus est. Anno [[1945]] vici Neu Bleckede et Neu Wendischthu, quia trans flumen [[Albis|Albim]] siti sunt et commeatus sine ponte diffcilior visus est, a Zona [[Regnum Unitum|Britannica]] ad [[Unio Sovietica|Sovieticam]] translati sunt. Fuerunt itaque pars [[Megalopolis-Pomerania Citerior|Megalopolis-Pomeraniae Citerioris]] (1945 - 1952) et [[Res publica Democratica Germanica|Rei publicae Democraticae Germanicae]] (ab anno [[1949]]).
Anno [[1990]], cum Germania iterum unita esset, partes trans Albim sitae ad Megalopolin-Pomeraniam Citeriorem pertinuerunt, sed incolae suffragio habito pro [[Saxonia Inferior]]e votum dederunt. Die [[30 Iunii]] [[1993]] vici supra dicti ad Saxoniam Inferiorem et Circulum Luneburgum reverterunt.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commonscat}}
* [http://www.bleckede.de/ Pagina urbis Leopoleos]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1209]]</text>
      <sha1>3fwx6gjvg6kc96cdt35d6zcc67btlko</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>3976752</id>
      <parentid>3976751</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T10:25:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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      <text bytes="2326" sha1="poz09q7dzb97o67rr75w2sa45kphpv6" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:ElbSchloss Bleckede (2814473890).jpg|thumb|left|[[Castrum Blekethe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Keutgen 1901&quot;&gt;Keutgen, F. (1901). Urkunden zur städtischen Verfassungsgeschichte. F. A. Brockhaus.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Schloss Bleckede'').]]
'''Leopolis'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebel 1960&quot;&gt;Ebel, W. (1960). ''Lübisches Recht: Erster Band''. Hansischer Geschichtsverein.&lt;/ref&gt; seu '''Urbs Leonis'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebel 1960&quot;/&gt; seu '''Blekethe'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1869&quot;&gt;Sudendorf, H. (1869). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande'' (Vol. 1). Carl Rümpler.&lt;/ref&gt; seu '''Blekede'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1869&quot;/&gt; seu '''Blekedum'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1869&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bleckede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bleikd'') urbs [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Luneburgensis|Circuli Luneburgensis]] est. E vicis Alt Garge, Barskamp, Bleckede-Wendischthun, Brackede, Breetze, Garze, Garlstorf, Göddingen, Karze, Radegast, Rosenthal, Walmsburg atque Wendewisch constat.

== Historia ==
Leopolis anno [[1209]] condita est. Tum ad Electoratum Brunsvicum-Luneburgum pertinuit. Post annum [[1815]] pars [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regni Hannoverani]] et post annum [[1866]] provinciae Hannoverae [[Borussia]]e factum est. Annis [[1885]] - [[1932]] Leopolis caput Circuli eiusdem nominis erat, qui tum ad Circulum Luneburgensem adiunctus est. Anno [[1945]] vici Neu Bleckede et Neu Wendischthu, quia trans flumen [[Albis|Albim]] siti sunt et commeatus sine ponte diffcilior visus est, a Zona [[Regnum Unitum|Britannica]] ad [[Unio Sovietica|Sovieticam]] translati sunt. Fuerunt itaque pars [[Megalopolis-Pomerania Citerior|Megalopolis-Pomeraniae Citerioris]] (1945 - 1952) et [[Res publica Democratica Germanica|Rei publicae Democraticae Germanicae]] (ab anno [[1949]]).
Anno [[1990]], cum Germania iterum unita esset, partes trans Albim sitae ad Megalopolin-Pomeraniam Citeriorem pertinuerunt, sed incolae suffragio habito pro [[Saxonia Inferior]]e votum dederunt. Die [[30 Iunii]] [[1993]] vici supra dicti ad Saxoniam Inferiorem et Circulum Luneburgum reverterunt.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commonscat}}
* [http://www.bleckede.de/ Pagina urbis Leopoleos]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1209]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4869" sha1="b0tjwpy3fxj4fihqg47k484sbh1hnce" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:ElbSchloss Bleckede (2814473890).jpg|thumb|left|[[Castrum Blekethe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Keutgen 1901&quot;&gt;Keutgen, F. (1901). Urkunden zur städtischen Verfassungsgeschichte. F. A. Brockhaus.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Schloss Bleckede'').]]
'''Leopolis'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebel 1960&quot;&gt;Ebel, W. (1960). ''Lübisches Recht: Erster Band''. Hansischer Geschichtsverein.&lt;/ref&gt; seu '''Urbs Leonis'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebel 1960&quot;/&gt; seu '''Blekethe'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1869&quot;&gt;Sudendorf, H. (1869). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande'' (Vol. 1). Carl Rümpler.&lt;/ref&gt; seu '''Blekede'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1869&quot;/&gt; seu '''Blekedum'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1869&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bleckede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bleikd'') urbs [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Luneburgensis|Circuli Luneburgensis]] est. E vicis [[Gargia Antiqua]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Körner 1959&quot;&gt;Körner, H. (1959). Die Urkunden des Klosters Scharnebeck. Selbstverlag des Stader Geschichts- und Heimatvereins.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Alt Garge''), [[Bercampus|Bercampo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1869&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Barskamp''), [[Blekedum Vandalorum|Blekedo Vandalorum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meibom III 1688&quot;&gt;Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III''. Georgius Henricus Frommannus.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Bleckede-Wendischthun''), [[Brackedum|Brackedo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1855&quot;&gt;Hodenberg, W. von (1855). ''Lüneburger Urkundenbuch: Archiv des Klosters St. Michaelis zu Lüneburg''. Capaun-Karlowa.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Brackede''), [[Brecisa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vogell 1838&quot;&gt;Vogell, A. (1838). ''Geschichte des Herzogthums Braunschweig-Lüneburg''. Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Breetze''), [[Gartia (Leopolis)|Gartia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Büttner 1962&quot;&gt;Büttner, H. (1962). ''Frühmittelalterliche Studien: Die Kirche im lüneburgischen Raum''. Böhlau Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Garze''), [[Gerlevesthorpa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mithoff 1877&quot;&gt;Mithoff, H. W. H. (1877). ''Fürstenthum Lüneburg: Kunstdenkmale und Alterthümer im Hannoverschen''. Helwing’sche Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Garlstorf''), [[Godinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlöpke 1704&quot;&gt;Schlöpke, C. (1704). ''Chronicon Balduini: Chronik des Stifts und der Stadt Bardowick''. Christian Gerlach.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Göddingen''), [[Cartzia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Grotefend 1891&quot;&gt;Grotefend, H. (1891). ''Zeitrechnung des deutschen Mittelalters und der Neuzeit''. Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Karze''), [[Radagastus|Radagasto]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmeidler 1937&quot;&gt;Schmeidler, B. (1937). ''Helmoldi Presbyteri Bozoviensis Chronica Slavorum''. Monumenta Germaniae Historica.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Radegast''), [[Vallis Rosarum (Leopolis)|Valli Rosarum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Leuckfeld 1710&quot;&gt;Leuckfeld, J. G. (1710). ''Antiquitates Michaelsteinenses et Amelungsbornenses''. Gottfried Freytag.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Rosenthal''), [[Walmesburgum|Walmesburgo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Baring 1744&quot;&gt;Baring, D. E. (1744). ''Succincta Notitia scriptorum rerum Brunsvicensium ac Luneburgensium''. Hanoverae.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Walmsburg'') atque [[Pratum Vandalorum|Prato Vandalorum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Reitermeier 2000&quot;&gt;Reitemeier, A. (2000). ''Die Südwandlung des Elbe-Raumes im späten Mittelalter''. Veröffentlichungen de l'Institut für Historische Landesforschung.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Wendewisch'') constat.

== Historia ==
Leopolis anno [[1209]] condita est. Tum ad Electoratum Brunsvicum-Luneburgum pertinuit. Post annum [[1815]] pars [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regni Hannoverani]] et post annum [[1866]] provinciae Hannoverae [[Borussia]]e factum est. Annis [[1885]] - [[1932]] Leopolis caput Circuli eiusdem nominis erat, qui tum ad Circulum Luneburgensem adiunctus est. Anno [[1945]] vici [[Blekedum Novum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1858&quot;&gt;Hodenberg, W. von (1858). Lüneburger Urkundenbuch: Archiv des Klosters St. Michaelis zu Lüneburg. Capaun-Karlowa.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Neu Bleckede'') et [[Vandalorum Villa Nova]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meibom III 1688&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Neu Wendischthun''), quia trans flumen [[Albis|Albim]] siti sunt et commeatus sine ponte diffcilior visus est, a Zona [[Regnum Unitum|Britannica]] ad [[Unio Sovietica|Sovieticam]] translati sunt. Fuerunt itaque pars [[Megalopolis-Pomerania Citerior|Megalopolis-Pomeraniae Citerioris]] (1945 - 1952) et [[Res publica Democratica Germanica|Rei publicae Democraticae Germanicae]] (ab anno [[1949]]).
Anno [[1990]], cum Germania iterum unita esset, partes trans Albim sitae ad Megalopolin-Pomeraniam Citeriorem pertinuerunt, sed incolae suffragio habito pro [[Saxonia Inferior]]e votum dederunt. Die [[30 Iunii]] [[1993]] vici supra dicti ad Saxoniam Inferiorem et Circulum Luneburgum reverterunt.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commonscat}}
* [http://www.bleckede.de/ Pagina urbis Leopoleos]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1209]]</text>
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    <title>Luya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
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      <text bytes="997" sha1="ohqd4in7v7e25r98hnyqizfbsvrsqcr" xml:space="preserve">{{flumen|Luya|[[Fasciculus:Bad Bevensen - Brückenstraße - Ilmenau 03 ies.jpg|thumb|350px|Luya apud [[Bebenhusa (Saxonia Inferior)|Bebenhusam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahlfeldt 2010&quot;&gt;Ahlfeldt, J. (Ed.) (2010). ''Regnum Francorum Online: Traditio Fuldenses''. Francia-Ahlfeldt Project.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bevensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bämsen'').]]|58,2|82||476|[[Byspinga]]|Stöckte ([[Winsenia]])|Germania}} 

'''Luya'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; seu '''Lia'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;[http://www.columbia.edu/acis/ets/Graesse/orblatl.html Orbis Latinus]&lt;/ref&gt; (Germanice: ''Luhe'') est fluvius in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e. In flumen [[Ilmena]]m influit. 

== Urbes ad Luyam sitae ==
* [[Oldendorf (Luya)|Oldendorf]] 
* [[Bebenhusa (Saxonia Inferior)|Bebenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahlfeldt 2010&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bevensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bämsen'')
* [[Winsenia]]

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

{{flumen-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Flumina Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Systema Albis fluminis]]</text>
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    <title>Disputatio Usoris:Revi C.</title>
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      <comment>global user pages ([[m:Synchbot|requested by Revi C.]])</comment>
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    <title>De orbe novo decades</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
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      <text bytes="9836" sha1="qb0mgfnyv07kj3oszq25ai2nn7wqis3" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:De orbe nouo titulus.jpg|thumb|Titulus editionis omnium decadum primae (1530) ([[Bibliotheca Universitatis Brunensis|Bibliotheca]] [[Universitas Brunensis|Universitatis Brunensis]]).]]
'''''De orbe novo decades''''' est principale auctoris [[Petrus Martyr ab Angleria|Petri Martyris ab Angleria]] opus de exploratione et conquisitione mediae [[America]]e in octo decades divisum. Cuius operis a principio in forma epistularum et commentationum compositi, anno [[1511]] prima decas, anno [[1516]] tres decades, anno [[1521]] quarta decas, post auctoris mortem anno [[1530]] octo decades editae sunt.

== Bibliographia ==
; Editiones Latinae
* 1511 : ''P. Martyris Angli Mediolanensis opera: Legatio Babylonica, Oceani decas, Poemata epigrammatica''. Hispali: per Iacobum Corumberger; [https://gredos.usal.es/jspui/handle/10366/83437 Textus]; [https://archive.org/details/pmartyrisanglime00angh Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1516 : [[Antonius Nebrissensis]], ed., [Protonotari Petri Martyris] ''De orbe novo decades'' vel ''De rebus oceanis et orbe novo decades tres''. In urbe Compluto: in contubernio Arnaldi Guillelmi;  [https://archive.org/details/ioannesruffusfor00angh Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''; [https://archive.org/details/ARes593133 alius]; [https://bipadi.ub.edu/digital/collection/geoviatges/id/17063 alibi]
* 1521 : ''De nuper sub D. Carolo repertis insulis, simul[que] incolarum moribus, R. Petri Martyris enchiridion''. Basileae; [https://archive.org/details/denupersubdcaro00anglgoog Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''; [https://archive.org/details/denupersubdcarol00angh_0 aliud exemplar]
* 1524 : ''De rebus, et insulis nouiter repertis a sereniss. Carolo imperatore, et variis earum gentium moribus''. Norimbergae: F. Peypus; [https://archive.org/details/derebusetinsulis00angh/ Textus apud ''Internet Archive'']
* 1530 : ''De orbe novo Petri Martyris ab Angleria Mediolanensis, protonotarii Caesaris, senatoris, decades''. Compluti apud Michaelem d'Eguia; [http://archive.org/details/deorbenouopetrim00angh Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1532 : ''R. Petri Martyris De insulis nuper inuentis''. Coloniae: Impensis Arnoldi Birckman; [https://archive.org/details/deinsulisnuperin00angh/ Textus]
* 1533 : ''Petri Martyris ab Angleria Mediolanen. ... De rebus oceanicis &amp; Orbe nouo decades tres, quibus quicquid de inuentis nuper terris traditum; ... eiusdem præterea legationis Babylonicæ libri tres''. Basileae: apud Ioannem Bebelium [https://archive.org/details/petrimartyrisaba00angh Textus apud ''Internet Archive'']
* 1587 : [[Ricardus Hakluytus]], ed., ''De Orbe Novo Petri Martyris Anglerii Mediolanensis, protonotarii et Caroli Quinti senatoris, decades octo, diligente temporum observatione et utilissimis annotationibus illustratae, suoque nitore restitae''. Parisiis: apud Guillelmum Auvray
* 1966 : Erich Woldan, ed., ''Petrus Martyr de Angleria: Opera''. Graecii: Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt (fac-simile editionum antiquorum)
* 2003 : [[Brigitta Gauvin|Brigitte Gauvin]], ed., ''Pierre Martyr d'Anghiera. Décades du Nouveau monde. I: La décade Océane: édition, traduction et commentaire''. Lutetiae: Les Belles Lettres. ISBN 2-251-34468-3

; Versiones
* 1532 : ''Extraict ou recueil des isles nouuellement trouvees en la grand mer oceane ou temps du roy Despaigne Fernand et Elizabeth sa femme''. Lutetiae: chez Simon de Colines; [https://archive.org/details/extraictourecuei00angh/ Textus apud Internet Archive]
* 1534 : ''Summario de la generale historia de l'Indie occidentali, cavato da libri scritti dal signor don Pietro Martyre''. Venetiis; [https://archive.org/details/svmmariodelagene00angh/ Textus apud Internet Archive]. -- Prima pars separatim: ''Libro primo della historia de l'Indie Occidentali''. Venetiis; [https://archive.org/details/libroprimodellah00angh/ Textus]
* 1555 : [[Ricardus Eden|Rycharde Eden]], interpr., ''The decades of the newe worlde or west India ... wrytten in the Latine tounge by Peter Martyr of Angleria, and translated into Englysshe''. Londini: in aedibus Guilhelmi Powell; [https://archive.org/details/decadesofnewewor00angh/ Textus apud Internet Archive]; [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.69015000005864 apud Hathi Trust];  [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/a20032.0001.001/1:14.12?rgn=div2;view=toc editio interretialis apud Michiganenses]
* 1577 : [[Ricardus Eden|Richarde Eden]], interpr.; [[Ricardus Willes|Richarde Willes]], ed., ''The History of travayle in the VVest and East Indies''. Londinii: Richard Jugge; [https://archive.org/details/historyoftrauayl00angh/ Textus apud Internet Archive]
* 1612 : [[Ricardus Eden|Richard Eden]], [[Michael Lok]], interprr., ''De Novo orbe, or, the historie of the West Indies: contayning the actes and adventures of the Spanyardes''. Londinii: Thomas Adams; [https://archive.org/details/denovoorbeorhist00angh/ Textus apud Internet Archive]
* 1625 : [[Ricardus Hakluytus|Richard Hakluyt]], interpr., ''The historie of the West-Indies, containing the acts and adventures of the Spaniards, which have conquered and peopled those countries''. Londinii: A. Hebb; [https://archive.org/details/b30332904 Textus apud Internet Archive]
* 1885 : Richard Eden, interpr.; Edward Arber, ed., ''The first three English books on America. [?1511]-1555 A.D.'' Birminghamiae, 1885; [https://archive.org/details/firstthreeenglis00arberich/ Textus apud Internet Archive]
* 1885 : Paul Gaffarel, Abbé Loubot, interprr., ''Lettres de Pierre Martyr Anghiera relatives aux découvertes maritimes des espagnols et des portugais''. Lutetiae: Institut Géographique de Paris; [https://archive.org/details/lettresdepierrem00anghiala Textus apud Internet Archive]
* 1907 : Paul Gaffarel, Abbé Loubot, interprr., ''De orbe novo: les huit décades de Pierre Martyr Anghiera; traduits du latin, avec notes et commentaires''. Lutetiae: Leroux [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6536439b Textus apud Gallica]; [https://archive.org/details/deorbenovodepier00angh/ apud Internet Archive] 
* 1912 : Francis Augustus MacNutt, interpr., ''Peter Martyr d'Anghiera: De orbe novo''. 2 voll. Novi Eboraci: Putnam, 1912 [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12425 Vol. 1 apud gutenberg.org] [https://archive.org/details/deorbenovoeightd01angh vol. 1] [https://archive.org/details/deorbenovoeightd02angh vol. 2 apud archive.org]
* 1944 : ''Peter Martyr d'Anghiera, Decadas del nuevo mundo''
* 1966 : [[Ricardus Eden|Richard Eden]], interpr., ''The decades of the Newe Worlde or West India''. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms;  [https://archive.org/details/decadesofnewewor0013unse/ Exemplar mutuabile]

; Refectiones
* 1504 : Angelus Trevisanus, ''Libretto di tutta la navigazione del re di Spagna de le isole et terreni novamente trovati''. Albertino Vercellese da Lisbona
* 1507 : {{ec|id=Montalboddo (1507)|c=[[Francanus Montalbodus|Fracanzano Montalboddo]], ed., ''Paesi novamente retrovati et nouo mondo da Alberico Vesputio Florentino'' {{Ling|Italice}} [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58988n Textus 1507 apud Gallica] [https://archive.org/details/paesinouamentere00frac Editio 1508 rursus impressa 1916] apud ''Internet Archive''}}
* 1508 : {{ec|id=Madrignanus (1508)|c=Francanus Montalbodus, ed.; Archangelus Madrignanus, interpr., ''Itinerarium Portugallensium e Lusitania in Indiam et inde in occidentem et demum ad aquilonem'' {{Ling|Latine}} [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_OEBMA3dMZcMC Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''}}
* 1532 : [[Simon Grynaeus]], ed., ''[[Novus orbis (Grynaeus)|Novus orbis regionum ac insularum veteribus incognitarum]]''. Basileae {{Ling|Latine}} [https://archive.org/details/nouusorbisregion00hutt_1 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''

; Historica et critica
* Michael Brennan, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/michael-brennan-the-texts-of-peter-martyrs-de-orbe-novo-decades-1504-1628-a-response-to-andrew-hadfield/ The Texts of Peter Martyr's De orbe novo decades (1504-1628): A Response to Andrew Hadfield]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 2 (1996/1997) {{Penna}}
* Rita De Maeseneer, &quot;El Nuevo Mundo comestible de Colón. Los contextos culinarios en la primera Década del Nuevo Mundo de Pedro Mártir de Anglería&quot; in Rita de Maeseneer, Patrick Collard, edd., ''Saberes y sabores en México y el Caribe'' (''Foro Hispánico'' vol. 39, 2010) pp. 235–266; [https://brill.com/display/book/9789042030459/B9789042030459-s011.xml situs venalis]
* [[Brigitta Gauvin|Brigitte Gauvin]], &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240634688_De_l'animal_sauvage_a_l'animal_fantastique_les_creatures_du_Nouveau_Monde_dans_les_huit_Decades_de_Pierre_Martyr_d'Anghiera De l’animal sauvage à l’animal fantastique: les créatures du Nouveau Monde dans les huit Décades de Pierre Martyr d’Anghiera]&quot; in ''Schedae'' (2009 n° 1) pp. 55-72
* Andrew Hadfield, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-peter-martyr-richard-eden-and-the-new-world-reading-experience-and-translation/ Peter Martyr, Richard Eden and the New World: Reading, Experience, and Translation]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 5 no. 1 (1995/1996); &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-authors-response/ Richard Eden and Peter Martyr: Author's Response]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 3 (1996/1997)
* Raymond Marcus, [https://www.persee.fr/doc/jsa_0037-9174_1967_num_56_1_2286 recensio] editionis Woldan (1966) in ''Journal de la société des américanistes'' vol. 56 (1967) pp. 273-274
* Carlos Gabriel Perna, ''Algunos problemas en torno a las &quot;Décadas del Nuevo Mundo&quot; de Pedro Mártir de Anglería''. GRIN Verlag, 2007 {{Google Books|oYTN6FKFa9cC|Paginae selectae}}

[[Categoria:Hispaniae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Libri de peregrinationibus]]
[[Categoria:Libri historici]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae Renascentes]]
[[Categoria:Scripta 1530]]</text>
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      <text bytes="9904" sha1="ma7r7cvcmrq68tv8p7vn887os4a4cei" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:De orbe nouo titulus.jpg|thumb|Titulus editionis omnium decadum primae (1530) ([[Bibliotheca Universitatis Brunensis|Bibliotheca]] [[Universitas Brunensis|Universitatis Brunensis]]).]]
'''''De orbe novo decades''''' est principale auctoris [[Petrus Martyr ab Angleria|Petri Martyris ab Angleria]] opus de exploratione et conquisitione mediae [[America]]e in octo decades divisum. Cuius operis a principio in forma epistularum et commentationum compositi, anno [[1511]] prima decas, anno [[1516]] tres decades, anno [[1521]] quarta decas, post auctoris mortem anno [[1530]] octo decades editae sunt.

== Bibliographia ==
; Editiones Latinae
* 1511 : ''P. Martyris Angli Mediolanensis opera: Legatio Babylonica, Oceani decas, Poemata epigrammatica''. Hispali: per Iacobum Corumberger; [https://gredos.usal.es/jspui/handle/10366/83437 Textus]; [https://archive.org/details/pmartyrisanglime00angh Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1516 : [[Antonius Nebrissensis]], ed., [Protonotari Petri Martyris] ''De orbe novo decades'' vel ''De rebus oceanis et orbe novo decades tres''. In urbe Compluto: in contubernio Arnaldi Guillelmi;  [https://archive.org/details/ioannesruffusfor00angh Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''; [https://archive.org/details/ARes593133 alius]; [https://bipadi.ub.edu/digital/collection/geoviatges/id/17063 alibi]
* 1521 : ''De nuper sub D. Carolo repertis insulis, simul[que] incolarum moribus, R. Petri Martyris enchiridion''. Basileae; [https://archive.org/details/denupersubdcaro00anglgoog Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''; [https://archive.org/details/denupersubdcarol00angh_0 aliud exemplar]
* 1524 : ''De rebus, et insulis nouiter repertis a sereniss. Carolo imperatore, et variis earum gentium moribus''. Norimbergae: F. Peypus; [https://archive.org/details/derebusetinsulis00angh/ Textus apud ''Internet Archive'']
* 1530 : ''De orbe novo Petri Martyris ab Angleria Mediolanensis, protonotarii Caesaris, senatoris, decades''. Compluti apud Michaelem d'Eguia; [http://archive.org/details/deorbenouopetrim00angh Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1532 : ''R. Petri Martyris De insulis nuper inuentis''. Coloniae: Impensis Arnoldi Birckman; [https://archive.org/details/deinsulisnuperin00angh/ Textus]
* 1533 : ''Petri Martyris ab Angleria Mediolanen. ... De rebus oceanicis &amp; Orbe nouo decades tres, quibus quicquid de inuentis nuper terris traditum; ... eiusdem præterea legationis Babylonicæ libri tres''. Basileae: apud Ioannem Bebelium [https://archive.org/details/petrimartyrisaba00angh Textus apud ''Internet Archive'']
* 1587 : [[Ricardus Hakluytus]], ed., ''De Orbe Novo Petri Martyris Anglerii Mediolanensis, protonotarii et Caroli Quinti senatoris, decades octo, diligente temporum observatione et utilissimis annotationibus illustratae, suoque nitore restitae''. Parisiis: apud Guillelmum Auvray
* 1966 : Erich Woldan, ed., ''Petrus Martyr de Angleria: Opera''. Graecii: Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt (fac-simile editionum antiquorum)
* 2003 : [[Brigitta Gauvin|Brigitte Gauvin]], ed., ''Pierre Martyr d'Anghiera. Décades du Nouveau monde. I: La décade Océane: édition, traduction et commentaire''. Lutetiae: Les Belles Lettres. ISBN 2-251-34468-3

; Versiones
* 1532 : ''Extraict ou recueil des isles nouuellement trouvees en la grand mer oceane ou temps du roy Despaigne Fernand et Elizabeth sa femme''. Lutetiae: chez Simon de Colines; [https://archive.org/details/extraictourecuei00angh/ Textus apud Internet Archive]
* 1534 : ''Summario de la generale historia de l'Indie occidentali, cavato da libri scritti dal signor don Pietro Martyre''. Venetiis; [https://archive.org/details/svmmariodelagene00angh/ Textus apud Internet Archive]. -- Prima pars separatim: ''Libro primo della historia de l'Indie Occidentali''. Venetiis; [https://archive.org/details/libroprimodellah00angh/ Textus]
* 1555 : [[Ricardus Eden|Rycharde Eden]], interpr., ''The decades of the newe worlde or west India ... wrytten in the Latine tounge by Peter Martyr of Angleria, and translated into Englysshe''. Londini: in aedibus Guilhelmi Powell; [https://archive.org/details/decadesofnewewor00angh/ Textus apud Internet Archive]; [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.69015000005864 apud Hathi Trust];  [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/a20032.0001.001/1:14.12?rgn=div2;view=toc editio interretialis apud Michiganenses]
* 1577 : [[Ricardus Eden|Richarde Eden]], interpr.; [[Ricardus Willes|Richarde Willes]], ed., ''The History of travayle in the VVest and East Indies''. Londinii: Richard Jugge; [https://archive.org/details/historyoftrauayl00angh/ Textus apud Internet Archive]
* 1612 : [[Ricardus Eden|Richard Eden]], [[Michael Lok]], interprr., ''De Novo orbe, or, the historie of the West Indies: contayning the actes and adventures of the Spanyardes''. Londinii: Thomas Adams; [https://archive.org/details/denovoorbeorhist00angh/ Textus apud Internet Archive]; [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/103001705 apud Hathi Trust]
* 1625 : [[Ricardus Hakluytus|Richard Hakluyt]], interpr., ''The historie of the West-Indies, containing the acts and adventures of the Spaniards, which have conquered and peopled those countries''. Londinii: A. Hebb; [https://archive.org/details/b30332904 Textus apud Internet Archive]
* 1885 : Richard Eden, interpr.; Edward Arber, ed., ''The first three English books on America. [?1511]-1555 A.D.'' Birminghamiae, 1885; [https://archive.org/details/firstthreeenglis00arberich/ Textus apud Internet Archive]
* 1885 : Paul Gaffarel, Abbé Loubot, interprr., ''Lettres de Pierre Martyr Anghiera relatives aux découvertes maritimes des espagnols et des portugais''. Lutetiae: Institut Géographique de Paris; [https://archive.org/details/lettresdepierrem00anghiala Textus apud Internet Archive]
* 1907 : Paul Gaffarel, Abbé Loubot, interprr., ''De orbe novo: les huit décades de Pierre Martyr Anghiera; traduits du latin, avec notes et commentaires''. Lutetiae: Leroux [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6536439b Textus apud Gallica]; [https://archive.org/details/deorbenovodepier00angh/ apud Internet Archive] 
* 1912 : Francis Augustus MacNutt, interpr., ''Peter Martyr d'Anghiera: De orbe novo''. 2 voll. Novi Eboraci: Putnam, 1912 [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12425 Vol. 1 apud gutenberg.org] [https://archive.org/details/deorbenovoeightd01angh vol. 1] [https://archive.org/details/deorbenovoeightd02angh vol. 2 apud archive.org]
* 1944 : ''Peter Martyr d'Anghiera, Decadas del nuevo mundo''
* 1966 : [[Ricardus Eden|Richard Eden]], interpr., ''The decades of the Newe Worlde or West India''. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms;  [https://archive.org/details/decadesofnewewor0013unse/ Exemplar mutuabile]

; Refectiones
* 1504 : Angelus Trevisanus, ''Libretto di tutta la navigazione del re di Spagna de le isole et terreni novamente trovati''. Albertino Vercellese da Lisbona
* 1507 : {{ec|id=Montalboddo (1507)|c=[[Francanus Montalbodus|Fracanzano Montalboddo]], ed., ''Paesi novamente retrovati et nouo mondo da Alberico Vesputio Florentino'' {{Ling|Italice}} [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58988n Textus 1507 apud Gallica] [https://archive.org/details/paesinouamentere00frac Editio 1508 rursus impressa 1916] apud ''Internet Archive''}}
* 1508 : {{ec|id=Madrignanus (1508)|c=Francanus Montalbodus, ed.; Archangelus Madrignanus, interpr., ''Itinerarium Portugallensium e Lusitania in Indiam et inde in occidentem et demum ad aquilonem'' {{Ling|Latine}} [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_OEBMA3dMZcMC Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''}}
* 1532 : [[Simon Grynaeus]], ed., ''[[Novus orbis (Grynaeus)|Novus orbis regionum ac insularum veteribus incognitarum]]''. Basileae {{Ling|Latine}} [https://archive.org/details/nouusorbisregion00hutt_1 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''

; Historica et critica
* Michael Brennan, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/michael-brennan-the-texts-of-peter-martyrs-de-orbe-novo-decades-1504-1628-a-response-to-andrew-hadfield/ The Texts of Peter Martyr's De orbe novo decades (1504-1628): A Response to Andrew Hadfield]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 2 (1996/1997) {{Penna}}
* Rita De Maeseneer, &quot;El Nuevo Mundo comestible de Colón. Los contextos culinarios en la primera Década del Nuevo Mundo de Pedro Mártir de Anglería&quot; in Rita de Maeseneer, Patrick Collard, edd., ''Saberes y sabores en México y el Caribe'' (''Foro Hispánico'' vol. 39, 2010) pp. 235–266; [https://brill.com/display/book/9789042030459/B9789042030459-s011.xml situs venalis]
* [[Brigitta Gauvin|Brigitte Gauvin]], &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240634688_De_l'animal_sauvage_a_l'animal_fantastique_les_creatures_du_Nouveau_Monde_dans_les_huit_Decades_de_Pierre_Martyr_d'Anghiera De l’animal sauvage à l’animal fantastique: les créatures du Nouveau Monde dans les huit Décades de Pierre Martyr d’Anghiera]&quot; in ''Schedae'' (2009 n° 1) pp. 55-72
* Andrew Hadfield, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-peter-martyr-richard-eden-and-the-new-world-reading-experience-and-translation/ Peter Martyr, Richard Eden and the New World: Reading, Experience, and Translation]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 5 no. 1 (1995/1996); &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-authors-response/ Richard Eden and Peter Martyr: Author's Response]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 3 (1996/1997)
* Raymond Marcus, [https://www.persee.fr/doc/jsa_0037-9174_1967_num_56_1_2286 recensio] editionis Woldan (1966) in ''Journal de la société des américanistes'' vol. 56 (1967) pp. 273-274
* Carlos Gabriel Perna, ''Algunos problemas en torno a las &quot;Décadas del Nuevo Mundo&quot; de Pedro Mártir de Anglería''. GRIN Verlag, 2007 {{Google Books|oYTN6FKFa9cC|Paginae selectae}}

[[Categoria:Hispaniae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Libri de peregrinationibus]]
[[Categoria:Libri historici]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae Renascentes]]
[[Categoria:Scripta 1530]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Orius</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>199115</id>
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      <text bytes="1659" sha1="58t7sxfl3g25x2r49r2ye71legjzk6l" xml:space="preserve">{{pro pagina discretiva vide|Orium (discretiva)}}
{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Orio Canavese Parrocchiale Natività Maria 02.jpg|thumb|Orius]]
'''Orius'''&lt;ref&gt;''DIZIONARIO GEOGRAFICO'' - Di GOFFREDO CASALIS, Voll. V.V., Torino 1833-1854&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Orius|is|m}} (alia nomina&lt;ref&gt;''DIZIONARIO GEOGRAFICO'' - Di GOFFREDO CASALIS, Voll. V.V., Torino 1833-1854&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini&lt;/ref&gt;: ''Orium'', ''Orius Canapicensium'') ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Orio Canavese|Orio Canavese]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Pedemontium|Pedemontio]] et in [[Provincia Taurinensis|Provincia Taurinensi]] situm. Incolae ''Orienses'' appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Geographia ==
* [[Canapisium]] (seu [[Canavisium]] ac [[Ager Canapicensium]])

== Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio ==
== Municipia finitima ==

{{NexInt}}
* [[Pedemontium]] (''regio''),
* [[Provincia Taurinensis]],
* [[Canapisium]] (''terra''),
* [[Augusta Taurinorum]] (''urbs''),
* [[Municipium Italiae]].

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20241217024810/http://halleyweb.com/c001172/hh/index.php?jvs=0&amp;acc=1 Pagina officialis]
{{CommuniaCat|Orio Canavese|Orium}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Map - IT - Torino - Municipality code 1172.svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Provincia Taurinensi.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in Urbe metropolitana Taurinensi]]
[[Categoria:Municipia in Canapisio]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Henrica Baehrens</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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'''Henrica''' (Theod. ''Heike'') '''Baehrens''' (nata die [[21 Septembris]] [[1955]] [[Bevernense Castrum|Bevernensi Castro]]) rerum politicarum perita [[Germania|Germanica]] factionis [[SPD]] est.

== Iuventus et munus ==
Baehrens post scholam finitam tirocinium aerarii fecit, sed tum [[Diaconus|Diacona]] operam dedit.

== Familia ==
Anno [[1977]] marito nupsit atque duoas filios habet.

== Cursus honorum ==
Ab anno [[1988]]sodalis factionis Socialis Democraticae est. Annis [[1989]] - [[1996]] legata ad consilium urbis [[Stutgardia]]e fuit. Anno [[2013]] primo legata ad [[Dieta Foederalis Germaniae|Dietam Foederalem Germaniae]] electa est.

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130929122053/http://www.bundestag.de/bundestag/abgeordnete18/biografien/B/baehrens_heike.html Curriculum vitae in pagina Dietae Foederalis Germaniae]
* [http://www.heike-baehrens.de/ Pagina personalis]

{{Lifetime|1955||Baehrens, Henrica}}

[[Categoria:Legati Diaetae foederalis Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Mulieres]]</text>
      <sha1>3sdy4sdfnigv7vpb1x475itljv1ap3v</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Longo maï</title>
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        <username>Fabrice Porro LES AMIS DE RADIO ZINZINE des HAUTES-ALPES Briançon</username>
        <id>212970</id>
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      <comment>/* Lege etiam */ es== *https://radiozinzine.org/ *https://www.radiozinzineaix.org/</comment>
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      <text bytes="774" sha1="pqxmipirf7swfs40ar16k1i4eqvbmk6" xml:space="preserve">{{Pagina non annexa}}
'''Longo maï''' est [[societas]] cooperativa anno [[1973]] condita et sine lucro quae decem villas [[agricola]]rum in [[Europa]] gerit.
== Lege etiam ==
es==
*https://radiozinzine.org/
*https://www.radiozinzineaix.org/
* Luc Willette: ''Longo maï. Vingt ans d'utopie communautaire''. Syros, Lutetiae 1993. ISBN 2-86738-936-4.
* Beatriz Graf: ''Longo maï – Revolte und Utopie nach ’68. Gesellschaftskritik und selbstverwaltetes Leben in den Europäischen Kooperativen''. Thesis-Verlag, Egg 2005, ISBN 3-908544-88-2. 
* Andreas Schwab: ''Landkooperativen Longo maï. Pioniere einer gelebten Utopie''. Rotpunktverlag, Turici 2013, ISBN 978-3-85869-560-4.
{{stipula}}

[[Categoria:Societates]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1973]]
[[Categoria:Agricultura]]</text>
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      <comment>Abrogans recensionem 3976719 ab usore [[User:Fabrice Porro LES AMIS DE RADIO ZINZINE des HAUTES-ALPES Briançon|Fabrice Porro LES AMIS DE RADIO ZINZINE des HAUTES-ALPES Briançon]] ([[User talk:Fabrice Porro LES AMIS DE RADIO ZINZINE des HAUTES-ALPES Briançon|Disputatio]] | [[Special:Contributions/Fabrice Porro LES AMIS DE RADIO ZINZINE des HAUTES-ALPES Briançon|conlationes]]): [[m:Requests for comment/Global ban for Piermark|Piermark/HoY]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="708" sha1="9jhf283nhfiao2i43dmackvkbits6kb" xml:space="preserve">{{Pagina non annexa}}
'''Longo maï''' est [[societas]] cooperativa anno [[1973]] condita et sine lucro quae decem villas [[agricola]]rum in [[Europa]] gerit.
== Lege etiam ==
* Luc Willette: ''Longo maï. Vingt ans d'utopie communautaire''. Syros, Lutetiae 1993. ISBN 2-86738-936-4.
* Beatriz Graf: ''Longo maï – Revolte und Utopie nach ’68. Gesellschaftskritik und selbstverwaltetes Leben in den Europäischen Kooperativen''. Thesis-Verlag, Egg 2005, ISBN 3-908544-88-2. 
* Andreas Schwab: ''Landkooperativen Longo maï. Pioniere einer gelebten Utopie''. Rotpunktverlag, Turici 2013, ISBN 978-3-85869-560-4.
{{stipula}}

[[Categoria:Societates]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1973]]
[[Categoria:Agricultura]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Petrus Caspar Chaumette</title>
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''' Petrus Caspar Chaumette''' (natus [[Nivernum|Niverni]], [[Francia]] die [[24 Maii]] [[1763]]; supplicio affectus est [[Lutetia]]e die [[24 Martii]] [[1794]]) fuit vir publicus [[Francia|Francicus]] inter [[Rerum Francicarum eversio]]nem accurate furens [[Ecclesia Catholica|Ecclesiae Catholicae]] et [[Girundini|Girundinorum]] adversarius fuit..

== Nexus externus ==

* [http://www.lastoria.org/protagonisti/chaumette.htmDe Petro Caspare Chaumettequi dicitur Anaxagoras (1763-1794)]{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaumette, Petrus Caspar}}
[[Categoria:Politici Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Victimae eversionis rerum Francicarum]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1763]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1794]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nuragus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Nuragus - Costume tradizionale (05).JPG|thumb|Nuragus]]
'''Nuragus'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.org/stream/faraejohannisfra13fara/faraejohannisfra13fara_djvu.txt &quot;Farae Johannis Francisci sassarensis De chorographia Sardiniae : libri duo De rebus sardois : libri quatuor ex recensione Victorii Angius ex S.P. R.T.S.A.S.A.L. : tomus primus : L. II. Chorog. continens, additio lexico ejusdem et oratione de laudibus auctoris&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pittau.it/Sardo/top_sard_meridionale.html Massimo Pittau - TOPONIMI DELLA SARDEGNA MERIDIONALE, Significato e origine]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Nuragus|i|m}} (alia nomina&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pittau.it/Sardo/top_sard_settentrionale.html Massimo Pittau - TOPONIMI DELLA SARDEGNA SETTENTRIONALE, Significato e origine]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini&lt;/ref&gt;: ''Oppidum Nuragi''; olim: ''Valentia'') ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Nuragus|Nuragus]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Sardinia]] et in [[Provincia Caralitana]] situm. Incolae ''Nuragenses'' appellantur.

Municipium in [[Sarcidanus|Sarcidano]], historica ac geographicia terra situm.

[[Fasciculus:Nuragus commune.jpg|thumb|center|550px|''Despectus in Nuragum'']]

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Geographia ==
* [[Sarcidanus]] (''terra''),

== Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio ==
== Municipia finitima ==

{{NexInt}}
* [[Sardinia]] (''regio et insula''),
* [[Provincia Caralitana]],
* [[Sarcidanus]] (''terra''),
* [[Caralis]] (''urbs''),
* [[Municipium Italiae]].

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240601024715/http://www.comune.nuragus.ca.it/ Pagina officialis]
{{CommuniaCat|Nuragus|Nuragum}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Map of comune of Nuragus (province of Cagliari, region Sardinia, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium Municipii in Provincia Caralitana.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Caralis]]
[[Categoria:Sarcidanus]]
[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Sardiniae Australis]]</text>
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    <title>Menander cum personis scaenicis</title>
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      <text bytes="1383" sha1="869u7lf1q1myt3p6k67kougbaq3t0j2" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Relief with Menander and New Comedy Masks - Princeton Art Museum.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Menander cum personis scaenicis: exemplum [[Museum Artium Princetoniense|Musei Artium Princetoniensis]]]]
'''Menander cum personis scaenicis''' est res anaglyptorum duorum Romanorum nobis cognitorum, quorum unum, apud [[Musea Vaticana]] servatum, figuram mulieris etiam ostendit, [[Thalia]]m esse censetur [[Musae|Musam]] [[comoedia]]e. Alterum in [[Museum Artium Universitatis Princetoniensis]] monstratur, siglo y1951-1, sed antea in collectu Stroganoff [[Roma]]e servatum est.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Menandri protome]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305175402/http://archaeosammlungen.uni-graz.at/index.php?id=141 Exemplaris Museorum Vaticanorum reproductio]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305011842/http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/fisher/record.html?id=FISHER_v012924 Exemplaris Museorum Vaticanorum photographema]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190826032728/https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft3f59n8b0;chunk.id=d0e2823;doc.view=print De exemplari Museorum Vaticanorum]
* [http://www.ipernity.com/doc/laurieannie/24106937 De exemplari Musei Princetoniensis]

{{Ars-stipula}}

{{Nexus desiderati}}

[[Categoria:Menander]]
[[Categoria:Anaglypta]]
[[Categoria:Musea Vaticana]]
[[Categoria:Museum Artium Universitatis Princetoniensis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Index urbium, oppidorum et communium Saxoniae Inferioris</title>
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      <id>3976671</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
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      <text bytes="65898" sha1="a5ci69b07govwakdi9ln3irpy960ifo" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in Lower Saxony.svg|thumb|500px|Urbes et communia Saxoniae Inferioris.]]
'''Index urbium, oppidorum et communium in [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxonia Inferiore]]''' omnia [[commune|communia]] (Theodisce ''Gemeinden''), consociationes communium (Theodisce ''Gemeindeverbände'') atque loca nulli communium adscripta (Theodisce ''gemeindefreien Gebiete''), quae hodie in [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terra]] [[Germania|Germanica]] [[Saxonia Inferior]]e exstant, complectitur.

Postremae mutationes finium territorialium in Saxonia Inferiore [[1 Novembris|Kalendis Novembribus]] anni [[2021]] effectae sunt. Ex eo tempore [[Saxonia Inferior]] 939 communium et 25 loca nulli communi adscripta (quorum duo habitantur) habet. Quibus e communibus 159 titulo [[urbs|urbis]] (Theodisce ''Stadt'') et 49 titulo [[oppidum|oppidi]] (Theodisce ''Flecken'') utuntur.

Praeterea nonnullae proprietates exstant secundum communium administrationem: Nam 939 communia in 289 communia unitaria et 650 communia membra dividuntur; quae vero in universum 114 consociationes communium constituunt, ut munera communiter administrent. Hae consociationes communium ipsa communia non sunt, sed foedera cooperationis, quae aut ex regione aut ex communitate in qua sedes administrationis sita est nomen accipiunt. Quapropter in Saxonia Inferiore idem nomen tam communi quam consociationi communium tribui potest. Agitur tamen de duobus corporibus iuridicis distinctis, quae proprias repraesentationes atque propria munera habent.

Praeterea, propter magnitudinem suam, nonnullae communium et consociationes communium peculiarem rationem cum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulo terrae]] (Theodisce ''Landkreis'') habent:

* Decem urbes statum iuridicum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli urbani]] (Theodisce ''kreisfreien Stadt'') obtinent, nulli circulo terrae subiiciuntur atque omnia sua munera exercent.
* Septem urbes statum iuridicum urbis magnae sui iuris (Theodisce ''Große selbständige Stadt'') obtinent atque multa, sed non omnia, munera circuli terrae cui adscribuntur exercent.
* 61 communium et tria communia generalia (Theodisce ''Samtgemeinden'') statum iuridicum communis sui iuris (Theodisce ''Selbständige Gemeinde'') obtinent atque quaedam munera districtus cui adscribuntur exercent.
* 861 ceterae communium nullam peculiarem rationem cum circulo terrae cui adscribuntur habent.

=== A ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Abensium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Apensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Obbens'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Acheimum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Grote III 1877&quot;&gt;Grote, H. (1877). ''Münzstudien: Geschichte der älteren Münzen und Urkunden des Bisthums Verden'' (Vol. VIII). Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Achim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Achem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Achestedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Axstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ax'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adelebsenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Funck 1736&quot;&gt;Funck, J. N. (1736). ''Disputatio Academica de Voluntaria Morte Judaeorum et Gentilium sub Praesidio S. R. I. Libero Baroni de Adelebsen Dedicata''. Rintelii: Typis Johannis Friderici Enax.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Adelebsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adenebutla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pischke 1998&quot;&gt;Pischke, G. (Ed.) (1998). ''Das Lehnsregister der Edelherren von Meinersen: Edition und historische Untersuchung der mittelalterlichen Besitzurkunden'' (Documentum anni MCCXX). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Adenbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adenhusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1703&quot;&gt;Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis: De ecclesiis parochialibus et ditione antiqua oppidi Adenhusii''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ahnsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adenthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Höhbaum 1876&quot;&gt;Höhbaum, K. (Ed.) (1876). ''Hansisches Urkundenbuch: Monumenta Germaniae Historica e codicibus diplomaticis Bremensibus et Luneburgensibus'' (Vol. I). Halis Saxonum: Typis Orphanotrophei.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Adendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Adendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Affinghusia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rathlef 1766&quot;&gt;Rathlef, E. L. (1766). ''Geschichte der Grafschaften Hoya und Diepholz: Monimenta diplomatica et antiquitates ditionis Affinghusiae'' (Vol. I). Bremae: Försterischen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Affinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Affinghusen'' seu ''Affjehusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alrebekesa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Oven 1872&quot;&gt;Oven, A. von (Ed.) (1872). ''Urkundenbuch des Herzogthums Lüneburg: Diplomata, chartae et registra historica saeculi XII (Documentum anni MCXCVII de venditione praedii Alrebekesae)'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Carl Rümpler.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahnsbeck'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ahusium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ahusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;&gt;Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Parochiarum ditionis Corbeiensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ahausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Alfeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Allefelle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alfhusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Alfhausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Algermissenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoogeweg III 1903&quot;&gt;Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1903). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et privilegia de Algermisseno)'' (Vol. III). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Algermissen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Almstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoogeweg II 1901&quot;&gt;Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1901). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et registra de Almstedio)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Almstedt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alorstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1758&quot;&gt;Pratje, J. H. (1758). ''Historische Nachrichten von dem ehemaligen berühmten Closter Harsefeld: Monumenta ac documenta saeculi XII ubi de decimis Alorstedii agitur''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ahlerstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohlers'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alvstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;&gt;Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Alfstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Alfs'' seu ''Alfst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Amelinghusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Baring 1746&quot;&gt;Baring, E. (1746). ''Succincta Hannoverae et ditionum vicinarum Notitia Historica''. Hanoverae: Typis Nicolae Försteri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Amelinghausen''; [[lingua Saxonica|Boreosaxonice]] ''Amekhusen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Amelkusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Anchemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ankum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Andervenia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Andervenne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Andorlangia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Anderlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Annerlingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Antiqua Medingha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Homeyer X 2006&quot;&gt;Homeyer, J. (Ed.) (2006). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Medingen: Lüneburger Urkundenbuch (Monimenta historica saeculi XIV de parochia Medinghae) (Vol. X)''. Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Altenmedingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohmein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Apenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Baring 1746&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Apen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aap'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Apleremum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Apelern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Appelium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Appel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aquae Lauterbergenses in Montibus Harthicis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mirus 1826&quot;&gt;Mirus, A. (1826). ''De salubritate aquarum lauterbergensium in montibus harthicis sitarum''. Typis Regiis.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Lauterberg im Harz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aquae Nendorpenses]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marcard 1805&quot;&gt;Marcard, H. M. (1805). ''De salubritate aquarum nendorpensium et de earum usu in morbis chronicis''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich; et: Macard, H. M. (1805). ''De usu salutari fontium salinorum in territorio Hildesiensi sitorum''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Nenndorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aquae Zwischenahnenses]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Statisitakamt Nord 2025&quot;&gt;Statistikamt Nord (Editio Latina). ''Catalogus Urbium et Communium Germaniae''. Hamburgi, 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Zwischenahn''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Twiskenoan'' seu ''Boad Twiskenoan''; [[Saxonice]] ''Twüschenahn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aroldishusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arholzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Artlenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Baring 1746&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Artlenburg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Artlissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mader 1664&quot;&gt;Mader, J. J. (1664). ''Antiquitates Brunsvicenses: De antiquis parochiis Saxonum et finibus dioecesis Mindensis (Caput de parochia Artlissa)''. Helmestadii: Typis Henningi Mulleri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Aerzen'': quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Ärzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Arx Agathae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kochen 1724&quot;&gt;Kochen, J. H. (1724). ''Introductio in Historiam Ducatus Bremensis y Verdensis: Accesserunt diplomata varia et descriptio Arcis Agathae et ditionis Stadiensis''. Stadae: Typis Caspari Holmii.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Agathenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gothenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ascalingium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlden'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asanthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vogell 1856&quot;&gt;Vogell, A. (Ed.) (1856). ''Urkundenbuch des Bisthums Verden y des Collegiatstifts Bardewick: Chartae, diplomata et monumenta historica saeculi XIII...''. Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Harburg&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Harburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Harburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Harburgum]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Harburgensis-e&quot; refertur-.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asenthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1855&quot;&gt;Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1855). ''Hoyer Urkundenbuch'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Jänecke Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus terrae Diepholtia|Circulo terrae Diepholtia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Diepholz&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Diepholtia&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Diepholz'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Diepholtia]]&quot;, vide {{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Assena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippi &amp; Bar 1892&quot;&gt;Philippi, F., &amp; Bär, M. (Eds.) (1892). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Die Urkunden der Jahre 772-1200'' (Vol. 1). Verein für Geschichte und Landeskunde von Osnabrück. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Essen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Astanholteremarki-Scirnbeki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Osterholz-Scharmbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oosterholt-Scharmbeek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Auricum (Saxonia Inferior)|Auricum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmius 1616&quot;&gt;Emmius, U. (1616). ''Rerum Frisicarum Historia''. [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]: Elzevier.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Aurich''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Aurk''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Auerk'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== B ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Badberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Badbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Badbern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Baddekenstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Menzel &amp; Ohainski X 2018&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., Menzel, F., &amp; Ohainski, U. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil X)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Baddeckenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barkenstäe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Balga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Udolph 1994&quot;&gt;Udolph, J. (1994). ''Namenkundliche Studien zum Germanenproblem'' (Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, Ergänzungsbände 9). Walter de Gruyter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Balje'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Balga Cortis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Balge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Baltrumum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wiarda III 1792&quot;&gt;Wiarda, T. D. (1792). ''Ostfriesische Geschichte: Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1648'' (Vol. 3). August Friedrich Winter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Baltrum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bardenuvicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bardowick''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bewick'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bardorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;&gt;Sudendorf, H. (Ed.) (1859). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande'' (Vol. 1). Carl Rümpler Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kolb 1712&quot;&gt;Kolb, G. (1712). ''Compendium totius orbis: partim geographicum, partim historicum, partim genealogicum''. Typis Universitatis Carolo-Francisceae&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bargstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mushard 1764&quot;&gt;Mushard, M. (1764). ''Palaeogentilismus Bremensis: Monumenta ac veterum tumuli in ducatibus Bremensi et Verdensi''. Typis Andreae Vandenhoeck.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bargstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargst'' seu ''Bars'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barnstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bünting &amp; Letzner 1702&quot;&gt;Bünting, H., &amp; Letzner, J. (1702). ''Braunschweig-Lüneburgische Chronica, Oder Historische Beschreibung der Durchlauchtigsten Herzogen zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg''. Gedruckt bey Caspar Johann Jakobi.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barnstedt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barnstorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Böhmer 2007&quot;&gt;Böhmer, J. F. (2007). ''Regesta Imperii III: Salisches Haus 1024–1125. Die Regesten des Kaiserreiches unter Heinrich IV'' (T. Struve, Ed.). Böhlau Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barnstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnstrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barsela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;&gt;Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barßel''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bäärsel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barsingehusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Harenberg 1753&quot;&gt;Harenberg, J. C. (1753). ''Historia ecclesiae Gandershemensis diplomatica''. Typis et Impensis Joannis Christophori Meisneri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barsinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baschehusen'' seu ''Basche'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barum (Luneburgum)|Barum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann I II 2004&quot;&gt;Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2004). ''Verdener Urkundenbuch, 1. Abteilung, Band 2: 1300–1380''. Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Luneburgensis|Circulo Luneburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landreis Lüneburg&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Luneburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landreis Lüneburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Luneburgensis-e&quot; ad [[Luneburgum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barum (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Barum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;AdWzG 2010&quot;&gt;Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (2010). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'' (K. Casemir, F. Menzel, &amp; U. Ohainski, Eds.). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circulo Ulsenensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Uelzen&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Ulsenensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Uelzen'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Ulsenensis-e&quot; ad [[Ulsena]]m refertur. Quo de gentilicio, vide lemma &quot;res-publica Ulsenensis&quot; apud {{Google Books|w_tWAAAAcAAJ|vide paginam dedicationis operis}}&quot;; et de topnymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bourm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barunvilla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;SdaedhdlM 1862&quot;&gt;Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle (1862). ''Mémoires de la Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle: Année 1860–1861''. Rousseau-Pallez.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barverum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Böhmer 1844&quot;&gt;Böhmer, J. F. (1844). ''Regesta Chronologico-Diplomatica Regum et Imperatorum Romanorum: Inde a Conrado I. Usque ad Henricum VII''. Typis et Sumtibus J. C. Hermann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barver'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barwedelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barwedel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Basdalum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Basdahl''; [[Saxonice]] ''Basdaal'' seu ''Basdohl'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bawinkelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Moser 1738&quot;&gt;Moser, J. J. (1738). ''Bibliotheca Iuris Publici S. R. I. Germanici: Specially regarding the territories of Westphalia and Lower Saxony''. Typis Ioannis Georgii Cottae.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bawinkel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bowinkel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bebenhusa (Saxonia Inferior)|Bebenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahlfeldt 2010&quot;&gt;Ahlfeldt, J. (Ed.) (2010). ''Regnum Francorum Online: Traditio Fuldenses''. Francia-Ahlfeldt Project.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bevensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bämsen'' seu ''Bemsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beckdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;AdWzG 2010&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beckdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beekdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beckedorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beckedorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Biäkedörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beckelnum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Böhmer 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beckeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bedenbostelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NL 1924&quot;&gt;Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv (1924). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte''. Veröffentlichungen de Historischen Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beedenbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bedenbossel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beierstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beierstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barste’e'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Belmum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Moser 1738&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Belm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Belumum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mushard 1764&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Belum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Belen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bendestorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bührmann 2005&quot;&gt;Bührmann, M. (2005). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen des norddeutschen Raumes''. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bendestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bendsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berga (Circulus Cellensis)|Berga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bruzen de La Martinière 1737&quot;&gt;Bruzen de La Martinière, A. A. (1737). ''Thesaurus geographicus criticus: in quo omnium orbis terrarum regionum, civitatum, oppidorum, nominibus antiquis, medii aevi et modernis''. Ex Officina Wetsteniana.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Cellensis|Circulo Cellensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Celle&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Cellensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Celle'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Cellensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berga (Circulus Osnabrugae)|Berga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Osnabrugae|Circulo Osnabrugae]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Osnabrugae&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Osnabrück'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum ''LandKreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Osnabruga|Osnabruga-ae]]&quot;, vide Pertsch, Erich: ''Langenscheidts Großes Schulwörterbuch Lateinisch-Deutsch'', Berolini et Monaci 1983, ISBN 3-468-07202-3, p. 1325.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Berge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berga ad Dumnam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bruzen de La Martinière 1737&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergen an der Dumme''; [[Polabice]] ''Djörska'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bergenborstelium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1855&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrenborstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bornbössel'' seu ''Boornbössel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bergfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bünting &amp; Letzner 1702&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergfeld''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bargfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bersenbrugum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sandhoff 1785&quot;&gt;Sandhoff, J. E. (1785). ''Antistitum Osnabrugensis ecclesiae, qui per decem saecula episcopale munus in ea gesserunt, chronotaxis''. Typis Joannis Georgii Kislingii.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bersenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bessenbrügge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berumburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmius 1616&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berumbur'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bestena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Jellinghaus 1923&quot;&gt;Jellinghaus, H. (1923). ''Die westfälischen Ortsnamen nach ihren Bestandteilen''' (III ed.). Ferdinand Schöningh.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beesten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Betzendorfum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bünting &amp; Letzner 1702&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Betzendorfum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bätzendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bevernense Castrum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bevern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beverstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beverstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beverst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bienenbuttelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bienenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bienbüddel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bilshusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolf 1819&quot;&gt;Wolf, J. (1819). ''Politische Geschichte des Eichsfeldes mit Urkunden erläutert''. Johann Georg Rosenbusch.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bilshausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Binethemum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;&gt;Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: I. Historicos Germanicos, II. Historiam Helmstadensem, III. Dissertationes de utriusque Saxoniae''. Typis Georgii Wolffgangi Hammii&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bentheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Binnenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Binnen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bippenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bippen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bippen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Birsina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bassum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bissendorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bissendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bleckede]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Blender (Landkreis Verden)|Blender]]
* [[Bliedersdorf]]
* [[Blomberg (circulus Widmundensis)|Blomberg]]
* [[Bochorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bakum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bockenem]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bockhorn (Friesland)|Bockhorn]]
* [[Bockhorst]]
* [[Bodendicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Brosius 1985&quot;&gt;Brosius, D. (1985). ''Aus der Geschichte der Burg Bodenteich''. Ecomed Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bodenteich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bonndiek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodenfelde]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodensee (Saxonia Inferior)|Bodensee]]
* [[Bodenwerder]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Boffzen]]
* [[Böhme (Niedersachsen)|Böhme]]
* [[Bohmte]]
* [[Boitze]]	
* [[Bokensdorf]]
* [[Bomlitz]]
* [[Börger]]
* [[Borkum]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borna Castra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Börßum]]
* [[Borstel (Landkreis Diepholz)|Borstel]]
* [[Bösel]]
* [[Bötersen]]
* [[Bothel]]
* [[Bovenden]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brachia (Germania)|Brachia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Brake''; [[Saxonice]] ''Braak'' seu ''Broak'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brackel]]
* [[Bramsche]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Braunlage]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Breddenberg]]
* [[Breddorf]]
* [[Bremervörde]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brest (Niedersachsen)|Brest]]
* [[Brevörde]]
* [[Brietlingen]]
* [[Brinkum (Stuhr)|Brinkum]]
* [[Brockel]]
* [[Bröckel]]
* [[Brockum]]
* [[Brome]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bruchhausen-Vilsen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brunsvicum]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brüggen (Leine)|Brüggen]]
* [[Buchholz (bei Stadthagen)|Buchholz]] ? &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Buchholz (Aller)]] ? &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Buchholz in der Nordheide]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bückeburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bücken]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Büddenstedt]]
* [[Bühren]]
* [[Bülkau]]
* [[Bülstedt]]
* [[Bunde]]
* [[Burgdorf (Circulus Guelpherbytensis)|Burgdorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Landkreis Wolfenbüttel)&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Burgdorf]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Region Hannover)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burgwedel]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burweg]]
* [[Butjadingen]]
* [[Buxtehude]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Byspinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1859&quot;&gt;Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1859). ''Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, Fünfte Abtheilung: Archiv des Klosters St. Michaelis zu Lüneburg''. Capaun-Karlowa’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bispingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissen'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== C ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Cadenberge]]
* [[Calberlah]]
* [[Campus Rufus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stüve 1789&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Rothenfelde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cappel (Niedersachsen)|Cappel]]
* [[Cappeln (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Celle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Clausthal-Zellerfeld]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Clenze]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cloppenburgum]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Cloppenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cloppenborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kloppenbuurich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Colnrade]]
* [[Coppenbrügge]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Coppengrave]]
* [[Cramme]]
* [[Cremlingen]]
* [[Cuxhavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Cuxhaven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuxhoben'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== D ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Dahlem (Niedersachsen)|Dahlem]]
* [[Dahlenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dahlum]]
* [[Damme (Dümmer)|Damme]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Damnatz]]
* [[Danndorf]]
* [[Dannenberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dassel]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; 
* [[Dedelstorf]]
* [[Deensen]]
* [[Deinste]]
* [[Deinstedt]]
* [[Delligsen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Delmenhorstium]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Denkte]]
* [[Derental]]
* [[Dersum]]
* [[Despetal]]
* [[Detern]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dettum]]
* [[Deutsch Evern]]
* [[Dickel]]
* [[Didderse]]
* [[Diekholzen]]
* [[Dielmissen]]
* [[Diepenau]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Diepholtia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;&gt;{{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Diepholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deefholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dinklage]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dissen am Teutoburger Wald]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dohren (Emsland)|Dohren]] &lt;small&gt;(Emsland)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dohren]] &lt;small&gt;(Nordheide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dollern]]
* [[Dornum]]
* [[Dörpen]]
* [[Dorstadt]]
* [[Dorum]]
* [[Dörverden]]
* [[Dötlingen]]
* [[Drage (Elbe)|Drage]]
* [[Drakenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drangstedt]]
* [[Dransfeld]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drebber]]
* [[Drentwede]]
* [[Drestedt]]
* [[Drochtersen]]
* [[Düdenbüttel]]
* [[Duderstadt]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Duingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dünsen]]
* [[Dunum]]
{{div col end}}

=== E ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ebbestorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaitner 1985&quot;&gt;Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ebstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ebstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ebergötzen]]
* [[Eberholzen]]
* [[Ebersdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ebersdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebersdorfium&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Ebersdorf' in Latinam &quot;Ebersdorfium&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ebersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eversdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Echem]]
* [[Edemissen]]
* [[Edewecht]]
* [[Egestorf]]
* [[Eggermühlen]]
* [[Ehra-Lessien]]
* [[Ehrenburg (Niedersachsen)|Ehrenburg]]
* [[Eickeloh]]
* [[Eicklingen]]
* [[Eildissum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stumpf-Brentano II 1865&quot;&gt;Stumpf-Brentano, K. F. (Ed.) (1865). ''Die Reichskanzler vornehmlich des X., XI. und XII. Jahrhunderts: Acta Imperii Selecta'' (Vol. 2). [[Aeni Pons (Austria)|Aeni Ponte]]: Wagner'schen Universitäts-Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Eilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eime]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eimen]]
* [[Eimke]]
* [[Einbeck]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elbe (Niedersachsen)|Elbe]]
* [[Elbingerode (bei Herzberg am Harz)|Elbingerode]]
* [[Eldingen]]
* [[Elmlohe]]
* [[Elsdorf (Niedersachsen)|Elsdorf]]
* [[Elsfleth]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elze]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Embsen]]
* [[Emda]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emlichheim]]
* [[Emmendorf]]
* [[Emmerthal]]
* [[Emsbüren]]
* [[Emstek]]
* [[Emtinghausen]]
* [[Engden]]
* [[Engelschoff]]
* [[Erkerode]]
* [[Ermelstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Armstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Armsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Esche]]
* [[Eschede]]
* [[Eschershausen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Esens]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Essel]]
* [[Essen (Oldenburgum)]]
* [[Esterwegen]]
* [[Estorf (Landkreis Stade)|Estorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Stade)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Estorf (Weser)|Estorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Weser)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Everode]]
* [[Eversmeer]]
* [[Evessen]]
* [[Eydelstedt]]
* [[Eyendorf]]
* [[Eystrup]]
{{div col end}}

=== F ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Fallingbostela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bad Fallingbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Fambossel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fardium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Verden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Veern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Farven]]
* [[Faßberg]]
* [[Filsum]]
* [[Fintel]]
* [[Firrel]]
* [[Flögeln]]
* [[Flöthe]]
* [[Frankenfeld]]
* [[Freden]]
* [[Fredenbeck]]
* [[Freiburg/Elbe]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Freistatt]]
* [[Frellstedt]]
* [[Freren]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fresenburg]]
* [[Friedeburg]]
* [[Friedlandia (Saxonia Inferior)|Friedland]]
* [[Friesoythe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fürstenau]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Furstenberga]]
{{div col end}}

=== G ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ganderkesee]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gandershemium]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.fi/books?id=6kwBAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=PA27&amp;lpg=PA27&amp;dq=Gandershemium&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=_NMr2DmhUK&amp;sig=CXPUuuKZ8W03AC7uB3YlYYNscJ4&amp;hl=fi&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&amp;ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=Gandershemium&amp;f=false R. p. Hertenberger: ''Historia pragmatica universalis, sacra et profana''], p.27;
[http://books.google.fi/books?id=yScyAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA58&amp;lpg=PA58&amp;dq=Gandershemium&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=ZoGX4tZRRD&amp;sig=8fUZc6grFgYD0jN-twVcDyzarYI&amp;hl=fi&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&amp;ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=Gandershemium&amp;f=false ''Acta Sanctorum, Junii'' (1698-1717), cit. in ''A Companion to Hrotsvit of Gandersheim (fl. 960)''], p. 58 n.103.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Gandersheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ganderssen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gandesbergen]]
* [[Garbsen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garlstorf]]
* [[Garrel]]
* [[Garstedt]]
* [[Gartow]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Geeste]]
* [[Geestland]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gehrde]]
* [[Gehrden]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Georgsdorf]]
* [[Georgsmarienhütte]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gerdau]]
* [[Gersten]]
* [[Getelo]]
* [[Gevensleben]]
* [[Gevera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Jever'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Geversdorf]]
* [[Gieboldehausen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Giesen]]
* [[Gifhorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Gifhorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gilten]]
* [[Glandorf]]
* [[Gleichen]]
* [[Gnarrenburg]]
* [[Gödenstorf]]
* [[Göhrde]]
* [[Goldenstedt]]
* [[Gölenkamp]]
* [[Golmbach]]
* [[Gorleben]]
* [[Goslaria]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Goslar''; [[Saxonice]] ''Goslär'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gottinga]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=kkM-AAAAcAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=gottingensis&amp;lr=&amp;cd=14#v=onepage&amp;q=&amp;f=false Libri Googles].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Göttingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Chöttingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grafhorst]]
* [[Grasberg]]
* [[Grasleben]]
* [[Grethem]]
* [[Gronau]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Groß Berßen]]
* [[Großefehn]]
* [[Großenkneten]]
* [[Großenwörden]]
* [[Großheide]]
* [[Groß Ippener]]
* [[Groß Meckelsen]]
* [[Groß Oesingen]]
* [[Groß Twülpstedt]]
* [[Grundensis Civitas Metallica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Grund'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grünendeich]]
* [[Guderhandviertel]]
* [[Guelpherbytum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfenbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gusborn]]
* [[Gyhum]]
{{div col end}}

=== H ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Hademstorf]]
* [[Haga Schauenburgi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]]  ''Stadthagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hage]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hagen am Teutoburger Wald]]
* [[Hagen im Bremischen]]
* [[Hagenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hagermarsch]]
* [[Hahausen]]
* [[Halbemond]]
* [[Halle (comitatus Binethensis)|Halle]] &lt;small&gt;(b.Neuenhaus)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halle (Holtisminni)|Halle]] &lt;small&gt;(Montes Visurgis)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halvesbostel]]
* [[Hamala]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hameln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hambergen]]
* [[Hambühren]]
* [[Hämelhausen]]
* [[Hamersen]]
* [[Hammah]]
* [[Handeloh]]
* [[Handorf]]
* [[Handrup]]
* [[Hankensbüttel]]
* [[Hannovera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hannover''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hannober'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hann. Münden]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hanstedt (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Hanstedt]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circulo Ulsenensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Uelzen&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hanstedt (Nordheide)|Hanstedt]] &lt;small&gt;(Nordheide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harbarnsen]]
* [[Hardegsen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haren (Amisia)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harmstorf]]
* [[Harpstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harsefeld]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harsum]]
* [[Hartsburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Harzburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harzeborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hasbergen]]
* [[Haselünne]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haßbergen]]
* [[Hassel (Weser)]]
* [[Hassendorf]]
* [[Haste]]	
* [[Hatten]]
* [[Hattorf ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Häuslingen]]
* [[Haverlah]]
* [[Hechthausen]]
* [[Hedeper]]
* [[Heede (Emsland)|Heede]]
* [[Heemsen]]
* [[Heere]]	
* [[Heeslingen]]
* [[Heeßen]]
* [[Hehlen]]
* [[Heidenau (Saxonia Inferior)|Heidenau]]
* [[Heinade]]
* [[Heinbockel]]
* [[Heiningen (Niedersachsen)|Heiningen]]
* [[Heinsen]]
* [[Hellwege]]
* [[Helmstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Helmstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Helmstidde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Helpsen]]
* [[Helvesiek]]
* [[Hemmingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemmoor]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemsbünde]]
* [[Hemslingen]]
* [[Hemsloh]]
* [[Hepstedt]]
* [[Herzberg am Harz]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Herzlake]]
* [[Hesel]]
* [[Hespe]]
* [[Hessisch Oldendorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heuerßen]]
* [[Heyen]]
* [[Hildesia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hildesheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hilmessen'' seu ''Hilmssen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hilgermissen]]
* [[Hilkenbrook]]
* [[Hillerse]]
* [[Hilter am Teutoburger Wald]]
* [[Himbergen]]
* [[Himmelpforten]]
* [[Hinte]]
* [[Hipstedt]]
* [[Hittbergen]]
* [[Hitzacker]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hodenhagen]]
* [[Höhbeck]]
* [[Hohenhameln]]
* [[Hohne]]
* [[Hohnhorst]]
* [[Hohnstorf (Albis)]]
* [[Holdorf (Niedersachsen)|Holdorf]]
* [[Holenberg]]
* [[Holle]]
* [[Hollenstedt]]
* [[Hollern-Twielenfleth]]
* [[Hollnseth]]
* [[Holste]]
* [[Holtgast]]
* [[Holtisminni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Holzminden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Holtsminne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holtland]]
* [[Holzen (bei Eschershausen)|Holzen]]
* [[Hoogstede]]
* [[Hörden ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Horneburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Horstedt (Niedersachsen)|Horstedt]]
* [[Hoya]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hoyerhagen]]
* [[Hoyershausen]]
* [[Hude (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Hüde]]
* [[Hülsede]]
* [[Husum (bei Nienburg)|Husum]]
* [[Hüven]]
{{div col end}}

=== I ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Iburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Von Schaten 1714&quot;&gt;Von Schaten, N. (1714). ''Monumenta Osnabrugensia ex historia romana, francica, saxonicaque eruta''. Typis Jodoci Henrici Meyer.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Iburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Ibig'' seu ''Ibig'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ihlienworth]]
* [[Ihlow (Frisia Orientalis)|Ihlow]]
* [[Ilsede]]
* [[Ingeleben]]
* [[Isenbüttel]]
* [[Isernhagen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Isterberg]]
* [[Itterbeck]]
{{div col end}}

=== J ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Jade (Saxonia Inferior)|Jade]]
* [[Jameln]]
* [[Jelmstorf]]
* [[Jembke]]
* [[Jemgum]]
* [[Jerxheim]]
* [[Jesteburg]]
* [[Jork]]
* [[Jühnde]]
* [[Juist]]
{{div col end}}

=== K ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Kakenstorf]]
* [[Kalbe (Niedersachsen)|Kalbe]]
* [[Kalefeld]]
* [[Karwitz]]
* [[Katlenburg-Lindau]]
* [[Kettenkamp]]
* [[Kirchbrak]]
* [[Kirchdorf (bei Sulingen)|Kirchdorf]]
* [[Kirchgellersen]]
* [[Kirchlinteln]]
* [[Kirchseelte]]
* [[Kirchtimke]]
* [[Kirchwalsede]]
* [[Kissenbrück]]
* [[Klein Berßen]]
* [[Klein Meckelsen]]
* [[Kluse (Emsland)|Kluse]]
* [[Kneitlingen]]
* [[Köhlen]]
* [[Königsmoor]]
* [[Kranenburg (Oste)|Kranenburg]]
* [[Krebeck]]
* [[Krummendeich]]
* [[Krummhörn]]
* [[Kührstedt]]
* [[Küsten]]
* [[Kutenholz]]
{{div col end}}

=== L ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Laar]]
* [[Laatzen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lachendorf]]
* [[Laerium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stüve 1789&quot;&gt;Stüve, J. E. (1789). ''Beschreibung des Fürstenthums Osnabrück mit einigen Urkunden''. Kißling.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Laer'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lage (Saxonia Inferior)|Lage]]
* [[Lähden]]
* [[Lahn (Hümmling)|Lahn]]
* ''[[Lamspringe]]''
* [[Lamstedt]]
* [[Landesbergen]]
* [[Landolfshausen]]
* [[Landwehr (Gemeinde)|Landwehr]]
* [[Langelsheim]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Langen (bei Bremerhaven)|Langen]]''' &lt;small&gt;(b.Bremerhaven)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langen (Emsland)|Langen]] &lt;small&gt;(Emsland)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langendorf (Elbe)|Langendorf]]
* [[Langenhagen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langeoog]]
* [[Langlingen]]
* [[Langwedel (Weser)|Langwedel]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lastrup]]
* [[Lathen]]
* [[Lauenau]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lauenbrück]]
* [[Lauenförde]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lauenhagen]]
* [[Leese]]
* [[Leezdorf]]
* [[Lehe (Emsland)|Lehe]]
* [[Lehre (Niedersachsen)|Lehre]]
* [[Lehrte]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leiferde]]
* [[Lembruch]]
* [[Lemförde]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lemgow]]
* [[Lemwerder]]
* [[Lengede]]
* [[Lengenbostel]]
* [[Lengerich (Emsland)|Lengerich]]
* [[Lenne (Niedersachsen)|Lenne]]
* [[Leri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leer''; [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Läär''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lier'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Liebenau (Niedersachsen)|Liebenau]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Liebenburg]]
* [[Lilienthal]]
* [[Lindern (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Lindhorst]]
* [[Lindwedel]]
* [[Lingen (Ems)]] &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Linsburg]]
* [[Lintig]]
* [[Locus Occidentalis (Saxonia Inferior)|Locus Occidentalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1703&quot;&gt;Cellarius, C. (1703). ''Geographia Antiqua iuxta et Nova''. Ienae: Bielckius.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Westerstede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Westerstäe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lohne (Oldenburg)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Löningen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lorup]]
* [[Loxstedt]]
* [[Lübberstedt]]
* [[Lübbow]]
* [[Luchovia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Luchovia&quot;&gt;Vide [https://ia801403.us.archive.org/28/items/antiquitatessele00keys/antiquitatessele00keys.pdf ''Antiquitates selectae septentrionales et Celticae''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) De Venedicis aut Germanicis prope Luchoviam effossis Epistola ''Georgii Frid, Mithofii'' data Luchovia d. 17. Maji 1691 (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüchow''; [[Polabice]] ''Ljauchüw'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luckau (Saxonia Inferior)|Luckau]]
* [[Lüder (Lüneburger Heide)|Lüder]]
* [[Lüdersburg]]
* [[Lüdersfeld]]
* [[Lüerdissen]]
* [[Luhden]]
* [[Luneburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüneburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lümborg'' seu ''Lünborg''; [[Lingua Saxonica antiqua|Palaeosaxonice]] ''Hliuni'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lünne]]
* [[Lütetsburg]]
* ''[[Lutter am Barenberge]]''
* [[Luttera Regalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Königslutter am Elm'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== M ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Maasen]]
* [[Marienhafe]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Marienhagen]]
* [[Mariental (Niedersachsen)|Mariental]]
* [[Marklohe]]
* [[Marl (Dümmer)|Marl]]
* [[Marschacht]]
* [[Martfeld]]
* [[Marxen]]
* [[Mechtersen]]
* [[Meerbeck]]
* [[Meine]]
* [[Meinersen]]
* [[Melbeck]]
* [[Melle]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mellinghausen]]
* [[Menslage]]
* [[Meppea]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Meppen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Möppen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Merzen]]
* [[Messenkamp]]
* [[Messingen]]
* [[Midlum (Land Wursten)|Midlum]]
* [[Misselwarden]]
* [[Mittelnkirchen]]
* [[Mittelstenahe]]
* [[Moisburg]]
* [[Molbergen]]
* [[Moormerland]]
* [[Moorweg]]
* [[Moringen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Müden (Alara)]]
* [[Mulsum (Land Wursten)|Mulsum]]
* [[Mundia Hannoverana]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Munimeri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dronke 1844&quot;&gt;Dronke, E. F. J. (Ed.) (1844). ''Traditiones et Antiquitates Fuldenses: Chartae et registra historica saeculi IX''. Fuldense: Typis Müllerianis.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Münder am Deister''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Münner'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Munster (Örtze)|Munster]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== N ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Nahrendorf]]
* [[Natendorf]]
* [[Neetze]]
* [[Negenborn]]
* [[Nenndorf (circulus Widmundensis)|Nenndorf]]
* [[Neubörger]]
* [[Neu Darchau]]
* [[Neuenhaus]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Altes Land)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Altes Land)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (bei Bassum)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(b.Bassum)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Land Hadeln)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Land Hadeln)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Landkreis Osnabrück)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Osnabrück)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Lüneburger Heide)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Lüneb.Heide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen-Vörden]]
* [[Neuharlingersiel]]
* [[Neuhaus (Oste)]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuhof (Landkreis Hildesheim)|Neuhof]]
* [[Neukamperfehn]]
* [[Neulehe]]
* [[Neuschoo]]
* [[Neustadt am Rübenberge]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neu Wulmstorf]]
* [[Niederlangen]]
* [[Niedernwöhren]]
* [[Niemetal]]
* [[Nienhagen (Landkreis Celle)|Nienhagen]]
* [[Nienstädt]]
* [[Norden]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordenham]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Norderney]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordholz]]
* [[Nordleda]]
* [[Nordsehl]]
* [[Nordstemmen]]
* [[Nörten-Hardenberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Northemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nothemium&quot;&gt;Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/wassenberg1/Wassenberg_florus.html ''FLORUS GERMANICUS''] , ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Et VVolferbytum, Northemium, Steinbruggam, Nienburgum (...) Primo vere Tillius tribunos suos Northemium misit (...) Caesaeriani Northemium expugnant (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Northeim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nuurten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Northorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;&gt;Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nordhorn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nothoorn'' seu ''Notthoarn'' seu ''Netthoarn'' seu ''Noordhoorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nortmoor]]
* [[Nortrup]]
* [[Nottensdorf]]
* [[Nova Urbs (Saxonia Inferior)|Nova Urbs]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nienburg/Weser''; [[Saxonice]] ''Näinborg'' seu ''Nienborg'' seu ''Neenborg'' seu ''Negenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== O ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Oberlangen]]
* [[Oberndorf (Oste)|Oberndorf]]
* [[Obernfeld]]
* [[Obernholz]]
* [[Obernkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ochtersum]]
* [[Odisheim]]
* [[Oederquart]]
* [[Oerel]]
* [[Oetzen]]
* [[Ohne]]
* [[Ohrum]]
* [[Oldenburgum]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorf (Landkreis Stade)|Oldendorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Stade)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorf (Luhe)]]
* [[Osloß]]
* [[Osnabruga]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Osnabrück''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ossenbrääch''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Lingua Saxonica|Westfalice]] ''Ossenbrügge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osteel]]
* [[Osten (Oste)|Osten]]
* [[Osterbruch]]
* [[Ostercappeln]]
* [[Ostereistedt]]
* [[Osterode am Harz]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osterwald]]
* [[Ostrhauderfehn]]
* [[Ottenstein (Niedersachsen)|Ottenstein]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Otter]]
* [[Otterndorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ottersberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ovelgönne]]
* [[Ovenhagium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Auhagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oyten]]	
{{div col end}}

=== P ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Padingbüttel]]
* [[Papenburg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Parsau]]
* [[Pattensen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pegestorf]]
* [[Pennigsehl]]
* [[Petrimons]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Perizonius 1758&quot;&gt;Perizonius, J. (1758). ''Compendium historiarum antiquissimarum, civilium et ecclesiasticarum, usque ad seculum decimum octavum: Cum appendice de ducatu Westphaliae et comitatu Petrimontano''. Ex officina Wetsteniana.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Pyrmont''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Puurmont'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pohle]]
* [[Polle]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pollhagen]]
* [[Poynum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Peine''; [[Saxonice]] ''Paane''; [[Lingua Theodisca alta recens|Protoneoaltotheodisce]] ''Peina'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Praefectura Neohusana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Grupen II 1742&quot;&gt;Grupen, C. U. (1742). ''Disceptationes Forenses cum Observationibus Juris: De originibus et iurisdictione praefecturarum ditionis Brunsvicensis (Caput de Praefectura Neohusana)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae: Förster.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Amt Neuhaus'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Prezelle]]
* [[Prinzhöfte]]
{{div col end}}

=== Q ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Quakenbrück]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Quendorf]]
* [[Querenhorst]]
* [[Quernheim]]
{{div col end}}

=== R ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Räbke]]
* [[Radbruch]]
* [[Raddestorf]]
* [[Rastdorf]]
* [[Rastede]]
* [[Rätzlingen (Niedersachsen)|Rätzlingen]]
* [[Rechtsupweg]]
* [[Reeßum]]
* [[Regesbostel]]
* [[Rehburg-Loccum]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rehden]]
* [[Rehlingen]]
* [[Reinstorf]]
* [[Remlingen (Niedersachsen)|Remlingen]]
* [[Renkenberge]]
* [[Rennau]]
* [[Reppenstedt]]
* [[Rethem (Aller)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rhade]]
* [[Rhauderfehn]]
* [[Rhede (Ems)]]
* [[Rheden (Niedersachsen)|Rheden]]
* [[Rhumspringe]]
* [[Ribbesbüttel]]
* [[Riede (Landkreis Verden)|Riede]]
* [[Rieste]]
* [[Ringe]]
* [[Ringstedt]]
* [[Rinteln]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ritterhude]]
* [[Rodenberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rodewald]]
* [[Rohrsen]]
* [[Roklum]]
* [[Rollshausen]]
* [[Römstedt]]
* [[Ronnenberg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rosche]]
* [[Rosdorf]]
* [[Rosengarten (Landkreis Harburg)|Rosengarten]]
* [[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rotenburgum ad Wemmam&quot;&gt;De Latino toponymico syntagmate &quot;[[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]]&quot; -ad quod Latinum gentilicium &quot;Rotenburgensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide homonymas urbes apud {{Graesse}} et {{Hofmannus}}. De hydronymo &quot;[[Wemma]]&quot;, etiam vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Rotenburg''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Rotenburg an der Wümme''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rodenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rötgesbüttel]]
* [[Rüdershausen]]
* [[Rühen]]
* [[Rullstorf]]
{{div col end}}

=== S ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Sachsenhagen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sagterlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;BOV 2013&quot;&gt;Bischöfliches Offizialat Vechta (2013). ''Findbuch des Offizialatsarchivs Vechta: Altes Archiv (Abteilung A: Saterlandia, Kirchliche Unterlagen, Akte A 8: „Informatio de Sagterlandia“ aus dem Jahre 1710)''. Vechtae, in Germania: Bischöfliches Offizialat.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Saterland''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Sagterland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Seelterlound'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salis Cancellum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Salzgitter''; [[Saxonice]] ''Soltgitter'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salzbergen]]
* [[Salzdetfordium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marcard 1805&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Salzdetfurth'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salzhausen]]
* [[Salzhemmendorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Samern]]
* [[Sandbostel]]
* [[Sande (Frisia)|Sande]]
* [[Sarstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sassenburg]]
* [[Sathsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Sachsa'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sauensiek]]
* [[Schapen]]
* [[Scharnebeck]]
* [[Scheden]]
* [[Scheeßel]]
* [[Schellerten]]
* [[Schiffdorf]]
* [[Schladen-Werla]]
* [[Schnackenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schnega]]
* [[Schneverdingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Scholen]]
* [[Schönewörde]]
* [[Schöningen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schöppenstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schortens]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schüttorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schwaförden]]
* [[Schwanewede]]
* [[Schwarme]]	
* [[Schwarmstedt]]
* [[Schweindorf]]
* [[Schweringen]]
* [[Schwerinsdorf]]
* [[Schwienau]]
* [[Schwülper]]
* [[Seeburg (Niedersachsen)|Seeburg]]
* [[Seedorf (bei Zeven)|Seedorf]]
* [[Seelze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seesen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seevetal]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seggebruch]]
* [[Sehlde]]
* [[Sehlem (Niedersachsen)|Sehlem]]
* [[Sehnde]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Selsingen]]
* [[Semmenstedt]]
* [[Seulingen]]
* [[Sibbesse]]
* [[Sickte]]
* [[Siedenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sittensen]]
* [[Soderstorf]]
* [[Sögel]]	
* [[Söhlde]]
* [[Söllingen (Niedersachsen)|Söllingen]]
* [[Soltau]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Soltendieck]]
* [[Sottrum]]
* [[Spahnharrenstätte]]
* [[Spelle]]
* [[Spiekeroog]]
* [[Sprakensehl]]
* [[Springe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Stade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Stood'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadlandia]]&lt;ref&gt;Ioannes Iustus Wynkelman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WvgaAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA617&amp;lpg=PA617&amp;dq=statlandia+saxonia&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=Ysl9JI4L06&amp;sig=2y6x3I38sU3-RcrP0HtnSkUxssI&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CCwQ6AEwA2oVChMIwqiv-NWMxgIVQgmSCh2CZwDj#v=onepage&amp;q=statlandia%20saxonia&amp;f=false ''Notitia historico-politica veteris Saxo-Westphaliae finitimarumque regionum,''] 1667:277.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Stadland'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadtoldendorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Staffhorst]]
* [[Staufenberg]]
* [[Stavern]]
* [[Stedesdorf]]
* [[Steimbke]]
* [[Steinau (Niedersachsen)|Steinau]]
* [[Steinfeld (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Steinhorst (Niedersachsen)|Steinhorst]]
* [[Steinkirchen (Altes Land)|Steinkirchen]]
* [[Stelle]]
* [[Stemmen (Landkreis Rotenburg)|Stemmen]]
* [[Stemshorn]]
* [[Steyerberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stinstedt]]
* [[Stöckse]]
* [[Stoetze]]
* [[Stolzenau]]
* [[Stuhr]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Südbrookmerland]]
* [[Suderburg]]
* [[Südergellersen]]
* [[Südheide]]
* [[Sudwalde]]
* [[Suhlendorf]]
* [[Sulingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Süpplingen]]
* [[Süpplingenburg]]
* [[Süstedt]]
* [[Sustrum]]
* [[Surwold]]
* [[Suthfeld]]
* [[Syke]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== T ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Tappenbeck]]
* [[Tarmstedt]]
* [[Tespe]]
* [[Thedinghausen]]
* [[Thomasburg]]
* [[Thuine]]
* [[Tiddische]]
* [[Tiste]]
* [[Toppenstedt]]
* [[Tostedt]]
* [[Tosterglope]]
* [[Trebel]]
* [[Tülau]]
* [[Twieflingen]]
* [[Twist (Emsland)|Twist]]
* [[Twistringen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== U ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Uchte]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Uehrde]]
* [[Uelsen]]
* [[Uetze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ulsena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]]  et [[Saxonice]] ''Uelzen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Ülz’n'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ummern]]
* [[Undeloh]]
* [[Upgant-Schott]]
* [[Uplengen]]
* [[Uslar]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Utarp]]
{{div col end}}

=== V ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Vahlberg]]
* [[Vahlbruch]]
* [[Vahlde]]
* [[Vallis Augae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;SLH 1988&quot;&gt;Societas Latina Hannoverana (1988). ''Fasciculi geographici et historici: De parvis provinciis ditionis Hannoveranae et Schaumburgensis''. Hannoverae: Typis Exscripsit Libraria Scripturarum.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Auetal'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Varel]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Varrel]]
* [[Vastorf]]
* [[Vechelde]]
* [[Velpke]]
* [[Veltheim (Ohe)]]
* [[Vetha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&amp;cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Vechta''; [[Saxonice]] ''Vechte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vicus Adelaidis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ALF 2016&quot;&gt;Academia Latinitati Fovendae (2016). ''Commentarii Academiae Latinitati Fovendae: De novis parochiis et communibus Saxoniae Inferioris textus'' (Vol. XXIV). Romae: Herder.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Adelheidsdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vierden]]
* [[Vierhöfen]]
* [[Vildhusia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Wildeshausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wilshusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Visbek]]
* [[Visselhövede]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vögelsen]]
* [[Vollersode]]
* [[Voltlage]]
* [[Vordorf]]
* [[Vorwerk (Niedersachsen)|Vorwerk]]
* [[Vrees]]
{{div col end}}

=== W ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Waake]]
* [[Waddeweitz]]
* [[Wagenfeld]]
* [[Wagenhoff]]
* [[Wahrenholz]]
* [[Walchum]]
* [[Walkenried]]
* [[Wallenhorst]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wallmoden]]
* [[Walsrode]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wangelnstedt]]
* [[Wangerland]]
* [[Wangerooge]]
* [[Wanna]]
* [[Warberg]]
* [[Wardenburg]]
* [[Warmsen]]
* [[Warpe]]
* [[Wasbüttel]]
* [[Wathlingen]]
* [[Wedemark]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weener]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weenzen]]
* [[Wehrbleck]]
* [[Welle]]
* [[Wendeburg]]
* [[Wendisch Evern]]
* [[Wennigsen]]
* [[Wenzendorf]]
* [[Werdum]]
* [[Werlte]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Werpeloh]]
* [[Wesendorf]]
* [[Weste (Niedersachsen)|Weste]]
* [[Westergellersen]]
* [[Westerholt]]
* [[Westertimke]]
* [[Westerwalsede]]
* [[Westfeld (Niedersachsen)|Westfeld]]
* [[Westoverledingen]]
* [[Wetschen]]
* [[Wettrup]]
* [[Weyhausen]]
* [[Weyhe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wieda]]
* [[Wiedensahl]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wiefelstede]]
* [[Wielen]]
* [[Wienhausen]]
* [[Wiesmoor]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wietmarschen]]
* [[Wietze]]
* [[Wietzen]]
* [[Wietzendorf]]
* [[Wilhelmshaven]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wilstedt]]
* [[Wilsum]]
* [[Wingst]]
* [[Winkelsett]]
* [[Winnigstedt]]
* [[Winsen (Aller)]] 
* [[Winsenia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Büttner&quot;&gt;Büttner, D. S. (1710). ''Rudera Diluvii Testes, i.e. Zeichnung und Abbildung derer Columnarum Sceletonum''. Gottfried Zimmermann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(ad [[Luya]]m&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Winsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Winzenburg]]
* [[Wippingen]]
* [[Wirdum]]
* [[Wischhafen]]
* [[Wistedt]]
* [[Witmundia]]&lt;ref&gt;E.g., [[Ioannes Luyts|Ioannis Luyts]] ''Introductio ad Geographiam novam et veterem'', Ultraiecti 1692, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=_o0YP3-9VTMC&amp;pg=PA281&amp;dq=Witmundia&amp;hl=ru&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjShLT7vdDrAhVJw4sKHZLLCokQ6AEwAnoECAMQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=Witmundia&amp;f=false p. 281].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wittmund'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wittingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wittmar]]
* [[Wittorf]]
* [[Wohnste]]
* [[Wolfsburgum]]&lt;ref&gt;Vide nomini arcis: Samuel Pufendorfus, ''Commentariorum de rebus Suecicis libri XXVI'' {{Google Books|lV1PAAAAcAAJ|pag. 457 et 475}}, ''Nova Acta Eruditorum'' {{Google Books|eGFlITDJFSMC|pag. 487}}, Lipsiae, anno 1756, ac ''Itininerarium Thomae Carve, Tipperariensis'' ([https://archive.org/details/itinerariumthom00kerngoog/page/n182 pag. 108]).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Wolfsburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfsborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfsbuurich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wollbrandshausen]]
* [[Wollershausen]]
* [[Wölpinghausen]]
* [[Wolsdorf]]
* [[Woltersdorf (Wendland)|Woltersdorf]]
* [[Woltershausen]]
* [[Worpswede]]
* [[Wremen]]
* [[Wrestedt]]
* [[Wriedel]]
* [[Wulfsen]]
* [[Wulften ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Wunstorf]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wustrow (Saxonia Inferior)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== Z ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Zernien]]
* [[Zetel]]
* [[Zeven]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Zorge]]
{{div col end}}

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris|!]]</text>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>66550</id>
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      <text bytes="67513" sha1="n22k0dm0hfhtrtr6dz4jnykyjaj4vez" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in Lower Saxony.svg|thumb|500px|Urbes et communia Saxoniae Inferioris.]]
'''Index urbium, oppidorum et communium in [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxonia Inferiore]]''' omnia [[commune|communia]] (Theodisce ''Gemeinden''), consociationes communium (Theodisce ''Gemeindeverbände'') atque loca nulli communium adscripta (Theodisce ''gemeindefreien Gebiete''), quae hodie in [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terra]] [[Germania|Germanica]] [[Saxonia Inferior]]e exstant, complectitur.

Postremae mutationes finium territorialium in Saxonia Inferiore [[1 Novembris|Kalendis Novembribus]] anni [[2021]] effectae sunt. Ex eo tempore [[Saxonia Inferior]] 939 communium et 25 loca nulli communi adscripta (quorum duo habitantur) habet. Quibus e communibus 159 titulo [[urbs|urbis]] (Theodisce ''Stadt'') et 49 titulo [[oppidum|oppidi]] (Theodisce ''Flecken'') utuntur.

Praeterea nonnullae proprietates exstant secundum communium administrationem: Nam 939 communia in 289 communia unitaria et 650 communia membra dividuntur; quae vero in universum 114 consociationes communium constituunt, ut munera communiter administrent. Hae consociationes communium ipsa communia non sunt, sed foedera cooperationis, quae aut ex regione aut ex communitate in qua sedes administrationis sita est nomen accipiunt. Quapropter in Saxonia Inferiore idem nomen tam communi quam consociationi communium tribui potest. Agitur tamen de duobus corporibus iuridicis distinctis, quae proprias repraesentationes atque propria munera habent.

Praeterea, propter magnitudinem suam, nonnullae communium et consociationes communium peculiarem rationem cum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulo terrae]] (Theodisce ''Landkreis'') habent:

* Decem urbes statum iuridicum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli urbani]] (Theodisce ''kreisfreien Stadt'') obtinent, nulli circulo terrae subiiciuntur atque omnia sua munera exercent.
* Septem urbes statum iuridicum urbis magnae sui iuris (Theodisce ''Große selbständige Stadt'') obtinent atque multa, sed non omnia, munera circuli terrae cui adscribuntur exercent.
* 61 communium et tria communia generalia (Theodisce ''Samtgemeinden'') statum iuridicum communis sui iuris (Theodisce ''Selbständige Gemeinde'') obtinent atque quaedam munera districtus cui adscribuntur exercent.
* 861 ceterae communium nullam peculiarem rationem cum circulo terrae cui adscribuntur habent.

=== A ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Abensium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Apensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Obbens'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Acheimum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Grote III 1877&quot;&gt;Grote, H. (1877). ''Münzstudien: Geschichte der älteren Münzen und Urkunden des Bisthums Verden'' (Vol. VIII). Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Achim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Achem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Achestedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Axstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ax'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adelebsenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Funck 1736&quot;&gt;Funck, J. N. (1736). ''Disputatio Academica de Voluntaria Morte Judaeorum et Gentilium sub Praesidio S. R. I. Libero Baroni de Adelebsen Dedicata''. Rintelii: Typis Johannis Friderici Enax.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Adelebsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adenebutla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pischke 1998&quot;&gt;Pischke, G. (Ed.) (1998). ''Das Lehnsregister der Edelherren von Meinersen: Edition und historische Untersuchung der mittelalterlichen Besitzurkunden'' (Documentum anni MCCXX). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Adenbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adenhusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1703&quot;&gt;Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis: De ecclesiis parochialibus et ditione antiqua oppidi Adenhusii''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ahnsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adenthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Höhbaum 1876&quot;&gt;Höhbaum, K. (Ed.) (1876). ''Hansisches Urkundenbuch: Monumenta Germaniae Historica e codicibus diplomaticis Bremensibus et Luneburgensibus'' (Vol. I). Halis Saxonum: Typis Orphanotrophei.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Adendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Adendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Affinghusia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rathlef 1766&quot;&gt;Rathlef, E. L. (1766). ''Geschichte der Grafschaften Hoya und Diepholz: Monimenta diplomatica et antiquitates ditionis Affinghusiae'' (Vol. I). Bremae: Försterischen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Affinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Affinghusen'' seu ''Affjehusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alrebekesa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Oven 1872&quot;&gt;Oven, A. von (Ed.) (1872). ''Urkundenbuch des Herzogthums Lüneburg: Diplomata, chartae et registra historica saeculi XII (Documentum anni MCXCVII de venditione praedii Alrebekesae)'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Carl Rümpler.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahnsbeck'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ahusium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ahusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;&gt;Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Parochiarum ditionis Corbeiensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ahausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Alfeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Allefelle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alfhusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Alfhausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Algermissenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoogeweg III 1903&quot;&gt;Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1903). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et privilegia de Algermisseno)'' (Vol. III). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Algermissen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Almstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoogeweg II 1901&quot;&gt;Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1901). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et registra de Almstedio)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Almstedt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alorstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1758&quot;&gt;Pratje, J. H. (1758). ''Historische Nachrichten von dem ehemaligen berühmten Closter Harsefeld: Monumenta ac documenta saeculi XII ubi de decimis Alorstedii agitur''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ahlerstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohlers'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alvstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;&gt;Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Alfstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Alfs'' seu ''Alfst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Amelinghusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Baring 1746&quot;&gt;Baring, E. (1746). ''Succincta Hannoverae et ditionum vicinarum Notitia Historica''. Hanoverae: Typis Nicolae Försteri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Amelinghausen''; [[lingua Saxonica|Boreosaxonice]] ''Amekhusen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Amelkusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Anchemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ankum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Andervenia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Andervenne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Andorlangia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Anderlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Annerlingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Antiqua Medingha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Homeyer X 2006&quot;&gt;Homeyer, J. (Ed.) (2006). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Medingen: Lüneburger Urkundenbuch (Monimenta historica saeculi XIV de parochia Medinghae) (Vol. X)''. Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Altenmedingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohmein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Apenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Baring 1746&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Apen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aap'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Apleremum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Apelern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Appelium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Appel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aquae Lauterbergenses in Montibus Harthicis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mirus 1826&quot;&gt;Mirus, A. (1826). ''De salubritate aquarum lauterbergensium in montibus harthicis sitarum''. Typis Regiis.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Lauterberg im Harz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aquae Nendorpenses]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marcard 1805&quot;&gt;Marcard, H. M. (1805). ''De salubritate aquarum nendorpensium et de earum usu in morbis chronicis''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich; et: Macard, H. M. (1805). ''De usu salutari fontium salinorum in territorio Hildesiensi sitorum''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Nenndorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aquae Zwischenahnenses]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Statisitakamt Nord 2025&quot;&gt;Statistikamt Nord (Editio Latina). ''Catalogus Urbium et Communium Germaniae''. Hamburgi, 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Zwischenahn''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Twiskenoan'' seu ''Boad Twiskenoan''; [[Saxonice]] ''Twüschenahn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aroldishusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arholzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Artlenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Baring 1746&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Artlenburg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Artlissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mader 1664&quot;&gt;Mader, J. J. (1664). ''Antiquitates Brunsvicenses: De antiquis parochiis Saxonum et finibus dioecesis Mindensis (Caput de parochia Artlissa)''. Helmestadii: Typis Henningi Mulleri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Aerzen'': quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Ärzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Arx Agathae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kochen 1724&quot;&gt;Kochen, J. H. (1724). ''Introductio in Historiam Ducatus Bremensis y Verdensis: Accesserunt diplomata varia et descriptio Arcis Agathae et ditionis Stadiensis''. Stadae: Typis Caspari Holmii.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Agathenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gothenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ascalingium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlden'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asanthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vogell 1856&quot;&gt;Vogell, A. (Ed.) (1856). ''Urkundenbuch des Bisthums Verden y des Collegiatstifts Bardewick: Chartae, diplomata et monumenta historica saeculi XIII...''. Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Harburg&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Harburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Harburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Harburgum]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Harburgensis-e&quot; refertur-.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asenthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1855&quot;&gt;Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1855). ''Hoyer Urkundenbuch'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Jänecke Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus terrae Diepholtia|Circulo terrae Diepholtia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Diepholz&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Diepholtia&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Diepholz'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Diepholtia]]&quot;, vide {{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Assena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippi &amp; Bar 1892&quot;&gt;Philippi, F., &amp; Bär, M. (Eds.) (1892). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Die Urkunden der Jahre 772-1200'' (Vol. 1). Verein für Geschichte und Landeskunde von Osnabrück. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Essen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Astanholteremarki-Scirnbeki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Osterholz-Scharmbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oosterholt-Scharmbeek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Auricum (Saxonia Inferior)|Auricum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmius 1616&quot;&gt;Emmius, U. (1616). ''Rerum Frisicarum Historia''. [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]: Elzevier.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Aurich''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Aurk''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Auerk'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== B ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Badberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Badbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Badbern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Baddekenstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Menzel &amp; Ohainski X 2018&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., Menzel, F., &amp; Ohainski, U. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil X)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Baddeckenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barkenstäe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Balga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Udolph 1994&quot;&gt;Udolph, J. (1994). ''Namenkundliche Studien zum Germanenproblem'' (Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, Ergänzungsbände 9). Walter de Gruyter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Balje'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Balga Cortis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Balge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Baltrumum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wiarda III 1792&quot;&gt;Wiarda, T. D. (1792). ''Ostfriesische Geschichte: Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1648'' (Vol. 3). August Friedrich Winter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Baltrum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bardenuvicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bardowick''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bewick'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bardorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;&gt;Sudendorf, H. (Ed.) (1859). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande'' (Vol. 1). Carl Rümpler Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kolb 1712&quot;&gt;Kolb, G. (1712). ''Compendium totius orbis: partim geographicum, partim historicum, partim genealogicum''. Typis Universitatis Carolo-Francisceae&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bargstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mushard 1764&quot;&gt;Mushard, M. (1764). ''Palaeogentilismus Bremensis: Monumenta ac veterum tumuli in ducatibus Bremensi et Verdensi''. Typis Andreae Vandenhoeck.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bargstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargst'' seu ''Bars'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barnstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bünting &amp; Letzner 1702&quot;&gt;Bünting, H., &amp; Letzner, J. (1702). ''Braunschweig-Lüneburgische Chronica, Oder Historische Beschreibung der Durchlauchtigsten Herzogen zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg''. Gedruckt bey Caspar Johann Jakobi.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barnstedt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barnstorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Böhmer 2007&quot;&gt;Böhmer, J. F. (2007). ''Regesta Imperii III: Salisches Haus 1024–1125. Die Regesten des Kaiserreiches unter Heinrich IV'' (T. Struve, Ed.). Böhlau Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barnstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnstrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barsela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;&gt;Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barßel''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bäärsel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barsingehusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Harenberg 1753&quot;&gt;Harenberg, J. C. (1753). ''Historia ecclesiae Gandershemensis diplomatica''. Typis et Impensis Joannis Christophori Meisneri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barsinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baschehusen'' seu ''Basche'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barum (Luneburgum)|Barum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann I II 2004&quot;&gt;Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2004). ''Verdener Urkundenbuch, 1. Abteilung, Band 2: 1300–1380''. Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Luneburgensis|Circulo Luneburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landreis Lüneburg&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Luneburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landreis Lüneburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Luneburgensis-e&quot; ad [[Luneburgum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barum (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Barum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;AdWzG 2010&quot;&gt;Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (2010). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'' (K. Casemir, F. Menzel, &amp; U. Ohainski, Eds.). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circulo Ulsenensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Uelzen&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Ulsenensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Uelzen'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Ulsenensis-e&quot; ad [[Ulsena]]m refertur. Quo de gentilicio, vide lemma &quot;res-publica Ulsenensis&quot; apud {{Google Books|w_tWAAAAcAAJ|vide paginam dedicationis operis}}&quot;; et de topnymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bourm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barunvilla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;SdaedhdlM 1862&quot;&gt;Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle (1862). ''Mémoires de la Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle: Année 1860–1861''. Rousseau-Pallez.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barverum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Böhmer 1844&quot;&gt;Böhmer, J. F. (1844). ''Regesta Chronologico-Diplomatica Regum et Imperatorum Romanorum: Inde a Conrado I. Usque ad Henricum VII''. Typis et Sumtibus J. C. Hermann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barver'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barwedelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barwedel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Basdalum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Basdahl''; [[Saxonice]] ''Basdaal'' seu ''Basdohl'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bawinkelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Moser 1738&quot;&gt;Moser, J. J. (1738). ''Bibliotheca Iuris Publici S. R. I. Germanici: Specially regarding the territories of Westphalia and Lower Saxony''. Typis Ioannis Georgii Cottae.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bawinkel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bowinkel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bebenhusa (Saxonia Inferior)|Bebenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahlfeldt 2010&quot;&gt;Ahlfeldt, J. (Ed.) (2010). ''Regnum Francorum Online: Traditio Fuldenses''. Francia-Ahlfeldt Project.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bevensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bämsen'' seu ''Bemsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beckdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;AdWzG 2010&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beckdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beekdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beckedorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beckedorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Biäkedörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beckelnum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Böhmer 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beckeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bedenbostelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NL 1924&quot;&gt;Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv (1924). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte''. Veröffentlichungen de Historischen Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beedenbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bedenbossel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beierstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beierstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barste’e'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Belmum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Moser 1738&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Belm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Belumum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mushard 1764&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Belum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Belen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bendestorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bührmann 2005&quot;&gt;Bührmann, M. (2005). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen des norddeutschen Raumes''. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bendestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bendsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berga (Circulus Cellensis)|Berga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bruzen de La Martinière 1737&quot;&gt;Bruzen de La Martinière, A. A. (1737). ''Thesaurus geographicus criticus: in quo omnium orbis terrarum regionum, civitatum, oppidorum, nominibus antiquis, medii aevi et modernis''. Ex Officina Wetsteniana.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Cellensis|Circulo Cellensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Celle&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Cellensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Celle'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Cellensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berga (Circulus Osnabrugae)|Berga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Osnabrugae|Circulo Osnabrugae]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Osnabrugae&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Osnabrück'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum ''LandKreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Osnabruga|Osnabruga-ae]]&quot;, vide Pertsch, Erich: ''Langenscheidts Großes Schulwörterbuch Lateinisch-Deutsch'', Berolini et Monaci 1983, ISBN 3-468-07202-3, p. 1325.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Berge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berga ad Dumnam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bruzen de La Martinière 1737&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergen an der Dumme''; [[Polabice]] ''Djörska'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bergenborstelium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1855&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrenborstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bornbössel'' seu ''Boornbössel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bergfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bünting &amp; Letzner 1702&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergfeld''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bargfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bersenbrugum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sandhoff 1785&quot;&gt;Sandhoff, J. E. (1785). ''Antistitum Osnabrugensis ecclesiae, qui per decem saecula episcopale munus in ea gesserunt, chronotaxis''. Typis Joannis Georgii Kislingii.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bersenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bessenbrügge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berumburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmius 1616&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berumbur'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bestena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Jellinghaus 1923&quot;&gt;Jellinghaus, H. (1923). ''Die westfälischen Ortsnamen nach ihren Bestandteilen''' (III ed.). Ferdinand Schöningh.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beesten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Betzendorfum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bünting &amp; Letzner 1702&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Betzendorfum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bätzendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bevernense Castrum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bevern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beverstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beverstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beverst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bienenbuttelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bienenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bienbüddel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bilshusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolf 1819&quot;&gt;Wolf, J. (1819). ''Politische Geschichte des Eichsfeldes mit Urkunden erläutert''. Johann Georg Rosenbusch.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bilshausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Binethemum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;&gt;Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: I. Historicos Germanicos, II. Historiam Helmstadensem, III. Dissertationes de utriusque Saxoniae''. Typis Georgii Wolffgangi Hammii&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bentheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Binnenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Binnen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bippenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bippen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bippen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Birsina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bassum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bissendorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bissendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Blender (Landkreis Verden)|Blender]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bliedersdorf]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Blomberg (circulus Widmundensis)|Blomberg]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bochorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bakum'')&lt;/small&gt; 
* [[Bockenem]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bockhorn (Friesland)|Bockhorn]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bockhorst]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodendicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Brosius 1985&quot;&gt;Brosius, D. (1985). ''Aus der Geschichte der Burg Bodenteich''. Ecomed Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bodenteich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bonndiek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodenfelde]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodensee (Saxonia Inferior)|Bodensee]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodenwerder]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Boffzen]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Böhme (Niedersachsen)|Böhme]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bohmte]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Boitze]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bokensdorf]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bomlitz]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Börger]]
* [[Borkum]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borna Castra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Börßum]]
* [[Borstel (Landkreis Diepholz)|Borstel]]
* [[Bösel]]
* [[Bötersen]]
* [[Bothel]]
* [[Bovenden]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brachia (Germania)|Brachia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Brake''; [[Saxonice]] ''Braak'' seu ''Broak'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brackel]]
* [[Bramsche]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Braunlage]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Breddenberg]]
* [[Breddorf]]
* [[Bremervörde]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brest (Niedersachsen)|Brest]]
* [[Brevörde]]
* [[Brietlingen]]
* [[Brinkum (Stuhr)|Brinkum]]
* [[Brockel]]
* [[Bröckel]]
* [[Brockum]]
* [[Brome]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bruchhausen-Vilsen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brunsvicum]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brüggen (Leine)|Brüggen]]
* [[Buchholz (bei Stadthagen)|Buchholz]] ? &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Buchholz (Aller)]] ? &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Buchholz in der Nordheide]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bückeburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bücken]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Büddenstedt]]
* [[Bühren]]
* [[Bülkau]]
* [[Bülstedt]]
* [[Bunde]]
* [[Burgdorf (Circulus Guelpherbytensis)|Burgdorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Landkreis Wolfenbüttel)&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Burgdorf]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Region Hannover)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burgwedel]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burweg]]
* [[Butjadingen]]
* [[Buxtehude]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Byspinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1859&quot;&gt;Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1859). ''Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, Fünfte Abtheilung: Archiv des Klosters St. Michaelis zu Lüneburg''. Capaun-Karlowa’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bispingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissen'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== C ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Cadenberge]]
* [[Calberlah]]
* [[Campus Rufus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stüve 1789&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Rothenfelde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cappel (Niedersachsen)|Cappel]]
* [[Cappeln (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Celle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Clausthal-Zellerfeld]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Clenze]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cloppenburgum]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Cloppenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cloppenborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kloppenbuurich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Colnrade]]
* [[Coppenbrügge]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Coppengrave]]
* [[Cramme]]
* [[Cremlingen]]
* [[Cuxhavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Cuxhaven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuxhoben'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== D ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Dahlem (Niedersachsen)|Dahlem]]
* [[Dahlenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dahlum]]
* [[Damme (Dümmer)|Damme]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Damnatz]]
* [[Danndorf]]
* [[Dannenberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dassel]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; 
* [[Dedelstorf]]
* [[Deensen]]
* [[Deinste]]
* [[Deinstedt]]
* [[Delligsen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Delmenhorstium]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Denkte]]
* [[Derental]]
* [[Dersum]]
* [[Despetal]]
* [[Detern]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dettum]]
* [[Deutsch Evern]]
* [[Dickel]]
* [[Didderse]]
* [[Diekholzen]]
* [[Dielmissen]]
* [[Diepenau]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Diepholtia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;&gt;{{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Diepholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deefholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dinklage]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dissen am Teutoburger Wald]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dohren (Emsland)|Dohren]] &lt;small&gt;(Emsland)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dohren]] &lt;small&gt;(Nordheide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dollern]]
* [[Dornum]]
* [[Dörpen]]
* [[Dorstadt]]
* [[Dorum]]
* [[Dörverden]]
* [[Dötlingen]]
* [[Drage (Elbe)|Drage]]
* [[Drakenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drangstedt]]
* [[Dransfeld]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drebber]]
* [[Drentwede]]
* [[Drestedt]]
* [[Drochtersen]]
* [[Düdenbüttel]]
* [[Duderstadt]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Duingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dünsen]]
* [[Dunum]]
{{div col end}}

=== E ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ebbestorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaitner 1985&quot;&gt;Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ebstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ebstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ebergötzen]]
* [[Eberholzen]]
* [[Ebersdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ebersdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebersdorfium&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Ebersdorf' in Latinam &quot;Ebersdorfium&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ebersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eversdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Echem]]
* [[Edemissen]]
* [[Edewecht]]
* [[Egestorf]]
* [[Eggermühlen]]
* [[Ehra-Lessien]]
* [[Ehrenburg (Niedersachsen)|Ehrenburg]]
* [[Eickeloh]]
* [[Eicklingen]]
* [[Eildissum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stumpf-Brentano II 1865&quot;&gt;Stumpf-Brentano, K. F. (Ed.) (1865). ''Die Reichskanzler vornehmlich des X., XI. und XII. Jahrhunderts: Acta Imperii Selecta'' (Vol. 2). [[Aeni Pons (Austria)|Aeni Ponte]]: Wagner'schen Universitäts-Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Eilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eime]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eimen]]
* [[Eimke]]
* [[Einbeck]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elbe (Niedersachsen)|Elbe]]
* [[Elbingerode (bei Herzberg am Harz)|Elbingerode]]
* [[Eldingen]]
* [[Elmlohe]]
* [[Elsdorf (Niedersachsen)|Elsdorf]]
* [[Elsfleth]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elze]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Embsen]]
* [[Emda]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emlichheim]]
* [[Emmendorf]]
* [[Emmerthal]]
* [[Emsbüren]]
* [[Emstek]]
* [[Emtinghausen]]
* [[Engden]]
* [[Engelschoff]]
* [[Erkerode]]
* [[Ermelstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Armstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Armsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Esche]]
* [[Eschede]]
* [[Eschershausen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Esens]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Essel]]
* [[Essen (Oldenburgum)]]
* [[Esterwegen]]
* [[Estorf (Landkreis Stade)|Estorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Stade)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Estorf (Weser)|Estorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Weser)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Everode]]
* [[Eversmeer]]
* [[Evessen]]
* [[Eydelstedt]]
* [[Eyendorf]]
* [[Eystrup]]
{{div col end}}

=== F ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Fallingbostela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bad Fallingbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Fambossel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fardium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Verden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Veern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Farven]]
* [[Faßberg]]
* [[Filsum]]
* [[Fintel]]
* [[Firrel]]
* [[Flögeln]]
* [[Flöthe]]
* [[Frankenfeld]]
* [[Freden]]
* [[Fredenbeck]]
* [[Freiburg/Elbe]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Freistatt]]
* [[Frellstedt]]
* [[Freren]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fresenburg]]
* [[Friedeburg]]
* [[Friedlandia (Saxonia Inferior)|Friedland]]
* [[Friesoythe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fürstenau]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Furstenberga]]
{{div col end}}

=== G ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ganderkesee]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gandershemium]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.fi/books?id=6kwBAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=PA27&amp;lpg=PA27&amp;dq=Gandershemium&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=_NMr2DmhUK&amp;sig=CXPUuuKZ8W03AC7uB3YlYYNscJ4&amp;hl=fi&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&amp;ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=Gandershemium&amp;f=false R. p. Hertenberger: ''Historia pragmatica universalis, sacra et profana''], p.27;
[http://books.google.fi/books?id=yScyAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA58&amp;lpg=PA58&amp;dq=Gandershemium&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=ZoGX4tZRRD&amp;sig=8fUZc6grFgYD0jN-twVcDyzarYI&amp;hl=fi&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&amp;ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=Gandershemium&amp;f=false ''Acta Sanctorum, Junii'' (1698-1717), cit. in ''A Companion to Hrotsvit of Gandersheim (fl. 960)''], p. 58 n.103.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Gandersheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ganderssen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gandesbergen]]
* [[Garbsen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garlstorf]]
* [[Garrel]]
* [[Garstedt]]
* [[Gartow]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Geeste]]
* [[Geestland]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gehrde]]
* [[Gehrden]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Georgsdorf]]
* [[Georgsmarienhütte]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gerdau]]
* [[Gersten]]
* [[Getelo]]
* [[Gevensleben]]
* [[Gevera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Jever'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Geversdorf]]
* [[Gieboldehausen]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Giesen]]
* [[Gifhorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Gifhorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gilten]]
* [[Glandorf]]
* [[Gleichen]]
* [[Gnarrenburg]]
* [[Gödenstorf]]
* [[Göhrde]]
* [[Goldenstedt]]
* [[Gölenkamp]]
* [[Golmbach]]
* [[Gorleben]]
* [[Goslaria]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Goslar''; [[Saxonice]] ''Goslär'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gottinga]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=kkM-AAAAcAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=gottingensis&amp;lr=&amp;cd=14#v=onepage&amp;q=&amp;f=false Libri Googles].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Göttingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Chöttingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grafhorst]]
* [[Grasberg]]
* [[Grasleben]]
* [[Grethem]]
* [[Gronau]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Groß Berßen]]
* [[Großefehn]]
* [[Großenkneten]]
* [[Großenwörden]]
* [[Großheide]]
* [[Groß Ippener]]
* [[Groß Meckelsen]]
* [[Groß Oesingen]]
* [[Groß Twülpstedt]]
* [[Grundensis Civitas Metallica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Grund'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grünendeich]]
* [[Guderhandviertel]]
* [[Guelpherbytum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfenbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gusborn]]
* [[Gyhum]]
{{div col end}}

=== H ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Hademstorf]]
* [[Haga Schauenburgi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]]  ''Stadthagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hage]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hagen am Teutoburger Wald]]
* [[Hagen im Bremischen]]
* [[Hagenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hagermarsch]]
* [[Hahausen]]
* [[Halbemond]]
* [[Halle (comitatus Binethensis)|Halle]] &lt;small&gt;(b.Neuenhaus)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halle (Holtisminni)|Halle]] &lt;small&gt;(Montes Visurgis)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halvesbostel]]
* [[Hamala]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hameln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hambergen]]
* [[Hambühren]]
* [[Hämelhausen]]
* [[Hamersen]]
* [[Hammah]]
* [[Handeloh]]
* [[Handorf]]
* [[Handrup]]
* [[Hankensbüttel]]
* [[Hannovera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hannover''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hannober'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hann. Münden]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hanstedt (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Hanstedt]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circulo Ulsenensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Uelzen&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hanstedt (Nordheide)|Hanstedt]] &lt;small&gt;(Nordheide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harbarnsen]]
* [[Hardegsen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haren (Amisia)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harmstorf]]
* [[Harpstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harsefeld]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harsum]]
* [[Hartsburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Harzburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harzeborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hasbergen]]
* [[Haselünne]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haßbergen]]
* [[Hassel (Weser)]]
* [[Hassendorf]]
* [[Haste]]	
* [[Hatten]]
* [[Hattorf ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Häuslingen]]
* [[Haverlah]]
* [[Hechthausen]]
* [[Hedeper]]
* [[Heede (Emsland)|Heede]]
* [[Heemsen]]
* [[Heere]]	
* [[Heeslingen]]
* [[Heeßen]]
* [[Hehlen]]
* [[Heidenau (Saxonia Inferior)|Heidenau]]
* [[Heinade]]
* [[Heinbockel]]
* [[Heiningen (Niedersachsen)|Heiningen]]
* [[Heinsen]]
* [[Hellwege]]
* [[Helmstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Helmstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Helmstidde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Helpsen]]
* [[Helvesiek]]
* [[Hemmingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemmoor]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemsbünde]]
* [[Hemslingen]]
* [[Hemsloh]]
* [[Hepstedt]]
* [[Herzberg am Harz]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Herzlake]]
* [[Hesel]]
* [[Hespe]]
* [[Hessisch Oldendorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heuerßen]]
* [[Heyen]]
* [[Hildesia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hildesheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hilmessen'' seu ''Hilmssen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hilgermissen]]
* [[Hilkenbrook]]
* [[Hillerse]]
* [[Hilter am Teutoburger Wald]]
* [[Himbergen]]
* [[Himmelpforten]]
* [[Hinte]]
* [[Hipstedt]]
* [[Hittbergen]]
* [[Hitzacker]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hodenhagen]]
* [[Höhbeck]]
* [[Hohenhameln]]
* [[Hohne]]
* [[Hohnhorst]]
* [[Hohnstorf (Albis)]]
* [[Holdorf (Niedersachsen)|Holdorf]]
* [[Holenberg]]
* [[Holle]]
* [[Hollenstedt]]
* [[Hollern-Twielenfleth]]
* [[Hollnseth]]
* [[Holste]]
* [[Holtgast]]
* [[Holtisminni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Holzminden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Holtsminne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holtland]]
* [[Holzen (bei Eschershausen)|Holzen]]
* [[Hoogstede]]
* [[Hörden ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Horneburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Horstedt (Niedersachsen)|Horstedt]]
* [[Hoya]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hoyerhagen]]
* [[Hoyershausen]]
* [[Hude (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Hüde]]
* [[Hülsede]]
* [[Husum (bei Nienburg)|Husum]]
* [[Hüven]]
{{div col end}}

=== I ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Iburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Von Schaten 1714&quot;&gt;Von Schaten, N. (1714). ''Monumenta Osnabrugensia ex historia romana, francica, saxonicaque eruta''. Typis Jodoci Henrici Meyer.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Iburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Ibig'' seu ''Ibig'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ihlienworth]]
* [[Ihlow (Frisia Orientalis)|Ihlow]]
* [[Ilsede]]
* [[Ingeleben]]
* [[Isenbüttel]]
* [[Isernhagen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Isterberg]]
* [[Itterbeck]]
{{div col end}}

=== J ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Jade (Saxonia Inferior)|Jade]]
* [[Jameln]]
* [[Jelmstorf]]
* [[Jembke]]
* [[Jemgum]]
* [[Jerxheim]]
* [[Jesteburg]]
* [[Jork]]
* [[Jühnde]]
* [[Juist]]
{{div col end}}

=== K ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Kakenstorf]]
* [[Kalbe (Niedersachsen)|Kalbe]]
* [[Kalefeld]]
* [[Karwitz]]
* [[Katlenburg-Lindau]]
* [[Kettenkamp]]
* [[Kirchbrak]]
* [[Kirchdorf (bei Sulingen)|Kirchdorf]]
* [[Kirchgellersen]]
* [[Kirchlinteln]]
* [[Kirchseelte]]
* [[Kirchtimke]]
* [[Kirchwalsede]]
* [[Kissenbrück]]
* [[Klein Berßen]]
* [[Klein Meckelsen]]
* [[Kluse (Emsland)|Kluse]]
* [[Kneitlingen]]
* [[Köhlen]]
* [[Königsmoor]]
* [[Kranenburg (Oste)|Kranenburg]]
* [[Krebeck]]
* [[Krummendeich]]
* [[Krummhörn]]
* [[Kührstedt]]
* [[Küsten]]
* [[Kutenholz]]
{{div col end}}

=== L ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Laar]]
* [[Laatzen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lachendorf]]
* [[Laerium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stüve 1789&quot;&gt;Stüve, J. E. (1789). ''Beschreibung des Fürstenthums Osnabrück mit einigen Urkunden''. Kißling.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Laer'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lage (Saxonia Inferior)|Lage]]
* [[Lähden]]
* [[Lahn (Hümmling)|Lahn]]
* ''[[Lamspringe]]''
* [[Lamstedt]]
* [[Landesbergen]]
* [[Landolfshausen]]
* [[Landwehr (Gemeinde)|Landwehr]]
* [[Langelsheim]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* '''[[Langen (bei Bremerhaven)|Langen]]''' &lt;small&gt;(b.Bremerhaven)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langen (Emsland)|Langen]] &lt;small&gt;(Emsland)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langendorf (Elbe)|Langendorf]]
* [[Langenhagen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langeoog]]
* [[Langlingen]]
* [[Langwedel (Weser)|Langwedel]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lastrup]]
* [[Lathen]]
* [[Lauenau]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lauenbrück]]
* [[Lauenförde]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lauenhagen]]
* [[Leese]]
* [[Leezdorf]]
* [[Lehe (Emsland)|Lehe]]
* [[Lehre (Niedersachsen)|Lehre]]
* [[Lehrte]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leiferde]]
* [[Lembruch]]
* [[Lemförde]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lemgow]]
* [[Lemwerder]]
* [[Lengede]]
* [[Lengenbostel]]
* [[Lengerich (Emsland)|Lengerich]]
* [[Lenne (Niedersachsen)|Lenne]]
* [[Leopolis (Saxonia Inferior)|Leopolis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebel 1960&quot;&gt;Ebel, W. (1960). ''Lübisches Recht: Erster Band''. Hansischer Geschichtsverein.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bleckede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bleikd'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leer''; [[lingua Saxonica|Orientofrisosaxonice]] ''Läär''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lier'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Liebenau (Niedersachsen)|Liebenau]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Liebenburg]]
* [[Lilienthal]]
* [[Lindern (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Lindhorst]]
* [[Lindwedel]]
* [[Lingen (Ems)]] &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Linsburg]]
* [[Lintig]]
* [[Locus Occidentalis (Saxonia Inferior)|Locus Occidentalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1703&quot;&gt;Cellarius, C. (1703). ''Geographia Antiqua iuxta et Nova''. Ienae: Bielckius.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Westerstede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Westerstäe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lohne (Oldenburg)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Löningen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lorup]]
* [[Loxstedt]]
* [[Lübberstedt]]
* [[Lübbow]]
* [[Luchovia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Luchovia&quot;&gt;Vide [https://ia801403.us.archive.org/28/items/antiquitatessele00keys/antiquitatessele00keys.pdf ''Antiquitates selectae septentrionales et Celticae''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) De Venedicis aut Germanicis prope Luchoviam effossis Epistola ''Georgii Frid, Mithofii'' data Luchovia d. 17. Maji 1691 (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüchow''; [[Polabice]] ''Ljauchüw'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luckau (Saxonia Inferior)|Luckau]]
* [[Lüder (Lüneburger Heide)|Lüder]]
* [[Lüdersburg]]
* [[Lüdersfeld]]
* [[Lüerdissen]]
* [[Luhden]]
* [[Luneburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüneburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lümborg'' seu ''Lünborg''; [[Lingua Saxonica antiqua|Palaeosaxonice]] ''Hliuni'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lünne]]
* [[Lütetsburg]]
* ''[[Lutter am Barenberge]]''
* [[Luttera Regalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Königslutter am Elm'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== M ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Maasen]]
* [[Marienhafe]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Marienhagen]]
* [[Mariental (Niedersachsen)|Mariental]]
* [[Marklohe]]
* [[Marl (Dümmer)|Marl]]
* [[Marschacht]]
* [[Martfeld]]
* [[Marxen]]
* [[Mechtersen]]
* [[Meerbeck]]
* [[Meine]]
* [[Meinersen]]
* [[Melbeck]]
* [[Melle]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mellinghausen]]
* [[Menslage]]
* [[Meppea]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Meppen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Möppen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Merzen]]
* [[Messenkamp]]
* [[Messingen]]
* [[Midlum (Land Wursten)|Midlum]]
* [[Misselwarden]]
* [[Mittelnkirchen]]
* [[Mittelstenahe]]
* [[Moisburg]]
* [[Molbergen]]
* [[Moormerland]]
* [[Moorweg]]
* [[Moringen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Müden (Alara)]]
* [[Mulsum (Land Wursten)|Mulsum]]
* [[Mundia Hannoverana]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Munimeri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dronke 1844&quot;&gt;Dronke, E. F. J. (Ed.) (1844). ''Traditiones et Antiquitates Fuldenses: Chartae et registra historica saeculi IX''. Fuldense: Typis Müllerianis.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Münder am Deister''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Münner'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Munster (Örtze)|Munster]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== N ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Nahrendorf]]
* [[Natendorf]]
* [[Neetze]]
* [[Negenborn]]
* [[Nenndorf (circulus Widmundensis)|Nenndorf]]
* [[Neubörger]]
* [[Neu Darchau]]
* [[Neuenhaus]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Altes Land)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Altes Land)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (bei Bassum)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(b.Bassum)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Land Hadeln)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Land Hadeln)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Landkreis Osnabrück)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Osnabrück)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen (Lüneburger Heide)|Neuenkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Lüneb.Heide)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenkirchen-Vörden]]
* [[Neuharlingersiel]]
* [[Neuhaus (Oste)]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuhof (Landkreis Hildesheim)|Neuhof]]
* [[Neukamperfehn]]
* [[Neulehe]]
* [[Neuschoo]]
* [[Neustadt am Rübenberge]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neu Wulmstorf]]
* [[Niederlangen]]
* [[Niedernwöhren]]
* [[Niemetal]]
* [[Nienhagen (Landkreis Celle)|Nienhagen]]
* [[Nienstädt]]
* [[Norden]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordenham]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Norderney]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordholz]]
* [[Nordleda]]
* [[Nordsehl]]
* [[Nordstemmen]]
* [[Nörten-Hardenberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Northemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nothemium&quot;&gt;Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/wassenberg1/Wassenberg_florus.html ''FLORUS GERMANICUS''] , ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Et VVolferbytum, Northemium, Steinbruggam, Nienburgum (...) Primo vere Tillius tribunos suos Northemium misit (...) Caesaeriani Northemium expugnant (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Northeim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nuurten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Northorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;&gt;Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nordhorn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nothoorn'' seu ''Notthoarn'' seu ''Netthoarn'' seu ''Noordhoorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nortmoor]]
* [[Nortrup]]
* [[Nottensdorf]]
* [[Nova Urbs (Saxonia Inferior)|Nova Urbs]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nienburg/Weser''; [[Saxonice]] ''Näinborg'' seu ''Nienborg'' seu ''Neenborg'' seu ''Negenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== O ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Oberlangen]]
* [[Oberndorf (Oste)|Oberndorf]]
* [[Obernfeld]]
* [[Obernholz]]
* [[Obernkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ochtersum]]
* [[Odisheim]]
* [[Oederquart]]
* [[Oerel]]
* [[Oetzen]]
* [[Ohne]]
* [[Ohrum]]
* [[Oldenburgum]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorf (Landkreis Stade)|Oldendorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Lkr.Stade)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorf (Luhe)]]
* [[Osloß]]
* [[Osnabruga]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Osnabrück''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ossenbrääch''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Lingua Saxonica|Westfalice]] ''Ossenbrügge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osteel]]
* [[Osten (Oste)|Osten]]
* [[Osterbruch]]
* [[Ostercappeln]]
* [[Ostereistedt]]
* [[Osterode am Harz]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osterwald]]
* [[Ostrhauderfehn]]
* [[Ottenstein (Niedersachsen)|Ottenstein]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Otter]]
* [[Otterndorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ottersberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ovelgönne]]
* [[Ovenhagium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Auhagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oyten]]	
{{div col end}}

=== P ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Padingbüttel]]
* [[Papenburg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Parsau]]
* [[Pattensen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pegestorf]]
* [[Pennigsehl]]
* [[Petrimons]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Perizonius 1758&quot;&gt;Perizonius, J. (1758). ''Compendium historiarum antiquissimarum, civilium et ecclesiasticarum, usque ad seculum decimum octavum: Cum appendice de ducatu Westphaliae et comitatu Petrimontano''. Ex officina Wetsteniana.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Pyrmont''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Puurmont'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pohle]]
* [[Polle]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pollhagen]]
* [[Poynum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Peine''; [[Saxonice]] ''Paane''; [[Lingua Theodisca alta recens|Protoneoaltotheodisce]] ''Peina'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Praefectura Neohusana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Grupen II 1742&quot;&gt;Grupen, C. U. (1742). ''Disceptationes Forenses cum Observationibus Juris: De originibus et iurisdictione praefecturarum ditionis Brunsvicensis (Caput de Praefectura Neohusana)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae: Förster.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Amt Neuhaus'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Prezelle]]
* [[Prinzhöfte]]
{{div col end}}

=== Q ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Quakenbrück]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Quendorf]]
* [[Querenhorst]]
* [[Quernheim]]
{{div col end}}

=== R ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Räbke]]
* [[Radbruch]]
* [[Raddestorf]]
* [[Rastdorf]]
* [[Rastede]]
* [[Rätzlingen (Niedersachsen)|Rätzlingen]]
* [[Rechtsupweg]]
* [[Reeßum]]
* [[Regesbostel]]
* [[Rehburg-Loccum]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rehden]]
* [[Rehlingen]]
* [[Reinstorf]]
* [[Remlingen (Niedersachsen)|Remlingen]]
* [[Renkenberge]]
* [[Rennau]]
* [[Reppenstedt]]
* [[Rethem (Aller)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rhade]]
* [[Rhauderfehn]]
* [[Rhede (Ems)]]
* [[Rheden (Niedersachsen)|Rheden]]
* [[Rhumspringe]]
* [[Ribbesbüttel]]
* [[Riede (Landkreis Verden)|Riede]]
* [[Rieste]]
* [[Ringe]]
* [[Ringstedt]]
* [[Rinteln]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ritterhude]]
* [[Rodenberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rodewald]]
* [[Rohrsen]]
* [[Roklum]]
* [[Rollshausen]]
* [[Römstedt]]
* [[Ronnenberg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rosche]]
* [[Rosdorf]]
* [[Rosengarten (Landkreis Harburg)|Rosengarten]]
* [[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rotenburgum ad Wemmam&quot;&gt;De Latino toponymico syntagmate &quot;[[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]]&quot; -ad quod Latinum gentilicium &quot;Rotenburgensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide homonymas urbes apud {{Graesse}} et {{Hofmannus}}. De hydronymo &quot;[[Wemma]]&quot;, etiam vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Rotenburg''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Rotenburg an der Wümme''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rodenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rötgesbüttel]]
* [[Rüdershausen]]
* [[Rühen]]
* [[Rullstorf]]
{{div col end}}

=== S ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Sachsenhagen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sagterlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;BOV 2013&quot;&gt;Bischöfliches Offizialat Vechta (2013). ''Findbuch des Offizialatsarchivs Vechta: Altes Archiv (Abteilung A: Saterlandia, Kirchliche Unterlagen, Akte A 8: „Informatio de Sagterlandia“ aus dem Jahre 1710)''. Vechtae, in Germania: Bischöfliches Offizialat.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Saterland''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Sagterland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Seelterlound'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salis Cancellum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Salzgitter''; [[Saxonice]] ''Soltgitter'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salzbergen]]
* [[Salzdetfordium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marcard 1805&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Salzdetfurth'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salzhausen]]
* [[Salzhemmendorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Samern]]
* [[Sandbostel]]
* [[Sande (Frisia)|Sande]]
* [[Sarstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sassenburg]]
* [[Sathsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Sachsa'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sauensiek]]
* [[Schapen]]
* [[Scharnebeck]]
* [[Scheden]]
* [[Scheeßel]]
* [[Schellerten]]
* [[Schiffdorf]]
* [[Schladen-Werla]]
* [[Schnackenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schnega]]
* [[Schneverdingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Scholen]]
* [[Schönewörde]]
* [[Schöningen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schöppenstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schortens]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schüttorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schwaförden]]
* [[Schwanewede]]
* [[Schwarme]]	
* [[Schwarmstedt]]
* [[Schweindorf]]
* [[Schweringen]]
* [[Schwerinsdorf]]
* [[Schwienau]]
* [[Schwülper]]
* [[Seeburg (Niedersachsen)|Seeburg]]
* [[Seedorf (bei Zeven)|Seedorf]]
* [[Seelze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seesen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seevetal]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seggebruch]]
* [[Sehlde]]
* [[Sehlem (Niedersachsen)|Sehlem]]
* [[Sehnde]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Selsingen]]
* [[Semmenstedt]]
* [[Seulingen]]
* [[Sibbesse]]
* [[Sickte]]
* [[Siedenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sittensen]]
* [[Soderstorf]]
* [[Sögel]]	
* [[Söhlde]]
* [[Söllingen (Niedersachsen)|Söllingen]]
* [[Soltau]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Soltendieck]]
* [[Sottrum]]
* [[Spahnharrenstätte]]
* [[Spelle]]
* [[Spiekeroog]]
* [[Sprakensehl]]
* [[Springe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Stade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Stood'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadlandia]]&lt;ref&gt;Ioannes Iustus Wynkelman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WvgaAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA617&amp;lpg=PA617&amp;dq=statlandia+saxonia&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=Ysl9JI4L06&amp;sig=2y6x3I38sU3-RcrP0HtnSkUxssI&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CCwQ6AEwA2oVChMIwqiv-NWMxgIVQgmSCh2CZwDj#v=onepage&amp;q=statlandia%20saxonia&amp;f=false ''Notitia historico-politica veteris Saxo-Westphaliae finitimarumque regionum,''] 1667:277.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Stadland'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadtoldendorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Staffhorst]]
* [[Staufenberg]]
* [[Stavern]]
* [[Stedesdorf]]
* [[Steimbke]]
* [[Steinau (Niedersachsen)|Steinau]]
* [[Steinfeld (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Steinhorst (Niedersachsen)|Steinhorst]]
* [[Steinkirchen (Altes Land)|Steinkirchen]]
* [[Stelle]]
* [[Stemmen (Landkreis Rotenburg)|Stemmen]]
* [[Stemshorn]]
* [[Steyerberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stinstedt]]
* [[Stöckse]]
* [[Stoetze]]
* [[Stolzenau]]
* [[Stuhr]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Südbrookmerland]]
* [[Suderburg]]
* [[Südergellersen]]
* [[Südheide]]
* [[Sudwalde]]
* [[Suhlendorf]]
* [[Sulingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Süpplingen]]
* [[Süpplingenburg]]
* [[Süstedt]]
* [[Sustrum]]
* [[Surwold]]
* [[Suthfeld]]
* [[Syke]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== T ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Tappenbeck]]
* [[Tarmstedt]]
* [[Tespe]]
* [[Thedinghausen]]
* [[Thomasburg]]
* [[Thuine]]
* [[Tiddische]]
* [[Tiste]]
* [[Toppenstedt]]
* [[Tostedt]]
* [[Tosterglope]]
* [[Trebel]]
* [[Tülau]]
* [[Twieflingen]]
* [[Twist (Emsland)|Twist]]
* [[Twistringen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== U ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Uchte]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Uehrde]]
* [[Uelsen]]
* [[Uetze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ulsena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]]  et [[Saxonice]] ''Uelzen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Ülz’n'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ummern]]
* [[Undeloh]]
* [[Upgant-Schott]]
* [[Uplengen]]
* [[Uslar]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Utarp]]
{{div col end}}

=== V ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Vahlberg]]
* [[Vahlbruch]]
* [[Vahlde]]
* [[Vallis Augae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;SLH 1988&quot;&gt;Societas Latina Hannoverana (1988). ''Fasciculi geographici et historici: De parvis provinciis ditionis Hannoveranae et Schaumburgensis''. Hannoverae: Typis Exscripsit Libraria Scripturarum.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Auetal'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Varel]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Varrel]]
* [[Vastorf]]
* [[Vechelde]]
* [[Velpke]]
* [[Veltheim (Ohe)]]
* [[Vetha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&amp;cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Vechta''; [[Saxonice]] ''Vechte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vicus Adelaidis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ALF 2016&quot;&gt;Academia Latinitati Fovendae (2016). ''Commentarii Academiae Latinitati Fovendae: De novis parochiis et communibus Saxoniae Inferioris textus'' (Vol. XXIV). Romae: Herder.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Adelheidsdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vierden]]
* [[Vierhöfen]]
* [[Vildhusia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Wildeshausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wilshusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Visbek]]
* [[Visselhövede]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vögelsen]]
* [[Vollersode]]
* [[Voltlage]]
* [[Vordorf]]
* [[Vorwerk (Niedersachsen)|Vorwerk]]
* [[Vrees]]
{{div col end}}

=== W ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Waake]]
* [[Waddeweitz]]
* [[Wagenfeld]]
* [[Wagenhoff]]
* [[Wahrenholz]]
* [[Walchum]]
* [[Walkenried]]
* [[Wallenhorst]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wallmoden]]
* [[Walsrode]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wangelnstedt]]
* [[Wangerland]]
* [[Wangerooge]]
* [[Wanna]]
* [[Warberg]]
* [[Wardenburg]]
* [[Warmsen]]
* [[Warpe]]
* [[Wasbüttel]]
* [[Wathlingen]]
* [[Wedemark]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weener]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weenzen]]
* [[Wehrbleck]]
* [[Welle]]
* [[Wendeburg]]
* [[Wendisch Evern]]
* [[Wennigsen]]
* [[Wenzendorf]]
* [[Werdum]]
* [[Werlte]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Werpeloh]]
* [[Wesendorf]]
* [[Weste (Niedersachsen)|Weste]]
* [[Westergellersen]]
* [[Westerholt]]
* [[Westertimke]]
* [[Westerwalsede]]
* [[Westfeld (Niedersachsen)|Westfeld]]
* [[Westoverledingen]]
* [[Wetschen]]
* [[Wettrup]]
* [[Weyhausen]]
* [[Weyhe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wieda]]
* [[Wiedensahl]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wiefelstede]]
* [[Wielen]]
* [[Wienhausen]]
* [[Wiesmoor]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wietmarschen]]
* [[Wietze]]
* [[Wietzen]]
* [[Wietzendorf]]
* [[Wilhelmshaven]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wilstedt]]
* [[Wilsum]]
* [[Wingst]]
* [[Winkelsett]]
* [[Winnigstedt]]
* [[Winsen (Aller)]] 
* [[Winsenia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Büttner&quot;&gt;Büttner, D. S. (1710). ''Rudera Diluvii Testes, i.e. Zeichnung und Abbildung derer Columnarum Sceletonum''. Gottfried Zimmermann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(ad [[Luya]]m&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Winsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Winzenburg]]
* [[Wippingen]]
* [[Wirdum]]
* [[Wischhafen]]
* [[Wistedt]]
* [[Witmundia]]&lt;ref&gt;E.g., [[Ioannes Luyts|Ioannis Luyts]] ''Introductio ad Geographiam novam et veterem'', Ultraiecti 1692, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=_o0YP3-9VTMC&amp;pg=PA281&amp;dq=Witmundia&amp;hl=ru&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjShLT7vdDrAhVJw4sKHZLLCokQ6AEwAnoECAMQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=Witmundia&amp;f=false p. 281].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wittmund'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wittingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wittmar]]
* [[Wittorf]]
* [[Wohnste]]
* [[Wolfsburgum]]&lt;ref&gt;Vide nomini arcis: Samuel Pufendorfus, ''Commentariorum de rebus Suecicis libri XXVI'' {{Google Books|lV1PAAAAcAAJ|pag. 457 et 475}}, ''Nova Acta Eruditorum'' {{Google Books|eGFlITDJFSMC|pag. 487}}, Lipsiae, anno 1756, ac ''Itininerarium Thomae Carve, Tipperariensis'' ([https://archive.org/details/itinerariumthom00kerngoog/page/n182 pag. 108]).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Wolfsburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfsborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfsbuurich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wollbrandshausen]]
* [[Wollershausen]]
* [[Wölpinghausen]]
* [[Wolsdorf]]
* [[Woltersdorf (Wendland)|Woltersdorf]]
* [[Woltershausen]]
* [[Worpswede]]
* [[Wremen]]
* [[Wrestedt]]
* [[Wriedel]]
* [[Wulfsen]]
* [[Wulften ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Wunstorf]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wustrow (Saxonia Inferior)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== Z ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Zernien]]
* [[Zetel]]
* [[Zeven]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Zorge]]
{{div col end}}

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris|!]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Robertus J. Flaherty</title>
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      <text bytes="6013" sha1="9lla4nvcwyuth3ec7w596tt8kipv5im" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Flaherty Port Harrison 1920.jpg|thumb|R. J. Flaherty [[pellicula]]m capit, [[Port Harrison]], QC, 1920-1921]]
[[Fasciculus:Robert Flaherty Nyla 1920.jpg|thumb|Nyla, quae partes [[uxor]]is [[Nanook of the North|Nanook]] egit, et sua filia.]]

'''Robertus Iosephus Flaherty''', [[Royal Geographical Society|FRGS]] ([[16 Februarii]] [[1884]]—[[23 Iulii]] [[1951]]) fuit fabricator [[pellicula]]rum [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]] qui ''[[Nanook of the North]]'' (1922) moderatus est et produxit, primam [[pellicula documentaria|pelliculam documentariam]] longitudinis plenae in [[commercium|commercio]] felix. Haec [[pellicula]] eius honestatem confirmavit&lt;!--?made his reputation--&gt;, et [[nihil]] quod Flaherty postea effecit hanc rem gestam penitus aequavit, quamquam hoc novum [[ars|artis]] genus evolvere perrexit, [[docufictio]]nis appellatum, in pelliculis ''[[Moana (pellicula 1926)|Moana]]'' (1926), in [[Polynesia]] posita, et  ''[[Man of Aran]]'' (1934), in [[Insulae Aranenses|Insulis Aranensibus]] [[Hibernia]]e capta.&lt;!--?filmed (non &quot;facta&quot; quia *filmed* in Hibernia, *made* in Hollywood)--&gt;
 
Flaherty est progenitor [[docufictio]]nis et [[pellicula ethnographica|pelliculae ethnographicae]] ([[ethnofictio]]nis),&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190430033332/http://www.maitres-fous.net/glossary.html Glossarium nominum Rouchinanorum,] www.maitres-fous.net.&lt;/ref&gt; generis artis quod [[Ioannes Rouch]] et Ioannes Collier, Jr., praecipue inter [[1960]] et [[1970]] exercebant et de quo rationcinarentur nomine [[anthropologia oculorum|anthropologiae oculorum]], campi inferioris [[anthropologia]]e.&lt;ref&gt;Malcolm Collier, &quot;The Applied Visual Anthropology of John Collier.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Flaherty [[Francisca H. Flaherty|Franciscam H. Flaherty]] anno [[1914]] duxit, quae operam nonnullis mariti pelliculis dedit, et nominationem [[Praemium Academiae|Praemii Academiae]] pro optima [[fabula]] originali pro ''[[Louisiana Story]]'' (1948) accepit.

==Pelliculographia==
*''[[Nanook of the North]]'' (1922)
*''[[The Pottery Maker]]'' (1925)
*''[[Moana (pellicula 1926)|Moana]]'' (1926)
*''[[The Twenty-Four Dollar Island]]'' (1927), documentarium Urbis Novi Eboraci
*''[[White Shadows in the South Seas]]'' (1928)
*''[[Acoma the Sky City]]'' (1929; pellicula imperfecta)
*''[[Tabu (1931 film)|Tabu]]'' (1931) cum [[F. W. Murnau]] scripta
*''[[Industrial Britain]]'' (1931)
*''[[Man of Aran]]'' (1934)
*''[[Elephant Boy (film)|Elephant Boy]]'' (1937)
*''The Land'' (1942), documentarium 45 minutorum, pro [[Pars Agriculturae|Parte Agriculturae]]&lt;!--Dept. of Agriculture--&gt; Civitatum Foederatarum factum
*''[[Louisiana Story]]'' (1948)
*''[[The Titan: Story of Michelangelo]]'' (1950)

==Arbitria==
*[[BAFTA]] Arbitrium Roberti J. Flaherty pro optimo documentario unico&lt;!--?one-off--&gt; offert.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20100325160654/http://www.bafta.org/awards/television/awards-categories,88,BA.html BAFTA's Robert J. Flaherty Award]&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Praemium Academiae]]: Best Documentary Feature, 1950, pro ''The Titan: Story of Michelangelo''
*1913, Socius [[Regia Societas Geographica|Societatis Geographicae Regiae]]&lt;ref&gt;Christopher 2005:128.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{NexInt}}
*[[Docufictio]]
*[[Ethnofictio]]

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Barsam, Richard. [[1988]]. ''The Vision of Robert Flaherty: The Artist As Myth and Filmmaker.'' Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
*Calder-Marshall, Arthur. [[1966]]. ''The Innocent Eye:; The Life of Robert J. Flaherty.'' Research material by Paul Rotha and Basil Wright. Novi Eboraci: Harcourt, Brace.
*Christopher, Robert J. [[2005]]. ''Robert &amp; Frances Flaherty: A Documentary Life 1883-1922.'' Mons Regius Quebeci: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 0773528768.
*Flaherty, Frances H. [[1960]]. ''The Odyssey of a Filmmaker: Robert Flaherty's Story.'' Urbana Illinoesiae: Beta Phi Mu. Beta Phi Mu chapbook 4.
*McGrath, Melanie. [[2006]]. ''The Long Exile: A Tale of Inuit Betrayal and Survival in the High Arctic.'' London: Fourth Estate. ISBN 0007157967. Iterum, [[2007]]. Novi Eboraci: Random House. ISBN 1400040477.
*Murphy, William Thomas. [[1978]]. ''Robert Flaherty: A Guide to References and Resources.'' Bostoniae: G. K. Hall and Company.
*Rotha, Paul. [[1984]]. ''Flaherty: A Biography.'' University of Pennsylvania Press.

==Nexus externi==
*{{IMDb name|name=Robert J. Flaherty|id=0280904}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130602194253/http://sensesofcinema.com/2002/great-directors/flaherty/ Great Directors Critical Database,] www.sensesofcinema.com
*[http://www.virtual-history.com/movie/person/5690/robert-j-flaherty Litterae de Roberto J. Flaherty,] www.virtual-history.com
*Vogel, Amos. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131002110343/http://www.thestickingplace.com/film/films/film-as-a-subversive-art/writings-by-amos-vogel/robert-flaherty/ Robert Flaherty,] www.thestickingplace.com
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120205030732/http://appl003.lsu.edu/artsci/cmstweb.nsf/$Content/Louisiana+Story?OpenDocument Revisere ''Louisiana Story'' Flahertianam,] app;003.lsu.edu
*[http://www.flahertyseminar.org/ Seminarium de pelliculis Roberti Flaherty,] www.flahertyseminar.org
*[http://collections.lib.uwm.edu/u?/agdm,309 Tabula geographica manu facta a Wetalltok, homine Inuk, et Flaherty anno 1919 data,] collections.lib.uwm.edu

{{DEFAULTSORT:Flaherty, Robertus J.}}
[[Categoria:Nati 1884]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1951]]
&lt;!--Upper Canada College alumni--&gt; 
&lt;!-- + American documentary filmmakers--&gt;

[[Categoria:Moderatores cinematographici Civitatum Foederatarum]]
&lt;!--recte: M. pellicularum Americani + M. p. documentariarum + M. p. mutarum--&gt;
[[Categoria:Robertus J. Flaherty| ]]

[[Categoria:Socii Regiae Societatis Geographicae]]
&lt;!--
[[Category:People from Iron Mountain, Michigan]]
[[Category:American people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:American people of German descent]]
[[Category:Film directors from Michigan]]
[[Category:World Digital Library related]]--&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pellicula documentaria</title>
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      <text bytes="10785" sha1="5cilufwfczz1f0cnc4bqkvgiucyk3la" xml:space="preserve">{{L-1}}
[[Fasciculus:BolexH16.jpg|thumb|[[Machina photographica]] [[16 mm film|16 mm]] spring-wound [[Bolex]] &quot;H16&quot; Reflex
est camera popularis prima, in [[schola pellicularum|scholis pellicularum]] aliquando adhibita.]]
[[Fasciculus:Nanook of the north.jpg|thumb|''[[Nanook of the North]],'' [[praeconium mercatorium]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Mikhail kaufman on train.jpg|thumb|In hac imagine, ex pellicula ''[[Man with the Movie Camera]],'' [[Michael Kaufman]] partes hominis machinae photographicae&lt;!--cameraman--&gt; agit qui [[vita]]m in opericulum adducit, optimum conspectum petentem.]]
[[Fasciculus:Sortieusinelumiere.jpg|thumb|[[Photogramma]] ex ''[[La Sortie des usines Lumière à Lyon]],'' prima pellicula documentaria a nonnullis habita.]]

'''Pellicula documentaria''', vel '''pellicula documentalis''',&lt;ref&gt;[http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/archi2007/nuntius1.php?id=223 ''Ephemeris'' 2007].&lt;/ref&gt; est [[pellicula]] ad conservandos certos [[realitas|realitatis]] aspectus designata, imprimis eo consilio, ut discipulos erudiat aut documenta [[historia|historica]] conservet.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/56332 oed.com]&lt;/ref&gt; Tales pelliculae primum in ''[[film stock]]'' capi solebant (in solo medio olim in usu), sed ratio pellicularum faciendarum nunc [[video]] et productiones [[rhetorica digitalis|digitales]] comprehendit, quae [[direct-to-video]] (fortasse 'recte-ad-video'), in spectaculum [[televisio|televisificum]] factum, vel pro [[exhibitio]]ne in [[cinemateum|cinemateis]] emissae possunt. [[Vocabulum]] ''documentarium'' describi potest &quot;tractatio pellicularum factarum, traditio [[cinematographia|cinematica]], et modus receptionis [[adiunctio|spectatorum]]&quot; qui se constanter evolvit, finibus claris carens.&lt;ref&gt;Bill Nichols, &quot;Foreword,&quot; in ''Documenting The Documentary: Close Readings of Documentary Film and Video,'' ed. Barry Keith Grant et Jeannette Sloniowski (Detroiti: Wayne State University Press, 1997).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Definitio ''documentarii'' ==
''Documentary,'' [[vocabulum]] [[Anglice|Anglicum]] ('documentarium' significans), primum pelliculis huius generis adhibitum est in recognitione pelliculae ''[[Moana (pellicula 1926)|Moanae]]'' [[Robertus J. Flaherty|Roberti J. Flaherty]], a &quot;The Moviegoer&quot; scripta, [[pseudonymum|nomine calami]] [[Ioannes Grierson|Ioannis Grierson]], in [[diarium|diario]] ''[[New York Sun]]'' die [[8 Februarii]] [[1926]] edito.&lt;ref&gt;Jonathan Rosenbaum, [http://www.jonathanrosenbaum.net/?p=16639 Review of Moana.]{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ann Curthoys et Marilyn Lake, [http://books.google.com/books?id=JE6YM8jcRucC&amp;pg=PA151&amp;dq=john+grierson+documentary+1926&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=5wkUTcb5OMq7hAeixPW2Dg&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=5&amp;ved=0CDoQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&amp;q=john%20grierson%20documentary%201926&amp;f=false ''Connected Worlds: History in Transnational Perspective.''] (Australian National University Press, 2004), p. 151.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{NexInt}}
;Commentarii
* [[Docudrama]]
* [[Docufictio]]
* [[Documentarium naturae]]
* [[Ethnofictio]]
* [[Pellicula ethnographica]]
* [[Pellicula realitatis]]
* [[Pellicula saltationis]]&lt;!--
*[[Animated documentary]]
*[[Citizen media]]
*[[Concert film]]
*[[Documentary film festivals]]
*[[Documentary mode]]
*[[Documentary Practice]]
*[[Ephemeral film]]
*[[Filmmaking]]
*[[Industrial film]]
*[[List of documentaries]]
*[[List of movie-related topics|List of motion picture-related topics]]
*[[Lists of directors and producers of documentaries]]
*[[Mockumentary]]
*[[Mondo film]]
*[[Participatory video]]
*[[Political Cinema]]
*[[Public-access television]]
*[[Actuality film]]
*[[Rockumentary]]
*[[Sponsored film]]
*[[Travel documentary]]
*[[Visual anthropology]]
*[[Web documentary]]
*[[Women's Cinema]]--&gt;
;Exempla
* ''[[Dead Birds (pellicula 1963)]]''
* ''[[Ongka's Big Moka]]''

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
=== Generalia ===
* Aitken, Ian, ed. [[2005]]. ''Encyclopedia of the Documentary Film.'' Novi Eboraci: Routledge. ISBN 9781579584450.
* Barnouw, Erik. [[1993]]. ''Documentary: A History of the Non-Fiction Film.'' Ed. 2a. Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195078985.
* Burnett, Ron. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120209145300/http://rburnett.ecuad.ca/archive/2008/8/29/reflections-on-the-documentary-cinema.html &quot;Reflections on the Documentary Cinema.&quot;]
* Burton, Julianne, ed. [[1990]]. ''The Social Documentary in Latin America.'' Pittsburgi Pennsylvaniae: University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 9780822936213.
* Dawson, Jonathan. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120114100101/http://www.sensesofcinema.com/2003/great-directors/vertov/ &quot;Dziga Vertov.&quot;]
* Ellis, Jack C., et Betsy A. McLane. [[2005]]. &quot;A New History of Documentary Film.&quot; Novi Eboraci: Continuum International. ISBN 9780826417503, ISBN 9780826417510.
* Goldsmith, David A. [[2003]]. ''The Documentary Makers: Interviews with 15 of the Best in the Business.'' Hove Sessexiae Orientalis: RotoVision. ISBN 9782880467302.
* Klotman, Phyllis R. and Culter, Janet K., eds. [[1999]]. ''Struggles for Representation: African American Documentary Film and Video.'' Bloomington et Indianapoli: Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253213471.
* Leach, Jim, et Jeannette Sloniowski, eds. [[2003]]. ''Candid Eyes: Essays on Canadian Documentaries.'' Torontoi et Buffali: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9780802047328, ISBN 9780802082992.
* Nichols, Bill. [[2001]]. ''Introduction to Documentary.'' Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253339546, ISBN 9780253214690.
* Nichols, Bill. [[1991]]. ''Representing Reality: Issues and Concepts in Documentary.'' Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253340603, ISBN 9780253206817.
* Nornes, Markus. [[2007]]. ''Forest of Pressure: Ogawa Shinsuke and Postwar Japanese Documentary.'' Minneapoli: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 9780816649075, ISBN 9780816649082.
* Nornes, Markus. [[2003]]. ''Japanese Documentary Film: The Meiji Era through Hiroshima.'' Minneapoli: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 9780816640454, ISBN 9780816640461.
* Rotha, Paul. ''Documentary diary; An Informal History of the British Documentary Film, 1928–1939''. New York: Hill and Wang, 1973. ISBN 9780809039333.
* Saunders, Dave. ''Direct Cinema: Observational Documentary and the Politics of the Sixties''. London: Wallflower Press, 2007. ISBN 9781905674169, ISBN 9781905674152.
* Saunders, Dave. ''Documentary: The Routledge Film Guidebook''. Londinii: Routledge, 2010.
* Tobias, Michael. ''The Search for Reality – the Art of Documentary Filmmaking''. Studio City, CA: Michael Wiese Productions 1997. ISBN 0941188620.
* Walker, Janet, and Diane Waldeman, eds. [[1999]]. ''Feminism and Documentary.'' Minneapoli: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 9780816630066, ISBN 9780816630073.
* Wyver, John. ''The Moving Image: An International History of Film, Television &amp; Radio''. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd. in association with the British Film Institute, 1989. ISBN 9780631155294.
* Zimmermann, Peter (Hrsg.): Geschichte des dokumentarischen Films in Deutschland. Herausgegeben im Auftrag des Hauses des Dokumentarfilms Stuttgart. 3 Bände. Reclam. Stuttgart 2005.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150311065227/http://wwwmcc.murdoch.edu.au/ReadingRoom/doco/biblio.htm Murdoch.edu]&lt;!--, Documentary – reading list--&gt;

=== Pellicula ethnographica ===
{{div col|2}}
* Brigard Emilie de. [[1995]]. The History of Ethnographic Film. In ''Principles of Visual Anthropology,'' ed. Paul Hockings, 13–43. Berolini et Novi Eboraci: Mouton de Gruyter.
* Devereaux, Leslie. [[1995]]. Cultures, Disciplines, Cinemas. In ''Fields of Vision. Essays in Film Studies, Visual Anthropology and Photography,'' ed. Leslie Devereaux et Roger Hillman, 329–339. Berkeleiae: University of California Press.
* Ginsburg, Faye, Lila Abu-Lughod, et Brian Larkin, eds. [[2002]]. ''Media Worlds: Anthropology on New Terrain.'' Berkeleiae Californiae: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520232310.
* Grimshaw, Anna. [[2001]]. ''The Ethnographer's Eye: Ways of Seeing in Modern Anthropology.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521773102.
* Heider, Karl G. [[1994]]. ''Ethnographic Film''. Austin: University of Texas Press.
* de Heusch, Luc. [[1962]]. ''Cinéma et Sciences Sociales.'' Lutetiae: [[UNESCO]]. Editio Anglica: ''The Cinema and Social Science: A Survey of Ethnographic and Sociological Films.''
* Jameson, Fredric. [[1990]]. ''Signatures of the Visible.'' Novi Eboraci et Londinii: Routledge.
* Jordan, Pierre-L. [[1992]]. ''Premier Contact-Premier Regard'', Marseille: Musées de Marseille. Images en Manoeuvres Editions.
* Leroi-Gourhan, André. [[1948]]. Cinéma et Sciences Humaines: Le Film Ethnologique Existe-t-il? ''Revue de Géographie Humaine et d'Ethnologie'' 3:42–50.
* MacDougall, David. [[1992]]. Whose Story Is It? In ''Ethnographic Film Aesthetics and Narrative Traditions,'' ed. Peter I. Crawford et Jan K. Simonsen, 25–42. Aarhus: Intervention Press.
* MacDougall, David. [[1998]]. ''Transcultural Cinema.'' Princetoniae: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691012346.
* Rony, Fatimah Robing. [[1996]]. ''The Third Eye: Race, Cinema and Ethnographic Spectacle.'' Durham Carolinae Septentrionalis: Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822318408.
* Sadoul, Georges. [[1977]]. ''Histoire Générale du Cinéma.'' Vol. 1, ''L'Invention du Cinéma 1832–1897.'' Lutetiae: Denöel.
* Sorlin, Pierre. [[1977]]. ''Sociologie du Cinéma.'' Lutetiae: Aubier Montaigne.
* Warren, Charles. [[1996]]. Introduction, with a Brief History of Nonfiction Film. In ''Beyond Document: Essays on Nonfiction Film,'' ed. Charles Warren, 1–22. Hanoveriae et Londinii: Wesleyan University Press
* Xavier, Ismail. [[1993]]. Cinema: Revelação e Engano. In ''O Olhar,'' ed. Adauto Novaes, 367–384. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras.
{{div col end}}

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Documentary films|pelliculam documentariam}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110411083244/http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/documentaryclassics.html Classici documentarii,] www.lib.berkeley.edu (videographia)&lt;!-- of essential documentary films via UC Berkeley Media Resources Center--&gt;
*[http://www.documentary.org/ Societas Documentaria Internationalis,] www.documentary.org
*[http://www.alldocumentaries.org/ Thesaurus Datorum Documentarius Internationalis Liber,] www.alldocumentaries.org
*[http://www.watchdocumentaryfilms.com/ &quot;Watch Thousands Of International Documentary Films Free,&quot;] www.watchdocumentaryfilms.com

{{DEFAULTSORT:Documentary Film}}
&lt;!-- pro:
[[Categoria:Documentaria|Pellicula]]
[[Categoria:Genera pelliculae]]
[[Categoria:Pellicula documentaria| ]]--&gt; &lt;!-- +
[[Category:Investigative journalism]]
[[Category:Journalism genres]]--&gt;

{{Myrias|Societas}}
[[Categoria:Pelliculae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Noironte</title>
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      <text bytes="848" sha1="1z6w394sthdk0j4azvn5qcaldy0s584" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus: Eglise_Saint_Martin_Noironte_2012-2.JPG |thumb|250 px|Noironte: [[ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Martinus|Sancto Martino]] dicata]]
[[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 25427.png|thumb|left|250px|Noironte: communis tabula]]
''' Noironte''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 380 incolarum (anno [[2013]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Dubis (praefectura Franciae)|Dubis]] in regione [[Liber Comitatus (regio Franciae)|Libero Comitatu]].
{{NexInt}}

* [[Index communium praefecturae Dubis|Indicem communium praefecturae Dubis]]
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Noironte|Noironte}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130517191651/http://noironte.fr/ Noironte pagina interretialis]
* {{INSEE commune|25427|de=Noironte}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Dubis]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Dubis]]</text>
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  <page>
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      <text bytes="1975" sha1="dumz4cgg6chl8jb95h0enxrfr3fm0rh" xml:space="preserve">{{pro pagina discretiva vide|Misanum (discretiva)}}
{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Misano di Gera d'Adda - chiesa di San Lorenzo - 02.jpg|thumb|Mixanum]]
'''Mixanum'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.it/books?id=eodYAAAAcAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=it&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Memorie spettanti alla storia, al governo ed alla descrizione della città, e della campagna di Milano, ne' secoli bassi, Volume 9 (Google eBook) conte Giorgio Giulini, Stamperia di G. Bianchi, 1760]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Mixanum|i|n}} (alia nomina: ''Misanum, Mixanum Glareae Abduae'') ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Misano di Gera d'Adda|Misano di Gera d'Adda]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 3&amp;thinsp;000 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Langobardia]] et in [[Provincia Bergomas|Provincia Bergomati]] situm. Incolae ''Mixanenses'' appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Geographia ==
* [[Ager Bergomas Imus]] occidentalis (''terra''),
* [[Glarea Abduae]] (''terra''),

== Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio ==
== Municipia finitima ==

{{NexInt}}
* [[Langobardia]] (''regio''),
* [[Provincia Bergomas]],
* [[Ager Bergomas Imus]] occidentalis (''terra''),
* [[Glarea Abduae]] (''terra''),
* [[Bergomum]] (''urbs''),
* [[Municipium Italiae]].

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121209020539/http://www.comune.misano.bg.it/ Situs publicus]
{{CommuniaCat|Misano di Gera d'Adda|Mixanum}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Map of comune of Misano di Gera d'Adda (province of Bergamo, region Lombardy, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Provincia Bergomati.
Fasciculus:GeraDAdda.png|Municipia Glareae Abduae.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Bergomi]]
[[Categoria:Glarea Abduae]]
[[Categoria:Ager Bergomas Imus]]</text>
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    <title>Pratalonga (Langobardia)</title>
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{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Pradalunga parrocchiale.jpg|thumb|Pratalonga (Langobardia)]]
'''Pratalonga'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160311074221/http://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Diocese_of_Bergamo,_Italy:_Parish_Records Diocese of Bergamo, Italy: Parish ]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Pratalonga|ae|f}} ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Pradalunga|Pradalunga]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 4&amp;thinsp;600 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Langobardia]] et in [[Provincia Bergomas|Provincia Bergomati]] situm. Incolae ''Pratalonghenses'' appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Geographia ==
* [[Vallis Sariana]] (''terra''),

== Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio ==
== Municipia finitima ==

{{NexInt}}
* [[Langobardia]] (''regio''),
* [[Provincia Bergomas]],
* [[Vallis Sariana]] (''terra''),
* [[Bergomum]] (''urbs''),
* [[Municipium Italiae]].

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140522055501/http://www.halleyweb.com/c016173/hh/index.php Situs publicus]
{{CommuniaCat|Pradalunga|Pratalongam}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Map of comune of Pradalunga (province of Bergamo, region Lombardy, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Provincia Bergomati.
Imago:Comunità Montana Valle Seriana.svg|Municipia ''Communitatis montaneae Vallis Sarianae''.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Bergomi]]
[[Categoria:Vallis Sariana]]</text>
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      <text bytes="14897" sha1="mgl8huxhs3l2e9chjp6gucis4vtovng" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa scholae Vicidata}}&lt;!--
[[Fasciculus:harvard-div.png|thumb|Sigillum.]]--&gt;
[[Fasciculus:Andover Hall, Harvard Divinity School - general view.JPG|thumb|Aedes Andoveranae.]]
[[Fasciculus:CSWR.png|thumb|Conspectus in CSWR, ab [[Iosephus Ludovicus|Iosepho Ludovico Sert]] designatum.]]
[[Fasciculus:Andover Library.png|thumb|Bibliotheca Theologica Andover-Harvardiana.]]
[[Fasciculus:Andover Chapel.png|thumb|Cappella Andoverana, in Aedibus Andoveranis, tabulato secundo.]]&lt;!--
[[Fasciculus:Harvard University logo.PNG|150px|[[Logotypus|Logo]] universitatis.]]--&gt;

'''Schola Divinitatis Harvardiana''' est una ex constituentibus [[Universitas Harvardiana|Universitatis Harvardianae]] [[schola|scholis]], [[Cantabrigia (Massachusetta)|Cantabrigiae]] in [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatibus Foederatis]] sita. Propositum scholae est discipulos exercere et [[educatio|erudire]] in [[studia religiosa|academico religionis studio]], aut pro usu [[ministerium|ministerii]] [[religio]]si aut alius vocationis causa in ministerio publico. Discipulos etiam docet in aliis scholis Harvardianis qui [[religio]]ni student. Schola Divinitatis Harvardiana est una ex paucis scholis divinitatis nonsectarianis in Civitatibus Foederatis; inter alias sunt [[Schola Divinitatis Universitatis Sicagi]], [[Schola Divinitatis Yalensis]], [[Schola Divinitatis Universitatis Vanderbiltensis]], et [[Schola Divinitatis Universitatis Wake Forest]].

== Gradus ==
Schola Divinitatis Harvardiana [[accreditatio educationalis|accreditatur]] a [[Societas Scholarum Theologicarum in Civitatibus et Canada]]&lt;!--Assoc. of Theological Schools in the US and Canada--&gt;, a qua approbatur ut [[gradus academicus|gradus]] sequentis concedat:&lt;ref name=ats&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.ats.edu/MemberSchools/Pages/SchoolDetail.aspx?ID=387 |title=Member Schools: Harvard University Divinity School|publisher=[[Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada]].}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Magister Theologicorum Studiorum]] (MTS)
* [[Magister Divinitatis]] (MDiv)
* [[Theologiae Magister]] (ThM)
* [[Theologiae Doctor]] (ThD)
* [[PhD|Philosophiae Doctor]] (PhD)

== Curriculum ==
Candidati pro MTS inter 18 regiones studii academici elegunt:
* Studia religiosa [[Africa]]na et [[Afroamericani|Afroamericana]]
* Studia [[Buddhismus|Buddhistica]]
* Studia [[religio comparativa|religionis comparativae]]
* Studia religiosa [[Asia Orientalis|Asiae Orientalis]]
* [[Biblia Hebraica]] / [[Vetus Testamentum]]
* [[Historia Christianitatis]]
* [[Studia Hinduistica]]
* Studia religiosa [[Asia Meridiana|Asiae Meridianae]]
* Studia [[Islam]]ica
* Studia [[Iudaei|Iudaica]]
* [[Novum Testamentum]] et Christianitas prima&lt;!--early--&gt;
* [[Philosophia Religionis]]
* Religiones Americarum
* [[Religio]], [[ethica]], et [[civilitas]]
* [[Religio]], [[litterae]], et [[cultura]]
* Studia religiosa et educatio
* [[Theologia]]
* [[Mulier]]es, [[genus]]&lt;!--gender--&gt;, [[sexualitas]], et [[religio]]

Candidati pro MDiv capiunt:
* Tres cursus in theoriis, rationibus, et usibus interpretationis scripturalis intra religiosam discipuli traditionem
* Sex cursus in [[historia]], [[theologia]], et usibus intra religiosam discipuli traditionem
* Tres cursus intra traditionem religiosam quae a sua religione differt

== Professores notabiles ==
* [[Iacobus Lutherus Adams]], [[ethica|ethicista]] et [[theologus]] maximi momenti inter [[Universalistae Unitariani|Universalistis Unitarianis]] Americanis saeculo vicensimo
* [[Leila Ahmed]], [[professor]] [[studia mulierum|studiorum mulierum]] et [[Islam]] erudita
* [[Carolus G. Adams]], Professor Gulielmi et Lucillae Nickerson Exercitationis Ethicae et Ministerii (2006–2011)
* [[Franciscus Bovon]], [[professor]] emeritus, [[Vetus Testamentum|Veteris Testamenti]] et [[apocrypha|apocryphorum]] peritus
* [[David Carrasco|Davíd Carrasco]], [[relgio Americana Latina|religionis]] et [[cultura]]e [[America Latina|Americae Latinae]] peritus
* [[Franciscus Xavier Clooney]], [[theologus comparativus]] et [[Hinduismus|Hinduismi]] peritus
* [[Harvey Cox]], Hollis Professor of Divinity emeritus, [[auctor]] [[liber|libri]] ''The Secular City''
* [[Diana L. Eck]], [[Hinduismus|Hinduismi]] perita, conditor Propositi Pluralismi&lt;!--The Pluralism Project--&gt;, et magistra [[Domus Lowellianus|Domus Lowellianae]]
* [[Petrus J. Gomes]] (1942–2011), Pusey Minister in [[Templum Memoriale Universitatis Harvardianae|Templo Memoriali Universitatis Harvardianae]] et Plummer Professor of Christian Morals
* [[Ianetta Gyatso]], [[Buddhismus Tibetanus|Buddhismi]], [[historia]]e, et [[cultura]]e [[Thibetum|Thibeti]] perita
* [[Gulielmus A. Graham (decanus)|Gulielmus A. Graham]], [[decanus]] scholae (2002–2012), Albertson Professor of Middle Eastern Studies, [[historicus]] comparativus, et [[Islam]] peritus
* Carolus Hallisey, [[Buddhismus Theravadanus|Buddhismi Theravadani]] peritus
* [[David Hempton]], [[decanus]] scholae, [[historicus]] [[Methodismus|Methodismi]] et [[Protestantismus evangelicus|Protestantismi evangelici]]
* [[Michael Jackson (anthropologus)|Mochael Jackson]], [[anthropologus]] et [[scriptor mythistoriarum]]
* Baber Johansen, [[ius Islamicum|iuris Islamici]] peritus
* [[Karen King]], Hollis Professor of Divinity, [[auctor]] [[liber|librorum]] ''What Is [[Gnosticismus|Gnosticism]]?'' et ''The Gospel of Mary Magdala''
* [[Gordon D. Kaufman]] (mortuus 2011), liberalis [[theologus]] Mennonitus pacifisticus et [[auctor]] [[liber|libri]] [http://www.amazon.com/God-Problem-Gordon-Kaufman/dp/0674355261 ''God the Problem'']
* [[Helimutus Koester]], professor emeritus, [[Vetus Testamentum|Veteris Testamenti]] eruditus
* [[Ionathan D. Levenson]], [[Biblia Hebraica|Bibliorum Hebraicorum]] et [[studia Iudaica|studiorum Iudaicorum]] peritus
* [[Arthurus Chute McGill]], (1926–1980), Bussey Professor of Theology ab [[1971]] ad [[1980]]
* Ricardus R. Niebuhr, Hollis Professor of Divinity emeritus, [[theologus]]
* [[Henricus Nouwen]] (1983–1985), professor divinitatis et lector Horatii De Y. Lentz
* [[Ioannes G. Palfrey]], [[clericus]], [[historicus]], et[[Camera Repraesentantium Civitatum Foederatarum|legatus in Camera Repraesentantium Civitatum Foederatarum]]
* [[Elizabetha Schüssler Fiorenza]], [[feminismus|feministica]] [[Novum Testamentum|Novi Testamenti]] erudita
* [[Robertus Gulielmus Scribner]] (1941–1998), [[Reformatio]]nis [[historicus]]
* [[Wilfred Cantwell Smith]], olim rector Scholae Divinitatis [[Center for the Study of World Religions]]
* [[Ronaldus Franciscus Thiemann]], [[theologus]] Christianus et [[decanus]] Scholae Divinitatis ab [[1986]] ad [[1998]]
* [[Paulus Tillich]] (1886–1965), [[theologus]] [[Protestans]] et [[existentialismus Christianus|existentialista Christianus]]
* [[Henricus Ware, Jr.]], (1794–1843), [[theologus]] [[Universalismus Unitarianus|Unitarianus]]
* [[Henricus Ware (Unitarianus)|Henry Ware, Sr.]] (1764–1845), [[theologus]] [[Universalismus Unitarianus|Unitarianus]]
* C. Conrad Wright (1917-2011), historicus Congregationalismis Americani et [[Universalismus Unitarianus|Unitarianismi]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140517160929/http://www.hds.harvard.edu/news-events/articles/2011/02/19/c-conrad-wright-renowned-scholar-of-american-unitarianism-dies Laudatio,] www.hds.harvard.edu&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Georgius Ernest Wright]] (1958–1974), Professor Divinitatis Parkmanianus; (1961–1974) Curator Musei Semitici, [[Presbyterianismus|Presbyterianus]], [[Testamentum Vetus|Testamenti Veteris]] eruditus, [[archaeologus]] [[biblia|biblicus]]

== Alumni notabiles ==
* [[Carolus G. Adams]], [[pastor]] Ecclesiae Baptisticae Memorialis Hartfordianae&lt;!--; Former President, Progressive National Baptist Convention, Inc.; William and Lucille Nickerson Professor of the Practice of Ethics and Ministry, Harvard Divinity School--&gt;
* [[Radulphus Waldo Emerson]], [[philosophus]], [[poeta]], [[scriptor]]
* [[Horatius Alger]], eruditus et [[scriptor mythistoriarum]]
* [[Reza Aslan]], [[auctor]] et eruditus [[Islam]]icus
* [[Carolus Bennison]], [[episcopus]] in [[Ecclesia Episcopalis|Ecclesia Episcopali]]
* [[Georgius Madison Bodge]], [[auctor]], [[historicus]], [[clericus|minister]] [[Unitarianismus|Unitarianus]]
* [[Georgius Bradburn]], [[praedicator]] [[Universalismus Unitarianus|Unitarianus]] et [[Abolitionismus in Civitatibus Foederatis|abolitionista]] ex [[Massachusetta]].
* [[Neville Callam]], secretarius generalis [[Foedus Mundi Baptisticum|Foederis Mundi Naptistici]]
* [[Eduardus Ioannes Carnell]], [[theologus]] [[neoevangelicalismus|neoevangelicalis]]
* [[Demetrius, Archiepiscopus Americae]], [[primas]] [[Archidioecesis Americae Orthodoxae Graecae]]
* [[Thomas Chappell]], conditor Tom's of Maine, societatis [[commercium|commercialis]]&lt;!--producer of natural personal care products--&gt;
* [[Thomas Chick]], [[histrio]], [[editor principalis|editor]], diurnarius lusuum videographicorum
* [[Delman Coates]], pastor senior, [[Ecclesia Baptistica Montis Ennon|Ecclesiae Baptisticae Montis Ennon, Clinton Terrae Mariae]]
* [[Moncure Daniel Conway]], [[praedicator]] [[Unitarianismus|Unitarianus]] et [[abolitionista]] ex [[Virginia]]
* Janet Cooper-Nelson, cappellanus [[Universitas Brunensis|Universitatis Brunensis]]&lt;!--, first woman university chaplain in the [[Ivy League]]--&gt;
* [[Ioannes Cranley]], [[civilitas|politicus]], olim candidatus [[Congressus Civitatum Foederatarum|Congressionalis]] in [[Ohium|Ohio]]
* [[Elizabetha Eaton]], quartus [[episcopus]] praesidens [[Ecclesia Lutherana Evangelica in America|Ecclesiae Lutheranae Evangelicae in America]]
* [[Gulielmus Greenleaf Eliot]], co-conditor [[Universitas Vasingtoniana Urbis Sancti Ludovici]]
* [[Archibaldus Epps]], [[Decanus (educatio)|Decanus]] Discipulorum in Universitate Harvardiana, 1971–1999&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hds.harvard.edu/alumni/katzenstein.html|title=HDS - Alumni Relations - Katzenstein Award Recipients|publisher=Harvard Divinity School}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Gregorius Epstein]], Capellanus Humanisticus in [[Universitas Harvardiana|Universitate Harvardiana]], [[auctor]] ''Good Without God: What a Billion Nonreligious People Do Believe,'' [[liber|libri]] ''bestselling'' secundum ''New York Times''
* [[Ioannes Figdor]], Capellanus Humanisticus in [[Universitas Stanfordensis|Universitate Stanfordensi]]
* [[Robertus P. George]], [[auctor]], [[iurisprudentia]]e constitutionalis peritus, [[professor]] in [[Universitas Princetoniana|Universitate Princetoniana]]
* [[Ronald Goetz]], Sedes Distincta Niebuhrana in Theologia et Ethica Christiana in [[Collegium Elmhurstense|Collegio Elmhurstensi]]
* [[Petrus J. Gomes]], [[praedicator]], [[scriptor]], Capellanus Universitatis Harvardianae
* [[Stephanus A. Hayner]], praeses [[Seminarium Theologicum Columbiae|Seminarii Theologicii Columbiae]]&lt;!--, ordained minister of the [[Presbyterian Church USA]], professor, former president of [[InterVarsity Christian Fellowship]]--&gt;
* [[Christophorus Hedges]], [[auctor]] et [[diurnariorum ars|diurnariorum artifex]]
* [[Iacobus, Archiepiscopus Americae]], [[Archdioecesis Americae Orthodoxa Graeca|Archiepiscopus Americae Orthodoxus Graecus]] ab [[1959]] ad [[1996]]
* [[Iacobus Franklin Kay]], [[professor]] [[homiletica]]e et [[liturgia]]e in [[Seminarium Theologicum Princetonianum|Seminario Theologico Princetoniano]]
* [[Michael Muhammad Knight]], [[auctor]]
* [[Scotty McLennan]], [[Decanus (educatio)|Decanus]] Vitae Religiosae in [[Universitas Stanfordensis|Universitate Stanfordensi]]
* [[C. E. Morgan]], [[auctor]]
* [[Gulielmus B. Oden]], [[episcopus]] in [[Ecclesia Methodistica Consociata]]&lt;!--United Methodist Church--&gt;
* [[Theodorus Parker]], prominens [[clericus]], eruditus, [[abolitionista]] [[Unitarianusmus|Unitarianus]], [[transcendentalismus|transcendentalista]], et [[auctor]] locutionis &quot;Moralis historiae arcus ad [[iustitia]]m inflectitur&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]]: &quot;The moral . . . arc of history . . . bends toward justice.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Rodney L. Petersen]], [[historia]]e, [[ethica]]e, et certaminis religiosi eruditus, et director exsecutivus [[Institutum Theologicum Bostoniense|Instituti Theologici Bostoniensis]]
* [[Ricardus L. Pratt, Jr.]], Professor Testamenti Veteris, Praeses [[Ministeria Millennii Tertii|Ministeriorum Millennii Tertii]]
* [[Saba Soomekh]], [[professor]] et [[scriptor]] commentariorum&lt;!--essayist--&gt;
* [[Letty M. Russell]], [[theologia|theologa]] [[feminismus|feministica]]
* [[Edmundus Sears]], [[theologus]] [[Unitariani|Unitarianus]]
* [[Jeffrey L. Seglin]], [[diurnariorum ars|diurnariorum artifex]], [[scriptor]], et [[professor]] in [[Collegium Emersonianum|Collegio Emersoniano]]
* [[Vanessa Southern]], ministrix Unitariana et agitatrix liberalis progressiva&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/02/style/weddings-vanessa-southern-rohit-menezes.html &quot;&lt;small&gt;WEDDINGS&lt;/small&gt; . . . Vanessa Southern, Rohit Menezes,&quot;] ''The New York Times,'' 2 Maii 1999: &quot;The Rev. Vanessa Rush Southern . . . received a master's degree in divinity from Harvard University.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nj.com/independentpress/index.ssf/2011/06/summit_unitarians_support_repr.html &quot;Summit Unitarians support reproductive-health spending,&quot;] ''Independent Press,'' 14 Iunii 2011: &quot;reproductive health care services to women, men, and families who otherwise could not afford quality health care. . . . Parish Minister Vanessa Southern stated.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ricardus Tafel, conditor [[Log Cabin Republicans]]&lt;!--, lobbyist, executive coach--&gt;
* [[Ross H. Trower]], princeps capellanorum [[Classis Civitatum Foederatarum]]
* [[Georgius Allen Turner]], [[professor]], Biblia Anglica, Seminarium Theologicum Asburiense
* [[Sarah Warn]], [[editor principalis]] et conditor AfterEllen.com
* [[Leland Wilkinson]], [[statistica|statisticus]] et scientista [[computatrum|computatrorum]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://library.hds.harvard.edu/ Bibliotheca Theologica Andover-Harvardiana,] library.hds.harvard.edu (Andover-Harvard Theological Library)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140626235020/http://cswr.hds.harvard.edu/ Centrum Religionibus Mundi Investigatis Dicatum,] cswr.hds.harvard.edu (Center for the Study of World Religions)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151107215723/http://cultandculture.org/ ''Cult/ure: The Graduate Journal of Harvard Divinity School,''] www.cultandculture.org
* [http://wsrp.hds.harvard.edu Ratio Studiorum Mulierum in Religione,] wsrp.hds.harvard.edu (Women's Studies in Religion Program)
* [http://www.hds.harvard.edu/ Situs proprius,] www.hds.harvard.edu (Harvard Divinity School)
* [http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k11957 ''The Wick,'']{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} isites.harvard.edu

{{coord|42.38006|N|71.11298|W|source:placeopedia|display=title}}
&lt;!--recte: H.D.S. = subset of schools of Harvard U.--&gt;

[[Categoria:Schola Divinitatis Harvardiana| ]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1816]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mortefontaine-en-Thelle</title>
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      <text bytes="873" sha1="iqp4fw9c3a60blrq1eoethrofh9qs9t" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Mairie_ecole_mortefontaine_en_t.JPG|thumb|Mortefontaine-en-Thelle: [[vici conciliabulum]] et [[schola]]]]
[[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 60433.png|thumb|left|Mortefontaine-en-Thelle: communis tabula]]

'''Mortefontaine-en-Thelle''' est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 849 incolarum (anno [[2012]]) praefecturae [[Esia (praefectura Franciae)|Esiae]] in regione [[Picardia]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Esiae|Indicem communium praefecturae Esiae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Mortefontaine-en-Thelle|Mortefontaine-en-Thelle}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141221052235/http://www.mortefontaine-en-thelle.fr/index.php Mortefontaine-en-Thelle pagina interretialis]
* {{INSEE commune|60433|de=Mortefontaine-en-Thelle}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Esiae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Oesiae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Montagny (Liger)</title>
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[[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 42145.png|thumb|left|250px|Montagny: communis tabula]]

'''Montagny''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 1'158 incolarum (anno [[2012]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Liger (praefectura Franciae)|Ligeris]] in regione orientali [[Rhodanus et Alpes|Rhodano et Alpibus]] (a die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2016]] [[Arvernia Rhodanus et Alpes|Arvernia Rhodano et Alpibus]]).

{{NexInt}}

* [[Index communium praefecturae Ligeris|Indicem communium praefecturae Ligeris]]
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Montagny (Loire)|Montagny}}

* {{INSEE commune|42145|de=Montagny}}
* [http://cassini.ehess.fr/cassini/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=23079 De hoc commune apud Cassini]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110211115340/http://www.montagny.fr/ Huius communis pagina interretialis]
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Praefecturae Ligeris]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Ligeris]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Silvicultura</title>
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      <text bytes="5534" sha1="a1oquf9yyfp0nkrwk4m9mrqm0jko37a" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:White Mountain Apache Arizona-105.jpg|thumb|Operarius partis silviculturae [[tribus]] [[Apache]] [[Montes Albi (Arizona)|Montium Alborum]] [[sarculum|sarculo]] generis ''hoedad'' utitur ad locum in [[umbra]] caudicis [[arbor]]is cremati excavandum, ut surculus [[pinus ponderosa|pini pinderosae]] satus a [[ventus|vento]] qui [[arbor]]es siccant protegatur.]]
'''Silvicultura'''&lt;ref&gt;Eino Saari, [https://books.google.ru/books?id=YlXZnQEACAAJ ''Bibliographia universalis silviculturae'', 1937]; [https://books.google.de/books?id=mmFQAAAAYAAJ Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis]; quomodo [[Lomonosov]] et [[Stephanus Krascheninnikow|Krascheninnikow]] [https://books.google.fr/books?id=LQA6AAAAcAAJ&amp;q=silviculturam#v=snippet&amp;q=silviculturam&amp;f=false de silviciltura disputabant].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[silva]] + [[cultura]]) est [[ratio]] serendi, auctus, compositionis, [[salus|salutis]], et qualitatis [[silva]]rum continendarum ad diversas necessitates et inopias explendas. Studium silvarum [[silvologia]] appellatur. Silvicultura etiam explorare conatur ut tractationes silvularum ad servandam et emendandam earum fertilitatem adhibeantur.&lt;ref&gt;Hawley et Smith 1954.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fasciculus:Forstarbeiten in Österreich.JPG|thumb|Silvicultura in [[Austria]].]]

Silvicultura plerumque est [[scientia (ratio)|scientia]] et [[ars]] messium silvaticarum colendarum et curandarum secundum rationes silvicarum, quae sunt studia [[vita]]rum et proprietatum generalium [[arbor]]um silvaticarum et [[arboretum|arboretorum]], ex relatione ad locos certos adhibita.&lt;ref&gt;Ford-Robertson 1971.&lt;/ref&gt; Nihil interest quomodo administratio silvarum ut [[scientia (ratio)|scientia]] constituatur, robur [[negotium|negotii]] silvarum administrandarum est silvicultura, quia actionem rectam in silva amplectitur, atque in ea omnia proposita [[oeconomia|oeconomica]] resque [[technologia|technologicae]] ad ultimum in medium vergunt.&lt;ref&gt;Köstler 1956.&lt;/ref&gt; Medulla silviculturae est regeneratio.
[[Fasciculus:Quercus suber corc.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Cortex]] ''[[Quercus suber]]is'' est una ex pretiosissimis [[silva mediterranea|silvae mediterraneae]] [[arbor]]ibus.]]

==Nexus interni==
{{div col|2}}
*[[Administratio silvarum]]&lt;!--Forestry + Forest management--&gt;
*[[Anadasosis]]
*[[Arboricultura]]
*[[Botanice]]&lt;!--
*[[Congressus Administrationis Silvarum Mundanus]] = World Forestry Congress--&gt;
*[[Cultigena]]
*[[Desilvatio]]
*[[Erosio]]
*[[Oecologia]]
*[[Pedologia]]
*[[Permacultura]]
*[[Plantationes]]

*[[Res saltuaria]]
*[[Silvologia]]
{{div col end}}

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Daniel, Theodore W., John. A. Helms, et Frederick S. Baker. [[1979]]. ''Principles of Silviculture.'' Ed. secunda. Novi Eboraci: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0070152977.
*Evans, J. [[1984]]. ''Silviculture of Broadleaved Woodland.'' Forestry Commission Bulletin 62. Londinii: HMSO. ISBN 0117101540.
*Ford-Robertson, F. C., ed. [[1971]]. ''Terminology of Forest Science, Technology, Practice and Products.'' Vasingtoniae: Society of American Forestry. 
*Hart, C. [[1995]]. ''Alternative Silvicultural Systems to Clear Cutting in Britain: A Review.'' Forestry Commission Bulletin 115. Londinii: HMSO. ISBN 0117103349.
*Hawley, R. C., et D. M. Smith. [[1954]]. ''The Practice of Silviculture.'' Ed. sexta. Novi Eboraci: John Wiley &amp; Sons.
*Köstler, J. [[1956]]. ''Silviculture.'' Conv. M. L. Anderson ex ''Waldbau'' (1949). Edimburgi et Londinii: Oliver and Boyd.
* Nyland, R. D. [[1996]]. ''Silviculture, Concepts and Applications.'' Novi Eboraci: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ISBN 0070569991.
*Nyland, R. D. [[2002]]. ''Silviculture: Concepts and Applications.'' Ed. secunda. Novi Eboraci: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ISBN 0073661902.
*Reid, R. [[2002]]. &quot;The Principles and Practice of Pruning.&quot; [https://web.archive.org/web/20070626125838/http://www.mtg.unimelb.edu.au/publications/AFGLiftout%20no%202.pdf PDF.]
*Reid, R. [[2006]]. &quot;Management of ''Acacia melanoxylon'' in Plantations.&quot; [https://web.archive.org/web/20070626125823/http://www.mtg.unimelb.edu.au/publications/Blackwood%20conference%20paper.pdf PDF.]
*Savill, P., J. Evans, D. Auclair, et J. Falck. [[1997]]. ''Plantation Silviculture in Europe.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198549091.
*Smith, D. M. [[1986]]. ''The Practice of Silviculture.'' Ed. octava. Novi Eboraci: John Wiley &amp; Sons. ISBN 0471800201.
*Smith, D. M., B. C. Larson, M. J. Kelty, et P. M. S. Ashton. [[1997]]. ''The Practice of Silviculture: Applied Forest Ecology.'' Ed. nona. Novi Eboraci: John Wiley &amp; Sons. ISBN 047110941X.

==Nexus externi==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110708011138/http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/Table_of_contents.htm ''Silvics of North America Volumes 1 and 2.''] USDA Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook 654, December 1990.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20181118025314/http://www.ritchiewiki.com/wiki/index.php/Silviculture &quot;Silvicultura,&quot;] www.ritchiewiki.com (''Ritchiewiki: Everything about Equipment'')&lt;!--
*[http://forestry-dev.berkeley.edu/blodgett.php Blodgett Forest Research Station]--&gt;
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140912183121/http://nfdp.ccfm.org/silviculture/national_e.php &quot;Silviculture: National Tables.&quot;] National Forestry Database [in Canada].
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150507174146/http://nfdp.ccfm.org/terms/intro_e.php &quot;Silvicultural Terms in Canada.&quot;] National Forestry Database [in Canada].

[[Categoria:Silvae]]&lt;!--pro tem, pro: Administratio silvarum =  en:Forest management + en:Logging--&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Quadratum Harvardianum</title>
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      <text bytes="7550" sha1="b1bvphbpltfhrai167ppp6jp059cez3" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Harvard Square in Cambridge, Massachusetts.jpg|thumb|Quadratum Harvardianum anno [[2015]] visum.]]
[[Fasciculus:Harvard Square at Peabody Street and Mass Avenue.jpg|thumb|Via Peabodiensis et Xystus Massachusettae in Quadrato Harvardiano.]]
[[Fasciculus:Dean Metrovich chess in Harvard Square Photo Steve Stepak 2007.JPG|thumb|[[Scaccarium|Scaccarii]] in Quadrato Harvardiano.]]
'''Quadratum Harvardianum''' est locus mediae [[Cantabrigia (Massachusetta)|Cantabrigiae]] situs, in una ex veterrimis [[Massachusetta]]e [[urbs|urbibus]]. [[Nomen proprium|Nomen]] [[platea]]m [[triangulum|triquetram]] ad compitum [[Xystus Massachusettensis (Bostonia)|Xysti Massachusettensis]], [[Via Brattlensis (Cantabrigia Massachusettae)|Viae Brattlensis]], et Viae Ioannis F. Kennedy (olim Boylston) attingit, districtu [[commercium|mercatorio]] et [[Universitas Harvardiana|Universitate Harvardiana]] compitum circumdantibus. Quadratum est media [[urbs]] [[historia|historica]],&lt;ref name=&quot;urlMACRIS.CAM.AB Details&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| url = http://mhc-macris.net/Details.aspx?MhcId=CAM.AB
| title = Harvard Square Historic District - MACRIS Details
| date = 1988-07-27
| work = Inventory of Historic Assets of the Commonwealth
| publisher = The Massachusetts Historical Commission
| quote = Old Cambridge; Harvard Square; Mid-Cambridge; Dana Hill
}}&lt;/ref&gt; quae [[Area Harvardiana|Aream Harvardianam]] adiacet, antiquum [[Universitas Harvardiana|universitatis]] [[cor]].&lt;ref name=&quot;urlMACRIS.CAM.AD Details&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| url = http://mhc-macris.net/Details.aspx?MhcId=CAM.AD
| title = Harvard Yard Historic District - MACRIS Details
| date = 1986-06-23
| work = Inventory of Historic Assets of the Commonwealth
| publisher = The Massachusetts Historical Commission
| quote = Old Cambridge; Harvard Square
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Scholasticis Harvardianis atque incolis Cantabrigiae occidentalis et interiorum [[Bostonia]]e [[suburbium|suburbiorum]] [[occidens|occidentalium]] et [[septentrio]]nalium pro loco mercatorio est. Hi incolae [[statio Harvardiana|statione Harvardiana]] utuntur, maiori [[axis vecturae|axe vecturae]] [[ferrivia subterranea|subterraneae]] et [[laophorium|laophoricae]] [[Linea Rubra (Massachusetta)|Lineae Rubrae]] [[Auctoritas Vecturae Sinus Massachusettensium|Auctoritatis Vecturae Sinus Massachusettensium]].

Nomen ''Quadratum Harvardianum'' sensu lato omnem viciniam hunc compitum nonnullos vicos in quaque parte cingentem attingere potest. [[Commune Cantabrigiense]] propinquum horti publici factum est, quibus sunt [[area lusoria]], [[area basipilae]], et [[monumentum|monumenta]], quorum nonnulla ad [[Res Novae Americanae|Res Novas Americanas]] pertinent.

== In pelliculis ==
Scaena prope finem [[pellicula]]e ''[[Goodbye, Columbus]]'' (1969) in Quadrato Harvardiano fit, postquam [[persona]] [[Ricardus Benjamin]] cognoscit suam amasiam, Brendam Potimkin (a [[Katharina Ross]] actam), scholasticam in [[Collegium Radcliffiense|Collegio Radcliffiensi]], [[diaphragma prophylacticum]] in loco&lt;!--top drawer of her bureau at home--&gt; posuit ubi eius [[mater]] id inveniret.

''[[Love Story (pellicula 197)|Love Story]]'' ([[1970]]), pellicula ex [[mythistoria]] eiusdem nominis [[Ericus Segal|Erici Segal]] (alumni universitatis et [[professor]]is [[res classicae|rerum classicarum]] in [[Universitas Yalensis|Universitate Yalensi]]) facta, paene omnino in et circa Quadratum Harvardianum per prima duas partes fit, cum [[Oliverius Barrett]] et Jenny Cavalieri, Harvardiani nondum graduati conveniunt, diploma accipiunt, et [[matrimonium|matrimonio]] coniunguntur; tum Oliverius [[Schola Iurisprudentiae Harvardiana|Scholam Iurisprudentiae Harvardianam]] frequentat cum Jenny [[schola]] docet.&lt;!--living in a second-story walkup in what looks like Watertown, Massachusetts.--&gt; [[Pellicula]] quotannis scholasticis novis in Collegio Harvardiano per [[hebdomas|hebdomadem]] orientationis iam exhibetur.

''[[The Paper Chase (pellicula)|The Paper Chase]]'' (1973), in [[Schola Iurisprudentiae Harvardiana]] constituta, locos in Quadrato Harvardiano eius temporis exprimit, praecipue Out of Town Newsstand.&lt;!-- et, the old MBTA Harvard station kiosk with sign &quot;8 Minutes to Park Street,&quot; and the now-defunct Kupersmith's Florists.--&gt;
 
''[[Between the Lines (pellicula 1977)|Between the Lines]]'' (1977) [[scaena]]s similes exhibet, cum despectibus Sinus Postici&lt;!--?Back Bay--&gt; [[Bostonia]]e ex aere factis.

''[[With Honors (pellicula)|With Honors]]'' (1994) scaenam habet in Quadrato Harvardiano factam, in qua Out of Town Newsstand videtur. In scaena, Monty Simon appropinquat cum Simon [[diarium|diaria]] venumdare conatur quae ex apparatu venumdante surripuit.

Partes pelliculae ''[[Good Will Hunting]]'' (1997) in et circa Quadratum Harvardianum factae sunt, insignissime in [[Tasty Sandwich Shop]] et in loco cenandi foris sito maximae quadrati cauponae nomine [[Au Bon Pain]].

''Touching History; Harvard Square, the Bank, and The Tasty Diner,'' [[pellicula documentaria]] (2005), historiam mutantis quadrati faciei [[narratio|narrat]], cum The Tasty, parva caupona, deficit ut magnum [[spatium]] divendendi aperiat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.createspace.com/Store/ShowEStore.jsp?id=208061 |title=Createspace.com |publisher=Createspace.com |date=2011-03-08}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Beniaminus Affleck]] partes eius pelliculae ''[[The Town (pellicula 2010)|The Town]]'' (2010) in [[Grendel's Den]] in Via Winthrop fecit, in [[caupona]] ''[[fondue]]'' cum [[socolata]] olim nota.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Fennimore |first=Jillian |url=http://www.wickedlocal.com/cambridge/news/x1458229129/Ben-Affleck-to-take-over-Harvard-Squares-Grendels-Den-for-new-movie |title=Movie shoot at Grendel's Den |publisher=Wickedlocal.com}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[The Social Network]]'' (2010), de originibus [[Facebook]] inter scholasticos Harvardianos, despectus in [[vicinia]]m circa [[Centrum Campi Smithianum|Centrum Holyokense]] ex [[aer]]e factus exhibet.

== Pinacotheca ==
[[Fasciculus:Harvard Square May 2014.jpg|thumb|left|800px |[[Panorama]] Quadrati Harvardiani, Maio [[2014]].]]
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Harvard Square, view in 1869.jpg|Quadratum Harvardianum anno [[1869]].
Fasciculus:Cambridge Harvard Square.JPG|Quadratum Harvardianum, Maio [[2004]].
Fasciculus:Information booth in Harvard Square, October 2005.jpg|Quadratum Harvardianum die [[pluvia|pluvio]] visum.
Fasciculus:Harvardbookstore.jpg|[[Harvard Book Store]] [[crepusculum|crepusculo]] visum.
Fasciculus:Church Street Cambridge MA Lowes Cinema 24 June 2007.jpg|Loews Movie Theatre in Via Church (nunc clausum).
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Lotman, Mo. [[2009]]. ''Harvard Square: An Illustrated History Since 1950.'' Stewart, Tabori &amp; Chang. ISBN 978-1-58479-747-0.
* Sullivan, Charles M. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120427015352/http://www2.cambridgema.gov/Historic/hsqhistory1.html &quot;Harvard Square History and Development.&quot;] Cantabrigiae: Cambridge Historical Commission.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Harvard Square|Quadratum Harvardianum}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110304195043/http://www2.cambridgema.gov/historic/hsqhistory1.html Historia et progressus Quadrati Harvardiani,] www.cambridgema.gov
* [http://ark.digitalcommonwealth.org/ark:/50959/g158bm35q &quot;Harvard Square, Cambridge, Mass.&quot; (carta cursualis), circa 1930-1945,]{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ark.digitalcommonwealth.org ([[Bibliotheca Publica Bostoniensis]])

[[Categoria:Quadratum Harvardianum|!]]
[[Categoria:Universitas Harvardiana]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Schola Daltoniana</title>
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      <text bytes="10638" sha1="4fvftktnkos2izerg8qm1u6pmsdmzkf" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Dalton 109 E89 jeh.jpg|thumb|Principale scholae [[aedificium]], pro gradibus a 4 ad 12, Big Dalton ('Magna Daltonia') per ludibrium appellatum.]] 
'''Schola Daltoniana'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]] ''Dalton School,'' olim [http://www.nndb.com/edu/696/000080456/ ''Children's University School''] (www.nndb.com).&lt;/ref&gt; est privata et coeducationalis [[schola praeparatoria]] collegialis intra [[Upper East Side]] [[Manhata]]e [[Urbs Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]] sita et socius [[Foedus Scholarum Praeparatoriarum Hederosum|Foederis Scholarum Praeparatoriarum Hederosi]]&lt;!--Ivy Preparatory School League--&gt; et [[Interschola Novi Eboraci|Interscholae Novi Eboraci]]&lt;!--NY Interschool--&gt;. Haec [[institutio]], cui nunc sunt tres [[aedificium|aedificia]], ab Helena Parkhurst anno [[1919]] condita est. Tempus erat correctionis [[educatio]]nalis, cum [[philosophus|philosophi]], [[magister|docentes]], et [[psychologia infantium|psychologi infantium]] se progressivos habentes vulgatam eorum temporis [[sapientia]]m interrogare inciperent, [[mos|mores]] qui affirmabant [[educatio|eruditionem]] esse rationem exercitii et mandationis [[memoria]]e, ac solum docendi modum esse [[puer]]os in conclavibus severe includere, ut eorum propria ludendi, movendi, dicendi, libereque investigandi [[natura]] reprimatur.

Schola appellatur ex [[Daltonia (Massachusetta)|Daltonia]], [[oppidum (Nova Anglia)|oppido]] in [[Massachusetta]] situm, ubi conditrix degebat. Sententiola est &quot;Ite Impavidi.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]] &quot;Go Forth Unafraid.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alumni notabiles ==
{{div col|4}}
* [[Ronnie Abrams]]&lt;ref name=&quot;abrams&quot;&gt;{{Cite news | first=Anna | last=Schneider-Mayerson | url=http://www.observer.com/2005/05/ted-olson-joins-floyd-abrams-in-timetimes-case/ | title=Ted Olson Joins Floyd Abrams In Time-Times Case | work=''The New York Observer'' | date=May 2, 2005}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Daniel Barber]]&lt;ref name=&quot;barber&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |first=Adam |last=Gopnik |url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2002/08/19/020819fa_fact1 |title=The Cooking Game |work=''The New Yorker'' |date=19 Augusti 2002}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Chevy Chase]]&lt;ref name=&quot;chase&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://movies.nytimes.com/person/1548574/Chevy-Chase/biography |title=Chevy Chase - Biography |work=[[The New York Times]]}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Anderson Cooper]]&lt;ref name=&quot;cooper&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Watson |first=Stephanie |title=Anderson Cooper: Profile of a TV Journalist |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=FkLBcYKer-IC&amp;pg=PA33&amp;lpg=PA33&amp;dq=%22dalton+school%22+%22anderson+cooper%22+-wikipedia&amp;source=web&amp;ots=O_8ZeI2xiE&amp;sig=HkhuhNbXLtyBLK0tm4jBViVgXAQ&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;resnum=4&amp;ct=result |year=2007 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |location=Novi Eboraci |isbn= 9781404219076 |page=33}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Rachel Covey]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://broadwayworld.com/article/Stagedoor-Manor-to-Kick-Off-2011-Macys-Thanksgiving-Day-Parade-20111123 |work=Broadway World |title=Stagedoor Manor to Kick Off 2011 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade |date=24 Novembris 2011}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 
* [[Claire Danes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;danes&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://movies.nytimes.com/person/195650/Claire-Danes/biography |title=Claire Danes - Biography |work=[[The New York Times]]}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Edgar de Evia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;deevia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.deevia.com/timeline/bottom/1920.php |title=Edgar de Evia|publisher=Deevia.com}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Samuel R. Delany]]&lt;ref name=&quot;delaney&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Alger Drew |first=Bernard |title=100 Most Popular African American Authors |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Isysd02zU-8C&amp;pg=PA77&amp;lpg=PA77&amp;dq=%22dalton+school%22+%22Samuel+R.+Delany%22+-wikipedia&amp;source=web&amp;ots=eucbjghBAS&amp;sig=eis_i7AM-ydc8j6hwfrkumLISeA&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;resnum=7&amp;ct=result#PPA76,M1 |year=2007 |publisher=Libraries Unlimited |location=Westport |isbn= 9781591583226}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Maxim Dlugy]]&lt;ref name=&quot;dlugy&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/30/nyregion/junior-chess-champion-takes-his-title-in-stride.html |title=Junior Chess Champion Takes His Title in Stride |work=[[The New York Times]] |first=Elizabeth |last=Kolbert |date=1985-09-30}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Shaun Donovan]]
* [[Marcus Feuerstein]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pfefferman |first=Naomi |url=http://www.jewishjournal.com/arts/article/theater_mark_feuerstein_is_the_some_girls_guy_20080208/ |title=Theater: Mark Feuerstein is the &quot;Some Girls&quot; guy &amp;#124; Arts |publisher=''Jewish Journal'' |date=2008-02-07}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Francisca FitzGerald (journalist)|Frances FitzGerald]]
* [[Barrett Foa]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://barrettfoa.com/biography.php |title=Barrett Foa |publisher=Barrett Foa}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Helena Frankenthaler]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/217234/Helen-Frankenthaler |title=Helen Frankenthaler (American painter) - Encyclopedia Britannica |publisher=Britannica.com}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Laura Geller]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/geller-laura |title=Laura Geller &amp;#124; Jewish Women's Archive |publisher=Jwa.org}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Alexis Glick]]
* [[Carola Grace]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Eric Homberger |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/2003/aug/11/guardianobituaries.film |title=Obituary: Carol Matthau &amp;#124; Film |publisher=''The Guardian'' |date= 2003-08-11|location=Londinii}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Jennifer Grey]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE2D8143DF93BA1575BC0A961948260 |title=New Face; Moving Up To 'Pretty' Roles: Jennifer Grey |publisher=''[[The New York Times]]'' |date=1987-08-28 |first=Aljean |last=Harmetz}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Jefferson Y. Han]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/jan/31bspec.htm |title=This is the future of computing! |publisher=Rediff.com}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Hannah Higgins]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://mouthtomouthmag.com/higgins.html |title=hannah higgins |publisher=Mouthtomouthmag.com}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Marni Hodgkin]]&lt;ref name=Guardian&gt;{{cite news|last1=Thwaite|first1=Ann|title=Marni Hodgkin obituary|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/mar/25/marni-hodgkin|work=''The Guardian''|date=25 Martii 2015}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[A. J. Jacobs]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/03/books/review/03QUEENAN.html|title='The Know-It-All': A Little Learning Is a Dangerous Thing|newspaper=''The New York Times''|author=Joe Queenan|date=2004-10-03}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Dylan Lauren]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Finn |first=Robin |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/30/nyregion/public-lives-confections-of-an-enterprising-candy-lover.html |title=PUBLIC LIVES - Confections of an Enterprising Candy Lover |location=Novi Eboraci |publisher=NYTimes.com |date=2001-11-30}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Stephanus Lemme]]
* [[Maria Stuart Masterson]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://movies.nytimes.com/person/46328/Mary-Stuart-Masterson/biography |title=Mary Stuart Masterson - Biography - Movies &amp; TV - NYTimes.com |publisher=Movies.nytimes.com |date=1966-06-28}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Jennifer O'Neill]]
* [[Tracy Pollan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20131158,00.htm |title=Tracy Pollan: Actress - Most Beautiful, Tracy Pollan |publisher=People.com}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Simon Rich]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Zuckerman |first=Esther |url=http://www.observer.com/2010/daily-transom/simon-richs-scary-new-york |title=Simon Rich’s Scary New York &amp;#124; ''The New York Observer'' |publisher=Observer.com}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Melissa Russo]]
* [[Ericus Schlosser]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newnewjournalism.com/bio.php?last_name=schlosser |title=By Robert S. Boynton |publisher=''The New New Journalism''}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Wallace Shawn]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=eU5dQKfpcpEC&amp;pg=PA164&amp;lpg=PA164&amp;dq=%22dalton+school%22+%22Allen+Shawn%22+-wikipedia&amp;source=web&amp;ots=kGAcqTA7j2&amp;sig=WpD0YJwNNgp3DrTMt3yZcsj4QKg&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;resnum=2&amp;ct=result |title=Show and Tell: New Yorker Profiles - John Lahr - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Mariana Seldes]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE0DF1439F93BA3575BC0A963958260 |title=Finally, the Role Marian Seldes Was Born For |publisher=''[[The New York Times]]'' |date=1995-08-08 |first=Dinitia |last=Smith}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Christian Slater|Christianus Slater]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://movies.nytimes.com/person/66187/Christian-Slater/biography |title=Christian Slater - Biography - Movies &amp; TV - NYTimes.com |publisher=Movies.nytimes.com |date=1969-08-18}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Iason Strauss]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.jasonstrauss.com/?page_id=2 |title=About Jason Strauss, About Jason Strauss, Co-Founder and Partner, Strategic Group |publisher=Jason Strauss}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Jill Stuart]]&lt;ref name=&quot;FE Snodgrass&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Snodgrass|first1=Mary Ellen|title=Stuart, Jill|url=http://www.fashionencyclopedia.com/Sp-To/Stuart-Jill.html|website=Fashion Encyclopedia|publisher=Fashion Encyclopedia}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Emma Sulkowicz]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220929195825/https://heavy.com/news/2014/09/emma-sulkowicz-columbia-university-student-rape-protest/].&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Iosue Waitzkin]]
* [[Dean Wareham]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/06/books/review/Phair-t.html|title=Frontman|author=Liz Phair|newspaper=''[[The New York Times]]''|date=2008-04-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Iulia Warner]]
* [[Bokeem Woodbine]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0940158/bio|title=Biography for Bokeem Woodbine|publisher=IMDb.com}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[David Yassky]]
* [[Matthaeus Yglesias]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/archives/individual/2004_06/004134.php |title=The Washington Monthly |publisher=''The Washington Monthly'' |date=2004-06-12}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Andreas Zimmern]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.travelchannel.com/TV_Shows/Bizarre_World/ci.Meet_Andrew_Zimmern.show?vgnextfmt=show&amp;idLink=11709386b3a72210VgnVCM100000698b3a0a____ |title=Meet Andrew Zimmern |publisher=Travelchannel.com}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
{{div col end}}

{{NexInt}}
* [[Ioannes Dewey]]
* [[Maria Montessori]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.dalton.org Situs proprius,] www.dalton.org

{{coord|40|46|53.6|N|73|57|18.2|W|display=title|type:edu_region:US-NY}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dalton School}}
[[Categoria:Constituta 1919]]
[[Categoria:Manhata]]
[[Categoria:Scholae Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Scholae praeparatoriae]]&lt;!--
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1919]]
[[Category:Preparatory schools in New York]]
[[Category:Private elementary schools in New York City]]
[[Category:Private high schools in New York City]]
[[Category:Private middle schools in New York City]]
[[Category:Schools in Manhattan]]
[[Category:Upper East Side]]
[[Category:Ivy Preparatory School League]]--&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pisina</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="1898" sha1="rh853fxo18p5yqx7evuzx72ejmy3041" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Villarocca (Pessina Cremonese)- Stilo de' Mariani (Pessina Cremonese)- Chiesa di Sant'Andrea Apostolo 04.JPG|thumb|Pisina]]
'''Pisina'''&lt;ref name=&quot;graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Pisina|ae|f}} (alia nomina: ''Pesina''&lt;ref&gt;Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini&lt;/ref&gt;) ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Pessina Cremonese|Pessina Cremonese]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 693 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Langobardia]] et in [[Provincia Cremonensis|Provincia Cremonensi]] situm. Incolae ''Pisinenses'' appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Historia ==
* [[Sichismus]]

== Clari cives ==
== Ecclesia Catholica Romana ==
* [[Dioecesis Cremonensis]]

== Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio ==
=== Fractiones ===
''Monticelli Ripa d'Oglio, Cà de' Ferrari, Gerazza, Sant'Antonio D'Anniata, Stilo de' Mariani, Villarocca''.

== Municipia finitima ==
''Cappella de' Picenardi, Gabbioneta-Binanuova, Isola Dovarese, Ostiano, Pescarolo ed Uniti, Torre de' Picenardi, Volongo''.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Langobardia]]m (''regionem''),
* [[Provincia Cremonensis|Provinciam Cremonensem]],
* [[Cremona]]m (''urbem''),
* [[Municipium Italiae]].

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.halleyweb.com/c019070/hh/index.php Situs publicus]{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
{{CommuniaCat|Pessina Cremonese|Pisinam}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Map of comune of Pessina Cremonese (province of Cremona, region Lombardy, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Provincia Cremonensi.
Imago:Stilo de' Mariani (Pessina Cremonese)- Chiesa di Sant'Andrea Apostolo.JPG|''Stilo de' Mariani'', ecclesia.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Cremonae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Melperonum</title>
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{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ Melperonum
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cognitores
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | ''[[ChemSpider]]'' || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.14646.html 14646]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/15387 15387]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://web.archive.org/web/20191122035254/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB09224 DB09224]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Melperone.svg|200px|Melperonum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Melperone 3D ball.png|200px|Melperonum]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica|Formula summarum]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{chem|C|16|H|22|F|N|O}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 263.35 g/mol
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura pharmacologica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | Codex ATC || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{ATC|N05AD|03}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Tempus semivitae biologicum]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 3-4 horae
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Metabolismus]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[iecur|iecore]] (hepaticus)
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | Excretio || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[ren]]ibus (70%)
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ad usum therapeuticum
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | Applicatio || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | per os, i.m.
|}
'''Melperonum''' est [[substantia]] sedativum atque antipsychotica levior, ideoque praecipue ad therapiam [[insomnia]]m praescriptum.

== Natura Melperoni ==
=== Natura chemica ===
Melperonum ut [[benperidolum]] et [[haloperidolum]] et [[triperidolum]] est [[butyrophenonorum]] ([[butyrophenonum]] est 1-phenylbutan-1-onum). Structura chemica melperoni est 4-[[fluorum]]-4-(4-methyl-[[piperidinum|piperidino]])-[[butyrophenonum]]. 

Massa molaris est 263.35 g/mol.

=== Natura pharmacologica ===
Melperono effectus sedativus est. [[Systema classificationis Anatomicum Therapeuticum Chemicumque|Codex ATC]] est [[Codex ATC N05AD|N05AD]]03.
 
=== Pharmacodynamica ===
Melperonum potissime D&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;-, deinde alpha&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-, alpha&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;-, D&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;-, 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt;-, [[receptorium neurotransmissoris|receptoria]] obsident.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! [[Receptorium neurotransmissoris|Receptorium]] !! Affinitas ligandi&lt;br /&gt;''K''&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt; (nM)&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20131108013656/http://pdsp.med.unc.edu/pdsp.php PDSP].&lt;/ref&gt;!! Annotatio
|-
| [[Receptorium serotonini 5-HT1A| serotonini 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1A&lt;/sub&gt;]] || 2,200 || 
|-
| [[Receptorium serotonini 5-HT1D| serotonini 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1D&lt;/sub&gt;]] || 3,400 || 
|-
| [[Receptorium serotonini 5-HT2A| serotonini 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt;]] || 230 || Serotonini receptoriorum affinitas altissima
|-
| [[Receptorium serotonini 5-HT2C| serotonini 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;2C&lt;/sub&gt;]] || 2,100 || 
|-
| [[Receptorium serotonini 5-HT6| serotonini 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;]] || 1,254 || 
|-
| [[Receptorium serotonini 5-HT7| serotonini 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;]] || 578 || 
|-
| [[Receptorium adrenergicum alpha-1|adrenergici α&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]] || 180 || 
|-
| [[Receptorium adrenergicum alpha-2|adrenergici α&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]] || 180 || 
|-
| [[Receptorium muscarinicum M1 acetylcholini|acetylcholini M&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]] || &gt;10,000 || exigue 
|-
| [[Receptorium muscarinicum M2 acetylcholini|acetylcholini M&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]] || 2,400 || 
|-
| [[Receptorium muscarinicum M3 acetylcholini|acetylcholini M&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]] || &gt;10,000 || exigue 
|-
| [[Receptorium muscarinicum M4 acetylcholini|acetylcholini M&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;]] || 4,400 || 
|-
| [[Receptorium muscarinicum M5 acetylcholini|acetylcholini M&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;]] || &gt;10,000 || exigue 
|-
| [[Receptorium dopamini D2| dopamini D&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]] || 194 || [[Haloperidolum]]: 1.55 (fortius)
|-
| [[Receptorium dopamini D3| dopamini D&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]] || 8.95 || Dopamini receptoriorum affinitas altissima; [[Haloperidolum]]: 0.74 (fortius)
|-
| [[Receptorium dopamini D4| dopamini D&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;]] || 555 || 
|-
| [[Receptorium histamini H1| histamini H&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]] || 580 || [[Haloperidolum]]: 1,800 (levius)
|}

=== Pharmacocinetica ===
[[Effectus primi transitus (biochemia)|Effectus primi transitus]] magnus. [[Tempus semivitae biologicum]] &lt;math&gt;t_{\frac{1}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;[http://goldbook.iupac.org/B00658.html Goldbook].&lt;/ref&gt; 3-4 horae est. 
Excretio est per urinas et biles.

== Effectus Melperoni ==
=== Effectus non grati ===
Cum uso melperoni animum advertere ad effectus secundarios et interactiones necesse est. 
=== Effectus secundarii === 
Exempli (!) sunt:
* [[Dystonia (symptoma)|Dystonia]] 
* Akathisia
* Hypersalivatio
* [[Miosis (symptoma)|Miosis]]
* Prolongatio [[intervallum QT|intervalli QT]]

=== Interactiones ===
Melperonum est inhibitor [[CYP2D6]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Gahr|first=M|author2=Gastl, R |author3=Kölle, MA |author4=Schönfeldt-Lecuona, C |author5= Freudenmann, RW |title=Successful treatment of schizophrenia with melperone augmentation in a patient with phenotypic CYP2D6 ultrarapid metabolization: a case report|journal=Journal of Medical Case Reports|year=2012|volume=6|issue=1|page=49|doi=10.1186/1752-1947-6-49|pmid=22309430|pmc=3298719}} {{Ling|Anglice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Köhnke|first=MD|author2=Lutz, U |author3=Wiatr, G |author4=Schwärzler, F |author5=Weller, B |author6=Schott, K |author7= Buchkremer, G |title=Cytochrome P450 2D6 dependent metabolization of risperidone is inhibited by melperone|journal=European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology|date=April 2006|volume=62|issue=4|pages=333–334|doi=10.1007/s00228-006-0098-y|pmid=16534635|url=http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00228-006-0098-y}} {{Ling|Anglice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Grözinger|first=M|author2=Dragicevic, A |author3=Hiemke, C |author4=Shams, M |author5=Müller, MJ |author6= Härtter, S |title=Melperone is an inhibitor of the CYP2D6 catalyzed O-demethylation of venlafaxine|journal=Pharmacopsychiatry|date=January 2003|volume=36|issue=1|pages=3–6|doi=10.1055/s-2003-38084|pmid=12649767}} {{Ling|Anglice}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{NexInt}} 
* [[Pharmacologia]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Categoria:Antipsychotica]]
[[Categoria:Butyrophenona]]
[[Categoria:Piperidina]]
[[Categoria:Intervallum QT prolongatum]]</text>
      <sha1>clwsc6wqvejguazkgx1qrfa0tj43hoz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Circulus Cuxhavensis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>267036</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3976628</id>
      <parentid>3976341</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3701" sha1="frx9hxt0mtakfv6z2zj5ichrdlc16lv" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in CUX.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Cuxhavensi]]
'''Circulus Cuxhavensis'''&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Cuxhavensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Cuxhaven'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Cuxhavia]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Cuxhavensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce ''Landkreis Cuxhaven''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Cuxhaven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Cuxhoben''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1977]] conditus est et circulis pristinis Hadeln et Wesermünde atque urbe [[Cuxhavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; conditus est.

== De rebus gestis ==
Ager circuli partim ad [[Ducatus Bremensis|Ducatum Bremensem]] pertinet, cum urbs [[Cuxhavia]] pars [[Hamburgum|Hamburgi]] fuit. Anno [[1715]] Ducatus Bremensem ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Ab anno [[1810]] ad [[1813]] pars [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Imperii Francici]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1937]] etiam [[Cuxhavia]] urbs pars Borussiae facta est. Ab anno [[1946]] totus ager circuli futuri pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Anno [[1977]] circulus conditus est.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt:

* [[Beverstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;&gt;Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beverstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beverst'') (13.503 incolae)
* [[Cuxhavia]], caput circuli (48.264)
* [[Geestland]] oppidum (30.936)
* [[Hagen Bremensis]] (10.991)
* [[Loxstedt]] (15.980)
* [[Schiffdorf]] (14.095)
* [[Wurster Nordseeküste]] (16.965)

* [[Börde Lamstedt (commune generale)|Börde Lamstedt]] (6052)
** [[Ermelstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;&gt;Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Armstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Armsdörp'') (646)
** [[Hollnseth]] (898)
** [[Lamstedt]] (sedes administrationis) (3349)
** [[Mittelstenahe]] (601)
** [[Stinstedt]] (558)

* [[Hemmoor (commune generale)|Hemmor]] (14.189)
** [[Hechthausen]] (3500)
** [[Hemmoor]] oppidum, sedes administrationis (8861)
** [[Osten]] (1828)

* [[Terra Hadelensis (commune generale)|Terra Hadelensis]] (27.128)

** [[Belumum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mushard 1764&quot;&gt;Mushard, M. (1764). ''Palaeogentilismus Bremensis: Monumenta ac veterum tumuli in ducatibus Bremensi et Verdensi''. Typis Andreae Vandenhoeck.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Belum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Belen'') (838)
** [[Bülkau]] (884)
** [[Cadenberge]] (4126)
** [[Ihlienworth]] (1588)
** Neuenkirchen (1378)
** [[Neuhaus (Oste)|Neuhaus]] (1186)
** [[Nordleda]] (1084)
** [[Oberndorf]] (1359)
** [[Odisheim]] (497)
** [[Osterbruch]] (520)
** [[Otterndorf]], oppidum, sedes administrationis (7230)
** [[Steinau]] (845)
** [[Wanna]] (2179)
** [[Wingst]] (3414)

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Landkreis Cuxhaven|Circulum Cuxhavensem}}
* [http://www.landkreis-cuxhaven.de/ Pagina officialis]

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{geo-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cuxhavensis circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1977]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3976629</id>
      <parentid>3976628</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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      <text bytes="3703" sha1="kc0aqgj2vhw8tu96rz43bi7herlruub" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in CUX.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Cuxhavensi]]
'''Circulus Cuxhavensis'''&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Cuxhavensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Cuxhaven'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Cuxhavia]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Cuxhavensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Cuxhaven''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Cuxhaven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Cuxhoben''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1977]] conditus est et circulis pristinis Hadeln et Wesermünde atque urbe [[Cuxhavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; conditus est.

== De rebus gestis ==
Ager circuli partim ad [[Ducatus Bremensis|Ducatum Bremensem]] pertinet, cum urbs [[Cuxhavia]] pars [[Hamburgum|Hamburgi]] fuit. Anno [[1715]] Ducatus Bremensem ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Ab anno [[1810]] ad [[1813]] pars [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Imperii Francici]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1937]] etiam [[Cuxhavia]] urbs pars Borussiae facta est. Ab anno [[1946]] totus ager circuli futuri pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Anno [[1977]] circulus conditus est.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt:

* [[Beverstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;&gt;Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beverstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beverst'') (13.503 incolae)
* [[Cuxhavia]], caput circuli (48.264)
* [[Geestland]] oppidum (30.936)
* [[Hagen Bremensis]] (10.991)
* [[Loxstedt]] (15.980)
* [[Schiffdorf]] (14.095)
* [[Wurster Nordseeküste]] (16.965)

* [[Börde Lamstedt (commune generale)|Börde Lamstedt]] (6052)
** [[Ermelstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;&gt;Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Armstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Armsdörp'') (646)
** [[Hollnseth]] (898)
** [[Lamstedt]] (sedes administrationis) (3349)
** [[Mittelstenahe]] (601)
** [[Stinstedt]] (558)

* [[Hemmoor (commune generale)|Hemmor]] (14.189)
** [[Hechthausen]] (3500)
** [[Hemmoor]] oppidum, sedes administrationis (8861)
** [[Osten]] (1828)

* [[Terra Hadelensis (commune generale)|Terra Hadelensis]] (27.128)

** [[Belumum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mushard 1764&quot;&gt;Mushard, M. (1764). ''Palaeogentilismus Bremensis: Monumenta ac veterum tumuli in ducatibus Bremensi et Verdensi''. Typis Andreae Vandenhoeck.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Belum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Belen'') (838)
** [[Bülkau]] (884)
** [[Cadenberge]] (4126)
** [[Ihlienworth]] (1588)
** Neuenkirchen (1378)
** [[Neuhaus (Oste)|Neuhaus]] (1186)
** [[Nordleda]] (1084)
** [[Oberndorf]] (1359)
** [[Odisheim]] (497)
** [[Osterbruch]] (520)
** [[Otterndorf]], oppidum, sedes administrationis (7230)
** [[Steinau]] (845)
** [[Wanna]] (2179)
** [[Wingst]] (3414)

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Landkreis Cuxhaven|Circulum Cuxhavensem}}
* [http://www.landkreis-cuxhaven.de/ Pagina officialis]

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{geo-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cuxhavensis circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1977]]</text>
      <sha1>kc0aqgj2vhw8tu96rz43bi7herlruub</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>3976630</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Communia circuli */</comment>
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      <text bytes="3696" sha1="ffkz7r7oahfqyx9rgpd0n2bbcezilrl" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in CUX.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Cuxhavensi]]
'''Circulus Cuxhavensis'''&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Cuxhavensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Cuxhaven'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Cuxhavia]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Cuxhavensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Cuxhaven''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Cuxhaven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Cuxhoben''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1977]] conditus est et circulis pristinis Hadeln et Wesermünde atque urbe [[Cuxhavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; conditus est.

== De rebus gestis ==
Ager circuli partim ad [[Ducatus Bremensis|Ducatum Bremensem]] pertinet, cum urbs [[Cuxhavia]] pars [[Hamburgum|Hamburgi]] fuit. Anno [[1715]] Ducatus Bremensem ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Ab anno [[1810]] ad [[1813]] pars [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Imperii Francici]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1937]] etiam [[Cuxhavia]] urbs pars Borussiae facta est. Ab anno [[1946]] totus ager circuli futuri pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Anno [[1977]] circulus conditus est.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt:

* [[Beverstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;&gt;Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Beverstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beverst'') (13.503 incolae)
* [[Cuxhavia]], caput circuli (48.264)
* [[Geestland]] oppidum (30.936)
* [[Hagen Bremensis]] (10.991)
* [[Loxstedt]] (15.980)
* [[Schiffdorf]] (14.095)
* [[Wurster Nordseeküste]] (16.965)

* [[Börde Lamstedt (commune generale)|Börde Lamstedt]] (6052)
** [[Ermelstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;&gt;Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Armstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Armsdörp'') (646)
** [[Hollnseth]] (898)
** [[Lamstedt]] (sedes administrationis) (3349)
** [[Mittelstenahe]] (601)
** [[Stinstedt]] (558)

* [[Hemmoor (commune generale)|Hemmor]] (14.189)
** [[Hechthausen]] (3500)
** [[Hemmoor]] oppidum, sedes administrationis (8861)
** [[Osten]] (1828)

* [[Terra Hadelensis (commune generale)|Terra Hadelensis]] (27.128)

** [[Belumum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mushard 1764&quot;&gt;Mushard, M. (1764). ''Palaeogentilismus Bremensis: Monumenta ac veterum tumuli in ducatibus Bremensi et Verdensi''. Typis Andreae Vandenhoeck.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Belum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Belen'') (838)
** [[Bülkau]] (884)
** [[Cadenberge]] (4126)
** [[Ihlienworth]] (1588)
** Neuenkirchen (1378)
** [[Neuhaus (Oste)|Neuhaus]] (1186)
** [[Nordleda]] (1084)
** [[Oberndorf]] (1359)
** [[Odisheim]] (497)
** [[Osterbruch]] (520)
** [[Otterndorf]], oppidum, sedes administrationis (7230)
** [[Steinau]] (845)
** [[Wanna]] (2179)
** [[Wingst]] (3414)

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Landkreis Cuxhaven|Circulum Cuxhavensem}}
* [http://www.landkreis-cuxhaven.de/ Pagina officialis]

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{geo-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cuxhavensis circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1977]]</text>
      <sha1>ffkz7r7oahfqyx9rgpd0n2bbcezilrl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Circulus Heidensis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>267149</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3976668</id>
      <parentid>3973374</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T21:43:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3322" sha1="45i5ewcge27hojjxwaney39dj8ynt33" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in HK.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Heidensi]]
'''Circulus Heidensis'''&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Heidensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Heidekreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Heidensis-e&quot; Theodiscum lexema ''Heide-'' vertit.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heidekreis''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1977]] conditus est et circulis pristinis Soltau et [[Fallingbostela]].

== De rebus gestis ==
Ager circuli maxima ex parte ad [[Electoratus Brunsvici-Luneburgi|Electoratum Brunsvici-Luneburgi]] pertinuit. Anno [[1805]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Ab anno [[1807]] ad [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1885]] circuli Soltau et [[Fallingbostela]]e conditi sunt, anno [[1932]] hi coniuncti, sed anno sequente civibus rebellantibus iterum divisi sunt&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20161005142500/http://www.heidekreis.de/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-11042/13722_read-55182/ heidekreis.de]&lt;/ref&gt;. Ab anno [[1946]] circuli ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinent et anno [[1977]] circulus Soltau-Fallingbostela iterum conditus est. Hic anno [[2011]] nomen circuli Heidensi accepit.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt:

* [[Byspinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1859&quot;&gt;Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1859). ''Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, Fünfte Abtheilung: Archiv des Klosters St. Michaelis zu Lüneburg''. Capaun-Karlowa’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bispingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissen'') (6404)
* [[Bomlitz]] (6951)
* [[Fallingbostela]], (caput circuli, 11.044 incolae)
* [[Munster]], oppidum (15.091)
* [[Neuenkirchen]] (5570)
* [[Schneverdingen]] oppidum (18.729)
* [[Soltau]], oppidum (21.414)
* [[Walsrode]], oppidum (23.219)
* [[Wietzendorf]] (4105)

* [[Ascalingium (commune generale)|Ascalingium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; commune generale (7034)
** [[Ascalingium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (1518)
** [[Eickeloh]] (781)
** [[Grethem]] (646)
** [[Hademstorf]] (834)
** [[Hodenhagen]], sedes administrationis (3255)

* [[Rethem (commune generale)|Rethem]] commune generale (4594)
** [[Böhme]] (920)
** [[Frankenfeld]] (522)
** [[Häuslingen]] (795)
** [[Rethem (Alara)|Rethem]], oppidum et sedes administrationis (2357)

* [[Schwarmstedt (commune generale)|Schwarmstedt]] (12.545)
** [[Buchholz (Alara)|Buchholz]] (2133)
** [[Essel]] (1100)
** [[Gilten]] (1205)
** [[Lindwedel]] (2618)
** [[Schwarmstedt]], sedes administrationis (5489)

* [[Osterheide]], pagus communi exemptus, cuius caput vicus Oerbke (3564)

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Landkreis Heidekreis|Circulum Heidensem}}
* [http://www.heidekreis.de/ Pagina officialis]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{geo-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Heidensis circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1977]]</text>
      <sha1>45i5ewcge27hojjxwaney39dj8ynt33</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Circulus Neoburgensis Visurgensis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>267154</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3976666</id>
      <parentid>3974394</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T21:26:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3976666</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3397" sha1="nuxnju3rd9pnr7jb1dlt8arz8y5js84" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in NI.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Neoburgensi]]
'''Circulus Neoburgensis Visurgensis''' (Germanice ''Landkreis Nienburg/Weser''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est et finibus mutatis ad diem hodiernum exstat.

== De rebus gestis ==
Ager circuli maxima ex parte ad [[Electoratus Brunsvici-Luneburgi|Electoratum Brunsvici-Luneburgi]] pertinuit. Anno [[1805]] cum toto Electoratu a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Ab anno [[1807]] ad [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Ab anno [[1946]] circulus ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinent et anno [[1977]] fines hodiernas accipit

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt:

* [[Nova Urbs (Saxonia Inferior)|Nova Urbs]], Germanice ''Nienburg/Weser'', caput circuli (31.193 incolae)
* [[Rehburg-Loccum]], Oppidum (10.154)
* [[Steyerberg]] (5262)

* [[Comitatus Hoya (commune generale)|Comitatus Hoya]] commune generale (16.757)
** [[Bücken]] (2139)
** [[Eystrup]] (3251)
** [[Gandesbergen]] (478)
** [[Hämelhausen]] (571)
** [[Hassel (Visurgis)]] (1856)
** [[Hilgermissen]] (2181)
** [[Hoya]], oppidum et sedes administrationis (3.772)
** [[Hoyerhagen]] (953)
** [[Schweringen]] (800)
** [[Warpe]] (756)

* [[Heemsen (commune generale)|Heemsen]] commune generale (6.019)
** [[Drakenburg]] (1734)
** [[Haßbergen]] (1559)
** [[Heemsen]] (1706)
** [[Rohrsen]], sedes administrationis (1020)

* [[Liebenau (commune generale)|Liebenau]] commune generale (5.950)
** [[Binnenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;&gt;Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Binnen'') (1010)
** [[Liebenau]], sedes administrationis (3688)
** [[Pennigsehl]] (1252)

* [[Marklohe (commune generale)|Marklohe]] commune generale (8.349)
** [[Balga Cortis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&amp;cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Balge'') (1752)
** [[Marklohe]], sedes administrationis (4432)
** [[Wietzen]] (2165)

* [[Mittelweser (commune generale)|Mittelweser]] commune generale (15.830)
** [[Estorf]] (1668)
** [[Husum (Neoburgum)|Husum]] (2338)
** [[Landesbergen]] (2730)
** [[Leese]] (1638)
** [[Stolzenau]], sedes administrationis (7456)

* [[Steimbke (commune generale)|Steimbke]] commune generale (7.186)
** [[Linsburg]] (922)
** [[Rodewald]] (2496)
** [[Steimbke]], sedes administrationis (2466)
** [[Stöckse]] (1302)

* [[Uchte (commune generale)|Uchte]] commune generale (13.932)
** [[Diepenau]] (3883)
** [[Raddestorf]] (1886)
** [[Uchte]] (4882)
** [[Warmsen]] (3281)

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Landkreis Nienburg/Weser|Circulum Neoburgensem}}
* [http://www.lk-nienburg.de/ Pagina officialis]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{geo-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Neoburgensis circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1885]]</text>
      <sha1>nuxnju3rd9pnr7jb1dlt8arz8y5js84</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Circulus Osnabrugae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>267392</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3976667</id>
      <parentid>3976418</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T21:31:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3976667</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6094" sha1="5paco958f3la9zppgm101f7tosjw6b8" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in OS.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Osnabrugensi]]
'''Circulus Osnabrugae'''&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Osnabrugae&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Osnabrück'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum ''LandKreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Osnabruga|Osnabruga-ae]]&quot;, vide Pertsch, Erich: ''Langenscheidts Großes Schulwörterbuch Lateinisch-Deutsch'', Berolini et Monaci 1983, ISBN 3-468-07202-3, p. 1325.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Osnabrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Ossenbrügge''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Ossenbrääch''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est et finibus mutatis ad diem hodiernum exstat.

== De rebus gestis ==
Ager circuli ab anno [[1803]] ad [[Ducatus Luneburgensis|Ducatum Luneburgensem]] pertinuit. Anno [[1805]] cum toto Ducatu a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Ab anno [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Franciam]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1814]] ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1946]] circulus ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet et anno [[1974]] fines hodiernas accipit.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncta sunt:

* [[Assena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippi &amp; Bar 1892&quot;&gt;Philippi, F., &amp; Bär, M. (Eds.) (1892). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Die Urkunden der Jahre 772-1200'' (Vol. 1). Verein für Geschichte und Landeskunde von Osnabrück. &lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Essen'') (15.263 incolae)
* [[Belmum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Moser 1738&quot;&gt;Moser, J. J. (1738). ''Bibliotheca Iuris Publici S. R. I. Germanici: Specially regarding the territories of Westphalia and Lower Saxony''. Typis Ioannis Georgii Cottae.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Belm'') (13.581)
* [[Bissendorf]] (14.370)
* [[Bohmte]] (12.637)
* [[Bramsche]], oppidum (36.013)
* [[Campus Rufus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stüve 1789&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Rothenfelde'') (7839)
* [[Dissen ad saltum Teutoburgensem]], oppidum (9390)
* [[Georgsmarienhütte]], oppidum (31.520)
* [[Glandorf]] (6664)
* [[Hagen ad saltum Teutoburgensem]] (13.475)
* [[Hasbergen]] (10.901)
* [[Hilter ad saltum Teutoburgensem]] (10.243)
* [[Iburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Von Schaten 1714&quot;&gt;Von Schaten, N. (1714). ''Monumenta Osnabrugensia ex historia romana, francica, saxonicaque eruta''. Typis Jodoci Henrici Meyer.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Iburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Ibig'' seu ''Ibig''), urbs (10.548)
* [[Laerium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stüve 1789&quot;&gt;Stüve, J. E. (1789). ''Beschreibung des Fürstenthums Osnabrück mit einigen Urkunden''. Kißling.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Laer'') (9268)
* [[Melle]], oppidum(46.039)
* [[Ostercappeln]] (9566)
* [[Wallenhorst]] (23.018)

* [[Artland (commune generale)|Artland]] commune generale (22.839)
** [[Badbergen]] (4572)
** [[Menslage]] (2462)
** [[Nortrup]] (2960)
** [[Quakenbrück]], oppidum et sedes administrationis (12.845)

* [[Bersenbrugum (commune generale)|Bersenbrugum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sandhoff 1785&quot;&gt;Sandhoff, J. E. (1785). ''Antistitum Osnabrugensis ecclesiae, qui per decem saecula episcopale munus in ea gesserunt, chronotaxis''. Typis Joannis Georgii Kislingii.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bersenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bessenbrügge'') commune generale (28.870)
** [[Alfhusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;&gt;Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et pagis ditionis Rotenburgensis (Caput de parochia Ahusii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Osnabrugensis (Caput de antiqua parochia Alfhusii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Osnabrugensis et Comitatus Lingensis (Caput de parochia Anderveniae)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Osnabrugensis (Caput de antiquo archidiaconatu Anchemii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.&lt;/ref&gt; (3910)
** [[Anchemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; (7314)
** [[Bersenbrugum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sandhoff 1785&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bersenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bessenbrügge''), urbs et sedes administrationis (8315)
** [[Eggermühlen]] (1703)
** [[Gehrde]] (2504)
** [[Kettenkamp]] (1688)
** [[Rieste]] (3436)

* [[Fürstenau (commune generale)|Fürstenau]] commune generale (15.873)
** [[Berga (Circulus Osnabrugae)|Berga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&amp;cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Berge'') (3518)
** [[Bippenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ALF 2016&quot;&gt;Academia Latinitati Fovendae (2016). ''Commentarii Academiae Latinitati Fovendae: De novis parochiis et communibus Saxoniae Inferioris textus'' (Vol. XXIV). Romae: Herder.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bippen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bippen'') (2945)
** [[Fürstenau]], oppidum et sedes administraionis (9410)

* [[Neuenkirchen (commune generale)|Neuenkirchen]] commune generale (10.162)
** [[Merzen]] (3921)
** [[Neuenkirchen]], sedes administrationis * (4498)
** [[Voltlage]] (1743)


{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Landkreis Osnabrück|Circulum Osnabrugensem}}
* [http://landkreis-osnabrueck/ Pagina officialis]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{geo-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Osnabrugensis circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1885]]</text>
      <sha1>5paco958f3la9zppgm101f7tosjw6b8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3976670</id>
      <parentid>3976667</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T21:54:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3976670</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6132" sha1="rfwldnj1aaj3e5vop4nq5vs0844k7rw" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in OS.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Osnabrugensi]]
'''Circulus Osnabrugae'''&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Osnabrugae&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Osnabrück'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum ''LandKreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Osnabruga|Osnabruga-ae]]&quot;, vide Pertsch, Erich: ''Langenscheidts Großes Schulwörterbuch Lateinisch-Deutsch'', Berolini et Monaci 1983, ISBN 3-468-07202-3, p. 1325.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Osnabrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Ossenbrügge''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Ossenbrääch''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est et finibus mutatis ad diem hodiernum exstat.

== De rebus gestis ==
Ager circuli ab anno [[1803]] ad [[Ducatus Luneburgensis|Ducatum Luneburgensem]] pertinuit. Anno [[1805]] cum toto Ducatu a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Ab anno [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Franciam]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1814]] ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1946]] circulus ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet et anno [[1974]] fines hodiernas accipit.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncta sunt:

* [[Assena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippi &amp; Bar 1892&quot;&gt;Philippi, F., &amp; Bär, M. (Eds.) (1892). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Die Urkunden der Jahre 772-1200'' (Vol. 1). Verein für Geschichte und Landeskunde von Osnabrück. &lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Essen'') (15.263 incolae)
* [[Belmum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Moser 1738&quot;&gt;Moser, J. J. (1738). ''Bibliotheca Iuris Publici S. R. I. Germanici: Specially regarding the territories of Westphalia and Lower Saxony''. Typis Ioannis Georgii Cottae.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Belm'') (13.581)
* [[Bissendorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bissendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissendörp'') (14.370)
* [[Bohmte]] (12.637)
* [[Bramsche]], oppidum (36.013)
* [[Campus Rufus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stüve 1789&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Rothenfelde'') (7839)
* [[Dissen ad saltum Teutoburgensem]], oppidum (9390)
* [[Georgsmarienhütte]], oppidum (31.520)
* [[Glandorf]] (6664)
* [[Hagen ad saltum Teutoburgensem]] (13.475)
* [[Hasbergen]] (10.901)
* [[Hilter ad saltum Teutoburgensem]] (10.243)
* [[Iburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Von Schaten 1714&quot;&gt;Von Schaten, N. (1714). ''Monumenta Osnabrugensia ex historia romana, francica, saxonicaque eruta''. Typis Jodoci Henrici Meyer.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Iburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Ibig'' seu ''Ibig''), urbs (10.548)
* [[Laerium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stüve 1789&quot;&gt;Stüve, J. E. (1789). ''Beschreibung des Fürstenthums Osnabrück mit einigen Urkunden''. Kißling.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Laer'') (9268)
* [[Melle]], oppidum(46.039)
* [[Ostercappeln]] (9566)
* [[Wallenhorst]] (23.018)

* [[Artland (commune generale)|Artland]] commune generale (22.839)
** [[Badbergen]] (4572)
** [[Menslage]] (2462)
** [[Nortrup]] (2960)
** [[Quakenbrück]], oppidum et sedes administrationis (12.845)

* [[Bersenbrugum (commune generale)|Bersenbrugum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sandhoff 1785&quot;&gt;Sandhoff, J. E. (1785). ''Antistitum Osnabrugensis ecclesiae, qui per decem saecula episcopale munus in ea gesserunt, chronotaxis''. Typis Joannis Georgii Kislingii.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bersenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bessenbrügge'') commune generale (28.870)
** [[Alfhusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;&gt;Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et pagis ditionis Rotenburgensis (Caput de parochia Ahusii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Osnabrugensis (Caput de antiqua parochia Alfhusii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Osnabrugensis et Comitatus Lingensis (Caput de parochia Anderveniae)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis: De ecclesiis, archidiaconatuis et parochiis ditionis Osnabrugensis (Caput de antiquo archidiaconatu Anchemii)''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.&lt;/ref&gt; (3910)
** [[Anchemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; (7314)
** [[Bersenbrugum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sandhoff 1785&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bersenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bessenbrügge''), urbs et sedes administrationis (8315)
** [[Eggermühlen]] (1703)
** [[Gehrde]] (2504)
** [[Kettenkamp]] (1688)
** [[Rieste]] (3436)

* [[Fürstenau (commune generale)|Fürstenau]] commune generale (15.873)
** [[Berga (Circulus Osnabrugae)|Berga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&amp;cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Berge'') (3518)
** [[Bippenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;&gt;Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].&lt;/ref&gt;  ([[Theodisce]] ''Bippen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bippen'') (2945)
** [[Fürstenau]], oppidum et sedes administraionis (9410)

* [[Neuenkirchen (commune generale)|Neuenkirchen]] commune generale (10.162)
** [[Merzen]] (3921)
** [[Neuenkirchen]], sedes administrationis * (4498)
** [[Voltlage]] (1743)


{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Landkreis Osnabrück|Circulum Osnabrugensem}}
* [http://landkreis-osnabrueck/ Pagina officialis]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{geo-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Osnabrugensis circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1885]]</text>
      <sha1>rfwldnj1aaj3e5vop4nq5vs0844k7rw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Circulus Fardensis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>267467</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3976787</id>
      <parentid>3898977</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T11:43:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Circulus Verden]] ad [[Circulus Fardensis]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
      <origin>3898977</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2176" sha1="d32gqjixdfgnfblmo4axinphqk3kthe" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in VER.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Communia in circulo Fardensi.]]
'''Circulus terrae Fardensis'''&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Fardensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Verden'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino gentilicio &quot;Fardensis-e&quot;, quod ad [[Fardium]] refertur, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Verden''), est pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus.

== De rebus gestis ==
Ager huius circuli post [[Bellum triginta annorum]] anno [[1648]] finitum pars [[Suecia]]e factus est. Tum anno [[1714]] ad [[Electoratus Brunsvici-Luneburgi|Electoratum Brunsvici-Luneburgi]] translatus est. Anno [[1801]] copiae [[Borussia]]e invaserunt. Annis [[1810]] - [[1814]] [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] eam regionem usurpavit. Anno [[1814]] [[Regnum Hannoveranum]] hanc regionem suscepit. Tum anno [[1866]] [[Borussia]] regnum Hannoveranum subegit et circulus Fardensis pars huius civitatis factus est. Anno [[1946]] tota regio pars Saxoniae Inferioris facta est. Anno [[1972]] et [[2006]] circulus Fardensis fines hodiernas accepit.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad commune generale coniuncti sunt:

* [[Achim]], oppidum (31.156 incolae)
* [[Dörverden]] (8993)
* [[Kirchlinteln]] (10.132)
* [[Langwedel]] (14.414)
* [[Ottersberg]] (12.443)
* [[Oyten]] (15.604)
* [[Fardium]], caput circuli (26.997)

* [[Thedinghausen (commune generale)|Thedinghausen]] commune generale (14.906)
** [[Blender]] (2856)
** [[Emtinghausen]] (1504)
** [[Riede]] (2742)
** [[Thedinghausen]], sedes administrationis (7804)

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Landkreis Verden|Circulum Fardensem}}
* [http://www.landkreis-verden.de/ Pagina officialis]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vechta circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1885]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in VER.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Communia in circulo Fardensi.]]
'''Circulus terrae Fardensis'''&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Fardensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Verden'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino gentilicio &quot;Fardensis-e&quot;, quod ad [[Fardium]] refertur, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Verden''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Verden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Veern''), est pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus.

== De rebus gestis ==
Ager huius circuli post [[Bellum triginta annorum]] anno [[1648]] finitum pars [[Suecia]]e factus est. Tum anno [[1714]] ad [[Electoratus Brunsvici-Luneburgi|Electoratum Brunsvici-Luneburgi]] translatus est. Anno [[1801]] copiae [[Borussia]]e invaserunt. Annis [[1810]] - [[1814]] [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] eam regionem usurpavit. Anno [[1814]] [[Regnum Hannoveranum]] hanc regionem suscepit. Tum anno [[1866]] [[Borussia]] regnum Hannoveranum subegit et circulus Fardensis pars huius civitatis factus est. Anno [[1946]] tota regio pars Saxoniae Inferioris facta est. Anno [[1972]] et [[2006]] circulus Fardensis fines hodiernas accepit.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad commune generale coniuncti sunt:

* [[Achim]], oppidum (31.156 incolae)
* [[Dörverden]] (8993)
* [[Kirchlinteln]] (10.132)
* [[Langwedel]] (14.414)
* [[Ottersberg]] (12.443)
* [[Oyten]] (15.604)
* [[Fardium]], caput circuli (26.997)

* [[Thedinghausen (commune generale)|Thedinghausen]] commune generale (14.906)
** [[Blender]] (2856)
** [[Emtinghausen]] (1504)
** [[Riede]] (2742)
** [[Thedinghausen]], sedes administrationis (7804)

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Landkreis Verden|Circulum Fardensem}}
* [http://www.landkreis-verden.de/ Pagina officialis]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vechta circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1885]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in VER.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Communia in circulo Fardensi.]]
'''Circulus terrae Fardensis'''&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Fardensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Verden'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino gentilicio &quot;Fardensis-e&quot;, quod ad [[Fardium]] refertur, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Verden''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Verden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Veern''), est pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus.

== De rebus gestis ==
Ager huius circuli post [[Bellum triginta annorum]] anno [[1648]] finitum pars [[Suecia]]e factus est. Tum anno [[1714]] ad [[Electoratus Brunsvici-Luneburgi|Electoratum Brunsvici-Luneburgi]] translatus est. Anno [[1801]] copiae [[Borussia]]e invaserunt. Annis [[1810]] - [[1814]] [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] eam regionem usurpavit. Anno [[1814]] [[Regnum Hannoveranum]] hanc regionem suscepit. Tum anno [[1866]] [[Borussia]] regnum Hannoveranum subegit et circulus Fardensis pars huius civitatis factus est. Anno [[1946]] tota regio pars Saxoniae Inferioris facta est. Anno [[1972]] et [[2006]] circulus Fardensis fines hodiernas accepit.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad commune generale coniuncti sunt:

* [[Achim]], oppidum (31.156 incolae)
* [[Dörverden]] (8993)
* [[Kirchlinteln]] (10.132)
* [[Langwedel]] (14.414)
* [[Ottersberg]] (12.443)
* [[Oyten]] (15.604)
* [[Fardium]], caput circuli (26.997)

* [[Thedinghausen (commune generale)|Thedinghausen]] commune generale (14.906)
** [[Blenderum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Brosius 1993&quot;&gt;Brosius, D. (1993). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Loccum'' (Vol. 1). Wallstein Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Blender''; [[Saxonice]] ''Blenner'') (2856)
** [[Emtinghausen]] (1504)
** [[Riede]] (2742)
** [[Thedinghausen]], sedes administrationis (7804)

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Landkreis Verden|Circulum Fardensem}}
* [http://www.landkreis-verden.de/ Pagina officialis]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vechta circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1885]]</text>
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    <title>Milnacipranum</title>
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{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Milnacipranum'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Milnacipran structure.svg|200px|Milnacipranum]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{chem|C|15|H|22|N|2|O}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 246.348 g/mol
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/65833 65833]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://web.archive.org/web/20190824024344/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB04896 DB04896]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura pharmacologica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | Codex ATC || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{ATC|N06AX|17}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Tempus semivitae biologicum]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 8 h
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Metabolismus]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[iecur|iecore]] (hepaticus)
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | Excretio || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[ren]]ibus
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ad usum therapeuticum
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | Applicatio || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | per os
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | MedlinePlus || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a609016.html a609016] {{Ling|Anglice}}
|}
'''Milnacipranum''' est substantia psychoanaleptica&lt;ref&gt;secundum [[systema classificationis Anatomicum Therapeuticum Chemicumque]], [[Codex ATC N06AX|N06AX]]17.&lt;/ref&gt; et antidepressiva et propterea [[medicamentum]], quod cogitari potest, ad therapiam cum [[Depressio (psychiatria)|depressionum]] tum [[fibromyalgia]]e&lt;ref name=Ormseth&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Ormseth MJ, Eyler AE, Hammonds CL, Boomershine CS |title=Milnacipran for the management of fibromyalgia syndrome |journal=J Pain Res |year=2010 |month=Mar |issue=3 |pages=15-24 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3004654/}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Milnacipranum est [[racemus]] ex &lt;small&gt;L&lt;/small&gt;-Milnacipranum (Laevomilnacipranum) et &lt;small&gt;D&lt;/small&gt;-Milnacipranum (Dextromilnacipranum) compositum. In CFA Laevomilnacipranum in depressionibus tractando adhibetur, racemus tantum fibromyalgiae. 

In organismis Milnacipranum reabsorptionem noradrenali parvulum plus quam serotoni inhibit. Inter [[antidepressivum|substantias antidepressivas]] quidem id [[Inhibitor reabsorptionis serotonini noradrenalinique|inhibitoribus reabsorptionis serotonini noradrenalinique selectivis]] attribuitur. 

== Historia ==
Anno 1985 substantia inventa est&lt;ref&gt;[https://patents.google.com/patent/FR2581060B1/en Referentia inventionis Francogallicae ad diem 25 Aprilis 1985 (FR2581060B1, Pierre Hascoet, Henri Cousse).]&lt;/ref&gt;. Ante annum 1992 substantia etiam nominibus '''Midalciprani''' et '''F 2207''' investigatur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Moret C., Charveron M., Finberg J. P., Couzinier J. P., Briley M. |title=Biochemical profile of midalcipran (F 2207), 1-phenyl-1-diethyl-aminocarbonyl-2-aminomethyl-cyclopropane (Z) hydrochloride, a potential fourth generation antidepressant drug |journal=Neuropharmacology |year=1985 |volume=24 |issue=12 |pages=1211-9 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3005901}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Assie M. B., Charveron M., Palmier C., Puozzo C., Moret C., Briley M. |title=Effects of prolonged administration of milnacipran, a new antidepressant, on receptors and monoamine uptake in the brain of the rat |journal=Neuropharmacology |year=1992 |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=149-55 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1313158}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Milnacipranum primum anno 1996 in [[Francia]] publice admittitur. Hodie usus Milnaciprani in plus quam quadraginta quinque civitatum licet. 

Mense Ianuario 2009 [[CFA Administratio Cibi et Medicamentorum]] (''FDA'') usum Milnaciprani in [[fibromyalgia]]e tractando approbavit.

== Natura Milnaciprani ==
=== Natura chemica ===
Structura chemica est ([[Nomenclatura Cahn-Ingold-Prelog|1R,2S]])-cis-2-(amino-methylo)-N,N-di-aethylo-1-phenylo-[[cyclopropanum|cyclopropano]]-carbamidum, [[massa molaris]] sua 246.348 g/mol.

==== Cyclopropanum ====
Cyclopropranum est [[alkanum|cycloalkanum]] formulae molecularis {{chem|C|3|H|6}} cum tribus atomis [[carbonium|carbonii]] triangulum (&quot;cyclum&quot;) formantibus.

==== Pinacotheca gregorum chemicorum Milnaciprani ====
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Ethyl group.svg|Grex aethyli
Fasciculus:General struct phenyl group.svg|Grex phenyli
Fasciculus:Cyclopropane-stereo.svg|Cyclopropanum
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Natura pharmacologica ===
[[Systema classificationis Anatomicum Therapeuticum Chemicumque|Codex ATC]] est {{ATC|N06AX|17}}.

=== Pharmacodynamica ===
Milnacipranum simul inhibitor et reabsorptionis [[serotoninum|serotonini]] et [[noradrenalinum|noradrenalini]] est. 

Adhuc milnacipranum sub [[Systema classificationis Anatomicum Therapeuticum Chemicumque|codicibus ATC]] [[Codex ATC N06AX|N06AX]], qui ''alia antidepressiva'' continent. Substantia vero est inhibitor reabsorptionis et serotonini et noradrenalini, categoria cuius nondum exstructa est.

=== Pharmacocinetica === 
[[Tempus semivitae biologicum]] &lt;math&gt;t_{\frac{1}{2}}&lt;/math&gt; est circa 8 horae&lt;ref&gt;[http://goldbook.iupac.org/B00658.html Fons.]&lt;/ref&gt;. Excretio non per urinas efficitur, sed per iecur: substantiae dimidium non mutatae ipsum, 30% post [[glucuronidatio]]nem, 20% metabolitus oxidativus&lt;ref&gt; imprimis F2800 = N-dealkyl-milnacipranum&lt;/ref&gt;. Milnacipranum nihil fere [[substratum (Chemia)|substratum]] [[Cytochroma P450|cytochromatum]] est: nec per [[CYP2D6]] nec [[CYP2C19]], neque significanter per [[CYP1A2]] neque [[CYP3A4]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Puozzo C, Lens S, Reh C, Michaelis K, Rosillon D, Deroubaix X, Deprez D |title=Lack of interaction of milnacipran with the cytochrome p450 isoenzymes frequently involved in the metabolism of antidepressants |journal=Clin Pharmacokinet |year=2005 |volume=44 |issue=9 |pages=977-88 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16122284/}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Itaque cum insufficientia et [[insufficientia hepatica|hepatica]] et [[insufficientia renalis|renalis]] moderata ([[Expulsio creatini]] (''CrCl'') ≥ 30 mL/min) accommodatio  [[dosis (pharmacologia)|dosis]] non oportet.

== Effectus Milnaciprani ==
=== Effectus non grati ===
Cum uso Milnaciprani est necesse animum advertere ad [[Effectus adversus|effectus secundarios]] et interactiones, quae praecipue primis [[Hebdomas|hebdomadibus]] incidere possunt. Exempla sunt perturbationes [[sanguis|sanguinis]], [[systema immunitatis|systematis immunitatis]], [[systema endocrineum|systematis endocrinei]], [[oculus|oculorum]], [[cor]]dis. Ut aliis [[serotoninum|serotoninum]] exsurgentibus medicamentis Milnaciprano quoque tractante exstructio magnitudinis serotonini prope [[Synapsis chemica|synapses]] citari potest, cum [[symptoma]]ta periculosi (at rarissmimi) '''[[syndroma serotonini|syndromae serotoni]]''' cum [[diarrhoea]], agitatione, [[tremor (symptoma)|tremori]], rigori, myoclono, [[tachycardia]], [[hyperthermia]], [[pressio sanguinis|pressione sanguinis]] labili.

=== Effectus secundarii ===
'''[[Adversa drogae reactio#Crebritas|Saepissmime]]''' (&gt;10%) 
{{div col|1}}
* [[Nausea (symptoma)|Nausea]] (mala valetudo) 
* Cephalalgia ([[dolor capitis]])
{{div col end}}

'''[[Adversa drogae reactio#Crebritas|Saepe]]''' (1%-10%) 
{{div col|3}}
* [[Fatigatio (symptoma)|Fatigatio]]
* [[Vomitus]]
* [[Insomnia]]
* [[Vertigo (symptoma)|Vertigo]]
* [[Xerostomia|Siccitas oris]]
* [[Hyperhidrosis (symptoma)|Hyperhidrosis]]
* [[Pruritus]]
* [[Hypertonia|Pressio sanguinis nimia]]
* [[Tachycardia]]
{{div col end}}

'''[[Adversa drogae reactio#Infrequens|Infrequenter]]''' (0.1%-1%) 
{{div col|3}}
* [[Tinnitus]]
* [[Mydriasis (symptoma)|Mydriasis]]
* [[Hyperlipidaemia]]
* Perturbationes visūs
* [[Myalgia]]
{{div col end}}

== Usus Milnaciprani ==
=== Usus medicus ===
[[Dosis diurna definita]] (DDD) est 100 mg per die p.o.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N06AX&amp;showdescription=no Systema classificationis Anatomicum Therapeuticum Chemicumque, cap. N06AX cum lamotrigini referentia]&lt;/ref&gt; De insomniam faciente consumptio Milnaciprani ab primis vesperi horis non commendetur. In tractanda fibromyalgia dosis initialis die semel 12.5 mg per os commentatur&lt;ref&gt;Drugs.com: [https://www.drugs.com/dosage/milnacipran.html de dosibus Minaciprani]. {{Ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt;, deinde diebus 2-3 mane et vesperi 12.5 mg, diebus 4-7 25 mg bini, post diem septimum die bini 50 mg per os.

=== Contraindicationes ===
Nonnulli morborum et perturbationum et medicamentorum periculum efficere possint, ideo 
* nullum usum (contraindicatio absoluta) cum
** [[Hypertensio|pressione sanguinis nimia]] non stabili
** [[Angina pectoris|angina pectori]] de atherosclerosi arteriarum coronariarum
** [[lactatio]]ne.
** usu [[Monoaminorum oxidasis#MAO inhibitores|MAO inhibitorum]] ''non'' reversibilium
* Cautio (contraindicatio relativa) cum
** usu [[Monoaminorum oxidasis#MAO inhibitores|MAO inhibitorum]] reversibilium
** [[Morbus comitialis|morbo comitiali]] (epilepsia) 
** [[glaucoma]]
** perturbationibus [[Vesica urinaria|vesicae urinariae]]
** [[Hypertensio|pressione sanguinis nimia]]
** [[insufficientia renalis]]
** [[graviditas]]

{{NexInt}} 
* [[Depressio (psychiatria)|Depressio]]
* [[Duloxetinum]]
* [[Pharmacologia]]
* [[Venlafaxinum]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Antidepressiva]]
[[Categoria:Inhibitores reabsorptionis serotoni noradrenalinique]]</text>
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    <title>Oseltamivirum</title>
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{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ Oseltamivirum
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Oseltamivir.svg|200px|Oseltamivirum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Oseltamivir-3D-balls.png|200px|Oseltamivirum]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | C&lt;sub&gt;16&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;28&lt;/sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 312.4 g/mol
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Numerus CAS]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [http://www.commonchemistry.org/ChemicalDetail.aspx?ref=204255-11-8 204255-11-8]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/65028 65028]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://web.archive.org/web/20170101223918/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00198 DB00198]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura pharmacologica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | Codex ATC || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{ATC|J05AH|02}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Tempus semivitae biologicum]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 1-3 h &lt;br /&gt;Os'i carboxylatum: 6-10 h
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Metabolismus]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[iecur|iecore]] (hepaticus)
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Metabolitus]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | Oseltamiviri carboxylatum
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | Excretio || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[ren]]ibus (90%), [[Faeces|faecibus]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ad usum therapeuticum
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | Applicatio || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | per os
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | MedlinePlus || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a699040.html a699040] {{Ling|Anglice}}
|}

'''Oseltamivirum''' est [[medicamentum pharmaceuticum]] [[medicamentum antivirale|antivirale]] ad [[influentia]]m tractandam et prohibendam. Effectūs oseltamiviri [[inhibitor neuraminidasis]] adversus machinationes simul et [[Influenza A virus|influenza A]] et [[Influenza B Virus|B virorum]] dirigunt. Publice oseltamivirum potius nomine fabricationis, ''Tamiflu''®, notum est.

Oseltamivirum in [[Ordo mundi sanitarius|ordinis mundi sanitarii]] [[Index exemplaris medicamentorum essentialium (Ordo mundi sanitarius)|indicem exemplarem medicamentorum essentialium]] receptum est. 

{{NexInt}}
* [[Febris]]&lt;!--

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;--&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://www.tamiflu.com/ Situs interretialis ''Tamiflu''® proprius.] {{Ling|Anglice}}

[[Categoria:Ordinis mundi sanitarii medicamenta essentialia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ricardus Hakluytus</title>
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      <text bytes="4748" sha1="do0ufxsko66lq3ufcv96886gnafytup" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Ricardus Hakluytus''',&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://archive.org/stream/principalnavigat1and2hakl#page/n23/mode/2up In nauales Richardi Hakluyti commentarios]&quot;: carmen gratulatorium ab R. Mulcaster scriptum, in primis paginis editionis secundae impressum&lt;/ref&gt; vulgo ''Richard Hakluyt'' (natus aut [[1552]] aut 1553; mortuus die [[23 Novembris]] [[1616]]) fuit scriptor [[Anglia|Anglicus]].

Genitoribus (qui in [[Herefordiensis comitatus|comitatu Herefordiensi]] habitaverant) mox amissis, Ricardus Hakluyt ab anno aetatis fere sexto apud germanum [[Londinium|Londinii]] educatus est ubi [[collegium Westmonasteriense]] frequentavit. Alumnus fuit [[Aedes Christi (Oxonia)|Aedis Christi]] [[universitas Oxoniensis|Oxoniensium]]. Auctor fuit collectanei navigationum et explorationum Anglorum aliorumque cuius titulus est ''[[Principal Navigations (Hakluyt)|The Principall Navigations, Voiages and Discoveries of the English Nation]]'' (1589; editio aucta 1598-1600). Nomen eius in appellatione [[Hakluyt Society|societatis Hakluyt]] commemoratur.

== Opera ==
* 1582 : ''Divers Voyages Touching the Discoverie of America and the Ilands Adjacent unto the Same, made first of all by our Englishmen and afterwards by the Frenchmen and Britons'' {{Google Books|imcMAAAAIAAJ|editio 1850}}
* 1587 (interpres) : [[Renatus Goulaine de Laudonnière|René Goulaine de Laudonnière]], ''A Notable Historie Containing Foure Voyages Made by Certayne French Captaynes unto Florida''
* 1587 (editor) : ''De Orbe Novo [[Petrus Martyr ab Angleria|Petri Martyris Anglerii]] Mediolanensis, protonotarii et Caroli Quinti senatoris, decades octo, diligente temporum observatione et utilissimis annotationibus illustratae, suoque nitore restitae''. Parisiis apud Guillelmum Auvray
* 1587 (editor) : [[Petrus Martyr ab Angleria]]; G. Eden, M. Lok, interprr., ''[[De orbe novo decades|De nouo orbe, or The Historie of the West Indies]]''. Londinii: Thomas Adams
* 1589 : ''[[Principal Navigations (Hakluyt)|The Principall Navigations, Voiages and Discoveries of the English Nation]]''. 1a ed. Londinii: George Bishop
* 1598-1600 : ''[[Principal Navigations (Hakluyt)|The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation]]''. 2a ed. 3 voll. Londinii: George Bishop
* 1601 (interpres) : [[Antonius Galvão]], ''The Discoveries of the World from Their First Originall unto the Yeer ... 1555; written in the Portugall tongue by A. Galvano''. Londinii: George Bishop 
* 1609 (interpres) : [[Ferdinandus Sotus]], ''Virginia Richly Valued, by the Description of the Maine Land of Florida, Her Next Neighbour: Out of the Foure Yeeres Travell and Discoverie ... of Don Ferdinando de Soto and Sixe Hundred Able Men in His Companie ... written by a Portugall gentleman of Elvas ... and Translated out of Portugese''. Londinii: F. Kyngston for M. Lownes
* 1877 (scriptum 1584) : ''A Particuler Discourse Concerninge the Greate Necessitie and Manifolde Commodyties That Are Like to Growe to This Realme of Englande by the Westerne Discoueries Lately Attempted'' [http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/amerbegin/exploration/text5/hakluyt.pdf Textus interretialis]
* 2004 (interpres; scriptum 1609; David Armitage, ed.) : [[Hugo Grotius]], ''[[Mare Liberum|The Free Sea]]''. Indianapoli: Liberty Fund. ISBN 978-0-86597-431-9

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* [[Ioannes Winter Jones|John Winter Jones]], &quot;Introduction&quot; in Richard Hakluyt; John Winter Jones, ed., ''Divers Voyages Touching the Discovery of America and the Islands Adjacent'' (Londinii: Hakluyt Society, 1850) {{Google Books|imcMAAAAIAAJ|pp. i-cxi}}
* [[Clements Markham]], ''Richard Hakluyt: his life and work, with a short account of the aims and achievements of the Hakluyt Society. An address delivered ... on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of the foundation of the Society''. Londinii, 1896
* John Knox Laughton, &quot;[[:s:en:Hakluyt, Richard (DNB00)|Hakluyt, Richard]]&quot; in {{DNB}}
* Anthony Payne, &quot;Hakluyt, Richard (1552?–1616)&quot; (2004) in {{ODNB}}
* Anthony Payne, &quot;“Strange remote and farre distant countreys”: The Travel Books of Richard Haklyut&quot; in Michael Harris, Robin Myers, edd., ''Journeys through the Market: Travels, Travellers, and the Book Trade'' (Newcastle: Oak Knoll Press, 1999) pp. 1-37

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hakluyt, Ricardus}}

[[Categoria:Nati 1552]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1616]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Angliae]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]]
[[Categoria:Recensores]]
[[Categoria:Geographi Britanniae]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Collegii Westmonasteriensis]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Oxoniensis]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes textuum Lusitanorum]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Latino-Anglici]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Olanzapinum</title>
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{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Olanzapinum'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Olanzapine.svg|200px|Olanzapinum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Olanzapine-from-xtal-3D-balls.png|200px|Olanzapinum]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | C&lt;sub&gt;17&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;20&lt;/sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;S
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 312.439 g/mol
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/4585 4585]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://web.archive.org/web/20181027213539/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00334 DB00334]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura pharmacologica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | Codex ATC || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{ATC|N05AH|03}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Tempus semivitae biologicum]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 33 h &lt;br /&gt;51 h (senectute)
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Metabolismus]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[iecur|iecore]] (hepaticus):&lt;br /&gt;[[CYP1A2]] &gt;&gt; [[CYP2D6]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | Excretio || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[ren]]ibus (57%),&lt;br /&gt;[[Faeces|faecibus]] (30%)&lt;br /&gt;7% non mutatum
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ad usum therapeuticum
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | Applicatio || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | per os
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | MedlinePlus || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a601213.html a601213] {{Ling|Anglice}}
|}
'''Olanzapinum''' est substantia antipsychotica et propterea medicamentum ad therapiam [[Schizophrenia|schizophreniarum]]. 

== Historia ==
Ab anno [[1970]] fabricantur diversae substantiae antipsychoticae, ''atypica'' quoque vocatae. Inter ea primo [[Clozapinum]] fuit, denique ab anno 1971 Olanzapinum, quod usus [[medicus|medicorum]] ab anno 1996 ad emporium delatum est. Olanzapinum, ut Clozapinum, et [[Receptorium dopamini D2|receptoria D&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]] et [[Receptorium 5-HT1A serotonini|receptoria serotonini 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1A&lt;/sub&gt;]] obsidet, at praeterea minius effectus adversaria observari possunt. Anno [[1985]] [[dibenzothiazepinum|dibenzothiazepino]] derivata Quetiapinum, simul Clozapino Olanzapinoque simile sed cum grege adiecto, divulgatum est.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Raviña E |title=The Evolution of drug discovery, Wiley-VCH |year=2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Natura Olanzapini ==

=== Natura chemica ===
Olanzapinum est [[piperazinum]]. Nomen [[Unio internationalis chemiae purae applicatae|IUPAC]] suum est 2-methylo-10-(4-methyl[[piperazinum|piperazin]]-1-yl)-4H-3-thia-4,9-diazabenzo[f]azulenum. [[Massa molaris]] sua 312.439 g/mol. 

=== Natura pharmacologica ===
Olanzapinum est medicamentum cum virtutibus antipsychoticis. [[Systema classificationis Anatomicum Therapeuticum Chemicumque|Codex ATC]] est {{ATC|N05AH|03}}.

=== Pharmacodynamica ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot; style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;
|-
! [[Receptorium neurotransmissoris|Receptorium]] !! Olanzapini affinitas&lt;br /&gt;ligandi, ''K''&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt; (nM)&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20131108013656/http://pdsp.med.unc.edu/pdsp.php&lt;/ref&gt;!! Actio
|-
| [[Receptorium dopamini D1|dopamini D&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]] || 35–118 || rowspan = 9 | antagonista
|-
|  [[Receptorium dopamini D2|D&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]] || 3.00–106 
|-
|  [[Receptorium dopamini D2|D&lt;sub&gt;2L&lt;/sub&gt;]] || 31–38
|-
|  [[Receptorium dopamini D2|D&lt;sub&gt;2S&lt;/sub&gt;]] || 21–52
|-
|  [[Receptorium dopamini D3|D&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]] || 7.8–91
|-
| [[Receptorium dopamini D4|D&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;]] || 1.6–50
|-
| [[Receptorium dopamini D4|D&lt;sub&gt;4.2&lt;/sub&gt;]] || 17–102
|-
| [[Receptorium dopamini D4|D&lt;sub&gt;4.4&lt;/sub&gt;]] || 21–60
|-
|  [[Receptorium dopamini D5|D&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;]] || 74–90
|-
|  [[Receptorium serotonini 1A|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1A&lt;/sub&gt;]] || 2,063–2,720 || antagonista
|-
|  [[Receptorium serotonini 1B|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1B&lt;/sub&gt;]] || 509–660 || rowspan=4 | nondum&lt;br &gt;determinata
|-
|  [[Receptorium serotonini 1D|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1D&lt;/sub&gt;]] || 540–1,582
|-
|  [[Receptorium serotonini 1E|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1E&lt;/sub&gt;]] || 2,010–2,408
|-
|  [[Receptorium serotonini 1F|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1F&lt;/sub&gt;]] ||  310 
|-
|  [[Receptorium serotonini 2A|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt;]] || 1.32–24.2 || rowspan=3 | antagonista inversa
|-
|  [[Receptorium serotonini 2B|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;2B&lt;/sub&gt;]] || 11.8–12.0
|-
|  [[Receptorium serotonini 2C|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;2C&lt;/sub&gt;]] || 6.4–29
|-
|  [[Receptorium serotonini 3|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]] ||  202 || antagonista
|-
|  [[Receptorium serotonini 5A|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;5A&lt;/sub&gt;]] || 1,212 || agonista
|-
|  [[Receptorium serotonini 6|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;]] || 6.0–42 || rowspan=2 |antagonista
|-
|  [[Receptorium serotonini 7|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;]] || 105–365
|-
| [[Receptorium adrenergicum alpha-1|α&lt;sub&gt;1A&lt;/sub&gt;]] || 109–115 || rowspan=5 | antagonista
|-
|  [[Receptorium adrenergicum alpha-1|α&lt;sub&gt;1B&lt;/sub&gt;]] || 263
|-
|  [[Receptorium adrenergicum alpha-2A|α&lt;sub&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt;]] || 192–470
|-
|  [[Receptorium adrenergicum alpha-2B|α&lt;sub&gt;2B&lt;/sub&gt;]] || 82–180
|-
|  [[Receptorium adrenergicum alpha-2C|α&lt;sub&gt;2C&lt;/sub&gt;]] || 29–210
|-
|  [[Receptorium adrenergicum beta-1|ß&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]] || rowspan=2 | &gt; 10,000 || rowspan=2 | nondum inquisita
|-
|  [[Receptorium adrenergicum beta-2|ß&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]]
|-
|  [[receptorium histamini H1|H&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]] || 0.65–4.9 || antagonista inversa
|-
|  [[receptorium histamini H2|H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]] || 44 || rowspan=3 | antagonista
|-
|  [[receptorium histamini H3|H&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]] || 3,713
|-
|  [[receptorium histamini H4|H&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;]] || &gt;10,000
|-
|  [[Receptorium muscarinicum M1 acetylcholini|M&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]] || 2.5–73 || rowspan=5 | antagonista
|-
|  [[Receptorium muscarinicum M2 acetylcholini|M&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]] || 48–622
|-
|  [[Receptorium muscarinicum M3 acetylcholini|M&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]] || 13–126
|-
|  [[Receptorium muscarinicum M4 acetylcholini|M&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;]] || 10–350
|-
|  [[Receptorium muscarinicum M5 acetylcholini|M&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;]] || 6.0–82
|-
|  [[Receptorium sigma 1|σ&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]] || &gt;5,000 || rowspan=2 | nondum determinata
|-
|  [[Receptorium sigma 2|σ&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]] || nondum determinata
|-
|  [[Transportator serotonini|SERT]] || ≥3,676 || situm obsidens
|-
|  [[Transportator noradrenalini|NET]] || &gt;10000 || situm obsidens
|-
|  [[Humanum Ether-à-go-go-Relatum Genum|hERG]] || 6,013 || inhibitor
|}

=== Pharmacocinetica ===
[[Tempus semivitae biologicum]] &lt;math&gt;t_{\frac{1}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;http://goldbook.iupac.org/B00658.html&lt;/ref&gt; circa 33 h (in senectute 51 h) est. 
Excretio est per urinas (57%) et biles (30%). 

== Effectus Olanzapini ==
Cum uso Olanzapini animum advertere ad [[Effectus adversus|effectus secundarios]] et interactiones necesse est. 
=== Effectus secundarii ===
Exempli (!) sunt: 

'''[[Adversa drogae reactio#Crebritas|Saepissmime]]''' (&gt;10%) 
{{div col|3}}
* [[Incrementum ponderis|Ponderis incrementum]]
* [[Somnolentia (symptoma)|Somnolentia]]
* [[Hyperprolactinaemia]]
* [[Hypertriglyceridaemiae]]
* [[Hypercholesterolaemia]]
* [[Hyperglycaemia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Himmerich H., Minkwitz J., Kirkby K. C. |title=Weight Gain and Metabolic Changes During Treatment With Antipsychotics and Antidepressants |journal=Endocrine, metabolic &amp; immune disorders drug targets |year=2015 |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=252-60 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26100432/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{div col end}}

'''[[Adversa drogae reactio#Crebritas|Saepe]]''' (1%-10%) 
{{div col|3}}
* [[Gynaecomastia (symptoma)|Gynaecomastia]]
* [[Symptoma extrapyramidal|Symptomata extrapyramidalia]]
* [[Xerostomia|Siccitas oris]]
* [[Insomnia]]
* [[Fatigatio (symptoma)|Fatigatio]]
* [[Oedema]]ta
* [[Akathisia (symptoma)|Akathisia]]
{{div col end}}

'''Alia''' (&lt;1%)
{{div col|3}}
* [[Leukocytopaenia]]
* [[Bradycardia]]
* [[Intervallum QT]] prolongatum&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Suzuki Y., Ono S., Sugai T., Fukui N., Watanabe J., Tsuneyama N., Sawamura K., Someya T. |title=Dose-dependent effects of olanzapine on QT intervals and plasma prolactin levels in Japanese patients with stable schizophrenia |journal=Human psychopharmacology |year=2011 |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=440-3 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21823168}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Alopecia]]
* [[Embolia pulmonis]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Waage I. M., Gedde-Dahl A. |title=Pulmonary embolism possibly associated with olanzapine treatment |journal=BMJ |year=2003 |volume=327 |issue=7428 |pages=1384 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14670884}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{div col end}}

== Usus Olanzapini ==
=== Usus medicus ===
Olanzapinum [[medicamentum pharmaceuticum]] ad therapiam [[Schizophrenia|schizophreniarum]] est.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Loxapinum]]

[[Categoria:Piperazina]]
[[Categoria:Antipsychotica]]</text>
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    <title>Hyrcanus II</title>
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        <id>2059</id>
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      <comment>/* De gente et moribus */</comment>
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      <text bytes="14017" sha1="n46ljx0yv30lqj3kqj8pg2861ocb303" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Hyrcanus II.jpg|thumb|[[Flavius Iosephus]] Medio aevo et sexto decimo saeculo multos lectores delectabat ː unde ille ficticius vultus in ''[[Promptuarium iconum (Rovillius)|Promptuario Iconum]]'' (1553) Hyrcano II attributus.]]
'''Hyrcanus II''' (natus circa 100 a.C.n.&lt;ref&gt; [[Flavius Iosephus|Iosephus]] (''Ant. Iud.'' XV.178) scribebat Hyrcanum primum et octogesimum annum agentem obisse cui aetati si credimus  nativitas ad annum 110 a.C.n. referri debet. Sed matrimonium parentium anno [[103 a.C.n.]] demum evenit (de quo vide notam ad locum in editione [[Loeb Classical Library]]).&lt;/ref&gt;, mortuus [[30 a.C.n.]]) fuit summus sacerdos [[Iudaei|Iudaeorum]] ab anno [[76 a.C.n.]] Quamquam anno [[67 a.C.n.]] matri [[Salome Alexandra|Salomae Alexandrae]] in regnum successit tamen vix regnasse dici potest : statim enim a fratre [[Aristobulus II|Aristobulo]] regno spoliatus cum per [[Pompeius|Pompeium]] [[Hierosolyma|Hierosolymis]] anno [[63 a.C.n.]]  expugnatis in dignitatem sacerdotalem restitutus esset, Romani eum regem appellare noluerunt. [[Ethnarches|Ethnarca]] tantum a [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Iulio Caesare]] post [[Bellum Alexandrinum|bellum Alexandrinum]] dictus est et anno [[40 a.C.n.]] in [[Parthia|Parthiam]] captivus abductus dignitatem amisit.
==De gente et moribus ==
[[Fasciculus:A. Plautius. 55 BC. AR Denarius (CNG 303407).jpg|thumb|Denarius anno 55 a.C.n. signatus. Ex una parte [[Cybele|Cybelae]] caput turritum et titulus: A PLAVTIVS AED CVR SC. Ex altera parte Bacchius Iudaeus pacem petens cum titulo: BACCHIVS IVDAEUS.]]
[[Fasciculus:Nadagen Hasmoneeën.PNG|thumb|400px|[[Stemma genealogicum|Stemma]] ultimorum [[Hasmonaei|Hasmonaeorum]].]]
[[Hasmonaei|Hasmonaeorum]] stirpe ortus Hyrcanus erat filius maior regis [[Alexander Iannaeus|Alexandri Iannaei]] et reginae [[Salome Alexandra|Salomae Alexandrae]]. Cum pater anno [[76 a.C.n.]] obiit mater, quamvis femina, ei successit in regnum et filium Hyrcanum summum sacerdotem fecit. Eum elegisse ab historico rerum Iudaicarum [[Flavius Iosephus|Iosepho]] dicitur quia indole segni et ignavo erat, moderatus (ἐπιεικής) et potentiae parum aptus ita ut nulli impedimento sibi regnare volenti  fieret&lt;ref&gt;''[[De bello Iudaico|BI]]'' I.109 ː ''ὄντα νωθέστερον ἢ ὥστε ἐνοχλεῖν περὶ τῶν ὅλων'' et ibidem I.203 ː ''βασιλείας ἀτονώτερον'' et ''[[Antiquitates Iudaicae|Ant. Iud]].'' XIII.408 ː ''τὸ ἄπραγμον αὐτοῦ'' et 407 ''ἀσθενὴς πράγματα διοικεῖν καὶ βίον ἡσύχιον μᾶλλον ἠγαπηκώς'' et XIV.158 ː ''βραδὑν καὶ νωθῆ'' et XIV.180 ː ''ἀνανδρία καὶ ἀνοία'' et  ibidem XV.182 ː ''δοκεῖ γὰρ ἐπιεικὴς καὶ μέτριος ἐν πᾶσιν γενέσθαι καὶ τὰ πλεῖστα τῆς ἀρχῆς ὑπὸ διοικηταῖς ἄγειν, οὐ πολυπράγμων οὐδὲ δεινὸς ὢν βασιλείας ἐπιστατεῖν.''&lt;/ref&gt;. Mortua anno [[67 a.C.n.]] matre Hyrcanus heres designatus regno erat sed ei fuit frater moribus dissimillimus, Aristobulus nomine, vir audax et regnandi avidior qui Hyrcanum regno imparem esse putabat ː iam aegrotante Alexandra oppidis potiebatur et praesidiis suis occupabat ; morte autem reginae nuntiata statim defecit et Hyrcano bellum indixit. Pugna apud [[Iericho|Ierichuntem]] commissa plerique milites ad Aristobulum transierunt et per pactionem  Hyrcanus victus privatum in posterum vivere pollicetur&lt;ref&gt;''BI'' I.120-122. ''Ant. Iud.'' XIV.1-7.&lt;/ref&gt;. At [[Antipater (Herodis Magni pater)|Antipater]], vir fortis et strenuus e nobilibus [[Idumaea|Idumaeis]], qui Aristobulum oderat et regnantem timebat, Hyrcano persuasit ut [[Petra (urbs antiqua)|Petram]] apud [[Nabataei|Nabataeorum]] regem [[Aretas III|Aretan III]], quicum amicitiae necessitudine obstrictus erat, confugeret  et societatem cum eo adversus fratrem coniungeret&lt;ref&gt;''BI'' I.123-126. ''Ant. Iud.'' XIV.8-19&lt;/ref&gt;.

== De bello fraterno et Romanorum dominatione ==
Antipater et Aretas iam Aristobulum Hierosolymis obsidebant cum legatus Pompei [[Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (iunior)|Aemilius Scaurus]] in regionem advenit (nam tum Romani Pompeio duce cum [[Tigranes Magnus|Tigrane]] [[Armenia|Armeniorum]] rege bellum gerebant). Qui amborum fratrum causa audita et accepta pecunia secundum Aristobulum iudicavit. Nabataei domum reverti coacti sunt, quos insuper in itinere lacessebat Aristobulus ita ut multi  perierint. Mox ipse Pompeius in Iudaeam pervenit atque auditis fratribus litem de integro decidit. Quia fautores Aristobuli portas [[Hierosolyma|Hierosolymitanas]] ei aperire recusabant, eorum regem in vincula coniecit et [[Templum Hierosolymitanum|templum]] vi expugnavit ([[63 a.C.n.]]). Vix Hyrcani et Antipatris precibus concessit ne templum diriperetur aut incenderetur. Tum Hyrcanum in summum sacerdotium et priorem dignitatem restituit quidem sed finibus regni paterni plures urbes et pagos ademit et tributum quotannis solvendum imposuit. Nec Iudaea regnum sui iuris fuit quia Hyrcanus rex appellatus non est&lt;ref&gt;''Ant. Iud.'' XX.244.&lt;/ref&gt;. Re vera potentia in posterum penes Antipatrem erat qui et ipse Romanis oboediebat eo magis quo [[Syria (provincia Romana)|provincia Syria]] nuper creata proxime adiacebat. Verisimile est Pompeium tum non totam Iudaeam provinciae Syriae adsignasse quia perspexerat Iudaeos esse nationem sui generis legibus patriis fanatice adhaerentem et quae seditiones motura esset si alienigenarum sub imperio ponerentur.  Aristobulus vero a Pompeio captivus cum liberis Romam abductus ut [[Triumphus|triumphum]] ornarent&lt;ref&gt;''BI'' I.127-158. ''Ant. Iud.'' XIV.19-79&lt;/ref&gt;. 
[[Fasciculus:Hasmoneese rijk.PNG|thumb|Iudaeae regnum tempore quo Hyrcanus matri successit.]]
Nec ideo Iudaea postea inconcussa remansit aut Hyrcanus tranquille regnavit ː mox enim [[Alexander (Aristobuli filius)|Alexander]], filius Aristobuli, armatis manibus regionem vastabat et ipse Aristobulus circa 57 a.C.n. custodes cum altero filio [[Antigonus II (rex Iudaeorum)|Antigono]] fefellit et in Iudaeam rediit ubi non spernendum exercitum e fautoribus suis collegit. Ambo, cum Hyrcanum regno expellere adgrederentur, a [[Fasti legatorum Syriae|proconsule Syriae]] [[Aulus Gabinius|Aulo Gabinio]] victi et capti sunt. Gabinius formam rei publicae quoque mutavit ita ut non iam [[Monarchia|monarchia]] sed [[Oligarchia|oligarchia]] fieret. Hyrcanus religiosis officiis fungi tantummodo debebat, a militaribus civilibusque abstinere&lt;ref&gt;''BI'' I.160-174. ''Ant. Iud.'' XIV.82-102&lt;/ref&gt;.

Maius adhuc periculum anno [[49 a.C.n.]] Hyrcano imminebat, cum Caesar rerum potitus Aristobulum Romae a se liberatum in hostes Pompeianos cum duabus legionibus immittere voluit, nisi a Pompeianis veneno praeventus esset quin inceptum peragere posset&lt;ref&gt;''BI'' I.183. ''Ant. Iud.'' XIV.123-124&lt;/ref&gt;.

== De Antipatris ambitione ==
Caesarem [[Pharsalica pugna]] victorem et in [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegyptum]] properantem beneficiis omnis generis sibi obstringere Antipater studebat. Opem in [[Bellum Alexandrinum|bello Alexandrino]] ei tulit et maxima pericula ipse adiit, plura vulnera accepit. Hyrcanus et ipse illi expeditioni interfuisse dicitur&lt;ref&gt;''Ant. Iud.'' XIV.138-139 qui [[Strabo|Strabonis]] verba refert qui et ipse testimonium [[Gaius Asinius Pollio (consul 40 a.C.n.)|Asinii Pollionis]] invocat.&lt;/ref&gt;. Qua de causa Caesar cum alia decreta Iudaeis benigna gratus promulgavit tum Hyrcanum decreto  in [[Capitolinus mons|Capitolio]] exponendo [[ethnarches|ethnarcham]]&lt;ref&gt;''Ant. Iud.'' XIV.190 ː quod vocabulum &quot;gentis ducem&quot; Graece significat. Verisimile est ipsos Iudaeos Hyrcanum regem appellasse ut nonnumquam facit historicus Flavius Iosephus in scriptis (''BI'' I.202).&lt;/ref&gt; et summum sacerdotem, Antipatrem civem Romanum immunem et praefectum Iudaeae fecit. Nec precibus Antigoni, Aristobuli filii, regnum paternum vindicanti aurem praebuit&lt;ref&gt;''BI'' I.187-202 et ''Ant. Iud.'' XIV.123-216&lt;/ref&gt;.

A Caesare confirmatus Antipater filios promovebat ː ita Phasael locis circa Hierosolyma iacentibus, [[Herodes Magnus|Heroden]] [[Galilaea|Galilaeae]] praeposuit. Tunc qui in natione Iudaea diginitate eminebant et in eorum senatu plurimum pollebant indignari coeperunt quod Antipater non Hyrcanus regnaret atque eum varie accusarunt apud regem. In primis Heroden homicidii damnare volebant quia sine iudicio homines seditiosos necaverat. Diu restitit Hyrcanus sed postremo Herodem in ius vocavit ; sed cum ille armatis satellitibus stipatus curiam intrasset atque insuper legatus Syriae [[Sextus Iulius Caesar (quaestor 48 a.C.n.)|Sextus Iulius Caesar]] malum ei minabatur si quid Herodi accidisset, timuit et eum dimisit&lt;ref&gt;''BI'' I.204-215 et ''Ant. Iud.'' XIV.158-184&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nec desierunt Antipater et eius filius Herodes Romanis quibuscumque aderant  morem gerere  ita ut potentiam augerent. Caesare mortuo tributum extraordinarium ab eius interfectore [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Gaio Cassio]] impositum magno studio solvere properaverunt. At tum unus e multis et nobilibus Iudaeis qui Hyrcanum venerabantur sed Antipatrem oderant, Malichus nomine, eum veneno interfecisse dicitur. Paulo post Herodes patrem Cassio milites Romanos ministrante ultus est et de Malicho supplicium sumpsit&lt;ref&gt;''BI'' I.225-226 et ''Ant. Iud.'' XIV.271-293&lt;/ref&gt;

Ut pater a Pompeio ad Caesarem et a Caesare ad Cassium transierat sic Herodes et Phasael a Cassio ad [[Marcus Antonius|Marcum Antonium]] post Philippensem pugnam sese verterunt ad quem imperatorem Romanum nobiles inter Iudaeos legatos miserunt questum de Antipatris filiis. Tum Hyrcanus a Marco Antonio rogatus qui sibi ad imperium aptissimi viderentur Herodem et eius fratres nominasse dicitur. Nec mora fuit quin Marcus Antonius Phasaelem et Herodem [[Tetrarchia|tetrarchas]] Iudaeae fecit, ethnarcae dignitatem Hyrcano simul confirmans&lt;ref&gt;''BI'' I.242-247 et ''Ant. Iud.'' XIV.301-326&lt;/ref&gt;. Atque indignans quod ne tunc quidem legati quiescerent Antonius in eos milites immisit et multos trucidavit. Qui enim Romanorum consiliis  semper fideliter favissent populo Iudaeorum vi quoque imponendos esse arbitrabatur.

== De bello Parthico et morte ==
[[Fasciculus:Judea na Pompeius.PNG|thumb|Iudaea Hyrcano a Pompeio 63 a.C.n. relicta.]]
Anno [[40 a.C.n.]] Hyrcanus neptem [[Mariamme I|Mariammen]] Herodi despondit qui sibi adfinitatem cum regnante gente ita paravit. Eodem anno [[Antigonus II (rex Iudaeorum)|Antigonus]] pecunia puellisque pollicitis societatem cum Parthis coniunxit qui et ipsi opportunitatem sibi per bella civilia Romanorum dari existimantes ex improviso [[Syria (provincia Romana)|Syriam provinciam]] Pacoro duce occupaverunt. Phasaelem et Hyrcanum fraude captivos retinuerunt ː Phasael sibi mortem ipse conscivit, Hyrcanus ab Antigono mutilatus in Parthiam abductus est. Nam fuere qui scripserint mordicus Antigonum aurem Hyrcano eripuisse ne in posterum summum sacerdotium ei redderetur. Lex Iudaica enim vetat quemquam nisi integrum corpore Dei sacris ministrare&lt;ref&gt;''BI'' I.248-273 et ''Ant. Iud.'' XIV.330-347 et 365-369&lt;/ref&gt;.

Herodes in Aegyptum atque inde Romam confugit ubi suffragante Marco Antonio rex Iudaeorum a [[Senatus Romanus|senatoribus]] appellatus est. Nam tum Romani Parthorum audaciam et Syriam occupatam aegre ferentes illorum regi Antigono suum regem Herodem opponere voluerunt&lt;ref&gt;''BI'' I.265-285et ''Ant. Iud.'' XIV.330-347 et 381-389&lt;/ref&gt;.

Parthis a legato Romano [[Publius Ventidius Bassus|Publio Ventidio]] victis, [[Gaius Sosius]] et Herodes Hierosolyma anno [[37 a.C.n.]] expugnaverunt et Antigonum vivum ceperunt. Quo necato regno suo tandem frui potuit Herodes&lt;ref&gt;''BI'' I.288-357 et ''Ant. Iud.'' XIV.468-491.&lt;/ref&gt;. Tum Hyrcanus in [[Babylonia]] vitam agebat inter pronepotes illorum Iudaeorum qui illuc sexto saeculo a.C.n. deportati erant, in magno honore habitus. Cum Herodem regnare ei nuntiatum est quia eum amabat in patriam redire cupiebat&lt;ref&gt;''BI'' I.433-434.&lt;/ref&gt; atque ipse Herodes ad reditum eum invitabat. Itaque ultimis senectutis annis Hierosolymis privatus versabatur. Sed post [[Actiaca Pugna|Actiacam pugnam]] Herodes metuens ne [[Octavianus]] ob Antonii amicitiam regnum sibi eripere in animo haberet hominem genere regio et Iudaeis amatum de medio tollere constituit ː anno [[30 a.C.n.]] ineunte fictis criminibus Hyrcanum necari iussit&lt;ref&gt;''BI'' I.433 et ''Ant. Iud.'' XV.165-181&lt;/ref&gt;. Et anno sequenti eadem de nepte Hyrcani [[Mariamme I|Mariamme]], uxore sua, iussit.

Hyrcano longa vita fuit sed imbecillius ingenium  quam ut regnare aut vellet aut posset.

==Fontes ==
*[[Dio Cassius]] libro tricesimo septimo ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historiae Romanae]]'' cap. 15-16
*[[Flavius Iosephus]], libro primo [[De bello Iudaico|de Bello Iudaico]] 109-273
**̽libro quarto decimo ''[[Antiquitates Iudaicae|Antiquitatum Iudaicarum]]'' passim necnon libro quinto decimo 11-22 et 161-182 et tertio decimo 407-408 vicesimo 242-246
*{{Strabo}} XVI.2.40

== Plura legere si cupis ==
* Kenneth Atkinson, ''A History of the Hasmonean State: Josephus and Beyond'', T§T. Clark, 2016. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=SrfMDAAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
* Eduardus Dabrowa, ''[https://www.academia.edu/2362781/The_Hasmoneans_and_their_State_A_Study_in_History_Ideology_and_the_Institutions_Electrum_16_Krak%C3%B3w_2010 The Hasmoneans and their state : a study in history, ideology, and the institutions]'',  Kraków, Jagiellonian university press,  2010.
* Mireille Hadas-Lebel, ''Rome, la Judée et les Juifs'', Parisiis, A. &amp; J. Picard, 2009 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2011_num_80_1_4021_t16_0514_0000_2 Recensio critica]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Lifetime|saeculo 2 a.C.n.|30 a.C.n.|Hyrcanus II}}
[[Categoria:Iudaea]]
[[Categoria:Reges]]
[[Categoria:Necati]]
[[Categoria:Herodes Magnus]]
[[Categoria:Hasmonaei]]</text>
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      <text bytes="14181" sha1="mptzui2auty2dhpi15j63map9406q78" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Hyrcanus II.jpg|thumb|[[Flavius Iosephus]] Medio aevo et sexto decimo saeculo multos lectores delectabat ː unde ille ficticius vultus in ''[[Promptuarium iconum (Rovillius)|Promptuario Iconum]]'' (1553) Hyrcano II attributus.]]
'''Hyrcanus II''' (natus circa 100 a.C.n.&lt;ref&gt; [[Flavius Iosephus|Iosephus]] (''Ant. Iud.'' XV.178) scribebat Hyrcanum primum et octogesimum annum agentem obisse cui aetati si credimus  nativitas ad annum 110 a.C.n. referri debet. Sed matrimonium parentium anno [[103 a.C.n.]] demum evenit (de quo vide notam ad locum in editione [[Loeb Classical Library]]).&lt;/ref&gt;, mortuus [[30 a.C.n.]]) fuit summus sacerdos [[Iudaei|Iudaeorum]] ab anno [[76 a.C.n.]] Quamquam anno [[67 a.C.n.]] matri [[Salome Alexandra|Salomae Alexandrae]] in regnum successit tamen vix regnasse dici potest : statim enim a fratre [[Aristobulus II|Aristobulo]] regno spoliatus cum per [[Pompeius|Pompeium]] [[Hierosolyma|Hierosolymis]] anno [[63 a.C.n.]]  expugnatis in dignitatem sacerdotalem restitutus esset, Romani eum regem appellare noluerunt. [[Ethnarches|Ethnarca]] tantum a [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Iulio Caesare]] post [[Bellum Alexandrinum|bellum Alexandrinum]] dictus est et anno [[40 a.C.n.]] in [[Parthia|Parthiam]] captivus abductus dignitatem amisit.
==De gente et moribus ==
[[Fasciculus:A. Plautius. 55 BC. AR Denarius (CNG 303407).jpg|thumb|Denarius anno 55 a.C.n. signatus. Ex una parte [[Cybele|Cybelae]] caput turritum et titulus: A PLAVTIVS AED CVR SC. Ex altera parte Bacchius Iudaeus pacem petens cum titulo: BACCHIVS IVDAEUS.]]
[[Fasciculus:Nadagen Hasmoneeën.PNG|thumb|400px|[[Stemma genealogicum|Stemma]] ultimorum [[Hasmonaei|Hasmonaeorum]].]]
[[Hasmonaei|Hasmonaeorum]] stirpe ortus Hyrcanus erat filius maior regis [[Alexander Iannaeus|Alexandri Iannaei]] et reginae [[Salome Alexandra|Salomae Alexandrae]]. Cum pater anno [[76 a.C.n.]] obiit mater, quamvis femina, ei successit in regnum et filium Hyrcanum summum sacerdotem fecit. Eum elegisse ab historico rerum Iudaicarum [[Flavius Iosephus|Iosepho]] dicitur quia indole segni et ignavo erat, moderatus (ἐπιεικής) et potentiae parum aptus ita ut nulli impedimento sibi regnare volenti  fieret&lt;ref&gt;''[[De bello Iudaico|BI]]'' I.109 ː ''ὄντα νωθέστερον ἢ ὥστε ἐνοχλεῖν περὶ τῶν ὅλων'' et ibidem I.203 ː ''βασιλείας ἀτονώτερον'' et ''[[Antiquitates Iudaicae|Ant. Iud]].'' XIII.408 ː ''τὸ ἄπραγμον αὐτοῦ'' et 407 ''ἀσθενὴς πράγματα διοικεῖν καὶ βίον ἡσύχιον μᾶλλον ἠγαπηκώς'' et XIV.158 ː ''βραδὑν καὶ νωθῆ'' et XIV.180 ː ''ἀνανδρία καὶ ἀνοία'' et  ibidem XV.182 ː ''δοκεῖ γὰρ ἐπιεικὴς καὶ μέτριος ἐν πᾶσιν γενέσθαι καὶ τὰ πλεῖστα τῆς ἀρχῆς ὑπὸ διοικηταῖς ἄγειν, οὐ πολυπράγμων οὐδὲ δεινὸς ὢν βασιλείας ἐπιστατεῖν.''&lt;/ref&gt;. Mortua anno [[67 a.C.n.]] matre Hyrcanus heres designatus regno erat sed ei fuit frater moribus dissimillimus, Aristobulus nomine, vir audax et regnandi avidior qui Hyrcanum regno imparem esse putabat ː iam aegrotante Alexandra oppidis potiebatur et praesidiis suis occupabat ; morte autem reginae nuntiata statim defecit et Hyrcano bellum indixit. Pugna apud [[Iericho|Ierichuntem]] commissa plerique milites ad Aristobulum transierunt et per pactionem  Hyrcanus victus privatum in posterum vivere pollicetur&lt;ref&gt;''BI'' I.120-122. ''Ant. Iud.'' XIV.1-7.&lt;/ref&gt;. At [[Antipater (Herodis Magni pater)|Antipater]], vir fortis et strenuus e nobilibus [[Idumaea|Idumaeis]], qui Aristobulum oderat et regnantem timebat, Hyrcano persuasit ut [[Petra (urbs antiqua)|Petram]] apud [[Nabataei|Nabataeorum]] regem [[Aretas III|Aretan III]], quicum amicitiae necessitudine obstrictus erat, confugeret  et societatem cum eo adversus fratrem coniungeret&lt;ref&gt;''BI'' I.123-126. ''Ant. Iud.'' XIV.8-19&lt;/ref&gt;.

== De bello fraterno et Romanorum dominatione ==
Antipater et Aretas iam Aristobulum Hierosolymis obsidebant cum legatus Pompei [[Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (iunior)|Aemilius Scaurus]] in regionem advenit (nam tum Romani Pompeio duce cum [[Tigranes Magnus|Tigrane]] [[Armenia|Armeniorum]] rege bellum gerebant). Qui amborum fratrum causa audita et accepta pecunia secundum Aristobulum iudicavit. Nabataei domum reverti coacti sunt, quos insuper in itinere lacessebat Aristobulus ita ut multi  perierint. Mox ipse Pompeius in Iudaeam pervenit atque auditis fratribus litem de integro decidit. Quia fautores Aristobuli portas [[Hierosolyma|Hierosolymitanas]] ei aperire recusabant, eorum regem in vincula coniecit et [[Templum Hierosolymitanum|templum]] vi expugnavit ([[63 a.C.n.]]). Vix Hyrcani et Antipatris precibus concessit ne templum diriperetur aut incenderetur. Tum Hyrcanum in summum sacerdotium et priorem dignitatem restituit quidem sed finibus regni paterni plures urbes et pagos ademit et tributum quotannis solvendum imposuit. Nec Iudaea regnum sui iuris fuit quia Hyrcanus rex appellatus non est&lt;ref&gt;''Ant. Iud.'' XX.244.&lt;/ref&gt;. Re vera potentia in posterum penes Antipatrem erat qui et ipse Romanis oboediebat eo magis quo [[Syria (provincia Romana)|provincia Syria]] nuper creata proxime adiacebat. Verisimile est Pompeium tum non totam Iudaeam provinciae Syriae adsignasse quia perspexerat Iudaeos esse nationem sui generis legibus patriis fanatice adhaerentem et quae seditiones motura esset si alienigenarum sub imperio ponerentur.  Aristobulus vero a Pompeio captivus cum liberis Romam abductus ut [[Triumphus|triumphum]] ornarent&lt;ref&gt;''BI'' I.127-158. ''Ant. Iud.'' XIV.19-79&lt;/ref&gt;. 
[[Fasciculus:Hasmoneese rijk.PNG|thumb|Iudaeae regnum tempore quo Hyrcanus matri successit.]]
Nec ideo Iudaea postea inconcussa remansit aut Hyrcanus tranquille regnavit ː mox enim [[Alexander (Aristobuli filius)|Alexander]], filius Aristobuli, armatis manibus regionem vastabat et ipse Aristobulus circa 57 a.C.n. custodes cum altero filio [[Antigonus II (rex Iudaeorum)|Antigono]] fefellit et in Iudaeam rediit ubi non spernendum exercitum e fautoribus suis collegit. Ambo, cum Hyrcanum regno expellere adgrederentur, a [[Fasti legatorum Syriae|proconsule Syriae]] [[Aulus Gabinius|Aulo Gabinio]] victi et capti sunt. Gabinius formam rei publicae quoque mutavit ita ut non iam [[Monarchia|monarchia]] sed [[Oligarchia|oligarchia]] fieret. Hyrcanus religiosis officiis fungi tantummodo debebat, a militaribus civilibusque abstinere&lt;ref&gt;''BI'' I.160-174. ''Ant. Iud.'' XIV.82-102&lt;/ref&gt;.

Maius adhuc periculum anno [[49 a.C.n.]] Hyrcano imminebat, cum Caesar rerum potitus Aristobulum Romae a se liberatum in hostes Pompeianos cum duabus legionibus immittere voluit, nisi a Pompeianis veneno praeventus esset quin inceptum peragere posset&lt;ref&gt;''BI'' I.183. ''Ant. Iud.'' XIV.123-124&lt;/ref&gt;.

== De Antipatris ambitione ==
Caesarem [[Pharsalica pugna]] victorem et in [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegyptum]] properantem beneficiis omnis generis sibi obstringere Antipater studebat. Opem in [[Bellum Alexandrinum|bello Alexandrino]] ei tulit et maxima pericula ipse adiit, plura vulnera accepit. Hyrcanus et ipse illi expeditioni interfuisse dicitur&lt;ref&gt;''Ant. Iud.'' XIV.138-139 qui [[Strabo|Strabonis]] verba refert qui et ipse testimonium [[Gaius Asinius Pollio (consul 40 a.C.n.)|Asinii Pollionis]] invocat.&lt;/ref&gt;. Qua de causa Caesar cum alia decreta Iudaeis benigna gratus promulgavit tum Hyrcanum decreto  in [[Capitolinus mons|Capitolio]] exponendo [[ethnarches|ethnarcham]]&lt;ref&gt;''Ant. Iud.'' XIV.190 ː quod vocabulum &quot;gentis ducem&quot; Graece significat. Verisimile est ipsos Iudaeos Hyrcanum regem appellasse ut nonnumquam facit historicus Flavius Iosephus in scriptis (''BI'' I.202).&lt;/ref&gt; et summum sacerdotem, Antipatrem civem Romanum immunem et praefectum Iudaeae fecit. Nec precibus Antigoni, Aristobuli filii, regnum paternum vindicanti aurem praebuit&lt;ref&gt;''BI'' I.187-202 et ''Ant. Iud.'' XIV.123-216&lt;/ref&gt;.

A Caesare confirmatus Antipater filios promovebat ː ita Phasael locis circa Hierosolyma iacentibus, [[Herodes Magnus|Heroden]] [[Galilaea|Galilaeae]] praeposuit. Tunc qui in natione Iudaea diginitate eminebant et in eorum senatu plurimum pollebant indignari coeperunt quod Antipater non Hyrcanus regnaret atque eum varie accusarunt apud regem. In primis Heroden homicidii damnare volebant quia sine iudicio homines seditiosos necaverat. Diu restitit Hyrcanus sed postremo Herodem in ius vocavit ; sed cum ille armatis satellitibus stipatus curiam intrasset atque insuper legatus Syriae [[Sextus Iulius Caesar (quaestor 48 a.C.n.)|Sextus Iulius Caesar]] malum ei minabatur si quid Herodi accidisset, timuit et eum dimisit&lt;ref&gt;''BI'' I.204-215 et ''Ant. Iud.'' XIV.158-184&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nec desierunt Antipater et eius filius Herodes Romanis quibuscumque aderant  morem gerere  ita ut potentiam augerent. Caesare mortuo tributum extraordinarium ab eius interfectore [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Gaio Cassio]] impositum magno studio solvere properaverunt. At tum unus e multis et nobilibus Iudaeis qui Hyrcanum venerabantur sed Antipatrem oderant, Malichus nomine, eum veneno interfecisse dicitur. Paulo post Herodes patrem Cassio milites Romanos ministrante ultus est et de Malicho supplicium sumpsit&lt;ref&gt;''BI'' I.225-226 et ''Ant. Iud.'' XIV.271-293&lt;/ref&gt;

Ut pater a Pompeio ad Caesarem et a Caesare ad Cassium transierat sic Herodes et Phasael a Cassio ad [[Marcus Antonius|Marcum Antonium]] post Philippensem pugnam sese verterunt ad quem imperatorem Romanum nobiles inter Iudaeos legatos miserunt questum de Antipatris filiis. Tum Hyrcanus a Marco Antonio rogatus qui sibi ad imperium aptissimi viderentur Herodem et eius fratres nominasse dicitur. Nec mora fuit quin Marcus Antonius Phasaelem et Herodem [[Tetrarchia|tetrarchas]] Iudaeae fecit, ethnarcae dignitatem Hyrcano simul confirmans&lt;ref&gt;''BI'' I.242-247 et ''Ant. Iud.'' XIV.301-326&lt;/ref&gt;. Atque indignans quod ne tunc quidem legati quiescerent Antonius in eos milites immisit et multos trucidavit. Qui enim Romanorum consiliis  semper fideliter favissent populo Iudaeorum vi quoque imponendos esse arbitrabatur.

== De bello Parthico et morte ==
[[Fasciculus:Judea na Pompeius.PNG|thumb|Iudaea Hyrcano a Pompeio 63 a.C.n. relicta.]]
Anno [[40 a.C.n.]] Hyrcanus neptem [[Mariamme I|Mariammen]] Herodi despondit qui sibi adfinitatem cum regnante gente ita paravit. Eodem anno [[Antigonus II (rex Iudaeorum)|Antigonus]] pecunia puellisque pollicitis societatem cum Parthis coniunxit qui et ipsi opportunitatem sibi per bella civilia Romanorum dari existimantes ex improviso [[Syria (provincia Romana)|Syriam provinciam]] Pacoro duce occupaverunt. Phasaelem et Hyrcanum fraude captivos retinuerunt ː Phasael sibi mortem ipse conscivit, Hyrcanus ab Antigono mutilatus in Parthiam abductus est. Nam fuere qui scripserint mordicus Antigonum aurem Hyrcano eripuisse ne in posterum summum sacerdotium ei redderetur. Lex Iudaica enim vetat quemquam nisi integrum corpore Dei sacris ministrare&lt;ref&gt;''BI'' I.248-273 et ''Ant. Iud.'' XIV.330-347 et 365-369&lt;/ref&gt;.

Herodes in Aegyptum atque inde Romam confugit ubi suffragante Marco Antonio rex Iudaeorum a [[Senatus Romanus|senatoribus]] appellatus est. Nam tum Romani Parthorum audaciam et Syriam occupatam aegre ferentes illorum regi Antigono suum regem Herodem opponere voluerunt&lt;ref&gt;''BI'' I.265-285et ''Ant. Iud.'' XIV.330-347 et 381-389&lt;/ref&gt;.

Parthis a legato Romano [[Publius Ventidius Bassus|Publio Ventidio]] victis, [[Gaius Sosius]] et Herodes Hierosolyma anno [[37 a.C.n.]] expugnaverunt et Antigonum vivum ceperunt. Quo necato regno suo tandem frui potuit Herodes&lt;ref&gt;''BI'' I.288-357 et ''Ant. Iud.'' XIV.468-491.&lt;/ref&gt;. Tum Hyrcanus in [[Babylonia]] vitam agebat inter pronepotes illorum Iudaeorum qui illuc sexto saeculo a.C.n. deportati erant, in magno honore habitus. Cum Herodem regnare ei nuntiatum est quia eum amabat in patriam redire cupiebat&lt;ref&gt;''BI'' I.433-434.&lt;/ref&gt; atque ipse Herodes ad reditum eum invitabat. Itaque ultimis senectutis annis Hierosolymis privatus versabatur. Sed post [[Actiaca Pugna|Actiacam pugnam]] Herodes metuens ne [[Octavianus]] ob Antonii amicitiam regnum sibi eripere in animo haberet hominem genere regio et Iudaeis amatum de medio tollere constituit ː anno [[30 a.C.n.]] ineunte fictis criminibus Hyrcanum necari iussit&lt;ref&gt;''BI'' I.433 et ''Ant. Iud.'' XV.165-181&lt;/ref&gt;. Et anno sequenti eadem de nepte Hyrcani [[Mariamme I|Mariamme]], uxore sua, iussit.

Hyrcano longa vita fuit sed imbecillius ingenium  quam ut regnare aut vellet aut posset.

==Fontes ==
*[[Dio Cassius]] libro tricesimo septimo ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historiae Romanae]]'' cap. 15-16
*[[Flavius Iosephus]], libro primo [[De bello Iudaico|de Bello Iudaico]] 109-273
**̽libro quarto decimo ''[[Antiquitates Iudaicae|Antiquitatum Iudaicarum]]'' passim necnon libro quinto decimo 11-22 et 161-182 et tertio decimo 407-408 vicesimo 242-246
*{{Strabo}} XVI.2.40

== Plura legere si cupis ==
* Kenneth Atkinson, ''A History of the Hasmonean State: Josephus and Beyond'', T§T. Clark, 2016. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=SrfMDAAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
* Eduardus Dabrowa, ''[https://www.academia.edu/2362781/The_Hasmoneans_and_their_State_A_Study_in_History_Ideology_and_the_Institutions_Electrum_16_Krak%C3%B3w_2010 The Hasmoneans and their state : a study in history, ideology, and the institutions]'',  Kraków, Jagiellonian university press,  2010.
* Mireille Hadas-Lebel, ''Rome, la Judée et les Juifs'', Parisiis, A. &amp; J. Picard, 2009 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2011_num_80_1_4021_t16_0514_0000_2 Recensio critica]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hyrcanus_II Hyrcanum II] spectant

{{Lifetime|saeculo 2 a.C.n.|30 a.C.n.|Hyrcanus II}}
[[Categoria:Iudaea]]
[[Categoria:Reges]]
[[Categoria:Necati]]
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      <text bytes="7030" sha1="sio3c3gx3okb8ckmf752pc5p5f2zjkb" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Aristobulus II.jpg|thumb| Medio aevo et sexto decimo saeculo [[Flavius Iosephus]] multos lectores delectabat ː unde ille ficticius vultus in ''[[Promptuarium iconum (Rovillius)|Promptuario Iconum]]'' (1553) Aristobulo II attributus.]]
'''Aristobulus II''' (natus circa [[100 a.C.n.]], mortuus [[49 a.C.n.]]) fuit summus sacerdos et rex [[Iudaei|Iudaeorum]] ab anno 67 ad annum [[63 a.C.n.]] Quo anno cum fratre [[Hyrcanus II|Hyrcano]] de regno armis contendebat donec [[Pompeius]] illo tempore cum [[Tigranes Magnus|Tigrane]] rege bellum gerens Iudaeam intravit atque litem decidit ː summam potestatem (sub Romanorum patrocinio) in Iudaea Hyrcano reddebat et Aristobulum cum liberis ornandi triumphi gratia vinctos Romam secum ducebat. Cui postea ineunte bello civili Romano a [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesare]] liberato duae [[Legio Romana|legiones]] insuper traditae sunt quibus regnum reciperare posset. At antequam consilium perageret a Pompeianis veneno interceptus est. Duo filii ei fuerunt, [[Alexander (Aristobuli filius)|Alexander]] et [[Antigonus II (rex Iudaeorum)|Antigonus II]].

[[Hasmonaei|Hasmonaeorum]] stirpe ortus Aristobulus erat filius minor regis [[Alexander Iannaeus|Alexandri Iannaei]] et reginae [[Salome Alexandra|Salomae Alexandrae]]. Cum pater anno [[76 a.C.n.]] obiit mater, quamvis femina, ei successit in regnum et filium maiorem Hyrcanum summum sacerdotem fecit. Eum elegisse ab historico [[Flavius Iosephus|Iosepho]] dicitur quia indole segni et ignavo erat, potentiae parum cupidus ita ut nulli impedimento sibi regnare volenti  fieret&lt;ref&gt;''[[De bello Iudaico|BI]]'' I.109 ː ''ὄντα νωθέστερον ἢ ὥστε ἐνοχλεῖν περὶ τῶν ὅλων'' et ''[[Antiquitates Iudaicae|Ant. Iud]].'' XIII.408 ː ''τὸ ἄπραγμον αὐτοῦ'' et 407 ''ἀσθενὴς πράγματα διοικεῖν καὶ βίον ἡσύχιον μᾶλλον ἠγαπηκώς''.&lt;/ref&gt;. Contra Aristobulus erat vir fortis, audax, regnandi cupidus&lt;ref&gt;''BI'' I.109 et 117 ''θερμός'' dicitur. ''Ant. Iud.'' XIII.407 ''δραστήριος'' et ''θαρσαλέος''&lt;/ref&gt;. Multos fautores habebat cum ob virtutem vere regiam&lt;ref&gt;''Ant. Iud.'' XIV.97 ː ''ἀνὴρ λαμπρὸς καὶ μεγαλόψυχος''&lt;/ref&gt; tum etiam quia [[Sadducaei]] cum eo faciebant quibus ut pater favebat ; contra inimicos [[Pharisaei|Pharisaeos]] habebat quorum consiliis  mater Iudaeos regebat. Itaque vivente adhuc matre praesidiis suis oppida regni occupabat et statim mortua ([[67 a.C.n.]]) se ipse regem declarat et bellum fratri indicit.

Militibus ad se transfugientibus facile eum prope [[Iericho|Ierichuntem]] vicit. Mox, pactione inter fratres facta, Aristobulus sibi regnum et summum sacerdotium assumpsit dum Hyrcanus privata vita contentum fore pollicetur. Ac fortasse pacta observasset nisi [[Antipater (Herodis Magni pater)|Antipater]], vir fortis et strenuus e nobilibus [[Idumaea|Idumaeis]], qui Aristobulum oderat et regnantem timebat, Hyrcano persuasisset ut [[Petra (urbs antiqua)|Petram]] apud [[Nabataei|Nabataeorum]]&lt;ref&gt;Quos Flavius Iosephus Arabes appellare solet.&lt;/ref&gt; regem [[Aretas III|Aretan III]], quicum amicitiae necessitudine obstrictus erat, confugeret  et societatem cum eo adversus fratrem coniungeret&lt;ref&gt;''BI'' I.123-126. ''Ant. Iud.'' XIV.8-19&lt;/ref&gt;. 
[[Fasciculus:Hasmoneese rijk.PNG|thumb|Regnum Aristobuli II post matris mortem, ante Romanorum adventum]]
Antipater et Aretas iam Aristobulum Hierosolymis obsidebant cum legatus Pompei [[Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (iunior)|Aemilius Scaurus]] in regionem advenit (nam tum Romani Pompeio duce cum [[Tigranes Magnus|Tigrane]] [[Armenia|Armeniorum]] rege bellum gerebant). Qui causa amborum fratrum audita et accepta pecunia secundum Aristobulum iudicavit. Nabataei domum reverti coacti sunt, quos insuper in itinere lacessebat Aristobulus ita ut multi  perierint. Mox ipse Pompeius in Iudaeam pervenit atque auditis fratribus litem de integro decidit. Quia fautores Aristobuli portas Hierosolymitanas ei aperire recusabant, eorum regem in vincula coniecit et [[Templum Hierosolymitanum|templum]] vi expugnavit ([[63 a.C.n.]]). Vix Hyrcani et Antipatris precibus concessit ne templum diriperetur aut incenderetur. Tum Hyrcanum in summum sacerdotium et priorem dignitatem restituit quidem sed finibus regni paterni plures urbes et pagos ademit et tributum quotannis solvendum ei imposuit. Nec Iudaea regnum sui iuris fuit quia Hyrcanus rex appellatus non est. Re vera potentia in posterum penes Antipatrem erat qui et ipse Romanis oboediens erat eo magis quo [[Syria (provincia Romana)|provincia Syria]] nuper creata proxime immineret. Aristobulus vero a Pompeio captivus cum liberis Romam abducti sunt ut [[Triumphus|triumphum]] ornarent&lt;ref&gt;''BI'' I.127-158. ''Ant. Iud.'' XIV.19-79&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Anno [[57 a.C.n.]] Aristobulus, postquam custodiam Romanorum fefellerat et in Iudaeam cum filio Antigono redierat, non spernendum exercitum e Iudaeis novarum rerum cupidis collegit atque fratrem Hyrcanum regno expellere aggrediebatur. In fine tamen a [[Fasti legatorum Syriae|proconsule Syriae]] [[Aulus Gabinius|Aulo Gabinio]] victus et captus iterum catenatus Romam missus est. Circa idem tempus alter filius Alexander qui Iudaeam armatis manibus vastabat simili modo a Gabinio oppressus est&lt;ref&gt;''BI'' I.160-174. ''Ant. Iud.'' XIV.82-102&lt;/ref&gt;.

Anno [[49 a.C.n.]] demum flagrante bello civili Caesar, cum  desertam a magistratibus urbem Romam cepisset, Aristobulum vinculis liberavit atque militaribus eius virtutibus uti constituit ː duas legiones ei tradere volebat quibus regnum reciperaret quia sciebat multos fautores in Iudaea habere qui eum Hyrcano praeferrent. Ita seditiones moturum in regione a Pompeianis occupata sperabat. At Aristobulus veneno inimicorum praeventus est ne quicquam efficeret. Caesariani corpus eius [[Mel|melle]] conditum servaverunt, quod postea [[Marcus Antonius]] Iudaeis reddidit ut in regiis monumentis sepeliretur&lt;ref&gt;''BI'' I.183. ''Ant. Iud.'' XIV.123-124&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Fontes ==
[[Fasciculus:A. Plautius. 55 BC. AR Denarius (CNG 303407).jpg|thumb|Deditio regis Iudaei in [[Denarius|denario]] Romano anno [[55 a.C.n.]] signato. Quia Bacchius ignotus est alii eum Aristobulum fuisse voluerunt, alii fratrem Hyrcanum.]]
[[Fasciculus:Nadagen Hasmoneeën.PNG|thumb|400px|Stemma ultimorum Hasmonaeorum.]]
*[[Dio Cassius]] libro tricesimo septimo ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historiae Romanae]]'' cap. 15-16
*[[Flavius Iosephus]], libro primo [[De bello Iudaico|de Bello Iudaico]] 109-183
**̽libro quarto decimo ''[[Antiquitates Iudaicae|Antiquitatum Iudaicarum]]'' 1-124 necnon tertio decimo 407-408
*{{Strabo}} XVI.2.40

==Si vis plura legere.==
* Mireille Hadas-Lebel, ''Rome, la Judée et les Juifs'', Parisiis, A. &amp; J. Picard, 2009

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Lifetime|saeculo 2 aut 1 a.C.n.|49 a.C.n.|Aristobulus II}}
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[[Categoria:Reges]]
[[Categoria:Necati]]
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'''Aristobulus II''' (natus circa [[100 a.C.n.]], mortuus [[49 a.C.n.]]) fuit summus sacerdos et rex [[Iudaei|Iudaeorum]] ab anno 67 ad annum [[63 a.C.n.]] Quo anno cum fratre [[Hyrcanus II|Hyrcano]] de regno armis contendebat donec [[Pompeius]] illo tempore cum [[Tigranes Magnus|Tigrane]] rege bellum gerens Iudaeam intravit atque litem decidit ː summam potestatem (sub Romanorum patrocinio) in Iudaea Hyrcano reddebat et Aristobulum cum liberis ornandi triumphi gratia vinctos Romam secum ducebat. Cui postea ineunte bello civili Romano a [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesare]] liberato duae [[Legio Romana|legiones]] insuper traditae sunt quibus regnum reciperare posset. At antequam consilium perageret a Pompeianis veneno interceptus est. Duo filii ei fuerunt, [[Alexander (Aristobuli filius)|Alexander]] et [[Antigonus II (rex Iudaeorum)|Antigonus II]].

[[Hasmonaei|Hasmonaeorum]] stirpe ortus Aristobulus erat filius minor regis [[Alexander Iannaeus|Alexandri Iannaei]] et reginae [[Salome Alexandra|Salomae Alexandrae]]. Cum pater anno [[76 a.C.n.]] obiit mater, quamvis femina, ei successit in regnum et filium maiorem Hyrcanum summum sacerdotem fecit. Eum elegisse ab historico [[Flavius Iosephus|Iosepho]] dicitur quia indole segni et ignavo erat, potentiae parum cupidus ita ut nulli impedimento sibi regnare volenti  fieret&lt;ref&gt;''[[De bello Iudaico|BI]]'' I.109 ː ''ὄντα νωθέστερον ἢ ὥστε ἐνοχλεῖν περὶ τῶν ὅλων'' et ''[[Antiquitates Iudaicae|Ant. Iud]].'' XIII.408 ː ''τὸ ἄπραγμον αὐτοῦ'' et 407 ''ἀσθενὴς πράγματα διοικεῖν καὶ βίον ἡσύχιον μᾶλλον ἠγαπηκώς''.&lt;/ref&gt;. Contra Aristobulus erat vir fortis, audax, regnandi cupidus&lt;ref&gt;''BI'' I.109 et 117 ''θερμός'' dicitur. ''Ant. Iud.'' XIII.407 ''δραστήριος'' et ''θαρσαλέος''&lt;/ref&gt;. Multos fautores habebat cum ob virtutem vere regiam&lt;ref&gt;''Ant. Iud.'' XIV.97 ː ''ἀνὴρ λαμπρὸς καὶ μεγαλόψυχος''&lt;/ref&gt; tum etiam quia [[Sadducaei]] cum eo faciebant quibus ut pater favebat ; contra inimicos [[Pharisaei|Pharisaeos]] habebat quorum consiliis  mater Iudaeos regebat. Itaque vivente adhuc matre praesidiis suis oppida regni occupabat et statim mortua ([[67 a.C.n.]]) se ipse regem declarat et bellum fratri indicit.

Militibus ad se transfugientibus facile eum prope [[Iericho|Ierichuntem]] vicit. Mox, pactione inter fratres facta, Aristobulus sibi regnum et summum sacerdotium assumpsit dum Hyrcanus privata vita contentum fore pollicetur. Ac fortasse pacta observasset nisi [[Antipater (Herodis Magni pater)|Antipater]], vir fortis et strenuus e nobilibus [[Idumaea|Idumaeis]], qui Aristobulum oderat et regnantem timebat, Hyrcano persuasisset ut [[Petra (urbs antiqua)|Petram]] apud [[Nabataei|Nabataeorum]]&lt;ref&gt;Quos Flavius Iosephus Arabes appellare solet.&lt;/ref&gt; regem [[Aretas III|Aretan III]], quicum amicitiae necessitudine obstrictus erat, confugeret  et societatem cum eo adversus fratrem coniungeret&lt;ref&gt;''BI'' I.123-126. ''Ant. Iud.'' XIV.8-19&lt;/ref&gt;. 
[[Fasciculus:Hasmoneese rijk.PNG|thumb|Regnum Aristobuli II post matris mortem, ante Romanorum adventum]]
Antipater et Aretas iam Aristobulum Hierosolymis obsidebant cum legatus Pompei [[Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (iunior)|Aemilius Scaurus]] in regionem advenit (nam tum Romani Pompeio duce cum [[Tigranes Magnus|Tigrane]] [[Armenia|Armeniorum]] rege bellum gerebant). Qui causa amborum fratrum audita et accepta pecunia secundum Aristobulum iudicavit. Nabataei domum reverti coacti sunt, quos insuper in itinere lacessebat Aristobulus ita ut multi  perierint. Mox ipse Pompeius in Iudaeam pervenit atque auditis fratribus litem de integro decidit. Quia fautores Aristobuli portas Hierosolymitanas ei aperire recusabant, eorum regem in vincula coniecit et [[Templum Hierosolymitanum|templum]] vi expugnavit ([[63 a.C.n.]]). Vix Hyrcani et Antipatris precibus concessit ne templum diriperetur aut incenderetur. Tum Hyrcanum in summum sacerdotium et priorem dignitatem restituit quidem sed finibus regni paterni plures urbes et pagos ademit et tributum quotannis solvendum ei imposuit. Nec Iudaea regnum sui iuris fuit quia Hyrcanus rex appellatus non est. Re vera potentia in posterum penes Antipatrem erat qui et ipse Romanis oboediens erat eo magis quo [[Syria (provincia Romana)|provincia Syria]] nuper creata proxime immineret. Aristobulus vero a Pompeio captivus cum liberis Romam abducti sunt ut [[Triumphus|triumphum]] ornarent&lt;ref&gt;''BI'' I.127-158. ''Ant. Iud.'' XIV.19-79&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Anno [[57 a.C.n.]] Aristobulus, postquam custodiam Romanorum fefellerat et in Iudaeam cum filio Antigono redierat, non spernendum exercitum e Iudaeis novarum rerum cupidis collegit atque fratrem Hyrcanum regno expellere aggrediebatur. In fine tamen a [[Fasti legatorum Syriae|proconsule Syriae]] [[Aulus Gabinius|Aulo Gabinio]] victus et captus iterum catenatus Romam missus est. Circa idem tempus alter filius Alexander qui Iudaeam armatis manibus vastabat simili modo a Gabinio oppressus est&lt;ref&gt;''BI'' I.160-174. ''Ant. Iud.'' XIV.82-102&lt;/ref&gt;.

Anno [[49 a.C.n.]] demum flagrante bello civili Caesar, cum  desertam a magistratibus urbem Romam cepisset, Aristobulum vinculis liberavit atque militaribus eius virtutibus uti constituit ː duas legiones ei tradere volebat quibus regnum reciperaret quia sciebat multos fautores in Iudaea habere qui eum Hyrcano praeferrent. Ita seditiones moturum in regione a Pompeianis occupata sperabat. At Aristobulus veneno inimicorum praeventus est ne quicquam efficeret. Caesariani corpus eius [[Mel|melle]] conditum servaverunt, quod postea [[Marcus Antonius]] Iudaeis reddidit ut in regiis monumentis sepeliretur&lt;ref&gt;''BI'' I.183. ''Ant. Iud.'' XIV.123-124&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Fontes ==
[[Fasciculus:A. Plautius. 55 BC. AR Denarius (CNG 303407).jpg|thumb|Deditio regis Iudaei in [[Denarius|denario]] Romano anno [[55 a.C.n.]] signato. Quia Bacchius ignotus est alii eum Aristobulum fuisse voluerunt, alii fratrem Hyrcanum.]]
[[Fasciculus:Nadagen Hasmoneeën.PNG|thumb|400px|Stemma ultimorum Hasmonaeorum.]]
*[[Dio Cassius]] libro tricesimo septimo ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historiae Romanae]]'' cap. 15-16
*[[Flavius Iosephus]], libro primo [[De bello Iudaico|de Bello Iudaico]] 109-183
**̽libro quarto decimo ''[[Antiquitates Iudaicae|Antiquitatum Iudaicarum]]'' 1-124 necnon tertio decimo 407-408
*{{Strabo}} XVI.2.40

== Plura legere si cupis ==
* Kenneth Atkinson, ''A History of the Hasmonean State: Josephus and Beyond'', T§T. Clark, 2016. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=SrfMDAAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
* Eduardus Dabrowa, ''[https://www.academia.edu/2362781/The_Hasmoneans_and_their_State_A_Study_in_History_Ideology_and_the_Institutions_Electrum_16_Krak%C3%B3w_2010 The Hasmoneans and their state : a study in history, ideology, and the institutions]'',  Kraków, Jagiellonian university press,  2010.
* Mireille Hadas-Lebel, ''Rome, la Judée et les Juifs'', Parisiis, A. &amp; J. Picard, 2009 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2011_num_80_1_4021_t16_0514_0000_2 Recensio critica]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Lifetime|saeculo 2 aut 1 a.C.n.|49 a.C.n.|Aristobulus II}}
[[Categoria:Iudaea]]
[[Categoria:Reges]]
[[Categoria:Necati]]
[[Categoria:Victimae Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
[[Categoria:Hasmonaei]]</text>
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      <id>3976517</id>
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        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
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      <comment>/* Notae */</comment>
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      <text bytes="7862" sha1="bxbmi6iao0ugznire1lhb8m8frvw826" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Aristobulus II.jpg|thumb| Medio aevo et sexto decimo saeculo [[Flavius Iosephus]] multos lectores delectabat ː unde ille ficticius vultus in ''[[Promptuarium iconum (Rovillius)|Promptuario Iconum]]'' (1553) Aristobulo II attributus.]]
'''Aristobulus II''' (natus circa [[100 a.C.n.]], mortuus [[49 a.C.n.]]) fuit summus sacerdos et rex [[Iudaei|Iudaeorum]] ab anno 67 ad annum [[63 a.C.n.]] Quo anno cum fratre [[Hyrcanus II|Hyrcano]] de regno armis contendebat donec [[Pompeius]] illo tempore cum [[Tigranes Magnus|Tigrane]] rege bellum gerens Iudaeam intravit atque litem decidit ː summam potestatem (sub Romanorum patrocinio) in Iudaea Hyrcano reddebat et Aristobulum cum liberis ornandi triumphi gratia vinctos Romam secum ducebat. Cui postea ineunte bello civili Romano a [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesare]] liberato duae [[Legio Romana|legiones]] insuper traditae sunt quibus regnum reciperare posset. At antequam consilium perageret a Pompeianis veneno interceptus est. Duo filii ei fuerunt, [[Alexander (Aristobuli filius)|Alexander]] et [[Antigonus II (rex Iudaeorum)|Antigonus II]].

[[Hasmonaei|Hasmonaeorum]] stirpe ortus Aristobulus erat filius minor regis [[Alexander Iannaeus|Alexandri Iannaei]] et reginae [[Salome Alexandra|Salomae Alexandrae]]. Cum pater anno [[76 a.C.n.]] obiit mater, quamvis femina, ei successit in regnum et filium maiorem Hyrcanum summum sacerdotem fecit. Eum elegisse ab historico [[Flavius Iosephus|Iosepho]] dicitur quia indole segni et ignavo erat, potentiae parum cupidus ita ut nulli impedimento sibi regnare volenti  fieret&lt;ref&gt;''[[De bello Iudaico|BI]]'' I.109 ː ''ὄντα νωθέστερον ἢ ὥστε ἐνοχλεῖν περὶ τῶν ὅλων'' et ''[[Antiquitates Iudaicae|Ant. Iud]].'' XIII.408 ː ''τὸ ἄπραγμον αὐτοῦ'' et 407 ''ἀσθενὴς πράγματα διοικεῖν καὶ βίον ἡσύχιον μᾶλλον ἠγαπηκώς''.&lt;/ref&gt;. Contra Aristobulus erat vir fortis, audax, regnandi cupidus&lt;ref&gt;''BI'' I.109 et 117 ''θερμός'' dicitur. ''Ant. Iud.'' XIII.407 ''δραστήριος'' et ''θαρσαλέος''&lt;/ref&gt;. Multos fautores habebat cum ob virtutem vere regiam&lt;ref&gt;''Ant. Iud.'' XIV.97 ː ''ἀνὴρ λαμπρὸς καὶ μεγαλόψυχος''&lt;/ref&gt; tum etiam quia [[Sadducaei]] cum eo faciebant quibus ut pater favebat ; contra inimicos [[Pharisaei|Pharisaeos]] habebat quorum consiliis  mater Iudaeos regebat. Itaque vivente adhuc matre praesidiis suis oppida regni occupabat et statim mortua ([[67 a.C.n.]]) se ipse regem declarat et bellum fratri indicit.

Militibus ad se transfugientibus facile eum prope [[Iericho|Ierichuntem]] vicit. Mox, pactione inter fratres facta, Aristobulus sibi regnum et summum sacerdotium assumpsit dum Hyrcanus privata vita contentum fore pollicetur. Ac fortasse pacta observasset nisi [[Antipater (Herodis Magni pater)|Antipater]], vir fortis et strenuus e nobilibus [[Idumaea|Idumaeis]], qui Aristobulum oderat et regnantem timebat, Hyrcano persuasisset ut [[Petra (urbs antiqua)|Petram]] apud [[Nabataei|Nabataeorum]]&lt;ref&gt;Quos Flavius Iosephus Arabes appellare solet.&lt;/ref&gt; regem [[Aretas III|Aretan III]], quicum amicitiae necessitudine obstrictus erat, confugeret  et societatem cum eo adversus fratrem coniungeret&lt;ref&gt;''BI'' I.123-126. ''Ant. Iud.'' XIV.8-19&lt;/ref&gt;. 
[[Fasciculus:Hasmoneese rijk.PNG|thumb|Regnum Aristobuli II post matris mortem, ante Romanorum adventum]]
Antipater et Aretas iam Aristobulum Hierosolymis obsidebant cum legatus Pompei [[Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (iunior)|Aemilius Scaurus]] in regionem advenit (nam tum Romani Pompeio duce cum [[Tigranes Magnus|Tigrane]] [[Armenia|Armeniorum]] rege bellum gerebant). Qui causa amborum fratrum audita et accepta pecunia secundum Aristobulum iudicavit. Nabataei domum reverti coacti sunt, quos insuper in itinere lacessebat Aristobulus ita ut multi  perierint. Mox ipse Pompeius in Iudaeam pervenit atque auditis fratribus litem de integro decidit. Quia fautores Aristobuli portas Hierosolymitanas ei aperire recusabant, eorum regem in vincula coniecit et [[Templum Hierosolymitanum|templum]] vi expugnavit ([[63 a.C.n.]]). Vix Hyrcani et Antipatris precibus concessit ne templum diriperetur aut incenderetur. Tum Hyrcanum in summum sacerdotium et priorem dignitatem restituit quidem sed finibus regni paterni plures urbes et pagos ademit et tributum quotannis solvendum ei imposuit. Nec Iudaea regnum sui iuris fuit quia Hyrcanus rex appellatus non est. Re vera potentia in posterum penes Antipatrem erat qui et ipse Romanis oboediens erat eo magis quo [[Syria (provincia Romana)|provincia Syria]] nuper creata proxime immineret. Aristobulus vero a Pompeio captivus cum liberis Romam abducti sunt ut [[Triumphus|triumphum]] ornarent&lt;ref&gt;''BI'' I.127-158. ''Ant. Iud.'' XIV.19-79&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Anno [[57 a.C.n.]] Aristobulus, postquam custodiam Romanorum fefellerat et in Iudaeam cum filio Antigono redierat, non spernendum exercitum e Iudaeis novarum rerum cupidis collegit atque fratrem Hyrcanum regno expellere aggrediebatur. In fine tamen a [[Fasti legatorum Syriae|proconsule Syriae]] [[Aulus Gabinius|Aulo Gabinio]] victus et captus iterum catenatus Romam missus est. Circa idem tempus alter filius Alexander qui Iudaeam armatis manibus vastabat simili modo a Gabinio oppressus est&lt;ref&gt;''BI'' I.160-174. ''Ant. Iud.'' XIV.82-102&lt;/ref&gt;.

Anno [[49 a.C.n.]] demum flagrante bello civili Caesar, cum  desertam a magistratibus urbem Romam cepisset, Aristobulum vinculis liberavit atque militaribus eius virtutibus uti constituit ː duas legiones ei tradere volebat quibus regnum reciperaret quia sciebat multos fautores in Iudaea habere qui eum Hyrcano praeferrent. Ita seditiones moturum in regione a Pompeianis occupata sperabat. At Aristobulus veneno inimicorum praeventus est ne quicquam efficeret. Caesariani corpus eius [[Mel|melle]] conditum servaverunt, quod postea [[Marcus Antonius]] Iudaeis reddidit ut in regiis monumentis sepeliretur&lt;ref&gt;''BI'' I.183. ''Ant. Iud.'' XIV.123-124&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Fontes ==
[[Fasciculus:A. Plautius. 55 BC. AR Denarius (CNG 303407).jpg|thumb|Deditio regis Iudaei in [[Denarius|denario]] Romano anno [[55 a.C.n.]] signato. Quia Bacchius ignotus est alii eum Aristobulum fuisse voluerunt, alii fratrem Hyrcanum.]]
[[Fasciculus:Nadagen Hasmoneeën.PNG|thumb|400px|Stemma ultimorum Hasmonaeorum.]]
*[[Dio Cassius]] libro tricesimo septimo ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historiae Romanae]]'' cap. 15-16
*[[Flavius Iosephus]], libro primo [[De bello Iudaico|de Bello Iudaico]] 109-183
**̽libro quarto decimo ''[[Antiquitates Iudaicae|Antiquitatum Iudaicarum]]'' 1-124 necnon tertio decimo 407-408
*{{Strabo}} XVI.2.40

== Plura legere si cupis ==
* Kenneth Atkinson, ''A History of the Hasmonean State: Josephus and Beyond'', T§T. Clark, 2016. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=SrfMDAAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
* Eduardus Dabrowa, ''[https://www.academia.edu/2362781/The_Hasmoneans_and_their_State_A_Study_in_History_Ideology_and_the_Institutions_Electrum_16_Krak%C3%B3w_2010 The Hasmoneans and their state : a study in history, ideology, and the institutions]'',  Kraków, Jagiellonian university press,  2010.
* Mireille Hadas-Lebel, ''Rome, la Judée et les Juifs'', Parisiis, A. &amp; J. Picard, 2009 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2011_num_80_1_4021_t16_0514_0000_2 Recensio critica]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Aristobulus_II Aristobulum II] spectant.

{{Lifetime|saeculo 2 aut 1 a.C.n.|49 a.C.n.|Aristobulus II}}
[[Categoria:Iudaea]]
[[Categoria:Reges]]
[[Categoria:Necati]]
[[Categoria:Victimae Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
[[Categoria:Hasmonaei]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Histaminum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="2654" sha1="izqjaei0t3yhsh4kryvon8vmo6052fr" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Histaminum'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Histamine.svg|200px|Histaminum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Histamine 3D ball.png|200px|Histaminum]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | C&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;9&lt;/sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 111.15 g/mol
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/774 774]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://web.archive.org/web/20190124041313/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01224 DB01224]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura pharmacologica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | Codex ATC || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{ATC|L03AX|14}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ATC|V04CG|03}}
|}

'''Histaminum''' est substantia chemica organica et [[neurotransmissor]], quae signa per [[nervus|nervos]] transmittit. In [[allergia]] histaminum pars reactionis [[systema immunitatis|systematis immunitatis]] est. Effectus histamini animalium morum&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=White J. M., Rumbold G. R. |title=Behavioural effects of histamine and its antagonists: a review |journal=Psychopharmacology (Berl) |year=1988 |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=1-14 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3133686}}&lt;/ref&gt; et cognitionis&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Alvarez E. O. |title=The role of histamine on cognition |journal=Behav Brain Res |year=2009 |volume=199 |issue=2 |pages=183-9 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19126417}}&lt;/ref&gt; descripti sunt. Anno [[1910]] histaminum a [[Henricus Dale|Henrico Dale]] et Patrico Laidlaw inventum est.

== Natura histamini ==
=== Natura chemica ===
Nomen [[IUPAC]] est 2-(1H-[[imidazolum|imidazolo]]-4-yl)aethan-aminum. [[Massa molaris|Massa eius molaris]] est 111.1451 g/mol. 

Histaminum est [[molecula]] ex anulo [[imidazolum|imidazoli]] et catena atomorum [[carbonium|carbonii]] brevi et grege [[Aminum|amino]] compositum.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Allergia]]
* [[Receptorium histamini H1]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]
* [[Systema immunitatis]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Histamine histaminum] spectant
* ''NIST chemistry webbook'' [https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C51456&amp;Mask=80 de histamini]. {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{med-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Imidazola]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Systema histaminergicum (histaminum)|!]]</text>
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|+ '''Histaminum'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Histamine.svg|200px|Histaminum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Histamine 3D ball.png|200px|Histaminum]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | C&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;9&lt;/sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 111.15 g/mol
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/774 774]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://web.archive.org/web/20190124041313/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01224 DB01224]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura pharmacologica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | Codex ATC || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{ATC|L03AX|14}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ATC|V04CG|03}}
|}

'''Histaminum''' est substantia chemica organica et [[neurotransmissor]], quae signa per [[nervus|nervos]] transmittit. In [[allergia]] histaminum pars reactionis [[systema immunitatis|systematis immunitatis]] est. Effectus histamini animalium morum&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=White J. M., Rumbold G. R. |title=Behavioural effects of histamine and its antagonists: a review |journal=Psychopharmacology (Berl) |year=1988 |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=1-14 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3133686}}&lt;/ref&gt; et cognitionis&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Alvarez E. O. |title=The role of histamine on cognition |journal=Behav Brain Res |year=2009 |volume=199 |issue=2 |pages=183-9 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19126417}}&lt;/ref&gt; descripti sunt. Anno [[1910]] histaminum a [[Henricus Dale|Henrico Dale]] et Patrico Laidlaw inventum est.

== Natura histamini ==
=== Natura chemica ===
Nomen [[IUPAC]] est 2-(1H-[[imidazolum|imidazolo]]-4-yl)aethan-aminum. [[Massa molaris|Massa eius molaris]] est 111.1451 g/mol. 

Histaminum est [[molecula]] ex anulo [[imidazolum|imidazoli]] et catena atomorum [[carbonium|carbonii]] brevi et grege [[Aminum|amino]] compositum.

== De neurotransmissore ==
Histaminum est neurotransmissor categoriae monoaminorum in quibusdam neuris [[Hypothalamus|hypothalami]] ([[nucleus tuberomammillaris]]) praesens quae axones in multas cerebri et medullae regiones proicientia vigilantiam et intentionem animi et [[vestibulum|systema vestibulare]] moderantur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Allergia]]
* [[Receptorium histamini H1]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]
* [[Systema immunitatis]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Histamine histaminum] spectant
* ''NIST chemistry webbook'' [https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C51456&amp;Mask=80 de histamini]. {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{med-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Imidazola]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Systema histaminergicum (histaminum)|!]]</text>
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|-
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|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Histamine 3D ball.png|200px|Histaminum]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | C&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;9&lt;/sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 111.15 g/mol
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/774 774]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://web.archive.org/web/20190124041313/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01224 DB01224]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura pharmacologica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | Codex ATC || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{ATC|L03AX|14}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ATC|V04CG|03}}
|}

'''Histaminum''' est substantia chemica organica et [[neurotransmissor]], quae signa per [[nervus|nervos]] transmittit. In [[allergia]] histaminum pars reactionis [[systema immunitatis|systematis immunitatis]] est. Effectus histamini animalium morum&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=White J. M., Rumbold G. R. |title=Behavioural effects of histamine and its antagonists: a review |journal=Psychopharmacology (Berl) |year=1988 |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=1-14 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3133686}}&lt;/ref&gt; et cognitionis&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Alvarez E. O. |title=The role of histamine on cognition |journal=Behav Brain Res |year=2009 |volume=199 |issue=2 |pages=183-9 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19126417}}&lt;/ref&gt; descripti sunt. Anno [[1910]] histaminum a [[Henricus Dale|Henrico Dale]] et Patrico Laidlaw inventum est.

== Natura histamini ==
=== Natura chemica ===
Nomen [[IUPAC]] est 2-(1H-[[imidazolum|imidazolo]]-4-yl)aethan-aminum. [[Massa molaris|Massa eius molaris]] est 111.1451 g/mol. 

Histaminum est [[molecula]] ex anulo [[imidazolum|imidazoli]] et catena atomorum [[carbonium|carbonii]] brevi et grege [[Aminum|amino]] compositum.

== De neurotransmissore ==
Histaminum est neurotransmissor categoriae monoaminorum in quibusdam neuris [[Hypothalamus|hypothalami]] ([[nucleus tuberomammillaris]]) praesens quae axones in multas cerebri et medullae regiones proicientia vigilantiam et intentionem animi et [[vestibulum|systema vestibulare]] moderantur. In illis axonibus ex [[Aminoacidum|aminoacido]] [[Histidinum|histidino]] per enzymum ''histidini decarboxylasem'' grege carboxylo subtrahendo elaboratur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Allergia]]
* [[Receptorium histamini H1]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]
* [[Systema immunitatis]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Histamine histaminum] spectant
* ''NIST chemistry webbook'' [https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C51456&amp;Mask=80 de histamini]. {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{med-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Imidazola]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Systema histaminergicum (histaminum)|!]]</text>
      <sha1>r0yao7lfy60agv3anykjk36knypqonr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3976576</id>
      <parentid>3976568</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T16:00:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* De neurotransmissore */</comment>
      <origin>3976576</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3398" sha1="mkczxk6r41nverdjp5cfspuls3jn8g8" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Histaminum'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Histamine.svg|200px|Histaminum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Histamine 3D ball.png|200px|Histaminum]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | C&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;9&lt;/sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 111.15 g/mol
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/774 774]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://web.archive.org/web/20190124041313/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01224 DB01224]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura pharmacologica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | Codex ATC || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{ATC|L03AX|14}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ATC|V04CG|03}}
|}

'''Histaminum''' est substantia chemica organica et [[neurotransmissor]], quae signa per [[nervus|nervos]] transmittit. In [[allergia]] histaminum pars reactionis [[systema immunitatis|systematis immunitatis]] est. Effectus histamini animalium morum&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=White J. M., Rumbold G. R. |title=Behavioural effects of histamine and its antagonists: a review |journal=Psychopharmacology (Berl) |year=1988 |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=1-14 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3133686}}&lt;/ref&gt; et cognitionis&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Alvarez E. O. |title=The role of histamine on cognition |journal=Behav Brain Res |year=2009 |volume=199 |issue=2 |pages=183-9 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19126417}}&lt;/ref&gt; descripti sunt. Anno [[1910]] histaminum a [[Henricus Dale|Henrico Dale]] et Patrico Laidlaw inventum est.

== Natura histamini ==
=== Natura chemica ===
Nomen [[IUPAC]] est 2-(1H-[[imidazolum|imidazolo]]-4-yl)aethan-aminum. [[Massa molaris|Massa eius molaris]] est 111.1451 g/mol. 

Histaminum est [[molecula]] ex anulo [[imidazolum|imidazoli]] et catena atomorum [[carbonium|carbonii]] brevi et grege [[Aminum|amino]] compositum.

== De neurotransmissore ==
Histaminum est neurotransmissor categoriae monoaminorum in quibusdam neuris [[Hypothalamus|hypothalami]] ([[nucleus tuberomammillaris]]) praesens quae axones in multas cerebri et medullae regiones proicientia vigilantiam et intentionem animi et [[vestibulum|systema vestibulare]] moderantur. In illis axonibus ex [[Aminoacidum|aminoacido]] [[Histidinum|histidino]] per enzymum ''histidini decarboxylasem'' grege carboxylo subtrahendo elaboratur. Deinde in [[Vesicula synaptica|vesiculas synapticas]] per transportatores VMAT ('''V'''esicularis '''M'''ono'''A'''mini '''T'''ransportator) cumulatur. Degradatio histamini per enzyma ''histamini transferasem'' et ''[[Monoaminorum oxidasis|monoamini oxidasem]]'' (MAO).

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Allergia]]
* [[Receptorium histamini H1]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]
* [[Systema immunitatis]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Histamine histaminum] spectant
* ''NIST chemistry webbook'' [https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C51456&amp;Mask=80 de histamini]. {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{med-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Imidazola]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Systema histaminergicum (histaminum)|!]]</text>
      <sha1>mkczxk6r41nverdjp5cfspuls3jn8g8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3976583</id>
      <parentid>3976576</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T16:04:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* De neurotransmissore */</comment>
      <origin>3976583</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3571" sha1="ms7u7fh7q62o8pbxh0ldwhmq99gi1hf" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Histaminum'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Histamine.svg|200px|Histaminum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Histamine 3D ball.png|200px|Histaminum]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | C&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;9&lt;/sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 111.15 g/mol
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/774 774]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://web.archive.org/web/20190124041313/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01224 DB01224]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura pharmacologica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | Codex ATC || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{ATC|L03AX|14}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ATC|V04CG|03}}
|}

'''Histaminum''' est substantia chemica organica et [[neurotransmissor]], quae signa per [[nervus|nervos]] transmittit. In [[allergia]] histaminum pars reactionis [[systema immunitatis|systematis immunitatis]] est. Effectus histamini animalium morum&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=White J. M., Rumbold G. R. |title=Behavioural effects of histamine and its antagonists: a review |journal=Psychopharmacology (Berl) |year=1988 |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=1-14 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3133686}}&lt;/ref&gt; et cognitionis&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Alvarez E. O. |title=The role of histamine on cognition |journal=Behav Brain Res |year=2009 |volume=199 |issue=2 |pages=183-9 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19126417}}&lt;/ref&gt; descripti sunt. Anno [[1910]] histaminum a [[Henricus Dale|Henrico Dale]] et Patrico Laidlaw inventum est.

== Natura histamini ==
=== Natura chemica ===
Nomen [[IUPAC]] est 2-(1H-[[imidazolum|imidazolo]]-4-yl)aethan-aminum. [[Massa molaris|Massa eius molaris]] est 111.1451 g/mol. 

Histaminum est [[molecula]] ex anulo [[imidazolum|imidazoli]] et catena atomorum [[carbonium|carbonii]] brevi et grege [[Aminum|amino]] compositum.

== De neurotransmissore ==
Histaminum est neurotransmissor categoriae monoaminorum in quibusdam neuris [[Hypothalamus|hypothalami]] ([[nucleus tuberomammillaris]]) praesens quae axones in multas cerebri et medullae regiones proicientia vigilantiam et intentionem animi et [[vestibulum|systema vestibulare]] moderantur. In illis axonibus ex [[Aminoacidum|aminoacido]] [[Histidinum|histidino]] per enzymum ''histidini decarboxylasem'' grege carboxylo subtrahendo elaboratur. Deinde in [[Vesicula synaptica|vesiculas synapticas]] per transportatores VMAT ('''V'''esicularis '''M'''ono'''A'''mini '''T'''ransportator) cumulatur. Degradatio histamini per enzyma ''histamini transferasem'' et ''[[Monoaminorum oxidasis|monoamini oxidasem]]'' (MAO). [[Receptorium neurotransmissoris|Receptoria]] [[Synapsis chemica|postsynaptica]] tria distinguuntur quae omnia metabotropa sunt et cum [[Proteinum G|proteina G]] coniuncta.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Allergia]]
* [[Receptorium histamini H1]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]
* [[Systema immunitatis]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Histamine histaminum] spectant
* ''NIST chemistry webbook'' [https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C51456&amp;Mask=80 de histamini]. {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{med-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Imidazola]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Systema histaminergicum (histaminum)|!]]</text>
      <sha1>ms7u7fh7q62o8pbxh0ldwhmq99gi1hf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3976584</id>
      <parentid>3976583</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T16:06:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* De neurotransmissore */</comment>
      <origin>3976584</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3562" sha1="ojrqpxoje4gzyygnkvncz58p9eb0h4c" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Histaminum'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Histamine.svg|200px|Histaminum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Histamine 3D ball.png|200px|Histaminum]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | C&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;9&lt;/sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 111.15 g/mol
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/774 774]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://web.archive.org/web/20190124041313/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01224 DB01224]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura pharmacologica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | Codex ATC || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{ATC|L03AX|14}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ATC|V04CG|03}}
|}

'''Histaminum''' est substantia chemica organica et [[neurotransmissor]], quae signa per [[nervus|nervos]] transmittit. In [[allergia]] histaminum pars reactionis [[systema immunitatis|systematis immunitatis]] est. Effectus histamini animalium morum&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=White J. M., Rumbold G. R. |title=Behavioural effects of histamine and its antagonists: a review |journal=Psychopharmacology (Berl) |year=1988 |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=1-14 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3133686}}&lt;/ref&gt; et cognitionis&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Alvarez E. O. |title=The role of histamine on cognition |journal=Behav Brain Res |year=2009 |volume=199 |issue=2 |pages=183-9 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19126417}}&lt;/ref&gt; descripti sunt. Anno [[1910]] histaminum a [[Henricus Dale|Henrico Dale]] et Patrico Laidlaw inventum est.

== Natura histamini ==
=== Natura chemica ===
Nomen [[IUPAC]] est 2-(1H-[[imidazolum|imidazolo]]-4-yl)aethan-aminum. [[Massa molaris|Massa eius molaris]] est 111.1451 g/mol. 

Histaminum est [[molecula]] ex anulo [[imidazolum|imidazoli]] et catena atomorum [[carbonium|carbonii]] brevi et grege [[Aminum|amino]] compositum.

== De neurotransmissore ==
Histaminum est neurotransmissor categoriae monoaminorum in quibusdam neuris [[Hypothalamus|hypothalami]] ([[nucleus tuberomammillaris]]) praesens quae axones in multas cerebri et medullae regiones proicientia vigilantiam et intentionem animi et [[vestibulum|systema vestibulare]] moderantur. In illis axonibus ex [[Aminoacidum|aminoacido]] [[Histidinum|histidino]] per enzymum ''histidini decarboxylasem'' grege carboxylo subtrahendo elaboratur. Deinde in [[Vesicula synaptica|vesiculas synapticas]] per transportatores VMAT ('''V'''esicularis '''M'''ono'''A'''mini '''T'''ransportator) cumulatur. Degradatio histamini per enzyma ''histamini transferasem'' et ''[[Monoaminorum oxidasis|monoamini oxidasem]]'' (MAO). [[Receptorium histamini|Receptoria]] [[Synapsis chemica|postsynaptica]] tria distinguuntur quae omnia metabotropa sunt et cum [[Proteinum G|proteina G]] coniuncta.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Allergia]]
* [[Receptorium histamini H1]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]
* [[Systema immunitatis]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Histamine histaminum] spectant
* ''NIST chemistry webbook'' [https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C51456&amp;Mask=80 de histamini]. {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{med-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Imidazola]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Systema histaminergicum (histaminum)|!]]</text>
      <sha1>ojrqpxoje4gzyygnkvncz58p9eb0h4c</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3976585</id>
      <parentid>3976584</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T16:11:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* De neurotransmissore */</comment>
      <origin>3976585</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3662" sha1="jjpjickw4ufzmv182uy9ku1rsx66cyl" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Histaminum'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Histamine.svg|200px|Histaminum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Histamine 3D ball.png|200px|Histaminum]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | C&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;9&lt;/sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 111.15 g/mol
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/774 774]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://web.archive.org/web/20190124041313/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01224 DB01224]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura pharmacologica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | Codex ATC || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{ATC|L03AX|14}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ATC|V04CG|03}}
|}

'''Histaminum''' est substantia chemica organica et [[neurotransmissor]], quae signa per [[nervus|nervos]] transmittit. In [[allergia]] histaminum pars reactionis [[systema immunitatis|systematis immunitatis]] est. Effectus histamini animalium morum&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=White J. M., Rumbold G. R. |title=Behavioural effects of histamine and its antagonists: a review |journal=Psychopharmacology (Berl) |year=1988 |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=1-14 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3133686}}&lt;/ref&gt; et cognitionis&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Alvarez E. O. |title=The role of histamine on cognition |journal=Behav Brain Res |year=2009 |volume=199 |issue=2 |pages=183-9 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19126417}}&lt;/ref&gt; descripti sunt. Anno [[1910]] histaminum a [[Henricus Dale|Henrico Dale]] et Patrico Laidlaw inventum est.

== Natura histamini ==
=== Natura chemica ===
Nomen [[IUPAC]] est 2-(1H-[[imidazolum|imidazolo]]-4-yl)aethan-aminum. [[Massa molaris|Massa eius molaris]] est 111.1451 g/mol. 

Histaminum est [[molecula]] ex anulo [[imidazolum|imidazoli]] et catena atomorum [[carbonium|carbonii]] brevi et grege [[Aminum|amino]] compositum.

== De neurotransmissore ==
Histaminum est neurotransmissor categoriae monoaminorum in quibusdam neuris [[Hypothalamus|hypothalami]] ([[nucleus tuberomammillaris]]) praesens quae axones in multas cerebri et medullae regiones proicientia vigilantiam et intentionem animi et [[vestibulum|systema vestibulare]] moderantur. In illis axonibus ex [[Aminoacidum|aminoacido]] [[Histidinum|histidino]] per enzymum ''histidini decarboxylasem'' grege carboxylo subtrahendo elaboratur. Deinde in [[Vesicula synaptica|vesiculas synapticas]] per transportatores VMAT ('''V'''esicularis '''M'''ono'''A'''mini '''T'''ransportator) cumulatur. Degradatio histamini per enzyma ''histamini transferasem'' et ''[[Monoaminorum oxidasis|monoamini oxidasem]]'' (MAO). [[Receptorium histamini|Receptoria]] [[Synapsis chemica|postsynaptica]] tria distinguuntur ([[Receptorium histamini H1|H1]], [[Receptorium histamini H2|H2]], [[Receptorium histamini H3|H3]]) quae omnia metabotropa sunt et cum [[Proteinum G|proteina G]] coniuncta.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Allergia]]
* [[Receptorium histamini H1]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]
* [[Systema immunitatis]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Histamine histaminum] spectant
* ''NIST chemistry webbook'' [https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C51456&amp;Mask=80 de histamini]. {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{med-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Imidazola]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Systema histaminergicum (histaminum)|!]]</text>
      <sha1>jjpjickw4ufzmv182uy9ku1rsx66cyl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3976586</id>
      <parentid>3976585</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T16:13:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* De neurotransmissore */</comment>
      <origin>3976586</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3700" sha1="0rhg2l1wh223n8wj0tn4vabs6ebl9ym" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Histaminum'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Histamine.svg|200px|Histaminum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Histamine 3D ball.png|200px|Histaminum]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | C&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;9&lt;/sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 111.15 g/mol
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/774 774]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://web.archive.org/web/20190124041313/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01224 DB01224]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura pharmacologica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | Codex ATC || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{ATC|L03AX|14}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ATC|V04CG|03}}
|}

'''Histaminum''' est substantia chemica organica et [[neurotransmissor]], quae signa per [[nervus|nervos]] transmittit. In [[allergia]] histaminum pars reactionis [[systema immunitatis|systematis immunitatis]] est. Effectus histamini animalium morum&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=White J. M., Rumbold G. R. |title=Behavioural effects of histamine and its antagonists: a review |journal=Psychopharmacology (Berl) |year=1988 |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=1-14 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3133686}}&lt;/ref&gt; et cognitionis&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Alvarez E. O. |title=The role of histamine on cognition |journal=Behav Brain Res |year=2009 |volume=199 |issue=2 |pages=183-9 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19126417}}&lt;/ref&gt; descripti sunt. Anno [[1910]] histaminum a [[Henricus Dale|Henrico Dale]] et Patrico Laidlaw inventum est.

== Natura histamini ==
=== Natura chemica ===
Nomen [[IUPAC]] est 2-(1H-[[imidazolum|imidazolo]]-4-yl)aethan-aminum. [[Massa molaris|Massa eius molaris]] est 111.1451 g/mol. 

Histaminum est [[molecula]] ex anulo [[imidazolum|imidazoli]] et catena atomorum [[carbonium|carbonii]] brevi et grege [[Aminum|amino]] compositum.

== De neurotransmissore ==
Histaminum est neurotransmissor categoriae monoaminorum in quibusdam neuris [[Hypothalamus|hypothalami]] ([[nucleus tuberomammillaris]]) praesens quae [[Axon|axones]] in multas cerebri et [[Medulla spinalis|medullae]] regiones proicientia vigilantiam et intentionem animi et [[vestibulum|systema vestibulare]] moderantur. In illis axonibus ex [[Aminoacidum|aminoacido]] [[Histidinum|histidino]] per [[enzymum]] ''histidini decarboxylasem'' grege carboxylo subtrahendo elaboratur. Deinde in [[Vesicula synaptica|vesiculas synapticas]] per transportatores VMAT ('''V'''esicularis '''M'''ono'''A'''mini '''T'''ransportator) cumulatur. Degradatio histamini per enzyma ''histamini transferasem'' et ''[[Monoaminorum oxidasis|monoamini oxidasem]]'' (MAO) fit. [[Receptorium histamini|Receptoria]] [[Synapsis chemica|postsynaptica]] tria distinguuntur ([[Receptorium histamini H1|H1]], [[Receptorium histamini H2|H2]], [[Receptorium histamini H3|H3]]) quae omnia metabotropa sunt et cum [[Proteinum G|proteina G]] coniuncta.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Allergia]]
* [[Receptorium histamini H1]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]
* [[Systema immunitatis]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Histamine histaminum] spectant
* ''NIST chemistry webbook'' [https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C51456&amp;Mask=80 de histamini]. {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{med-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Imidazola]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Systema histaminergicum (histaminum)|!]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3976588</id>
      <parentid>3976586</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T16:20:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* De neurotransmissore */</comment>
      <origin>3976588</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3967" sha1="fgp6jrx0svfsw2tnosx4fp7gl367l9p" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Histaminum'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Histamine.svg|200px|Histaminum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Histamine 3D ball.png|200px|Histaminum]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | C&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;9&lt;/sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 111.15 g/mol
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/774 774]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://web.archive.org/web/20190124041313/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01224 DB01224]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura pharmacologica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | Codex ATC || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{ATC|L03AX|14}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ATC|V04CG|03}}
|}

'''Histaminum''' est substantia chemica organica et [[neurotransmissor]], quae signa per [[nervus|nervos]] transmittit. In [[allergia]] histaminum pars reactionis [[systema immunitatis|systematis immunitatis]] est. Effectus histamini animalium morum&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=White J. M., Rumbold G. R. |title=Behavioural effects of histamine and its antagonists: a review |journal=Psychopharmacology (Berl) |year=1988 |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=1-14 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3133686}}&lt;/ref&gt; et cognitionis&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Alvarez E. O. |title=The role of histamine on cognition |journal=Behav Brain Res |year=2009 |volume=199 |issue=2 |pages=183-9 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19126417}}&lt;/ref&gt; descripti sunt. Anno [[1910]] histaminum a [[Henricus Dale|Henrico Dale]] et Patrico Laidlaw inventum est.

== Natura histamini ==
=== Natura chemica ===
Nomen [[IUPAC]] est 2-(1H-[[imidazolum|imidazolo]]-4-yl)aethan-aminum. [[Massa molaris|Massa eius molaris]] est 111.1451 g/mol. 

Histaminum est [[molecula]] ex anulo [[imidazolum|imidazoli]] et catena atomorum [[carbonium|carbonii]] brevi et grege [[Aminum|amino]] compositum.

== De neurotransmissore ==
Histaminum est neurotransmissor categoriae monoaminorum in quibusdam neuris [[Hypothalamus|hypothalami]] ([[nucleus tuberomammillaris]]) praesens quae [[Axon|axones]] in multas cerebri et [[Medulla spinalis|medullae]] regiones proicientia vigilantiam et intentionem animi et [[vestibulum|systema vestibulare]] moderantur. In illis axonibus ex [[Aminoacidum|aminoacido]] [[Histidinum|histidino]] per [[enzymum]] ''histidini decarboxylasem'' grege carboxylo subtrahendo elaboratur. Deinde in [[Vesicula synaptica|vesiculas synapticas]] per transportatores VMAT ('''V'''esicularis '''M'''ono'''A'''mini '''T'''ransportator) cumulatur. Degradatio histamini per enzyma ''histamini transferasem'' et ''[[Monoaminorum oxidasis|monoamini oxidasem]]'' (MAO) fit. [[Receptorium histamini|Receptoria]] [[Synapsis chemica|postsynaptica]] tria distinguuntur ([[Receptorium histamini H1|H1]], [[Receptorium histamini H2|H2]], [[Receptorium histamini H3|H3]]) quae omnia metabotropa sunt et cum [[Proteinum G|proteina G]] coniuncta.

== In systemate immunitario ==
Histaminum in sanguinem quoque a mastocytis immititur cum [[Textus (biologia)|textus]] laeduntur aut in reactionibus [[Allergia|allergicis]]. Ob multa pericula et incommoda allergiarum medicamenta &quot;antihistaminica&quot; plura inventa sunt.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Allergia]]
* [[Receptorium histamini H1]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]
* [[Systema immunitatis]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Histamine histaminum] spectant
* ''NIST chemistry webbook'' [https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C51456&amp;Mask=80 de histamini]. {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{med-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Imidazola]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Systema histaminergicum (histaminum)|!]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3976589</id>
      <parentid>3976588</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T16:21:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* In systemate immunitario */</comment>
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      <text bytes="3969" sha1="3pc0bkyg47knypxeedm7gz3xmp85l1n" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Histaminum'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Histamine.svg|200px|Histaminum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Histamine 3D ball.png|200px|Histaminum]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | C&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;9&lt;/sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 111.15 g/mol
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/774 774]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://web.archive.org/web/20190124041313/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01224 DB01224]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura pharmacologica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | Codex ATC || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{ATC|L03AX|14}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ATC|V04CG|03}}
|}

'''Histaminum''' est substantia chemica organica et [[neurotransmissor]], quae signa per [[nervus|nervos]] transmittit. In [[allergia]] histaminum pars reactionis [[systema immunitatis|systematis immunitatis]] est. Effectus histamini animalium morum&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=White J. M., Rumbold G. R. |title=Behavioural effects of histamine and its antagonists: a review |journal=Psychopharmacology (Berl) |year=1988 |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=1-14 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3133686}}&lt;/ref&gt; et cognitionis&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Alvarez E. O. |title=The role of histamine on cognition |journal=Behav Brain Res |year=2009 |volume=199 |issue=2 |pages=183-9 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19126417}}&lt;/ref&gt; descripti sunt. Anno [[1910]] histaminum a [[Henricus Dale|Henrico Dale]] et Patrico Laidlaw inventum est.

== Natura histamini ==
=== Natura chemica ===
Nomen [[IUPAC]] est 2-(1H-[[imidazolum|imidazolo]]-4-yl)aethan-aminum. [[Massa molaris|Massa eius molaris]] est 111.1451 g/mol. 

Histaminum est [[molecula]] ex anulo [[imidazolum|imidazoli]] et catena atomorum [[carbonium|carbonii]] brevi et grege [[Aminum|amino]] compositum.

== De neurotransmissore ==
Histaminum est neurotransmissor categoriae monoaminorum in quibusdam neuris [[Hypothalamus|hypothalami]] ([[nucleus tuberomammillaris]]) praesens quae [[Axon|axones]] in multas cerebri et [[Medulla spinalis|medullae]] regiones proicientia vigilantiam et intentionem animi et [[vestibulum|systema vestibulare]] moderantur. In illis axonibus ex [[Aminoacidum|aminoacido]] [[Histidinum|histidino]] per [[enzymum]] ''histidini decarboxylasem'' grege carboxylo subtrahendo elaboratur. Deinde in [[Vesicula synaptica|vesiculas synapticas]] per transportatores VMAT ('''V'''esicularis '''M'''ono'''A'''mini '''T'''ransportator) cumulatur. Degradatio histamini per enzyma ''histamini transferasem'' et ''[[Monoaminorum oxidasis|monoamini oxidasem]]'' (MAO) fit. [[Receptorium histamini|Receptoria]] [[Synapsis chemica|postsynaptica]] tria distinguuntur ([[Receptorium histamini H1|H1]], [[Receptorium histamini H2|H2]], [[Receptorium histamini H3|H3]]) quae omnia metabotropa sunt et cum [[Proteinum G|proteina G]] coniuncta.

== In systemate immunitario ==
Histaminum in sanguinem quoque a mastocytis immititur cum [[Textus (biologia)|textus]] laeduntur aut in reactionibus [[Allergia|allergicis]]. Ob discrimina et incommoda multa allergiarum medicamenta &quot;antihistaminica&quot; plura inventa sunt.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Allergia]]
* [[Receptorium histamini H1]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]
* [[Systema immunitatis]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Histamine histaminum] spectant
* ''NIST chemistry webbook'' [https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C51456&amp;Mask=80 de histamini]. {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{med-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Imidazola]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Systema histaminergicum (histaminum)|!]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3976590</id>
      <parentid>3976589</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T16:22:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* In systemate immunitario */</comment>
      <origin>3976590</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4025" sha1="c93e2sv9miwd649kw7dgu2734ltn3l4" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Histaminum'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Histamine.svg|200px|Histaminum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Histamine 3D ball.png|200px|Histaminum]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | C&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;9&lt;/sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 111.15 g/mol
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/774 774]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://web.archive.org/web/20190124041313/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01224 DB01224]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura pharmacologica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | Codex ATC || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{ATC|L03AX|14}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ATC|V04CG|03}}
|}

'''Histaminum''' est substantia chemica organica et [[neurotransmissor]], quae signa per [[nervus|nervos]] transmittit. In [[allergia]] histaminum pars reactionis [[systema immunitatis|systematis immunitatis]] est. Effectus histamini animalium morum&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=White J. M., Rumbold G. R. |title=Behavioural effects of histamine and its antagonists: a review |journal=Psychopharmacology (Berl) |year=1988 |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=1-14 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3133686}}&lt;/ref&gt; et cognitionis&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Alvarez E. O. |title=The role of histamine on cognition |journal=Behav Brain Res |year=2009 |volume=199 |issue=2 |pages=183-9 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19126417}}&lt;/ref&gt; descripti sunt. Anno [[1910]] histaminum a [[Henricus Dale|Henrico Dale]] et Patrico Laidlaw inventum est.

== Natura histamini ==
=== Natura chemica ===
Nomen [[IUPAC]] est 2-(1H-[[imidazolum|imidazolo]]-4-yl)aethan-aminum. [[Massa molaris|Massa eius molaris]] est 111.1451 g/mol. 

Histaminum est [[molecula]] ex anulo [[imidazolum|imidazoli]] et catena atomorum [[carbonium|carbonii]] brevi et grege [[Aminum|amino]] compositum.

== De neurotransmissore ==
Histaminum est neurotransmissor categoriae monoaminorum in quibusdam neuris [[Hypothalamus|hypothalami]] ([[nucleus tuberomammillaris]]) praesens quae [[Axon|axones]] in multas cerebri et [[Medulla spinalis|medullae]] regiones proicientia vigilantiam et intentionem animi et [[vestibulum|systema vestibulare]] moderantur. In illis axonibus ex [[Aminoacidum|aminoacido]] [[Histidinum|histidino]] per [[enzymum]] ''histidini decarboxylasem'' grege carboxylo subtrahendo elaboratur. Deinde in [[Vesicula synaptica|vesiculas synapticas]] per transportatores VMAT ('''V'''esicularis '''M'''ono'''A'''mini '''T'''ransportator) cumulatur. Degradatio histamini per enzyma ''histamini transferasem'' et ''[[Monoaminorum oxidasis|monoamini oxidasem]]'' (MAO) fit. [[Receptorium histamini|Receptoria]] [[Synapsis chemica|postsynaptica]] tria distinguuntur ([[Receptorium histamini H1|H1]], [[Receptorium histamini H2|H2]], [[Receptorium histamini H3|H3]]) quae omnia metabotropa sunt et cum [[Proteinum G|proteina G]] coniuncta.

== In systemate immunitario ==
Histaminum in sanguinem quoque a mastocytis immititur cum [[Textus (biologia)|textus]] laeduntur aut in reactionibus [[Allergia|allergicis]]. Ob discrimina et incommoda multa allergiarum medicamenta &quot;antihistaminica&quot; plura inventa sunt. In systemate nervoso centrali sedantem effectum habent.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Allergia]]
* [[Receptorium histamini H1]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]
* [[Systema immunitatis]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Histamine histaminum] spectant
* ''NIST chemistry webbook'' [https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C51456&amp;Mask=80 de histamini]. {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{med-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Imidazola]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Systema histaminergicum (histaminum)|!]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3976592</id>
      <parentid>3976590</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T16:26:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Notae */</comment>
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      <text bytes="4370" sha1="h7q9edhshlluldf9bc2d81eygf0kv05" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Histaminum'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Histamine.svg|200px|Histaminum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Histamine 3D ball.png|200px|Histaminum]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | C&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;9&lt;/sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 111.15 g/mol
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/774 774]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://web.archive.org/web/20190124041313/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01224 DB01224]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura pharmacologica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | Codex ATC || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{ATC|L03AX|14}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ATC|V04CG|03}}
|}

'''Histaminum''' est substantia chemica organica et [[neurotransmissor]], quae signa per [[nervus|nervos]] transmittit. In [[allergia]] histaminum pars reactionis [[systema immunitatis|systematis immunitatis]] est. Effectus histamini animalium morum&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=White J. M., Rumbold G. R. |title=Behavioural effects of histamine and its antagonists: a review |journal=Psychopharmacology (Berl) |year=1988 |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=1-14 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3133686}}&lt;/ref&gt; et cognitionis&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Alvarez E. O. |title=The role of histamine on cognition |journal=Behav Brain Res |year=2009 |volume=199 |issue=2 |pages=183-9 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19126417}}&lt;/ref&gt; descripti sunt. Anno [[1910]] histaminum a [[Henricus Dale|Henrico Dale]] et Patrico Laidlaw inventum est.

== Natura histamini ==
=== Natura chemica ===
Nomen [[IUPAC]] est 2-(1H-[[imidazolum|imidazolo]]-4-yl)aethan-aminum. [[Massa molaris|Massa eius molaris]] est 111.1451 g/mol. 

Histaminum est [[molecula]] ex anulo [[imidazolum|imidazoli]] et catena atomorum [[carbonium|carbonii]] brevi et grege [[Aminum|amino]] compositum.

== De neurotransmissore ==
Histaminum est neurotransmissor categoriae monoaminorum in quibusdam neuris [[Hypothalamus|hypothalami]] ([[nucleus tuberomammillaris]]) praesens quae [[Axon|axones]] in multas cerebri et [[Medulla spinalis|medullae]] regiones proicientia vigilantiam et intentionem animi et [[vestibulum|systema vestibulare]] moderantur. In illis axonibus ex [[Aminoacidum|aminoacido]] [[Histidinum|histidino]] per [[enzymum]] ''histidini decarboxylasem'' grege carboxylo subtrahendo elaboratur. Deinde in [[Vesicula synaptica|vesiculas synapticas]] per transportatores VMAT ('''V'''esicularis '''M'''ono'''A'''mini '''T'''ransportator) cumulatur. Degradatio histamini per enzyma ''histamini transferasem'' et ''[[Monoaminorum oxidasis|monoamini oxidasem]]'' (MAO) fit. [[Receptorium histamini|Receptoria]] [[Synapsis chemica|postsynaptica]] tria distinguuntur ([[Receptorium histamini H1|H1]], [[Receptorium histamini H2|H2]], [[Receptorium histamini H3|H3]]) quae omnia metabotropa sunt et cum [[Proteinum G|proteina G]] coniuncta.

== In systemate immunitario ==
Histaminum in sanguinem quoque a mastocytis immititur cum [[Textus (biologia)|textus]] laeduntur aut in reactionibus [[Allergia|allergicis]]. Ob discrimina et incommoda multa allergiarum medicamenta &quot;antihistaminica&quot; plura inventa sunt. In systemate nervoso centrali sedantem effectum habent.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Sima Heidarzadeh-Asl, Marcus Maurer, Amir Kiani et alii. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091674924024151 Novel insights on the biology and immunologic effects of histamine: A road map for allergists and mast cell biologists]&quot;, ''Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology'', 2025: 1095-1114


{{NexInt}}
* [[Allergia]]
* [[Receptorium histamini H1]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]
* [[Systema immunitatis]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Histamine histaminum] spectant
* ''NIST chemistry webbook'' [https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C51456&amp;Mask=80 de histamini]. {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{med-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Imidazola]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Systema histaminergicum (histaminum)|!]]</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
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      <comment>/* Plura legere si cupis */</comment>
      <origin>3976594</origin>
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      <text bytes="4621" sha1="crh49fi5c8nko0nd1w0n1ebfxv0zime" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Histaminum'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Histamine.svg|200px|Histaminum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Histamine 3D ball.png|200px|Histaminum]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | C&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;9&lt;/sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 111.15 g/mol
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/774 774]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://web.archive.org/web/20190124041313/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01224 DB01224]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura pharmacologica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | Codex ATC || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{ATC|L03AX|14}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ATC|V04CG|03}}
|}

'''Histaminum''' est substantia chemica organica et [[neurotransmissor]], quae signa per [[nervus|nervos]] transmittit. In [[allergia]] histaminum pars reactionis [[systema immunitatis|systematis immunitatis]] est. Effectus histamini animalium morum&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=White J. M., Rumbold G. R. |title=Behavioural effects of histamine and its antagonists: a review |journal=Psychopharmacology (Berl) |year=1988 |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=1-14 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3133686}}&lt;/ref&gt; et cognitionis&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Alvarez E. O. |title=The role of histamine on cognition |journal=Behav Brain Res |year=2009 |volume=199 |issue=2 |pages=183-9 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19126417}}&lt;/ref&gt; descripti sunt. Anno [[1910]] histaminum a [[Henricus Dale|Henrico Dale]] et Patrico Laidlaw inventum est.

== Natura histamini ==
=== Natura chemica ===
Nomen [[IUPAC]] est 2-(1H-[[imidazolum|imidazolo]]-4-yl)aethan-aminum. [[Massa molaris|Massa eius molaris]] est 111.1451 g/mol. 

Histaminum est [[molecula]] ex anulo [[imidazolum|imidazoli]] et catena atomorum [[carbonium|carbonii]] brevi et grege [[Aminum|amino]] compositum.

== De neurotransmissore ==
Histaminum est neurotransmissor categoriae monoaminorum in quibusdam neuris [[Hypothalamus|hypothalami]] ([[nucleus tuberomammillaris]]) praesens quae [[Axon|axones]] in multas cerebri et [[Medulla spinalis|medullae]] regiones proicientia vigilantiam et intentionem animi et [[vestibulum|systema vestibulare]] moderantur. In illis axonibus ex [[Aminoacidum|aminoacido]] [[Histidinum|histidino]] per [[enzymum]] ''histidini decarboxylasem'' grege carboxylo subtrahendo elaboratur. Deinde in [[Vesicula synaptica|vesiculas synapticas]] per transportatores VMAT ('''V'''esicularis '''M'''ono'''A'''mini '''T'''ransportator) cumulatur. Degradatio histamini per enzyma ''histamini transferasem'' et ''[[Monoaminorum oxidasis|monoamini oxidasem]]'' (MAO) fit. [[Receptorium histamini|Receptoria]] [[Synapsis chemica|postsynaptica]] tria distinguuntur ([[Receptorium histamini H1|H1]], [[Receptorium histamini H2|H2]], [[Receptorium histamini H3|H3]]) quae omnia metabotropa sunt et cum [[Proteinum G|proteina G]] coniuncta.

== In systemate immunitario ==
Histaminum in sanguinem quoque a mastocytis immititur cum [[Textus (biologia)|textus]] laeduntur aut in reactionibus [[Allergia|allergicis]]. Ob discrimina et incommoda multa allergiarum medicamenta &quot;antihistaminica&quot; plura inventa sunt. In systemate nervoso centrali sedantem effectum habent.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Revue Française d'Allergologie et d'Immunologie Clinique
*L. Galoppin, C. Ponvert. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0335745797800123 L'Histamine]&quot;, ''Revue Française d'Allergologie et d'Immunologie Clinique'', 1997: 865-880
*Sima Heidarzadeh-Asl, Marcus Maurer, Amir Kiani et alii. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091674924024151 Novel insights on the biology and immunologic effects of histamine: A road map for allergists and mast cell biologists]&quot;, ''Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology'', 2025: 1095-1114


{{NexInt}}
* [[Allergia]]
* [[Receptorium histamini H1]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]
* [[Systema immunitatis]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Histamine histaminum] spectant
* ''NIST chemistry webbook'' [https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C51456&amp;Mask=80 de histamini]. {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{med-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Imidazola]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Systema histaminergicum (histaminum)|!]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Plura legere si cupis */</comment>
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      <text bytes="4714" sha1="jm1zsekp20a19zylkiv7pqkrfowjg1k" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Histaminum'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Histamine.svg|200px|Histaminum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Histamine 3D ball.png|200px|Histaminum]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | C&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;9&lt;/sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 111.15 g/mol
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/774 774]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://web.archive.org/web/20190124041313/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01224 DB01224]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura pharmacologica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | Codex ATC || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{ATC|L03AX|14}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ATC|V04CG|03}}
|}

'''Histaminum''' est substantia chemica organica et [[neurotransmissor]], quae signa per [[nervus|nervos]] transmittit. In [[allergia]] histaminum pars reactionis [[systema immunitatis|systematis immunitatis]] est. Effectus histamini animalium morum&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=White J. M., Rumbold G. R. |title=Behavioural effects of histamine and its antagonists: a review |journal=Psychopharmacology (Berl) |year=1988 |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=1-14 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3133686}}&lt;/ref&gt; et cognitionis&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Alvarez E. O. |title=The role of histamine on cognition |journal=Behav Brain Res |year=2009 |volume=199 |issue=2 |pages=183-9 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19126417}}&lt;/ref&gt; descripti sunt. Anno [[1910]] histaminum a [[Henricus Dale|Henrico Dale]] et Patrico Laidlaw inventum est.

== Natura histamini ==
=== Natura chemica ===
Nomen [[IUPAC]] est 2-(1H-[[imidazolum|imidazolo]]-4-yl)aethan-aminum. [[Massa molaris|Massa eius molaris]] est 111.1451 g/mol. 

Histaminum est [[molecula]] ex anulo [[imidazolum|imidazoli]] et catena atomorum [[carbonium|carbonii]] brevi et grege [[Aminum|amino]] compositum.

== De neurotransmissore ==
Histaminum est neurotransmissor categoriae monoaminorum in quibusdam neuris [[Hypothalamus|hypothalami]] ([[nucleus tuberomammillaris]]) praesens quae [[Axon|axones]] in multas cerebri et [[Medulla spinalis|medullae]] regiones proicientia vigilantiam et intentionem animi et [[vestibulum|systema vestibulare]] moderantur. In illis axonibus ex [[Aminoacidum|aminoacido]] [[Histidinum|histidino]] per [[enzymum]] ''histidini decarboxylasem'' grege carboxylo subtrahendo elaboratur. Deinde in [[Vesicula synaptica|vesiculas synapticas]] per transportatores VMAT ('''V'''esicularis '''M'''ono'''A'''mini '''T'''ransportator) cumulatur. Degradatio histamini per enzyma ''histamini transferasem'' et ''[[Monoaminorum oxidasis|monoamini oxidasem]]'' (MAO) fit. [[Receptorium histamini|Receptoria]] [[Synapsis chemica|postsynaptica]] tria distinguuntur ([[Receptorium histamini H1|H1]], [[Receptorium histamini H2|H2]], [[Receptorium histamini H3|H3]]) quae omnia metabotropa sunt et cum [[Proteinum G|proteina G]] coniuncta.

== In systemate immunitario ==
Histaminum in sanguinem quoque a mastocytis immititur cum [[Textus (biologia)|textus]] laeduntur aut in reactionibus [[Allergia|allergicis]]. Ob discrimina et incommoda multa allergiarum medicamenta &quot;antihistaminica&quot; plura inventa sunt. In systemate nervoso centrali sedantem effectum habent.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Baptiste Andreani. ''[https://hal.science/tel-03997699/document Physiologie des neurones histaminergiques]'',  Lutetiae, 2022. (Dissertatio academica]
*L. Galoppin, C. Ponvert. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0335745797800123 L'Histamine]&quot;, ''Revue Française d'Allergologie et d'Immunologie Clinique'', 1997: 865-880
*Sima Heidarzadeh-Asl, Marcus Maurer, Amir Kiani et alii. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091674924024151 Novel insights on the biology and immunologic effects of histamine: A road map for allergists and mast cell biologists]&quot;, ''Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology'', 2025: 1095-1114


{{NexInt}}
* [[Allergia]]
* [[Receptorium histamini H1]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]
* [[Systema immunitatis]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Histamine histaminum] spectant
* ''NIST chemistry webbook'' [https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C51456&amp;Mask=80 de histamini]. {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{med-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Imidazola]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Systema histaminergicum (histaminum)|!]]</text>
      <sha1>jm1zsekp20a19zylkiv7pqkrfowjg1k</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3976597</id>
      <parentid>3976595</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Plura legere si cupis */</comment>
      <origin>3976597</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4843" sha1="higbdr8yte735m39yrepbaljypba65z" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Histaminum'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Histamine.svg|200px|Histaminum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Histamine 3D ball.png|200px|Histaminum]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | C&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;9&lt;/sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 111.15 g/mol
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/774 774]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://web.archive.org/web/20190124041313/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01224 DB01224]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura pharmacologica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | Codex ATC || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{ATC|L03AX|14}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ATC|V04CG|03}}
|}

'''Histaminum''' est substantia chemica organica et [[neurotransmissor]], quae signa per [[nervus|nervos]] transmittit. In [[allergia]] histaminum pars reactionis [[systema immunitatis|systematis immunitatis]] est. Effectus histamini animalium morum&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=White J. M., Rumbold G. R. |title=Behavioural effects of histamine and its antagonists: a review |journal=Psychopharmacology (Berl) |year=1988 |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=1-14 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3133686}}&lt;/ref&gt; et cognitionis&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Alvarez E. O. |title=The role of histamine on cognition |journal=Behav Brain Res |year=2009 |volume=199 |issue=2 |pages=183-9 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19126417}}&lt;/ref&gt; descripti sunt. Anno [[1910]] histaminum a [[Henricus Dale|Henrico Dale]] et Patrico Laidlaw inventum est.

== Natura histamini ==
=== Natura chemica ===
Nomen [[IUPAC]] est 2-(1H-[[imidazolum|imidazolo]]-4-yl)aethan-aminum. [[Massa molaris|Massa eius molaris]] est 111.1451 g/mol. 

Histaminum est [[molecula]] ex anulo [[imidazolum|imidazoli]] et catena atomorum [[carbonium|carbonii]] brevi et grege [[Aminum|amino]] compositum.

== De neurotransmissore ==
Histaminum est neurotransmissor categoriae monoaminorum in quibusdam neuris [[Hypothalamus|hypothalami]] ([[nucleus tuberomammillaris]]) praesens quae [[Axon|axones]] in multas cerebri et [[Medulla spinalis|medullae]] regiones proicientia vigilantiam et intentionem animi et [[vestibulum|systema vestibulare]] moderantur. In illis axonibus ex [[Aminoacidum|aminoacido]] [[Histidinum|histidino]] per [[enzymum]] ''histidini decarboxylasem'' grege carboxylo subtrahendo elaboratur. Deinde in [[Vesicula synaptica|vesiculas synapticas]] per transportatores VMAT ('''V'''esicularis '''M'''ono'''A'''mini '''T'''ransportator) cumulatur. Degradatio histamini per enzyma ''histamini transferasem'' et ''[[Monoaminorum oxidasis|monoamini oxidasem]]'' (MAO) fit. [[Receptorium histamini|Receptoria]] [[Synapsis chemica|postsynaptica]] tria distinguuntur ([[Receptorium histamini H1|H1]], [[Receptorium histamini H2|H2]], [[Receptorium histamini H3|H3]]) quae omnia metabotropa sunt et cum [[Proteinum G|proteina G]] coniuncta.

== In systemate immunitario ==
Histaminum in sanguinem quoque a mastocytis immititur cum [[Textus (biologia)|textus]] laeduntur aut in reactionibus [[Allergia|allergicis]]. Ob discrimina et incommoda multa allergiarum medicamenta &quot;antihistaminica&quot; plura inventa sunt. In systemate nervoso centrali sedantem effectum habent.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Baptiste Andreani. ''[https://hal.science/tel-03997699/document Physiologie des neurones histaminergiques]'',  Lutetiae, 2022. (Dissertatio academica]
*L. Galoppin, C. Ponvert. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0335745797800123 L'Histamine]&quot;, ''Revue Française d'Allergologie et d'Immunologie Clinique'', 1997: 865-880
*Sima Heidarzadeh-Asl, Marcus Maurer, Amir Kiani et alii. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091674924024151 Novel insights on the biology and immunologic effects of histamine: A road map for allergists and mast cell biologists]&quot;, ''Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology'', 2025: 1095-1114
*Robin L. Thurmond (ed.).''[https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4419-8056-4 Histamine in Inflammation]'', Springer, 2010


{{NexInt}}
* [[Allergia]]
* [[Receptorium histamini H1]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]
* [[Systema immunitatis]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Histamine histaminum] spectant
* ''NIST chemistry webbook'' [https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C51456&amp;Mask=80 de histamini]. {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{med-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Imidazola]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Systema histaminergicum (histaminum)|!]]</text>
      <sha1>higbdr8yte735m39yrepbaljypba65z</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>3976598</id>
      <parentid>3976597</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T16:39:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* In systemate immunitario */</comment>
      <origin>3976598</origin>
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      <text bytes="4877" sha1="hterqonqxltnqaera0qhmeytylclz20" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Histaminum'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Histamine.svg|200px|Histaminum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Histamine 3D ball.png|200px|Histaminum]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | C&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;9&lt;/sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 111.15 g/mol
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/774 774]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://web.archive.org/web/20190124041313/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01224 DB01224]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura pharmacologica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | Codex ATC || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{ATC|L03AX|14}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ATC|V04CG|03}}
|}

'''Histaminum''' est substantia chemica organica et [[neurotransmissor]], quae signa per [[nervus|nervos]] transmittit. In [[allergia]] histaminum pars reactionis [[systema immunitatis|systematis immunitatis]] est. Effectus histamini animalium morum&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=White J. M., Rumbold G. R. |title=Behavioural effects of histamine and its antagonists: a review |journal=Psychopharmacology (Berl) |year=1988 |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=1-14 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3133686}}&lt;/ref&gt; et cognitionis&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Alvarez E. O. |title=The role of histamine on cognition |journal=Behav Brain Res |year=2009 |volume=199 |issue=2 |pages=183-9 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19126417}}&lt;/ref&gt; descripti sunt. Anno [[1910]] histaminum a [[Henricus Dale|Henrico Dale]] et Patrico Laidlaw inventum est.

== Natura histamini ==
=== Natura chemica ===
Nomen [[IUPAC]] est 2-(1H-[[imidazolum|imidazolo]]-4-yl)aethan-aminum. [[Massa molaris|Massa eius molaris]] est 111.1451 g/mol. 

Histaminum est [[molecula]] ex anulo [[imidazolum|imidazoli]] et catena atomorum [[carbonium|carbonii]] brevi et grege [[Aminum|amino]] compositum.

== De neurotransmissore ==
Histaminum est neurotransmissor categoriae monoaminorum in quibusdam neuris [[Hypothalamus|hypothalami]] ([[nucleus tuberomammillaris]]) praesens quae [[Axon|axones]] in multas cerebri et [[Medulla spinalis|medullae]] regiones proicientia vigilantiam et intentionem animi et [[vestibulum|systema vestibulare]] moderantur. In illis axonibus ex [[Aminoacidum|aminoacido]] [[Histidinum|histidino]] per [[enzymum]] ''histidini decarboxylasem'' grege carboxylo subtrahendo elaboratur. Deinde in [[Vesicula synaptica|vesiculas synapticas]] per transportatores VMAT ('''V'''esicularis '''M'''ono'''A'''mini '''T'''ransportator) cumulatur. Degradatio histamini per enzyma ''histamini transferasem'' et ''[[Monoaminorum oxidasis|monoamini oxidasem]]'' (MAO) fit. [[Receptorium histamini|Receptoria]] [[Synapsis chemica|postsynaptica]] tria distinguuntur ([[Receptorium histamini H1|H1]], [[Receptorium histamini H2|H2]], [[Receptorium histamini H3|H3]]) quae omnia metabotropa sunt et cum [[Proteinum G|proteina G]] coniuncta.

== In systemate immunitario ==
Histaminum in sanguinem quoque a mastocytis immititur cum [[Textus (biologia)|textus]] laeduntur aut in reactionibus [[Allergia|allergicis]]. Ob discrimina et incommoda multa allergiarum [[inflammatio|inflammationisque]] medicamenta &quot;antihistaminica&quot; plura inventa sunt. In systemate nervoso centrali sedantem effectum habent.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Baptiste Andreani. ''[https://hal.science/tel-03997699/document Physiologie des neurones histaminergiques]'',  Lutetiae, 2022. (Dissertatio academica]
*L. Galoppin, C. Ponvert. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0335745797800123 L'Histamine]&quot;, ''Revue Française d'Allergologie et d'Immunologie Clinique'', 1997: 865-880
*Sima Heidarzadeh-Asl, Marcus Maurer, Amir Kiani et alii. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091674924024151 Novel insights on the biology and immunologic effects of histamine: A road map for allergists and mast cell biologists]&quot;, ''Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology'', 2025: 1095-1114
*Robin L. Thurmond (ed.).''[https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4419-8056-4 Histamine in Inflammation]'', Springer, 2010


{{NexInt}}
* [[Allergia]]
* [[Receptorium histamini H1]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]
* [[Systema immunitatis]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Histamine histaminum] spectant
* ''NIST chemistry webbook'' [https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C51456&amp;Mask=80 de histamini]. {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{med-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Imidazola]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Systema histaminergicum (histaminum)|!]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3976600</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Plura legere si cupis */</comment>
      <origin>3976600</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="5131" sha1="fmtgpd3k7i7gjtj24308h5mclupg86y" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Histaminum'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Histamine.svg|200px|Histaminum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Histamine 3D ball.png|200px|Histaminum]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | C&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;9&lt;/sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 111.15 g/mol
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/774 774]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://web.archive.org/web/20190124041313/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01224 DB01224]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura pharmacologica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | Codex ATC || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{ATC|L03AX|14}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ATC|V04CG|03}}
|}

'''Histaminum''' est substantia chemica organica et [[neurotransmissor]], quae signa per [[nervus|nervos]] transmittit. In [[allergia]] histaminum pars reactionis [[systema immunitatis|systematis immunitatis]] est. Effectus histamini animalium morum&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=White J. M., Rumbold G. R. |title=Behavioural effects of histamine and its antagonists: a review |journal=Psychopharmacology (Berl) |year=1988 |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=1-14 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3133686}}&lt;/ref&gt; et cognitionis&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Alvarez E. O. |title=The role of histamine on cognition |journal=Behav Brain Res |year=2009 |volume=199 |issue=2 |pages=183-9 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19126417}}&lt;/ref&gt; descripti sunt. Anno [[1910]] histaminum a [[Henricus Dale|Henrico Dale]] et Patrico Laidlaw inventum est.

== Natura histamini ==
=== Natura chemica ===
Nomen [[IUPAC]] est 2-(1H-[[imidazolum|imidazolo]]-4-yl)aethan-aminum. [[Massa molaris|Massa eius molaris]] est 111.1451 g/mol. 

Histaminum est [[molecula]] ex anulo [[imidazolum|imidazoli]] et catena atomorum [[carbonium|carbonii]] brevi et grege [[Aminum|amino]] compositum.

== De neurotransmissore ==
Histaminum est neurotransmissor categoriae monoaminorum in quibusdam neuris [[Hypothalamus|hypothalami]] ([[nucleus tuberomammillaris]]) praesens quae [[Axon|axones]] in multas cerebri et [[Medulla spinalis|medullae]] regiones proicientia vigilantiam et intentionem animi et [[vestibulum|systema vestibulare]] moderantur. In illis axonibus ex [[Aminoacidum|aminoacido]] [[Histidinum|histidino]] per [[enzymum]] ''histidini decarboxylasem'' grege carboxylo subtrahendo elaboratur. Deinde in [[Vesicula synaptica|vesiculas synapticas]] per transportatores VMAT ('''V'''esicularis '''M'''ono'''A'''mini '''T'''ransportator) cumulatur. Degradatio histamini per enzyma ''histamini transferasem'' et ''[[Monoaminorum oxidasis|monoamini oxidasem]]'' (MAO) fit. [[Receptorium histamini|Receptoria]] [[Synapsis chemica|postsynaptica]] tria distinguuntur ([[Receptorium histamini H1|H1]], [[Receptorium histamini H2|H2]], [[Receptorium histamini H3|H3]]) quae omnia metabotropa sunt et cum [[Proteinum G|proteina G]] coniuncta.

== In systemate immunitario ==
Histaminum in sanguinem quoque a mastocytis immititur cum [[Textus (biologia)|textus]] laeduntur aut in reactionibus [[Allergia|allergicis]]. Ob discrimina et incommoda multa allergiarum [[inflammatio|inflammationisque]] medicamenta &quot;antihistaminica&quot; plura inventa sunt. In systemate nervoso centrali sedantem effectum habent.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Baptiste Andreani. ''[https://hal.science/tel-03997699/document Physiologie des neurones histaminergiques]'',  Lutetiae, 2022. (Dissertatio academica]
*L. Galoppin, C. Ponvert. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0335745797800123 L'Histamine]&quot;, ''Revue Française d'Allergologie et d'Immunologie Clinique'', 1997: 865-880
*Sima Heidarzadeh-Asl, Marcus Maurer, Amir Kiani et alii. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091674924024151 Novel insights on the biology and immunologic effects of histamine: A road map for allergists and mast cell biologists]&quot;, ''Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology'', 2025: 1095-1114
* Dariusz Szukiewicz, &quot;[https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/18/9859 Histaminergic System Activity in the Central Nervous System: The Role in Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Disorders]&quot;, ''International Journal of Molecular Sciences'', 2024: 9859;
*Robin L. Thurmond (ed.).''[https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4419-8056-4 Histamine in Inflammation]'', Springer, 2010


{{NexInt}}
* [[Allergia]]
* [[Receptorium histamini H1]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]
* [[Systema immunitatis]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Histamine histaminum] spectant
* ''NIST chemistry webbook'' [https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C51456&amp;Mask=80 de histamini]. {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{med-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Imidazola]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Systema histaminergicum (histaminum)|!]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3976601</id>
      <parentid>3976600</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T16:50:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* De neurotransmissore */</comment>
      <origin>3976601</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5137" sha1="g4e24zky920h6cwrrajgmhpfsin210n" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Histaminum'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Histamine.svg|200px|Histaminum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Histamine 3D ball.png|200px|Histaminum]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | C&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;9&lt;/sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 111.15 g/mol
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/774 774]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://web.archive.org/web/20190124041313/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01224 DB01224]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura pharmacologica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | Codex ATC || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{ATC|L03AX|14}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ATC|V04CG|03}}
|}

'''Histaminum''' est substantia chemica organica et [[neurotransmissor]], quae signa per [[nervus|nervos]] transmittit. In [[allergia]] histaminum pars reactionis [[systema immunitatis|systematis immunitatis]] est. Effectus histamini animalium morum&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=White J. M., Rumbold G. R. |title=Behavioural effects of histamine and its antagonists: a review |journal=Psychopharmacology (Berl) |year=1988 |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=1-14 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3133686}}&lt;/ref&gt; et cognitionis&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Alvarez E. O. |title=The role of histamine on cognition |journal=Behav Brain Res |year=2009 |volume=199 |issue=2 |pages=183-9 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19126417}}&lt;/ref&gt; descripti sunt. Anno [[1910]] histaminum a [[Henricus Dale|Henrico Dale]] et Patrico Laidlaw inventum est.

== Natura histamini ==
=== Natura chemica ===
Nomen [[IUPAC]] est 2-(1H-[[imidazolum|imidazolo]]-4-yl)aethan-aminum. [[Massa molaris|Massa eius molaris]] est 111.1451 g/mol. 

Histaminum est [[molecula]] ex anulo [[imidazolum|imidazoli]] et catena atomorum [[carbonium|carbonii]] brevi et grege [[Aminum|amino]] compositum.

== De neurotransmissore ==
Histaminum est neurotransmissor categoriae monoaminorum in quibusdam neuris [[Hypothalamus|hypothalami]] ([[nucleus tuberomammillaris]]) praesens quae [[Axon|axones]] in multas cerebri et [[Medulla spinalis|medullae]] regiones proicientia vigilantiam et intentionem animi et [[vestibulum|systema vestibulare]] moderantur. In illis axonibus ex [[Aminoacidum|aminoacido]] [[Histidinum|histidino]] per [[enzymum]] ''histidini decarboxylasem'' grege carboxylo subtrahendo elaboratur. Deinde in [[Vesicula synaptica|vesiculas synapticas]] per transportatores VMAT ('''V'''esicularis '''M'''ono'''A'''mini '''T'''ransportator) cumulatur. Degradatio histamini per enzyma ''histamini methyltransferasem'' et ''[[Monoaminorum oxidasis|monoamini oxidasem]]'' (MAO) fit. [[Receptorium histamini|Receptoria]] [[Synapsis chemica|postsynaptica]] tria distinguuntur ([[Receptorium histamini H1|H1]], [[Receptorium histamini H2|H2]], [[Receptorium histamini H3|H3]]) quae omnia metabotropa sunt et cum [[Proteinum G|proteina G]] coniuncta.

== In systemate immunitario ==
Histaminum in sanguinem quoque a mastocytis immititur cum [[Textus (biologia)|textus]] laeduntur aut in reactionibus [[Allergia|allergicis]]. Ob discrimina et incommoda multa allergiarum [[inflammatio|inflammationisque]] medicamenta &quot;antihistaminica&quot; plura inventa sunt. In systemate nervoso centrali sedantem effectum habent.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Baptiste Andreani. ''[https://hal.science/tel-03997699/document Physiologie des neurones histaminergiques]'',  Lutetiae, 2022. (Dissertatio academica]
*L. Galoppin, C. Ponvert. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0335745797800123 L'Histamine]&quot;, ''Revue Française d'Allergologie et d'Immunologie Clinique'', 1997: 865-880
*Sima Heidarzadeh-Asl, Marcus Maurer, Amir Kiani et alii. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091674924024151 Novel insights on the biology and immunologic effects of histamine: A road map for allergists and mast cell biologists]&quot;, ''Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology'', 2025: 1095-1114
* Dariusz Szukiewicz, &quot;[https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/18/9859 Histaminergic System Activity in the Central Nervous System: The Role in Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Disorders]&quot;, ''International Journal of Molecular Sciences'', 2024: 9859;
*Robin L. Thurmond (ed.).''[https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4419-8056-4 Histamine in Inflammation]'', Springer, 2010


{{NexInt}}
* [[Allergia]]
* [[Receptorium histamini H1]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]
* [[Systema immunitatis]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Histamine histaminum] spectant
* ''NIST chemistry webbook'' [https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C51456&amp;Mask=80 de histamini]. {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{med-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Imidazola]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Systema histaminergicum (histaminum)|!]]</text>
      <sha1>g4e24zky920h6cwrrajgmhpfsin210n</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3976602</id>
      <parentid>3976601</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Plura legere si cupis */</comment>
      <origin>3976602</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5137" sha1="ns7l0tyni099y2s6bu72mzxgx5857p3" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Histaminum'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Histamine.svg|200px|Histaminum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Histamine 3D ball.png|200px|Histaminum]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | C&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;9&lt;/sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 111.15 g/mol
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/774 774]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://web.archive.org/web/20190124041313/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01224 DB01224]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura pharmacologica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | Codex ATC || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{ATC|L03AX|14}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ATC|V04CG|03}}
|}

'''Histaminum''' est substantia chemica organica et [[neurotransmissor]], quae signa per [[nervus|nervos]] transmittit. In [[allergia]] histaminum pars reactionis [[systema immunitatis|systematis immunitatis]] est. Effectus histamini animalium morum&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=White J. M., Rumbold G. R. |title=Behavioural effects of histamine and its antagonists: a review |journal=Psychopharmacology (Berl) |year=1988 |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=1-14 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3133686}}&lt;/ref&gt; et cognitionis&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Alvarez E. O. |title=The role of histamine on cognition |journal=Behav Brain Res |year=2009 |volume=199 |issue=2 |pages=183-9 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19126417}}&lt;/ref&gt; descripti sunt. Anno [[1910]] histaminum a [[Henricus Dale|Henrico Dale]] et Patrico Laidlaw inventum est.

== Natura histamini ==
=== Natura chemica ===
Nomen [[IUPAC]] est 2-(1H-[[imidazolum|imidazolo]]-4-yl)aethan-aminum. [[Massa molaris|Massa eius molaris]] est 111.1451 g/mol. 

Histaminum est [[molecula]] ex anulo [[imidazolum|imidazoli]] et catena atomorum [[carbonium|carbonii]] brevi et grege [[Aminum|amino]] compositum.

== De neurotransmissore ==
Histaminum est neurotransmissor categoriae monoaminorum in quibusdam neuris [[Hypothalamus|hypothalami]] ([[nucleus tuberomammillaris]]) praesens quae [[Axon|axones]] in multas cerebri et [[Medulla spinalis|medullae]] regiones proicientia vigilantiam et intentionem animi et [[vestibulum|systema vestibulare]] moderantur. In illis axonibus ex [[Aminoacidum|aminoacido]] [[Histidinum|histidino]] per [[enzymum]] ''histidini decarboxylasem'' grege carboxylo subtrahendo elaboratur. Deinde in [[Vesicula synaptica|vesiculas synapticas]] per transportatores VMAT ('''V'''esicularis '''M'''ono'''A'''mini '''T'''ransportator) cumulatur. Degradatio histamini per enzyma ''histamini methyltransferasem'' et ''[[Monoaminorum oxidasis|monoamini oxidasem]]'' (MAO) fit. [[Receptorium histamini|Receptoria]] [[Synapsis chemica|postsynaptica]] tria distinguuntur ([[Receptorium histamini H1|H1]], [[Receptorium histamini H2|H2]], [[Receptorium histamini H3|H3]]) quae omnia metabotropa sunt et cum [[Proteinum G|proteina G]] coniuncta.

== In systemate immunitario ==
Histaminum in sanguinem quoque a mastocytis immititur cum [[Textus (biologia)|textus]] laeduntur aut in reactionibus [[Allergia|allergicis]]. Ob discrimina et incommoda multa allergiarum [[inflammatio|inflammationisque]] medicamenta &quot;antihistaminica&quot; plura inventa sunt. In systemate nervoso centrali sedantem effectum habent.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Baptiste Andreani. ''[https://hal.science/tel-03997699/document Physiologie des neurones histaminergiques]'',  Lutetiae, 2022. (Dissertatio academica)
*L. Galoppin, C. Ponvert. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0335745797800123 L'Histamine]&quot;, ''Revue Française d'Allergologie et d'Immunologie Clinique'', 1997: 865-880
*Sima Heidarzadeh-Asl, Marcus Maurer, Amir Kiani et alii. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091674924024151 Novel insights on the biology and immunologic effects of histamine: A road map for allergists and mast cell biologists]&quot;, ''Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology'', 2025: 1095-1114
* Dariusz Szukiewicz, &quot;[https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/18/9859 Histaminergic System Activity in the Central Nervous System: The Role in Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Disorders]&quot;, ''International Journal of Molecular Sciences'', 2024: 9859;
*Robin L. Thurmond (ed.).''[https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4419-8056-4 Histamine in Inflammation]'', Springer, 2010


{{NexInt}}
* [[Allergia]]
* [[Receptorium histamini H1]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]
* [[Systema immunitatis]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Histamine histaminum] spectant
* ''NIST chemistry webbook'' [https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C51456&amp;Mask=80 de histamini]. {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{med-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Imidazola]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Systema histaminergicum (histaminum)|!]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* In systemate immunitario */</comment>
      <origin>3976619</origin>
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      <text bytes="5206" sha1="bj2oddu74sogn4cx3u0pa8rim0jpgso" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Histaminum'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Histamine.svg|200px|Histaminum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Histamine 3D ball.png|200px|Histaminum]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | C&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;9&lt;/sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 111.15 g/mol
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/774 774]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://web.archive.org/web/20190124041313/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01224 DB01224]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura pharmacologica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | Codex ATC || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{ATC|L03AX|14}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ATC|V04CG|03}}
|}

'''Histaminum''' est substantia chemica organica et [[neurotransmissor]], quae signa per [[nervus|nervos]] transmittit. In [[allergia]] histaminum pars reactionis [[systema immunitatis|systematis immunitatis]] est. Effectus histamini animalium morum&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=White J. M., Rumbold G. R. |title=Behavioural effects of histamine and its antagonists: a review |journal=Psychopharmacology (Berl) |year=1988 |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=1-14 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3133686}}&lt;/ref&gt; et cognitionis&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Alvarez E. O. |title=The role of histamine on cognition |journal=Behav Brain Res |year=2009 |volume=199 |issue=2 |pages=183-9 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19126417}}&lt;/ref&gt; descripti sunt. Anno [[1910]] histaminum a [[Henricus Dale|Henrico Dale]] et Patrico Laidlaw inventum est.

== Natura histamini ==
=== Natura chemica ===
Nomen [[IUPAC]] est 2-(1H-[[imidazolum|imidazolo]]-4-yl)aethan-aminum. [[Massa molaris|Massa eius molaris]] est 111.1451 g/mol. 

Histaminum est [[molecula]] ex anulo [[imidazolum|imidazoli]] et catena atomorum [[carbonium|carbonii]] brevi et grege [[Aminum|amino]] compositum.

== De neurotransmissore ==
Histaminum est neurotransmissor categoriae monoaminorum in quibusdam neuris [[Hypothalamus|hypothalami]] ([[nucleus tuberomammillaris]]) praesens quae [[Axon|axones]] in multas cerebri et [[Medulla spinalis|medullae]] regiones proicientia vigilantiam et intentionem animi et [[vestibulum|systema vestibulare]] moderantur. In illis axonibus ex [[Aminoacidum|aminoacido]] [[Histidinum|histidino]] per [[enzymum]] ''histidini decarboxylasem'' grege carboxylo subtrahendo elaboratur. Deinde in [[Vesicula synaptica|vesiculas synapticas]] per transportatores VMAT ('''V'''esicularis '''M'''ono'''A'''mini '''T'''ransportator) cumulatur. Degradatio histamini per enzyma ''histamini methyltransferasem'' et ''[[Monoaminorum oxidasis|monoamini oxidasem]]'' (MAO) fit. [[Receptorium histamini|Receptoria]] [[Synapsis chemica|postsynaptica]] tria distinguuntur ([[Receptorium histamini H1|H1]], [[Receptorium histamini H2|H2]], [[Receptorium histamini H3|H3]]) quae omnia metabotropa sunt et cum [[Proteinum G|proteina G]] coniuncta.

== In systemate immunitario ==
[[Fasciculus:Histamine metabolism.png|thumb|Histamini metabolismus]]
Histaminum in sanguinem quoque a mastocytis immititur cum [[Textus (biologia)|textus]] laeduntur aut in reactionibus [[Allergia|allergicis]]. Ob discrimina et incommoda multa allergiarum [[inflammatio|inflammationisque]] medicamenta &quot;antihistaminica&quot; plura inventa sunt. In systemate nervoso centrali sedantem effectum habent.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Baptiste Andreani. ''[https://hal.science/tel-03997699/document Physiologie des neurones histaminergiques]'',  Lutetiae, 2022. (Dissertatio academica)
*L. Galoppin, C. Ponvert. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0335745797800123 L'Histamine]&quot;, ''Revue Française d'Allergologie et d'Immunologie Clinique'', 1997: 865-880
*Sima Heidarzadeh-Asl, Marcus Maurer, Amir Kiani et alii. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091674924024151 Novel insights on the biology and immunologic effects of histamine: A road map for allergists and mast cell biologists]&quot;, ''Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology'', 2025: 1095-1114
* Dariusz Szukiewicz, &quot;[https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/18/9859 Histaminergic System Activity in the Central Nervous System: The Role in Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Disorders]&quot;, ''International Journal of Molecular Sciences'', 2024: 9859;
*Robin L. Thurmond (ed.).''[https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4419-8056-4 Histamine in Inflammation]'', Springer, 2010


{{NexInt}}
* [[Allergia]]
* [[Receptorium histamini H1]]
* [[Systema excitans reticulare ascendens]]
* [[Systema immunitatis]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Histamine histaminum] spectant
* ''NIST chemistry webbook'' [https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C51456&amp;Mask=80 de histamini]. {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{med-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Imidazola]]
[[Categoria:Neurotransmissores]]
[[Categoria:Systema histaminergicum (histaminum)|!]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1136" sha1="gnu4rr6dw9qg3q14973igm320zmiyco" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Nature cover, November 4, 1869.jpg|thumb|Prima pagina editionis primae ''[[Nature]]'' (Natura), periodici scientifici multarum disciplinarum.]]
'''Periodicum scientificum''' in [[publicatio academica|publicatione academica]] est series [[periodicum|periodicorum]] vel [[libellus|libellorum]] ad [[scientia (ratio)|scientiam]] promovendam dicatorum, cuius novissimus fasciculi aliquoties in anno in lucem divulgantur, plerumque novis [[investigatio]]nibus nuntiatis. Plerisque divisionibus scientificis propria periodica scientifica sunt. Saepe quidem divulgatio [[auctor]]ibus non sine sumptibus est.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190604091146/https://openwetware.org/wiki/Publication_fees Sumptus divulgationis periodicarum selectorum].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Academia scientiarum]]
* [[arXiv]]
* [[Diarium]]
* [[Recensio inter pares]]
* [[Scientia (ratio)]]
* [[:Categoria:Periodica scientifica|Periodica scientifica]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.hellers.com/steve/resume/p146.html De periodica scientifica electronica]

[[categoria:Periodica]]
[[categoria:Periodica scientifica|!]]</text>
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    <title>Ioannes Baptista Ramusius</title>
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      <text bytes="2306" sha1="3gesrmxonq2b4vktrkn8zfarecqmwp1" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Ioannes Baptista Ramusius''', vulgo ''Giovanni Battista Ramusio'' ([[Tarvisium|Tarvisio]] natus die [[20 Iulii]] [[1485]]; [[Patavium|Patavii]] die [[10 Iulii]] [[1557]] mortuus) fuit narrationum de explorationibus editor. Patavii educatus, cardinalis [[Petrus Bembus|Petri Bembi]] amicus, [[Venetiae|Venetiis]] habitabat, ubi collectiones suae divulgari iussit.

Opera [[Marcus Paulus Venetus|Marci Pauli]], [[Aloisius Cadamustus|Aloisii Cadamusti]], [[Iacobus Quarterius|Iacobi Quarterii]], [[Eduardus Barbosa|Eduardi Barbosa]] multorumque aliorum edidit. ''[[Relatione d'alcune cose della Nuova Spagna e della gran città di Temestitan Messico]]'', &quot;conquisitatori anonymo&quot; adscripta, solus servat.

== Opera ==
[[Fasciculus:Ramusio Navigationi vol 1 1st ed 1550 tp.jpg|thumb|''Primo volume delle Navigationi et viaggi'' (1550): titulus]]
* 1550-1559 : ''[[Navigationi et viaggi (Ramusius)|Navigationi et viaggi]]''. Venetiis {{Google Books|iZ5TZHXOnYcC|vol. 1 1550}} [https://archive.org/details/primovolumequart00ramu vol. 1 1588] {{Google Books|vUiF7n9YiX4C|vol. 2 1559}} [https://archive.org/details/secundovolumedel00ramu vol. 2 1559] [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_dpvHWQyVFTEC vol. 2 1583] [https://archive.org/details/terzovolumedelle32ramu vol. 3 1556] [https://archive.org/details/dellenavigationi00ramu vol. 3 1606]

== Bibliographia ==
* {{EnciItaliana|http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giovanni-battista-ramusio_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29/|Ramusio, Giovanni Battista|Roberto Almagià|1935}}
* {{DBI|http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giovanni-battista-ramusio_(Dizionario-Biografico)/|Ramusio, Giovanni Battista|Massimo Donattini|2016}}
* Fiona Lejosne, ''Écrire le monde depuis Venise au xvie siècle. Giovanni Battista Ramusio et les Navigationi et viaggi''. Genavae: Droz, 2021

== Nexus externi ==
[[Fasciculus:1550 Africa Ramusio Delle Navigationi vol1.png|thumb|Forma [[Africa]]e in ''Primo volume delle Navigationi et viaggi'' (1550) delineata]]
{{CommuniaCat|Giovanni Battista Ramusio|Ioannem Baptistam Ramusium}}
{{Fontes biographici}}

{{Lifetime|1485|1557|Ramusius, Ioannes Baptista}}
[[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Italiani]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores itinerum]]
[[Categoria:Editores]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Venetiarum]]</text>
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    <title>Nicotinamidum adeninum dinucleotidum</title>
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|+ '''Nicotinamidum adeninum&lt;br /&gt;dinucleotidum'''&lt;br /&gt;'''''NADH'''''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:NAD+ phys.svg|200px|NAD+]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:NAD+-from-xtal-2003-3D-balls.png|200px|NAD+]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cognitores
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://web.archive.org/web/20190715203413/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00157 DB00157]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/925 925]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica|Formula summarum]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{chem|C|21|H|27|N|7|O|14|P|2}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 663.43g/mol
|-
|}
'''Nicotinamidum adeninum dinucleotidum'''&lt;ref&gt;Fons nominis Latini in: Riley D. S. S. (2017). ''Materia Medica of New and Old Homeopathic Medicines'' Springer, ISBN 978-3662541913.&lt;/ref&gt; (abbreviatura: '''NAD''') est [[cofactor (biochemia)|cofactor]] omnibus [[cellula|cellulis]] vivis inventus. Pars nominis ''dinucleotidi'' indicat, ut compositum hoc organicum ex duobus [[nucleotidum|nucleotidis]] compositum sit - per greges [[phosphatum|phosphati]] suos ligatum. Utrumque autem nucleotidum diversum est: altero [[nicotinamidum]] est, altero [[adeninum]] [[basis nucleici acidi|nucleobasis]]. Causa [[electron]]a transferendi nicotinamido adenino dinucleotido duae formae sunt: oxydata (abbreviatura: '''NAD&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;''', materia oxydans) et reducta ('''NADH''', materia reducens, electrona dans).

Synthesis ''de novo'' ab [[tryptophanum|tryptophano]] vel [[acidum asparticum|acido aspartico]] [[aminoacidum|aminoacidis]] oritur.

In [[metabolismus|metabolismo]] electrona transferentia munus principalis NAD. Ad spirationem cellularem intra matrices [[mitochondrium|mitochondriorum]] transgressus electronorum ab [[cyclus acidi citrici|cyclo acidi citrici]] ad [[phosphorylatio oxidativa|phosphorylationem oxydativam]] momentum habent maximum. Damnum vel interruptio eorum etiam mortum organismi perficere potest.

Aliquid NAD convertitur in [[nicotinamidum adeninum dinucleotidum phosphatum]], NADP, quod in itinera anabolica utile est.
&lt;!--
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Knowles |first=J.&amp;nbsp;R. |title=Enzyme-catalyzed phosphoryl transfer reactions |journal=Annu. Rev. Biochem. |volume=49 |pages=877–919 |year=1980 |pmid=6250450 | doi=10.1146/annurev.bi.49.070180.004305}}&lt;/ref&gt;
--&gt;
== Natura chemica ==
=== Structura ===
[[Formula chemica|Formula summarum]] sua est {{chem|C|21|H|27|N|7|O|14|P|2}}, et [[massa molaris]] 663.43g/mol. NAD ex duobus [[nucleotidum|nucleotidis]] trans greges sua ligatum. Alterum nucleotidum est [[nicotinamidum]] plus saccharum [[ribosum|ribosi]]. Alterum nucleotidum est [[adeninum|Adenini]] anulo duplici in positione nona, quo unus [[atomus]] [[nitrogenium|nitrogenii]] est, saccharum [[ribosum|ribosi]] quoque cum atomo [[carbonium|carbonii]] affixum est.

=== Status oxydativus et reductus ===
Coniunctio inter [[nicotinamidum]] et [[ribosum]] haud stabilis sed valde utilis est: Causa [[electron]]a transferendi nicotinamido adenino dinucleotido duae formae sunt: oxydata, NAD&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;+H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;+2e&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;, materia oxydans et forma reducta, NADH, materia reducens, electrona dans. NADH forma quasi onerata electron iuxta atomum nitrogenii anuli [[pyridinum|pyridini]] (quod nicotinamido inest).
* NAD&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; est forma oxydata, et nitrogenio anuli pyridini electron deest (igitur N&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; positive oneratum). Sub ''reductione'', electron (+ H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;+e&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; stabilitate anuli dicti causa) accipens, NADH oritur, substratum (i.e. compositum alterum) reactionis chemicae oxydatur (effectus NAD&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; oxydans).
* NADH est forma reducta. Sub ''oxydatione'' NAD&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; oritur, atque unum ion hydrogenii (H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;) et duo electrona (2e&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;) liberantur, &quot;dantur&quot;, simul compositum substratum reducitur (hinc natura NADH reducens).
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:NAD oxidation reduction.svg
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Pyridin.svg|[[Pyridinum]]
Fasciculus:Nicotinamide structure.svg|[[Nicotinamidum]]
Fasciculus:Adenine.svg|[[Adeninum]]
Fasciculus:Beta-D-Ribofuranose.svg|[[Ribosum]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Phosphorylatio oxidativa]]

{{chem-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Biochemia]]
[[Categoria:Phosphata]]</text>
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    <title>Pictura technica</title>
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      <text bytes="5862" sha1="irsemeq2r3ehsxepjic1ghrvzwnb1no" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Drafter at work.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Pictor technicus|Pictrix technica]] in [[mensa scriptoria]] laborat.]]
'''Pictura technica,'''{{FD ref}} scilicet '''linearis,''' [[pictura linearis|picturarum linearium]]&lt;!--Plan (drawing)--&gt; componendarum est [[ars]] et [[disciplina academica|disciplina]] quae modum quo [[res]] [[fabrica]]ta movetur&lt;!--?works--&gt; aut construitur [[homo|hominibus]] [[communicatio visualis|per oculos]] [[communicatio|communicant]].
[[Fasciculus:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F038800-0010, Wolfsburg, VW Autowerk.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Homines exemplaria ex picturis technicis anno [[1973]] exscribunt.]]
[[Fasciculus:Architekturskizze Verwaltungsgebäude Biel.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Adumbratio]] [[aedificium|aedificii]] [[rectio]]nis.]]
[[Fasciculus:Zeichenmaschine.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Mensa]] picturarum technicarum faciendarum.]]

Pictura technica communicationi notionum in [[industria]] et [[ars ingeniaria|arte ingeniaria]] necessaria est. Ut picturae facilius intellectu sint, [[artifex|artifices]] technici [[symbolum|symbolis]] [[prospectiva|perspectivis]], [[mensura|unitatibus mensurae]], [[systema]]tibus [[notatio]]nis, modis [[ars oculorum|visualibus]], et [[designatio graphica|designationibus]] [[pagina]]rum [[normalizatio|normativis]] notisque utuntur. Tales [[consuetudo|consuetudines]] [[visus|linguam oculorum]] simul constituunt ac praestant ut pictura [[certitudo|certa]] facileque intellecta sit. Multa e symbolis principiisque picturae technicae [[norma internationalis|normis internationalibus]] [[codex|codificantur]], quae [[ISO 128]] una dicuntur.

[[Necessitas]] communicationis subtilis in singulis imaginis munere impleti rebus picturam technicam ab expressiva [[ars oculorum|artium oculorum]] pictura distinguit, quia imagines [[ars|artisticae]] per [[qualia]] interpretantur, permultis [[significatio (linguistica)|significationibus]] imbutis; picturis autem technicis est unica significatio destinata.&lt;ref name=&quot;g2000p3&quot;&gt;Goetsch, Chalk, et Nelson 2000: 3.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Pictor technicus]]&lt;!--draftsperson, draughtsman--&gt; est [[homo]] qui [[adumbratio]]nem facit, aut technicam aut expressivam. Pictor technicus [[professio]]nalis qui picturas technicas facit aliquando [[artifex]] technicus appellatur.


[[Fasciculus:Technical drawing instruments 1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Prisca picturae technicae [[instrumentum|instrumenta]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Stencils01.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''Stencils'' [[littera]]rum picturarum technicarum secundum [[normalizatio|normas]] DIN.]]

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Bhatt, N. D. ''Machine Drawing.'' Charotar Publication.
*Boland, Richard, et Fred Collopy. [[2004]]. ''Managing as designing.'' Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-4674-5.
*Booker, Peter Jeffrey. [[1963]]. ''A history of engineering drawing.'' Londinii: Chatto &amp; Windus.
*Brumbach, Michael E., et Jeffrey A. Clade. [[2014]]. ''Industrial maintenance.'' Ed. secunda. Clifton Park Novi Eboraci: Delmar, Cengage Learning. ISBN 9781133131199, ISBN 1133131190.
*Feldhaus, Franz M. [[1967]]. ''Geschichte des technischen Zeichnens: Bearbeitet von Edmund Schruff. Mit 95 Abbildungen und 5 Farbtafeln.'' Ed. tertia. Wilhelmshaven: Franz Kuhlmann.
*Goetsch, David L., William S. Chalk, et John A. Nelson. [[2000]]. ''Technical Drawing.'' Ed. quarta. Albaniae Novi Eboraci: Delmar Learning. Delmar Technical Graphics Series. ISBN 978-0-7668-0531-6. OCLC 39756434.
*Hewitt, Thomas Herdman. [[1974]]. ''Advanced geometrical and engineering drawing.'' Londinii: English Universities Press. ISBN 0340087668.
*Jefferis, Alan, et David Madsen. [[2005]]. ''Architectural Drafting and Design.'' Ed. quinta. Clifton Park Novi Eboraci: Delmar Cengage Learning. ISBN 1-4018-6715-4.
*Jensen, Cecil Howard, et Jay D. Helsel. [[1990]]. ''Engineering drawing and design.'' Ed. quarta. Novi Eboraci: Gregg Division, McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0070325553.
*Lefèvre, Wolfgang, ed. [[2004]]. ''Picturing Machines 1400–1700: How technical drawings shaped early engineering practice.'' Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-12269-3.
*Liebing, Ralph W. [[1999]]. ''Architectural working drawings.'' Novi Eboraci: John Wiley and Sons, 1999. ISBN 0-471-34876-7.
*Liebing, Ralph W. [[2008]]. ''Construction of architecture: from design to built.'' Hoboken Novae Caesareae: John Wiley. ISBN 9780471783558, ISBN 0471783552.
*Lieu, Dennis K., et Sheryl Sorby. [[2009]]. ''Visualization, Modeling, and Graphics for Engineering Design.'' Clifton Park Novi Eboraci: Delmar Cengage Learning. ISBN 1-4018-4249-6.
*Luzadder, Warren J., et Jon M. Duff. [[1993]]. ''Fundamentals of engineering drawing: with an introduction to interactive computer graphics for design and production.'' Ed. undecima. Englewood Cliffs Novae Caesareae: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0133350509.
*Poole, Jerome D. [[1978]]. ''Engineering drawing for technician engineers.'' Londinii et Novi Eboraci: Longman. ISBN 0582424437.
*Viola, Ivan, et Meister E. Gröller. [[2005]]. &quot;Smart Visibility in Visualization.&quot; In ''Computational Aesthetics in Graphics, Visualization and Imaging,'' ed. L. Neumann et al.

{{NexInt}}
*[[Adumbratio]]
*[[Cyclographum]]
*[[Xerographia]]

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Technical drawing|picturam technicam}}
*[https://history.nasa.gov/diagrams/diagrams.htm Diagrammata et picturae technicae historicae apud NASA.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090918100307/http://www.cadazz.com/cad-software-history.htm Historia CAD.]
*[http://www.draftsperson.net/index.php?title=Category:Drafting_Standards Normae picturae technicae.]{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

[[Categoria:Architectura]]&lt;!--melius: Munera architecturae--&gt;
[[Categoria:Infographica]]
[[Categoria:Ars ingeniaria]]&lt;!--melius: Munera artis ingeniariae--&gt;
[[Categoria:Pictura technica| ]]
{{Myrias|Technologia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Riluzolum</title>
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{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ Riluzolum
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cognitores
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | ''[[ChemSpider]]'' || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.4892.html 4892]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5070 5070]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://web.archive.org/web/20190930173307/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00740 DB00740]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Riluzole2DACS.svg|200px|Riluzolum]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Riluzole ball-and-stick model.png|200px|Riluzolum]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica|Formula summarum]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{chem|C|8|H|5|F|3|N|2|O|S}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 234.199 g/mol
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura pharmacologica
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | Codex ATC || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{ATC|N07XX|02}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Tempus semivitae biologicum]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 9-15 horae
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Metabolismus]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[iecur|iecore]] (hepaticus)
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Substratum (Chemia)|Substratum]] [[enzymum|enzymi]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[CYP1A2]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | Excretio || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[ren]]ibus: 90%
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ad usum therapeuticum
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | Applicatio || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | per os
|}
'''Riluzolum''' est [[medicamentum]] in [[sclerosis lateralis amyotrophica|sclerose laterali amyotrophica]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Miller R. G., Mitchell J. D., Moore D. H. |title=Riluzole for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)/motor neuron disease (MND) |journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews |year=2012 |month=Mar |issue=3 |pages=)CD001447 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22419278}}&lt;/ref&gt; tractando.

== Natura Riluzoli ==
=== Natura chemica ===
Riluzolum est ([[IUPAC]]) 6-(tri-[[fluorum|fluor]]-methoxy)-1,3-[[benzothiazolum]]-2-aminum. 

[[Massa molaris]] est 234.199 g/mol.

&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Benzothiazole numbering.png|[[Benzothiazolum]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Natura pharmacologica ===
 
=== Pharmacodynamica ===
Adhuc machinatio effectuum exacta vacat. Videtur Riluzolum per [[canalis ionticus natrii|canales ionticos natrii]] liberationem [[glutamatum|glutamati]] ex terminis tractuum corticoefferentium (imprimis [[tractus corticospinalis]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Gorges M., Del Tredici K., Dreyhaupt J., Braak H., Ludolph A. C., Müller H. P., Kassubek J. |title=Corticoefferent pathology distribution in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: in vivo evidence from a meta-analysis of diffusion tensor imaging data |journal=Scientific reports |year=2018 |month=Oct |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=15389 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30337677}}&lt;/ref&gt;) inhibere.

=== Pharmacocinetica ===
Excretio est per imprimis urinas.

== Effectus Riluzoli ==

=== Effectus secundarii === 
Exempli (!) sunt:
* Nausea
* Fatigatio
* Functio pulmonalis reducta
* [[Capitis dolor]]
* [[Vomitus]]
* Dolor abdominalis
* Valor aminotransferasis ↑
* [[Pancreatitis]]

{{NexInt}} 
* [[Pharmacologia]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Categoria:Benzothiazola]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Proteinum G</title>
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      <text bytes="2337" sha1="ldrcbliwbee6j9c7fsuzaiv912gviur" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:1b9x opm.png|thumb|Exemplum proteinorum G; hic [[phosducinum]]-[[transducinum]] complexus beta-gamma (carulee-rubre).]]
'''Proteinum G''' vel '''guanino nucleotido iungentia proteinum''' est familia [[proteinum|proteinorum]] [[GTPasis|GTPasium]], quae [[epitonum moleculare|epitona molecularia]] intracellularia, ibi [[signum transductus|signa transmittendi]], agunt.

Littera G ad contextum cum substantiis chemicis [[guanosinum triphosphatum|'''G'''uanosini TriPhosphati]] (GTP) et [[guanosinum iphosphatum|'''G'''uanosini DiPhosphati]] (GDP) respicit. Proteinis G inter ambas substantias (GTP et GDP) mutari posse facultas, ut [[epitonium electricum]], ergo ''epitonium moleculare'', est. [[Receptorium proteino G copulatum|Receptorio copulato]] activo ab GDP format GTP (signum AD, accensum), inactivo contra ex GTP format GDP (signum EX, extinctum).
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Guanosintriphosphat protoniert.svg|GTP est signum AD
Fasciculus:Guanosindiphosphat protoniert.svg|GDP est signum EX
Fasciculus:GTPase Activation.png|[[GTPasis]] epitonium moleculare: dextre signo AD, sinistre signo EX
&lt;/gallery&gt;

Duo classes proteinorum G descriptae sunt: 
* [[GTPasis parva|GTPases parvae]] monomericae - in [[cytoplasma]]te inventae
* proteina G complexus heterotrimerici - secundum membranas cellulares sitae

Munera proteinorum G intra [[cellula]]m magnum momentum habet.

Anno 1994 [[Martinus Rodbell]] et [[Alfredus G. Gilman]] [[Praemium Nobelianum physiologiae et medicinae]] ratione inventionis proteinorum G et operae signi transducti accepit&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1994/summary/ De Praemio Noleliano Medicinae anno 1994]&lt;/ref&gt; atque 2004 [[Linda B. Buck]] et [[Richardus Axel]] [[Praemium Nobelianum Medicinae|Nobelianum Medicinae Praemium]] suorum officiorum proteinorum G causa accepit&lt;ref&gt;''Nobelprize.org'' de [https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2004/press-release/ inventione proteinorum G (2004)]. {{Ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Receptorium proteino G copulatum]]
* [[Signum transductus]]

== Nexus externi ==
* ''National library'' de [https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=GTP-Binding%20Proteins GTP iungentibus proteinis]. {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{biologia-stipula}}
[[Categoria:Signum transductus]]
[[Categoria:Receptoria proteino G copulata]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Porcina Dongpo</title>
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      <text bytes="3858" sha1="mndeu09incix166quhkr5jg4nxnjm7l" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:盐官缸肉1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gastronomia Zhejiangensis||en|qid=Q1156999}}: ''Dongpo rou'' (&quot;porcina Dongpo&quot;) sicut [[Jiaxing]] in urbe illius provinciae infertur]]

{{res|Porcina Dongpo}}, [[Sinice]] 東坡肉 ''Dōngpō ròu'' est ferculum typicum urbis [[Hancheum|Hanchei]] (''Hangzhou'') in provincia [[Cechiana]] [[Sinae (regio)|Sinarum]] sed in aliis regionibus nonnullis simili modo paratum. 

== Compositio ==
[[Fasciculus:Su shi.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|[[Su Dongpo]]: effigies anno circiter 1300 a calligrapho [[Zhao Mengfu]] picta]]
Ventrem [[porcina|porcinum]] assas; deterge, ne laves. Condies cum [[allium chinense|cepullis]] candidis, [[gingiber]]e. Ut primum bullierit, expressum in offulas dissecabis. [[Saccharum]] coques in patina. Cum coloraberit, mittes porcinam, liquamine [[Soia (liquamen)|soia]] et [[vinum Shaoxingense|vino Shaoxingensi]] suffundes, cooperies. Facies ut quam lentissime ferveat. Depones, macerabis. Postridie calefacies, ex iure suo inferes.

[[Fasciculus:盐官缸肉2.jpg|thumb|''Dongpo rou'' (&quot;porcina Dongpo&quot;) sicut dispertiri solet, concisis [[allium chinense|cepullis]] viridibus inspersis]] 
Ferculum ad honorem poëtae [[Su Dongpo]] nominatur, magistrati saeculo XI urbis Hanchei, qui in carmine 豬肉頌 &quot;Porcinae laus&quot; methodum paucis verbis describere videtur:
::凈洗鐺&lt;br /&gt;
::少著水&lt;br /&gt;
:柴頭罨煙焰不起。&lt;br /&gt;
:待他自熟莫催他&lt;br /&gt;
:火侯足時他自美。&lt;br /&gt;
::黃州好豬肉&lt;br /&gt;
::價賤如泥土。&lt;br /&gt;
::貴者不肯喫&lt;br /&gt;
::貧者不解煮&lt;br /&gt;
:早辰起來打兩碗&lt;br /&gt;
:飽得自家君莫管。
(&quot;Igne leni cocta, aqua quam minima, tempore satis dato aurea florebitur. Patienter exspecta: sine sensu festinas. Hanchei porcina optima pretio stercoris venditatur. Dives edere recusat; pauper parare nescit. Patellis sic duobus matutine datis, aliud nihil desidero&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;[[Su Shi|Su Dongpo]], [[:s:zh:豬肉頌|豬肉頌]]. Versio Latina e pluribus paginis interretialibus subter citatis confecta&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* William Chan Tat Chen, Bin Gao, &quot;La Cuisine chinoise&quot; in Michel Aufray, Michel Perret, edd., ''Cuisines d'Orient et d'ailleurs'' (Grenoble: Glénat, 1995. ISBN 2-7234-1792-1) p. 188 
* [[Fuchsia Dunlop]], ''Land of Fish and Rice'' (Londinii: Bloomsbury, 2016) pp. 86-87
* Françoise Sabban, &quot;[https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00180120/document La Diète parfaite d'un lettré retiré sous les Song du Sud]&quot; in ''Etudes chinoises'' vol. 16 n° 1 (1997), vide p. 35

{{NexInt}}
* [[Porcina in braza rubra]]

== Nexus externi ==
* &quot;[https://emylogues.wordpress.com/2012/04/21/dongpo-rou-dongpo-braised-pork-belly-东坡肉/ Dongpo Braised Pork Belly]&quot; apud ''Emilylogues''
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160111103724/http://chaxiubao.typepad.com/chaxiubao/2005/03/slowbraised_por.html Slow-braised pork belly: Dongpo Pork (東坡肉)]&quot; (30 Martii 2005) apud ''Cha Xiu Bao''
* Chung Meng Leong, &quot;[https://www.theworldofchinese.com/2020/03/food-fit-for-a-poet/ Food Fit for a Poet]&quot; (Martio 2020) apud ''The World of Chinese''
* &quot;[https://www.choochoocachew.com/dongpopork/ Classic Dong Po Pork]&quot; apud ''Choochoo-ca-chew''
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210412212301/http://www.kindofcooking.com/chinese-pork-belly/ The Best Ever Sous Vide Chinese Pork Belly (Dongpo Rou)]&quot; (19 Martii 2020) apud ''Kind of Cooking''
* &quot;[https://thewoksoflife.com/braised-pork-belly-dong-po-rou/ Braised pork belly Dong po rou]&quot; apud ''The Woks of Life''
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160523164359/https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/food/how-to-make-dong-po-pork Video: How to make braised Dongpo pork]&quot; in ''[[Straits Times]]'' (8 Maii 2016)

[[Categoria:Gastronomia Zhejiangensis]]
[[Categoria:Fercula porcina]]
[[Categoria:Hancheum]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sarsenterum</title>
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      <text bytes="2282" sha1="1sb16nc8pr1x34kyl3m2rj0zewjs2uh" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Stolac (collage).jpg|thumb|Despectus in oppidum]] 
'''Sarsenterum'''&lt;ref name=&quot;CathHier&quot; /&gt; {{victio|Sarsenterum|i|n}} (alia nomina: ''Diluntum''&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.asciatopo.altervista.org/illyria.html Antonio Sciarretta's Toponymy - Ancient Toponymy: Illyricum URL www.asciatopo.altervista.org]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210108194504/http://ff.unsa.ba/files/zavDipl/17_18/arh/zdr_Amina_Veladzic.pdf UNIVERZITET U SARAJEVU FILOZOFSKI FAKULTET ODSJEK ZA HISTORIJU KATEDRA ZA ARHEOLOGIJU Rimska urbanizacija na tlu današnje Bosne i Hercegovine (Završni diplomski rad) MENTOR: prof. dr. Adnan, Busuladžić STUDENT: Amina Veladžić - SARAJEVO, 2018]&lt;/ref&gt;) ([[Bosnice]] ''Stolac'') est oppidum et municipium [[Bosnia et Herzegovina|Bosniae et Herzegovinae]] quae in regione [[Herzegovina]] sita. Municipium pertinet ad [[Pagus Herzegovinae-Narentae|Pagum Herzegovinae-Narentae]], in [[Foederatio Bosniae et Herzegovinae|Foederatione Bosniae et Herzegovinae]]. Incolae ''Sarsenterenses''&lt;ref name=&quot;CathHier&quot; /&gt; appellari possunt.

==Historia==
===Urbs antiqua===
* [[Daorsum]]: hodie situs archaeologicus.
* [[Sarsenterum (urbs antiqua)]]

== Ecclesia Catholica Romana ==
Sarsenterum fuit [[sedes episcopalis]] [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]] et hodie [[Sedes Titularis Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae|Sedes Titularis]] [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]]. Nomen sedis episcopalis [[Dioecesis Sarsenterensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CathHier&quot;&gt;{{CathHierDiocese|4s03|Dioecesis Sarsenterensis}}&lt;/ref&gt; est.

== Vici et loci in municipio==
''Aladinići, Barane, Berkovići, Bitunja, Bjelojevići, Borojevići, Brštanik, Burmazi, Crnići-Greda, Crnići-Kula, Dabrica, Do, Hatelji, Hodovo, Hrgud, Komanje Brdo, Kozice, Kruševo, Ljubljenica, Ljuti Do, Meča, Orahovica, Ošanići, Pješivac-Greda, Pješivac-Kula, Poplat, Poprati, Predolje, Prenj, Radimlja, Stolac, Strupići, Suzina, Šćepan Krst, Trijebanj, Trusina and Žegulja.''

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Stolac|Sarsenterum}}
{{fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Municipia Bosniae et Herzegovinae]]
[[Categoria:Urbes Sedes Episcopales Titulares Bosniae et Herzegovinae]]
[[Categoria:Pagus Herzegovinae-Narentae]]</text>
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    <title>Oxytocinum</title>
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{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ Oxytocinum
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cognitores
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[ChemSpider]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.5551.html 5551]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[DrugBank]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://web.archive.org/web/20200818233109/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00107 DB00107]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[OMIM]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://omim.org/entry/167050 167050]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[PubChem]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5754 5754]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Natura chemica
|- 
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Oxytocin with labels.png|250px|Oxytocinum]]
|- 
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Fasciculus:OxitocinaCPK3D.png|250px|Oxytocinum]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Formula chemica|Formula summarum]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | {{chem|C|43|H|66|N|12|O|12|S|2}}
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Massa molaris]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | 1&amp;thinsp;007.19 g/mol
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Genetica
|- 
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Ideogram human chromosome 20.svg|300px|Chromosomate 20 locatum]]
|}
'''Oxytocinum''' ('''Oxt''') est [[hormon]] et [[neuropeptidum]], quod in [[hypothalamus|hypothalamo]] perficitur, praecursor inactivus liberatus, tum per [[axon]]es intracellulariter portatur in [[lobus posterior hypophysis|lobum hypophysis posteriorem]], in quo liberatio ex vesiculis in [[sanguis|sanguinem]] fit. Secundum definitionem hormontum oxytocinum effectus suos procul ab loco secretionis suae perficit. 

Oxytocinum signum per oxytocini receptorium (OxtR) dat.

Hormon est essentialis [[partus]] (ut contractionum [[uterus|uteri]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |autors=Uvnäs-Moberg K., Ekström-Bergström A., et al. |title=Maternal plasma levels of oxytocin during physiological childbirth - a systematic review with implications for uterine contractions and central actions of oxytocin |journal=BMC pregnancy and childbirth |year=2019 |month=Aug |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=285 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31399062/}}&lt;/ref&gt; et secretionis lactis ([[lactatio]]nis)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Kim S.-C., Lee J.-E., et al. |title=The regulation of oxytocin and oxytocin receptor in human placenta according to gestational age |journal=Journal of molecular endocrinology |year=2017 |month=Oct |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=235-43 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28694300/}}&lt;/ref&gt;, [[adstringio socialis|adstringionis socialis]], [[puerperium|puerperii]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Xu L., Becker B., Kendrick K. M. |title=Oxytocin Facilitates Social Learning by Promoting Conformity to Trusted Individuals |journal=Frontiers in Neuroscience |year=2019 |month=Feb |volume=13 |issue=56 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30787864/}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Natura oxytocini ==
=== Genetica ===
[[Genum]] oxytocini praecursoris (proteini nondum activi), OXT nominatum, apud homines in [[chromosoma 20  (homo)|chromosomate 20]] locatum est.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Hippocampus (cerebrum)]]

== Nexus externi ==
* ''childbirthconnection.org'' de [http://www.childbirthconnection.org/maternity-care/role-of-hormones/ hormontum partu ineunte] {{Ling|Anglice}}

[[Categoria:Hormonta]]
[[Categoria:Neuropeptida]]</text>
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    <title>Naturalis et moralis Indiae Occidentalis historia</title>
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        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
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[[Fasciculus:Historia natural y moral de las Indias, title page. Wellcome L0001208.jpg|thumb|''Historia natural y moral de las Indias'': titulus primae editionis (Hispali, 1590)]]
'''''Naturalis et moralis Indiae Occidentalis historia''''', titulo pristino ''Historia natural y moral de las Indias'', est opus principalis [[Iosephus de Acosta|Iosephi de Acosta]]. [[Hispalis|Hispali]] anno [[1590]] divulgatum, mox in varias linguas conversum est.

Iosephus de Acosta, missionarius [[Iesuita]], de conversione [[Indi Americani|Amerindorum]] [[Peruvia]]norum ab anno [[1572]] usque in [[1583]], [[Mexicum|Mexicanorum]] usque in [[1587]] laboravit, eodemque tempore res geographicas, physicas, ethnographicas, biologicas observabat. Quas observationes praesertim  in hoc opere in libros septem diviso rettulit. Libri I et II, de geographia &quot;Novi Orbis&quot;, Latine dum in Peruvia morabat composuerat annoque [[1589]] [[Salmantica]]e divulgaverat sub titulo ''De natura novi orbis libri duo''.&lt;ref&gt;Iosephus de Acosta, ''De natura novi orbis libri duo ...'' (Salmanticae: apud Guillelmum Foquel, 1589) [https://archive.org/details/ARes28507 pp. 1-110]&lt;/ref&gt; In Hispania reditus, illis libris Hispanice versis, quinque libros in editione 1590 addidit, historia naturali Novi Orbis libris III et IV, religione Indorum libro V, scientia et consuetudines Indorum libro VI, historia Indorum libro VII.&lt;ref&gt;Hanc oeconomiam ipse explicavit: &quot;''Advertencia al lector''&quot; ([https://archive.org/details/historianaturaly00acos_2/page/116/mode/2up p. 116 editionis 1590]); &quot;''Prologo alos libros seguintes''&quot; ([https://archive.org/details/historianaturaly00acos_2/page/300/mode/2up pp. 300-302 editionis 1590])&lt;/ref&gt;  

Libro quarto fontem perutilem praebuit de speciebus per [[permutatio Columbiana|permutationem Columbianam]] transmissis, quia plantas enumeravit tam ab [[Europa]] in [[America]]m advectas quam in America ab Europaeis repertas. Ex his curiose describuntur [[socolata]] (specie ''[[Theobroma cacao]]''), [[capsicum (fructus)|chilli]] (speciebus ''[[Capsicum (genus)|Capsicum]]''), ananas (''[[Ananas comosus]]''), [[Musa (fructus)|banana]] (''[[Musa (genus)|Musa]]''), guayava (''[[Psidium guajava]]''), aliae nonnullae; ex illis inter alias nux Indica (''[[Cocos nucifera]]'').

== Editiones et versiones ==
* 1590 : ''Historia natural y moral de las Indias''. Hispali: en casa de Juan de Leon [https://archive.org/details/historianaturaly00acos_2 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
** [https://archive.org/details/historianaturaly00acos Editio 1608]
** [https://archive.org/details/historianatural01acosrich Editio 1894]
* 1596 : Gio. Paolo Galucci, interpr., ''Historia naturale e morale delle Indie''. Venetiis: presso Bernardo Basa {{Ling|Italiane}} [https://archive.org/details/historianaturale00acos Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''; [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Rg0aWfiqLWAC/ alius]
* 1602 : J. Humberger, interpr., &quot;Naturalis et moralis Indiae Occidentalis historia&quot; (sed libris I et II &quot;De novi orbis natura et ratione&quot; rubricatis), in [[Theodorus de Bry]], ed., ''[[America (series librorum)|Americae nona et postrema pars]]'' (Francofurti: apud Matth. Beckerum) [https://archive.org/details/americaenonapost00theo Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' 
* 1604 : [[Eduardus Grimestone|Edward Grimestone]], interpr., ''The naturall and moral historie of the East and West Indies''. Londinii {{Ling|Anglice}} [https://archive.org/details/naturallmoralhis00acos Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1880 : [[Eduardus Grimestone|Edward Grimestone]], interpr.; [[Clements Markham]], ed., ''The natural and moral history of the Indies''. Londinii: Hakluyt Society, 1880 [https://archive.org/details/naturalmoralhist01acos vol. 1] [https://archive.org/details/naturalmoralhist00acos vol. 2]
* 2002 : Jane E. Mangan, ed.; Frances López-Morillas, interpr., ''José de Acosta: Natural and Moral History of the Indies''. Durham Carolinae Septentrionalis: Duke University Press, 2002. ISBN 978-0822328452

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* M. J. Caraccioli, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/31994617/07_The_Learned_Man_of_Good_Judgment_Nature_Narrative_and_Wonder_in_José_de_Acostas_Natural_Philosophy_History_of_Political_Thought_2017_ The Learned Man of Good Judgment: Nature, Narrative and Wonder in José de Acosta's Natural Philosophy]&quot; in ''History of Political Thought'' vol. 38 (2017) pp. 44-63
* Bryan Green, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/23565501/Colonial_Theodicy_and_the_Jesuit_Ascetic_Ideal_in_José_de_Acostas_Works_on_Spanish_America Colonial Theodicy and the Jesuit Ascetic Ideal in José de Acosta's Works on Spanish America]&quot; (2016)

[[Categoria:Scripta 1590]]
[[Categoria:Hispaniae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Hispanicae]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latine versae]]
[[Categoria:Libri geographici]]
[[Categoria:Libri historici]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Historia natural y moral de las Indias, title page. Wellcome L0001208.jpg|thumb|''Historia natural y moral de las Indias'': titulus primae editionis (Hispali, 1590)]]
'''''Naturalis et moralis Indiae Occidentalis historia''''', titulo pristino ''Historia natural y moral de las Indias'', est opus principalis [[Iosephus de Acosta|Iosephi de Acosta]]. [[Hispalis|Hispali]] anno [[1590]] divulgatum, mox in varias linguas conversum est.

Iosephus de Acosta, missionarius [[Iesuita]], de conversione [[Indi Americani|Amerindorum]] [[Peruvia]]norum ab anno [[1572]] usque in [[1583]], [[Mexicum|Mexicanorum]] usque in [[1587]] laboravit, eodemque tempore res geographicas, physicas, ethnographicas, biologicas observabat. Quas observationes praesertim  in hoc opere in libros septem diviso rettulit. Libri I et II, de geographia &quot;Novi Orbis&quot;, Latine dum in Peruvia morabat composuerat annoque [[1589]] [[Salmantica]]e divulgaverat sub titulo ''De natura novi orbis libri duo''.&lt;ref&gt;Iosephus de Acosta, ''De natura novi orbis libri duo ...'' (Salmanticae: apud Guillelmum Foquel, 1589) [https://archive.org/details/ARes28507 pp. 1-110]&lt;/ref&gt; In Hispania reditus, illis libris Hispanice versis, quinque libros in editione 1590 addidit, historia naturali Novi Orbis libris III et IV, religione Indorum libro V, scientia et consuetudines Indorum libro VI, historia Indorum libro VII.&lt;ref&gt;Hanc oeconomiam ipse explicavit: &quot;''Advertencia al lector''&quot; ([https://archive.org/details/historianaturaly00acos_2/page/116/mode/2up p. 116 editionis 1590]); &quot;''Prologo alos libros seguintes''&quot; ([https://archive.org/details/historianaturaly00acos_2/page/300/mode/2up pp. 300-302 editionis 1590])&lt;/ref&gt;  

Libro quarto fontem perutilem praebuit de speciebus per [[permutatio Columbiana|permutationem Columbianam]] transmissis, quia plantas enumeravit tam ab [[Europa]] in [[America]]m advectas quam in America ab Europaeis repertas. Ex his curiose describuntur [[socolata]] (specie ''[[Theobroma cacao]]''), [[capsicum (fructus)|chilli]] (speciebus ''[[Capsicum (genus)|Capsicum]]''), ananas (''[[Ananas comosus]]''), [[Musa (fructus)|banana]] (''[[Musa (genus)|Musa]]''), guayava (''[[Psidium guajava]]''), aliae nonnullae; ex illis inter alias nux Indica (''[[Cocos nucifera]]'').

== Editiones et versiones ==
* 1590 : ''Historia natural y moral de las Indias''. Hispali: en casa de Juan de Leon [https://archive.org/details/historianaturaly00acos_2 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
** [https://archive.org/details/historianaturaly00acos Editio 1608]
** [https://archive.org/details/historianatural01acosrich Editio 1894]
* 1596 : {{safesubst:creanda/m|it|Giovanni Paolo Gallucci|Ioannes Paulus Galluccius|Gio. Paolo Galucci|t=2026-08-02 14:38:03}}, interpr., ''Historia naturale e morale delle Indie''. Venetiis: presso Bernardo Basa {{Ling|Italiane}} [https://archive.org/details/historianaturale00acos Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''; [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Rg0aWfiqLWAC/ alius]
* 1602 : J. Humberger, interpr., &quot;Naturalis et moralis Indiae Occidentalis historia&quot; (sed libris I et II &quot;De novi orbis natura et ratione&quot; rubricatis), in [[Theodorus de Bry]], ed., ''[[America (series librorum)|Americae nona et postrema pars]]'' (Francofurti: apud Matth. Beckerum) [https://archive.org/details/americaenonapost00theo Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' 
* 1604 : [[Eduardus Grimestone|Edward Grimestone]], interpr., ''The naturall and moral historie of the East and West Indies''. Londinii {{Ling|Anglice}} [https://archive.org/details/naturallmoralhis00acos Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1880 : [[Eduardus Grimestone|Edward Grimestone]], interpr.; [[Clements Markham]], ed., ''The natural and moral history of the Indies''. Londinii: Hakluyt Society, 1880 [https://archive.org/details/naturalmoralhist01acos vol. 1] [https://archive.org/details/naturalmoralhist00acos vol. 2]
* 2002 : Jane E. Mangan, ed.; Frances López-Morillas, interpr., ''José de Acosta: Natural and Moral History of the Indies''. Durham Carolinae Septentrionalis: Duke University Press, 2002. ISBN 978-0822328452

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* M. J. Caraccioli, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/31994617/07_The_Learned_Man_of_Good_Judgment_Nature_Narrative_and_Wonder_in_José_de_Acostas_Natural_Philosophy_History_of_Political_Thought_2017_ The Learned Man of Good Judgment: Nature, Narrative and Wonder in José de Acosta's Natural Philosophy]&quot; in ''History of Political Thought'' vol. 38 (2017) pp. 44-63
* Bryan Green, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/23565501/Colonial_Theodicy_and_the_Jesuit_Ascetic_Ideal_in_José_de_Acostas_Works_on_Spanish_America Colonial Theodicy and the Jesuit Ascetic Ideal in José de Acosta's Works on Spanish America]&quot; (2016)

[[Categoria:Scripta 1590]]
[[Categoria:Hispaniae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Hispanicae]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latine versae]]
[[Categoria:Libri geographici]]
[[Categoria:Libri historici]]</text>
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    <title>Aromatum et medicamentorum in orientali India nascentium historia</title>
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        <id>1084</id>
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      <text bytes="3959" sha1="iap61bp0s9r0prg7664couvjikabngq" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:Christopher Acosta.jpg|thumb|Effigies auctoris [[Christophorus Acosta|Christophori Acosta]], qui, sicut hic, &quot;Africanus&quot; se describere solebat]]

{{ores|Aromatum et medicamentorum in orientali India nascentium historia}}, titulo vulgari ''Tractado delas drogas y medicinas de las Indias orientales'', est opus principale [[Christophorus Acosta|Christophori Acosta]] medici botanicique, quod anno [[1578]] [[Burgi]]s in [[Hispania]] divulgari iussit. Nonnulla capitula huius operis e libro a [[Garcias ab Orta|Garcia ab Orta]] [[Lingua Lusitana|Lusitane]] scripto ''[[Colóquios dos simples e drogas da India]]'' hausit, sicut ipse confessus est. Multa ex ambobus libris [[Latine]] vertit [[Carolus Clusius]]. Versio prima sub titulo Latino ''Aromatum et medicamentorum in orientali India nascentium historia'' [[Antverpia]]e anno [[1582]] prodit. Textus recensus in ultimo opere Clusii ''[[Exoticorum libri decem]]'', anno 1605 divulgato, includitur.

== Editiones et versiones ==
* 1578 : ''Tractado delas drogas y medicinas de las Indias orientales'' [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_VwvqjrNFsRoC Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''; [https://web.archive.org/web/20150108141429/http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=4587 alibi]; [https://web.archive.org/web/20210623004750/http://alfama.sim.ucm.es/dioscorides/consulta_libro.asp?ref=X531446734&amp;idioma=0 alibi]
* 1582 : [[Carolus Clusius]], interpr., ''Christophori a Costa ... Aromatum et medicamentorum in Orientali India nascentium liber''. Antverpiae: ex officina Christophori Plantini, 1582 [https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000812856 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' {{Google Books|Y-Q9CF8jRAcC}}; 2a ed., 1593 [https://archive.org/details/mobot31753003634646 Textus]; 3a ed., 1605, in Carolus Clusius, ''[[Exoticorum libri decem]]'' (Antverpiae) [https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000811387/page/253/mode/2up pp. 253-294]
* 1602 : [[Antonius Colinus|Anthoine Colin]], interpr.; [[Carolus Clusius]], ed., ''Traicté de Christophle de La Coste'' in ''Histoire des drogues''. Lugduni: Jean Pillehotte [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00002571-001 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' {{Google Books|vIvxO2Sit_AC|p. 343 sqq.}}; 2a ed., 1619 [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00002572-001 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1604 : [[Eduardus Grimestone|Edward Grimestone]], interpr.

== Bibliographia ==
* {{ec|id=Antonius (1672)|c=&quot;[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_s0hqaUqqp94C/page/n269/mode/1up Christophorus da Costa]&quot; in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Nicolaus Antonius||en|qid=Q541378}}, ''Bibliotheca Hispana sive Hispanorum'' vol. 1 (1672) p. 185}}
* Manuel Alvar Ezquerra, &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20201205050208/https://minerva.usc.es/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10347/3452/pg_007-030_verba33.pdf?sequence=1 Léxico del Tractado de las drogas y medicinas de las Indias Orientales de Cristóbal Acosta]&quot; in ''Verba'' vol. 33 (2006) pp. 7-30 [http://docplayer.es/13377381-Lexico-del-tractado-de-las-drogas-y-medicinas-de-las-indias-orientales-de-cristobal-acosta.html alibi]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* J. Olmedilla Puig, ''Estudio histórico de la vida y escritos del sabio médico, botánico y escritor del siglo xvi Cristóbal Acosta''. Matriti: Hijos de M. G. Hernández, 1899
* U. G. Paoli, &quot;[https://bibdig.museogalileo.it/Teca/Viewer?an=000000904006 Cristóbal Acosta e le sue opere]&quot; in ''Archeion'' vol. 19 (1937), pp. 317-346
* R. Rodríguez Nozal, A. González Bueno, ''El Tratado de las drogas de Acosta (Burgos, 1578). Utilidad comercial y materia médica de las Indias orientales en la Europa renacentista''. Matriti, 2000

[[Categoria:Scripta 1582]]
[[Categoria:Scripta 1578]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latine versae]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Hispanicae]]
[[Categoria:Hispaniae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Libri de medicamentis]]
[[Categoria:Libri botanici]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4428" sha1="mz4u2f9dmldsf3robn4epsfvx69722h" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:Christopher Acosta.jpg|thumb|Effigies auctoris [[Christophorus Acosta|Christophori Acosta]], qui, sicut hic, &quot;Africanus&quot; se describere solebat]]

{{ores|Aromatum et medicamentorum in orientali India nascentium historia}}, titulo vulgari ''Tractado delas drogas y medicinas de las Indias orientales'', est opus principale [[Christophorus Acosta|Christophori Acosta]] medici botanicique, quod anno [[1578]] [[Burgi]]s in [[Hispania]] divulgari iussit. Nonnulla capitula huius operis e libro a [[Garcias ab Orta|Garcia ab Orta]] [[Lingua Lusitana|Lusitane]] scripto ''[[Colóquios dos simples e drogas da India]]'' hausit, sicut ipse confessus est. Multa ex ambobus libris [[Latine]] vertit [[Carolus Clusius]]. Versio prima sub titulo Latino ''Aromatum et medicamentorum in orientali India nascentium historia'' [[Antverpia]]e anno [[1582]] prodit. Textus recensus in ultimo opere Clusii ''[[Exoticorum libri decem]]'', anno 1605 divulgato, includitur.

== Editiones et versiones ==
* 1578 : ''Tractado delas drogas y medicinas de las Indias orientales'' [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_VwvqjrNFsRoC Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''; [https://web.archive.org/web/20150108141429/http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=4587 alibi]; [https://web.archive.org/web/20210623004750/http://alfama.sim.ucm.es/dioscorides/consulta_libro.asp?ref=X531446734&amp;idioma=0 alibi]
* 1582 : [[Carolus Clusius]], interpr., ''Christophori a Costa ... Aromatum et medicamentorum in Orientali India nascentium liber''. Antverpiae: ex officina Christophori Plantini, 1582 [https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000812856 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' {{Google Books|Y-Q9CF8jRAcC}}; 2a ed., 1593 [https://archive.org/details/mobot31753003634646 Textus]; 3a ed., 1605, in Carolus Clusius, ''[[Exoticorum libri decem]]'' (Antverpiae) [https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000811387/page/253/mode/2up pp. 253-294]
* 1602 : [[Antonius Colinus|Anthoine Colin]], interpr.; [[Carolus Clusius]], ed., ''Traicté de Christophle de La Coste'' in ''Histoire des drogues''. Lugduni: Jean Pillehotte [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00002571-001 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' {{Google Books|vIvxO2Sit_AC|p. 343 sqq.}}; 2a ed., 1619 [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00002572-001 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1604 : [[Eduardus Grimestone|Edward Grimestone]], interpr.,  ''The naturall and moral historie of the East and West Indies''. Londinii {{Ling|Anglice}} [https://archive.org/details/naturallmoralhis00acos Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1880 : [[Eduardus Grimestone|Edward Grimestone]], interpr.; [[Clements Markham]], ed., ''The natural and moral history of the Indies''. Londinii: Hakluyt Society, 1880 [https://archive.org/details/naturalmoralhist01acos vol. 1] [https://archive.org/details/naturalmoralhist00acos vol. 2]

== Bibliographia ==
* {{ec|id=Antonius (1672)|c=&quot;[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_s0hqaUqqp94C/page/n269/mode/1up Christophorus da Costa]&quot; in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Nicolaus Antonius||en|qid=Q541378}}, ''Bibliotheca Hispana sive Hispanorum'' vol. 1 (1672) p. 185}}
* Manuel Alvar Ezquerra, &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20201205050208/https://minerva.usc.es/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10347/3452/pg_007-030_verba33.pdf?sequence=1 Léxico del Tractado de las drogas y medicinas de las Indias Orientales de Cristóbal Acosta]&quot; in ''Verba'' vol. 33 (2006) pp. 7-30 [http://docplayer.es/13377381-Lexico-del-tractado-de-las-drogas-y-medicinas-de-las-indias-orientales-de-cristobal-acosta.html alibi]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* J. Olmedilla Puig, ''Estudio histórico de la vida y escritos del sabio médico, botánico y escritor del siglo xvi Cristóbal Acosta''. Matriti: Hijos de M. G. Hernández, 1899
* U. G. Paoli, &quot;[https://bibdig.museogalileo.it/Teca/Viewer?an=000000904006 Cristóbal Acosta e le sue opere]&quot; in ''Archeion'' vol. 19 (1937), pp. 317-346
* R. Rodríguez Nozal, A. González Bueno, ''El Tratado de las drogas de Acosta (Burgos, 1578). Utilidad comercial y materia médica de las Indias orientales en la Europa renacentista''. Matriti, 2000

[[Categoria:Scripta 1582]]
[[Categoria:Scripta 1578]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latine versae]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Hispanicae]]
[[Categoria:Hispaniae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Libri de medicamentis]]
[[Categoria:Libri botanici]]</text>
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    <title>Qaem Shahr</title>
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      <text bytes="885" sha1="6kkmwhjtvicv5wa3sk9ysi58hddm5qf" xml:space="preserve">{{capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Qaemshahr_1.jpg|thumb|Despectus in Qaem Shahr.]]
'''Qaem Shahr''' ([[Lingua Persica Moderna|Persice]] {{lang|fa|قائم‌شهر}}) est antiqua [[urbs]] [[Irania]]e in [[Mazandaran]]e prope ad [[Sari]] urbem sita, cuius pars nunc habetur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.amar.org.ir/english|title=Statistical Center of Iran &gt; Home}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20221001082439/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IR/35/Qaem_Shahr.html Fallingrain.com].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://travital.com/city/qaem-shahr/ Travital.com].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.itto.org/iran/city/Qaem-Shahr/ Itto.org].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210629045312/https://www.rai.ir/page-rai/fa/0/form/pId9820 Rai.ir].&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Qaem Shahr}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Urbes Iraniae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Quintus Coredius Gallus Gargilius Antiquus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="3721" sha1="hhr58pjm70cqidb09dhpuwqmszpff8u" xml:space="preserve">(Marcus Paccius Silvanus) '''Quintus Coredius Gallus Gargilius Antiquus''' fuit [[Senatus Romanus|senator Romanus]] qui consulatum suffectum anno [[119]] [[Hadrianus (imperator)|Hadriano imperatore]] gessit. Postea legatus pro praetore [[Iudaea (provincia Romana)|provinciae Iudaeae]] atque postremo circa [[135]] [[Proconsul|proconsul]] [[Asia (provincia Romana)|Asiae]] videtur fuisse.

== De gente ==
Duo fortasse Quinti Coredii Galli Gargilii Antiqui fueruntː alteri praenomen patris erat Quintus et ad [[Tribus (divisio populi Romani)|tribum Quirinam]] pertinebat, alteri, qui Iudaeae praesidebat, praenomen patris fuit Publius quod in nova inscriptione ad Doram inventa legitur. Filius alterutrius,  [[Lucius Pullaienus Gargilius Antiquus]] fuit consul suffectus anni [[162]]. Tria nomina Marcus Paccius Silvanus ex adoptione quadam addita esse videntur. Nomen gentilicium Gargilius originem Africam testari potest.

== De cursu honorum ==
Ante consulatum [[Arabia Petraea|provinciae Arabiae]] praeerat&lt;ref&gt;Maurice Sartre, 1973. Vide infra.&lt;/ref&gt; (115-118 ?). Consulatus collegam anno 119 Quintum Vibium Gallum habuit&lt;ref&gt;[[L'Année épigraphique|AE]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20210820142459/https://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel.php?s_sprache=de&amp;p_belegstelle=AE+1979,+00062&amp;r_sortierung=Belegstelle 1979,62]&lt;/ref&gt;. Ut ex inscriptione nuper inventa patet Gargilius Antiquus legatus Iudaeae postea fuit, ante magnam Iudaeorum rebellionem&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200523041631/https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/archaeology/1.756193  Nova Romana inscriptio prope Doram inventa.]&lt;/ref&gt;. [[Idus|Idibus]] Octobribus 134 Romae adhuc erat ut qui senatus consulto scribendo adfuerit&lt;ref&gt;{{CIL|8|23246}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mox in Asiam profectus est proconsulatus gerendi causa.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== Plura legere si cupis ==
* D. Gera and H. M. Cotton, &quot;[http://dor.huji.ac.il/Download/Article/QedemReports2_Ch14.pdf A Dedication from Dor to a Governor of Syria]&quot;, in ''Areas A And C: Introduction and Stratigraphy. Excavations at Dor, Final Report'', E. Stern et al. (cur.), Vol. 1A. Qedem Reports 1. Jerusalem, 1995ː 497–500
* E. Dabrowa, [https://www.academia.edu/27777955/M.Paccius_Silvanus_Quintus_Coredius_Gallus_Gargilius_Antiquus_et_son_cursus_honorum_in_Nunc_de_Suebis_dicendum_est._Studia_archaeologica_et_historica_Georgii_Kolendo_ab_amicis_et_discipulis_dicata_Warszawa_1995 &quot;M. Paccius Silvanus Quintus Coredius Gallus Gargilius Antiquus et son cursus honorum&quot;], in ''Nunc de Suebis Dicendum est: Studia Archaeologica et Historica Georgii Kolendo ab Amicis et Discipulis Dicata'', Varsoviae, 1995ː 99–102
* M. Sartre, [https://www.persee.fr/doc/syria_0039-7946_1973_num_50_1_6382 &quot;Inscriptions inédites de l'Arabie romaine&quot;], ''Syria'' 50 (1973)ː 223—233
* E. Dabrowa, [https://www.academia.edu/35852274/Hadrianic_Governors_of_Syria_A_Reapprisal_Zeitschrift_fur_Papyrologie_und_Epigraphik_201_2017_285-291 &quot;Hadrianic Governors of Syria: A Reapprisal&quot;], ''Zeitschrift fur Papyrologie und Epigraphik'' 201 (2017)ː 285-291.
* Gil Gambash et Assaf Yasur-landau, [http://dor.huji.ac.il/Download/Article/Gambash_Yassur-Landau_2018.pdf &quot;Governor Of Judea And Syria - A New Dedication From Dor To Gargilius Antiquus&quot;], ''Zeitschrift Für Papyrologie Und Epigraphik'' 205 (2018)ː 158–164

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://smyrnaean.blogspot.co.uk/2016/11/marcus-paccius-newly-discovered.html &quot;Marcus Paccius. . . Gargilius Antiquus Iudaeae praetor factus&quot;]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gargilius Antiquus, Quintus Coredius Gallus}}
[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Proconsules Asiae]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 1]]
[[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 2]]
[[Categoria:Legati Iudaeae]]
[[Categoria:Legati Arabiae provinciae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Regina vini Alsatici</title>
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      <text bytes="4126" sha1="d75l32o8e8w77qqb480f2p9sm9x6xyi" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Besigheim Tassotti-039.jpg|thumb|Statua reginae vini ''Weinkönigin'', quam fecit Kurt Tassotti anno 1979, [[Besigheim]]]] 
'''Regina vini Alsatici''' (Theodisce: ''Elsässische Weinkönigin'', Francogallice: ''Reine des vins d'Alsace'') regionem  [[vinum Alsaticum|Alsaticam vineis]] uberem repraesentat pro plagis istis praeconia factura atque comissationes promotura. Itaque ex anno 1954 quotannis [[Colmaria]]e in Nundinis vini ''(Foire aux vins)'' femina princeps eligitur atque coronatur. Quae omnia moderatur Consilium interprofessionale rerum vinum spectantium una cum Commissione monopoliorum generali.

Oportet dominas coronandas cives Francicas aetate inter XVII et XXV annorum esse. Insuper in quaestu vineario laborent, rem periegeticam localem magni aestiment et mores, habitus, consuetudines ad mundum vini pertinentes comperuerint.

Mulier ista in [[Francia]] nostris temporibus statum unicum obtinuit, quoniam ex annis 1930 alicubi tales reginae non iam creantur.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150709010454/http://www.angers.fr/decouvrir-angers/reperes/histoire-d-angers/chroniques-historiques/une-reine-et-un-president-pour-la-fete-des-vins-de-france/ &quot;Une reine et un président pour la fête des Vins de France&quot;], scripsit Silvanus Bertoldi, 2008&lt;/ref&gt; Econtra, traditiones similes aliis in terris (e.g. in [[Germania]], [[Austria]]) multis locis coluntur.

== Reginae vini (I-LXV) ==
* 1954 et 1955: Marguerite Binner, [[Ammerschwihr]]
* 1956: Mimi Feck 
* 1957: Alice Siegler 
* 1958: Béatrice Hebinger 
* 1959: Élisabeth Jamm 
* 1960: Suzanne Lehmann 
* 1961: Maria Moritz 
* 1962: Jeanne Ebersold 
* 1963: Christiane Werner 
* 1964: Monique Schoepfer 
* 1965: Odile Ruhlmann 
* 1966: Angèle Bohn 
* 1967: Renée Marthe Ebelmann 
* 1968: Chantal Bugalski 
* 1969: Marie-Odile Schoepfer 
* 1970: Nicole Baumann 
* 1971: Marie-Paule Urban 
* 1972: Chantal Reecht 
* 1973: Annie Armbruster 
* 1974: Monique Klinger 
* 1975: Marie-Blanche Zusslin 
* 1976: Marie-Line Baur 
* 1977: Anne-Élisabeth Schaefle 
* 1978: Édith Hurst 
* 1979: Francine Steber 
* 1980: Isabelle Vorburger 
* 1981: Véronique Meyer 
* 1982: Catherine Frey 
* 1983: Éliane Haegelin 
* 1984: Béatrice Meyer 
* 1985: Martine Guth 
* 1986: Danielle Bléger 
* 1987: Florence Immele 
* 1988: Marie-Joséphe Riefle 
* 1989: Sabdra Winter 
* 1990: Valérie Fugler 
* 1991: Patricia Gsell 
* 1992: Claudia Weinmann 
* 1993: Béatrice Binner, [[Ammerschwihr]] 
* 1994: Denise Martin 
* 1995: Anne-Catherine Schmitt 
* 1996: Anne-Caroline Grosdemange 
* 1997: Agathe Binnert 
* 1998: Laurence Bettinger 
* 1999: Agnès Humbrecht 
* 2000: Sophie Jung Hesse, [[Steinbourg]]
* 2001: Séverine Laval 
* 2002: Sophie Mahon 
* 2003: Sylvie Hurlimann
* 2004: Marie-Odile Goefft, [[Traenheim]]
* 2005: Mélanie Hobel, [[Kientzheim]]
* 2006: Sophie Schutz, [[Scherwiller]]
* 2007: Florence Schneider, [[Mussig]]
* 2008: Frédérique Baltzinger, [[Gertwiller]]
* 2009: Christelle Risser, [[Turckheim]]
* 2010: Catherine Hirsinger, [[Ingersheim (Rhenus Superior)|Ingersheim]]
* 2011: Géraldine Trésoret, [[Barr (Rhenus Inferior)|Barr]]
* 2012: Amélie Baril, [[Rorschwihr]]
* 2013: Aurélie Schneider, [[Eguisheim]]
* 2014: Marine Sohler, [[Nothalten]]
* 2015: Laëtitia Pantzer, [[Dorlisheim]]
* 2016: Mathilde Fleith
* 2017: Justine Schmitt
* 2018: Margaux Jung
* 2019: Virginie André

== Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi == 
* [http://www.foire-colmar.com/fr/ Nundinarum Colmariae celebratarum pagina] 
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20210923181237/https://www.bo.de/lokales/ortenau/aurelie-schneider-ist-neue-elsassische-weinkonigin &quot;Aurelie Schneider ist neue elsässische Weinkönigin&quot;], baden-online, 13.7.2013
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20210923181610/https://www.lahrer-zeitung.de/inhalt.colmar-jung-frisch-dynamisch-drei-23-jaehrige-vertreten-ein-jahr-lang-den-elsaessischen-wein.71654dd4-53be-413f-82b2-0481cb2f1fe4.html &quot;Jung, frisch, dynamisch: Drei 23-Jährige vertreten ein Jahr lang den elsässischen Wein&quot;], Lahrer Zeitung, 1.7.2015

[[Categoria:Vinum]]
[[Categoria:Alsatia]]
[[Categoria:Cultura Franciae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Septimontium (festum)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="2349" sha1="a2q2u3bu3rryba8b3ra0p6064la2dje" xml:space="preserve">{{disambig2|feriis|septem montes Romae|Septimontium}}
'''Septimontium''' erat [[feriae Romanae|festum Romanum]], quod die [[11 Decembris]] (a.d. III Id. Dec.)&lt;ref&gt;''[[L'Année épigraphique]]'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20210927203521/https://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel.php?s_sprache=fr&amp;p_belegstelle=AE+1892,+00083&amp;r_sortierung=Belegstelle 1892, 83]; [https://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel.php?s_sprache=fr&amp;p_belegstelle=AE+1975%2C+00020&amp;r_sortierung=Belegstelle 1975, 20].&lt;/ref&gt; celebrabatur. Processio septem loca (&quot;montes&quot;) praeteriens septem victimas immolabat. Ut [[Marcus Antistius Labeo|Antistius Labeo]] docet&lt;ref&gt;[[Sextus Pompeius Festus|Festus]] s.v.&lt;/ref&gt;, haec non [[Septimontium|septem montes]] soliti erant, sed a [[Palatual]]i in [[Mons Palatinus|Palatino]] sacrificantes per [[Velia]]m ad {{Creanda|fr|Fagutal|Fagutalis|Fagutalem}} (in [[Mons Esquilinus|Esquilino]]) ibant, postea per [[Suburra]]m ad Germalem perque [[Oppius|Oppium]] et [[Mons Caelius|Caelium]] in [[Cispius|Cispium]] (in [[Mons Esquilinus|Esquilino]]). Ad aras omnes {{Creanda|fr|Argées|Argei|Argeorum}} sacra faciebant.

Festus a [[Numa Pompilius|Numa]] festum institutum esse dicit. [[Gaius Ateius Capito|Ateius Capito]] Septimontium non esse festum publicum, sed festum ''pro montibus'' addit (similia et [[Marcus Terentius Varro|Varro]]&lt;ref&gt;''De lingua Latina'' V 24: &lt;blockquote&gt;dies Septimontium nominatus ab his septem montibus in quis sita urbs est, feriae non populi sed montanorum modo ut [[Paganalia]] qui sunt alicuius pagi''&lt;/blockquote&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;). [[Domitianus|Domitiano]] imperante Septimontium festum publicum factum esse videtur&lt;ref&gt;Bernadette Liou-Gille, « Les Agonia, le rex sacrorum et l'organisation du calendrier », Euphrosyne : revista de filología clássica, no 28,‎ 2000, p. 41-60.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Fontes alii==
* [[Plutarchus|Plutarchi]] ''[[Quaestiones Romanae]]'' 69
* [[Suetonius|Suetonii]] ''[[de vita Caesarum]]'' 4

==Nexus externi==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210927205341/http://www3.lib.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/eos/eos_page.pl?DPI=100&amp;callnum=DG16.P72&amp;object=514 De Septimontio] in ''A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome'' (a Samuele Ball Platner et Thoma Ashby composito, Londinii 1929) {{ling|Anglice}}

{{Feriae Romanae}}

[[Categoria:Feriae Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Topographia Romae urbis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Polycestinae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>299294</id>
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      <text bytes="8836" sha1="02oteonpyh5ixvnb3f1bsqxye4b21hq" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| name = Polycestinae
| image = Polycesta costata paulseni (15975415421).jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Polycesta costata]]'' (magnitudo: 16.5 mm)
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis = [[Insecta]]
| infraclassis = [[Neoptera]]
| superordo = [[Endopterygota]]
| ordo = [[Coleoptera]]
| subordo = [[Polyphaga]]
| infraordo = [[Elateriformia]]
| superfamilia = [[Buprestoidea]]
| familia = [[Buprestidae]]
| subfamilia = '''Polycestinae'''
| taxon = Polycestinae
| subfamilia_authority = [[Ioannes Theodorus Lacordaire|Lacordaire]], [[1857]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Tribus (taxinomia)|Tribus]]
| subdivision =
* [[Acmaeoderini]] &lt;small&gt;Kerremans, 1893&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Astraeini]] &lt;small&gt;Cobos, 1980&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bulini]] &lt;small&gt;Bellamy, 1995&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haplostethini]] &lt;small&gt;Leconte, 1861&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Paratrachyini]] &lt;small&gt;Cobos, 1980&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Perucolini]] &lt;small&gt;Cobos, 1980&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Polycestini]] &lt;small&gt;Lacordaire, 1857&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Polyctesini]] &lt;small&gt;Cobos, 1955&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Prospherini]] &lt;small&gt;Cobos, 1980&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ptosimini]] &lt;small&gt;Kerremans, 1902&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Thrincopygini]] &lt;small&gt;Leconte, 1861&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Tyndarini]] &lt;small&gt;Cobos, 1955&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Xyroscelini]] &lt;small&gt;Cobos, 1955&lt;/small&gt;
}}
'''Polycestinae''' sunt magna [[coleoptera|coleopterorum]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Buprestidae|Buprestidarum]] [[subfamilia]]. [[Nomen proprium|Nomen]] ab [[Ioannes Theodorus Lacordaire|Ioanne Theodoro Lacordaire]] anno [[1857]] constitutum est.

==Tribus et genera==
Inter Polycestinas digeruntur [[tribus (taxinomia)|tribus]] et [[genus (taxinomia)|genera]] sequentia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cerambycids.com/Buprestidae/WorldCat/Classif/polycestinae.htm |title=Subfamily Polycestinae |author=Bellamy, C. L. |date=[[2013]]|work=A Checklist of World Buprestoidea |accessdate=13 Octobris 2021}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

===[[Acmaeoderini]]===
[[Fasciculus:Acmaeodera_pilosellae_up1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''Acmaeodera pilosella'' (Acmaeoderini).]]
[[Fasciculus:(MHNT) Acmaeoderella flavofasciata on Ammis majus (close up).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8| ''Acmaeoderella flavofasciata'' (Acmaeoderini).]]
Auctoritas: Kerremans, 1893.
;Subtribus Acmaeoderina Kerremans, 1893
* ''[[Acmaeodera]]'' &lt;small&gt;Eschscholtz, 1829&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Acmaeoderella]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cobos, 1955&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Acmaeoderoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;Van Dyke, 1942&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Acmaeoderopsis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Barr, 1974&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Anambodera]]'' &lt;small&gt;Barr, 1974&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Atacamita]]'' &lt;small&gt;Moore, 1985&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Brachmaeodera]]'' &lt;small&gt;Volkovitsh &amp; Bellamy, 1992&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210715023033/https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id406072/ BioLib.cz: subtribus Acmaeoderina Kerremans, 1893].&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Cochinchinula]]'' &lt;small&gt;Volkovitsh, 1984&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Microacmaeodera]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cobos, 1966&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Squamodera]]'' &lt;small&gt;Nelson, 1996&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Thaichinula]]'' &lt;small&gt;Volkovitsh, 2008&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Xantheremia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Volkovitsh, 1979&lt;/small&gt;
;Subtribus Odetteina Volkovitsh, 2001
* ''[[Odettea]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baudon, 1966&lt;/small&gt;
;Subtribus Nothomorphina Cobos, 1955
* ''[[Acmaeoderoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;Van Dyke, 1942&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Nothomorpha]]'' &lt;small&gt;Saunders, 1871&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Nothomorphoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;Holm, 1986&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Paracmaeoderoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bellamy &amp; Westcott, 1996&lt;/small&gt;

===Astraeini===
Auctoritaa: Cobos, 1980.
* ''[[Astraeus (genus)|Astraeus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Laporte &amp; Gory, 1837&lt;/small&gt;

===Bulini===
Auctoritas: Bellamy, 1995.&lt;ref&gt;Etiam appellati &quot;''Bulis'' genus group [tribal level] ''sensu''&quot; Volkovitsh, 2001.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Bulis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Laporte &amp; Gory, 1837&lt;/small&gt;

===[[Haplostethini]]===
Auctoritas: LeConte, 1861.
* ''[[Ankareus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Kerremans, 1894&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Exaesthetus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Waterhouse, 1889&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Helferella]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cobos, 1957&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Mastogenius]]'' &lt;small&gt;Solier, 1849&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Micrasta]]'' &lt;small&gt;Kerremans, 1893&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Namibogenius]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bellamy, 1996&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Neomastogenius]]'' &lt;small&gt;Toyama, 1983&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Pseudotrigonogya]]'' &lt;small&gt;Manley, 1986&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Siamastogenius]]'' &lt;small&gt;Toyama, 1983&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Trigonogya]]'' &lt;small&gt;Schaeffer, 1919&lt;/small&gt;

===Paratrachyini===
Auctoritas: Cobos, 1980.&lt;ref&gt;Synonyma: Paratrachini, Paratrachydini, Paratrachysae: &lt;small&gt;Omnes Cobos, 1980.&lt;/small&gt; [https://web.archive.org/web/20210712100049/https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id406087/ BioLib.cz]: tribus Paratrachyini Cobos, 1980.]&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Paratrachys]]'' &lt;small&gt;Saunders, 1873&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Sponsor (beetle)|Sponsor]]'' &lt;small&gt;Gory &amp; Laporte, 1839&lt;/small&gt;

===Perucolini===
Auctoritas: Cobos, 1980.
* ''[[Perucola]]'' &lt;small&gt;Thery, 1925&lt;/small&gt;

===[[Polycestini]]===
[[Fasciculus:Strigoptera bimaculata (Linnaeus,1758) 20 mm Buprestidae (26872673443).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Strigoptera bimaculata]].'']]
Auctoritas: Lacordaire, 1857.
* ''[[Agenjosiana]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cobos, 1981&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Aldabrica]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cobos, 1981&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Bilyesta]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bellamy, 1999&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Castaliella]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cobos, 1981&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Cobosesta]]'' &lt;small&gt;Holm, 1982&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Jelinekia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cobos, 1981&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Kogania]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cobos, 1981&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Madecacesta]]'' &lt;small&gt;Descarpentries, 1975&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Madecastalia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Descaprentries, 1975&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Micropolycesta]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cobos, 1981&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Neopolycesta]]'' &lt;small&gt;Kerremans, 1906&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Paracastalia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Kerremans, 1902&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Paracmaeoderoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bellamy &amp; Westcott, 1996&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Parapolycesta]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cobos, 1981&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Polycesta]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dejean, 1833&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Polycestaxia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cobos, 1981&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Polycestaxis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Obenberger, 1920&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Polycestella]]'' &lt;small&gt;Kerremans, 1902&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Polycestina]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cobos, 1981&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Polycestina]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cobos, 1981&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Polycestoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;Kerremans, 1902&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Pseudocastalia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Kraatz, 1896&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Pseudopolycesta]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cobos, 1981&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Strigoptera]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dejean, 1833&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Strigopteroides]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cobos, 1981&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Thurntaxisia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Schatzmayr, 1929&lt;/small&gt;
;Subtribus Xenopseina Volkovitsh, 2008
* ''[[Kurosawaxia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Descarpentries, 1986&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20211017185115/https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id854729/ Biolib.Cz: subtribus Xenopseina Volkovitsh, 2008].&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Theryola]]'' &lt;small&gt;Nelson, 1997&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Sommaia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Toyama, 1985&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Xenopsis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Saunders, 1867&lt;/small&gt; (synonym ''Paraxenopsis'' &lt;small&gt;Cobos, 1980&lt;/small&gt;)&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20211017185119/https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id406097/ Genus ''Xenopsis'' Saunders, 1867].&lt;/ref&gt;

===Polyctesini===
[[Fasciculus:Jewel_Beetle_(Schoutedeniastes_ohkurai)_(8283559119).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''Schoutedeniastes ohkurai'' (Polyctesini).]]
Auctoritas: Cobos, 1955.
* ''[[Bellamyina]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bily, 1994&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Polycestis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Marseul, 1865&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Schoutedeniastes]]'' &lt;small&gt;Burgeon, 1941&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Svatactesis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Volkovitsh, 2016&lt;/small&gt;

===Prospherini===
Auctoritas: Cobos, 1980.
* ''[[Blepharum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Thomson, 1878&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Hiperleptodema]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bellamy, 1998&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Prospheres]]'' &lt;small&gt;Saunders, 1868&lt;/small&gt;

===Ptosimini===
[[Fasciculus:Kigyospuszta_003.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|''Ptosima undecimpunctata'' (Ptosimini).]]
Auctoritas: Kerremans, 1902.
* ''[[Ptosima]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dejean, 1833&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Richtersveldia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bellamy, 2005&lt;/small&gt;

===Thrincopygini===
Auctoritas: LeConte, 1861.
* ''[[Beerellus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Nelson, 1982&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Chrysophana]]'' &lt;small&gt;LeConte, 1860&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Thrincopyge]]'' &lt;small&gt;LeConte, 1858&lt;/small&gt;

===Tyndarini===
Auctoritas: Cobos, 1955.
* ''[[Ancylotela]]'' &lt;small&gt;Waterhouse, 1882&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Neocypetes]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cobos, 1973&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Ocypetes]]'' &lt;small&gt;Saunders, 1871&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Bordonia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cobos, 1980&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Paraancylotela]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cobos, 1959&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Paratyndaris]]'' &lt;small&gt;Fisher, 1919&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Pelycothorax]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bellamy &amp; Westcott, 1996&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Tyndaris (genus)|Tyndaris]]'' &lt;small&gt;Thomson, 1857&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Hayekina]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cobos, 1980&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Mimicoclytrina]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bellamy, 2003&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Tyndarimorpha]]'' &lt;small&gt;Moore &amp; Dieguez, 2006&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Pseudacherusia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bellamy, 2005&lt;/small&gt;

===Xyroscelini===
Auctoritas: Cobos, 1955.
* ''[[Xyroscelis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Saunders, 1868&lt;/small&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Polycestinae|Polycestinas}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q3395503}}

[[Categoria:Polycestinae| ]]
[[Categoria:Subfamiliae animalium]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Lacordaire]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1857]]</text>
      <sha1>02oteonpyh5ixvnb3f1bsqxye4b21hq</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Polycestini</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>299433</id>
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      <id>3976694</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="6030" sha1="ouujf9cmixjegm1i16tjbjybuge11yz" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| name = Polycestini
| image = Polycesta costata paulseni (15975415421).jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Polycesta costata]]'' (magnitudo: 16.5 mm)
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis = [[Insecta]]
| infraclassis = [[Neoptera]]
| superordo = [[Endopterygota]]
| ordo = [[Coleoptera]]
| subordo = [[Polyphaga]]
| infraordo = [[Elateriformia]]
| superfamilia = [[Buprestoidea]]
| familia = [[Buprestidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Polycestinae]]
| tribus = '''Polycestini'''
| taxon = Polycestini
| tribus_authority = [[Ioannes Theodorus Lacordaire|Lacordaire]], [[1857]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Subtribus]] et [[genus (taxinomia)|genera]]
| subdivision =
}}
'''Polycestini''' sunt [[tribus (taxinomia)|tribus]] [[coleoptera|coleopterorum]] [[subfamilia]]e [[Polycestinae|Polycestinarum]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Buprestidae|Buprestidarum]]. [[Nomen proprium|Nomen]] ab [[Ioannes Theodorus Lacordaire|Ioanne Theodoro Lacordaire]] anno [[1857]] constitutum est.

===Subtribus et genera===
[[Fasciculus:Strigoptera bimaculata (Linnaeus,1758) 20 mm Buprestidae (26872673443).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Strigoptera bimaculata]].'']]
Inter Polycestinos digeruntur sequentes [[species]] descriptae.&lt;ref name=itis/&gt;&lt;ref name=buglink/&gt;&lt;ref name=Bouchard2011/&gt;
; Subtribus Polycestina
* ''[[Agenjosiana]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cobos, 1981&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Aldabrica]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cobos, 1981&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Bilyesta]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bellamy, 1999&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Castaliella]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cobos, 1981&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Cobosesta]]'' &lt;small&gt;Holm, 1982&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Jelinekia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cobos, 1981&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Kogania]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cobos, 1981&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Madecacesta]]'' &lt;small&gt;Descarpentries, 1975&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Madecastalia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Descaprentries, 1975&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Micropolycesta]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cobos, 1981&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Neopolycesta]]'' &lt;small&gt;Kerremans, 1906&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Paracastalia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Kerremans, 1902&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Paracmaeoderoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bellamy &amp; Westcott, 1996&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Parapolycesta]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cobos, 1981&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Polycesta]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dejean, 1833&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Polycestaxia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cobos, 1981&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Polycestaxis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Obenberger, 1920&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Polycestella]]'' &lt;small&gt;Kerremans, 1902&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Polycestina]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cobos, 1981&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Polycestina]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cobos, 1981&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Polycestoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;Kerremans, 1902&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Pseudocastalia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Kraatz, 1896&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Pseudopolycesta]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cobos, 1981&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Strigoptera]]'' &lt;small&gt;Dejean, 1833&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Strigopteroides]]'' &lt;small&gt;Cobos, 1981&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Thurntaxisia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Schatzmayr, 1929&lt;/small&gt;
;Subtribus Xenopseina &lt;small&gt;Volkovitsh, 2008&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Kurosawaxia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Descarpentries, 1986&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20211017185115/https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id854729/ Biolib.Cz: subtribus Xenopseina Volkovitsh, 2008].&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Theryola]]'' &lt;small&gt;Nelson, 1997&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Sommaia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Toyama, 1985&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Xenopsis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Saunders, 1867&lt;/small&gt;(synonym ''Paraxenopsis''&lt;small&gt;Cobos, 1980&lt;/small&gt;)&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20211017185119/https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id406097/ Genus ''Xenopsis'' Saunders, 1867].&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=itis&gt;
{{Cite web| title=Report
| url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&amp;search_value=808629#null
| website=Integrated Taxonomic Information System
| accessdate=2019-09-23
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=buglink&gt;
{{Cite web| title=Subfamily Polycestinae
| url=https://bugguide.net/node/view/164179
| website=BugGuide.net
| accessdate=2019-09-23
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Bouchard2011&gt;
{{Cite journal
| title = Family-group names in Coleoptera (Insecta)
| date = [[2011]]
| last1 = Bouchard | first1 = Patrice
| last2 = Bousquet | first2 = Yves
| last3 = Davies | first3 = Anthony E.
| last4 = Alonso-Zarazaga | first4 = Miguel A.
| last5 = Lawrence | first5 = John F.
| last6 = Lyal | first6 = Chris H. C.
| last7 = Newton | first7 = Alfred F.
| last8 = Reid | first8 = Chris A. M.
| last9 = Schmitt | first9 = Michael
| last10 = Ślipiński | first10 = S. Adam
| last11 = Smith | first11 = Andrew B. T.
| display-authors = 4
| journal = ZooKeys
| issue = 88| pages = 1–972
| url = https://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=4001
| doi = 10.3897/zookeys.88.807
| pmc=3088472
| pmid=21594053
| doi-access = free
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
 
==Bibliographia==
* {{Cite book
| title = A World Catalogue and Bibliography of the Jewel Beetles (Coleoptera: Buprestoidea)
| date = [[2008]]–[[2009]]
| last1 = Bellamy | first1 = C. L.
| publisher = Pensoft
| isbn = 978-9546423177
}}
* {{Cite web
| accessdate = 2019-07-02
| title = The world of jewel beetles
| date = [[2013]]
| last1 = Bellamy | first1 = C. L.
| url = http://cerambycids.com/buprestidae/
}}
* {{Cite book
| title = Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 3: Scarabaeoidea - Scirtoidea - Dascilloidea - Buprestoidea - Byrrhoidea
| date = [[2006]]
| editor-last1 = Lobl | editor-first1 = I.
| editor-last2 = Smetana | editor-first2 = A.
| publisher = Apollo Books
| isbn = 978-90-04-30914-2
}}
* {{Cite book
| title = Classification of the Coleoptera of North America
| date = [[1861]]
| last1 = LeConte | first1 = J. L.
| publisher = Smithsonian Institution
| series = Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections| volume = 3| issue = 136
| isbn = 978-0665100550
| url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/85732
| doi = 10.5962/bhl.title.38459
}}
* {{Cite book
| title = A Catalog and Bibliography of the Buprestoidea of America North of Mexico
| date = [[2008]]
| last1 = Nelson | first1 = Gayle H.
| last2 = Walters Jr. | first2 = George C. Jr.
| last3 = Haines | first3 = R. Dennis
| last4 = Bellamy | first4 = Charles L.
| publisher = The Coleopterists' Society
| series = Special Publication No. 4
| isbn = 978-0972608787
}}
 
==Nexus externi==
{{Fontes biologici}}
 
[[Categoria:Polycestini| ]]
[[Categoria:Tribus animalium]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Lacordaire]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1857]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sanctus Nasus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="2875" sha1="kob17m7eff6nqbneqq78xm9kybqvfvn" xml:space="preserve">{{videdis|Sanctus Nasus (discretiva)}}[[Fasciculus:Губа Лопское Становище.jpg|thumb|Sanctus Nasus promunturium ([[pharus]] cerni potest)]]
'''Sanctus Nasus'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Sigismundus Herbersteinius|Sigismundi Herbersteinii]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=ezs8AAAAcAAJ&amp;q=nasus#v=snippet&amp;q=nasus&amp;f=false ''Rerum Moscoviticarum commentarii'', Antverpiae 1557,  p. 123].&lt;br&gt;''Nasus'' (Russice ''nos'') in dialecto [[Pomori|Pomorica]] ''promunturium altum saxosum'' significat; promunturia autem humilia et harenosa ''navolok'' (''tractus; locus, in quem navis attrahi potest'') nuncupantur. In litoribus maris Albi multa promunturia ''Nasi'' appellantur.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Russice]] ''Святой Нос'') est [[promunturium]] altum saxosum, qui [[mare Barentsianum]] et [[mare Album]] (necnon [[ora Murmanica|oram Murmanicam]] et [[ora Terensis|oram Terensem]]) dividit. In extremitate paenunsulae eiusdem nominis situm est, quae paeninsula est pars [[paeninsula Kolaensis|paeninsulae Kolaensis]]. Ad [[regio Murmanica|regionem Murmanicam]] [[Russia]]e pertinet. [[Pharus]] in promunturio aedificatus est; ''Siren Sancti Nasi'' vicus nunc relictus est.

[[Caninos]] promunturium trans mare contra Sanctum Nasum iacet; ambo introitum in mare Album conformant.

[[Sigismundus Herbersteinius]], cui [[Gregorius Istoma]] navigationem suam circa paeninsulam Kolaensem narravit, sic Sanctum Nasum describit:
&lt;blockquote&gt;Est autem Sanctus Nasus, saxum ingens, ad nasi similitudinem in mare prominens: sub quo antrum vorticosum conspicitur, quod singulis sex horis mare absorbet, ac alternatim magno sonitu reddit evomitque eiusmodi voraginem. Alii umbilicum maris, alii [[Charybdis|Charybdim]] dixere. Tantam autem huius gurgitis vim esse, ut naves aliasque in propinquo res attraheret, involveret atque absorberet: neque se unquam in maiori periculo fuisse aiebat. Nam gurgite subito ac violenter navem, qua vehebantur, ad se attrahente, vix magno labore renitentibus remis sese evasisse.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Ad Sanctum Nasum [[Floridae flumen]] finit, [[Flumen oceanicum|flumine]] e mari Albo fluente compulsus, qua de causa saepe vertices spumantes fiunt, quos Herbersteinius Charybdim nominat.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes geographici}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20211119205733/http://lexicon.dobrohot.org/index.php/%D0%A1%D0%92%D0%AF%D0%A2%D0%9E%D0%99_%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%A1_%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81#:~:text=Святой%20нос%2C%20(раннее%20название%20—,Первоначальное%20значение%20слова%20«святой»%20утрачено ''Sanctus Nasus''] in ''Encyclopaedia Kolaensi'' {{ling|Russice}}
* [https://www.kolamap.ru/arh/svyatoynos.html De pharo Sancti Nasi] {{ling|Russice}}

[[Categoria:Mare Album]]
[[Categoria:Mare Barentsianum]]
[[Categoria:Regio Murmanica]]
[[Categoria:Promunturia Russiae Europaeae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Murray Rothbard</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="2410" sha1="djib709oatg262jamdqyl0qy3lyc9d5" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-2}}
[[File:MurrayBW.jpg|thumb|Murray annis 1990.]]
'''Murray Newton Rothbardus'''{{FD ref}} (natus [[Novum Eboracum|Neoeboraci]] die [[2 Martii]] [[1926]]; ibidem mortuus die [[7 Ianuarii]] [[1995]]) fuit [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]] [[Schola oeoeconomica Austriaca|Scholae Oeconomicae Austriacae]] [[oeconomicus]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Biographical Dictionary of American Economists|publisher=Thoemmes|last=Lewis|first=David Charles|chapter=Rothbard, Murray Newton (1926–1995)|editor=Ross Emmett|year=[[2006]]|isbn=978-1-84371112-4}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[historia oeconomica|oeconomiarum historicus]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Bessner|first=Daniel|title=Murray Rothbard, political strategy, and the making of modern libertarianism}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Matthews|first=Peter Hans|title=An Austrian (Mis)Reads Adam Smith: A critique of Rothbard as intellectual historian}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Philosophia politica|philosophiae politicae peritus]], &lt;ref name=&quot;Enemy&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Raimondo|first=Justin|title=An Enemy of the State: The Life of Murray N. Rothbard|publisher=Prometheus Books|year=[[2000]]|isbn=978-1-61592-239-0}}.&lt;/ref&gt; et [[activista]] politicus, figurus{{dubsig}} clarus in [[Libertarianismus Americanus|motu libertarianismi Americani]] [[saeculum 20|saeculo vicensimo]]. Theorema [[anarcho-capitalismus|anarcho-capitalismi]] posuit; scripsit praeterea plus quam viginti libros de [[theoria politica]], [[historia]], oeconomica, aliisque rebus.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hamowy&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Doherty|first=Brian|chapter=Rothbard, Murray (1926–1995)|editor=Hamowy|title=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism|publisher=Sage Publications|year=[[2008]]|isbn=978-1412965804}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Murray Rothbard}} 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141004115726/http://mises.org/daily/2074 ''The Mantle of Science'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20221003063338/http://dadaweb.de/wiki/Murray_N._Rothbard de Murray in Anarchiae lexico] 
* [http://www.lsr-projekt.de/msakap.html ''Die Anarcho-Kapitalisten und Max Stirner''] 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20221007083253/https://www.murray-rothbard-institut.de/ paginae Instituti ideologiis criticandis]

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{Lifetime|1926|1995|Rothbard, Murray}}
[[Categoria:Agnostici Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Capitalismus]]
[[Categoria:Ius naturale]]
[[Categoria:Libertarianismus]]
[[Categoria:Liberalismus]]</text>
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    <title>Usor:WikipedianFromEurope</title>
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  <page>
    <title>Rugenwaldia</title>
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      <text bytes="11940" sha1="g8c42o97ak10olfk7jq39gvy102h8t7" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Darlowo rynek (1).jpg|thumb|Forum, curia municipalis et ecclesia Beatae Mariae Virginis.]]
'''Rugenwaldia'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Ubi hodie Rugenwaldia, Coslinum, Colberga, Treptovia&quot; Christophorus Hartknoch, ''Res Publica Polonica duobus libris illustrata,'' editio secunda (Francofurti et Lipsiae: apud Martinum Hallevord, bibliopolam Regiomontanum, 1687), 975. . His adIectae sunt duae dissertationes historicae, ''De Republica Curonica vetere et nova'', item ''De originibus Pomeranicis'' '[https://www.google.pl/books/edition/De_Republica_Polonica_libri_duo_His_adje/VvlmAAAAcAAJ?hl=pl&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=inauthor:&amp;#x22;Christoph+Hartknoch&amp;#x22;&amp;printsec=frontcover Textus]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;domini terrae Slavinae videlicet &amp; Rugenwaldiae&quot; Io. Petrus de Ludewig (1731) ''Reliquiae manuscriptorum omnis aevi diplomatum ac monumentorum ineditorum adhuc, T. IX.'' Francofurti et Lipsiae. [p. 583] [https://books.google.pl/books?id=fRNcAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=RA2-PA583&amp;lpg=RA2-PA583&amp;dq=rugenwaldiae&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=d8ReHg5ZB-&amp;sig=ACfU3U1m6uQGQIm_eaXqZJ-5g19-XjoS7w&amp;hl=pl&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiJmODkh_2BAxV6GhAIHQxjDskQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Textus]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Ericus . . . Rugenwaldiae moritur . . . Anno 1459&quot; ''Nova Acta Eruditorum'' (Feb. 1751), 69.[&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[iarchive:bub_gb_irBRAAAAcAAJ/page/68/mode/2up|Textus]]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;n[atus] Rugenwaldiae&quot; Carolus Asmundus Rudolphi (1829) ''Recentioris aevi numismata virorum de rebus medicis et physicis meritorum memoriam servantia.'' Berolini: sumtibus Ferdinandi Dümmleri.[p. 82] [https://books.google.pl/books?id=zygaAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA82&amp;lpg=PA82&amp;dq=rugenwaldiae&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=y6zcsOMjSF&amp;sig=ACfU3U1ns0zLhTq3i2oFxqk9zhdztqcVtA&amp;hl=pl&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiJmODkh_2BAxV6GhAIHQxjDskQ6AF6BAgUEAM#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Textus]&lt;/ref&gt;, '''Rugenwaldum'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;omnemque item agrum, ad Rugenwaldum usque pertingentem&quot; Valentinus ab Eickstett (1728) ''Epitome annalium Pomeraniae, cui annexa sunt I. Genealogia ducum Pomeraniae. II Catalogus Episcoporum Camminensium. III. Brevis descriptio Pomeraniae. Vita Philippi I, Ducis Pomeraniae citerioris.'' Ex manuscripto edidit Jac. Henr. Balthasar. Gryphiswaldae: sumtibus Jacobi Löffleri. [p. 52] [https://books.google.pl/books?id=Bn5cAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA52&amp;lpg=RA1-PA52&amp;dq=rugenwaldum&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=ii1j3ZiP55&amp;sig=ACfU3U3OLiK9ChFvCkSjKLIlAI2Z5zMd6A&amp;hl=pl&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwi8jPbohv2BAxWVHRAIHZRfD1IQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Textus]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rugenwaldum inter alias portionis suae partes sortitum esse&quot; Schuback, Iacobus (1751) ''Commentarius de jure littoris. Vom Strand-Rechte.'' Hamburgi: apud Conradum Koenig. [p. 303] [https://books.google.pl/books?id=3tJfAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA303&amp;lpg=PA303&amp;dq=rugenwaldum&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=9ukzxgRQzV&amp;sig=ACfU3U2KCMUQ1BLF-bp5ZvHmTNF-P-sHOQ&amp;hl=pl&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwi8jPbohv2BAxWVHRAIHZRfD1IQ6AF6BAgSEAM#v=onepage&amp;q=rugenwaldum&amp;f=false Textus]&lt;/ref&gt; seu '''Rugenwalda''',&lt;ref&gt;&quot;novam civitatem instaurandi Rugenwaldam&quot; Io. Petrus de Ludewig (1731) ''Reliquiae manuscriptorum omnis aevi diplomatum ac monumentorum ineditorum adhuc, T. IX.'' Francofurti et Lipsiae. [p. 582] [https://books.google.pl/books?id=fRNcAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=RA2-PA583&amp;lpg=RA2-PA583&amp;dq=rugenwaldiae&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=d8ReHg5ZB-&amp;sig=ACfU3U1m6uQGQIm_eaXqZJ-5g19-XjoS7w&amp;hl=pl&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiJmODkh_2BAxV6GhAIHQxjDskQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Textus]&lt;/ref&gt; est [[urbs]] olim [[Hansa|Hanseatica]] in [[Pomerania]], [[saeculum 13|saeculo tertio decimo]] condita, hodie ad [[Palatinatus Polonici|palatinatum]] [[Palatinatus Pomeraniae occidentalis|Pomeraniae occidentalis]] [[Polonia|Poloniae]] pertinens.

== Origo, nomen et situs ==
Nomen ad locum hoc attinens primo perscriptum est anno [[1215]] in documento, quo Swantepolcus dux Pomeraniae terras quasdam in &quot;terra Dirlova&quot; locatas episcopo Caminensi dono se dedisse testificatur; quod documentum &quot;datum Dirlov&quot; notatur.&lt;ref&gt;Hasselbach, Carolus Fridericus Wilhelmus et Iohannes Gotfriedus Ludovicus Kosegarten (1862) ''Codex Pommeraniae diplomaticus. Bd. 1.'' Gryphiae: E. A. Koch's Verlagshandlung, Th. Kunike. [no. 101, anno 1215, p. 234] [https://kpbc.umk.pl/dlibra/publication/12612/edition/23475/content?format_id=2 Textus]&lt;/ref&gt; Anno 1270 urbs primo locata est, secundo autem post destructionem anno 1312 iuxta ius Lubecense.&lt;ref&gt;Hyacinthus Knopek (1995) &quot;Początki i lokacje miast na Pomorzu Sławieńsko-Słupskim do połowy XIV wieku&quot;, Barbara Popielas-Szultka, Słupsk 1990 : [commentarius de libro]. ''Słupskie Studia Historyczne'' 4: 213-215 [https://web.archive.org/web/20231018080503/https://bazhum.muzhp.pl/media/files/Slupskie_Studia_Historyczne/Slupskie_Studia_Historyczne-r1995-t4/Slupskie_Studia_Historyczne-r1995-t4-s213-215/Slupskie_Studia_Historyczne-r1995-t4-s213-215.pdf lege hic].&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Theodisce]] urbs ''Rügenwalde'' dicitur. Toponymum [[Lingua Polonica|Polonicum]] hodiernum ''Darłowo'' est, sed forma haec nominis huius ab anno tantum [[1946]] de iure adhibenda est&lt;ref&gt;''Zarządzenie Ministrów: Administracji Publicznej i Ziem Odzyskanych z dnia 7 maja 1946 r.'' ([https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WMP19460440085/O/M19460085.pdf M.P. z 1946 r. nr 44, poz. 85]).&lt;/ref&gt;; antea variationes multae in usu erant, exempli gratia ''Derłów''&lt;ref&gt;Exempli gratia in [http://igrek.amzp.pl/10259 hac] tabula geographica anno 1935 edita.&lt;/ref&gt;, ''Dyrłów'' et ''Dzierzłów''&lt;ref&gt;''Ruegenwalde.'' In: ''Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom IX'' (1888) [http://dir.icm.edu.pl/pl/Slownik_geograficzny/Tom_IX/953 lege hic]&lt;/ref&gt;. Pars civitatis mari proxima Polonice ''Darłówko'', Theodisce ''Rügenwaldermünde'' nuncupatur.

Ab urbe appellatus est ''Ranunculus dirlovus'', microspecies ''[[Ranunculus auricomus|Ranunculi auricomi]]'' in agro Dirlovo crescens.&lt;ref&gt;Halamski, Adam T. (2024) Contribution à l’étude des renoncules tête d’or (Ranunculus auricomus aggr.) de la Poméranie polonaise. Trois espèces nouvelles des environs de Darłowo et Sławno. ''Bulletin de la Societe linnéenne de Lyon'', 93 (7–8), 169–205. ISSN 2554-5280.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fasciculus:Darlowo - widok z latarni morskiej na rzeke Wieprze 01.JPG|thumb|Vippera flumen e pharo meridiem versus visa; pone silvulam ad ripam eius sitam turris ecclesiae B.M.V. conspicitur; longe a dextris horreum.]]
Rugenwaldia haud longe (ca. 2 km) a meridionali [[Mare Balticum|Maris Baltici]] litore sita est, prope locum ubi coniunguntur Vippera seu Wippera&lt;ref&gt;&quot;molendinorum in Wippera fluvio&quot; [p. 583]; &quot;licentiam praenominatam aquam Vipperam descendendi &amp; ascendendi&quot; [p. 585] Io. Petrus de Ludewig (1731) ''Reliquiae manuscriptorum omnis aevi diplomatum ac monumentorum ineditorum adhuc, T. IX.'' Francofurti et Lipsiae. [https://books.google.pl/books?id=fRNcAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=RA2-PA583&amp;lpg=RA2-PA583&amp;dq=rugenwaldiae&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=d8ReHg5ZB-&amp;sig=ACfU3U1m6uQGQIm_eaXqZJ-5g19-XjoS7w&amp;hl=pl&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiJmODkh_2BAxV6GhAIHQxjDskQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Textus]&lt;/ref&gt; et tributarius eius, Polonice nunc ''Grabowa'' Theodisceque ''Grabow'' dictus, olim Latine Thra vel Vethra nuncupatus&lt;ref&gt;''[https://eshp.ijp.pan.pl/search/results/93710 Grabowa]''. In: ''[https://eshp.ijp.pan.pl Dictionarium electronicum hydronymorum Poloniae]''. Cracoviae: Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN.&lt;/ref&gt;; unde etiam in insigni [[Scientia heraldica|heraldico]] urbis duo flumina subtus [[Gryps|gryphe]] monstrantur. 17 septembris 1497 maxima pars urbis a [[Megacyma|megacymate]] (vulgo tsunami) destructa est.&lt;ref&gt;Piotrowski, Andreas, Jarmila Krzymińska, Paulus Sydor et Thomas Żuk (2016) ''Tsunami na Morzu Bałtyckim w świetle faktów i hipotez'' (Polonice, 'Tsunami in Mari Baltico secundum facta et hypotheses'). Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200819171257/https://www.pgi.gov.pl/docman-tree/aktualnosci-2016/srodowisko-informacji/4278-3-tsunami-na-morzu-baltyckim-w-swietle-faktow-i-hipotez/file.html lege hic]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Monumenta ==

=== In ipsa urbe ===
Inter monumenta aspectu digna primo ipsa dispositio viarum platearumque urbis notanda est, quae a Medio Aevo usque ad tempora nostra parum tantum mutata est, quod praesertim in via ''Wałowa'' seu ''Mauerstrasse'' cursum murorum antiquorum sequente patet, etiamsi de muris iam destructis nonnisi porta una remaneat. Forum in media urbe invenitur.

Praeterea enumerandae sunt tres ecclesiae [[Ars Gothica|stilo Gothico]] exstructae, quarum maxima (1540–1945 [[Lutheranismus|Lutherana]], antea et postea catholica), Deo sub titulo [[Maria (mater Iesu)|B. Mariae V.]] dicata, ubi sarcophagi nonnullorum [[Gryphes|Gryphum]] osservantur, inter quos Erici [[Dania|Daniae]], [[Suecia|Sueciae]] et [[Norvegia|Norvegiae]] Regis, Rugenwaldiae anno 1459 mortui.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ecclesia sanctae [[Gertrudis Nivigellensis|Gertrudis]], in colle orientem versus ab urbe vetere locata, formas hexagoni et dodecagoni simul exhibet atque [[symmetria]] axiali ad [[Ecclesia Sancti Sepulcri|basilicam Sancti Sepulcri]] Hierosolymitanam (Ἀνάστασιν scilicet) refert.&lt;ref&gt;Łoziński, Georgius (1992) ''Pomniki sztuki w Polsce. Tom II, część I: Pomorze.'' Varsoviae: Arkady. ISBN 83-213-3558-6.&lt;/ref&gt;

Item [[castellum]] ducum Pomeraniae, curia municipalis [[saeculum 18|saeculo duodevicensimo]] post incendium refecta, haud paucae domus veteres, sed etiam horrea latericia in portu annis [[1908]] et [[1941]] constructa.&lt;ref&gt;''[https://www.zabytki.org/spichlerze-w-darlowie/ Horrea Rugenwaldensia]'' (Polonice; www.zabytki.org).&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:DARŁOWO 14.JPG|Via ducens ad portam civitatis
Fasciculus:Zamek Książąt Pomorskich w Darłowie-dziedziniec.jpg|Castellum
Fasciculus:Kościół Matki Bożej Częstochowskiej - chór .jpg|Organum (1746/1853/1897) in ecclesia B.M.V.
Fasciculus:Kościół Matki Bożej Częstochowskiej - ambona.jpg|Ambo ligneus (1684) in ecclesia B.M.V.
Fasciculus:Darlowo kosciol sw Gertrudy (1).jpg|Ecclesia s. Gertrudis
Fasciculus:Darłowo, Magazyny zbożowe - fotopolska.eu (242454).jpg|Horrea annis 1908 et 1941 ad ripam Wipperae fluminis exstructa
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Altare argenteum Rugenwaldense ===
[[Fasciculus:Srebrny Ołtarz Darłowski, Słupsk 1b.jpg|thumb|Altare argenteum Rugenwaldense in museo Stolpensi]]
Inter praecipuos artis Pomeranae thesauros habetur [[altare]] [[Argentum|argenteum]] Rugenwaldense, quod saeculo septimo decimo Philippus II et Bogislaus XIV (ultimus Pomeraniae dux) cum Elisabetha uxore parari iusserunt. Quod altare e retabulo ex hebeno facto atque e viginti septem [[Toreuma|toreumatibus]] argenteis consistit . In oratorio castelli Rugenwaldensis primo collocatum, anno 1806, castello in ruinam labente, in ecclesiam B.M.V. translatum est. Anno autem 1944, appropinquante exercitu [[Unio Rerum Publicarum Sovieticarum Socialisticarum|Sovietico]], laminae argenteae in aerario conditae sunt; e quibus tamen nonnisi octo post aliquot annos inventae sunt. Quae ex hoc altari supersunt in museo [[Stolpe|Stolpensi]] hodie osservantur&lt;ref&gt;Dorothea Szymczak (2007) ''Srebrny ołtarz darłowski. Der Rügenwalder Silberaltar.'' Stolpae: Muzeum Pomorza Środkowego. (ISBN 83-89329-32-8; Polonice et Theodisce, vertit Robertus Kupisiński)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dorothea Szymczak (2008) Srebrny ołtarz darłowski: historia, konserwacja, eksponowanie. ''Muzealnictwo'', vol. 49, pars 2, 188–199. (Polonice, cum summario Anglico: ''The Silver Altar of Darłowo. History, Conservation, Display'') [https://web.archive.org/web/20231010224049/https://muzealnictworocznik.com/api/files/view/20221.pdf Textus]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://zabytek.pl/pl/obiekty/darlowo-srodmiescie Dispositio urbanistica urbis veteris] (Polonice; zabytek.pl)
*[https://musicamsacram.pl/instrumenty/730-darlowo-bazylika-matki-bozej-czestochowskiej-oo-franciszkanow Organum ecclesiae B.M.V.] (descriptio et imagines Polonice; musicamsacram.pl)

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Categoria:Pomerania]]
[[Categoria:Res geographicae Poloniae]]
[[Categoria:Urbes hanseaticae]]</text>
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      <comment>confestim delenda</comment>
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      <text bytes="1044" sha1="ihx38nnaet5cx3e7ud5860o3wi3vqij" xml:space="preserve">{{confestim delenda|pagina non iam opus est --[[Usor:TheRabbit22|TheRabbit22]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:TheRabbit22|disputatio]]) 09:05, 3 Augusti 2026 (UTC)}}
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== Verba allata ==
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== Studia ==
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{{Nuntii}}
[[{{LOCALYEAR}}|Alius eventi praesente eius anni]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;middot;&amp;nbsp;[[n:Main Page|Wikinews]]
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    <title>Planities elevata Anadyrensis</title>
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      <text bytes="1446" sha1="k0gisu7inzl9dzxegp6nmway3ntx3vx" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Озеро Эльгыгытгын.jpg|thumb|[[Elgygytgyn]] lacus in  planitie Anadyrensi media]]
'''Planities elevata Anadyrensis'''&lt;ref&gt;{{ZK|Анадырское плоскогорье}}&lt;/ref&gt; est [[planities elevata]] in [[Siberia]] boreorientali (in [[Districtus autonomus Tschucoticus|districtu autonomo Tschucotico]] [[Russia]]e) sita. 

Pars est [[planities montana|planitiei montanae]] Anadyrensis&lt;ref&gt;''Анадырское нагорье''.&lt;/ref&gt;, quae inter {{Creanda|ru|Чукотское нагорье|planities montana Tschucotica|planitiem montanam Tschucoticam}} et [[Planities montana Kolymensis|planitiem montanam Kolymensem]] patet. Circa 400 [[chm]] lata et 150 chm longa est. Altitudo media planitiei elevatae 700-800 [[metrum|m]] est. Planitie media [[Elgygytgyn]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Lingua Tschuctschica|Tschucotice]] ''Lacus albus''.&lt;/ref&gt; lacus situs est. [[Divortium aquarum]] [[Anadyr]]is fluminis, quod hic oritur, et accolarum [[Colyma]]e est. 

[[Basaltes|Basaltibus]], [[andesites|andesitibus]], [[dacites|dacitibus]] composita est. [[Tundra]] planitiem elevatam operit. 

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes geographici}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240614221147/https://bigenc.ru/c/anadyrskoe-ploskogor-e-b7704d ''Encyclopaedia Russica magna'']

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anadyrensis, planities elevata}}

[[Categoria:Altae planities Russiae|Anadyrensis]]
[[Categoria:Districtus autonomus Tschucoticus]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Regnum Ganae</title>
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      <text bytes="2126" sha1="k8z8j4z1vqxqls8697donm6t2pt5iqr" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Empire ghana.png|thumb|His fere locis regnum Ganae erat.]]
'''Regnum Ganae''',&lt;ref&gt;{{Creanda|de|Melchior Hartmann|Ioannes Melchior Hartmann}}. [https://books.google.ru/books?id=s8RXAAAAcAAJ&amp;q=regnum+ganae#v=snippet&amp;q=regnum%20ganae&amp;f=false ''Commentatio De Geographia Africae Edrisiana'', Gottingae 1791, p. 38].&lt;/ref&gt; quod nunc saepe '''Imperium Ganense''' nominatur, fuit [[civitas]] antiqua in [[Africa Occidentalis|Africae Occidentali]], praecipue in terris [[Malia]]e et [[Mauritania]]e hodiernae sita. A [[saeculum 8|saeculo octavo]] ad [[saeculum 11|saeculum undecimo]] [[floruit]]. Reliquiae urbis Ganae [[caput (urbs)|capitis]] (quae et ipsa a nonnullis ''Gana'' nominatur) in {{Creanda|en|Koumbi Saleh|Kumbi Saleh}} anno [[1910]] inventae sunt. In [[septentrio]]ne {{Creanda|d|Q616309)|Audagostum}} [[oasis]] [[saeculum 10|saeculo undecimo]] a Ganensibus occupatum est, in [[meridies|meridie]] flumina [[Senegalus|Senegalum]] et [[Niger (flumen)|Nigrum]] regnum Ganae attingebat. 

Gana de fontibus [[lingua Arabica|Arabicis]] [[medium aevum|mediaevalibus]] nota est, a [[scriptor]]ibus Arabicis &quot;terra Auri&quot; saepe appellata. Populus [[lingua Gangara|Soninke]], [[Mazaces|Barbaris]] inimicus, regnum Ganae possidebat; nomen [[civitas|civitatis]] in lingua Soninke ''Wagadu'' fuisse videtur. [[Islamus]] et [[cultus]] [[indigena]]rum [[pagani]] in regno miscebantur. Saeculo undecimo ab [[Almoravides|Almovidarum]] militibus [[Mazaces|Barbaricis]] Gana debellata et destructa est.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus externi==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240412233017/https://bigenc.ru/c/gana-istoricheskoe-gosudarstvo-0fed48 ''Encyclopedia Russica magna''] {{ling|Russice}}
* [https://snl.no/Ghanariket ''Store Norske Leksikon''] {{ling|Norvegice}}
* [https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/empire-du-ghana/ ''Universalis''] {{ling|Francogallice}}
* [https://www.worldhistory.org/Ghana_Empire/ ''World History Encyclopedia''] {{ling|Anglice}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gana, regnum}}
[[Categoria:Antiquae civitates Africae]]
[[Categoria:Historia Maliae]]
[[Categoria:Historia Mauritaniae]]
{{Myrias|Historia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Silva tropica</title>
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      <text bytes="1867" sha1="jg4hnp05b1zedvhobmuw3657yjvpqma" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Alima - Congo.JPG|thumb|Silva tropica in ripa [[Congo (flumen)|Congi]] fluminis.]]
'''Silva tropica'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Kirp|лес тропический}}.&lt;/ref&gt; est genus [[silva]]e, quod in vulgari [[zona tropica]] est. Maior silvarum tropicarum pars in [[regio]]nibus imbribus crebris crescit; haec [[silva pluvialis|silvae pluviales]] sunt tropicae et sempervirentes; sed sunt et alia genera, praecipue [[silvae monsoniae]] et [[mangrovia]]e.

Silvae tropicae in [[America]] borealem [[America Australis|Americae Australis]] partem operiunt (confer [[silvae pluviales Amazoniae|silvas pluviales Amazoniae]]) et [[America Media|Americam Mediam]] usque ad australem [[Mexicum|Mexici]] partem. [[Africa Media]] omnis silvis tropicis operta est, inter duas zonas [[savanna]]rum iacentibus. Amplissimae silvae tropicae [[India]]m orientalem, [[Indosina]]m, et maiorem [[archipelagus Malaicus|archipelagi Malaici]] partem occupant.

In America, silvae tropicae saepe ''selva'' (ab [[Hispanice|Hispanico]]) nominantur; in Africa et [[Eurasia]], [[iangala]].

[[Species|Specierum]] diversitas in silvis tropicis maxima est; quarumcumque quinarum specierum notarum quattuor sunt species silvarum tropicarum; suo [[arbor]]es eiusdem speciei fere nusquam in silva tropica vicini crescunt.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://www.britannica.com/science/tropical-forest Silva tropica] in ''Britannica'' {{ling|Anglice}}
* [https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/forets-les-forets-tropicales/ Silva tropica] in ''Universali'' {{ling|Francogallice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240615005439/https://bigenc.ru/c/tropicheskie-lesa-7ef137 Silva tropica] in ''Encyclopaedia Russica magna'' {{ling|Russice}}

[[Categoria:Clima]]
[[Categoria:Geographia]]
[[Categoria:Oecoregiones]]
[[Categoria:Silvae]]
[[Categoria:Silvae pluviales]]
{{Myrias|Physica}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nacla</title>
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      <text bytes="2891" sha1="6dot8tpyyto218rqxuutcvh31zmhn68" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Flüsse in Polen (Karte).png|thumb|Nacla (hic Theodisce ''Netze'') et alia flumina intra fines Poloniae.]]
'''Nacla''' vel '''Netza'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://eshp.ijp.pan.pl/search/results/221389 Noteć,]&quot; in ''Elektroniczny słownik hydronimów Polski'' [Lexicon electronicum hydronymorum Poloniae; Polonice, in interreti]. Nomen Latinum ''Nacla'' in documento anno [[1091]] perscripto invenitur, ''Netza'' anno [[1251]]. Sunt et aliae huius nominis formae.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Polonice]] ''Noteć''; [[Theodisce]] ''Netze'') est [[flumen|fluvius]] in [[Polonia]] septentrionali.
[[Fasciculus:Noteć.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Nacla ad Czarnków oppidum.]]

Nacla in Polonia media, Cuiavia nempe, originem ducens, primo septentrionem versus fluit, deinde autem ad [[Bidgostia|Bidgostiam]] alveus eius occidentem versus dirigitur, [[Vallis proglacialis|vallem proglacialem]] Thorunensem-Eberswaldensem dictam sequens. Ibi amnes Chudam&lt;ref&gt;''[https://eshp.ijp.pan.pl/search/results/101160 Gwda.]'' In: ''Elektroniczny słownik hydronimów Polski'' [Lexicon electronicum hydronymorum Poloniae; Polonice, in interreti]. Nomen Latinum ''Chuda'' anno 1260 perscriptum est.&lt;/ref&gt; (Polonice ''Gwda'', Theodisce ''Küddow'') et Dravam&lt;ref&gt;[https://eshp.ijp.pan.pl/search/results/64465 Drawa.] In: In: ''Elektroniczny słownik hydronimów Polski'' [Lexicon electronicum hydronymorum Poloniae; Polonice, in interreti]. Nomen Latinum ''Draua'' anno 1237 perscriptum est.&lt;/ref&gt; (Polonice ''Drawa'', Theodisce ''Drage'') recipit. Postea Nacla in Vartham,&lt;ref&gt;Rymar, Eduardus (2012) Nazwy wodne prawobrzeżnej dolnej Warty między Santokiem i Kostrzynem. ''Nadwarciański Rocznik Historyczno-Archiwalny'', 19: 23-77. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240609044514/https://bazhum.muzhp.pl/media//files/Nadwarcianski_Rocznik_Historyczno_Archiwalny/Nadwarcianski_Rocznik_Historyczno_Archiwalny-r2012-t-n19/Nadwarcianski_Rocznik_Historyczno_Archiwalny-r2012-t-n19-s23-77/Nadwarcianski_Rocznik_Historyczno_Archiwalny-r2012-t-n19-s23-77.pdf Textus]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Amnis influens|accolam]] [[Viadrus|Viadri]] fluvium influit. Longitudo Naclae 388 km est.&lt;ref&gt;Richling, Andreas et Ostaszewska, Catharina (red., 2006) ''Geografia fizyczna Polski.'' Varsoviae: PWN. ISBN 978-83-01-14426-5.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Colliquiae|Canalis navigabilis]], [[saeculum 18|saeculo duodevicesimo]] effossus, Naclam cum Dbra&lt;ref&gt;[https://eshp.ijp.pan.pl/search/results/24924 &quot;Brda,&quot;] in ''Elektroniczny słownik hydronimów Polski'' [Lexicon electronicum hydronymorum Poloniae; Polonice, in interreti]. Nomen Latinum ''Dbra'' annis [[1145]] et [[1280]] perscriptum est.&lt;/ref&gt; (Polonice ''Brda''; Theodisce ''Brahe''); Viadrum ergo cum [[Vistula]] coniungitur.&lt;ref&gt;Kondracki, Georgius (1998), ''Geografia regionalna Polski'' (Varsoviae: PWN), ISBN 83-01-12479-2.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Flumina Poloniae]]
[[Categoria:Systema Viadri fluminis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rhodophyta</title>
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      <text bytes="6988" sha1="k6f0aax51i9h0apm1iddx55sa5zx9b8" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Proterozoic|Recent}}
| image = Delesseria sanguinea Helgoland.JPG
| image_caption = ''Delesseria sanguinea'', rhodophyton ad litus [[Terra Sacra (insula)|Farriae]] inventum.
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| subregnum = Rhodoplantae
| phylum = '''''Rhodophyta'''''
| taxon = Brachiopoda
| phylum_authority = Wettstein
}}

'''Rhodophyta''' ([[Graece]] ῥόδον '[[rosa]]' + φυτόν '[[planta]]') sunt subdivisio [[plantae|plantarum]], cuius nomen ab earum [[color]]e saepissime [[ruber|rubro]] provenit. Inter [[alga|algas]] connumerantur; in [[taxinomia]] autem [[biologia|biologica]] tum tamquam [[Phylum (taxinomia)|divisio]],&lt;ref&gt;''Rhodophyta'' Wettstein, Handb. Syst. Bot. (1901).&lt;/ref&gt; tum tamquam subregnum&lt;ref&gt;''Rhodobionta'' G.W.Saunders et Hommersand, Am. J. Bot., 91: 1502 (2004).&lt;/ref&gt; [[Regnum (taxinomia)|regni]] Plantarum habentur. In mutlis [[Lingua|linguis]], ‘algae rubrae’ (e.g. [[Anglice]] ''red algae'', [[Francogallice]] ''algues rouges'') appellantur.

== Descriptio ==
Rhodophyta sunt plantae omnino [[Flagellum (biologia)|flagellis]] carentes, in [[Chloroplastus|chloroplastis]] lamellas haud aggregatas atque phycobilisomata&lt;ref&gt;‘Phycobilisomata’ – de hoc nomine Latino vide Doweld (2001) ''Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum'', p. LXVIII (ad XVm). [https://books.google.pl/books?id=MBAIAf3OAPcC&amp;pg=PR67&amp;lpg=PR67&amp;dq=phycobilisomata&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=kvilz28JQ7&amp;sig=ACfU3U1VFBFTZ7wO8SQ6INwX_J089x5qLg&amp;hl=pl&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwj0qYePo6uHAxUqSfEDHZUEDTYQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&amp;q=somata&amp;f=false Textus].&lt;/ref&gt; habentes, necnon [[amylum]] in [[Cytoplasma|cytoplasmate]] conditum.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Saunders, Gary W.  &amp; Hommersand, Max H. (2004) [https://bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.3732/ajb.91.10.1494 Assessing red algal supraordinal diversity and taxonomy in the context of contemporary systematic data.] ''American Journal of Botany'', '''91''' (10): 1494–1507.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;de Reviers, Bruno (2003) ''Biologie et phylogénie des algues.'' Parisiis: Belin. ISBN 2-7011-3512-5&lt;/ref&gt; Quibus characteribus ita a reliquis plantis discrepant, ut in subregnum proprium '''Rhodoplantarum''' excludantur, omnibus fere aliis, Chlorophytis nempe, Charophytis, [[Bryophyta|Bryophytis]], [[Pteridophyta|Pteridophytis]], Gymnospermis [[Angiospermae|Angiospermisque]], in subregnum Viridiplantarum coniunctis.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Rhodophyta tum [[Unicellulare|unicellularia]], tum multicellularia sunt. In quo casu [[Thallus|thalli]] eorum filamentosi uni- vel multiaxiales, vel etiam pseudoparenchymatosi sunt. Generationes in historia vitae saepius tres, gametophytum scilicet, tetrasporophytum et carposporophytum possident, in quo etiam a reliquis plantis generationes duas, gametophytum nempe et sporophytum habentibus differunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Inter rhodophyta habentur algae sic dictae calcareae, thallis scilicet fortiter [[Calcii carbonas|carbonate calcii]] incrustatis, a [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeo]] inter ‘zoophyta’ connumeratae, nunc intra [[Ordo (taxinomia)|ordines]] Corallinalium et Peyssonnellialium inclusae.&lt;ref&gt;Krayesky, David M., Norris, Iacobus M., Gabrielson, Paulus W., Gabriel, Daniela &amp; Frecericq, Susanna (2009) [https://web.archive.org/web/20240716110432/https://meridian.allenpress.com/pbsw/article-abstract/122/3/364/37492/A-new-order-of-red-algae-based-on-the?redirectedFrom=fulltext A new order of red algae based on the ''Peyssonneliaceae'', with an evaluation of the ordinal classification of the ''Florideophyceae'' (''Rhodophyta'').] ''Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington'' (2009) 122 (3): 364–391.&lt;/ref&gt;

Numerus [[Genus (taxinomia)|generum]] hodiernorum Rhodophytorum circiter 910 est, [[Species (taxinomia)|specierum]] autem 7000 excedit.&lt;ref&gt;Frey, Wolfgangus (ed., 2017) ''Syllabus of plant families: Adolf Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien'' (13th ed.). ''Part 2/2: Photoautotropic eukaryotic algae, Rhodophyta.'' Berolini: Gebr. Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung. ISBN 978-3-443-01094-2&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Red seaweed, South East Bay, Three Kings Islands PA111328.JPG|Rhodophyta in Oceano Pacifico ad litus Novae Zelandiae crescentia.
Fasciculus:Red seaweeds at Middelmas P2199309.JPG|Rhodophyta in Oceano Atlantico ad litus Africae australis.
Fasciculus:Coralline seaweed at 12 Mile Bank P4090181.jpg|Rhodophyta ordinis Corallinalium (algae calcareae).
Fasciculus:Red Algae.jpg|Frondes Rhodophyti indeterminati in herbario.
Fasciculus:Hildenbrandia rivularis 01 by-dpc.jpg|''Hildenbrandia rivularis'', rhodophytum aquae dulcis, in petra in torrente crescens.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Rhodophyta fossilia ==
Inter Rhodophyta [[Fossile|fossilia]] celeberrima forsitan est ''Bangiomorpha pubescens'', in petris [[Proterozoicum|Proterozoicis]] insulae ''Somerset'' dictae [[Archipelagus Arcticus|Archipelagi Arctici]], abhinc annorum circiter 1 050 000 000 formatis,&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Timotheus M., Shih, Patricius M., Cumming, Viviana M.; Fischer, Woodward W., Crockford, Petrus W., Hodgskiss, Malcolmus S.W., Wörndle, Sara, Creaser, Robertus A., Rainbird, Robertus H., Skulski, Thomas M &amp; Halverson, Galen P. (2017). Precise age of ''Bangiomorpha pubescens'' dates the origin of eukaryotic photosynthesis. ''Geology'', '''46''' (2): 135–138.&lt;/ref&gt; inventa. Est ergo maximi momenti in palaeobiologia tamquam antiquissima nota planta, antiquissimus notus [[Organismus|organismu]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;s multicellularis certus, et antiquissimus organismus reproductionem sexualem exhibens.&lt;ref&gt;Butterfield, Nicolaus J. (2000). [https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/paleobiol/article-abstract/26/3/386/86277/Bangiomorpha-pubescens-n-gen-n-sp-implications-for?redirectedFrom=fulltext ''Bangiomorpha pubescens'' n. gen., n. sp.: implications for the evolution of sex, multicellularity, and the Mesoproterozoic/Neoproterozoic radiation of eukaryotes.] ''Paleobiology'' 26 (3): 386–404.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sunt etiam fossila antiquiora, ''Rafatazmia'', ''Denaricion'' et ''Ramathallus'' nunucupata, in petris [[India|Indiae]] abhinc annorum circiter 1 600 000 000 formatis inventa, quae forsitan inter rhodophyta connumeranda sunt, sed cum hac eorum interpretatione haud omnes consentiunt.&lt;ref&gt;Bengtson, Stephanus, Sallstedt, Theresia, Belivanova, Veneta &amp; Whitehouse, Martinus (2017) [https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.2000735 Three-dimensional preservation of cellular and subcellular structures suggests 1.6 billion-year-old crown-group red algae.] ''PLoS Biol'' '''15''' (3): e2000735.&lt;/ref&gt;

De caetero multae algae calcareae fossiles in petris [[Palaeozoicum|Palaeozoicis]], [[Mesozoicum|Mesozoicis]] et [[Caenozoicum|Caenozoicis]] inventae sunt.&lt;ref&gt;Taylor, Thomas N., Taylor, Editha N. &amp; Krings, Michael (2009) ''Paleobotany. The Biology and Evolution of fossil Plants.'' Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-373972-8&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Organismi aquatici]]
[[Categoria:Plantae]]
[[Categoria:Taxinomia plantarum]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pixel</title>
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      <comment>+{{[[Formula:Opus|Opus]]}}</comment>
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      <text bytes="4886" sha1="i5q82c0c2cjpeiwb0o6hvfcu3fmadrv" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Closeup of pixels.JPG|thumb|upright=1|Pixella adprope inspecta.]]
[[Fasciculus:Gaffiot craticula.svg|thumb|upright=1|“Craticula” in [[Felix Gaffiot|Felicis Gaffiot]] ''[[Lexicon Gaffiot|Lexico Latino-Francogallico]]'' picta.{{Gaffiot ref|craticula|439}}]]
[[Fasciculus:Pixel-example.png|thumb|upright=1|Multa pixella illusionem imaginis glabrae (sinistrae) gignunt.]]

{{Res|Pixel}}{{Convertimus}} (fortasse sive {{pns|ellis|n}}, sicut [[mel]], [[fel]] et [[subtel]], sive indecl.; px notatum) est minimum elementum quod in “craticula” cuiuscumque [[imago|imaginis]] digitalis pingi potest. Unumquodque pixel est indicium, singulo [[color]]e pictum, imaginis originalis; plura igitur indicia ad meliorem repraesentationem imaginis ducunt. In plerisque [[machina photographica|machinis photographicis]] digitalibus, pixella sunt minima elementa quae [[systema internum]] tractare potest.

[[Verbum amalgamatum]] ''pixellis'' e compositione compendiorum [[Lingua Anglica|Anglicorum]] {{Barbarice|lang=en|pix}}, pro {{Barbarice|lang=en|pictures}}, ‘imagines’ significantis (litterā “x” in locum compagis “cs” substitutā), et ''el'', pro ‘elemento’, oritur – conferantur similes neologismi ''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|voxel||en|qid=Q663554}}''&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Foley et al., 1990}}: “These cells are often called {{Idioma|voxels}} (volume elements), in analogy to pixels.”.&lt;/ref&gt; (‘[[Capacitas et volumen|voluminis]] elementum’) et ''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|texel||en|qid=Q9966}}''&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Foley et al., 1990}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (‘textūs elementum’). Verbum quidem ''pix'' anno [[1932]] in nonnullis titulis Anglicis [[commentarius periodicus pictus|commentarii periodici picti]] ''Variety'' primum apparuit compendium verbi ''pictures'', [[pellicula]]s significans,&lt;ref name=&quot;onetdict&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = pixel
	| domus editoria = Online Etymology Dictionary
	| url = http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=pixel
	| salus url = vivit
	| retrospectio = 20101230213602
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; quod tamen ab anno [[1938]] adhiberi inceptum est etiam ad [[photographema]]ta indicanda.&lt;ref name=&quot;lyon-2006&quot;&gt;{{qc|Lyon, 2006}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Anno [[1965]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Fredericus Crockett Billingsley||en|qid=Q5496993}} (apud ''[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]'' opera dans), ut de imaginum elementis narraret quae ex [[speculatrum spatiale|exploratris spatialibus]] ad Lunam et Martem missis proveniebant, vocabulum Anglicum ''pixel'' primum divulgavit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Billingsley, 1965}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Billingsley dixit se verbum a Keith E. McFarland didicisse, qui tamen negavit originem scire et tantummodo effatus est vocabulum illo tempore {{caa|1963}} iam in usu fuisse.&lt;ref name=&quot;lyon-2006&quot; /&gt;

Nonnulla notio “elementi imaginis” [[inventio]]nem [[televisio]]nis praecessit. Exempli gratia, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Paulus Gottlieb Nipkow||en|qid=Q63709}} in suo [[diploma inventionis|diplomate inventionis]] anni [[1888]] verbo [[Lingua Theodisca|Theodisco]] {{Barbarice|lingua=de|Bildpunkt}} (‘punctum imaginis’) usus est ad pixel significandum. Post annum [[1911]] in nonnullis diplomatibus inventionis [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Americanis]] locutio Anglica {{Barbarice|lingua=en|picture element}} adhibita est.&lt;ref&gt;[https://patents.google.com/patent/US1175313 US 1175313], Alf Sinding-Larsen, “Transmission of pictures of moving objects”, diploma die [[4 Martii]] [[1916]] editum.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Cinematographia]]
* [[Imago]]
* [[Machina photographica]]
* [[Photographia]]
* [[Particula imaginalis]]
* [[Televisio]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Pixels|pixel}}

== Bibliographia ==
* {{ec
	| id = Billingsley, 1965
	| c = Billingsley, Fredericus C. ([[Augustus|Aug.]] [[1965]], [[Franciscopolis]]). &quot;Processing Ranger and Mariner Photography&quot;, in ''Computerized Imaging Techniques, Proceedings of SPIE'', Tom. 0010, pp. XV-1–19, [[Ianuarii|Ian.]] [[1967]].
}}
* {{ec
	| id = Foley et al., 1990
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen 1 = Foley
		| nomen 1 = Iacobus D.
		| cognomen 2 = van Dam
		| nomen 2 = Andries
		| cognomen 3 = Hughes
		| nomen 3 = Ioannes F.
		| cognomen 4 = Fainer
		| nomen 4 = Stephanus K.
		| titulus = Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice
		| contextus = Spatial-partitioning representations; Surface detail
		| annus = 1990
		| series = The Systems Programming Series
		| domus editoria = [[Addison-Wesley]]
		| isbn = 0-201-12110-7
	}}
}}
* {{ec
	| id = Lyon, 2006
	| c = Lyon, Ricardus F. (2006). [http://www.dicklyon.com/tech/Photography/Pixel-SPIE06-Lyon.pdf A brief history of ‘pixel’]. IS&amp;T/SPIE Symposium on Electronic Imaging.
}}

{{Photo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Ars visualis]]
[[Categoria:Cinematographia]]
[[Categoria:Photographia]]
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      <text bytes="4890" sha1="29xqjkh6uaocn76diwwbzeeyafr9hev" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Closeup of pixels.JPG|thumb|upright=1|Pixella adprope inspecta.]]
[[Fasciculus:Gaffiot craticula.svg|thumb|upright=1|“Craticula” in [[Felix Gaffiot|Felicis Gaffiot]] ''[[Lexicon Gaffiot|Lexico Latino-Francogallico]]'' picta.{{Gaffiot ref|craticula|439}}]]
[[Fasciculus:Pixel-example.png|thumb|upright=1|Multa pixella illusionem imaginis glabrae (sinistrae) gignunt.]]

{{Res|Pixel}}{{Convertimus}} (fortasse sive {{pns|ellis|n}}, sicut [[mel]], [[fel]] et [[subtel]], sive indecl.; px notatum) est minimum elementum quod in “craticula” cuiuscumque [[imago|imaginis]] digitalis pingi potest. Unumquodque pixel est indicium, singulo [[color]]e pictum, imaginis originalis; plura igitur indicia ad meliorem repraesentationem imaginis ducunt. In plerisque [[machina photographica|machinis photographicis]] digitalibus, pixella sunt minima elementa quae [[systema internum]] tractare potest.

[[Verbum amalgamatum]] ''pixellis'' e compositione compendiorum [[Lingua Anglica|Anglicorum]] {{Barbarice|lang=en|pix}}, pro {{Barbarice|lang=en|pictures}}, ‘imagines’ significantis (litterā “x” in locum compagis “cs” substitutā), et ''el'', pro ‘elemento’, oritur – conferantur similes neologismi ''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|voxel||en|qid=Q663554}}''&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Foley et al., 1990}}: “These cells are often called {{Idioma|voxels}} (volume elements), in analogy to pixels.”.&lt;/ref&gt; (‘[[Capacitas et volumen|voluminis]] elementum’) et ''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|texel||en|qid=Q9966}}''&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Foley et al., 1990}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (‘textūs elementum’). Verbum quidem ''pix'' anno [[1932]] in nonnullis titulis Anglicis [[commentarius periodicus pictus|commentarii periodici picti]] ''Variety'' primum apparuit compendium verbi ''pictures'', [[pellicula]]s significans,&lt;ref name=&quot;onetdict&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = pixel
	| domus editoria = Online Etymology Dictionary
	| url = http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=pixel
	| salus url = vivit
	| retrospectio = 20101230213602
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; quod tamen ab anno [[1938]] adhiberi inceptum est etiam ad [[photographema]]ta indicanda.&lt;ref name=&quot;lyon-2006&quot;&gt;{{qc|Lyon, 2006}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Anno [[1965]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Fredericus Crockett Billingsley||en|qid=Q5496993}} (apud ''[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]'' opera dans), ut de imaginum elementis narraret quae ex [[speculatrum spatiale|exploratris spatialibus]] ad Lunam et Martem missis proveniebant, vocabulum Anglicum ''pixel'' primum divulgavit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Billingsley, 1965}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Billingsley dixit se verbum a Keith E. McFarland didicisse, qui tamen negavit originem scire et tantummodo effatus est vocabulum illo tempore {{caa|1963}} iam in usu fuisse.&lt;ref name=&quot;lyon-2006&quot; /&gt;

Nonnulla notio “elementi imaginis” [[inventio]]nem [[televisio]]nis praecessit. Exempli gratia, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Paulus Gottlieb Nipkow||en|qid=Q63709}} in suo [[diploma inventionis|diplomate inventionis]] anni [[1888]] verbo [[Lingua Theodisca|Theodisco]] {{Barbarice|lingua=de|Bildpunkt}} (‘punctum imaginis’) usus est ad pixel significandum. Post annum [[1911]] in nonnullis diplomatibus inventionis [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Americanis]] locutio Anglica {{Barbarice|lingua=en|picture element}} adhibita est.&lt;ref&gt;[https://patents.google.com/patent/US1175313 US 1175313], Alf Sinding-Larsen, “Transmission of pictures of moving objects”, diploma die [[4 Martii]] [[1916]] editum.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Cinematographia]]
* [[Imago]]
* [[Machina photographica]]
* [[Photographia]]
* [[Particula imaginalis]]
* [[Televisio]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Pixels|pixel}}

== Bibliographia ==
* {{ec
	| id = Billingsley, 1965
	| c = Billingsley, Fredericus C. ([[Augustus|Aug.]] [[1965]], [[Franciscopolis]]). “Processing Ranger and Mariner Photography”, in ''Computerized Imaging Techniques, Proceedings of SPIE'', Tom. 0010, pp. XV-1–19, [[Ianuarii|Ian.]] [[1967]].
}}
* {{ec
	| id = Foley et al., 1990
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen 1 = Foley
		| nomen 1 = Iacobus D.
		| cognomen 2 = van Dam
		| nomen 2 = Andries
		| cognomen 3 = Hughes
		| nomen 3 = Ioannes F.
		| cognomen 4 = Fainer
		| nomen 4 = Stephanus K.
		| titulus = Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice
		| contextus = Spatial-partitioning representations; Surface detail
		| annus = 1990
		| series = The Systems Programming Series
		| domus editoria = [[Addison-Wesley]]
		| isbn = 0-201-12110-7
	}}
}}
* {{ec
	| id = Lyon, 2006
	| c = Lyon, Ricardus F. (2006). [http://www.dicklyon.com/tech/Photography/Pixel-SPIE06-Lyon.pdf A brief history of ‘pixel’]. IS&amp;T/SPIE Symposium on Electronic Imaging.
}}

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{{Augenda|2024|11}}
'''Universitas Shenzhensis''' ([[Linguae Sinicae|Sinice Traditum]]: 深圳大學 Sinice Simplificatum: 深圳大学) est praecipua universitas publica urbis [[Shenzhen]], in [[Quantunia]], [[Sinae (regio)|Sinis]]. Anno 1983 fundata, in regione Nanshan sita est et duobus campis, campo Yuehai et campo Lihu, instructa.

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{{Augenda|2024|11}}
'''Universitas Shenzhenensis''' ([[Character Sinicus|Characteribus Sinicis Traditionalibus]]: 深圳大學, Simplificatis: 深圳大学) est praecipua universitas publica urbis [[Shenzhen]], in [[Quantunia]], [[Sinae (regio)|Sinis]]. Anno 1983 fundata, in regione Nanshan sita est et duobus campis, campo Yuehai et campo Lihu, instructa.

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      <text bytes="8111" sha1="7251722kju3ll57wdz8cr7oxs3c5d43" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Map of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland in 1386 - 1434.png|thumb|[[Tabula geographica]] Regni Poloniae et Magni Ducatus Lithuaniae ineunte [[saeculum 15|saeculo quinto decimo]]: fines Poloniae linea rubra monstrantur, Polonia sensu stricto rubro [[Color|colore]], Mazovia et alia feuda carneo.]]

{{res|Mazovia}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;''[https://wbc.poznan.pl/dlibra/publication/493461/edition/441082 &lt;nowiki&gt;Statuta Ducatus Mazoviae: quecunq[ue]: vel more antiquo [...] vel ducum sanctionibus perlata [...] opera [...] Petri Gorinski.&lt;/nowiki&gt;]'' Cracoviae: Viëtor.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Danckerts, Cornelis (1713) ''[https://fbc.pionier.net.pl/details/nn0n9x7 Regni Poloniae Ducatus Mazoviae et Province Cujaviae Descriptio emendata.]'' Amstelodami.&lt;/ref&gt;, sive {{res|Masovia}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Cromerus, Martinus (1577) ''Polonia sive de situ, populis, moribus, magistratibus, et republica regni Polonici libri duo'' (Coloniae: apud Maternum Cholinum). Lege [https://books.google.pl/books?id=o1c8AAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA35&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false hic] p. 14&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Polonice]] ''Mazowsze''), est {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|regio historica||en|qid=Q1620908}} in [[Polonia]] media sita.

== Nomen ==
Nomina tum tribus Mazoviensium quum regionis Mazoviae prima vice ineunte saeculo duodecimo perscripta sunt. In [[Chronica Nestoris|Chronicis Nestoris]], ante annum 1113 [[lingua Slavica Ecclesiastica]] conscriptis, nomen tribus ''Мазовшане'' invenitur.&lt;ref&gt;''Повѣсть времѧньнъıх лѣт'', in capite tertio. Lege hic [http://litopys.org.ua/lavrlet/lavr01.htm Slavice] vel hic [[s:Nestoris_Chronica|Latine]].&lt;/ref&gt; In Chronicis Polonicis, inter annos 1112 et 1116 scriptis, nomen Mazoviae multoties invenitur.&lt;ref&gt;Maleczyński, Carolus (ed., 1952) ''Galli Anonymi Cronica sive Gesta Ducum sive Principum Polonorum.'' (Monumenta Poloniae Historica, nova series, tomus II) Cracoviae: Polska Akademia Umiejętności.&lt;/ref&gt; De origine toponymi huius non constat.&lt;ref&gt;Malec, Maria (1996) ''Słownik etymologiczny nazw geograficznych Polski.'' Varsoviae: PWN. ISBN 83-01-13857-2&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Truszczyński, Marcus (2012) [https://web.archive.org/web/20250119151412/https://bazhum.muzhp.pl/media/files/Studia_Elckie/Studia_Elckie-r2012-t14/Studia_Elckie-r2012-t14-s273-287/Studia_Elckie-r2012-t14-s273-287.pdf Kształtowanie się znaczenia nazwy &quot;Mazowsze&quot; na przestrzeni dziejów, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem XII–XIX wieku.] ''Studia Ełckie'', 14: 273–287.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia et fines Mazoviae ==
Mazovia est terra tribuum [[Slavi|Slavicarum]] occidentalium,&lt;ref&gt;Buko, Andreas (2011) ''Archeologia Polski wczesnośredniowiecznej.'' Varsoviae: Trio. ISBN 978-83-7436-215-3&lt;/ref&gt; quae etiamsi medio saeculo decimo a Polonis capta, anno 1138, Regno Poloniae post mortem Boleslai III inter filios eius diviso, tamquam ducatus sui iuris iterum exstitit. Deinde regis Poloniae subiecta est, sed a Polonia proprie dicta distincta censebatur, a ducibus suis gubernata. Anno 1526, ultimo duce mortuo, Mazovia, antea feudum, in regnum Poloniae redintegrata est, leges tamen proprias usque ad finem saeculi duodevicesimi retinens.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 
[[Fasciculus:Mazowieckie płockie rawskie.png|thumb|Tabula geographica Poloniae limites palatinatuum hodiernorum exhibens (lineis viridibus) necnon trium palatinatuum veterum regionem historicam Mazoviae formantium (lineis rubris fortiorique colore)]]
Hodie una e divisionibus administrativis Poloniae [[Palatinatus Polonici|palatinatus]] Mazovicus (''województwo mazowieckie'') appellatur, sed haud omnes fines eius concordant cum limitibus Mazoviae antiquae, e tribus [[Palatinatus|palatinatibus]] olim consistente, Mazoviensi nempe proprie dicto, Plocensi et Ravensi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

Limes Mazoviae septentrionalis a Medio Aevo usque ad nostra tempora in eodem loco permansit, ubi primo Slavos a Prussis dividebat, deinde Poloniam a Borussia orientali, postremo palatinatum Mazovicum a palatinatu Warmiae et Masuriae. Limes autem meridionalis Mazoviae in Pilcia&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://eshp.ijp.pan.pl/search/results/249134 Pilica]&quot; in ''Elektroniczny słownik hydronimów Polski'' [Lexicon electronicum hydronymorum Poloniae; Polonice, in interreti]. Nomen Latinum ''Pilcia'' in documento anno 1228 perscripto invenitur. Sunt et aliae huius nominis formae.&lt;/ref&gt; flumine constitutus est, nunc autem limes palatinatus Mazovici multo magis meridiem versus locatur. Limes occidentalis et orientalis saepius mutabantur: Terra Dobrinensis, olim Mazoviae pars boreo-occidentalis, saeculo decimo quarto seiuncta est; Podlachia vero, regio ad orientalem plagam Mazoviae, multis vicibus a Mazovia ad [[Lituania|Lithuaniam]] et vicissim a Lithuania ad Mazoviam transibat.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.zeno.org/nid/2000705968X &quot;Masowien&quot;] - apud: ''Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon,'' tomus 13. Lipsiae 1908, p. 398-399 (historiae conspectus usque annum 1814)&lt;/ref&gt;
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== Geographia ==

=== Natura ===
[[Fasciculus:Wierzba Mazowiecka.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Forma agri Mazovici: planities cum pratis, salicibus obsita.]]
Mazovia est planities sine montibus, immo sine magnis collibus, [[Argilla|argillis]] a [[Glaciarium|glaciariis]] e [[Scandinavia]] venientibus paenultima [[Aetas glacialis|aetate glaciali]] allatis cooperta.&lt;ref&gt;Różycki, Stephanus Sbigneus (1972) ''Plejstocen Polski Środkowej na tle przeszłości w górnym trzeciorzędzie.'' Varsoviae: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.&lt;/ref&gt; In hac regione desunt etiam lacus, abundant autem flumina silvaeque, potius vero agri prataque. Flumen maximum [[Vistula]] est, in quam Narva cum Bugo&lt;ref&gt;Cromerus, ''op. cit.'', p. 29.&lt;/ref&gt;, Strkwa&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://eshp.ijp.pan.pl/search/results/309287 Skrwa]&quot; in ''Elektroniczny słownik hydronimów Polski'' [Lexicon electronicum hydronymorum Poloniae; Polonice, in interreti]. Nomen Latinum ''Strkwa'' in documento anno 1248 perscripto invenitur. Sunt et aliae huius nominis formae.&lt;/ref&gt; atque Brura&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://eshp.ijp.pan.pl/search/results/35523 Bzura]&quot; in ''Elektroniczny słownik hydronimów Polski'' [Lexicon electronicum hydronymorum Poloniae; Polonice, in interreti]. Nomen Latinum ''Brura'' in documento anno 1241 perscripto invenitur. Sunt et aliae huius nominis formae.&lt;/ref&gt; influunt.

=== Urbes ===
Urbes maximae ad ripam Vistulae sitae sunt, [[Varsovia]] nempe, caput Poloniae (ab anno 1611 de facto, ab anno 1952 de iure) atque Plocium,&lt;ref&gt;Jougan, Aloysius (1992) ''Słownik kościelny łacińsko-polski: Wedle tekstu kilku słowników a przeważnie Alberta Sleumera.'' Editio quarta. Varsoviae. ISBN 83-85706-00-3&lt;/ref&gt; caput Mazoviae vetus.

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Bór bagienny M Kutera Mazovian Lowland.jpg|Pinetum in Mazovia
Fasciculus:Gocław, Warszawa, Poland - panoramio (2).jpg|Varsovia: media pars urbis e ripa Vistulae visa
Fasciculus:Plock7(js).jpg|Plocium: castellum et ecclesia cathedralis in colle ad ripam Vistulae sito
Fasciculus:Manor house in Żelazowa Wola 02.jpg|Domus natalis Friderici Chopin Żelazowa Wola in vico
Fasciculus:Gołymin-Ośrodek, kościół par. p.w. Jana Chrzciciela 03; Kot.JPG|Ecclesia s. Catharinae Gołymin in vico, prima parte saeculi sexti decimi exstructa
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Eponymia ==
A Mazovia nomina sua acceperunt nonnullae [[species]] [[animal]]ium, exempli gratia ''Uroleberis''? ''mazoviensis'' Szczechura, 1965,&lt;ref&gt;Szczechura, J. (1965) [https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app10/app10-451.pdf Cytheracea (Ostracoda) from the uppermost Cretaceous and lowermost Tertiary of Poland.] ''Acta Palaeontologica Polonica'' 10 (4): 451–564.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Crustacea|crustaceum]] [[fossile]] ([[palaeocaenum]]) ordinis ostracodorum et ''Mathilda mazoviensis'' Kaim, 2004, [[Gastropoda|gastropodum]] fossile ([[cretaceum]]).&lt;ref&gt;Kaim, Andreas (2004) [http://www.palaeontologia.pan.pl/PP62/PP-62_calosc.pdf The evolution of conch ontogeny in Mesozoic open sea gastropods.] ''Palaeontologia Polonica'', 62: 1–183.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Provinciae Poloniae}}

[[Categoria:Regiones antiquae Europae]]
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      <text bytes="2278" sha1="j0wzlfva33xxedpa55ev6i37hozjx4t" xml:space="preserve">{{capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
{{res|Michael Gregorii filius Zemtsov}} ([[Russice]] Михаи́л Григо́рьевич Земцо́в, ''Michail Grigor'evič Zemcov''; natus [[Moscua]]e anno [[1688]] et mortuus [[Petropolis|Petropoli]] [[28 Septembris]] [[1743]]) fuit [[architectus]] [[Russia|Russicus]].

==Vita==
[[Dominicus Trezzini|Dominici Trezzini]] et [[Nicolaus Michetti|Nicolai Michetti]] adiutor in laboribus fuit. Annis 1720—1722 cum Michetti palatium [[Vallis Catharinae]] (''Kadriorg'') [[Revalia]]e aedificabat. Anno 1723 [[Holmia]]m visitavit. [[hortus Aestivus|Horto Aestivo]], aedificio [[Technophylacium (Petropolis)|Technophylacii]] operam dabat. [[Ecclesia Symeonis et Annae (Petropolis)|Ecclesiam Symeonis et Annae]] Petropolitanam annis 1728—1734 aedificavit et cum [[Ioannes Blank|Ioanne Blank]] [[Ecclesia Signi Dei Genetricis (Villa  Augusti)|Ecclesiam Signi Dei Genetricis]] [[Villa Augusti|Villae Augusti]] (1734). Trezzini mortuo aedificium [[Duodecim collegia|Duodecim collegiorum]] perficiebat. Fortasse et [[ecclesia cathedralis Sampsonis Hospitalis|ecclesiam cathedralem Sampsonis Hospitalis]] in [[pars Viburgensis|parte Viburgensi]] construxit&lt;ref&gt;Vel [[Ioseph Trezzini]], vel [[Petrus Antonius Trezzini]].&lt;/ref&gt;. [[Palatium Aničkovianum]] construere incepit (a [[Bartholomaeus Rastrelli|Bartholomaeo Rastrelli]] finitum).

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Tallinn asv2022-04 img55 Kadriorg Palace.jpg|Palatium [[Vallis Catharinae]] [[Revalia]]e
Spb 06-2012 Simeon and Anna Church 02.jpg|[[Ecclesia Symeonis et Annae (Petropolis)|Ecclesia Symeonis et Annae]] Petropolitana
Tcarskoe Selo 1900-e 008.jpg|[[Ecclesia Signi Dei Genetricis (Villa  Augusti)|Ecclesia Signi Dei Genetricis]] [[Villa Augusti|Villae Augusti]]
Spb 06-2012 Nevsky various 04.jpg|Palatium Aničkovianum
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{fontes biographici}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20250917054535/https://bigenc.ru/c/zemtsov-mikhail-grigor-evich-5772dd Michael Zemtsov] in ''Encyclopaedia Russica magna'' 
*[[:s:ru:РБС/ВТ/Земцов,_Михаил_Григорьевич|Michael Zemtsov]] in ''Lexico biographico Russiae'' 

{{Lifetime|1688|1743|Zemtsov, Michael }}
[[Categoria:Architecti Russiae]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Petropolis]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fides cum Ydolatria</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <id>2059</id>
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      <text bytes="4788" sha1="synxvxw4sx8m6o7nopppvh9cy5ykx4z" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}
{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
	| titulus =
	| imago =
	| descriptio =
	| categoria =
	| numerus =
	| auctor =
	| argumenta =
	| tempus =
	| lingua =
	| contextus =
	| praecedens =
	| sequens =
}}

{{lres|Fides cum Ydolatria}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XLVI reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-correctione-hominum-26-28&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = De cruce signatis 46–55
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo5.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
Fides cum Ydolatria
pugnavit, teste gratia,
agresti vultu turbida,
mundi non querit tegmina,
sed forti fidens pectore,
dives una cum paupere.

Propheta teste misera
tu Babylonis filia,
beatus est, qui parvulos
petre collidit tuos.
prisci das penas sceleris
Chaldea nunc metropolis.

Iohannes super bestiam
sedere vidit feminam
ornatam, ut est meretrix,
in forma Babylonis.
sed tempus adest calicis
ad feces usque sceleris.

Princeps vocatur principum,
qui colla premit gentium,
costam scandat tetragoni
sedentis ut eterni,
sub Herculis memoria
vexilla ponens rosea.

Navis in artemonem
quem Deus ponet hominem,
velum triangulatum
cuius regat pulcherrimum?
hoc militum tripudio
letetur Pacis Visio!

Confusionis civitas
decepit te, Gentilitas,
inniteris harundini
cladem lature manui;
revertere, revertere,
factoris opus respice!

Qui colunt cacodemones,
non fiunt illis similes,
qui fibris non utuntur,
dum illis insculpuntur,
nec vox inest nec ratio
nec locus in arbitrio?

Beati sunt mucrones,
quos portant Christi milites
suffulti crucis tegmine,
sub cuius gaudent robore,
quorum felix atrocitas
constringit te, Gentilitas.

De viis atque sepibus
et mundi voluptatibus
compellimur intrare,
nunc nuper epulare
gustu sepe medullitus;
quam suavis sit Dominus.

Nam panis filiorum
fit cibus catulorum
sub mensa pii Domini
de verbis evangelii;
gaude, Syrophenissa!
iam venit tua filia.

Forum est Ierosolymis
in campo libertatis,
quod Rex regum instituit.
mercator prudens aderit;
qui vitam velit emere,
festinet illuc currere!

Non tamen ita properet,
quin coniugi provideat
de rebus necessariis
una cum parvis liberis;
quod quidem nisi faciat,
ignoro quid proficiat.

Sepulcrum gloriosum
prophetis declaratum
impugnatur a canibus,
quibus sanctum non dabimus,
nec porcis margarite
mittuntur deridende.

Ad multas mansiones
in domo patris stabiles
nummi trahit conventio;
nec gravet operatio:
pondus diei preterit,
merces perennis aderit.

Novissimus fit primus
et primus fit novissimus;
dispar quidem vocatio,
sed par remuneratio,
dum cunctis laborantibus
vite datur denarius.

Non hic mutatur sedes,
non corrumpuntur edes,
non maior hic minori,
non pauper ditiori,
non obstat alter alteri,
nec locus est opprobrii.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-correctione-hominum-26-28&quot;/&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen, in sectione [[Moralitas|moralium]] et [[Satura|satiricorum]] sub titulo ''De cruce signatis'' servatum, hortatur christianos ad [[Expeditio sacra|expeditionem sacram]] suscipiendam. Per multas [[Metaphora|metaphoras]] biblicas, auctor pugnam inter Fidem et [[Idololatria|Idolatriam]] describit, ubi [[Babylon]] (symbolum Gentilitatis vel inimicorum crucis) expugnanda est ad [[Hierosolyma]] liberanda. Textus multas reminiscentias habet tam ex {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Prophetae (Biblia)|prophetis|en|qid=Q1828814}} veteribus quam ex [[Apocalypsis Ioannis|Apocalypsi]], ubi mulier super bestiam sedens cum confusione mundi comparatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-correctione-hominum-26-28&quot;/&gt;

In secunda parte, carmen extollit milites Christi qui sub signo crucis pugnant, promittens eis remunerationem aeternam in domo Patris. Argumentum ad parabolam operariorum in vinea (ubi novissimus fit primus) et ad cenam Domini refertur, ut lectores moneantur de necessitate vitae aeternae per laborem peregrinationis et defensionem {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sepulcrum Iesu|Sepulcri gloriosi|en|qid=Q7818625}} mercandae.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-correctione-hominum-26-28&quot;/&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Lehtonen, 1995
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Lehtonen
		| nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
		| annus = 1995
		| lingua = en
		| locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
		| domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
		| isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Disputatio:Proelium Mactanense</title>
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        <username>Jondel</username>
        <id>452</id>
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      <comment>/* De casu locativo */</comment>
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      <text bytes="5784" sha1="hcp8n82dxgy0gd1q4bxau3lkxxqm41l" xml:space="preserve">== Translated from the Simple English ==

Intended meaning:The Battle of Mactan was fought in the Philippines on April 27, 1521. It was the first time the Filipino people fought back against the Spanish invaders led by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan. Magellan was killed by Lapu-Lapu in the battle at Mactan Island.
--[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) [[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 01:33, 22 Iulii 2026 (UTC)

Ok Jondel nunc Grufonis gratia res bene se habet. Vale--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 12:38, 22 Iulii 2026 (UTC)

::Responsum tuum, gratias tibi ago.---[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]])
:[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 07:31, 23 Iulii 2026 (UTC)

== De re inemica  ==
Gratias vobis ago Rufe, Marce, Iacobe conlationiis. Autem emendum est ut Europaei non erant hostes immo Hispanorum secundum acta. Velim ut ita emendetur vel mox ita emendabo.--- [[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 08:54, 26 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
: @[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]]: [[Carolus V (imperator)|Carolus V]] non erat rex Hispaniae tantum, sed [[Romanorum Imperator]]. [[:File:Habsburg Map 1547.jpg|Hoc]] fuit suum regnum. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 10:40, 26 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
Num te perturbaret si deleatur quaestionem pugnam primum contra Europaeos (an contra Hispanos) gestam esse? Tantum pugnam cum copiis Magellani et Lapulapui gestam esse.---[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]])
Reverte si tibi placeat. ---[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]])

Grufo, please don't insist that the battle was against the Europeans.---[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]])
:Does anyone doubt that local people fought the Europeans who happened to be on the scene? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:53, 27 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
To be clear, there were non-Spaniards, such as Magellan himself, a Portuguese and Italian and Portuguese crew. And sure, the Spaniards may have been under the Hapsburgs.  However, Magellan was representing the Spanish King. There is also the issue that many historians would say the battle was against the Spaniards and not the Europeans nor the the Hapsburg empire. This would be gross misunderstanding specially for Filipino historians.   ---[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 03:38, 28 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
: {{Cc|Magellan was representing the Spanish King}}: From 1505 to 1555 there wasn't a Spanish king. Whether you lived in Spain, or in southern Italy, or in the Netherlands, you lived under the same emperor. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 03:57, 28 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
As [[Carolus V]] of the Hapsburgs, the (supposed)Holy Roman Empire(which was neither Roman, nor Holy).  Look these are technicalities. For many Filipino historians and I feel, Spaniards and Latinos, he is known as Carlos I, King of Spain. The Hapsburgs don't seem to have wanted to express that it is them exerting dominion over Latin America, let alone the Philippines.  I don't want to delve into those historical imbroglios. It can be seen anyway, in English histories and Spanish language histories and records that he was more of a King of Spain rather than a Hapsburg emperor, specially as far as the Mactan battle is concerned.---[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]])

== De casu locativo ==
The phrase &quot;[[insula Mactan|Mactan]] in [[insula]] [[Philippinae|Philippinica]]&quot; Anglice = 'on the Philippine island of Mactan'. This is standard syntax. (Compare a textbook example: ''Athenis in urbe pulchra'' = 'at/in the beautiful city of Athens'.) Here, Mactan, being a small island, is in the locative case. Because the word is indeclinable and the case is therefore unmarked, that may be hard to hear. (The genitive of ''Mactan'' is ''Mactan,'' the dative of ''Mactan'' is ''Mactan,'' and so on.) To clarify the syntax of non-Latin names, Latin speakers &amp; writers would be tempted to add a suitable suffix, and so we shouldn't be surprised to find the island called Mactania or Mactanum or insula Mactanensis (or something else) in sixteenth-century—and later!—Latin literature. Maybe such a term will turn up someday. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 13:09, 27 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
:Thank you for this note Iacobus!  Is the currrent form ok? I am looking at some possible sources like the vatican, catholic, Hoffman etc for the forms of Mactan.---[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) [[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 00:49, 28 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
::Experience and my ear tell me that Italians, Portuguese, and Spaniards may also have heard it as ''Matan'' or ''Mattan,'' so then ''Matania, Mattania, Matanum, Mattanum,'' and so forth would be possibilities; also ''Magtan'' and its variations. Good luck! [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 12:33, 28 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
:::If we find other forms, all is good, but, if we don't, we have &quot;insula Mactan&quot; cited twice from 21st century Latin, so it's safe to use it! The geographical adjective &quot;Mactanensis&quot; is attested e.g. in ''[[:fr:Montipora mactanensis|Montipora mactanensis]]''.  [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:49, 30 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
Thank you for looking into this Andrew!---[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]])</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mactan</title>
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      <comment>~</comment>
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      <text bytes="2653" sha1="a2f1nqw382p3r08tsvtoh92dps6cpoz" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Mactan-harbour.jpg|thumb|[[Portus]] Mactanensis.]]

{{res|Mactan}}&lt;ref&gt;{{*Cfr}} {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Asiaticus
	| nomen auctoris = Marcus Flavius
	| titulus = Magellanus abhinc annos quingentos mortem obiit
	| contextus = Ephemeris
	| commentatio de contextu = Ephemeris (diarium interretiale)
	| annus = 2021
	| url = https://ephemerisnuntii.eu/historia.php?id=1294
	| retrospectio = 20250116181806
	| salus url = obiit
}}: “Ibi—in insula {{lectio|Mactan}}, ut accuratius dicam, [[Caebua]]e insulae {{omissis}}”. Adiectivum &quot;Mactanensis -e&quot;: vide nomen biologicum ''[[:fr:Montipora mactanensis|Montipora mactanensis]]''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{*Cfr}} {{Opus
	| cognomen auctricis 1 = Lanza
	| nomen auctricis 1 = Clarissa
	| cognomen auctoris 2 = Tolino
	| nomen auctoris 2 = Andrea
	| cognomen redactricis = Mattera
	| nomen redactricis = Lucia
	| titulus = De “Typo Universali” Sebastiani Munster
	| genus = compositio scholastica
	| annus = 2020
	| mensis = 5
	| pagina = 4
	| url = http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/mattera/Munsterii%20mundus.pdf
	| domus editoria = Schola “F. De Sanctis”
	| locus = [[Fanum Sancti Angeli de Langobardis|Fani Sancti Angeli de Langobardis]]
}}: “{{omissis}} in insula {{lectio|Mactan}} in [[1521]].”&lt;/ref&gt; ({{pns}}) est [[insula]] ante [[oriens|orientale]] [[litus]] [[Caebua]]num, in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Mactan (provincia)|provincia eiusdem nominis|en|qid=Q841}} in [[Philippinae|Philippinis]] sita. Inter municipia {{Creanda|en|Cordova, Cebu|Cordoba (Philippinae)|Cordobae}} et Lapu-Lapu dividitur. Cum insula Caebua duobus magnis [[pons|pontibus]] coniungitur, scilicet a Ponte Marcelli Fernan et Ponte Mactan-Mandaue.

In insula situs est {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Aeroportus Internationalis Mactan-Caebuanus||en|qid=Q1048704}}, secundus a maximo Philippinarum quod ad [[commeatus|commeatum]] pertinet. [[Industria]] et [[peregrinatio]] sunt fundamenta hodiernae Mactan [[oeconomia]]e.

==Historia==
Anno [[1521]], [[Ferdinandus Magellanus]], dux expeditionis Hispanicae quae [[via]]m maritimam ad [[Moluccae|Moluccas]] quaerebat, hic appulit, atque a [[bellum|bellatoribus]] cuiusdam [[Lapulapu]], [[Datu|principis indigenarum]], interfectus est. Quare expeditio, ab [[Ioannes Sebastianus Elcano|Ioanne Sebastiano Elcano]] duci perrecta, [[iter]] perfecit. 

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Proelium Mactanense]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Mactan|Mactan}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160703052029/http://www.swaen.com/antique-map-image-of.php?id=1191 Charta]

{{geo-stipula}}
[[Categoria:Insulae Philippinarum]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Aulus Plautius (praetor 51 a.C.n.)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <id>2059</id>
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      <text bytes="6592" sha1="b033xvz21gwadd10kp1w72kfsiq4wt8" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:A. Plautius. 55 BC. AR Denarius (CNG 303407).jpg|thumb|Denarius anno 55 a.C.n. signatus. Ex una parte [[Cybele|Cybelae]] caput turritum et titulus: A PLAVTIVS AED CVR SC. Ex altera parte Bacchius Iudaeus pacem petens cum titulo: BACCHIVS IVDAEUS.]]
'''Aulus Plautius''' vel '''Plotius''' (mortuus post 49 a.C.n.) fuit [[Senatus Romanus|senator Romanus]] [[plebs|plebeius]], legatus [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompei]] in Oriente qui [[Denarius|denarios]] signavit cum [[aedilis|aedilis curulis]] erat.

== De familia ==
Ex antiquo nobilique gente plebeia Plautiorum ortus est Aulus. Eius nepotes sub primis principibus maxime floruerunt. Nam secundum [[Stemma genealogicum|stemma]] a plerisque eruditis comprobatum filius ei fuit praetor Marcus Plautius Silvanus, nepotes vero [[Marcus Plautius Silvanus]] [[consul]] ordinarius anni [[2 a.C.n.]] cum Augusto et [[Aulus Plautius (consul 1 a.C.n.)|Aulus Plautius]] consul suffectus anni 1 a.C.n. Per illum Aulum Plautium proavus fuit illius [[Aulus Plautius|Auli Plauti]] qui [[Britannia (provincia Romana)|Britanniam]] subegit.

== De cursu honorum ==
*Anno [[56 a.C.n.|56 a.C.n]] [[tribunus plebis]] in senatu legit epistulam regis [[Ptolemaeus XII (rex Aegypti)|Ptolemaei]] populum Romanum rogantis ut Pompeium in Aegyptum mitteret ad regnum suum restituendum&lt;ref&gt;[[Cassius Dio|Dio Cassius]] XXXIX.16.2&lt;/ref&gt;. E quo videtur Aulus Plautius Pompei fautor fuisse.
*Anno [[55 a.C.n.|55]]&lt;ref&gt;Nonnulli annum 54 malunt. De quo vide prosopographiam in nexibus externis.&lt;/ref&gt; aedilis curulis cum [[Gnaeus Plancius|Gnaeo Plancio]] fuit&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''[[Pro Plancio]]'' 17 (''A Plotio ornatissimo viro familiari meo'') et 53.&lt;/ref&gt; et denarios signavit in quibus regem Iudaeum pacem petentem videmus&lt;ref&gt;Coinage of the Roman Republic on line: [https://numismatics.org/crro/id/rrc-431.1 RRC 431/1]&lt;/ref&gt; quod acta Pompei glorificabat et indicare videtur Plautium cum illo in Oriente anno 63 a.C.n. militasse. Isto anno [[comitia |comitia aedilicia]] saepe dilata atque etiam bis repetita sunt ob cruentas rixas nec ante annum 55 iam coeptum haberi potuerunt. Nam inter [[Triumviratus|triumviros]], qui illo anno Pompeium et [[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Crassum]] simul [[Consul|consules]] vi imposuerant, et eorum adversarios odium maxime flagrabat&lt;ref&gt;Cicero, ''Pro Plancio''.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* Anno [[51 a.C.n.]] [[praetor|praetor urbanus]] fuit&lt;ref&gt;Cicero, ''[[Ad Atticum]]'' V.15.1&lt;/ref&gt;
* Annis [[49 a.C.n.|49]]-[[48 a.C.n.|48]] legatus pro praetore [[Provincia Romana|provinciae]] [[Bithynia et Pontus|Ponti et Bithyniae]] Pompeianis fugientibus succurrebat&lt;ref&gt;''[[Ad familiares (Cicero)|Ad Familiares]]'' XIII.29.4&lt;/ref&gt;. Fortasse tum occisus est si bona Plotiana a Cicerone memorata&lt;ref&gt;Ad Familiares XIII.8.2.&lt;/ref&gt; quae sub hasta a Caesarianis venumdabantur ad eum pertinent. Certe nihil postea de eo accepimus.

== De denario ==
[[Fasciculus:Silver denarius of Aemilius Scaurus MET LC-08 170 67a.jpg|thumb|Denarius Aemilii Scauri quem Aulus Plautius imitatus est.]]
Caput [[Cybele|Cybelae]] a fronte denarii ad [[Ludi Megalenses|ludos Megalenses]] alludere videtur qui ab aedilibus curulibus curabantur. Nam ipse titulus A. PLAVTIVS AED(ilis) CVR(ulis) SC (hoc est '''S'''enatus'''C'''onsulto) ostendit Plautium non [[Triumvir monetalis|triumvirum monetalem]] tunc fuisse sed speciali senatus decreto ius cudendae monetae accepisse, verisimiliter ad ludorum ceterorumque munerum expensa. Quo eodem iure collega eius [[Gnaeus Plancius]] quoque usus est.

Ex aversa parte denarii parvam scaenam agnoscimus quam iam aedilis curulis anni [[58 a.C.n.]] [[Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (iunior)|Marcus Aemilius Scaurus]] in denariis suis expresserat: regem vel ducem orientaliter vestitum et ramum [[Olea europaea|olivae]] supplicem porrigentem dum dromadem habenis retinet. Quod sine dubio ad res gestas Pompei alludit sed apud Scaurum legimus REX ARETAS et hic BACCHIVS IVDAEVS. Quia nomen Bacchius in historiis non legitur vetus coniectura ducis de Luynes saepe repetitur qui voluit Bacchium nomen [[Linguae Semiticae|Semiticum]] fuisse illius quem Graeci [[Aristobulus II|Aristobulum]] appellabant&lt;ref&gt;E. Babelon, ''Description historique et chronologique des monnaies de la République romaine,'' 1885 t.2 p.[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k97393391/f334.item 324].&lt;/ref&gt;. Nuper tamen altera coniectura nata est e ludo mytholologico quae [[Hyrcanus II|Hyrcanum]] Aristobuli fratrem in rege Bacchio agnoscit quia in [[Triumphus|pompa triumphali]] [[Bacchus|Bacchi]] ex Oriente redeuntis deus rigres [[Hyrcania|Hyrcanios]] currui subiugavit&lt;ref&gt;David Woods (2018).&lt;/ref&gt;. Certe Aulus Plautius regis Iudaei deditioni fortasse adfuit.

== An idem sit atque legatus Pompei in bello piratico ==
[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]]&lt;ref&gt;''Mithridatica'' 95.&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Florus]]&lt;ref&gt;''[[Epitome rerum Romanarum (Florus)|Epitome rerum Romanarum]]'' I.41&lt;/ref&gt; Plotium sine praenomine in bello piratico memorant qui [[Sicilia (provincia Romana)|Siciliam]] tuendam accepit. Appianus etiam cognomen Varus addidit quod nullo modo convenit. Nihilominus alteri eundem esse atque praetorem anni 51 volunt&lt;ref&gt;P. Groebe, &quot;[https://ia800708.us.archive.org/view_archive.php?archive=/30/items/academictorrents_70ecab072b2792c9239ab8197d3f52cc1d075be1/10.1524%252F9783050052465.79.zip&amp;file=10.1524%252Fklio.1910.10.10.374.pdf Zum Seeräuberkriege des Pompeius Magnus]&quot;, ''Klio'', 1910 p.381.&lt;/ref&gt;, alteri negant&lt;ref&gt;[[Der Neue Pauly]] exempli gratia.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Anna Accettola, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27352948 To Whom Does the King Kneel? The Absent Supplicandus in First-Century Republican Coinage]&quot;, ''American Journal of Numismatics'', 2024: 15-38
*Michael Harlan'', Roman Republican Moneyers and Their Coins, 63 B.C.-49 B.C.'', Londini, Seaby, 1995
*F. S. Naiden, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/43580366 Supplication on Roman coins]&quot;, ''American Journal of Numismatics'', 2003: 41-52
* David Woods, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/45176680 Bacchius Iudaeus: A Tamed Hyrcanian Tiger]&quot;, ''The Numismatic Chronicle'', 2018: 165-172

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://romanrepublic.ac.uk/person/2276/ Prosopographia]
* [https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG177521 Nomismata Auli Plautii] apud [[Museum Britannicum]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Plautius, Aulus}}
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 1 a.C.n.]]
[[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 1 a.C.n.]]
[[Categoria:Senatores]]
[[Categoria:Gens Plautia]]
[[Categoria:Tribuni plebis]]
[[Categoria:Praetores]]
[[Categoria:Victimae Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]</text>
      <sha1>b033xvz21gwadd10kp1w72kfsiq4wt8</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Barbara barbaribus barbabant barbara barbis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>327213</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3976507</id>
      <parentid>3976467</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T12:04:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Nexus &amp;c.</comment>
      <origin>3976507</origin>
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      <text bytes="3418" sha1="5j5j6cdijktyzzhkwmvbznqa6c62e39" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}
[[Fasciculus:Barbara barbaribus barbabant barbara barbis.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Hodierna versūs [[transcriptio]].]]

{{lres|Barbara barbaribus barbābant barbara barbīs}} ({{Op|[[Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum|CIL]]}} IV, 4235)&lt;ref&gt;CIL IV 4235 = CLE 351 = EDR 071661.&lt;/ref&gt; est [[inscriptio]] [[Pompeii (urbs antiqua)|Pompeiana]] uno [[hexametrum|hexametro]] constans. Versus, obscuro significatu, ex iterata {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|allitteratio|allitteratione|en|qid=Q484495}} [[sonus|soni]] /barb/ et sequenti forma consistit:
:{{Forma metrica|lbb|lbb|ll|ll|lbb|ll}}.

Plerique pro nugis eum habent,&lt;ref name=&quot;felix-hic-locus-est&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen redactoris = Hafner
	| nomen redactoris = Markus
	| titulus = Felix hic locus est: Römische Graffiti und inschriften in Pompeji
	| genus = excursio autumnalis
	| annus = 2011
	| mensis = 9
	| pagina = 7
	| url = https://www.fachdidaktik.klassphil.uni-muenchen.de/forschung/exkursionen/exkursion/referate/hafner.pdf
	| domus editoria = [[Universitas Ludovico-Maximilianea Monacensis]]
}}. Ibidem [[Franciscus Bücheler|Francisci Bücheler]] {{Op|Anthologia}} memoratur ({{Op|Anth.}} n. 351), ubi ipse adnotavit “nugatorium [[carmen]] aut nullius sensus.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; cuius [[rhythmus]] tamen nonnullis visus est praeclarum versum omnino [[dactylus|dactylicum]] [[Quintus Ennius|Ennii]] imitari:&lt;ref name=&quot;polito-2012&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Polito
	| nomen auctoris = Armandus
	| titulus = La poesia sui muri di Pompei
	| tempus = 2012-08-03
	| pagina = 12
	| url = https://www.pompeiin.com/it/downloads/La_poesia_sui_muri_di_Pompei-1.pdf
	| domus editoria = Vesuvio Web
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Ipse dixit|At tuba, terribilī sonitū, “taratantara” dīxit.|[[Quintus Ennius|Ennii]] {{Op|[[Annales (Ennius)|Ann.]]}}, 143&lt;ref&gt;{{Op|Q. Ennii Annalium Fragmenta}}, [https://www.attalus.org/latin/ennius.html#143 143].&lt;/ref&gt;}}

Verbum ''barbabant'' fortasse item interpretandum est ac ''balbutiebant''; nescitur tamen quid utraque “barbara” indicent. Etiam obscurior est ratio [[ablaticus|ablativi]] vel [[dativus|dativi]] ''barbaribus'' (''barbaris''?): fortasse forma adhibita est tantummodo ad hexametri modum accommodandum, aut fortasse quia ad vitiosam [[Latinitas|Latinitatem]] barbarorum alludebat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Petrus
	| nomen auctoris = Kruschwitz
	| titulus = Notions of Barbarians and Barbarian Lands in the Latin Verse Inscriptions
	| contextus = Medieval worlds
	| tempus = 2022-06-30
	| fasciculus = 16
	| pagina = 171
	| issn = 2412-3196
	| doi = 10.1553/medievalworlds_no16_2022s163
	| url = https://www.medievalworlds.net/0xc1aa5572%200x003d895d.pdf
}}: “The piece remains mysterious to an extent, but one may wish to note the (often made) connection between gibberish and unintelligible language on the one hand and barbarians on the other—an aspect that is thus etymologised by [[Strabo]].”&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo]]
* [[Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum]]
* [[Pompeii (urbs antiqua)]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Barbaras Rhabarberbar||de|qid=Q126810894}}

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://edcs.hist.uzh.ch/monument/26000847 CIL IV, 4235]

{{Nexus interviciales absunt}}

[[Categoria:Documenta Latina aetatis Imperii]]
[[Categoria:Italiae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Pompeii]]</text>
      <sha1>5j5j6cdijktyzzhkwmvbznqa6c62e39</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3976509</id>
      <parentid>3976507</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T12:28:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Minora</comment>
      <origin>3976509</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3423" sha1="b5vuwukqy25gqflwxbfsy2age7xgfhw" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}
[[Fasciculus:Barbara barbaribus barbabant barbara barbis.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Hodierna versūs [[transcriptio]].]]

{{lres|Barbara barbaribus barbābant barbara barbīs}} ({{Op|[[Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum|CIL]]}} IV, 4235)&lt;ref&gt;CIL IV 4235 = CLE 351 = EDR 071661.&lt;/ref&gt; est [[inscriptio]] [[Pompeii (urbs antiqua)|Pompeiana]] uno [[hexametrum|hexametro]] constans. Versus, obscuro significatu, ex iterata {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|allitteratio|allitteratione|en|qid=Q484495}} [[sonus|soni]] /barb/ et sequenti forma consistit:

: {{Forma metrica|lbb|lbb|ll|ll|lbb|ll}}

Plerique pro nugis eum habent,&lt;ref name=&quot;felix-hic-locus-est&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen redactoris = Hafner
	| nomen redactoris = Markus
	| titulus = Felix hic locus est: Römische Graffiti und inschriften in Pompeji
	| genus = excursio autumnalis
	| annus = 2011
	| mensis = 9
	| pagina = 7
	| url = https://www.fachdidaktik.klassphil.uni-muenchen.de/forschung/exkursionen/exkursion/referate/hafner.pdf
	| domus editoria = [[Universitas Ludovico-Maximilianea Monacensis]]
}}. Ibidem [[Franciscus Bücheler|Francisci Bücheler]] {{Op|Anthologia}} memoratur ({{Op|Anth.}} n. 351), ubi ipse adnotavit “nugatorium [[carmen]] aut nullius sensus.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; cuius [[rhythmus]] tamen nonnullis visus est praeclarum versum omnino [[dactylus|dactylicum]] [[Quintus Ennius|Ennii]] imitari:&lt;ref name=&quot;polito-2012&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Polito
	| nomen auctoris = Armandus
	| titulus = La poesia sui muri di Pompei
	| tempus = 2012-08-03
	| pagina = 12
	| url = https://www.pompeiin.com/it/downloads/La_poesia_sui_muri_di_Pompei-1.pdf
	| domus editoria = Vesuvio Web
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Ipse dixit|At [[tuba]], terribilī sonitū, “taratantara” dīxit.|[[Quintus Ennius|Ennii]] {{Op|[[Annales (Ennius)|Ann.]]}}, 143&lt;ref&gt;{{Op|Q. Ennii Annalium Fragmenta}}, [https://www.attalus.org/latin/ennius.html#143 143].&lt;/ref&gt;}}

Verbum ''barbabant'' fortasse item interpretandum est ac ''balbutiebant''; nescitur tamen quid utraque “barbara” indicent. Etiam obscurior est ratio [[ablativus|ablativi]] vel [[dativus|dativi]] ''barbaribus'' (''barbaris''?): fortasse forma adhibita est tantummodo ad hexametri modum accommodandum, aut fortasse quia ad vitiosam [[Latinitas|Latinitatem]] barbarorum alludebat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Petrus
	| nomen auctoris = Kruschwitz
	| titulus = Notions of Barbarians and Barbarian Lands in the Latin Verse Inscriptions
	| contextus = Medieval worlds
	| tempus = 2022-06-30
	| fasciculus = 16
	| pagina = 171
	| issn = 2412-3196
	| doi = 10.1553/medievalworlds_no16_2022s163
	| url = https://www.medievalworlds.net/0xc1aa5572%200x003d895d.pdf
}}: “The piece remains mysterious to an extent, but one may wish to note the (often made) connection between gibberish and unintelligible language on the one hand and barbarians on the other—an aspect that is thus etymologised by [[Strabo]].”&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo]]
* [[Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum]]
* [[Pompeii (urbs antiqua)]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Barbaras Rhabarberbar||de|qid=Q126810894}}

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://edcs.hist.uzh.ch/monument/26000847 CIL IV, 4235]

{{Nexus interviciales absunt}}

[[Categoria:Documenta Latina aetatis Imperii]]
[[Categoria:Italiae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Pompeii]]</text>
      <sha1>b5vuwukqy25gqflwxbfsy2age7xgfhw</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Primum aevum modernum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>327218</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3976526</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T13:58:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Torstanus</username>
        <id>212901</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paginam instituit</comment>
      <origin>3976526</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="464" sha1="7hb3jciitpxxjhn0gn5lua5xh7pqrdg" xml:space="preserve">'''Primum aevum modernum''' spatium temporis dicitur, quod circa annum [[1500]] coepit et circa annum [[1800]] finivit.&lt;ref&gt;Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks, ''Early Modern Europe 1450-1789'', 3rd edn (Cambridge University Press, 2022), https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009160797.&lt;/ref&gt; De anno incipionis et anno finis consensus non est, sed plerumque historicorum primum aevum modernum inter [[medium aevum]] et [[aevum modernum]] fuisse accipiunt.
[[Categoria:Aeva historica]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Universitas Shenzhensis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>327219</id>
    <redirect title="Universitas Shenzhenensis" />
    <revision>
      <id>3976528</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T13:59:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KotobaSuke</username>
        <id>87853</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>KotobaSuke movit paginam [[Universitas Shenzhensis]] ad [[Universitas Shenzhenensis]]: Titulus male scriptus: Nomen paginae male formatum est.</comment>
      <origin>3976528</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="39" sha1="43ugmeosfvq1dn8l5et4dhqntfoe1ou" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Universitas Shenzhenensis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ecclesia Sancti Michaelis in Korpo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>327220</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3976531</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T14:14:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Korpo</username>
        <id>212864</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paginam instituit, scribens '[[Fasciculus:Korpo kyrka, den 28 juni 2007, bild 75.JPG|thumb|250px|Ecclesia Sancti Michaelis in Korpo]] '''Ecclesia Sancti Michaelis in Korpo''' (Finnice ''Korppoon kirkko'', Suecice ''Korpo kyrka'') est ecclesia mediaevalis [[Ecclesia Evangelica Lutherana Finlandiae|Ecclesiae Evangelicae Lutheranae Finlandiae]] in insula [[Korpo]], quae ad urbem [[Pargas]] in regione [[Varsinais-Suomi]] [[Finnia]]e pertinet. Ecclesia saeculi XIV posterioris dimidii exstructa...'</comment>
      <origin>3976531</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1791" sha1="evcx7vmxgpdeqtzcoizaiedpxwm6ej3" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Korpo kyrka, den 28 juni 2007, bild 75.JPG|thumb|250px|Ecclesia Sancti Michaelis in Korpo]]
'''Ecclesia Sancti Michaelis in Korpo''' (Finnice ''Korppoon kirkko'', Suecice ''Korpo kyrka'') est ecclesia mediaevalis [[Ecclesia Evangelica Lutherana Finlandiae|Ecclesiae Evangelicae Lutheranae Finlandiae]] in insula [[Korpo]], quae ad urbem [[Pargas]] in regione [[Varsinais-Suomi]] [[Finnia]]e pertinet. Ecclesia saeculi XIV posterioris dimidii exstructa est atque [[Michael Archangelus|Sancto Michaeli Archangelo]] dedicata. Ad [[Dioecesis Borgoensis|Dioecesim Borgoensem]] pertinet et inter optime conservatas ecclesias mediaevales archipelagi Finniae numeratur.
== Historia ==
Paroecia Corponensis probabiliter saeculo XIV constituta est. Ecclesia primum in fontibus scriptis anno 1434 memoratur. Anno 1554 etiam capella mediaevalis Houtskär ad paroeciam pertinebat.
== Architectura ==
Ecclesia ex lapide aedificata est atque choro mediaevali raro insignis est. Turris lapidea, praeter usum campanarium, etiam ad defensionem destinata esse videtur. In restauratione annorum 1952–1953 picturae murales saeculi XV detectae sunt.
== Interior ==
In ecclesia servantur complures statuae ligneae mediaevales necnon unicum in Finnia cancellum chori mediaevale (''lettner''). Celebris statua '''Madonna Corponensis''', circa annum 1225 in [[Rhenania]] confecta, ex hac ecclesia provenit; hodie autem in [[Museum Nationale Finniae]] [[Helsingia]]e asservatur.
== Bibliographia ==
* Hiekkanen, Markus. ''Finlands medeltida stenkyrkor''. Stockholm: Kungl. Vitterhets historie och antikvitetsakademien, 2020.
{{CommuniaCat}}
{{Coord}}
[[Categoria:Ecclesiae Finniae]]
[[Categoria:Ecclesiae mediaevales]]
[[Categoria:Varsinais-Suomi]]
[[Categoria:Ecclesia Evangelica Lutherana Finlandiae]]</text>
      <sha1>evcx7vmxgpdeqtzcoizaiedpxwm6ej3</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>3976673</id>
      <parentid>3976531</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T22:29:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Rem vicificabamus.</comment>
      <origin>3976673</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2218" sha1="gdp4abz4jhy1jwv4ufub0oa84ble7du" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Korpo kyrka, den 28 juni 2007, bild 75.JPG|thumb|Ecclesia Sancti Michaelis]]
'''Ecclesia Corponensis'''{{FD ref}} ([[Finnice]] ''Korppoon kirkko''; [[Suecice]] ''Korpo kyrka''), plenius '''Ecclesia Sancti Michaelis in Korpo''',{{FD ref}} est [[ecclesia]] mediaevalis [[Ecclesia Evangelica Lutherana Finlandiae|Ecclesiae Evangelicae Lutheranae Finlandiae]], quae {{Creanda|en|Korpo|Korpoo}} in insula {{Creanda|en|Archipelago Sea|Mare Archipelagicum|Turcuensi}}{{dubsig}} sita est, ad [[urbs|urbem]] [[Pargas]] in [[regio]]ne [[Varsinais-Suomi]] [[Finnia]]e pertinens. [[Aedificium]] [[saeculum 14|saeculi quarti decimi]] posterioris dimidii exstructum est, [[Michael Archangelus|Sancto Michaeli Archangelo]] dedicatum. Ad [[Dioecesis Borgoensis|Dioecesim Borgoensem]] pertinet, et inter optime conservata archipelagi Finniae [[templum|templa]] mediaevalia numeratur.

== Historia ==
[[Paroecia]] Corponensis videtur [[saeculum 14|saeculo quarto decimo]] constituta est. Primum in fontibus scriptis anno [[1434]] memoratur. Anno [[1554]], cappella mediaevalis Houtskär ad paroeciam pertinebat.

== Architectura ==
Ecclesia ex [[lapis|lapide]] aedificata est, et choro mediaevali raro insignis est. [[Turris]] lapidea, praeter usum [[campana]]rium, etiam ad defensionem destinata esse videtur. In refectione annorum [[1952]] et [[1953]] [[pictura]]e murales [[saeculum 15|saeculi quinti decimi]] detectae sunt.

== Partes interiores ==
In ecclesia servantur complures statuae ligneae mediaevales necnon unicum in Finnia cancellum chori mediaevale (''lettner''). ''Madonna Corponensis,'' celebris [[statua]], [[Rhenania]]e circa annum [[1225]] confecta, ex hoc aedificio provenit; hodie autem in [[Museum Nationale Finniae|Museo Nationali Finniae]] [[Helsingia]]e conservatur.

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Hiekkanen, Markus. ''Finlands medeltida stenkyrkor''. Stockholm: Kungl. Vitterhets historie och antikvitetsakademien, 2020.

{{CommuniaCat|Ecclesia Sancti Michaelis in Korpo|Ecclesiam Sancti Michaelis in Korpo}}&lt;!--
{{Coord}}--&gt;

[[Categoria:Ecclesia Evangelica Lutherana Finlandiae]]
[[Categoria:Ecclesiae Finniae]]
[[Categoria:Ecclesiae mediaevales]]
[[Categoria:Varsinais-Suomi]]</text>
      <sha1>gdp4abz4jhy1jwv4ufub0oa84ble7du</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Medianum Monasterium</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="1366" sha1="1v0lpdhdu27phn79f5l4fkbbek3v7dc" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Moyenmoutier 88 centre.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Medianum Monasterium: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[abbatia]]lis [[Sanctus Hidulfus|Sancto Hidolfo]] dicata.]]
{{res|Medianum Monasterium}} seu '''Medium Monasterium''' seu '''Meieni Monasterium'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse}}, t. 2, p. 535.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Francogallice]]: ''Moyenmoutier'') est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] {{formatnum:3134}} incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]].

== Cives notabiles ==
* [[Sanctus Hidulfus]] ([[saeculum 7|saeculo VII]]), conditor abbatiae.
* [[Sanctus Spinus]] seu Spinulus, secundus abbas abbatiae.
* [[Humbertus Burgundus]] seu Humbertus de Silva Candida, monachus Benedictinus [[saeculum 11|saeculi XI]] abbatiae.
* [[Aemilius Glay]] (1878-1936), magister scholarum et syndicalista, hic natus est.
* Mauritius Quinet (1899-1970), pictor, hic natus est.
* [[Ioannes Franciscus Pelet]] (1913-1944), pugnator Resistentiae, hic mortuus est.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Moyenmoutier|Medianum Monasterium}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]]</text>
      <sha1>1v0lpdhdu27phn79f5l4fkbbek3v7dc</sha1>
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    <title>Disputatio:Medianum Monasterium</title>
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      <sha1>0cy54s5urzh9i26smiuhxjhkr1fodpu</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Medius Mons (Vosegus)</title>
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      <text bytes="781" sha1="ng9whb7gqy1vs1zd5skrb5vdsmgie0s" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Moyemont église 01 PhotoStitch.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Medius Mons: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Petrus|Sancto Petro]] e vinculis dicata.]]
{{res|Medius Mons}} seu '''Monimons'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse}}, t. 2, p. 536.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Francogallice]]: ''Moyenmoutier'') est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 220 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Moyemont|Medium Montem}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]]</text>
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    <title>Disputatio:Medius Mons (Vosegus)</title>
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  <page>
    <title>Ricardus Willes</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>3976554</id>
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      <comment>Paginam instituit, scribens '{{res|Ricardus Willes}}, vulgo ''Richard Willes'' vel ''Wills'' ([[Pulham]] in oppido [[Dorsetia]]e anno [[1546]] natus; anno 1579 fortasse mortuus) fuit poëta, interpres et vigil [[Domus Communium (Britanniarum Regnum)|]] [[Parlamentum Britannicum|Parlamenti Anglici]].  == Opera == * 1573 : ''Poematum liber'' (inest &quot;De re poetica disputatio&quot;) * 1577, [[Petrus Martyr ab Angleria|Petri Martyris ab Angleria]] ''[[De orbe novo decades]]'' per versionem Ricardu...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="2406" sha1="oiy7igfjout6c850ag6j6hv7ku8x053" xml:space="preserve">{{res|Ricardus Willes}}, vulgo ''Richard Willes'' vel ''Wills'' ([[Pulham]] in oppido [[Dorsetia]]e anno [[1546]] natus; anno 1579 fortasse mortuus) fuit poëta, interpres et vigil [[Domus Communium (Britanniarum Regnum)|Domus Communium]] [[Parlamentum Britannicum|Parlamenti Anglici]].

== Opera ==
* 1573 : ''Poematum liber'' (inest &quot;De re poetica disputatio&quot;)
* 1577, [[Petrus Martyr ab Angleria|Petri Martyris ab Angleria]] ''[[De orbe novo decades]]'' per versionem [[Ricardus Eden|Ricardi Eden]] : ''The history of travayle in the West and East Indies''. Londinii: Richard Jugge; [https://archive.org/details/historyoftrauayl00angh/ Textus apud Internet Archive]

== Bibliographia ==
* Louise Bénat-Tachot, &quot;[https://journals.openedition.org/viatica/4614?lang=fr Richard Willes, The history of travayle in the West and East Indies and other countreys lying eyther way towardes the fruitfull and ryche Moluccas (Londres, 1577). Un auteur singulier pour une œuvre singulière]&quot; in ''Viatica'' vol. 12 (2025)
* Michael Brennan, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/michael-brennan-the-texts-of-peter-martyrs-de-orbe-novo-decades-1504-1628-a-response-to-andrew-hadfield/ The Texts of Peter Martyr's De orbe novo decades (1504-1628): A Response to Andrew Hadfield]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 2 (1996/1997) {{Penna}}
* A. D. S. Fowler, ed., ''Richard Wills: De re poetica''. Oxoniae: Luttrell Reprints, 1958
* Andrew Hadfield, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-peter-martyr-richard-eden-and-the-new-world-reading-experience-and-translation/ Peter Martyr, Richard Eden and the New World: Reading, Experience, and Translation]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 5 no. 1 (1995/1996); &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-authors-response/ Richard Eden and Peter Martyr: Author's Response]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 3 (1996/1997)
* William Poole, &quot;[https://www.new.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/5NCN2%20(2014)%20Poole%20on%20Richard%20Willes.pdf Richard Willes: Sixteenth-Century Religious Renegade and Concrete Poet]&quot; in ''New College Notes'' no. 5 (2014) {{Penna}}

== Nexus externi ==
* Richard Wills: De re poetica, ''[https://digibug.ugr.es/bitstream/handle/10481/20246/20228739.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y The concept of poetic invention in sixteenth-century England]'' (dissertatio Universitatis Granadensis, 2011)

{{Anni vitae|1546|saeculo 16|Willes, Ricardus}}</text>
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      <text bytes="2442" sha1="oc1l1nfivpfzjoiiinpz0p9v37a4765" xml:space="preserve">{{res|Ricardus Willes}}, vulgo ''Richard Willes'' vel ''Wills'' ([[Pulham]] in oppido [[Dorsetia]]e anno [[1546]] natus; anno 1579 fortasse mortuus) fuit poëta, interpres et vigil [[Domus Communium (Britanniarum Regnum)|Domus Communium]] [[Parlamentum Britannicum|Parlamenti Anglici]].

== Opera ==
; A se scripta
* 1573 : ''Poematum liber'' (inest &quot;De re poetica disputatio&quot;)

; Versiones
* 1577, [[Petrus Martyr ab Angleria|Petri Martyris ab Angleria]] ''[[De orbe novo decades]]'', versione [[Ricardus Eden|Ricardi Eden]] refecta : ''The history of travayle in the West and East Indies''. Londinii: Richard Jugge; [https://archive.org/details/historyoftrauayl00angh/ Textus apud Internet Archive]

== Bibliographia ==
* Louise Bénat-Tachot, &quot;[https://journals.openedition.org/viatica/4614?lang=fr Richard Willes, ''The history of travayle in the West and East Indies and other countreys lying eyther way towardes the fruitfull and ryche Moluccas'' (Londres, 1577). Un auteur singulier pour une œuvre singulière]&quot; in ''Viatica'' vol. 12 (2025)
* Michael Brennan, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/michael-brennan-the-texts-of-peter-martyrs-de-orbe-novo-decades-1504-1628-a-response-to-andrew-hadfield/ The Texts of Peter Martyr's De orbe novo decades (1504-1628): A Response to Andrew Hadfield]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 2 (1996/1997) {{Penna}}
* A. D. S. Fowler, ed., ''Richard Wills: De re poetica''. Oxoniae: Luttrell Reprints, 1958
* Andrew Hadfield, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-peter-martyr-richard-eden-and-the-new-world-reading-experience-and-translation/ Peter Martyr, Richard Eden and the New World: Reading, Experience, and Translation]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 5 no. 1 (1995/1996); &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-authors-response/ Richard Eden and Peter Martyr: Author's Response]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 3 (1996/1997)
* William Poole, &quot;[https://www.new.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/5NCN2%20(2014)%20Poole%20on%20Richard%20Willes.pdf Richard Willes: Sixteenth-Century Religious Renegade and Concrete Poet]&quot; in ''New College Notes'' no. 5 (2014) {{Penna}}

== Nexus externi ==
* Richard Wills: De re poetica, ''[https://digibug.ugr.es/bitstream/handle/10481/20246/20228739.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y The concept of poetic invention in sixteenth-century England]'' (dissertatio Universitatis Granadensis, 2011)

{{Anni vitae|1546|saeculo 16|Willes, Ricardus}}</text>
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== Opera ==
; A se scripta
* 1573 : ''Poematum liber'' (inest &quot;De re poetica disputatio&quot;)

; Versiones
* 1577, [[Petrus Martyr ab Angleria|Petri Martyris ab Angleria]] ''[[De orbe novo decades]]'', versione [[Ricardus Eden|Ricardi Eden]] refecta : ''The history of travayle in the West and East Indies''. Londinii: Richard Jugge; [https://archive.org/details/historyoftrauayl00angh/ Textus apud Internet Archive]

== Bibliographia ==
* Louise Bénat-Tachot, &quot;[https://journals.openedition.org/viatica/4614?lang=fr Richard Willes, ''The history of travayle in the West and East Indies and other countreys lying eyther way towardes the fruitfull and ryche Moluccas'' (Londres, 1577). Un auteur singulier pour une œuvre singulière]&quot; in ''Viatica'' vol. 12 (2025)
* Michael Brennan, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/michael-brennan-the-texts-of-peter-martyrs-de-orbe-novo-decades-1504-1628-a-response-to-andrew-hadfield/ The Texts of Peter Martyr's De orbe novo decades (1504-1628): A Response to Andrew Hadfield]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 2 (1996/1997) {{Penna}}
* A. D. S. Fowler, ed., ''Richard Wills: De re poetica''. Oxoniae: Luttrell Reprints, 1958
* Andrew Hadfield, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-peter-martyr-richard-eden-and-the-new-world-reading-experience-and-translation/ Peter Martyr, Richard Eden and the New World: Reading, Experience, and Translation]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 5 no. 1 (1995/1996); &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-authors-response/ Richard Eden and Peter Martyr: Author's Response]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 3 (1996/1997)
* William Poole, &quot;[https://www.new.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/5NCN2%20(2014)%20Poole%20on%20Richard%20Willes.pdf Richard Willes: Sixteenth-Century Religious Renegade and Concrete Poet]&quot; in ''New College Notes'' no. 5 (2014) {{Penna}}

== Nexus externi ==
* Richard Wills: De re poetica, ''[https://digibug.ugr.es/bitstream/handle/10481/20246/20228739.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y The concept of poetic invention in sixteenth-century England]'' (dissertatio Universitatis Granadensis, 2011)

{{Anni vitae|1546|saeculo 16|Willes, Ricardus}}

[[Categoria:Poetae Angliae]]</text>
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== Opera ==
; A se scripta
* 1573 : ''Poematum liber'' (inest &quot;De re poetica disputatio&quot;)

; Versiones
* 1577, [[Petrus Martyr ab Angleria|Petri Martyris ab Angleria]] ''[[De orbe novo decades]]'', versione [[Ricardus Eden|Ricardi Eden]] refecta : ''The history of travayle in the West and East Indies''. Londinii: Richard Jugge; [https://archive.org/details/historyoftrauayl00angh/ Textus apud Internet Archive]

== Bibliographia ==
* Louise Bénat-Tachot, &quot;[https://journals.openedition.org/viatica/4614?lang=fr Richard Willes, ''The history of travayle in the West and East Indies and other countreys lying eyther way towardes the fruitfull and ryche Moluccas'' (Londres, 1577). Un auteur singulier pour une œuvre singulière]&quot; in ''Viatica'' vol. 12 (2025)
* Michael Brennan, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/michael-brennan-the-texts-of-peter-martyrs-de-orbe-novo-decades-1504-1628-a-response-to-andrew-hadfield/ The Texts of Peter Martyr's De orbe novo decades (1504-1628): A Response to Andrew Hadfield]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 2 (1996/1997) {{Penna}}
* A. D. S. Fowler, ed., ''Richard Wills: De re poetica''. Oxoniae: Luttrell Reprints, 1958
* Andrew Hadfield, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-peter-martyr-richard-eden-and-the-new-world-reading-experience-and-translation/ Peter Martyr, Richard Eden and the New World: Reading, Experience, and Translation]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 5 no. 1 (1995/1996); &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-authors-response/ Richard Eden and Peter Martyr: Author's Response]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 3 (1996/1997)
* William Poole, &quot;[https://www.new.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/5NCN2%20(2014)%20Poole%20on%20Richard%20Willes.pdf Richard Willes: Sixteenth-Century Religious Renegade and Concrete Poet]&quot; in ''New College Notes'' no. 5 (2014) {{Penna}}

== Nexus externi ==
* Richard Wills: De re poetica, ''[https://digibug.ugr.es/bitstream/handle/10481/20246/20228739.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y The concept of poetic invention in sixteenth-century England]'' (dissertatio Universitatis Granadensis, 2011)

{{Anni vitae|1546|saeculo 16|Willes, Ricardus}}

[[Categoria:Poetae Angliae]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Hispano-Anglici]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2516" sha1="ii80jdycnxc4h6dcpw6fv5r0fanbzno" xml:space="preserve">{{res|Ricardus Willes}}, vulgo ''Richard Willes'' vel ''Wills'' ([[Pulham]] in oppido [[Dorcestria]]e anno [[1546]] natus; anno 1579 fortasse mortuus) fuit poëta, interpres et vigil [[Domus Communium (Britanniarum Regnum)|Domus Communium]] [[Parlamentum Britannicum|Parlamenti Anglici]].

== Opera ==
; A se scripta
* 1573 : ''Poematum liber'' (inest &quot;De re poetica disputatio&quot;)

; Versiones
* 1577, [[Petrus Martyr ab Angleria|Petri Martyris ab Angleria]] ''[[De orbe novo decades]]'', versione [[Ricardus Eden|Ricardi Eden]] refecta : ''The history of travayle in the West and East Indies''. Londinii: Richard Jugge; [https://archive.org/details/historyoftrauayl00angh/ Textus apud Internet Archive]

== Bibliographia ==
* Louise Bénat-Tachot, &quot;[https://journals.openedition.org/viatica/4614?lang=fr Richard Willes, ''The history of travayle in the West and East Indies and other countreys lying eyther way towardes the fruitfull and ryche Moluccas'' (Londres, 1577). Un auteur singulier pour une œuvre singulière]&quot; in ''Viatica'' vol. 12 (2025)
* Michael Brennan, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/michael-brennan-the-texts-of-peter-martyrs-de-orbe-novo-decades-1504-1628-a-response-to-andrew-hadfield/ The Texts of Peter Martyr's De orbe novo decades (1504-1628): A Response to Andrew Hadfield]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 2 (1996/1997) {{Penna}}
* A. D. S. Fowler, ed., ''Richard Wills: De re poetica''. Oxoniae: Luttrell Reprints, 1958
* Andrew Hadfield, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-peter-martyr-richard-eden-and-the-new-world-reading-experience-and-translation/ Peter Martyr, Richard Eden and the New World: Reading, Experience, and Translation]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 5 no. 1 (1995/1996); &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-authors-response/ Richard Eden and Peter Martyr: Author's Response]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 3 (1996/1997)
* William Poole, &quot;[https://www.new.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/5NCN2%20(2014)%20Poole%20on%20Richard%20Willes.pdf Richard Willes: Sixteenth-Century Religious Renegade and Concrete Poet]&quot; in ''New College Notes'' no. 5 (2014) {{Penna}}

== Nexus externi ==
* Richard Wills: De re poetica, ''[https://digibug.ugr.es/bitstream/handle/10481/20246/20228739.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y The concept of poetic invention in sixteenth-century England]'' (dissertatio Universitatis Granadensis, 2011)

{{Anni vitae|1546|saeculo 16|Willes, Ricardus}}

[[Categoria:Poetae Angliae]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Hispano-Anglici]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3257" sha1="f204hzck6448n90zo2kstdhe3fg5f0s" xml:space="preserve">{{res|Ricardus Willeius}},&lt;ref&gt;De nomine Latino sicut ipse scripsit vide titulum ''Poematum'' libri; cf. {{qc|id = Fowler (1958) p. 3&lt;/ref&gt; vulgo ''Richard Willes'' vel ''Wills'' ([[Pulham]] in oppido [[Dorcestria]]e die [[5 Ianuarii]] [[1546]] natus;&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id = Fowler (1958) p. 2&lt;/ref&gt; anno 1579 fortasse mortuus) fuit poëta, interpres et vigil [[Domus Communium (Britanniarum Regnum)|Domus Communium]] [[Parlamentum Britannicum|Parlamenti Anglici]].

Apud [[Collegium Wintoniense]] educatus est usque in annum 1561, magistro illis annis {{sunst:creanda/m|en|Christopher Johnson (physician)|Christophorus Ionsonus|Christophoro Ionsono}})&lt;ref&gt;De nomine huius Latino: ''Poematum liber'' pag. ult.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Opera ==
; A se scripta
* 1573 : ''Ricardi Willeii Poematum liber'' (insunt &quot;De re poetica disputatio&quot; una cum carminibus aliquibus magistri Christophori Johnson). Londinii: apud Bibliothecam Tottellinam; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1475-1640_ricardi-willeii-poematum_willes-richard_1573 Textus apud Internet Archive]

; Versiones
* 1577, [[Petrus Martyr ab Angleria|Petri Martyris ab Angleria]] ''[[De orbe novo decades]]'', versione [[Ricardus Eden|Ricardi Eden]] refecta : ''The history of travayle in the West and East Indies''. Londinii: Richard Jugge; [https://archive.org/details/historyoftrauayl00angh/ Textus apud Internet Archive]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Louise Bénat-Tachot, &quot;[https://journals.openedition.org/viatica/4614?lang=fr Richard Willes, ''The history of travayle in the West and East Indies and other countreys lying eyther way towardes the fruitfull and ryche Moluccas'' (Londres, 1577). Un auteur singulier pour une œuvre singulière]&quot; in ''Viatica'' vol. 12 (2025)
* Michael Brennan, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/michael-brennan-the-texts-of-peter-martyrs-de-orbe-novo-decades-1504-1628-a-response-to-andrew-hadfield/ The Texts of Peter Martyr's De orbe novo decades (1504-1628): A Response to Andrew Hadfield]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 2 (1996/1997) {{Penna}}
* {{ec|id= Fowler (1958)|c= A. D. S. Fowler, ed., ''Richard Wills: De re poetica''. Oxoniae: Luttrell Reprints, 1958 }} {{Penna}}
* Andrew Hadfield, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-peter-martyr-richard-eden-and-the-new-world-reading-experience-and-translation/ Peter Martyr, Richard Eden and the New World: Reading, Experience, and Translation]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 5 no. 1 (1995/1996); &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-authors-response/ Richard Eden and Peter Martyr: Author's Response]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 3 (1996/1997)
* William Poole, &quot;[https://www.new.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/5NCN2%20(2014)%20Poole%20on%20Richard%20Willes.pdf Richard Willes: Sixteenth-Century Religious Renegade and Concrete Poet]&quot; in ''New College Notes'' no. 5 (2014) {{Penna}}

== Nexus externi ==
* Richard Wills: De re poetica, ''[https://digibug.ugr.es/bitstream/handle/10481/20246/20228739.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y The concept of poetic invention in sixteenth-century England]'' (dissertatio Universitatis Granadensis, 2011)

{{Anni vitae|1546|saeculo 16|Willes, Ricardus}}

[[Categoria:Poetae Angliae]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Hispano-Anglici]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3261" sha1="58q43ki7zd1mol2i4r9k38jqa59t9tj" xml:space="preserve">{{res|Ricardus Willeius}},&lt;ref&gt;De nomine Latino sicut ipse scripsit vide titulum ''Poematum'' libri; cf. {{qc|id = Fowler (1958)}} p. 3&lt;/ref&gt; vulgo ''Richard Willes'' vel ''Wills'' ([[Pulham]] in oppido [[Dorcestria]]e die [[5 Ianuarii]] [[1546]] natus;&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id = Fowler (1958)}} p. 2&lt;/ref&gt; anno 1579 fortasse mortuus) fuit poëta, interpres et vigil [[Domus Communium (Britanniarum Regnum)|Domus Communium]] [[Parlamentum Britannicum|Parlamenti Anglici]].

Apud [[Collegium Wintoniense]] educatus est usque in annum 1561, magistro illis annis {{sunst:creanda/m|en|Christopher Johnson (physician)|Christophorus Ionsonus|Christophoro Ionsono}})&lt;ref&gt;De nomine huius Latino: ''Poematum liber'' pag. ult.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Opera ==
; A se scripta
* 1573 : ''Ricardi Willeii Poematum liber'' (insunt &quot;De re poetica disputatio&quot; una cum carminibus aliquibus magistri Christophori Johnson). Londinii: apud Bibliothecam Tottellinam; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1475-1640_ricardi-willeii-poematum_willes-richard_1573 Textus apud Internet Archive]

; Versiones
* 1577, [[Petrus Martyr ab Angleria|Petri Martyris ab Angleria]] ''[[De orbe novo decades]]'', versione [[Ricardus Eden|Ricardi Eden]] refecta : ''The history of travayle in the West and East Indies''. Londinii: Richard Jugge; [https://archive.org/details/historyoftrauayl00angh/ Textus apud Internet Archive]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Louise Bénat-Tachot, &quot;[https://journals.openedition.org/viatica/4614?lang=fr Richard Willes, ''The history of travayle in the West and East Indies and other countreys lying eyther way towardes the fruitfull and ryche Moluccas'' (Londres, 1577). Un auteur singulier pour une œuvre singulière]&quot; in ''Viatica'' vol. 12 (2025)
* Michael Brennan, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/michael-brennan-the-texts-of-peter-martyrs-de-orbe-novo-decades-1504-1628-a-response-to-andrew-hadfield/ The Texts of Peter Martyr's De orbe novo decades (1504-1628): A Response to Andrew Hadfield]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 2 (1996/1997) {{Penna}}
* {{ec|id= Fowler (1958)|c= A. D. S. Fowler, ed., ''Richard Wills: De re poetica''. Oxoniae: Luttrell Reprints, 1958 }} {{Penna}}
* Andrew Hadfield, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-peter-martyr-richard-eden-and-the-new-world-reading-experience-and-translation/ Peter Martyr, Richard Eden and the New World: Reading, Experience, and Translation]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 5 no. 1 (1995/1996); &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-authors-response/ Richard Eden and Peter Martyr: Author's Response]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 3 (1996/1997)
* William Poole, &quot;[https://www.new.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/5NCN2%20(2014)%20Poole%20on%20Richard%20Willes.pdf Richard Willes: Sixteenth-Century Religious Renegade and Concrete Poet]&quot; in ''New College Notes'' no. 5 (2014) {{Penna}}

== Nexus externi ==
* Richard Wills: De re poetica, ''[https://digibug.ugr.es/bitstream/handle/10481/20246/20228739.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y The concept of poetic invention in sixteenth-century England]'' (dissertatio Universitatis Granadensis, 2011)

{{Anni vitae|1546|saeculo 16|Willes, Ricardus}}

[[Categoria:Poetae Angliae]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Hispano-Anglici]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3603" sha1="q5ue9gh4v4vdeny16bf1sffwo3xnfye" xml:space="preserve">{{res|Ricardus Willeius}},&lt;ref&gt;De nomine Latino sicut ipse scripsit vide titulum ''Poematum'' libri; cf. {{qc|id = Fowler (1958)}} p. 3&lt;/ref&gt; vulgo ''Richard Willes'' vel ''Wills'' ([[Pulham]] in oppido [[Dorcestria]]e die [[5 Ianuarii]] [[1546]] natus;&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id = Fowler (1958)}} p. 2&lt;/ref&gt; anno 1579 fortasse mortuus) fuit poëta, interpres et vigil [[Domus Communium (Britanniarum Regnum)|Domus Communium]] [[Parlamentum Britannicum|Parlamenti Anglici]].

Apud [[Collegium Wintoniense]] educatus est usque in annum 1561 vel 1562, magistro illis annis {{safesubst:creanda/m|en|Christopher Johnson (physician)|Christophorus Ionsonus|Christophoro Ionsono|t=2026-08-02 19:09:13}})&lt;ref&gt;De nomine huius Latino: ''Poematum liber'' &quot;Scholia&quot; no. 52 et pag. ult.&lt;/ref&gt; In [[Collegium Novum (Oxonia)|Collegium Novum]] [[Universitas Oxoniensis|Oxoniensium]] mense Octobri [[1562]], in [[Universitas Lovaniensis|Studium Lovaniense]] anno [[1564]] intravit. [[[Moguntiacum|Moguntiaci]] in [[societas Iesu|societatem Iesu]] ie [[3 Maii]] [[1565]] receptus est.

== Opera ==
; A se scripta
* 1573 : ''Ricardi Willeii Poematum liber'' (insunt &quot;De re poetica disputatio&quot; una cum carminibus aliquibus magistri Christophori Johnson). Londinii: apud Bibliothecam Tottellinam; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1475-1640_ricardi-willeii-poematum_willes-richard_1573 Textus apud Internet Archive]

; Versiones
* 1577, [[Petrus Martyr ab Angleria|Petri Martyris ab Angleria]] ''[[De orbe novo decades]]'', versione [[Ricardus Eden|Ricardi Eden]] refecta : ''The history of travayle in the West and East Indies''. Londinii: Richard Jugge; [https://archive.org/details/historyoftrauayl00angh/ Textus apud Internet Archive]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Louise Bénat-Tachot, &quot;[https://journals.openedition.org/viatica/4614?lang=fr Richard Willes, ''The history of travayle in the West and East Indies and other countreys lying eyther way towardes the fruitfull and ryche Moluccas'' (Londres, 1577). Un auteur singulier pour une œuvre singulière]&quot; in ''Viatica'' vol. 12 (2025)
* Michael Brennan, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/michael-brennan-the-texts-of-peter-martyrs-de-orbe-novo-decades-1504-1628-a-response-to-andrew-hadfield/ The Texts of Peter Martyr's De orbe novo decades (1504-1628): A Response to Andrew Hadfield]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 2 (1996/1997) {{Penna}}
* {{ec|id= Fowler (1958)|c= A. D. S. Fowler, ed., ''Richard Wills: De re poetica''. Oxoniae: Luttrell Reprints, 1958 }} {{Penna}}
* Andrew Hadfield, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-peter-martyr-richard-eden-and-the-new-world-reading-experience-and-translation/ Peter Martyr, Richard Eden and the New World: Reading, Experience, and Translation]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 5 no. 1 (1995/1996); &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-authors-response/ Richard Eden and Peter Martyr: Author's Response]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 3 (1996/1997)
* William Poole, &quot;[https://www.new.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/5NCN2%20(2014)%20Poole%20on%20Richard%20Willes.pdf Richard Willes: Sixteenth-Century Religious Renegade and Concrete Poet]&quot; in ''New College Notes'' no. 5 (2014) {{Penna}}

== Nexus externi ==
* Richard Wills: De re poetica, ''[https://digibug.ugr.es/bitstream/handle/10481/20246/20228739.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y The concept of poetic invention in sixteenth-century England]'' (dissertatio Universitatis Granadensis, 2011)

{{Anni vitae|1546|saeculo 16|Willes, Ricardus}}

[[Categoria:Poetae Angliae]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Hispano-Anglici]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4407" sha1="suyspcfry7yma9zr0u5pfgg58qxs5jm" xml:space="preserve">{{res|Ricardus Willeius}},&lt;ref&gt;De nomine Latino sicut ipse scripsit vide titulum ''Poematum'' libri; cf. {{qc|id = Fowler (1958)}} p. 3&lt;/ref&gt; vulgo ''Richard Willes'' vel ''Wills'' ([[Pulham]] in oppido [[Dorcestria]]e die [[5 Ianuarii]] [[1546]] natus;&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id = Fowler (1958)}} p. 2&lt;/ref&gt; anno 1579 fortasse mortuus) fuit poëta, interpres et vigil [[Domus Communium (Britanniarum Regnum)|Domus Communium]] [[Parlamentum Britannicum|Parlamenti Anglici]].

Apud [[Collegium Wintoniense]] educatus est usque in annum 1561 vel 1562, magistro illis annis {{safesubst:creanda/m|en|Christopher Johnson (physician)|Christophorus Ionsonus|Christophoro Ionsono|t=2026-08-02 19:09:13}}).&lt;ref&gt;De nomine huius Latino: ''Poematum liber'' &quot;Scholia&quot; no. 52 et pag. ult.&lt;/ref&gt; In [[Collegium Novum (Oxonia)|Collegium Novum]] [[Universitas Oxoniensis|Oxoniensium]] mense Octobri [[1562]], in [[Universitas Lovaniensis|Studium Lovaniense]] anno [[1564]] intravit. [[Moguntiacum|Moguntiaci]] in [[societas Iesu|societatem Iesu]] ie [[3 Maii]] [[1565]] receptus est. Anno insequenti in Angliam reditus, tres annos socius erat Collegii Novi.

== Opera ==
; A se scripta
* 1573 : ''Ricardi Willeii Poematum liber'' (insunt &quot;De re poetica disputatio&quot; una cum carminibus aliquibus magistri Christophori Johnson). Londinii: apud Bibliothecam Tottellinam; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1475-1640_ricardi-willeii-poematum_willes-richard_1573 Textus apud Internet Archive]
* 1599 : &quot;Of the Iland Iapan and other litle Iles in the East Ocean, by R. Willes,&quot; in Hakluyt vol. ii pars 3
* 1600 : &quot;Certaine other reasons or arguments to prooue a passage by the northwest, learnedly written by Mr. Richard Willes Gentleman,&quot; in Hakluyt vol. iii 

; Versiones
* 1577, [[Petrus Martyr ab Angleria|Petri Martyris ab Angleria]] ''[[De orbe novo decades]]'', versione [[Ricardus Eden|Ricardi Eden]] refecta : ''The history of travayle in the West and East Indies''. Londinii: Richard Jugge; [https://archive.org/details/historyoftrauayl00angh/ Textus apud Internet Archive]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Louise Bénat-Tachot, &quot;[https://journals.openedition.org/viatica/4614?lang=fr Richard Willes, ''The history of travayle in the West and East Indies and other countreys lying eyther way towardes the fruitfull and ryche Moluccas'' (Londres, 1577). Un auteur singulier pour une œuvre singulière]&quot; in ''Viatica'' vol. 12 (2025)
* Michael Brennan, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/michael-brennan-the-texts-of-peter-martyrs-de-orbe-novo-decades-1504-1628-a-response-to-andrew-hadfield/ The Texts of Peter Martyr's De orbe novo decades (1504-1628): A Response to Andrew Hadfield]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 2 (1996/1997) {{Penna}}
* Edward Irving Carlyle, &quot;[[:s:en:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Willes, Richard|Willes or Willey, Richard (fl. 1558–1573)]]&quot; in {{DNB}}
* {{ec|id= Fowler (1958)|c= A. D. S. Fowler, ed., ''Richard Wills: De re poetica''. Oxoniae: Luttrell Reprints, 1958 }} {{Penna}}
* Andrew Hadfield, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-peter-martyr-richard-eden-and-the-new-world-reading-experience-and-translation/ Peter Martyr, Richard Eden and the New World: Reading, Experience, and Translation]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 5 no. 1 (1995/1996); &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-authors-response/ Richard Eden and Peter Martyr: Author's Response]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 3 (1996/1997)
* Henry Morley, ed., &quot;Richard Willes: Certain other reasons or arguments to prove a passage by the north-west&quot; in ''Voyages in search of the north-west passage from the collection of Richard Hakluyt'' (Londinii: Cassell, 1886) [https://archive.org/details/voyagesinsearcho00hakluoft/page/66/mode/2up pp. 66-83]
* William Poole, &quot;[https://www.new.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/5NCN2%20(2014)%20Poole%20on%20Richard%20Willes.pdf Richard Willes: Sixteenth-Century Religious Renegade and Concrete Poet]&quot; in ''New College Notes'' no. 5 (2014) {{Penna}}

== Nexus externi ==
* Richard Wills: De re poetica, ''[https://digibug.ugr.es/bitstream/handle/10481/20246/20228739.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y The concept of poetic invention in sixteenth-century England]'' (dissertatio Universitatis Granadensis, 2011)

{{Anni vitae|1546|saeculo 16|Willes, Ricardus}}

[[Categoria:Poetae Angliae]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Hispano-Anglici]]</text>
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Apud [[Collegium Wintoniense]] educatus est usque in annum 1561 vel 1562, magistro illis annis {{safesubst:creanda/m|en|Christopher Johnson (physician)|Christophorus Ionsonus|Christophoro Ionsono|t=2026-08-02 19:09:13}}).&lt;ref&gt;De nomine huius Latino: ''Poematum liber'' &quot;Scholia&quot; no. 52 et pag. ult.&lt;/ref&gt; In [[Collegium Novum (Oxonia)|Collegium Novum]] [[Universitas Oxoniensis|Oxoniensium]] mense Octobri [[1562]], in [[Universitas Lovaniensis|Studium Lovaniense]] anno [[1564]] intravit. [[Moguntiacum|Moguntiaci]] in [[societas Iesu|societatem Iesu]] ie [[3 Maii]] [[1565]] receptus est. Anno insequenti in Angliam reditus, tres annos socius erat Collegii Novi.

== Opera ==
; A se scripta
* 1573 : ''Ricardi Willeii Poematum liber'' (insunt &quot;De re poetica disputatio&quot; una cum carminibus aliquibus magistri Christophori Johnson). Londinii: apud Bibliothecam Tottellinam; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1475-1640_ricardi-willeii-poematum_willes-richard_1573 Textus apud Internet Archive]
* 1599 : &quot;Of the Iland Iapan and other litle Iles in the East Ocean, by R. Willes,&quot; in Hakluyt vol. ii pars 3
* 1600 : &quot;Certaine other reasons or arguments to prooue a passage by the northwest, learnedly written by Mr. Richard Willes Gentleman,&quot; in Hakluyt vol. iii 

; Versiones
* 1577, [[Petrus Martyr ab Angleria|Petri Martyris ab Angleria]] ''[[De orbe novo decades]]'', versione [[Ricardus Eden|Ricardi Eden]] refecta : ''The history of travayle in the West and East Indies''. Londinii: Richard Jugge; [https://archive.org/details/historyoftrauayl00angh/ Textus apud Internet Archive]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Louise Bénat-Tachot, &quot;[https://journals.openedition.org/viatica/4614?lang=fr Richard Willes, ''The history of travayle in the West and East Indies and other countreys lying eyther way towardes the fruitfull and ryche Moluccas'' (Londres, 1577). Un auteur singulier pour une œuvre singulière]&quot; in ''Viatica'' vol. 12 (2025)
* Michael Brennan, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/michael-brennan-the-texts-of-peter-martyrs-de-orbe-novo-decades-1504-1628-a-response-to-andrew-hadfield/ The Texts of Peter Martyr's De orbe novo decades (1504-1628): A Response to Andrew Hadfield]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 2 (1996/1997) {{Penna}}
* Edward Irving Carlyle, &quot;[[:s:en:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Willes, Richard|Willes or Willey, Richard (fl. 1558–1573)]]&quot; in {{DNB}}
* {{ec|id= Fowler (1958)|c= A. D. S. Fowler, ed., ''Richard Wills: De re poetica''. Oxoniae: Luttrell Reprints, 1958 }} {{Penna}}
* Andrew Hadfield, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-peter-martyr-richard-eden-and-the-new-world-reading-experience-and-translation/ Peter Martyr, Richard Eden and the New World: Reading, Experience, and Translation]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 5 no. 1 (1995/1996); &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-authors-response/ Richard Eden and Peter Martyr: Author's Response]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 3 (1996/1997)
* Henry Morley, ed., &quot;Richard Willes: Certain other reasons or arguments to prove a passage by the north-west&quot; in ''Voyages in search of the north-west passage from the collection of Richard Hakluyt'' (Londinii: Cassell, 1886) [https://archive.org/details/voyagesinsearcho00hakluoft/page/66/mode/2up pp. 66-83]
* William Poole, &quot;[https://www.new.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/5NCN2%20(2014)%20Poole%20on%20Richard%20Willes.pdf Richard Willes: Sixteenth-Century Religious Renegade and Concrete Poet]&quot; in ''New College Notes'' no. 5 (2014) {{Penna}}

== Nexus externi ==
* Richard Wills: De re poetica, ''[https://digibug.ugr.es/bitstream/handle/10481/20246/20228739.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y The concept of poetic invention in sixteenth-century England]'' (dissertatio Universitatis Granadensis, 2011)

{{Anni vitae|1546|saeculo 16|Willes, Ricardus}}

[[Categoria:Poetae Angliae]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Hispano-Anglici]]
[[Categoria:Geographi Britanniae]]</text>
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Apud [[Collegium Wintoniense]] educatus est usque in annum 1561 vel 1562, magistro illis annis {{safesubst:creanda/m|en|Christopher Johnson (physician)|Christophorus Ionsonus|Christophoro Ionsono|t=2026-08-02 19:09:13}}).&lt;ref&gt;De nomine huius Latino: ''Poematum liber'' &quot;Scholia&quot; no. 52 et pag. ult.&lt;/ref&gt; In [[Collegium Novum (Oxonia)|Collegium Novum]] [[Universitas Oxoniensis|Oxoniensium]] mense Octobri [[1562]], in [[Universitas Lovaniensis|Studium Lovaniense]] anno [[1564]] intravit. [[Moguntiacum|Moguntiaci]] in [[societas Iesu|societatem Iesu]] ie [[3 Maii]] [[1565]] receptus est. Anno insequenti in Angliam reditus, tres annos socius erat Collegii Novi.

== Opera ==
; A se scripta
* 1573 : ''Ricardi Willeii Poematum liber'' (insunt &quot;De re poetica disputatio&quot; una cum carminibus aliquibus magistri Christophori Johnson). Londinii: apud Bibliothecam Tottellinam; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1475-1640_ricardi-willeii-poematum_willes-richard_1573 Textus apud Internet Archive]
* 1599 : &quot;Of the Iland Iapan and other litle Iles in the East Ocean, by R. Willes,&quot; in Hakluyt vol. ii pars 3
* 1600 : &quot;Certaine other reasons or arguments to prooue a passage by the northwest, learnedly written by Mr. Richard Willes Gentleman,&quot; in Hakluyt vol. iii 

; Versiones
* 1577, [[Petrus Martyr ab Angleria|Petri Martyris ab Angleria]] ''[[De orbe novo decades]]'', versione [[Ricardus Eden|Ricardi Eden]] refecta : ''The history of travayle in the West and East Indies''. Londinii: Richard Jugge; [https://archive.org/details/historyoftrauayl00angh/ Textus apud Internet Archive]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Louise Bénat-Tachot, &quot;[https://journals.openedition.org/viatica/4614?lang=fr Richard Willes, ''The history of travayle in the West and East Indies and other countreys lying eyther way towardes the fruitfull and ryche Moluccas'' (Londres, 1577). Un auteur singulier pour une œuvre singulière]&quot; in ''Viatica'' vol. 12 (2025)
* Michael Brennan, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/michael-brennan-the-texts-of-peter-martyrs-de-orbe-novo-decades-1504-1628-a-response-to-andrew-hadfield/ The Texts of Peter Martyr's De orbe novo decades (1504-1628): A Response to Andrew Hadfield]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 2 (1996/1997) {{Penna}}
* Edward Irving Carlyle, &quot;[[:s:en:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Willes, Richard|Willes or Willey, Richard (fl. 1558–1573)]]&quot; in {{DNB}}
* {{ec|id= Fowler (1958)|c= A. D. S. Fowler, ed., ''Richard Wills: De re poetica''. Oxoniae: Luttrell Reprints, 1958 }} {{Penna}}
* Andrew Hadfield, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-peter-martyr-richard-eden-and-the-new-world-reading-experience-and-translation/ Peter Martyr, Richard Eden and the New World: Reading, Experience, and Translation]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 5 no. 1 (1995/1996); &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-authors-response/ Richard Eden and Peter Martyr: Author's Response]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 3 (1996/1997)
* Henry Morley, ed., &quot;Richard Willes: Certain other reasons or arguments to prove a passage by the north-west&quot; in ''Voyages in search of the north-west passage from the collection of Richard Hakluyt'' (Londinii: Cassell, 1886) [https://archive.org/details/voyagesinsearcho00hakluoft/page/66/mode/2up pp. 66-83]
* William Poole, &quot;[https://www.new.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/5NCN2%20(2014)%20Poole%20on%20Richard%20Willes.pdf Richard Willes: Sixteenth-Century Religious Renegade and Concrete Poet]&quot; in ''New College Notes'' no. 5 (2014) {{Penna}}

== Nexus externi ==
* Richard Wills: De re poetica, ''[https://digibug.ugr.es/bitstream/handle/10481/20246/20228739.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y The concept of poetic invention in sixteenth-century England]'' (dissertatio Universitatis Granadensis, 2011)

{{Anni vitae|1546|saeculo 16|Willes, Ricardus}}

[[Categoria:Poetae Angliae]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Hispano-Anglici]]
[[Categoria:Geographi Britanniae]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Oxoniensis]]</text>
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Apud [[Collegium Wintoniense]] educatus est usque in annum 1561 vel 1562, magistro illis annis {{safesubst:creanda/m|en|Christopher Johnson (physician)|Christophorus Ionsonus|Christophoro Ionsono|t=2026-08-02 19:09:13}}).&lt;ref&gt;De nomine huius Latino: ''Poematum liber'' &quot;Scholia&quot; no. 52 et pag. ult.&lt;/ref&gt; In [[Collegium Novum (Oxonia)|Collegium Novum]] [[Universitas Oxoniensis|Oxoniensium]] mense Octobri [[1562]], in [[Universitas Lovaniensis|Studium Lovaniense]] anno [[1564]] intravit. [[Moguntiacum|Moguntiaci]] in [[societas Iesu|societatem Iesu]] ie [[3 Maii]] [[1565]] receptus est. Anno insequenti in Angliam reditus, tres annos socius erat Collegii Novi.

== Opera ==
; A se scripta
* 1573 : ''Ricardi Willeii Poematum liber'' (insunt &quot;De re poetica disputatio&quot; una cum carminibus aliquibus magistri Christophori Johnson). Londinii: apud Bibliothecam Tottellinam; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1475-1640_ricardi-willeii-poematum_willes-richard_1573 Textus apud Internet Archive]
* 1599 : &quot;Of the Iland Iapan and other litle Iles in the East Ocean, by R. Willes,&quot; in Hakluyt vol. ii pars 3
* 1600 : &quot;Certaine other reasons or arguments to prooue a passage by the northwest, learnedly written by Mr. Richard Willes Gentleman,&quot; in Hakluyt vol. iii 

; Versiones
* 1577, [[Petrus Martyr ab Angleria|Petri Martyris ab Angleria]] ''[[De orbe novo decades]]'', versione [[Ricardus Eden|Ricardi Eden]] refecta : ''The history of travayle in the West and East Indies''. Londinii: Richard Jugge; [https://archive.org/details/historyoftrauayl00angh/ Textus apud Internet Archive]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Louise Bénat-Tachot, &quot;[https://journals.openedition.org/viatica/4614?lang=fr Richard Willes, ''The history of travayle in the West and East Indies and other countreys lying eyther way towardes the fruitfull and ryche Moluccas'' (Londres, 1577). Un auteur singulier pour une œuvre singulière]&quot; in ''Viatica'' vol. 12 (2025)
* Michael Brennan, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/michael-brennan-the-texts-of-peter-martyrs-de-orbe-novo-decades-1504-1628-a-response-to-andrew-hadfield/ The Texts of Peter Martyr's De orbe novo decades (1504-1628): A Response to Andrew Hadfield]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 2 (1996/1997) {{Penna}}
* Edward Irving Carlyle, &quot;[[:s:en:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Willes, Richard|Willes or Willey, Richard (fl. 1558–1573)]]&quot; in {{DNB}}
* {{ec|id= Fowler (1958)|c= A. D. S. Fowler, ed., ''Richard Wills: De re poetica''. Oxoniae: Luttrell Reprints, 1958 }} {{Penna}}
* Andrew Hadfield, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-peter-martyr-richard-eden-and-the-new-world-reading-experience-and-translation/ Peter Martyr, Richard Eden and the New World: Reading, Experience, and Translation]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 5 no. 1 (1995/1996); &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-authors-response/ Richard Eden and Peter Martyr: Author's Response]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 3 (1996/1997)
* Henry Morley, ed., &quot;Richard Willes: Certain other reasons or arguments to prove a passage by the north-west&quot; in ''Voyages in search of the north-west passage from the collection of Richard Hakluyt'' (Londinii: Cassell, 1886) [https://archive.org/details/voyagesinsearcho00hakluoft/page/66/mode/2up pp. 66-83]
* William Poole, &quot;[https://www.new.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/5NCN2%20(2014)%20Poole%20on%20Richard%20Willes.pdf Richard Willes: Sixteenth-Century Religious Renegade and Concrete Poet]&quot; in ''New College Notes'' no. 5 (2014) {{Penna}}

== Nexus externi ==
* Richard Wills: De re poetica, ''[https://digibug.ugr.es/bitstream/handle/10481/20246/20228739.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y The concept of poetic invention in sixteenth-century England]'' (dissertatio Universitatis Granadensis, 2011)

{{Anni vitae|1546|saeculo 16|Willes, Ricardus}}

[[Categoria:Poetae Angliae]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Hispano-Anglici]]
[[Categoria:Geographi Britanniae]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Oxoniensis]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Studii Generalis Lovaniensis]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4685" sha1="83tvqnbg30gf82eiryntmyopfrsmzgk" xml:space="preserve">{{res|Ricardus Willeius}},&lt;ref&gt;De nomine Latino sicut ipse scripsit vide titulum ''Poematum'' libri; cf. {{qc|id = Fowler (1958)}} p. 3&lt;/ref&gt; vulgo ''Richard Willes'' vel ''Wills'' ([[Pulham]] in oppido [[Dorcestria]]e die [[5 Ianuarii]] [[1546]] natus;&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id = Fowler (1958)}} p. 2&lt;/ref&gt; anno 1579 fortasse mortuus) fuit poëta, interpres et vigil [[Domus Communium (Britanniarum Regnum)|Domus Communium]] [[Parlamentum Britannicum|Parlamenti Anglici]].

Apud [[Collegium Wintoniense]] educatus est usque in annum 1561 vel 1562, magistro illis annis {{safesubst:creanda/m|en|Christopher Johnson (physician)|Christophorus Ionsonus|Christophoro Ionsono|t=2026-08-02 19:09:13}}).&lt;ref&gt;De nomine huius Latino: ''Poematum liber'' &quot;Scholia&quot; no. 52 et pag. ult.&lt;/ref&gt; In [[Collegium Novum (Oxonia)|Collegium Novum]] [[Universitas Oxoniensis|Oxoniensium]] mense Octobri [[1562]], in [[Universitas Lovaniensis|Studium Lovaniense]] anno [[1564]] intravit. [[Moguntiacum|Moguntiaci]] in [[societas Iesu|societatem Iesu]] ie [[3 Maii]] [[1565]] receptus est. Anno insequenti in Angliam reditus, tres annos socius erat Collegii Novi.

== Opera ==
; A se scripta
* 1573 : ''Ricardi Willeii Poematum liber'' (insunt &quot;De re poetica disputatio&quot; una cum carminibus aliquibus magistri Christophori Johnson). Londinii: apud Bibliothecam Tottellinam; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1475-1640_ricardi-willeii-poematum_willes-richard_1573 Textus apud Internet Archive]
* 1599 : &quot;Of the Iland Iapan and other litle Iles in the East Ocean, by R. Willes,&quot; in Hakluyt vol. ii pars 3
* 1600 : &quot;Certaine other reasons or arguments to prooue a passage by the northwest, learnedly written by Mr. Richard Willes Gentleman,&quot; in Hakluyt vol. iii 

; Versiones
* 1577, [[Petrus Martyr ab Angleria|Petri Martyris ab Angleria]] ''[[De orbe novo decades]]'', versione [[Ricardus Eden|Ricardi Eden]] refecta : ''The history of travayle in the West and East Indies''. Londinii: Richard Jugge; [https://archive.org/details/historyoftrauayl00angh/ Textus apud Internet Archive]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Louise Bénat-Tachot, &quot;[https://journals.openedition.org/viatica/4614?lang=fr Richard Willes, ''The history of travayle in the West and East Indies and other countreys lying eyther way towardes the fruitfull and ryche Moluccas'' (Londres, 1577). Un auteur singulier pour une œuvre singulière]&quot; in ''Viatica'' vol. 12 (2025)
* Michael Brennan, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/michael-brennan-the-texts-of-peter-martyrs-de-orbe-novo-decades-1504-1628-a-response-to-andrew-hadfield/ The Texts of Peter Martyr's De orbe novo decades (1504-1628): A Response to Andrew Hadfield]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 2 (1996/1997) {{Penna}}
* Edward Irving Carlyle, &quot;[[:s:en:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Willes, Richard|Willes or Willey, Richard (fl. 1558–1573)]]&quot; in {{DNB}}
* Margaret Church, &quot;The First English Pattern Poems&quot; in ''Publications of the Modern Language Association of America'' vol. 61 (1946), pp. 636-650
* {{ec|id= Fowler (1958)|c= A. D. S. Fowler, ed., ''Richard Wills: De re poetica''. Oxoniae: Luttrell Reprints, 1958 }} {{Penna}}
* Andrew Hadfield, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-peter-martyr-richard-eden-and-the-new-world-reading-experience-and-translation/ Peter Martyr, Richard Eden and the New World: Reading, Experience, and Translation]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 5 no. 1 (1995/1996); &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-authors-response/ Richard Eden and Peter Martyr: Author's Response]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 3 (1996/1997)
* Henry Morley, ed., &quot;Richard Willes: Certain other reasons or arguments to prove a passage by the north-west&quot; in ''Voyages in search of the north-west passage from the collection of Richard Hakluyt'' (Londinii: Cassell, 1886) [https://archive.org/details/voyagesinsearcho00hakluoft/page/66/mode/2up pp. 66-83]
* William Poole, &quot;[https://www.new.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/5NCN2%20(2014)%20Poole%20on%20Richard%20Willes.pdf Richard Willes: Sixteenth-Century Religious Renegade and Concrete Poet]&quot; in ''New College Notes'' no. 5 (2014) {{Penna}}

== Nexus externi ==
* Richard Wills: De re poetica, ''[https://digibug.ugr.es/bitstream/handle/10481/20246/20228739.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y The concept of poetic invention in sixteenth-century England]'' (dissertatio Universitatis Granadensis, 2011)

{{Anni vitae|1546|saeculo 16|Willes, Ricardus}}

[[Categoria:Poetae Angliae]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Hispano-Anglici]]
[[Categoria:Geographi Britanniae]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Oxoniensis]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Studii Generalis Lovaniensis]]</text>
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Apud [[Collegium Wintoniense]] educatus est usque in annum 1561 vel 1562, magistro illis annis {{safesubst:creanda/m|en|Christopher Johnson (physician)|Christophorus Ionsonus|Christophoro Ionsono|t=2026-08-02 19:09:13}}).&lt;ref&gt;De nomine huius Latino: ''Poematum liber'' &quot;Scholia&quot; no. 52 et pag. ult.&lt;/ref&gt; In [[Collegium Novum (Oxonia)|Collegium Novum]] [[Universitas Oxoniensis|Oxoniensium]] mense Octobri [[1562]], in [[Universitas Lovaniensis|Studium Lovaniense]] anno [[1564]] intravit. [[Moguntiacum|Moguntiaci]] in [[societas Iesu|societatem Iesu]] die [[3 Maii]] [[1565]] receptus est. Anno insequenti in Angliam reditus, tres annos socius erat Collegii Novi.

== Opera ==
; A se scripta
* 1573 : ''Ricardi Willeii Poematum liber'' (insunt &quot;De re poetica disputatio&quot; una cum carminibus aliquibus magistri Christophori Johnson). Londinii: apud Bibliothecam Tottellinam; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1475-1640_ricardi-willeii-poematum_willes-richard_1573 Textus apud Internet Archive]
* 1599 : &quot;Of the Iland Iapan and other litle Iles in the East Ocean, by R. Willes,&quot; in Hakluyt vol. ii pars 3
* 1600 : &quot;Certaine other reasons or arguments to prooue a passage by the northwest, learnedly written by Mr. Richard Willes Gentleman,&quot; in Hakluyt vol. iii 

; Versiones
* 1577, [[Petrus Martyr ab Angleria|Petri Martyris ab Angleria]] ''[[De orbe novo decades]]'', versione [[Ricardus Eden|Ricardi Eden]] refecta : ''The history of travayle in the West and East Indies''. Londinii: Richard Jugge; [https://archive.org/details/historyoftrauayl00angh/ Textus apud Internet Archive]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Louise Bénat-Tachot, &quot;[https://journals.openedition.org/viatica/4614?lang=fr Richard Willes, ''The history of travayle in the West and East Indies and other countreys lying eyther way towardes the fruitfull and ryche Moluccas'' (Londres, 1577). Un auteur singulier pour une œuvre singulière]&quot; in ''Viatica'' vol. 12 (2025)
* Michael Brennan, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/michael-brennan-the-texts-of-peter-martyrs-de-orbe-novo-decades-1504-1628-a-response-to-andrew-hadfield/ The Texts of Peter Martyr's De orbe novo decades (1504-1628): A Response to Andrew Hadfield]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 2 (1996/1997) {{Penna}}
* Edward Irving Carlyle, &quot;[[:s:en:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Willes, Richard|Willes or Willey, Richard (fl. 1558–1573)]]&quot; in {{DNB}}
* Margaret Church, &quot;The First English Pattern Poems&quot; in ''Publications of the Modern Language Association of America'' vol. 61 (1946), pp. 636-650
* {{ec|id= Fowler (1958)|c= A. D. S. Fowler, ed., ''Richard Wills: De re poetica''. Oxoniae: Luttrell Reprints, 1958 }} {{Penna}}
* Andrew Hadfield, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-peter-martyr-richard-eden-and-the-new-world-reading-experience-and-translation/ Peter Martyr, Richard Eden and the New World: Reading, Experience, and Translation]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 5 no. 1 (1995/1996); &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-authors-response/ Richard Eden and Peter Martyr: Author's Response]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 3 (1996/1997)
* Henry Morley, ed., &quot;Richard Willes: Certain other reasons or arguments to prove a passage by the north-west&quot; in ''Voyages in search of the north-west passage from the collection of Richard Hakluyt'' (Londinii: Cassell, 1886) [https://archive.org/details/voyagesinsearcho00hakluoft/page/66/mode/2up pp. 66-83]
* William Poole, &quot;[https://www.new.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/5NCN2%20(2014)%20Poole%20on%20Richard%20Willes.pdf Richard Willes: Sixteenth-Century Religious Renegade and Concrete Poet]&quot; in ''New College Notes'' no. 5 (2014) {{Penna}}

== Nexus externi ==
* Richard Wills: De re poetica, ''[https://digibug.ugr.es/bitstream/handle/10481/20246/20228739.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y The concept of poetic invention in sixteenth-century England]'' (dissertatio Universitatis Granadensis, 2011)

{{Anni vitae|1546|saeculo 16|Willes, Ricardus}}

[[Categoria:Poetae Angliae]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Hispano-Anglici]]
[[Categoria:Geographi Britanniae]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Oxoniensis]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Studii Generalis Lovaniensis]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4709" sha1="bj70nofq88jc1fso6n9db0ff5d5jhlx" xml:space="preserve">{{res|Ricardus Willeius}},&lt;ref&gt;De nomine Latino sicut ipse scripsit vide titulum ''Poematum'' libri; cf. {{qc|id = Fowler (1958)}} p. 3&lt;/ref&gt; vulgo ''Richard Willes'' vel ''Wills'' ([[Pulham]] in oppido [[Dorcestria]]e die [[5 Ianuarii]] [[1546]] natus;&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id = Fowler (1958)}} p. 2&lt;/ref&gt; anno 1579 fortasse mortuus) fuit poëta, interpres et vigil [[Domus Communium (Britanniarum Regnum)|Domus Communium]] [[Parlamentum Britannicum|Parlamenti Anglici]].

Apud [[Collegium Wintoniense]] educatus est usque in annum 1561 vel 1562, magistro illis annis {{safesubst:creanda/m|en|Christopher Johnson (physician)|Christophorus Ionsonus|Christophoro Ionsono|t=2026-08-02 19:09:13}}).&lt;ref&gt;De nomine huius Latino: ''Poematum liber'' &quot;Scholia&quot; no. 52 et pag. ult.&lt;/ref&gt; In [[Collegium Novum (Oxonia)|Collegium Novum]] [[Universitas Oxoniensis|Oxoniensium]] mense Octobri [[1562]], in [[Universitas Lovaniensis|Studium Lovaniense]] anno [[1564]] intravit. [[Moguntiacum|Moguntiaci]] in [[societas Iesu|societatem Iesu]] die [[3 Maii]] [[1565]] receptus est. Anno insequenti in Angliam reditus, tres annos socius erat Collegii Novi.

== Opera ==
; A se scripta
* 1573 : ''Ricardi Willeii Poematum liber'' (insunt &quot;De re poetica disputatio&quot; una cum carminibus aliquibus magistri Christophori Johnson). Londinii: apud Bibliothecam Tottellinam; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1475-1640_ricardi-willeii-poematum_willes-richard_1573 Textus apud Internet Archive]
* 1599 : &quot;Of the Iland Iapan and other litle Iles in the East Ocean, by R. Willes,&quot; in Hakluyt vol. ii pars 3
* 1600 : &quot;Certaine other reasons or arguments to prooue a passage by the northwest, learnedly written by Mr. Richard Willes Gentleman,&quot; in Hakluyt vol. iii 

; Versiones
* 1577, [[Petrus Martyr ab Angleria|Petri Martyris ab Angleria]] ''[[De orbe novo decades]]'', versione [[Ricardus Eden|Ricardi Eden]] refecta : ''The history of travayle in the West and East Indies''. Londinii: Richard Jugge; [https://archive.org/details/historyoftrauayl00angh/ Textus apud Internet Archive]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Louise Bénat-Tachot, &quot;[https://journals.openedition.org/viatica/4614?lang=fr Richard Willes, ''The history of travayle in the West and East Indies and other countreys lying eyther way towardes the fruitfull and ryche Moluccas'' (Londres, 1577). Un auteur singulier pour une œuvre singulière]&quot; in ''Viatica'' vol. 12 (2025)
* Michael Brennan, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/michael-brennan-the-texts-of-peter-martyrs-de-orbe-novo-decades-1504-1628-a-response-to-andrew-hadfield/ The Texts of Peter Martyr's De orbe novo decades (1504-1628): A Response to Andrew Hadfield]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 2 (1996/1997) {{Penna}}
* Edward Irving Carlyle, &quot;[[:s:en:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Willes, Richard|Willes or Willey, Richard (fl. 1558–1573)]]&quot; in {{DNB}}
* Margaret Church, &quot;The First English Pattern Poems&quot; in ''Publications of the Modern Language Association of America'' vol. 61 (1946), pp. 636-650
* {{ec|id= Fowler (1958)|c= A. D. S. Fowler, ed., ''Richard Wills: De re poetica''. Oxoniae: Luttrell Reprints, 1958 }} {{Penna}}
* Andrew Hadfield, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-peter-martyr-richard-eden-and-the-new-world-reading-experience-and-translation/ Peter Martyr, Richard Eden and the New World: Reading, Experience, and Translation]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 5 no. 1 (1995/1996); &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-authors-response/ Richard Eden and Peter Martyr: Author's Response]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 3 (1996/1997)
* Henry Morley, ed., &quot;Richard Willes: Certain other reasons or arguments to prove a passage by the north-west&quot; in ''Voyages in search of the north-west passage from the collection of Richard Hakluyt'' (Londinii: Cassell, 1886) [https://archive.org/details/voyagesinsearcho00hakluoft/page/66/mode/2up pp. 66-83]
* William Poole, &quot;[https://www.new.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/5NCN2%20(2014)%20Poole%20on%20Richard%20Willes.pdf Richard Willes: Sixteenth-Century Religious Renegade and Concrete Poet]&quot; in ''New College Notes'' no. 5 (2014) {{Penna}}

== Nexus externi ==
* Richard Wills: De re poetica, ''[https://digibug.ugr.es/bitstream/handle/10481/20246/20228739.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y The concept of poetic invention in sixteenth-century England]'' (dissertatio Universitatis Granadensis, 2011)

{{Anni vitae|1546|saeculo 16|Willes, Ricardus}}

[[Categoria:Poetae Angliae]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Hispano-Anglici]]
[[Categoria:Geographi Britanniae]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Oxoniensis]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Studii Generalis Lovaniensis]]
[[Categoria:Iesuitae]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4833" sha1="os7ybd501vkk3j55rw5zul23kmid742" xml:space="preserve">{{res|Ricardus Willeius}},&lt;ref&gt;De nomine Latino sicut ipse scripsit vide titulum ''Poematum'' libri; cf. {{qc|id = Fowler (1958)}} p. 3&lt;/ref&gt; vulgo ''Richard Willes'' vel ''Wills'' ([[Pulham]] in oppido [[Dorcestria]]e die [[5 Ianuarii]] [[1546]] natus;&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id = Fowler (1958)}} p. 2&lt;/ref&gt; anno 1579 fortasse mortuus) fuit poëta, interpres et vigil [[Domus Communium (Britanniarum Regnum)|Domus Communium]] [[Parlamentum Britannicum|Parlamenti Anglici]].

Apud [[Collegium Wintoniense]] educatus est usque in annum 1561 vel 1562, magistro illis annis {{safesubst:creanda/m|en|Christopher Johnson (physician)|Christophorus Ionsonus|Christophoro Ionsono|t=2026-08-02 19:09:13}}).&lt;ref&gt;De nomine huius Latino: ''Poematum liber'' &quot;Scholia&quot; no. 52 et pag. ult.&lt;/ref&gt; In [[Collegium Novum (Oxonia)|Collegium Novum]] [[Universitas Oxoniensis|Oxoniensium]] mense Octobri [[1562]], in [[Universitas Lovaniensis|Studium Lovaniense]] anno [[1564]] intravit. [[Moguntiacum|Moguntiaci]] in [[societas Iesu|societatem Iesu]] die [[3 Maii]] [[1565]] receptus est. Anno insequenti in Angliam reditus, tres annos socius erat Collegii Novi.

== Opera ==
; A se scripta
* 1573 : ''Ricardi Willeii Poematum liber''. Londinii: apud Bibliothecam Tottellinam; [https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1475-1640_ricardi-willeii-poematum_willes-richard_1573 Textus apud Internet Archive]
*: Insunt &quot;De re poetica disputatio&quot;; Christophori Johnson carmina aliqua
* 1599 : &quot;Of the Iland Iapan and other litle Iles in the East Ocean, by R. Willes,&quot; in Hakluyt vol. ii pars 3
* 1600 : &quot;Certaine other reasons or arguments to prooue a passage by the northwest, learnedly written by Mr. Richard Willes Gentleman,&quot; in Hakluyt vol. iii 

; Versiones
* 1577, [[Petrus Martyr ab Angleria|Petri Martyris ab Angleria]] ''[[De orbe novo decades]]'', versione [[Ricardus Eden|Ricardi Eden]] refecta : ''The history of travayle in the West and East Indies''. Londinii: Richard Jugge; [https://archive.org/details/historyoftrauayl00angh/ Textus apud Internet Archive]
*: Inest &quot;Certain reports of the province China, learned through the Portugals there imprisoned, and chiefly by the relation of Galeote Pereira&quot;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Louise Bénat-Tachot, &quot;[https://journals.openedition.org/viatica/4614?lang=fr Richard Willes, ''The history of travayle in the West and East Indies and other countreys lying eyther way towardes the fruitfull and ryche Moluccas'' (Londres, 1577). Un auteur singulier pour une œuvre singulière]&quot; in ''Viatica'' vol. 12 (2025)
* Michael Brennan, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/michael-brennan-the-texts-of-peter-martyrs-de-orbe-novo-decades-1504-1628-a-response-to-andrew-hadfield/ The Texts of Peter Martyr's De orbe novo decades (1504-1628): A Response to Andrew Hadfield]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 2 (1996/1997) {{Penna}}
* Edward Irving Carlyle, &quot;[[:s:en:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Willes, Richard|Willes or Willey, Richard (fl. 1558–1573)]]&quot; in {{DNB}}
* Margaret Church, &quot;The First English Pattern Poems&quot; in ''Publications of the Modern Language Association of America'' vol. 61 (1946), pp. 636-650
* {{ec|id= Fowler (1958)|c= A. D. S. Fowler, ed., ''Richard Wills: De re poetica''. Oxoniae: Luttrell Reprints, 1958 }} {{Penna}}
* Andrew Hadfield, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-peter-martyr-richard-eden-and-the-new-world-reading-experience-and-translation/ Peter Martyr, Richard Eden and the New World: Reading, Experience, and Translation]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 5 no. 1 (1995/1996); &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-authors-response/ Richard Eden and Peter Martyr: Author's Response]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 3 (1996/1997)
* Henry Morley, ed., &quot;Richard Willes: Certain other reasons or arguments to prove a passage by the north-west&quot; in ''Voyages in search of the north-west passage from the collection of Richard Hakluyt'' (Londinii: Cassell, 1886) [https://archive.org/details/voyagesinsearcho00hakluoft/page/66/mode/2up pp. 66-83]
* William Poole, &quot;[https://www.new.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/5NCN2%20(2014)%20Poole%20on%20Richard%20Willes.pdf Richard Willes: Sixteenth-Century Religious Renegade and Concrete Poet]&quot; in ''New College Notes'' no. 5 (2014) {{Penna}}

== Nexus externi ==
* Richard Wills: De re poetica, ''[https://digibug.ugr.es/bitstream/handle/10481/20246/20228739.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y The concept of poetic invention in sixteenth-century England]'' (dissertatio Universitatis Granadensis, 2011)

{{Anni vitae|1546|saeculo 16|Willes, Ricardus}}

[[Categoria:Poetae Angliae]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Hispano-Anglici]]
[[Categoria:Geographi Britanniae]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Oxoniensis]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Studii Generalis Lovaniensis]]
[[Categoria:Iesuitae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Moussey (Vosegus)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>327226</id>
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      <id>3976560</id>
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        <id>54500</id>
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      <comment>creatio e francica documentatione</comment>
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      <text bytes="948" sha1="kzh12521p55xf792nurckqaam2asy4p" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Moussey-Eglise.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Moussey: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Valentinus (sanctus)|Sancto Valentino]] dicata.]]
{{res|Moussey}} est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 548 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]]. 

== Cives notabiles ==
* [[Georgius Laederich]] (1898–1969), conditor textiliae industriae in communi.
* [[Marcellus Herriot]] (1934–2017), episcopus emeritus [[Diocesis Dioecesis Suessionensis, Laudunensis et Sanquintinensis|Suessionensis]] (1999-2008) et [[Dioecesis Virodunensis|Virodunensis]] (1987-1999), hic natus est.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Moussey|Moussey}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]]</text>
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    <title>Disputatio:Moussey (Vosegus)</title>
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      <comment>attributio</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>Maurivilla</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <id>54500</id>
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[[Fasciculus:Eglise de Morville (88).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Maurivilla: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Ioannes Baptista|Sancto Ioanni Baptistae]] dicata.]]
{{res|Maurivilla}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse}}, t. 2, p. 527.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Francogallice]]: ''Morville'') est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 42 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Morville|Maurivillam}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Disputatio:Maurivilla</title>
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      <comment>attributio</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>Ricardus Eden</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-02T15:46:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
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      <comment>initium</comment>
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      <text bytes="3158" sha1="lruk92npfwb5k4h4o852bejgfa5wn1s" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
{{res|Ricardus Eden}}, vulgo ''Rycharde'' vel ''Richard'' (anno circiter 1520 natus; mortuus anno [[1576]]) fuit alchemista et interpres operum de exploratione.

== Opera ==
* 1555, [[Petrus Martyr ab Angleria|Petri Martyris ab Angleria]] ''[[De orbe novo decades]]'' : ''The decades of the newe worlde or west India ... wrytten in the Latine tounge by Peter Martyr of Angleria, and translated into Englysshe''. Londini: in aedibus Guilhelmi Powell pro William Seres, Edward Sutton, Richard Jugge et Robert Toy; [https://archive.org/details/decadesofnewewor00angh/ Textus apud Internet Archive]; [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.69015000005864 apud Hathi Trust];  [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/a20032.0001.001/1:14.12?rgn=div2;view=toc editio interretialis apud Michiganenses]
** 1577 ([[Ricardus Willes|Richarde Willes]], ed.) : ''The history of travayle in the West and East Indies''. Londinii: Richard Jugge; [https://archive.org/details/historyoftrauayl00angh/ Textus apud Internet Archive]
** 1966 : ''The decades of the Newe Worlde or West India''. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms; [https://archive.org/details/decadesofnewewor0013unse/ Exemplar mutuabile]

== Bibliographia ==
* Louise Bénat-Tachot, &quot;[https://journals.openedition.org/viatica/4614?lang=fr Richard Willes, The history of travayle in the West and East Indies and other countreys lying eyther way towardes the fruitfull and ryche Moluccas (Londres, 1577). Un auteur singulier pour une œuvre singulière]&quot; in ''Viatica'' vol. 12 (2025)
* Michael Brennan, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/michael-brennan-the-texts-of-peter-martyrs-de-orbe-novo-decades-1504-1628-a-response-to-andrew-hadfield/ The Texts of Peter Martyr's De orbe novo decades (1504-1628): A Response to Andrew Hadfield]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 2 (1996/1997) {{Penna}}
* Rita De Maeseneer, &quot;El Nuevo Mundo comestible de Colón. Los contextos culinarios en la primera Década del Nuevo Mundo de Pedro Mártir de Anglería&quot; in Rita de Maeseneer, Patrick Collard, edd., ''Saberes y sabores en México y el Caribe'' (''Foro Hispánico'' vol. 39. 2010) pp. 235–266
* [[Brigitta Gauvin|Brigitte Gauvin]], &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240634688_De_l'animal_sauvage_a_l'animal_fantastique_les_creatures_du_Nouveau_Monde_dans_les_huit_Decades_de_Pierre_Martyr_d'Anghiera De l’animal sauvage à l’animal fantastique: les créatures du Nouveau Monde dans les huit Décades de Pierre Martyr d’Anghiera]&quot; in ''Schedae'' (2009 n° 1) pp. 55-72
* Andrew Hadfield, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-peter-martyr-richard-eden-and-the-new-world-reading-experience-and-translation/ Peter Martyr, Richard Eden and the New World: Reading, Experience, and Translation]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 5 no. 1 (1995/1996); &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-authors-response/ Richard Eden and Peter Martyr: Author's Response]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 3 (1996/1997)
* Andrew Hadfield, &quot;Eden, Richard (c.1520–1576)&quot; (2004) in {{ODNB}}

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}

{{Anni vitae|saeculo 16|1576|Eden, Ricardus}}</text>
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{{res|Ricardus Eden}}, vulgo ''Rycharde'' vel ''Richard'' (anno circiter 1520 natus; mortuus anno [[1576]]), filius mercatoris, alumnus collegiorum [[Collegium Christi (Cantabrigia)|Christi]] et [[Collegium Reginale (Cantabrigia)|Reginalis]] apud [[Universitas Cantabrigiensis|Cantabrigienses]], fuit alchemista et interpres operum de exploratione.

[[Cantabrigia]]e discipulus fuit {{safesubst:creanda/m|en|Thomas Smith (diplomat)|Thomas Smith|Thomae Smith|t=2026-08-02 16:00:09}} legati et iuris civilis professor. 

== Opera ==
* 1555, [[Petrus Martyr ab Angleria|Petri Martyris ab Angleria]] ''[[De orbe novo decades]]'' : ''The decades of the newe worlde or west India ... wrytten in the Latine tounge by Peter Martyr of Angleria, and translated into Englysshe''. Londini: in aedibus Guilhelmi Powell pro William Seres, Edward Sutton, Richard Jugge et Robert Toy; [https://archive.org/details/decadesofnewewor00angh/ Textus apud Internet Archive]; [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.69015000005864 apud Hathi Trust];  [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/a20032.0001.001/1:14.12?rgn=div2;view=toc editio interretialis apud Michiganenses]
** 1577 ([[Ricardus Willes|Richarde Willes]], ed.) : ''The history of travayle in the West and East Indies''. Londinii: Richard Jugge; [https://archive.org/details/historyoftrauayl00angh/ Textus apud Internet Archive]
** 1966 : ''The decades of the Newe Worlde or West India''. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms; [https://archive.org/details/decadesofnewewor0013unse/ Exemplar mutuabile]

== Bibliographia ==
* Louise Bénat-Tachot, &quot;[https://journals.openedition.org/viatica/4614?lang=fr Richard Willes, The history of travayle in the West and East Indies and other countreys lying eyther way towardes the fruitfull and ryche Moluccas (Londres, 1577). Un auteur singulier pour une œuvre singulière]&quot; in ''Viatica'' vol. 12 (2025)
* Michael Brennan, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/michael-brennan-the-texts-of-peter-martyrs-de-orbe-novo-decades-1504-1628-a-response-to-andrew-hadfield/ The Texts of Peter Martyr's De orbe novo decades (1504-1628): A Response to Andrew Hadfield]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 2 (1996/1997) {{Penna}}
* Rita De Maeseneer, &quot;El Nuevo Mundo comestible de Colón. Los contextos culinarios en la primera Década del Nuevo Mundo de Pedro Mártir de Anglería&quot; in Rita de Maeseneer, Patrick Collard, edd., ''Saberes y sabores en México y el Caribe'' (''Foro Hispánico'' vol. 39. 2010) pp. 235–266
* [[Brigitta Gauvin|Brigitte Gauvin]], &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240634688_De_l'animal_sauvage_a_l'animal_fantastique_les_creatures_du_Nouveau_Monde_dans_les_huit_Decades_de_Pierre_Martyr_d'Anghiera De l’animal sauvage à l’animal fantastique: les créatures du Nouveau Monde dans les huit Décades de Pierre Martyr d’Anghiera]&quot; in ''Schedae'' (2009 n° 1) pp. 55-72
* D. Gwyn, &quot;Richard Eden: cosmographer and alchemist&quot; in ''Sixteenth-Century Journal'' vol. 15 (1984) pp. 13–34
* Andrew Hadfield, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-peter-martyr-richard-eden-and-the-new-world-reading-experience-and-translation/ Peter Martyr, Richard Eden and the New World: Reading, Experience, and Translation]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 5 no. 1 (1995/1996); &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-authors-response/ Richard Eden and Peter Martyr: Author's Response]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 3 (1996/1997)
* Andrew Hadfield, &quot;Eden, Richard (c.1520–1576)&quot; (2004) in {{ODNB}}
* C. J. Kitching, &quot;Alchemy in the reign of Edward VI: an episode in the careers of Richard Whalley and Richard Eden&quot; in ''Bulletin of the Institute of Hisstorical Research'' vol. 44 (1971) pp. 308–315

{{Anni vitae|saeculo 16|1576|Eden, Ricardus}}</text>
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{{res|Ricardus Eden}}, vulgo ''Rycharde'' vel ''Richard'' (anno circiter 1520 natus; mortuus anno [[1576]]), filius mercatoris, alumnus collegiorum [[Collegium Christi (Cantabrigia)|Christi]] et [[Collegium Reginale (Cantabrigia)|Reginalis]] apud [[Universitas Cantabrigiensis|Cantabrigienses]], fuit alchemista et interpres operum de exploratione.

[[Cantabrigia]]e discipulus fuit {{safesubst:creanda/m|en|Thomas Smith (diplomat)|Thomas Smith|Thomae Smith|t=2026-08-02 16:00:09}} legati et iuris civilis professor. 

== Opera ==
* 1555, [[Petrus Martyr ab Angleria|Petri Martyris ab Angleria]] ''[[De orbe novo decades]]'' : ''The decades of the newe worlde or west India ... wrytten in the Latine tounge by Peter Martyr of Angleria, and translated into Englysshe''. Londini: in aedibus Guilhelmi Powell pro William Seres, Edward Sutton, Richard Jugge et Robert Toy; [https://archive.org/details/decadesofnewewor00angh/ Textus apud Internet Archive]; [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.69015000005864 apud Hathi Trust];  [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/a20032.0001.001/1:14.12?rgn=div2;view=toc editio interretialis apud Michiganenses]
** 1577 ([[Ricardus Willes|Richarde Willes]], ed.) : ''The history of travayle in the West and East Indies''. Londinii: Richard Jugge; [https://archive.org/details/historyoftrauayl00angh/ Textus apud Internet Archive]
** 1966 : ''The decades of the Newe Worlde or West India''. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms; [https://archive.org/details/decadesofnewewor0013unse/ Exemplar mutuabile]

== Bibliographia ==
* Louise Bénat-Tachot, &quot;[https://journals.openedition.org/viatica/4614?lang=fr Richard Willes, The history of travayle in the West and East Indies and other countreys lying eyther way towardes the fruitfull and ryche Moluccas (Londres, 1577). Un auteur singulier pour une œuvre singulière]&quot; in ''Viatica'' vol. 12 (2025)
* Michael Brennan, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/michael-brennan-the-texts-of-peter-martyrs-de-orbe-novo-decades-1504-1628-a-response-to-andrew-hadfield/ The Texts of Peter Martyr's De orbe novo decades (1504-1628): A Response to Andrew Hadfield]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 2 (1996/1997) {{Penna}}
* Rita De Maeseneer, &quot;El Nuevo Mundo comestible de Colón. Los contextos culinarios en la primera Década del Nuevo Mundo de Pedro Mártir de Anglería&quot; in Rita de Maeseneer, Patrick Collard, edd., ''Saberes y sabores en México y el Caribe'' (''Foro Hispánico'' vol. 39. 2010) pp. 235–266
* [[Brigitta Gauvin|Brigitte Gauvin]], &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240634688_De_l'animal_sauvage_a_l'animal_fantastique_les_creatures_du_Nouveau_Monde_dans_les_huit_Decades_de_Pierre_Martyr_d'Anghiera De l’animal sauvage à l’animal fantastique: les créatures du Nouveau Monde dans les huit Décades de Pierre Martyr d’Anghiera]&quot; in ''Schedae'' (2009 n° 1) pp. 55-72
* D. Gwyn, &quot;Richard Eden: cosmographer and alchemist&quot; in ''Sixteenth-Century Journal'' vol. 15 (1984) pp. 13–34
* Andrew Hadfield, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-peter-martyr-richard-eden-and-the-new-world-reading-experience-and-translation/ Peter Martyr, Richard Eden and the New World: Reading, Experience, and Translation]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 5 no. 1 (1995/1996); &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-authors-response/ Richard Eden and Peter Martyr: Author's Response]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 3 (1996/1997)
* Andrew Hadfield, &quot;Eden, Richard (c.1520–1576)&quot; (2004) in {{ODNB}}
* C. J. Kitching, &quot;Alchemy in the reign of Edward VI: an episode in the careers of Richard Whalley and Richard Eden&quot; in ''Bulletin of the Institute of Hisstorical Research'' vol. 44 (1971) pp. 308–315

{{Anni vitae|saeculo 16|1576|Eden, Ricardus}}

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{{res|Ricardus Eden}}, vulgo ''Rycharde'' vel ''Richard'' (anno circiter 1520 natus; mortuus anno [[1576]]), filius mercatoris, alumnus collegiorum [[Collegium Christi (Cantabrigia)|Christi]] et [[Collegium Reginale (Cantabrigia)|Reginalis]] apud [[Universitas Cantabrigiensis|Cantabrigienses]], fuit alchemista et interpres operum de exploratione.

[[Cantabrigia]]e discipulus fuit {{safesubst:creanda/m|en|Thomas Smith (diplomat)|Thomas Smith|Thomae Smith|t=2026-08-02 16:00:09}} legati et iuris civilis professor. 

== Opera ==
* 1555, [[Petrus Martyr ab Angleria|Petri Martyris ab Angleria]] ''[[De orbe novo decades]]'' : ''The decades of the newe worlde or west India ... wrytten in the Latine tounge by Peter Martyr of Angleria, and translated into Englysshe''. Londini: in aedibus Guilhelmi Powell pro William Seres, Edward Sutton, Richard Jugge et Robert Toy; [https://archive.org/details/decadesofnewewor00angh/ Textus apud Internet Archive]; [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.69015000005864 apud Hathi Trust];  [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/a20032.0001.001/1:14.12?rgn=div2;view=toc editio interretialis apud Michiganenses]
** 1577 ([[Ricardus Willes|Richarde Willes]], ed.) : ''The history of travayle in the West and East Indies''. Londinii: Richard Jugge; [https://archive.org/details/historyoftrauayl00angh/ Textus apud Internet Archive]
** 1966 : ''The decades of the Newe Worlde or West India''. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms; [https://archive.org/details/decadesofnewewor0013unse/ Exemplar mutuabile]

== Bibliographia ==
* Louise Bénat-Tachot, &quot;[https://journals.openedition.org/viatica/4614?lang=fr Richard Willes, The history of travayle in the West and East Indies and other countreys lying eyther way towardes the fruitfull and ryche Moluccas (Londres, 1577). Un auteur singulier pour une œuvre singulière]&quot; in ''Viatica'' vol. 12 (2025)
* Michael Brennan, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/michael-brennan-the-texts-of-peter-martyrs-de-orbe-novo-decades-1504-1628-a-response-to-andrew-hadfield/ The Texts of Peter Martyr's De orbe novo decades (1504-1628): A Response to Andrew Hadfield]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 2 (1996/1997) {{Penna}}
* Rita De Maeseneer, &quot;El Nuevo Mundo comestible de Colón. Los contextos culinarios en la primera Década del Nuevo Mundo de Pedro Mártir de Anglería&quot; in Rita de Maeseneer, Patrick Collard, edd., ''Saberes y sabores en México y el Caribe'' (''Foro Hispánico'' vol. 39. 2010) pp. 235–266
* [[Brigitta Gauvin|Brigitte Gauvin]], &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240634688_De_l'animal_sauvage_a_l'animal_fantastique_les_creatures_du_Nouveau_Monde_dans_les_huit_Decades_de_Pierre_Martyr_d'Anghiera De l’animal sauvage à l’animal fantastique: les créatures du Nouveau Monde dans les huit Décades de Pierre Martyr d’Anghiera]&quot; in ''Schedae'' (2009 n° 1) pp. 55-72
* D. Gwyn, &quot;Richard Eden: cosmographer and alchemist&quot; in ''Sixteenth-Century Journal'' vol. 15 (1984) pp. 13–34
* Andrew Hadfield, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-peter-martyr-richard-eden-and-the-new-world-reading-experience-and-translation/ Peter Martyr, Richard Eden and the New World: Reading, Experience, and Translation]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 5 no. 1 (1995/1996); &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-authors-response/ Richard Eden and Peter Martyr: Author's Response]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 3 (1996/1997)
* Andrew Hadfield, &quot;Eden, Richard (c.1520–1576)&quot; (2004) in {{ODNB}}
* C. J. Kitching, &quot;Alchemy in the reign of Edward VI: an episode in the careers of Richard Whalley and Richard Eden&quot; in ''Bulletin of the Institute of Hisstorical Research'' vol. 44 (1971) pp. 308–315

{{Anni vitae|saeculo 16|1576|Eden, Ricardus}}

[[Categoria:Interpretes Latino-Anglici]]
[[Categoria:Alchemistae]]</text>
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{{res|Ricardus Eden}}, vulgo ''Rycharde'' vel ''Richard'' (anno circiter 1520 natus; mortuus anno [[1576]]), filius mercatoris, alumnus collegiorum [[Collegium Christi (Cantabrigia)|Christi]] et [[Collegium Reginale (Cantabrigia)|Reginalis]] apud [[Universitas Cantabrigiensis|Cantabrigienses]], fuit alchemista et interpres operum de exploratione.

[[Cantabrigia]]e discipulus fuit {{safesubst:creanda/m|en|Thomas Smith (diplomat)|Thomas Smith|Thomae Smith|t=2026-08-02 16:00:09}} legati et iuris civilis professor. 

== Opera ==
* 1555, [[Petrus Martyr ab Angleria|Petri Martyris ab Angleria]] ''[[De orbe novo decades]]'' : ''The decades of the newe worlde or west India ... wrytten in the Latine tounge by Peter Martyr of Angleria, and translated into Englysshe''. Londini: in aedibus Guilhelmi Powell pro William Seres, Edward Sutton, Richard Jugge et Robert Toy; [https://archive.org/details/decadesofnewewor00angh/ Textus apud Internet Archive]; [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.69015000005864 apud Hathi Trust];  [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/a20032.0001.001/1:14.12?rgn=div2;view=toc editio interretialis apud Michiganenses]
** 1577 ([[Ricardus Willes|Richarde Willes]], ed.) : ''The history of travayle in the West and East Indies''. Londinii: Richard Jugge; [https://archive.org/details/historyoftrauayl00angh/ Textus apud Internet Archive]
** 1966 : ''The decades of the Newe Worlde or West India''. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms; [https://archive.org/details/decadesofnewewor0013unse/ Exemplar mutuabile]

== Bibliographia ==
* Louise Bénat-Tachot, &quot;[https://journals.openedition.org/viatica/4614?lang=fr Richard Willes, The history of travayle in the West and East Indies and other countreys lying eyther way towardes the fruitfull and ryche Moluccas (Londres, 1577). Un auteur singulier pour une œuvre singulière]&quot; in ''Viatica'' vol. 12 (2025)
* Michael Brennan, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/michael-brennan-the-texts-of-peter-martyrs-de-orbe-novo-decades-1504-1628-a-response-to-andrew-hadfield/ The Texts of Peter Martyr's De orbe novo decades (1504-1628): A Response to Andrew Hadfield]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 2 (1996/1997) {{Penna}}
* D. Gwyn, &quot;Richard Eden: cosmographer and alchemist&quot; in ''Sixteenth-Century Journal'' vol. 15 (1984) pp. 13–34
* Andrew Hadfield, &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-peter-martyr-richard-eden-and-the-new-world-reading-experience-and-translation/ Peter Martyr, Richard Eden and the New World: Reading, Experience, and Translation]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 5 no. 1 (1995/1996); &quot;[https://www.connotations.de/article/andrew-hadfield-authors-response/ Richard Eden and Peter Martyr: Author's Response]&quot; in ''Connotations'' vol. 6 no. 3 (1996/1997)
* Andrew Hadfield, &quot;Eden, Richard (c.1520–1576)&quot; (2004) in {{ODNB}}
* C. J. Kitching, &quot;Alchemy in the reign of Edward VI: an episode in the careers of Richard Whalley and Richard Eden&quot; in ''Bulletin of the Institute of Hisstorical Research'' vol. 44 (1971) pp. 308–315

{{Anni vitae|saeculo 16|1576|Eden, Ricardus}}

[[Categoria:Interpretes Latino-Anglici]]
[[Categoria:Alchemistae]]</text>
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    <title>Mors Agni</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Eglise Mortagne 1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Mors Agni: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Matthaeus|Sancto Matthaeo]] dicata.]]
{{res|Mors Agni}} seu '''Mortesna'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse}}, t. 2, p. 630.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Francogallice]]: ''Mortagne'') est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 196 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Mortagne|Mortem Agni}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]]</text>
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    <title>Morizécourt</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>3976573</id>
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      <comment>creatio e francica documentatione</comment>
      <origin>3976573</origin>
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[[Fasciculus:Morizécourt, Église Saint-Maurice.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Morizécourt: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Mauritius|Sancto Mauritio]] dicata.]]
{{res|Morizécourt}} est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 98 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]]. 

== Civis notabilis ==
* Augustus Felix Lorrain (1844-????), equestris ordinis nationalis meriti, hic natus est.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Morizécourt|Morizécourt}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]]</text>
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      <sha1>5u4gprzlqnqppr9l0qt2c3x16sh52fz</sha1>
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      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Bevern (commune generale)]] ad [[Castrum Bevernense (commune generale)]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
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      <text bytes="51" sha1="e0kgbgxkmmvoo23hwhwuszvhjm57anl" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Castrum Bevernense (commune generale)]]</text>
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      <comment>Céréales Killer movit paginam [[Usor:Europeismo]] ad [[Usor:WikipedianFromEurope]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Europeismo|Europeismo]]&quot; to &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/WikipedianFromEurope|WikipedianFromEurope]]&quot;</comment>
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  <page>
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    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Bienenbüttel]] ad [[Bienenbuttelum]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
      <origin>3976633</origin>
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      <text bytes="28" sha1="7vu3m10i26dy1mm2tc11iygzcthq9fl" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Bienenbuttelum]]</text>
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  <page>
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    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Bilshausen]] ad [[Bilshusa]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
      <origin>3976655</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22" sha1="t4c2lzkpoeh7ls9ay8wmlbobjziuvmw" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Bilshusa]]</text>
      <sha1>t4c2lzkpoeh7ls9ay8wmlbobjziuvmw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Emergência Radioativa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>327239</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3976679</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T23:29:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bartholomite</username>
        <id>116968</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nova</comment>
      <origin>3976679</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1216" sha1="b9hgh03a3vzb75oqvlkvwm1i7badsrr" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Pellicula
	| Imago = 
	| Titulus = Emergência Radioativa
    | Latinus titulus = Emergentia Radioactiva
	| Annus = [[2026]]
	| Moderator = Ferdinandus Coimbra&lt;br /&gt;Iberus Carvalho
    | Scriptor = Gustavus Lipsztein&lt;br /&gt;Ferdinandus Coimbra&lt;br /&gt;Raphael Spinola&lt;br /&gt;Stephania Degreas&lt;br /&gt;Ferdinandus Garrido
	| Actores = Ioannes Massaro&lt;br /&gt;Paulus Gorgulho&lt;br /&gt;Iosephus Andrada&lt;br /&gt;Bukassa Kabengele&lt;br /&gt;Anna Costa&lt;br /&gt;Antonius Savoy&lt;br /&gt;Leandra Leal
    | Dies editionis = [[18 Martii]] [[2026]]
	| Natio = [[Brasilia]]
	| Lingua = [[Lusitanice]]
}}
[[Fasciculus:02010019 radioactive cesium source Goiânia accident.jpg|thumb|left|Fons [[radioactivitas|radioactivus]] in casu [[Goiania]]e.]]

{{ores|Emergência Radioativa}} est [[series televisiva]] dramatica [[Brasilia]]na ab Gustavo Lipsztein anno [[2026]] creata. [[Goiania]]e posita, fabula eius inspiratur vero casu [[Caesium|Caesii-137]], quod in urbe anno [[1987]] accidit.

== Nexus externi ==
* {{IMDb title|37041021}}
* [https://www.netflix.com/br/title/81696429 Emergência Radioativa] apud [[Netflix]] {{ling|Lusitanice}}

{{cine-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Programmata televisifica 2026]]
[[Categoria:Series televisificae]]</text>
      <sha1>b9hgh03a3vzb75oqvlkvwm1i7badsrr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3976698</id>
      <parentid>3976679</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T01:50:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bartholomite</username>
        <id>116968</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3976698</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1220" sha1="b7pzvgcve29y3ldoebqjdulaxb51eag" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Pellicula
	| Imago = 
	| Titulus = Emergência Radioativa
    | Latinus titulus = Emergentia Radioactiva
	| Annus = [[2026]]
	| Moderator = Ferdinandus Coimbra&lt;br /&gt;Iberus Carvalho
    | Scriptor = Gustavus Lipsztein&lt;br /&gt;Ferdinandus Coimbra&lt;br /&gt;Raphael Spinola&lt;br /&gt;Stephania Degreas&lt;br /&gt;Ferdinandus Garrido
	| Actores = [[Ioannes Massaro]]&lt;br /&gt;Paulus Gorgulho&lt;br /&gt;Iosephus Andrada&lt;br /&gt;Bukassa Kabengele&lt;br /&gt;Anna Costa&lt;br /&gt;Antonius Savoy&lt;br /&gt;Leandra Leal
    | Dies editionis = [[18 Martii]] [[2026]]
	| Natio = [[Brasilia]]
	| Lingua = [[Lusitanice]]
}}
[[Fasciculus:02010019 radioactive cesium source Goiânia accident.jpg|thumb|left|Fons [[radioactivitas|radioactivus]] in casu [[Goiania]]e.]]

{{ores|Emergência Radioativa}} est [[series televisiva]] dramatica [[Brasilia]]na ab Gustavo Lipsztein anno [[2026]] creata. [[Goiania]]e posita, fabula eius inspiratur vero casu [[Caesium|Caesii-137]], quod in urbe anno [[1987]] accidit.

== Nexus externi ==
* {{IMDb title|37041021}}
* [https://www.netflix.com/br/title/81696429 Emergência Radioativa] apud [[Netflix]] {{ling|Lusitanice}}

{{cine-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Programmata televisifica 2026]]
[[Categoria:Series televisificae]]</text>
      <sha1>b7pzvgcve29y3ldoebqjdulaxb51eag</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3976757</id>
      <parentid>3976698</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T10:28:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3976757</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1370" sha1="eg9fjcfl89t5g2tur8dkrbfjejwsymj" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Pellicula
	| Imago = 
	| Titulus = Emergência Radioativa
    | Latinus titulus = Emergentia Radioactiva
	| Annus = [[2026]]
	| Moderator = Ferdinandus Coimbra&lt;br /&gt;Iberus Carvalho
    | Scriptor = Gustavus Lipsztein&lt;br /&gt;Ferdinandus Coimbra&lt;br /&gt;Raphael Spinola&lt;br /&gt;Stephania Degreas&lt;br /&gt;Ferdinandus Garrido
	| Actores = [[Ioannes Massaro]]&lt;br /&gt;Paulus Gorgulho&lt;br /&gt;Iosephus Andrada&lt;br /&gt;Bukassa Kabengele&lt;br /&gt;Anna Costa&lt;br /&gt;Antonius Savoy&lt;br /&gt;Leandra Leal
    | Dies editionis = [[18 Martii]] [[2026]]
	| Natio = [[Brasilia]]
	| Lingua = [[Lusitanice]]
}}
[[Fasciculus:02010019 radioactive cesium source Goiânia accident.jpg|thumb|left|Fons [[radioactivitas|radioactivus]] in casu [[Goiania]]e.]]

{{ores|Emergência Radioativa}} ('Discrimen [[radioactivitas|radioactivitatis]]') est [[drama]]tica [[series televisifica]] [[Lusitane]] acta et a {{Creanda|en|Gustavo Lipsztein|Gustavus Lipsztein|Gustavo Lipsztein}} in [[Brasilia]] anno [[2026]] disposita. Quae [[fabula]], [[Goiania]]e posita, casum [[Caesium|caesii-137]] in urbe dicto anno [[1987]] accidentem [[narratio|enarrat]].

== Nexus externi ==
* {{IMDb title|37041021}}
* [https://www.netflix.com/br/title/81696429 ''Emergência Radioativa''] apud [[Netflix]] {{ling|Lusitanice}}

{{cine-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Programmata televisifica 2026]]
[[Categoria:Series televisificae]]</text>
      <sha1>eg9fjcfl89t5g2tur8dkrbfjejwsymj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Categoria:Programmata televisifica 2026</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>327240</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3976681</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T23:31:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bartholomite</username>
        <id>116968</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paginam instituit, scribens '[[Categoria:2026]] [[Categoria:Programmata televisifica per annos digesta|2026]]'</comment>
      <origin>3976681</origin>
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      <text bytes="80" sha1="t8lk59zd666asvxt40zrv6w1538aiy5" xml:space="preserve">[[Categoria:2026]]
[[Categoria:Programmata televisifica per annos digesta|2026]]</text>
      <sha1>t8lk59zd666asvxt40zrv6w1538aiy5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ioannes Massaro</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>327241</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3976697</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T01:48:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bartholomite</username>
        <id>116968</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nova</comment>
      <origin>3976697</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="994" sha1="dfzb4e8z7j605a806g32dnfpsy8dl1z" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|Ioannes Georgius Massaro}} (vulgo ''Johnny Jorge''; natus [[urbs Fluminensis|urbis Fluminensis]] die [[20 Ianuarii]] [[1992]]) est [[histrio]] et [[dispositor cinematographicus]] [[Brasilia|Brasilicus]].

Se [[homosexualitas|homosexualem]] anno [[2021]] declaravit, tempore editionis pelliculae ''[[Os Primeiros Soldados]]'', in qua personam homosexualem agit, coincidens.

== Pelliculae selectae ==
* [[2007]]-[[2010]]: ''[[Malhação]]''
* [[2014]]: ''[[Meu Pedacinho de Chão]]''
* [[2015]]: ''[[A Regra do Jogo]]''
* [[2018]]: ''[[Deus Salve o Rei]]''
* [[2022]]: ''[[Os Primeiros Soldados]]''
* [[2023]]: ''[[Terra e Paixão]]''
* [[2026]]: ''[[Emergência Radioativa]]''

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Johnny Massaro|Ioannem Massaro}}
* {{IMDb|1895225|Ioanne Massaro}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Anni vitae|1992||Massaro, Ioannes Georgius}}
[[Categoria:Actores Brasiliae]]
[[Categoria:Homosexualitas]]
[[Categoria:Moderatores cinematographici Brasiliae]]</text>
      <sha1>dfzb4e8z7j605a806g32dnfpsy8dl1z</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Murini villa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>327242</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3976737</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T10:06:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>creatio e francica documentatione</comment>
      <origin>3976737</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="894" sha1="namcnnrop9s71utpgwpv7oq00hxnspe" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Village Moriville.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Murini villa: despectus in vicum, cum [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Mauritius|Sancto Mauritio]] dicata.]]
{{res|Murini villa}} seu '''Mauritii villa'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse}}, t. 2, p. 648.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Francogallice]]: ''Moriville'') est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 448 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]].

== Civis notabilis ==
* [[Andreas Poirson]] (1920–2003), pictor et sculptor, hic natus est.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Moriville|Murini villa}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]]</text>
      <sha1>namcnnrop9s71utpgwpv7oq00hxnspe</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Disputatio:Murini villa</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>327243</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3976740</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T10:10:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>attributio</comment>
      <origin>3976740</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="37" sha1="s1j7oav86ry5nmt7wy1v9qowlcpsglu" xml:space="preserve">{{attributio|fr|Moriville|237162589}}</text>
      <sha1>s1j7oav86ry5nmt7wy1v9qowlcpsglu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Morelli Domus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>327244</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3976741</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T10:12:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>creatio e francica documentatione</comment>
      <origin>3976741</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="801" sha1="4u8eizxjir7m3xkzplibjn5r34b5dqc" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Village Moriville.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Morelli Domus: despectus in vicum, cum [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Mauritius|Sancto Mauritio]] dicata.]]
{{res|Morelli Domus}} seu '''Morilidomus'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse}}, t. 2, p. 627.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Francogallice]]: ''Morelmaison'') est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 195 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Moriville|Morelli Domum}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]]</text>
      <sha1>4u8eizxjir7m3xkzplibjn5r34b5dqc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3976743</id>
      <parentid>3976741</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T10:13:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>imago</comment>
      <origin>3976743</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="818" sha1="ilexi7hsvtju39wnazttzl1qtk4d1wy" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Morelmaison, Église Saint-Martin.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Morelli Domus: despectus in vicum, cum [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Martinus Turonensis|Sancto Martino]] dicata.]]
{{res|Morelli Domus}} seu '''Morilidomus'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse}}, t. 2, p. 627.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Francogallice]]: ''Morelmaison'') est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 195 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Moriville|Morelli Domum}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]]</text>
      <sha1>ilexi7hsvtju39wnazttzl1qtk4d1wy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Disputatio:Morelli Domus</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>327245</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3976742</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T10:13:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>attributio</comment>
      <origin>3976742</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="39" sha1="gb0bs5z33tdm7vg2dzozdxnu4xuw17p" xml:space="preserve">{{attributio|fr|Morelmaison|238235048}}</text>
      <sha1>gb0bs5z33tdm7vg2dzozdxnu4xuw17p</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bleckede</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>327246</id>
    <redirect title="Leopolis (Saxonia Inferior)" />
    <revision>
      <id>3976746</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T10:15:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Bleckede]] ad [[Leopolis (Saxonia Inferior)]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
      <origin>3976746</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="41" sha1="kscoad6vimmlvx7na2qxfki6i4d0y4s" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Leopolis (Saxonia Inferior)]]</text>
      <sha1>kscoad6vimmlvx7na2qxfki6i4d0y4s</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Montmotier</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>327247</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3976747</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T10:18:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>creatio e francica documentatione</comment>
      <origin>3976747</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="573" sha1="ezx0rc5h86ox3uzys4zs2hbolwbhkmc" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Montmotier, Mairie.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Montmotier: [[vici conciliabulum]].]]
{{res|Montmotier}} est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 35 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]]. 

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Montmotier|Montmotier}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]]</text>
      <sha1>ezx0rc5h86ox3uzys4zs2hbolwbhkmc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Disputatio:Montmotier</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>327248</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3976748</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T10:19:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>attributio</comment>
      <origin>3976748</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="38" sha1="cl46e9jvvw5caxuvd8wqrr7u3nn53u7" xml:space="preserve">{{attributio|fr|Montmotier|237172468}}</text>
      <sha1>cl46e9jvvw5caxuvd8wqrr7u3nn53u7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Urbs Leonis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>327249</id>
    <redirect title="Leopolis (Saxonia Inferior)" />
    <revision>
      <id>3976753</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T10:26:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirigens ad [[Leopolis (Saxonia Inferior)]]</comment>
      <origin>3976753</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="41" sha1="kscoad6vimmlvx7na2qxfki6i4d0y4s" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Leopolis (Saxonia Inferior)]]</text>
      <sha1>kscoad6vimmlvx7na2qxfki6i4d0y4s</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Blekethe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>327250</id>
    <redirect title="Leopolis (Saxonia Inferior)" />
    <revision>
      <id>3976754</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T10:27:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirigens ad [[Leopolis (Saxonia Inferior)]]</comment>
      <origin>3976754</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="41" sha1="kscoad6vimmlvx7na2qxfki6i4d0y4s" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Leopolis (Saxonia Inferior)]]</text>
      <sha1>kscoad6vimmlvx7na2qxfki6i4d0y4s</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Blekede</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>327251</id>
    <redirect title="Leopolis (Saxonia Inferior)" />
    <revision>
      <id>3976755</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T10:28:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirigens ad [[Leopolis (Saxonia Inferior)]]</comment>
      <origin>3976755</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="41" sha1="kscoad6vimmlvx7na2qxfki6i4d0y4s" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Leopolis (Saxonia Inferior)]]</text>
      <sha1>kscoad6vimmlvx7na2qxfki6i4d0y4s</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Usor:Alcyoneia/common.css</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>327252</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3976756</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-03T10:28:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alcyoneia</username>
        <id>128419</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Prima adumbratio</comment>
      <origin>3976756</origin>
      <model>css</model>
      <format>text/css</format>
      <text bytes="715" sha1="g7l1y1xyfer4a27jegma142hezjmg7o" xml:space="preserve">@import url(&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Pattersonuwu/OldIcons.css&amp;action=raw&amp;ctype=text/css&quot;);

.mw-wiki-logo {background-image: url('//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Erica_-_Calluna_vulgaris_Arabella.jpg') !important;}

.mw-logo-icon {
  visibility:hidden
}
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    <title>Blekedum</title>
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    <redirect title="Leopolis (Saxonia Inferior)" />
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      <timestamp>2026-08-03T10:28:51Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
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      <comment>Redirigens ad [[Leopolis (Saxonia Inferior)]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="41" sha1="kscoad6vimmlvx7na2qxfki6i4d0y4s" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Leopolis (Saxonia Inferior)]]</text>
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    <title>Undertale</title>
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      <comment>Created by translating the opening section from the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367462655|Undertale]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2744" sha1="mwwhq8c0tsvd6bzp08fspt0zt2rxpnl" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa ludi electronici}}
'''''Undertale''''' est lūdus vīdeōgraphicus persōnārum agendārum bismīllēsimī quīntī decimī, ā Tobiā Fox, prōgrammātōre Americānō suī iūris, creātus. Lūsor īnfantem regit quī in Locum Subterrāneum dēlāpsus est: regiōnem magnam et sēcrētam sub summā terrā sitam, claustrō magicō sēparātam. In itinere ad summam terram, lūsor variīs mōnstrīs occurrit, quōrum nōnnulla fortasse proelium committunt.  Ratiō pugnandī postulat ut lūsor sē ērūat per hostis oppugnātiōnēs tēlōrum crēberrimōrum. Lūsor optāre potest ut mōnstra plācet ita ut eīs parcat potius quam ea interficiat. Hae lēctiōnēs lūdum afficiunt, quā rē colloquia, persōnae, fābulaque prō ēventīs mūtantur.

Praeter dēlineātiōnēs atque persōnārum fōrmās ā Temmie Chang aliīsque artificibus hospitibus dēsignātās, Fox ipse tōtum lūdum sōlus ēlāborāvit, comprehēnsīs textū et mūsicā. Hic lūdus ā complūribus fontibus exordium sūmpsit, inter quōs numerantur seriēs lūdōrum persōnārum agendārum ''Brandish'', ''Mario &amp; Luigi'', et ''Mother'', nēcnōn seriēs lūdōrum missīlium dēnsissimōrum ''Touhou Project'', atque lūdus persōnārum agendārum ''Moon: Remix RPG Adventure''.  Initiō '''Undertale''' spatium duārum hōrārum habēre dēbuit et mediō annō bismīllēsimō quartō decimō in pūblicum ēdī prōpositus est, sed multās morās passus est.

'''Undertale''' in pūblicum ēditus est prō ratiōnibus prōgrammātōriīs ''OS X'' et ''Windows'' mēnse Septembrī annī bismīllēsimī quīntī decimī.  Deinde in ''Linux'' annō bismīllēsimō sēxtō decimō, in ''PlayStation 4'' et ''PlayStation Vita'' annō bismīllēsimō septimō decimō, in ''Nintendo Switch'' annō bismīllēsimō duodēvīcēsimō, et in ''Xbox One'' annō bismīllēsimō vīcēsimō prīmō translātus est.  Lūdus maximē laudātus est propter argūmenta, ratiōnem pugnandī, mūsicam, novitātem, fābulam, colloquia et persōnās, quamquam respōnsa dē arte grāphicā varia fuērunt. Saltem quīnquāgiēs centēna mīlia exemplārium huius lūdī vēndita sunt.  Ad multa praemia nōminātus est, in quibus &quot;Lūdus Annī&quot; ā plūribus libellīs dē lūdīs vīdeōgraphicīs conventibusque dēlātus, atque ūnus ex optimīs lūdīs vīdeōgraphicīs umquam factīs habētur.  Lūdus cūius fābula pariter prōcēdit, '''Deltarune''' nōmine, sēriātim ab annō bismīllēsimō duodēvīcēsimō ēdēbātur ante plēnam ēditiōnem prōlātam annō bismīllēsimō vīcēsimō quīntō; caput quīntum mēnse Iūniō annī bismīllēsimī vīcēsimī sēxtī in pūblicum datum est, et cētera capita nunc in cursū ēlāborātiōnis sunt.</text>
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        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Augenda &amp;c.</comment>
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{{Pagina non annexa}}
{{Vicificanda}}
{{Capsa ludi electronici}}
'''''Undertale''''' est lūdus vīdeōgraphicus persōnārum agendārum bismīllēsimī quīntī decimī, ā Tobiā Fox, prōgrammātōre Americānō suī iūris, creātus. Lūsor īnfantem regit quī in Locum Subterrāneum dēlāpsus est: regiōnem magnam et sēcrētam sub summā terrā sitam, claustrō magicō sēparātam. In itinere ad summam terram, lūsor variīs mōnstrīs occurrit, quōrum nōnnulla fortasse proelium committunt.  Ratiō pugnandī postulat ut lūsor sē ērūat per hostis oppugnātiōnēs tēlōrum crēberrimōrum. Lūsor optāre potest ut mōnstra plācet ita ut eīs parcat potius quam ea interficiat. Hae lēctiōnēs lūdum afficiunt, quā rē colloquia, persōnae, fābulaque prō ēventīs mūtantur.

Praeter dēlineātiōnēs atque persōnārum fōrmās ā Temmie Chang aliīsque artificibus hospitibus dēsignātās, Fox ipse tōtum lūdum sōlus ēlāborāvit, comprehēnsīs textū et mūsicā. Hic lūdus ā complūribus fontibus exordium sūmpsit, inter quōs numerantur seriēs lūdōrum persōnārum agendārum ''Brandish'', ''Mario &amp; Luigi'', et ''Mother'', nēcnōn seriēs lūdōrum missīlium dēnsissimōrum ''Touhou Project'', atque lūdus persōnārum agendārum ''Moon: Remix RPG Adventure''.  Initiō '''Undertale''' spatium duārum hōrārum habēre dēbuit et mediō annō bismīllēsimō quartō decimō in pūblicum ēdī prōpositus est, sed multās morās passus est.

'''Undertale''' in pūblicum ēditus est prō ratiōnibus prōgrammātōriīs ''OS X'' et ''Windows'' mēnse Septembrī annī bismīllēsimī quīntī decimī.  Deinde in ''Linux'' annō bismīllēsimō sēxtō decimō, in ''PlayStation 4'' et ''PlayStation Vita'' annō bismīllēsimō septimō decimō, in ''Nintendo Switch'' annō bismīllēsimō duodēvīcēsimō, et in ''Xbox One'' annō bismīllēsimō vīcēsimō prīmō translātus est.  Lūdus maximē laudātus est propter argūmenta, ratiōnem pugnandī, mūsicam, novitātem, fābulam, colloquia et persōnās, quamquam respōnsa dē arte grāphicā varia fuērunt. Saltem quīnquāgiēs centēna mīlia exemplārium huius lūdī vēndita sunt.  Ad multa praemia nōminātus est, in quibus &quot;Lūdus Annī&quot; ā plūribus libellīs dē lūdīs vīdeōgraphicīs conventibusque dēlātus, atque ūnus ex optimīs lūdīs vīdeōgraphicīs umquam factīs habētur.  Lūdus cūius fābula pariter prōcēdit, '''Deltarune''' nōmine, sēriātim ab annō bismīllēsimō duodēvīcēsimō ēdēbātur ante plēnam ēditiōnem prōlātam annō bismīllēsimō vīcēsimō quīntō; caput quīntum mēnse Iūniō annī bismīllēsimī vīcēsimī sēxtī in pūblicum datum est, et cētera capita nunc in cursū ēlāborātiōnis sunt.{{dubcat}}{{Nexus absunt}}</text>
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    <title>Circulus Verden</title>
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    <redirect title="Circulus Fardensis" />
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      <timestamp>2026-08-03T11:43:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Circulus Verden]] ad [[Circulus Fardensis]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
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